Certificate

This is to certify that the project report entered on A study on AIDS

submitted by Rojali Panda Roll Number GA1921447 Registration
number 06122/2018 Bachelor of science from Gayatri Degree College
Berhampur Odisha, embodies the result of his own survey work carried
out under my guidance. It has not been submitted earlier, either in part or
whole any other University or institute for any other Degree.

Mr. Suraj Nayak

Lecture in Zoology
Department of Zoology
Gayatri Degree College
Berhampur.
 Declaration

I am Rojali Panda Roll number GA1921447 Registration Number

06122/2018 do here by declare that the project report entered on AIDS
being submitted by me to Gayatri Degree College Berhampur is the result
of project work carried out by me under the guidance of Mr. Suraj Nayak
lecture in geology. Gayatri Degree College Berhampur and this work has
not been submitted earlier to any institutes including this college.

Rojali Panda
Roll no - GA1921447
Regd NO-06122/2018
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to supervisor Miss

Megha Das, she gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on zoology. She also helps me in completing my project. I came
to you know about so many new things. I am really thankful to you
secondary. I would also I like to thank my parents and friends who helped
me lot in finalizing the project within the limited time frame.
I would like to thank my college library of Gayatri Degree College
Berhampur.

Rojali Panda
Roll no - GA1921447
Regd NO-06122/2018
 INTRODUCTION
Chapter-1
AIDS stand for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AIDS is a Condition that
weakens the body’s immune system leaving it unable to fight of illness. AIDS is the
last stage in a progression of disease resulting from viral infection known as
immunodeficiency virus.
The first case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reported in
the united states in the spring of 1981. By 1983 the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV). The virus that causes AID has been isoiched. Early in the spread life AIDS
was clearly established. Injection drug use (IDU) was identified as a direct route of
HIV injection and transmission among injection drug users the largest group of early
AIDS cause compared and bisexual men. Early cause of HIV infection that were
sexually transmitted often when were related to the use of Alcohol and other
substances and the majority of these case occurred in urban educated.
Currently injection drug users represent the largely HIV infected substance
abusing population in the united states HIV/AIDS prevailing state among injection
drug user very by geographic region with the highest state in served substance abuse
treatment control in the northeast the south and Puerto Rieo. From July 1998 through
June 1999 23 present of all AIDS causes reported among men & women among men
& women who reported IDU.
 IDU practices are quick and efficient vehicle for HIV transmission. The
Virus is transmitted primary through the exchange of blood using needle.
Suring or other IDU equipment what were previously used by an HIV
infected person. Lack of knowledge about needle sharing contribute to the
rise of HIV/AIDS.
 Another route of HIV Transmission among injection drug use in through
sexual contact with in relatively closed sexual networks which are
characterized by multiple sex partner un protected sexual intercourse and
sex for money. The inclusion of alcohol and other non-injection
substances to the lethal mixture only increase the HIV/AIDS caseload. A
major risk factor for HIV/AIDS among injection drug user is crack use
reported more sexual partner in the last 12 months more sexually
 transmitted disease in their lifetime and greater frequency of paying for
sex, exchanging sex for drugs and having sex with injection drug users.
 Substance abuse the at risk for HIV infection through sexual behavior for
the purpose obtaining substances, while under the influence of substances
while under correction.
 Substance abuse treatment serve as prevention. Placing the client in
substance abuse treatment along a continuum of care and treatment help
minimize continued risk substance abusing particles reducing a client
involvement in the substance abusing particle reduce of infection.
 HIV/AIDS substances abuse disorder and mentor disorder interact in a
complex fashion. Each act as potential catalyst in the treatment of the other
two substance abuse can-very affect adherence to HIV/AIDS and
substances abuse HIV infected women with substance abuse Have special
needs.
 Risk reduction allows for compressive approach the HIV/AIDS
prevention. This strategy promote charging substance reached behavior to
reduce clients risk of contracting HIV.
 The first chapter provide a basic overview of the origin of HIV/AIDS and
the transmission and progression of the disease. The second part of the
disease. The second part of disease chapter present a summary of
epidemiological data from GDC. The 2nd part discuss the impact of
HIV/AIDS in region of the united states and the population that are at the
greatest risk of contracting HIV.

