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    © All Rights Reserved
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    16 views44 pages

    01GeneraL Information

    Uploaded by

    claudio perez prieto

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    PIPELINE RULES = THUMB a Plcette\ca Bey to Bhat: fo aie aad BNSC Cae stl PIPELINE RULES°THUMB HANDBOOK. Quick and accurate solutions to your everyday pipeline problems Edwin Chavarrta R, E.W. McAlister, Editor — StF Gulf Professional Publishing PL animprint of suterworth-Heinemann Boston » Oxford - Johannesburg - Melbourne + New Delhi » Singapore (Gui Patessonas Publishing i am pen oT vier Gopyaigh € 2002 hy Beier (USA. Al its esere ‘No pots publication wat he reprised store in aveeval sytem, oF ‘eons any Foes oy 29 ans, lew, mechanical ptncopving eeonting, thors, slut the prior wien pesension of flee Peomistent may he sought clei fom Eheser’sSsience & Technology Rights Depart nfo UK: hone: 4) 1865 842850 ox (445), #69 88555) eomu ponnisione else eoak. Yon muy ato complete Sour rogue online sn ne Fees Selene bore Up stew ctsoiee ny alecsingCatemer Soppe ad hen ‘Obtaining Persson This book is pinied om aces pape Linrary of Congress Ctanging-in-Pablcation Data Pipelin rte of thom amvek: quick al aera colation to vour everyday ipelin problems? WE McAlisesr, ear 5 a Be Res: tof Ppetine sles of thumb hanibock ed, 1988 ISN 0-756 9371-7 1. Piptins-—Handbooks aunts, et. 1 MALiter cof thome handbook, Tees 300 565 Sat 2104078 1W. Fide Pipline rates ‘The publisher offers special discounts on bul-axers of his book or Informatio, please cont Manager of Special Sales Fnac 200 Wheeler Road Bortngton, MA 01803, Tek TAL s15-4700 Pax: 741-319-4802 or information on all Gul Potessiona! Publishing publications aaitbie sonst cur Noe Wide Web bomepage apr Bh ea wostesasa Printed nt Unie Sure of Ameria, Contents : General Information, 1 MisceHlancous ‘ asic formulas How to estimate length of material contained in Mathematics—areas: voll ee Mathetnatice--sudfaces and! volumes Convenient anti-freeze chirt for winterizing cooling 2 3 4 ystems 8 Cables and Ropes ......ccccccccsecee 5 Howto determine glycol requirments to bring a Estimating strength of eable . 5 5 systern to a desired temperature protection level Find the working strength of Manila sope Weight in pounds of round steel shafting « How large should drums and sheaves be for varions Properties of shalting ‘Tap drills and clearance drills for machine screws . ypes of wire rope? . 5 Common nails Find advantages of block and tacWe, taking into Dil sizes for pipe taps account pull out friction. 8 Carln steok-culor andl apprenimate temperate fe loads for wire rope - © Bolting dimensions for raised face weld neck flnges ‘Stress in guy wires 7 Steel fitting dimensions. Strength and weight of popular ore rope: 9 ANSI forged sted Ranges Measuring ie flemtes ole rope : 2 Color codes far locating underground utilities re rope 1d robles and hr cans aD Arasimate ne ‘of repose for loping sides of *n rench shoringenminisainn eoxpivements 2 Belts and Shafts UL Reuaiting sepuated mercury in thermometers 23 Determine length of a V-belt T Typical wire resistance... - - 2B Caleutate stress in shaft key 12 How fo cut odd-angle long ralius elbows 24 Galeutate Vebelt length using simple equation 12 Rowto read find deseripttons 35 Estimate the horsepower that can be transmitted by Siue am air reovivur for engine stating... aT ashalt ... bees = 13 Wind chill chart... . . 28 Pipeline Pigging .... Sizing, plates Caliper pigging Cleaning alier construction Flooding for hydsotest . Deeteingant dng ienate volume of onshore oil spill Estatng pl wolame on ater 2: Construction, 34 Project Scoping Data... Project seoping data worksheet for major Facilities Right-of-Way .. How to dteriine ee rp aereage ieee in a rightofway strip Clearing and grading ight-otaway: labor/equipment ‘considerations, Estimating munhours for removing, Estimating manhours for seinoving tree stamps Clearing and grading right-of-way Ditehing How many cobie yards of eyeavation in & mile of ditch? Shrinkage and expansion of excavated and compacted sail Ditching and trenching. bor/equipment considerations Conerete Work ow to approsinate aks of cement needed to ill a What you should know about ing and finishing, concrete 5. viene Pipe Laying ... How to deterinine the degeces of bend tn a pipe that rust fit a ditch calling for a bend in both Jhorizontal and vertical planes . Hove to bend pipe to it diteh—sags, overbends and combination bends Pipe bending computations made with hand-held calealator 6 Caleulate maximom bend on cotd pipe Determine