2: Construction Project Scoping Data Pras oping te erie Right-of-Way ... seen tant cp si alo aie ae ad il pt condoning ms esting nba fo ving ro Gleunag nd pang ght ay Ditching. How nan a par of sono is pe of it vag and expansion cfencatod nd competed sll Delong und teekcung abovequipnentcnscrsons Concrete Work - : Siow toapyrompate sc cfcarea adel ils fre Wn jo Sul Kno about ming and fishing conctt Pipe Laying. oe Hv to delete the dagres of end ia 2 pipe tak mga lich saligg fr ston bath Morzotla vera planes nag Rp fo ae tgs nerds cembaton te " Pipe bending computations mace with hand-held ealculatar Egehuateg soem ais ma ch 8 a8 95 os lth ofp ad rm — 8 Lengtof pipe n ae stiended by ay ang eta jpety table -Undergnoed oa ‘ee etsy lO spor. : “8 ‘Aliowable pipe span between suppor ssa : How engtcrs ake pipe ft the dich 50 Pipe Lowerin, tiPttonce an eng ipl a Walia = Welding. When shut sna be presatedbeiove welding Wald Brann emperateswnn Meckaniel properties of pipe welding ros a Lene ade lector senses : 58 Pipeline Welding .. a 38. iw any wolds wl to a 7 hea owl ekg ere faced JO" me « STE pan i aie oni whl ca parle eG pple ope Cros cant pftes este down kts, ‘pwns of etrode per yi. i. clits ernsucens Srlocal cong bid padlagesccConstucton 35 PROJECT SCOPING DATA Project scoping data worksheet for major facilities 1.0 Type of Contract Required 11 Deseribe the type of contract the project will be based 12 What is the required completion date? 1.3. What type permits will be required and who will obtain them? 14 Will an environmental impact statement be required? 2.0 General Engineering 2.1 Does the client have engineering standards and speci- fications, or will t be necessary to develop these, o can the Engineering Contractor’ specifications and stan- dards be used? 22 Describe any existing sbove or underground obstruc- tions at the job site 23 Obtain copies of any applicable local codes dealing with air andor water pollution, sanitary systems, elee- trical systems, and structuces 24 Are any soil bearing data available? 25 Deseribe type of soil—sand, rocky, caliche, ete 26 Does the site drain naturally? Will BIL material be required for the foundations? Hf fill material will be required, what is the availability? ks sand-asphalt «nix available? 8.0 Drafting 32 Will a registered engineer's stamp or signature be sequited on the drawings? 32 Detertnine drawing forms to be used und typeof draw- 3 Wil client accopt single line deawinys owl double line drawings be required? 4.0 Structural and Architectural 4.1 Will all exposed structural steel need to be galvanized cr have other protective coating? 42 Js sand, rock, coment, and ready-mixed concrete avail- able locally? Price? 43 Requirements for building design: Steel Concretefbrick Mow much air conditioning? Other 3.0 Piping BL How sal storm water, waste water, and sewage be dis- posed of? If the Facility is handling liqudl petroleum, ‘will a petroleum-water separator be required? 52 Are there any existing incoming andr outgoing pipelines that will require counecting to? 53 Ave there any fwilties outside the jobsite which must he given consideration in the developuient of « plot plan? 54 What is the pressure cling for existing manifolds, suction lines, and outgoing lines? 55 Any special requirements for isolating the facility? 5.6 Will scraper traps be reyuited? Incoming or outgoing or both? 5.7 Willa Bre water system be required? 58 Isasource of fire water available? If yes, what will it the amount of water available? 5.9 Mow many rolief headers will be required? 