Aim of Study
The aim of the HIV/AIDS awareness program is to empower and increased the
awareness to participant of HIV/AIDS. Its impact management and availability of
support system. This is to encourage early testing and further infection.
Work Cited
Michacl vilata article “Explaining HIV and AIDS” published by Adam felman on
October 13 2020.
Bajasia Sheadha article on Factors Associated with HIV punlished by Hindawi.
Chapter-2
Origin of HIV/AIDS
The many theories and math about the origin of HIV the most likely explanation is
that HIV was introduced to human from makeups. A recent study identified a
subspecies of chimpanzees native to west equatorial Africa as the original source of
HIV-I the virus responsible for the global AIDS pandemic. The researchers believe
that the virus crossed over from monkey to human become exposed to infected
blood. Monkey can carry a virus similar to HIV known as HIV and there is strong
evidence that HIV and SIV are closely reached.
History
In the 1980 and early 1990s and the outbreak of HIV and AIDS sweat across the
united states and rest of the world through the originated decodes carrier. Today
make than two million people have been infected with HIV and about 35 million
have died have died from AIDS since the start that of the pandemic.
What is HIV?
The human immunodeficiency virus or HIV is a virus that attack the immune system
specifically Co4 cells.
 The virus is transmitted through badly fluids and fluid and breastmilk,
historically HIV has most often been spread through unprotected sex the
sharing of needle for drug use and through birth.
 A person with AIDS is very vulnerable to cancer and life threating infection
such as pneumonia.
 Through there is no cute for HIV or AIDS. A person with HIV who receive
treatment early can live nearly as long as someone without the virus and a
study is 2019 in the medical journal. Lancet showed that an anti-viral
treatment efficiency the spread of HIV.
Where Did AIDS Came from?
Scientist have traced the origin of HIV back to chimpanzee and immunodeficiency
virus an HIV like virus that attacks the immune system of monkey and apes.
 The virus spread may have spread from Kinshasa along intrastate route via
migrant and the sex trade.
  International travel from the united states helped the virus spread across the
rest of the globe.
The AIDS Epidemic Arises
 Through HIV arrived in the united states around 1970 it did not come to the
public attention until the early 1980s.
 In 1981 the center for disease control and prevention public a reported about
five healthy homosexual men becoming infected with pneumocystis
pneumonia the CDC noted almost never affected people with
uncompromised immune system.
 The following year the new York times published on arming article about the
new immune system disorder which by that time had affected 335 people
killing 136 of them because the disease approved to effect mostly
homosexual men official initially called it related immune deficiency of
GRID.
 In September of 1982 the CDC used the term AIDS to describe the disease
for the first time. By the end of the year AIDs cases were reported in a number
of European countries.
The HIV Test Arrives
In 1984 research finally identified the cause of AIDS the HIV virus and the food and
drug administration licensed the first blood test first commercial blood test for HIV
in1985.
 Today numerous test can detect HIV most of which work by detecting HIV
antibodies. The test can be done on blood saliva urine through the blood test
detect HIV sooner after exposure due to higher level of antibodies.
 But the end of 1985 there were more than 20,000 reported cases of AIDS with
at least one case in early region of the world.
Conclusion
In 1991 the red ribbon became on international symbol of AIDS awareness.
 In that year basketball player Magic jonson announced he had HIV helping
to further bring awareness to the issued dispel the stereotype of it being a
disease soon after lead singer of the band queen announced he had AIDS and
died a day after.
  In 1994 the FDA approved the first oral HIV test two year later it approved
the first home testing kit and the urine test.
 AIDS related death and hospitalization in developed countries began to
decline sharply in 1995 thanks to new medication and the introduction of
HAART. Still by 1999 AIDS was the fourth biggest cause of death in world
and leading cause of death in Africa.

