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Department of Civil Engineering

IV B. Tech II Semester
REPAIR & REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURES
Unit - 4
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UNIT – IV [Materials for repair and rehabilitation]
SYLLABUS:-Admixtures- types of admixtures purposes of using admixtures-
chemical composition- Natural admixtures- Fibres- wraps- Glass and Carbon
fibre wraps- Steel Plates-Concrete behavior under corrosion, disintegrated
mechanisms- moisture effects and thermal effects – Visual investigation-
Acoustical emission methods- Corrosion activity measurement- chloride content
– Depth of carbonation- Impact echo methods- Ultrasound pulse velocity
methods- Pull out tests..
Day 13
Q1: What is an Admixture? Explain different types of admixtures.
Ans: ADMIXTURE: A material other than water aggregates and hydraulic cement
and additives pozzolona or slag and fibre reinforcement used as an ingredient of
concrete or mortar and added to the batch immediately before or during
mixing to modify one or more properties of concrete or hardened state.
TYPES OF ADMIXTURES:
Chemical admixture
 Accelerating
 Retarding
 Water reducing
 Air entraining
 Super plasticizer
Mineral admixtures: It is also known as supplementary cementing materials
which is used to increase in strength, reduction in water demand ,
impermeability and low heat of hydration.
The cement is partially replaced by mineral admixture which leads to saving the
cost.
Q2: Explain the purpose of using Admixture.
Ans: Purpose of using admixture:
To modify the properties of hardened concrete mortar and grout material
 Increase the bond of concrete to steel reinforcement
 Retard or reduce heat evolution during early hardening
 Increases bond between existing and new concrete
 Improves impact resistance and abrasion resistance
To modify the properties of fresh concrete mortar and grout material
 Increases workability without increasing water content or decreases water
content at the same workability
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 Retard or accelerate time of initial setting
 Reduces and prevent settlement and segregation
 Reduces the rate of slump loss and modify the rate of capacity of bleeding
Important and Previous JNTUK Questions:
1. What is the purpose of admixtures? (July/August 2016 4M)
2. Differentiate different admixtures used in concrete. (6M July/August 2015)
3. What are mineral and chemical admixtures? Write the advantages and
disadvantages in using any two mineral and chemical admixtures in
concrete. (July/August2017 10M)
4. Write short note on (i) Accelerators (ii) Retarders (July/August 2017 6M)
5. What is an admixture and write any four admixtures? (April 2017 4M)
Day 14
Q1: Explain about fiber wraps.
Ans: It is used to develop the strength properties of concrete with reduced
cracks formation of concrete.
It is used where concrete loses its capacity (or) design strength due to corrosion
(or) due to increased load capacity. It is used to restore the advantages of RCC
structure and regain its design strength.
It is used for increasing the flexural shear (or) confinement strength of structural
member.
Advantages:
1) low in weight
2) available in any length
3) excellent chemical and weathering resistance
4) Flexible, fix around any given structural element
5) Economic application
6) Multi functional can be used in bending and shear.
Q2: What is the effect of corrosion on concrete?
Ans: Corrosion Effect on Concrete Structures:
Corrosion of reinforcement in concrete structures is one of the worst and most
diffused deterioration phenomena. Carbonation of the concrete cover or
chloride attack is the main causes of rebar corrosion. In the first case we can see
diffused corrosion, while in the second both diffused and concentrated effects
(pitting) are to be expected. Diffused corrosion will be analyzed in this paper.
The damage mechanisms due to corrosion are mainly: cross section reduction of