5.10 Will incoming and/or outgoing relief valves be roguired? If yes, where wil they relieve to? 6.0 Electrical 6.1. Is commercial power available? Voltage? Phase? Frequency? System capacity? 62 Define approximate location where incoming power Swill enter job site 6.3 Lf commercial power is availble, will the nity fuarnsh ‘and install the substation? 64 What js the short cizcwit capacity of the utility? 6.5. Will the utility pormit across-the-line starting of large motors? What is the masionum hp they will allow to start across the line? 7.0 Instrumentation 7.1 Willa control panel be required? If yes, what type? 7.2 What type of instruments does’ the client prefer? Pronmatic or electronic? 7.3 Does the client have a prefeience for the type of final control element(s} and actuator(s} to be wsed? 7.4 Electrical classification for the control house. . 75 Are communications facilites available? IF yes, what type?36 Pipoline Rules of Thumb Handbook 8.0 Equipment . 8.1 Have any iteans of snajor equipment been placed on order? List tems and state delivery 8.2 Who will supply general equipment specifications? 83 List the design eriterta for equipment sizing 8.4 What are the spare equipment requirements? 85 What is the expected life of the factliy? 86 Will secondary seals be required on storage tanks eqiipped with floating roofs? Tank mixers? 9.0 Material Purchasing 9.1 Obtain a copy of a preferred vendor list if one is arailable 9.2 Tf not available, wil i be necessary to develop alist for clients approval? 9.2. Describe any unusual conditions 9-4 Deterinine shipping aditress 9.5 Who will be responsible for receipt of material? 10.0 Special Considerations 10.1 the site isin a remote location and is near the coast line, are there any existing piers or natural facilities available for unloading material? 10.2 What is the tocal availability of heavy lifting equip- mont? What are the lifting lttations? 103 What is the availability” of local Iabor? Are they ‘organized? 104 I the site is in foreign location, is there any limit on the use of expatriates? 105 Ate any other contractors working in the area? 106 Whot shop fabrication ean be done locally? 10.7 What types of materials are available focally? 108 [the site isin a foreign location, who will handle elear- ance of material through customs? 10.9 What are the general weather conditions? 10.10 If foreign, will a constroction camp be required? 10.11 If a camp fs requived, what is the availability of local catering? RIGHT-OF-WAY ‘How to determine the crop acreage included in a right-of-way strip Muktiply the width of the strip in foet by the length in rods; divide this by 2.540 to obtain the acreage. I the ends of the strip are not parallel, se the length of the center fine of the right-of way Example. A right-of wuy 95 feet wide erases « cultivated field for a fength of 14 rods; how many aeres of crop wore destroyed? 85 x 14/9,640 = 0.18 acres, or almost one-fifth of an acre. Example. 4 right-of-way 50 feet wide erosses a field for 330 rats, How many acres of crop were destroyed? 50 x 350/2, 640 = 6.25 acces. ‘The rule is exact, not an approximation, Clearing and grading right-of-way: labor/equipment considerations To estimate labor crew and equipment spread for clearing and grading operations, the following items, as they may apply to @ given project, should be given consideration’ Removal of trees, brush and stumps. 