Work Cited
Michacl vilata article “Explaining HIV and AIDS” published by Adam felman on
October 13 2020.
Bajasia Sheadha article on Factors Associated with HIV punlished by Hindawi.
Chapter-3
Sign and Symptoms
The only way knows for sure if you have HIV is to get tested you can’t reply on
symptoms to tell whether you have HIV.
 Knowing your HIV status gives you powerful information so you can take
step to keep yourself and your partner healthy.
 If you test positive you take medicine to treat HIV by taking HIV medicine
daily presided, you can make the amount of HIV in your blood very low so
low that test cannot detect it. Getting and keeping on conductible viral load is
the best thing you can do stay healthy. If your load stays undectable you have
effectively no risk of transmitting HIV to an HIV -ve partner through sex.
 If you test negative, there are more HIV prevention tools available today than
even be face.
 If you are pregnant you should be tested for HIV so that you can begin
treatment if you’re HIV +ve, if a positive woman is treated HIV early in her
pregnancy the risk of transmitting HIV to her baby can be very low.
What are the Symptom of HIV?
There are several symptoms of HIV not everyone will have the same symptom it
depends on the person and what stage of the disease they are in.
 Below are the three stage of HIV and some of symptoms people may
experience.
Stage 1
With 2-4 weeks after infection with HIV about two third of people will have a flu-
like illness. This is the body’s natural response is HIV inspection.
 Fever
 Chills
 Muscle aches
 Sure threat
 Fatigue
 Suacllen lump nodes
 Rash
 Mouth ulcers
These symptoms can last anywhere from a few days to serval weeks. But some
people do not have symptoms at all along this early stage of HIV.
 Find an HIV testing SHQ near you-you can get an HIV test at your local
health department. A health clinic can form many others place. Use the HIV
service locator to find an HIV testing SHQ near you
 Request an HIV test for recent infection most HIV itself. But it can take a
few weeks after your infected for your body to prove them. There is other
type of test that can detect HIV inspection sooner. Tell your doctor clinic if
you think you were recently exposed to HIV and ask if their test can detect
early infection.
 Know your status after you get tested be sure to learn your test result. If you
HIV +VE see a doctor as soon as possible so you can start treatment with
HIV medicine. It is important to take step to reduce your risk of transmission.
If you are HIV -VE there are prevention tools like pre-expose popularize that
can help you stay safe.