length ofa pipe bend Length of pipe in are subtended by any angie Average pipelay table—Underground 40 40 40 41 a a a Average pipelay table-—On supports Allowable pipe span between supports « How engineers mike pipe 8t the ditch Pipe Lowering .. Flow to lower an existing pipeline that is stil i service : Welding .. ‘Whew should steel be preheated before welding? Welding and brazing temperatures Mechanical properties of pipe welding roe Lens shade selector : Pipeline Welding ..... How many welds will the average welder make per how? How much welding rod is required for a mile of schedule 40 pipeline? . How many pounds of electrodes are required per weld on line pipe? Welding citer permit safe and effective pipeline ‘Gres county pipeline vertical down electrode consumption, pounds of electrode per joint Guidelines for a Successful directional crossing bid package 3: Pipe Design, 83 Steel pipe design vette eens Properties of pipe Length of pipe in bends : Calculation of pipe bends... cee Spacing of pipe supports... : ‘American standard taper pipe threads British standard taper pipe threads Norinal engagement between male and female threads to make tight joints . Hand-held computer calculates pipe weight, contents, velocity Formas and constants of valve in solving problems relating to tubular goods... : How to calculate the contraction or expansion of a pipeline Estimate weight of pipe in metric tons per lolometer How to find pipe weight from outside diameter and wall thickness What is the maximum allowable fength of unsupported line pipe?” 49 49 50. 53 3 87 58 67 67 u a 11 102 102 103, 103, deol the schedule purer of pipe by dst ‘measurement . Determine buoyancy of bare steel pipe Betermine buoyancy of bare and conerete coated steel pipe in water and mad Weights of piping materials Allowable working pressure for carbon stecl pipe . Find the stress in pipe wal! due to internal pressure... How to caleulate stress in abovefbelow ground transition How to identify the series number of fanged fittings Dimensions of three-diameter ells with tangents Polypipe design date 4: Electrical Design, 114 Electrical design Hcardous locations NEMA Enclosure Types es... ee. ccseeee ves Size portable electric generators 6... eee eee ‘Type wattage fo tol and aplcsees Knockout dimonsons ...+..cceecccseeeerres National Rlectsical Code Tables Electrical formulas Full load currents—single phase transformers oll load cusrents—three phase transformers Motor controtler sizes Voltuge drop on circuits using 600V. copper conductors in steel conduat . Determine the most economical sive For electrie power conductors .... How to find the resistance and weight of copper wires ‘What you shoald remember about electrteal formulas ms How to caleutate microwave hops om le For quick determination of the horsepower per ampere for induction moters (3 phase) at different voltages Chat ges elt motor bomepover fer poping units - Pumping, stations Floodlighting Concepts .. Terms Floodlighting ealoutations 0.0... occ ceeeee Point-by-point method os Beam-lamen method Desig procedure Conductor size coversion chart—Metvic to AWG 403 104 104 105 105 196 107 10 10 um 5: Hydrostatic Testing, 133 Hydrostatic testing for pipelines Appendix A... Volume of water required to fil test section Volume required at test pressure Appendix B ‘low to use charts for estimating the amount of pressure change For a change in test watyr temperature... Compressbility factor for water 6: Pipeline Drying, 146 Pipeline Dewatering, Cleaning, and Drying : Dewatering Cleaning pipelines Brash pig rin with gas. Brush pig run with liquid Internal sand blasting Chemical deaning Pipeline drying Moisture content of sir Commissioning potrocherieat pipelines Vacomten drying : Control Valves, 159 Control valve sizing formulas Skzing control valves for thruput Control valve select Relief Valve Sizing, Selection, Installation and Testing Ruptore dise sizing Rupture dise sting using the resistance to Bow method (Ks) Variable orifice rotary control vabes Sizing Valves for Gas and Vapor . Basic valve Row-capacity coefficient (C,) : Corrosion/Coatings, 185 Vand-held computer determines concrete coating thickaess 14 - 140 440 ub - 142, 442 145 147 wz ag 4s M8 448 44g 149 1h 153 156 160 164 169 “Aa 175 176 178 180 186 NAPOA specifications Hos mich primer fora mile of pipe? How mnch coaltar enamel for a mile of pipe? How much wrapping for a mile of pipe? Estimating coating and wrapping materials required per mile of pipe . Coefficient of frietion for pipe coating materials ‘Troubleshooting, cathodic protection systems Magnesinm anode system Cathode protection for pipelines Estimate