8. Grobbing and removal of stumps that are in the way of the ditch, 3, Disposal of all debris, inckuding method of disposal and length of hau! 4, Clearing area spoil a sulicient distance from the ditch line so that the spoil-bank from the ditching operations vill not fll so any foresgn materia that might become mixed with the excavated spol 5. Cutting of merchantable timber into standard lengths and stacked along the right-of-way for disposition by others if specifically required by the rightof-way agreement, 6. Providing temporary walls, passageways, fences, or other structures so as not to interfere with tell 7. Providing sufficient and proper lighting whore required 8. Providing guards whore required 9, Preserving all trees, shrubs, hedges and lawns where required10, Grading irregularities where required, 1, Preserving topsoil for replacement, through all cule vated or improved felds and pastures, to its original position. 42, Proper grading of the terrain so as to allow passage of toaded trucks and equipment hauling materials and so ditching operations can be properly performed. Construction 37 13, Protecting and preserving existing drainage faciities, 14. Protecting atty existing structures or pipelines. 15, Protecting any telephone or utility lines and keeping them in serv 16. Cutting through fences and hedges where required and replacing these when necessary 17. Installing gates and fences where required Estimating manhours for removing trees NET MANHOURS—EACH Softwood Trees | Hardwood Trees Sottwood Trees | Hardwood Trees Average Tree Average Tree ee oan Diameter Open | Congested | Open | Congested Diameter Open | Congested | Opon | Congested fa tnches ‘ara Area | Area | Area in Inches Ares | Area | Area | Area Cross-ut Saws Chain Sawa 4 149} 166 | 198} 205 4 as7| o4e | oar} ose 8 226| 283 | 2e2| 353 6 os7| 071 | o71| 089 8 324} 402 | 400] 4.96 8 os} 400 | 100] 124 10 aio} 08 | soo] 620 10 103; 428 | 125) 185 12 498} 618 | 600) 74s 12 yas} 185 | 150) 186 “ eso} 786 | 770) 94714 veo} 97 | 193) 297 16 739 9.09 8.80 10.82 16 1.85 5 2.28 2.20 | 27 8 am} 1023 | 990) 1218 ta zoe; 256 | 24a] 305 2 yose| 1291 | i260} i837 20 2es| a23 | a15| aaa 24 vari] west | isi2| jas 2a ave| aaa | 373] 461 30 s70a| 2085 | 2010; 2482-80 aze| see | 503] 61a 38 2050] 2501 | 2412] 2043 6 sia] 826 | 603 | 7.26 ‘Manhours inclide ax trimming, cutting down with exoss- ‘cut sts or chain saws, and cutting into fonr-eet lengths for the tree diameter sizes as listed above, Manhours are average for various heights of trees. Manhours do not inelude hauling, pling and during of trees or branches, or the removal of stumps Estimating manhours for removing tree stumps NET MANHOURS—EACH NET MANHOURS—EACH Oper. | Powder Oper. | Powder ftom Laborer | Engr} Man | Total item Laborer Grub & Removal by Hand Blast & Pull with Tractor 8" t0 12° diameter 600 | =~ | — | 600 8 to 12" diameter 83 14” to 18° diameter 750 | — | — | 750 14%t0 18° ciameter 4.05 20" to 24" diameter 90 | — | — | 900 20°10 24” ciameter 1.50 26" to 96" diameter 20 | ~ | — | 1120 26"te 36° diameter an Manhours include excavating and removing by hand or blasting and removing with eables und tractors, Manhours do not include burning or rermoval from premises.38 Pipeline Rues of Thunb Handbook Clearing and grading right-of-way Equipment Spread Labor Grew NUMBER OF UNITS FOR NUMBER OF MEN FOR ‘0 Linear Feet | 80 Linear Feet | 100 Linaar Feet 50 Linear Fest | 80 Linear Feet | 100 Linear Feet ‘wits ‘win ‘wit ‘wnt ‘wath wath Eupment | Personnes }--7-—~y ot Deseription Ju! mun tH uj | ae) a) Lim] ome lH Description} ef atl amt} | Cf mam | of ae MeL 8 Tractor | | Forman... 1) 1} 2f af 1] af 3] al al sl ala woos ft} af es prfa ts} 2} 2} s}2ta}s — opentor...] 1! 