Work Cited
Michacl vilata article “Explaining HIV and AIDS” published by Adam felman on
October 13 2020.
Bajasia Sheadha article on Factors Associated with HIV punlished by Hindawi.
Chapter-4
Transmission
You can only get HIV by coming into direct contact with contain body fluid from a
person with HIV who has a debacle viral loads.
 Bloods
 Semen
 Rectal fluid
 Virginal fluid
 Breast milk
For the transmission to occur the HIV in these fluid must get into the bloodstream
of an HIV –VE person through a mucous membrane open cuts (or) source by direct
injection
People with HIV who take HIV medicine daily as prescribed and get and keep on
undetectable viral load have effectively no risk of sexually transmitting HIV to their
HIV negative partners.
How is HIV speared from to person?
HIV can only be spread through specific activities in the united states the most
common ways are,
 Having vaginal or anal sex with some who was HIV without using a taking
medicine to prevent treat HIV. Anal sex risker than vaginal sex.
 Sharing injection drug equipment such a needle with someone who has HIV.
 From mother to child during pregnancy birth. However, the use of HIV
medicine and other stages have helps tower the risk of mother to child
transmission of HIV to 1% in the united states.
 Getting stuck with an HIV contaminated needle or other sharp object this is a
risk mainly for health care workers. The risk is very low.
 Having oral sex but in general the chance that on HIV –VE personal will get
HIV from oral sex with on HIV +VE partner is extremely low.
 Receiving blood transfusion blood product transplant that are contaminated
with HIV. The rise is extremely small these days because of rigorous testing
of U.S blood supply and donated organ and tissue.
 Being bitten by a person with HIV each of the very small number of
documented cares has involved serve trauma with extensive tissue damage
 and the presence of blood. There is no risk of transmission if the skin is not
broken.
 Contact between broken skin wounds or mucous membrane and HIV infected
blood or blood contaminated body fluid.
 Deep open mouth kissing if both partner have blooding gums and HIV +VE
partner gets into the bloodstream of the HIV –VE partner HIV is not spread
through saliva.
 Eating food that has been are pre-cheated by person with HIV. The
contamination was when infected blood from a caregivecus mouth mixes with
food while chewing. The only known cases are among infants.
Does HIV viral load effect getting (or) transmitting HIV?
Yes, viral load is the amount of HIV in the blood of someone can make the viral lead
very low-so low that a test can’t detect it.
 People with HIV who make HIV medicine daily as prescribed get and keep
an undectable viral load have effectively no risk of transmitting HIV to an
HIV negative partner through sex.
Way HIV cannot be spread
 Air or water
 Mesquites ticks or other insects
 Saliva tears, sweat that is not mixed with the blood of a person with HIV.
 Drinking fountains
 Other sexual activities that don’t involve the exchange of body fluid.
How do you get AIDS?
AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection if you have HIV and are not on
HIV treatment eventually your body’s immune system will weaken and you will
progress to AIDS.
 People with AIDS have such body damaged immune system that get a
number of sever illnesses called oppaflunstic infection.
Work Cited
Michacl vilata article “Explaining HIV and AIDS” published by Adam felman on
October 13 2020.
Bajasia Sheadha article on Factors Associated with HIV punlished by Hindawi.
Chapter-5
Pathophysiology
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome is caused by the HIV (or) Human
immunodeficiency virus. The infection causes progressive destruction of the
medicated immune system primarily by crimination CD4+ T helper lumprocute.
Time taken for AIDS develop
Aids indicate advanced HIV disease and has no cure and is considered fetal. The
time from HIV infection to death however depends on the management with anti
HIV medication instituted on time and continued over long term.
 The time period usually ranges from 6 months to 15+ years in the United
Kingdom the averages time is around 12 years.
Pathology of AIDS
HIV infection passes through a series of step (or) stages before it turns into AIDS
these stage of infection as outgained 1993 by the center for disease control and
prevention are: -
Siro conservation illness
The occur in 1-6 weeks after acquiring the infection the felling is similar to about of
flu.
Asymptomatic infection
After second conversion virus level are low and replication continues slowly. Cd4
and lymphocyte level are normal. This stage has no symptoms and may persist for
together.
Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy(PGL)
The lymph nodes in these patient are swollen for three month (or) longer and not due
to any other cause.
AIDS
The stage of characterized by server immunodeficiency. There are signs of life
threatening infection and usual tumors. This stage is characterized by CD4 T cell
count below.
  There is small group of patient who develop AIDS, very slowly (or) never
cell is these parents are called nonprogress or.
 The pathology spectrum of HIV- infection I changing as the injection spread
into new communities with different potential opportunity disease and as
medical science device drug against HIV replication.