the ponnds of sucrifial anode material eget for oltahore pipelines Counparson of other relereiwve electrode potentials with that of eoppercopper sulfate eelerence electrode at 25°C (Chast aids in calculating ground bed resistance and reclifier power cost How ean output of magnesium anodes be presictel? How to determine the ellcieney of a cathodic protection rectifier How to calonlate the voltage drop in ground bed cable quickly What is the mast economical size for a rectifier ‘cable? . How to estinate the uosnber of maguesiom anodes required and thete spacing for bare fine or for a ceorrusins “hot spot”. How can sesistivity of fresh water be deteraiined from cheraical analysis? What vil he the resistence so earth of a single graphite anode Howv ty estimate the monthly power bill fora cathodic pprotcetion wetiier What wil be the cesistanee te earthy al a group of graphite anodes. in terms of the resistance of a Single anode? How can the current output of magaesiun rod used for the eathorlic protection of heat exchanger shells be predicted? What spacing for test leads to measure ewzent on a pipeline? How mnany magnesiua andes are needed for supplementary protection to a short-circuited bare easing? Group installation of sacrificial anodes How can the We of magnesia anodes be predicted? How to find the voltage rating of « veotfiee IF it fs $0 deliver a given amount of current theough a given rood bed (graphite 0 carbon) Determining enreent requirements for coated lines Determining current requirements for costed tines ‘when pipe-to-soil potential values are estimated 188 191 198 192 192 193 8 213 213. 213 HYDC effects oa pipelines ‘Trobleshentig cand protection tes Rectifier ground bed How to control coreosion at comptessor stations Project leak growth Advances in Pipeline Protection . ‘Methods of locating coating defects . Case histories Estimate the number of squares of tape for pipe ‘outing {machine applied) Estimate the amount of primer required for tape... Tape requirements for fittings Induced AC Voltages on Pipelines May Present a Serious Hazard Measuring Unwanted Alternating Current in Pipe .... Minimizing shock hazards on pipelines near HVAC lines 9: Gas—General, 237 Knows the gas laws Calenlate gas properties from was analysis Physical properties of selected hydrocarbons and ‘thier chemicals and gases Nomograph for calculating density and specific ~olume of gases and vapors. « Considerations for Selecting Energy Measurement Equipment acts about methane and its behavior Conversion table for pure methane ‘Categories of natural gas end reserves terminology Glossary of common gas industey terms... 10: Gas—Compression, 268 Compressors Performance exlculations for reciprocating lximaing suction ad dichange vane ote ses for pulsation conteol for reciprocating compressors... ve Compression horsepower determination Generalized compressibility factor... Nomograph isn dingosing compre ojinder il vill 24 218. 219. ~ 220 221 - 292 208 207 228 240 269 270 272. 24 276 27 Centrifugal Compressor Data .......... 278 Centrifugal compressor performance calculations 28 Nomographs for ong comprenon performance . 982 Estimate hp requited to compress natural gas 287 Estimate compressor ip where discharge pressure is L000psi 287 Caleulate brake Borepowse requited to compres es 238 How to find the size fuel gas line for a compressor _ station . 288 Estimate engine cooling water requirements 289 Edimate fuel requirements for intemal combustion eS evs 259 ‘Estimating fuel requirements for compressor installation 290 11: Gas—Hydraulics, 291 Gas pipeline hydraulics ealenlations . 292 ‘Equivalent lengths for multiple lines based on Panhandle A 293, Determine pressure loss for a low-pressure gas gstem 204 Nomograph for determining pipe-cquivalent factors 295 How much gas is contained in a given line section? . 296 How to enimateoqpbalent length ftor fo gas lines . we 296 Estimating comparative capacities of ges pipelines «297 Determination of leakage from gas ine using pressure drop method out A quick way to determine size of gus gathering Jines 208 Energy conversion data for estimating ©... 298 How to estioiate time required to get a shst-in test on 188 transmission lines and approximate & maxitrm acceptable pressure loss for new lines... 298 How to determine the relationship of capacity increase to investment increase. a) Estimate pipe slze requirements for increasing throughput volumes of natural gas 300 Caleulate tine loss using cross-sectional areas tle when testing mains with air or gas -- 301 Flow of frel gases in pipelines 302 Caleulate the velocity of gas in a pipeline... 