1} 2] 2} 5) 2[ a} a] 2) a] sis 7 Tractor wocnanc.f 1) af af af ab ata} apabal ada woorrfelof elalalelafajafal 2 fe swamosr| 1] a} 2] 2} tf 2] sis} 2f aj sls Tce 2 ip ‘ruck ower! 2} 2) 2] 2] af 2} 2} 2} 22] ais yoodump 2} 2] 2}aj2}2)2]}2}2f2| a }s — taborer.js0| 15} 200] 15| 25] 20 | 40] 20] 35 | 0 [so Track ‘rai Crow .| 18] 21] 28 |39] 21} a8] 42 | 52] 20| 40| 58 68: Pexup..jt| 1] 2 l2irj2is}al2lal 4 fe Ripper or Snare ft Above equipment spread should be ample for dearing and grading one mile of right-of-way per 19-hour day for the ‘width and conditions as are outlined. Haul trucks are based fon round trip haul of two miles. IF brush and trees are to be hhumed on site, omit above damp trucks. Small tools such as ‘098, axes, ote, must be added as required for the individual sob, Code description. Light light brush and grass, no thes. M = Medium —eonsiderable brush of larger size. MH = Medium Heavy—large brush and small trees. VW =Heavy—much small brush, many small tees, and ‘occasional large trees. Above total crew should be ample for clearing and grading ‘ono mife of right-of-way per 10-hour day for the width and conditions outlined, Crew spread includes cutting, stacking or piling, joading, and hauling a round-trip distance of two mies. burning is necessary oF permitted, substitute fre tenders for dump truck drivers. See Clearing and Gradiag equipment spread for number of dump trucks. Code description. L = Light—ight brush and grass, no trees M = Medium—consideruble brush of larger size. MH = Medium Hewy—large brush and sraall tees. Hs Heayy—ainch sinall brush, many small trees, and occasional large trees. Source Page, J. $., Cast Estimating Man-Hour Manual for Pipelines and Marine Structures, Gulf Publishing Co,, Houston, Texas, 1977Construction 99 DITCHING How many cubic yards of excavation in a mile of ditch? ‘Multiply the width in inches by the depth in inches by 16; the answer is cubic yards per mile. Example. How many cubic yards of excavation in a mile of 124inch ditch 30-inch deep? 1290 1.36 = 490 eubie yards per mile ‘The rule is correct within about Ys of 1 percent; actually the errors in depth and width are much greater than this. To get the enbic yards per 1,000 feet. as in computing neck ditch ing, use 0.257 instead of 1.36. Shrinkage and expansion of excavated and compacted soil Ever notice how the spoil from a ditch occupies a greater volume than the ditch itself? Theres reason, Excavate sant and it esponds about 10 percent. Ordinary sol expands about 25 percent and clay expands about 40 percent. Here’ a summary of the bulk you can expect from excavated soil: ‘Type soil Undisturbed —Excavated — Compacted SANG eee eee AOD eee Be 0.95: Ordinary earth... 1.00 1.25, 0.90 Clay. 2190 143. 0.90, Example, Find the volume of loose spoil fom a pipeline ditch 42 inches wide, 60 inches deep, The excavation is through clay Volume of undisturbed clay soit 85%5.0-= 175 ov ft per lineal loot of ditch Volume of the spoil will be 143 percent of the undisturbed volume, Volume of spoil = 4 433x175 = 25-+en ft per lineal foot. ‘Through mechanical compaction this volume com be reduced to 15 75cu Ditching and trenching: In determining the labor crew and equipment spread for ditching and trenching operations, the fllowing should be given consideration should they apply to the particular Project: 1. Ditching or trenching for buied pipelines should be in accordance with the following table of minirmurm with and coverage for all soil formations. 