Work Cited
Michacl vilata article “Explaining HIV and AIDS” published by Adam felman on
October 13 2020.
Bajasia Sheadha article on Factors Associated with HIV punlished by Hindawi.
Chapter-6
Virology
The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of lent rives that infect
human, over time that they cause occurred immunodeficiency sun dram a condition
in which progressive failure of the immune symptoms allow life threating
opportunistic infection and cancer to thrive. Without treatment average survival time
after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9-11 years, depending on the on the HIV
sub type. In most cases HIV is a sexually transmitted infection an occurs by contact
with transfer of blood PR ejaculate, semen and virginal fluids. Research has shown
that HIV untransmutable through condom less sexual intercourse if HIV positive
partner has consistently un detectable viral load. Non sexual transmission can occur
can occur from an infected mother to her infect during pregnancy, during child birth
by exposure to her blood (or) vaginal fluid and through breast milk with in there
beadily fluid, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus with in infected
immune cells.
 HIV infected vital cell in the human immune system such as helper T cells,
macro phages and dendritic cell HIV infection leads to low level of CD4+ T
cells through a number of mechanism including pyro ptosis of abortively
infected tell of uninfected by stander cell direct viral killing of infected cell
and killing of infected cell and killings if infected of killings of infected CD4+
t cell by CD8+ C4 toxic lymphocyte that recognized infected cells.
 HIV is the member of the genus lentivirus part of the family retroviridae.
Lentiviruses have many morphologies and biological properties in common.
Many spices are infected by lentivirus which are characteristically responsible
for long duration illnesses with a long incubation period.
 The resulting viral DNA is then import into the cell nucleus and integrated
into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded enzyme intergraded the virus may
become latent. Allowing the virus and its host cell to avoid detection by the
immune system for an intermediate amount time. Alternately the integrated
viral DNA by transcribed producing new RNA genome and viral protein using
host cell resource that are packed and released from the cell as new virus
particle that will begin the replication cycle new.
Structure and genome
HIV has a different structure from other retrovirus. It is roughly spherical with
diameter of about 120nm, around 60times smaller then a red blood cell. It is
composed of two couple of the same single stand RNA that code for the virus nine
gene enclosed by a conical composed of 2.000 couples of the viral protection P24.
 A matrix composed of viral protection PIT surrounds the capsid ensuing the
integrity of the vitric particle.
 The viral envelope contain protein from the host cell and relatively few copies
of the HIV envelope protein which consist of a cap mode of three molecular
known as glycoprotein 120 and a stem a consisting of three GP4 molecular
that anchor the structure into the viral envelope.
 Target cell membrane releasing the viral contents into the cell and initiating
the infectious cycle.
 As the solo viral protein on the surface of the virus the envelope protein is a
major target for HIV vaccine effects. The density is high as the glycan’s shield
the underlying viral protein from neutralization by antibodies.
 The majority of glycols are therefore stilled as immature high mannose
glycan’s not normally present on human glycol protein that are interacted on
a cell surface. That have been infected for many months to are adapted to cope
with their envelope glycan’s.
 The molecular structure of the viral spike has now been determined by X-ray
crystallography and cryonic electron microscopy. These advance structure of
biology were made possible due to development of recombinant forms of the
 viral spike by the introduction of an inter subunit discophile bond and an
isoleucine to prone mutation of an GP41. Re comb rant trimeric viral spike
are promising vaccine candidate as they display less non- neutralizing elopes
than recombinant monomeric GP120, which act to suppress the immune
response to target adipose.
 The RNA genome consist of at least seven structural landmarks (LTR, TAR,
RRE, PE, SLIP, CRS and INS) and nine genes (GAG, POL and ENV, TAT,
REV, NEF, VIF, VPR, VPV and sometimes a teeth tev, which is a fusion of
TAT, ENV and encoding 19 proteins. Three of these gene, ggg, pol and env,
contain information needed to make the structural proteins for virus particles.
 The two fat proteins transcriptional transactiver for the LTR promotor acting
by binding the TAR RNA elements. The TAR may also have processed into
micro RNAs that regulate the apoptosis genes ERCCI and IER3. The rev
protein involved in shutting RNAS from the nucleus and the cytoplasm by
binding to the RRE RNA element. The VPR proteins arrests cell division at
G2LM. The net proteins crown-regulate CD4 as well as the MHC class I and
class II molecules.
 Net also interact with SH3 domains the VPU proteins influencer the released
of new virus particle from infected cell. The end of each stand of HIV RNA
contains RNA sequence called a long terminal repeat.
 The psi element is involved in viral genome packing and recognized by gag
and rev protein. The slip element + (TTTTTT) is involved in the frameshift in
the GAG-pol reading frame required to make functional pol.
Tropism
The term viral tropism refers to the cell type virus infect. HIV can affect the variety
of immune cell such as CD4+ T cell macrophage and microglial cells. HIV-1 entry
of macrophages and CD4 T cells is medicated through interaction of the varnish
envelope glycoprotein with the CD4 molecule on the target cell membrane and also
with the CD4 molecule on the target cell membrane and also with chemokine co-
receptors.
 Macrophage tropic strains of HIV-1 or non-syncytia inducing strain called R5
virus use the B-chemokine receptor CCr5 for entry and thus able replicate in
both micro phase and CD4+ T cell. The appear to be the first cell infected by
HIV perhaps the source of HIV production when CD4+ cell become depleted
in the patient. Macrophages and microglial cell are the cell infected by HIV
in the central nervous system.
 T-tropic strain HIV-1 replicate in primary CD4+ T cell as well as in
macrophage and use the x-chemokine receptor, CXCR4 for entry.
 Dual tropic HIV-1 strain are through to be transitional strains of HIV-1 and
thus are able to use both CCr5 and CXCR4 as co-receptors for entry.
 Some people are resistant to certain strain of HIV. For example, people with
the mutation are resistant to infection by the R5 virus as the mutation leaves
HIV unable to bind to this co-receptor reducing its ability to infect cells.
 Sexual intercourse is the major mode of HIV transmission. Both X4 and R5
HIV are present in the seminal fluid, which enable the virus to be transmitted
from a male to his sexual partner.
 The varices can then infect numerous cellular target and dismantle into the
whole organism. However, a selection process leads to a predominant
transmission of the R5 virus through this path way. In patient infected with
subtype –B HIV-1 there is often a co-receptor switch in the last stage disease
and t-tropic variant that can infect a variety of cell through CXCR4.
 A number of studies that subtype B type infected individuals have determinate
that between 40 and 50% of AIDS patient can harbor virus of SI stand it is
presumed the X4 phenotype.
 HIV 2 much less pathogenic than HIV 1 and is restricted in its worldwide
distribution to west Africa. The adoption of accessory gene by HIV-2 and its
more promises pattern of co-receptor uses may assist the virus in its adaption
to avoid innate restriction present in host cell.
Replication cycle
 The HIV vision enter macrophages and CD4+ Cell by the adscription of
glycoprotein on its surface to receptor on the target cell followed by fusion of
 the envelope with the target cell membrane and released of the HIV capsid
into the cell.
 Entry to cell begin through interaction of the trimeric envelope complex on
the HIV viral envelope and both CD4 and chemokine co-receptor other CCR5
or CXCR4 but other are known to interact on the target cell surface.