303 Determining throat pressure in a blow-down Estimate the amount of gas blown off through a. punoture 304 A practical way to caleulate gas Hlow for pipelines... 304 How to caloutate the weight of gas in « pipeline Fatimate average pressure in gas pipeline using up and downstream pressures Chart for determining viscosity of natural gas Flow of gas Multiphase law Nomograph for calculating Reynolds umber for ‘compressible flow fiction factor for clean steel and wrought icon pipe . veces 12: Liquids—General, 318 Determining the viscosity of ernde Chart gives API gravity of blends quickly Liquid gravity and density conversion chart Nomograph for caleulating viscosities of fiquid hydrocarbons at high pressure Calentate viscosity of blend Caloulite gravity of a blend : Convert viscosity units Convert spe gry to APL geoty Caloulate bulk modulis Viscosities of hydrocarbon liquids - Nomograph for calculating viscosity of slurries Nornogah for ening veloty of uid in Nomoseaph for eating clit conte fluids im pipes Nomograph for caleulting velocity of tiguids in Deron of base ltrs fw tations How fast does oil move in a pipeline? Bationte the vole of a pipebie por tisear foot using the inside damoter What isthe line of a given pipe in barrels per mile? stinate Feakagge ammount through small holes in a pipeline ‘able gives velocity hens for varios pipe diameters and lifferent rates of discharge 13: Liquids—Hydraulics, 335 Marine Hose Data . CALM system SALM system Tandem system Muli-point mooring ste Pressure fost in hose sti Pressure drop cileslatons for rubber hose 305, 305 306, 310. 315, 3a. 34 Examples of pressure drop calculations for rubber hose. ‘Typical formulas used for catoulating pressure dcp and flow rates for pipelines Hydraulic gradients... Equivalent lengths Series systems Looped systems Calculate pressure foss in aunndar sections, Galeuiate pressure and tensperature los for viseons cnides 21,000?" Determine batch injection rate os per enclosure Pressure Loss through Valves and Fittings . Representative resistance coefficienls (K) for valves sand Bibings Nomograph for calculating Reynolds mamber for Row of liquids and iriction ctor for elean steot and wrought iten pipe Nomiogeaph for enlculating pressure depo of isin fines for tarbulent flow... we Drag-Reducing Agents ....... “The basics of drag reduction How drag-reduemg agents can outweigh looping or boosting . How active, passive drag affect DRA injections How to estimate the rate of liquid discharge from a det subsoeieetanperatone ranges Sizing pipelines for water slow How approximate throughput ofa line can be estimated fram pipe size : Gauge liquid fow where no weir or meter is available Tstimate crude gathering line throughput for a ven . pipe diameter How to determine had loss due to fiition i ‘ordinary iron pipeline carrying clear water How to size lines, estimate pressure drop and ‘optimum station spacing for erude systems Estimate the optimum working pressures in erude oil transmission tines How to size emde and products lines for eapack increases ‘How to determine the muximian surge preseute sn liquid-filled pipeline when a main valve is closed suddenly What is the hydrostatic pressure due toa coluten of oil H feet in height? ‘Tansient pressure azalysis “Tank fran Hie sian, Mh 941 3aT 318 39 349 352 353, 353, 359 2 88 88 8 8 B88 14: Pumps, 399 Contrifugal pumps... 400 Speed torque calculation az Pulsation Control for Reciprocating Pumps .. seer AIS Key Centrifugal Pump Parameters and How They Impact Your Applications— Patt L cccceeceeeeees vee ADD Key Centrifugal Pump Parameters and How They Impact Your Applications — Part2 .. seete ee Eat the dahage of» crag pump ot various speeds oo... : How to estizoate the head for an seg centrifugal pump - Flu the capacity of reeiprocating pump How (estimate the horsepower required te pump at a given rate at a desired dischasge pressure Nomiograph for determining reciprocating pump capacity. Nomograplh for determining spect speed of pumps... Nomograph for determining horsepower requirement of pumps Hw to selact motors for field gathering pumps Reciprocating pumps Understanding the basics of rotary screw pamps 15: Measurement, 451 Pipeline flow measurement —the new influences... Liquid measurement orifice plate flange taps... Mass measurement light hydrocarbons... <2... Pipeline measurement of supercritical carbon 426 481 431 - 432 492 Gas Measurement... . ‘Master meter proving orifice meters in dense phase ethylene... Gas or vapor flow measurement—orifice plate flange taps Properties of ges and vapors Determine required orifice diameter for any required

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