2, To rock, cat ditches af least six (6) inches wider, 3, lfdirt-flled benches areused, ditch should he excavated. deeper to obtain proper coverage 4. Tench should he excavated to greater depth when required for proper installation of the pipe where the topography of the country warrants same. 5. Repair any damage to and maintain existing natural or ther drainage fects 6. Do not open ditch too far in advance of pipelay crew. 7. Obtain permits for blasting. bor/equipment considerations 8, When blasting, use extreme caution and protection. 9. Clean up blasted rock o prevent damage toenated pipe. ‘Normal Minimum Nominat Minimum Pipe Size ‘wid ‘Coverage Inches Inches inches 4 22 80 6 2 30 8 26 30 10 28 30 2 30 30 4 32 30 6 36 30 8 38 30 20 40 30 2a 48 30 30 30 50 52 38 2 5a 3640 Pipeline Rules of Thumb Handbook CONCRETE WORK How to approximate sacks of cement needed to fill a form _ ‘To obtain a close estimate of the number of sacks of eement that wil be required, fist determine the volume: (eubie feet) to be filled inthe form. Pivide the volume by 4.86 to approx ‘imate the number of sacks of cement needed. Example. How many @-pound sacks of cement will be required to fila form for a concrete base 10 feet by 10 feet IFst is to be 6 inches thick? 10% 10x03 36 10.3, oF hl sacks needed What you should know about mixing and finishing concrete “To determine proper mis, divide the constant 44 by the sain of the pasts of cement, the parts of sand, and parts of gel to determine the number of bags of Portland cesnent required, Multiply the number of bags of cement as deter mnined above by parts of sand and the constant 0.085 t0 calculate the namber of eubie yards of sand needed. To deter- imine cubic yards of gravel needed, multiply bags of cement ly parts of gravel x 0.035. Example, Calcutate the quantities of cement, satud, and gravel required for one cubic yard of }-2:4 concrete 44 Tava = 6.28 bugs of cement $=6.28x2%0.035, 0.44 cubic yard of sand = 6,29% 4x 0.035 = 0.88 cubic yard of gravel To increase or decrease shumap of concrete, add or subtract ‘one gallon of water per eable yard of mix and subtract or add 30 pounds of aggregate to maintain veld “To adjust fromn 110 ait to aie-entrained concrete and inate tuin strength, reduce water gallon per sack of cement and reduce sand 10 ponnds per sack of cement for each 1% of enteained ait PIPE LAYING How to determine the degrees of bend in a pipe that must fit a ditch calling for a bend In both horizontal and vertical planes Rule, Yo find the number of degrees in the combination bend, square the side hed and the sag or overbend:; ad them together and extract the square root. ‘The answer sil be the number of dagreesmecessery to make the pipe fit the ditch, Example. Deterinine the bend to make in a pipe whose uch has a 3° overbend and a 4° sidebend, Let X = the unknown angle: xPagt ae XP 29416 XP =95 . K=5° Example, Determine the bend to make in a pipe whose ditch has a 8° sag and 12° sidebend, Let X = the unknownConstruction 44 How to bend pipe to fit ditch—sags, overbends and combination bends 7 Store 1G" UNLIKE stouS ‘ARE ADDED Toe" o8. Nota: 6°Sida Band Lat Matt Be Consigec ‘Woking ‘Cansiesion' ‘To make straight sags or overbends fit the ditch (see Grawing) add angles of unlike signs, subtract those of like signs Example. (Sia, 2 + 40) Slope 15°00 Slope 00" (oub} 12°00" overbend In cases involving either 2 sag or averhend, in addition to a.side-bend, the rule becomes: Moke the combination bend! equal tothe largest angle plus" ofthe snaltest. Vor LIKE SiGws ARE ‘SUBTRACTED ‘SLOPE 0°00" ELEVATION 6° SIDE BEND) "RIGHT Example. (Sto, 1+ 40} Sope-+10°00" Slope~ 1°00" fadd) 11°00" overbend 41) 6°00" side-bend left (2) Combination bend = 11° + (/4% 6°) = 15°00" overbend lef Note: This rule gies an error of approximately U* for a maximum bend of 18.5° Pipe bending