Work Cited
Michacl vilata article “Explaining HIV and AIDS” published by Adam felman on
October 13 2020.
Bajasia Sheadha article on Factors Associated with HIV punlished by Hindawi.
Chapter-7
Prevention
Consistent condom is used to reduce the risk of HIV transmission by approximately
80% over the long term. When condoms are used consistently by a couple in which
one person is infected the rate of HIV infection is less than 1% per year. There is
some evidence to suggest that female condom may provide an equipment level
protection.
 By contrast use of the spermicide nonsexual a way increases the risk
transmission due it’s this tendency to cause vaginal and rectal irritation.
 Circumcision in sub Saharan Africa reduces as the acquisition of HIV by
heterosexual men by between 38% and 66% over 24 months. However
whether it protect against male to female transmission is disputed and
weather it is of benefit in developed countries and men who have sex with
men is undetermined.
 Programs encouraging sexual abstinence do not appear to effect subsequent
HIV risk. Evidence of any benefit from peer education is equally poor.

Treatment
There is currently no cure nor effective HIV vaccine. Treatment consist of highly
active antiretroviral therapy which slows progression of these disease. As of 2010
more than 6.6 million people were receiving this in low and middle income
countries.
 Treatment also include pre venture and active treatment opportunistic
infection. As of march 2020 two person have been successfully cleared of
HIV.

Pyogenesis
HIV /AIDS has become a chronic rather than an acutely petal disease in may aces of
world. Prognosis varies between people, and both the CD4 count and viral load are
useful for predicated outcomes. HAART and appreciate prevention of opportunistic
infection reduce the death rate by 80% and raises the life expectancy for a newly
diagnoses youth adult to 20-25 years. This between two thirds and nearly that of
general population. If treatment is started late in infection, Prognosis is not as good.

Work Cited
Michacl vilata article “Explaining HIV and AIDS” published by Adam felman on
October 13 2020.
Bajasia Sheadha article on Factors Associated with HIV punlished by Hindawi.
Chapter-8
Epidemiology
Human immunodeficiency virus is considered by same author a global pandemic.
However, the WHO currently uses the term global epidemic to describe HIV. As of
2018 approximately 37.9 million people are infected with HIV globally. There were
about 770,000 deaths in AIDS in 2018. The 2015 global burden of disease study in
a report published in lancet, estimated that the global incident of HIV infection
peaked in 1997 at 3.3 million per year. Globally incidence fall rapidly from 1997-
2005 to about 2.6 million per year but remain stable from 2005-2015.