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the bars, induction of swelling stresses in the concrete around corroded bars,
bond loss between concrete and steel.
Corrosion effect on bond
A simple reinforced concrete tie subjected to variable tensile stress along its
length has been studied to evaluate the effect of corrosion on bond. This tie
simulates the tensed region, controlled by longitudinal reinforcement, situated
between two cracks, in a beam subjected to variable bending moment. The
solution of this model can be written with the following system of equilibrium
and differential equations where: The longitudinal variation of the load and the
deterioration of the bond-slip law make the bond stress to be non symmetric
with respect to the mid-section of the truss segment between two cracks.
Important and Previous JNTUK Questions:
1) What is the effect of corrosion on concrete?
2) What are the advantages of Fiber wraps?
3) What are the factors affecting Corrosion(8marks, April2017)
4) Explain about damages caused due to corrosion with neat sketches? (8M
April 2017)
Day 15
Q1: what are methods for measuring corrosion? Explain.
Ans: Acoustical Emission Method: It is the phenomenon of radiation of elastic
waves in solids that occurs when a material undergoes irreversible changes in its
internal structural, for eg: as a result of crack formation.
Acoustic Emission (AE) refers to the generation of transient elastic waves
produced by a sudden redistribution of stress in a material. When a structure is
subjected to an external stimulus (change in pressure, load, or temperature),
localized sources trigger the release of energy, in the form of stress waves,
which propagate to the surface and are recorded by sensors. With the right
equipment and setup, motions on the order of picometers (10 -12 m) can be
identified. Sources of AE vary from natural events like earthquakes and
rockbursts to the initiation and growth of cracks, slip and dislocation
movements, melting, twinning, and phase transformations in metals. In
composites, matrix cracking and fiber breakage and de-bonding contribute to
acoustic emissions. AE’s have also been measured and recorded in polymers,
wood, and concrete, among other materials.
Detection and analysis of AE signals can supply valuable information regarding
the origin and importance of a discontinuity in a material. Because of the
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versatility of Acoustic Emission Testing (AET), it has many industrial applications
(e.g. assessing structural integrity, detecting flaws, testing for leaks, or
monitoring weld quality) and is used extensively as a research tool.
Acoustic Emission is unlike most other nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques
in two regards. The first difference pertains to the origin of the signal. Instead of
supplying energy to the object under examination, AET simply listens for the
energy released by the object. AE tests are often performed on structures while
in operation, as this provides adequate loading for propagating defects and
triggering acoustic emissions.
The second difference is that AET deals with dynamic processes, or changes, in a
material. This is particularly meaningful because only active features (e.g. crack
growth) are highlighted. The ability to discern between developing and stagnant
defects is significant. However, it is possible for flaws to go undetected
altogether if the loading is not high enough to cause an acoustic event.
Furthermore, AE testing usually provides an immediate indication relating to the
strength or risk of failure of a component. Other advantages of AET include fast
and complete volumetric inspection using multiple sensors, permanent sensor
mounting for process control, and no need to disassemble and clean a specimen.
Unfortunately, AE systems can only qualitatively gauge how much damage is
contained in a structure. In order to obtain quantitative results about size,
depth, and overall acceptability of a part, other NDT methods (often ultrasonic
testing) are necessary. Another drawback of AE stems from loud service
environments which contribute extraneous noise to the signals. For successful
applications, signal discrimination and noise reduction are crucial.
Impact echo method: Impact-echo is a method for nondestructive testing of
concrete and masonry structures that is based on the use of impact-generated
stress (sound) waves that propagate through concrete and masonry and are
reflected by internal flaws and external surfaces. Impact-echo can be used to
determine the location and extent of flaws such as cracks, delaminations, voids,
honeycombing, and debonding in plain, reinforced, and post-tensioned concrete
structures, including plates (slabs, pavements, walls, decks), layered plates
(including concrete with asphalt overlays), columns and beams (round, square,
rectangular and many I and T cross-sections), and hollow cylinders (pipes,
tunnels, mine shaft liners, tanks). The method can be used to locate voids in the
grouted tendon ducts of many types of post-tensioned structures. It can provide
thickness measurements of concrete slabs with an accuracy better than three
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percent, and it can locate voids in the subgrade directly beneath slabs and
pavements. The method can be used to determine thickness or to locate cracks,
voids, and other defects in masonry structures where the brick or block units are
bonded together with mortar.

Working of impact echo method: Impact-echo is based on the use of transient

stress waves generated by elastic impact. A diagram of the method is shown in
Figure 2. A short-duration mechanical impact, produced by tapping a small steel
sphere against a concrete or masonry surface, is used to generate low-frequency
stress waves that propagate into the structure and are reflected by flaws and/or
external surfaces. Surface displacements caused by reflections of these waves
are recorded by a transducer, located adjacent to the impact. The resulting
displacement versus time signals are transformed into the frequency domain,
and plots of amplitude versus frequency (spectra) are obtained. Multiple
reflections of stress waves between the impact surface, flaws, and/or other
external surfaces give rise to transient resonances, which can be identified in the
spectrum, and used to evaluate the integrity of the structure or to determine
the location of flaws.
It is the patterns present in the waveforms and spectra (especially the latter)
that provide information about the existence and locations of flaws, or the
dimensions of the cross-section of the structure where a test is performed, such
as the thickness of a pavement. For each of the common geometrical forms
encountered in concrete structures (plates; circular and rectangular columns;
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rectangular, I-, and T-beams; hollow cylinders; etc.), impact-echo tests on a solid
structure produce distinctive waveforms and spectra, in which the dominant
patterns-especially the number and distribution of peaks in the spectra-are
easily recognized. If flaws are present (cracks, voids, delaminations, etc.) these
patterns are disrupted and changed, in ways that provide qualitative and
quantitative information about the existence and location of the flaws.
Important and Previous JNTUK Questions:
1) Explain Acoustic Emission method.
2) Explain about corrosion in concrete structures.
3) Write short note on impact echo methods. (4marks, April 2017)
4) Explain about a) Impact echo methods b) Concrete behavior under
corrosion. (April 2017 16M)
5) Explain about the different corrosion protection methods in RC structural
elements with the help of sketches if required. (16M April 2017)
Day 16
Q1: Explain about Ultrasound pulse velocity methods.
Ans: The ultrasonic pulse velocity method has gained considerable popularity all
over the world. When mechanical impulses are applied to a solid mass, three
different kinds of waves are generated. These are generally known as
longitudinal waves, shear waves and surface waves. These three waves travel at
different speeds. The longitudinal or compressional waves travel about twice as
fast as the other two types. The shear or transverse waves are not so fast, the
surface waves are the slowest.
The pulses can be generated either by hammer blows or by the use of an electro
acoustic transducer. Electro acoustic transducers are preferred as they provide
better control on the type and frequency of pulses generated. The instrument
used is called “Soniscope”.
Ultrasonic pulse velocity method consists of measuring the time of travel of an
ultrasonic pulse, passing through the concrete to be tested. The pulse generator
circuit consists of electronic circuit for generating pulses and a transducer for
transforming these electronic pulses into mechanical energy having vibration
frequencies in the range of 15 to 50 kHz. The time of travel between initial onset
and the reception of the pulse is measured electronically. The path length
between transducer divided by the time of travel gives the average velocity of
wave propagation.
Techniques of Measuring Pulse Velocity through Concrete
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There are three ways of measuring pulse velocity through concrete. They are:
(a) Direct transmission. (b) Indirect transmission (c) Surface transmission