computations made with hand-held calculator Maximum code radil for pipe cold bends requires printer for calculations Frank E. Hangs, Soversign Engineering, Inc., Houston, Cold bending pipe is subject to provisions of Liquid Petro- Jearn Transportation Piping Systems, B3I.4, and Gas Trans- aission and Distribution Piping Systems, BBL.8. These codes stipulate a minimum bending radius for each size pipe in addition to requivements for thinning, flattening, etc, The following program (Tuble 1), writen for the Hewlett Packard 4IC/CV caleuletos, addrosses the geometry of fabr ‘ating offset bends, sloping soraper traps, connections and direction changes common to all pipelines, Minimum code radi are caleutated for each size of oil or gas line. The vert cal distance between below and above grounel center line matched to a design distance with given tangents (5 is acon venient tangent for pipe bending machines). The bend angle, overall horizontal distance, and total length of pipe are cal~ culated for each configuration ‘A printer is a must, The prompting feature of this ealeula- tor asks for specific input data, The Results Recap routine prints out calculated data and inputs. Each item is dentified42 Pipeline Rules of Thumb Handbootc for permanent record, Additional printouts of Results Recap may be made by XEQ “DATA.” Fig. and Example 1 are a typical offset bend. Fig. 2 and Example 2 are a conventional diseetion change. Fig. 3 and Exainple 1 show receiver and launcher scraper trap connections, where the traps are not level. Fig, 4 and Example 3 are a crossing under a foreign line, where offset bends are used, The oil and gas codes differ in bending requirements ‘These are defined by the rulius of bendidiameter ratio. ‘The cil code, B31.4, specifies the B/D ratios as follows: for 12in. and Jess, use 18; 14in, 215 16in,, 4; Hin, 27; 20in, and larger, use 30. ‘The gas code, B31.8, specifies forall pipe 12in. and larger. the ratio is a constant of 38.1987. (The code states “longitn- inal axis of the pipe shall not be deflected more than 13, degrees in any length along the pipe xis equal to the diam- eter of the pipe.”? ‘The program prompts: Gas pipeline greater than 12in, Yes? oor No? (Gas PL, => 12Y2N?), Is line gas or oil? Where this information and other data are keyed in, the proper radius is determined and the results computed and printed out Jf the sersper trap routine is desired, it shoukd be ran iedately after “Bend” while pertinent data are in storage: ‘XEQ 15 for each receiver and each launcher. Here again the program asks if this is a receiver (R trap} Y? or NP Note that trap angle is requested for R & L traps (they could differ), and the length of the traps may net be equal ‘The direotion change, Example 2 (XEQ 17), ean be vua at any time since it prompts for input data. If this is a code bend, then R must be determined for pipe size and service of line bby—"bend” (use results of previous run for same diameter or key in data as shown on Example 1 to obtain R). Use this twins radins or any larger radins. Points on a circle of given radius may be caleulated for any angle. Subdivide angle, and for each subdivision key in R and let T = 0, thus deter- tninng points on curve. Formulas for reverse bends Ve QR ~c0s 4 1)+9Tsin xD R sin. $1427 cos $1+2T aL 572358 +47 (text continued on page 45) Table 1 Examples of Computations Using the Cold Bend Program ents mets 1 2 rar ue samo PIPE BEMBS wrt amg? wae aaa ms mcs 2 Rae ee bas manera : 0 " i pireetron ” CHENGE "tee ete see se ee asm te we me siete fers wes.2iee oe. esas Fone 1.2088 tue. 8 ete 0 ii 3 Fetes oe teat : 