 South & east Asia has estimated 4 Million cases with about 250,000 deaths
in 2010. Approximately 2.5 million of these cases in India where however
the pre-valence is lowest in east ASIA at 0.1%.
 In 2017 approximately 1 million people in the united states had HIV, 14%
did not realize they were infected.
 In Australia as of 2017 there were about 27,545 cases. In Canada as of
2016 there were about 63,110 cases.
 A reconstruction of its generic history shows that the HIV pandemic almost
certainly originated in Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic republic of
the cargo, around 1920. AIDS was first recognized in 1981, in 1983 the
HIV was dis-covered and identified as the cause of AIDS and by 2009
AIDS caused nearly 30 million deaths.

Work Cited
Michacl vilata article “Explaining HIV and AIDS” published by Adam felman on
October 13 2020.
Bajasia Sheadha article on Factors Associated with HIV punlished by Hindawi.
Chapter-9
Society and culture

 AIDS stroma exist around the world in a variety of ways including ostracism
rejection discrimination and avoidance of HIV infected people compulsory
HIV testing without prior consent or protection of confidentially violence or
protection of concentrically. Violence against HIV-infected individual people
are perceived to be infected with HIV and quarantine of HIV effected
individual. Sigma related violence or the fear of violence prevent may people
may be seeking HIV testing. Returning for their result sentence and
perpetuating the spread of HIV.
 AIDS stigma has been further divided into the following three categories.
 Instrumental AIDS sigma- A reflection of the fear and
apprehension that are likely to be associated with any deadly and
transmissible illness.
 Symbolic AIDS stigma- The use of HIV/AIDS to exposes
attitude toward the social group or lifestyle perceived to be
associated with the disease.
 Courtesy AIDS Stigma- Stigmatization of people connected to
the issue of HIV/AIDS.
 In developed countries there is an association between AIDS and
homosexuality and association is corrected with higher level of prejudice such
as anti-homosexual or antibisexual attitude.
 In 2003 as part of an overall reform of marriage and population legislation it
become legal for people with AIDS to marry in china.
 In 2013 the us national library of medicine developed a traveling exhibition
tilted serving and thriving. AIDS politics and culture this covered medical
research the us government response and percale stories from people with
AIDS, caregivers and activities.

Economic impact

HIV/AIDS the economics of both individual and countries. The grass domestic
product of the most affected countries has decreased due to lack of human capital.
Before death they will not only be unable to work, but will also require also
significant medical [Link] is estimated that as 2007 there were 12 million AIDS
orphans.
Work Cited
Michacl vilata article “Explaining HIV and AIDS” published by Adam felman on
October 13 2020.

Bajasia Sheadha article on Factors Associated with HIV punlished by Hindawi.

Chapter-10
Research
HIV/AIDS research include all medical research which attempt to prevent, treat or
cure HIV/AIDS along with fundamental research about the nature of HIV as an
infectious agents and about AIDS as the disease caused by HIV.
 Make government and research institution participate in HIV/AIDS research.
This research includes behavior health intervention such as sex education and
drug development such as sex education micro bodies for sexually
transmitted disease HIV vaccine and antiretroviral drugs.
 Other medical research areas include the tropic of pre-exposer prophylaxis
and circumcision and HIV. Public health officials, research and program can
gain a more comprehensive approaches to HIV treatment and prevention by
tracking standard HIV indication.

Conclusion
In 2021 generic drug manufacture began seeing descanted copies of patented HIV
drug to development countries loading to several major pharmaceutical manufacture
slashing price on their other drugs. The following year the jointed united nation
program on HIV/AIDS reported that AIDS was by for the leading cause of death in
sub-Saharan Africa.
 In 2009 president Barak Obama 1987 U.S ban that prevented HIV +VE people
from entering journey.
 At the end of 2017 some 36.9 million people were living HIV/AIDS
worldwide and 940,000 people from AIDS related illness that year acceding
to WHO sub-Saharan Africa remain the most severally affected region
accounting for nearly 70% of the world HIV cases.
Work Cited
Michacl vilata article “Explaining HIV and AIDS” published by Adam felman on
October 13 2020.
Bajasia Sheadha article on Factors Associated with HIV punlished by Hindawi.