Factors Affecting the Measurement of Pulse Velocity

The measurement of pulse velocity is affected by a number of factors regardless
of the properties of concrete.
1. Smoothness of contact surface under test: It is important to maintain good
acousticalcontact between the surface of concrete and the face of each
transducer. Generally this does not pose any problem because in normal
testing sufficient cast surfaces are available for good contact. However, when
it is necessary to hold the transducer against an unmoulded surface, for
example, the top surface of a test cylinder, it is desirable to smoothen the

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surface by the use of a carborundum stone and the transducers should be
held tightly against the concrete surface.
2. Influence of path length on pulse velocity: As concrete is inherently
heterogeneous,it is essential that path length be sufficiently long so as to
avoid any errors introduced due to its heterogeneity. In field work, this does
not pose any difficulty because pulse velocity measurements are generally
carried out on thick structural concrete members, where the path lengths
may be anywhere from 300 mm in the case of columns to 23 m in mass
gravity dams. However, in the laboratory where generally small specimens
are used, the path length can affect the pulse velocity readings.
3. Temperature of concrete: It has been reported that variations of the
ambienttemperature between 5° C and 30° C do not significantly affect the
pulse velocity measurements in concrete. At temperatures between 30° C
and 60°C, there is up to 5% reduction in pulse velocity. This is probably due to
the initiation of microcracking in concrete. At below freezing temperature,
the free water freezes within concrete thus resulting in an increase in pulse
velocity.
4. Moisture condition of concrete: In general, pulse velocity through concrete
increases with increased moisture content of concrete. This influence is more
marked for low-strength concrete than high strength concrete. It is
considered that the pulse velocity of saturated concrete may be about 2%
higher than that of similar dry concrete.
5. Presence of reinforcing steel: The presence of reinforcing steel in concrete
considerablyaffects the pulse velocity measurements because pulse velocity
in steel is 1.2 to 1.9 times the velocity in plain concrete, thus pulse velocity
measurements taken near the steel reinforcing bars may be high and may not
represent the true velocity in concrete.
Suggested Pulse Velocity for Concrete
Pulse velocity
General conditions
(m/s)
4575 Excellent
3660—4575 Good
3050—3660 Questionable
2135—3050 Poor
2135 Very poor
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Q2: Explain about Pull out test.
Ans: A pullout test measures the force required to pull out from the concrete a
specially shaped rod whose enlarged end has been cast into that concrete. The
stronger the concrete, the more is the force required to pullout. The ideal way
to use pullout test in the field
would be to incorporate
assemblies in the structure. These
standard specimens could then be
pulled out at any point of time. The
force required denotes the
strength of concrete. Another way
to use pullout test in the field
would be to cast one or two large
blocks of concrete incorporating
pullout assemblies. Pullout test
could then be performed to assess
the strength of concrete. Following
figure shows the relationship
between compressive strength and
pullout strength.
Important and Previous JNTUK Questions:
1) What are the factors affecting the ultrasonic pulse velocity test?
2) Explain about pullout test.
3) Describe ultrasonic pulse test of concrete members with sketch. (8M April 2017)
4) What is the methodology for the investigation of failures in buildings and explain
any one method. (16M April 2017)
5) Write short notes on (i) Pull out test (ii) Corrosion meter (4M July/ August 2017)
6) Describe ultrasonic pulse velocity test of concrete members with sketch. (8marks,
April2017)

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CIVIL RRS Unit - 4