10 ine. e-teur 05 SCRAPERTRAPS PIPE GENDS ae ate 806 eH oa v4 + cy Co a co uw vere. 65it ess ree baat eas aise sae SCRAPERTRAPS vee every Wir 62 bean at see S01 Last me nie Venice. oes 5 a evened "ir 5.0808 (lable continsed on next paga)Table 1 Examples of Computations Using the Cold Bend Program (continued) Construction as fies tom aan nee ae aie + fs es re ea wow ore tte fe ero H sto ee ee 1 Pat 1s BE ier 1 oer 1 os ees ene am 21 pater bast 2s aa sine ies Pisa wee ope ae fone pate Bee on ooo ee ay ae 1 tie or Pe Sia Suu a ss ie ran. seer saa ean a aan ak 12 ge waeseg af ge aS gg7B a5 Ban corer ast as. at Bee an a Seta. 65 ers os Bt me ae Shs 18 me ne Bas 0 ter ct 12 cL 1 108 exer 15 oe i OE woe 2 ice 9 ss 0 G6 @t aroun, oF nest ube Nee 1S kao ube wwe et 19 sm uae re 2 mee (ae rae rs ea ees tre tat a 510 2 ipea te me ime Uris nee Bs eka as Ur Sse ter ie ie ia Sn seus ame 10 a ta ca eeess* ag ce 1 eves toe tes a irae 18 ees ts Write co 1 oka 15s ae ie Wve ‘saa 130 se 15s aL 16 ace ia aa teow aa. 2 a tea 1 a toh 12 ak 12 1s Brea 1600. vn concen nae We ice rate rey ciybe "es et ine arice fer Se et aL fe9 ee "2 Pe geese seat age & aoe rato g Bu pan Base nee ering Rom rma eos me masa Bim i mate ni Bees ae ame 2h sy ms hare in ies 29 a rt ey rear bea g ase de i6 pea BORIS a ai 6 Bie 232 sa 28 sim ae a Bins Be x8 S102 maa were we Ba sr as ay pee ‘2 ak 26 a view os aR Bai ime. 2 be wite maw Pee Fs amu 2 Be mien Pree weet 9 ae, emia ide be tree Binet ‘pe sto meine 2g sk are tao me a 50 26 Bee @ fee tk ot iow ie Bia a me 500 27 2a Be tere aime 16 anes te hea we Be EL Bs Be So 25 Bram 2 BERL I fa Bem 17 Ee wm ine 2a Se 2 sen eR ut ka Sus mar Jean a Sa He atl yn saee iu ae as oe Re ae. 24 i ance ee Bs he Ma ae. os Hi RGR 30 Ge aon a eae Hs orice He Ge Bsr He paw re ime mst Re 508 wea aa 18 Sw a Baa is ele Sas sate 3h See Soa a i “are he me 2 i le eh up “ite re e's Bok mos ay gsr aru were ser etn = ae me” 9 oa 3 ore Be er "he ne 3 Se san 5s pews 0 oe 02 Ste tok fo fe Ri we eke we is ie. aus anes 22 ie ast fede a a ti sree a fo tse come ae ke aibon sab ee ies: eh ee ea Ss oa i ete eae ore “ae oa 3 5 ace peat) 10 4 eat 51 to mo aur Shae 152 a ste Sten,44 Pipeline Fules of Thumb Handbook \ Bg on foi tr ce TS Figure 2. Pipe direction change. Legend & registers Reg. no. 0 Not used OL LRT Length of receiver trap (f 02 ELT Length of lmncher trap (f) wo & Reals of bendipipe diameter DB vt) Ot Tp 4 Scraper trap angle in degrees 05 at Bend angle in degrees 06 Doin Pipe diameter (im) oF Dott Fipo diameter (ft) ‘inshore go ch a mind 4 han rp at Figure 8. Scraper traps. cmmele ES wer Nee a ‘ae Figure 4. Crossing under foreign fines with offset bends. 08 -R Bend radius (ft) ov Vertical distance desired (ft berween center lines) wor ‘Tangent ML & Tove Bend angle increment in degrees 0H Horizontal distance, overall (Rt) BOL Length of pipe (ft 4 VCH Vertical distance eeloulated (ft) 15 RO ~cosTrap x) 18 TsinTrap % AT RsioTrap 5 18 TeosTrap 4, Trap & 19 R 572958 20 VE Vertical distance to launcher trap connection (F al HL Horizontal distance to launcher trap connection {f) 2 Lb Length of pipe to laancher trap comneotion {ft} 23 VR Vertical distance to receiver trap conneetion (R) AHR Horiaostal distance to receiver trap connection (60 25 LR Length of pipe to receiver trap connection (ft) 26 VET Vertical distance to end of launcher trap (ft) oT MULT Horizontal distance to end of fauncher trap (&) 28 VRE Vertical distance to end of receiver trap (i) 29 HIRE Horizontal distance to end of receiver trap (f) comes Change direction desired in degees 31 Radius ‘Change direction (ft) 82 Tangent Change direction (0) 3 OV Vertical distance calculated, change direction ao Horizontal distance calculated, change dixection aL Length of pipe calculated, change direction. we ee ee ee(text continued on page 42) Formulas for scraper trap connections Receiver. VR=V—R(—cos Trap 4YP sin Trap HR=H-T4R sin Trap 44 T cos Trap 5 Trap x Ln=L+n es Launcher. Vi = V~RQ—cos Trap 4)+T sin Trap 4 HL=H-T-R sin Trap 4.