MACHINE SHOP. J INTRODUCTION: Jina machine shop, metals are cut to shape on different machine J tools. A lathe is used to cut and shape the metal by revolving the J work against a _cuting tool The work is damped either in_a chuck, Hed on to the lathe spindle or inbetween the centers. The cutiing | ool_is fixed ina tool post mounted on a movable carriage that is | postioned on the lathe bed. The cuting tpol_can be fed onto the J work, either lengthwise or asawise. While tuming the chuck rotates J in_courter-dockwise direction, when viewed from the tail-stock end. [Principal ports of a Lathe. | Figure shows a center lathe, indicating the main parts. The name is J due to the fact that work pieces are held by the cenders. eeeFig Parts of a Centre Lathe 6 Us Ze 2: Three jaw and Four jaw chuck a) » a” Fig s1Face Pate, Ag Late dag and orang pale Fig 2¢ CalpersMETRE SCALE cpr eAsRON, etae Fig ce Vernier Capers oF ae oh. Tate Tate Work, ut chuck 2. Work. beboeen. centers 3. Facktg (extemal Jaws) 1 a Parking offMACHINING J LATHE SECTION JA lathe may be equipped with « variety of atnchments and [accessories to facilitate the A g_and to perform specialised | tasks. | the main parts of a lathe are_as follows: [be The bed is the base of the laihe and it supports all the ajor components of the lathe. They have a large mass and are built J usiatt om_a_grey cast iron 4p resist deflection and vibration, The [hardstock, toilstock and carriage are_mounted on the bed. The top_o: J the bed has guideways to provide support (bearing) and standing } surface for the carriage and the dtailslock. The guideways are hardened, [4 make them resistant and machined accurately 4 give dimensional | accura J HEADSTOCK: The headstock is secured permanentiy at the left hand J of the lathe bed. It supports the gpindle and is equipped with +e | power steering mechanisn of the spindle. The pindle speed cannot | be set trough the peed selector knob. The pindie is hollow to | facilitate holding of a long workpiece. The work holding devices are J attached to the spindle. eeeFeeD SCREW AND LEAD SCREW: The feed rod is powered by TAILSTO CK: The tailsiock is heated at the right hand end. Its main tion is 4p hold the dead centre and support the long workpiece It has a guill into which the dead centre drills and remains can be jt | CARRIAGE: The e_ddes along the guideways between headstock and _tailstock and consists of an assembly _of css Ji the _tpol_post, the compound rest and the apron. 145 main function is to _hold the cw tpol_and_move it to give longitudinal ross into _it, | set_gears from the headstock. It rotates during the operation of the lathe and provides mechanized movement to the carriage or cross side means of gears, a friction dutch and _a along the length of the rod. It is used for_providit ecific accurate mechanized movement to the je for_cw threads on. the workpiece. A split nut in the ron. is used to je the lead screw with the ec. |J ASSIGNMENT NO. 02 Jo. List the different work holding devices. J Ans: on any ma g tool, to cany out one of the ma g | processes is an. efficient manner, both the workpiece and the tool | must be held rigidly This is accompanied by using Kgs and. | Fidures. To machine a workpiece on the lathe, it is necessary to J hold it in sich a wal) so as ty resist defections by the cuting | forces. The different work holding devices are a5 follows: J CHUCK: Chuck is a device used for holding or rotating the job_o! | sorter length during machining, A chuck is usually equipped with [jars or + jaws ond accordingly Ub is dassfied as s\g chuck and J +-\au>_ chuck. Ja. + JAW CHUCK: A 3-jaw chuck has an accurately machined. | cpiraliy grooved plate ond tee machining jaws with teeth that engage the spiral When the disc is made to rotate by any one _o J the + jaws move forward or backward or backward in an equal [amounds. i Jb. +-JAW CHUCK It is a versatile work holding device. In t-jaws. | can be moved and adjusted independentiy of each other Le. J individually. The jos are adjusted one after the other un order to [eest match the shape of the workpiece. CeNTRe- When the length of the job is large and cannot be conveniendy held ina chuck, the workpiece can be held and rotated between the headstock centre and tail stock centre. Towing between the centres is the dassic way of machining the bar stock with maximum. Accuracy,| FACEPLATES— It is a common work hold 9 device. Workpiece that } cannot be accommodated ina chuck or between centres because they } are asymmetrical or have a complex shape, can be batied to the face | plate either directly or indirecty with an angle plate. [Rests A rest ued tb provide an additonal support t the long when it is machined petveen centres or held ina chuck. workp [if tong workpiece are not supported during machining then there is a [possrility that they may bend due > self weight. Ja. STEADY RESTS- This has 3-jaws: 2 at the lower base and | on J the upper frame. These jaws can be adjusted radially by rotating | individual screws 40 accommodate the workpiece of different diameter. | They also act as bearings to the workpiece surface Jib. FolLloweR RESTS. This is dmilar to steady rest but is bolted | to_the back end of the carriages. It means along with the carriage. | The follower rest consisis of C like casings having 4wo adjustable | jaws to support the workpiece. | MANDRELS~ A workpiece is to be held Wy in a chuck. because. J of its reduced _srrength In mandrels as used to hold ao } workpiece from inside J LATHE DOGS. It is used for holding workpiece or mandrels for tuming between the centres. The part to be held is inserted in the v-dped hold and then is fumly secured in positon by means of the screw.J ASSIGNMENT NO. 03 [a What are the different methods of taper during, explain with diagram J Ans: A tapered job is one whose diameter decreases or increases: } gradually so that it assumes a conical shape. Given a set of the J major and minor diameters of the end its length, taper angle can. be | found using the relationship: ton a = Di - D2 W here, a — Angle of taper Di = Larger diameter in mm D2 — Smaller diameter in_mm L_ = Length of taper in mm | The Kainite K of a tper is defined asi| ToolLS Re@uiReD- | The various ols required are aS follows. Jo. cuting ‘ool 02. Revolving centre. 0% Drill bit } ot Tool post key. 05. Chuck key. 06. eading tool. Joa. Knurling tool 0&8 Grooving ‘pol 04 _Vemier caliper fio Fue | MATERIALS REQUIRED. | The materials required is a workpiece made up of mild steel, J MACHINE ReGuikeD- } (Speci ation. for_precision lathe machine) oL_ Length of bed - 1570 mm 02. Width of bed - 258 mm ob. Height of centre - 165 mm ot Sawing over bed — 314 mm. 09. Sawing over aoss dide - 230 mm JoG. Sawing in gap - 555 mm Jor, Admit between centres - 685 mm Jos. Spindle nose - sTPl J.o% Spindle morse taper - MTs Jo. Spindle _v-belt - b-+4 Ji. Spindle hole —+1_mm. Jia. Tail stock taper - MTS 15. Tailstock ram ‘travel 12+ mm 14 Lead Sorew - 25 mm 15. Lead Screw thread - +TPl 1 Range of metric tesd — 1 mm - @ mm 14._Electical motor speed. = HPA +t0 RPM 18. Approyimate weight — +90kg5. 14 Range of inch thread - 2 mm — 2+ mm| PROCEDURE SEGUENCE OF OPERATIONS | The lathe is a machine tool used for producing yjlindyical jobs with | special accessories. The range of product produced by lathe is vesk | The different types of operations to be done on the includes: Jo. TURNING Tuming is the basic lathe operation in which ¢) J material is removed from the job to reduce its diameter. In fuming J the job is held between the chuck. After giving a depth of cut in. | radial direction the tool_moves longitudinally towards the headstock. Jand the diameter _get reduced. Tuming operations is done to maintain | required diameter of the job. J] oa. FACING: Facing is the operation of ma g_the end or face J of the job to reduce the length of the job. The operation involves J feeding the tool perpendicular io the axis of rotwion of job from. J outer surface _to_centre. Jos. KNURLING Knurling is carmied on a lathe 4 produce requiar | pattern rough surface. The knwrling tool is held rigidly on the tool [post and the rollers are pressed against the workpiece 1 squeeze the | meta and give a diamond shape reguiar pattem on the surface 0 J workpiece. ot. GROOVING: Grooving is a process a narrow groove on. the Surface of cylindrical job. The job is rotwted at a dow speed and grooving tool is fed simight into te work by rotating the cross.cide screw and the diameter of the job reduces over a width.J 05. PARTING: Parting is the operwton of cutling a workpiece into 4vo parts, For parking, the workpiece is rolied dowly and the parting tol _is fed ina direction normal to the axis of rotation o J the job. } 06. CHAMFERING: Chamfering is the operation of bevelling the | sharp ends of the job to avoid injuries to person using the product. Chamfering is done using a chamfering tool that has its cxting edge | ok dered Chamfer angle ie. sally +5 degree. It is same as from | tuming operation. Jos, TAPER TURNING: A tpered job is one where diameter J increases gradually so that it assumes a conical shape. | o& DRILLING: Drilling is the operation of production of hole in a | workpiece. While doing drilling, the workpiece is the held in a chuck, Jor on a face plate. The drilling is held in the tnilstock and is | postioned near the job by moving the tailstock. Then the hole is | druled by rowing the handle of tailstock ina clockwise direction.ee CONCLUSION: The required. job_of the given dimensions is produced in the lathe. piace BENCH WORK ~ Bench work has us own indispensable postion in all sorts of engineering works. Although the job could be finished to a good yee _o through. ining operation, sill reduce the hand operation. 1 be done on them to the desired accuracy, Fitling is assembling together of dif it parts and moving metals 4o secure_the 5, and or not be carried out at the bench. Se— Fig trekectrode holder "Fug tr Ground clamp - Fig 9: Wire Brush. Fig 6: Chipporg hammer ) J Fig #:Hand goves Fig tr Face shield ” Fig 42 Weld positions