+T cos Trap 4 cn TRS LL=L RST a068 Receiver trap. VRT=VR-LRT sin Trap 4 HRT =HR+LRT cos Trap < Launcher trap. VET =VL+LLT sin Trap & HLT =HL+ LT cos Trap 4. Formulas for direction change (1-cos Turn 4)+T sin Turn & H=Rfsin Tum x) +T(+e0s Torn &) Tarn a. Laat Ree User instructions “Bend” program, Put in caleulator, Size 35, XEQ “Bend.” Key in prompted data and BV each time, Key ina trial angle Vso a larger angle for smaller pipe as 25° for 12-in., 10° for Soin, Results Recap prints out the calculated values end inputs. Each quantity is identified. Additional printouts may be made by XEQ “Data” fone inadvertently puts in @Janger tral angle than nesded fora solution (Le., calculated V approximates given V). only one calculation is made and printed out for this angle. If calculated V is too large, store smaller trial 4 in 05, XEQO1, {o get proper result Remember to clear Plag O1 before resuming normal “Bend” calentations. Construction 45 Parts of “Bend” routine may be ased for sinall pipe in nonvode work to determine bend angle for offsets, Do not XEQ “Bend” for nonende work as this determines R speci- fed by code. Procedure: XEQ clearing GTO “Bend.” Now select a radius (try: R= 18D: 34sin, OD: R= 183.512 = 5.25). This can be changed if necessary. ‘The V distance, offset, is determined by design configuration. Store R in 08, V in 09, Assume trial angle, say 20° for small pipe, store im 05, Let T = O5if, store in 10, SF 01, XEQ 01, (Only one caleulation is performed.) Inspect results. Do V given and V cate appear reasonably lose? If not, take another “Fix” by changing R or angle (store now values, XEQ OD. This routine can be continued to a satisfactory solution. A point will be reached where R seems reasonable; choose an angle less than apparent sohution, store in 05. CF GL, store 05 in 11, XEQ 01 and zeroin, Thisretuns, to the iterative process for a more precise solution, Tand R. can be changed to suit, “Bend” routine may be used to calculate bends for eross- ing under foreign lines. (See Example 3) The dircotion change rontine (XEQ 17) can he used for ‘cade and noncode work. For cade: determine minisnam bend radius from “Bend” for pipe size and for gas or oil line, Use IF from previous example or XEQ “Bend,” key in data as in Example I for desired diameter For noncode work: user may employ a radius which is suit- able in his judgment, Do not use “Bend program as ths cl: cculates radius in accordance with codes. Key in radius and desired tangent, Caution: be aware that short radi for large pipes, say Bin, and larger. soon get into hot bend category. Example 1. Offset bend 12%in, oil fine. Let V = 8f, T = 5it, Smaller diameters have langer bend §. Try 20°, XEQ “Bond,” key in data and IWS, Flay 02 Clear Use 2 Ince =0.5°, Note: B/D = 18 (meets BSE 4). V Cale. is close to 84. Now try soraper trap routine XEQ 15, Let trap § =5°, T= Sit, receiver V. Length of tap = 104. For launcher XEQ 15. same 4, T, receiver N. Length, of trap = Sf Example 2. Direction change 2-in, gas line, Note from “Bend” ron Min. R = 76.9944 HYD = 38.1972, mects BSI. Say 30° tur, let N= 804, T 5ft XEQ 17. Key in data BS Example 3, Crossing Alb 2ft, Din.min, clearance, Center distance cil line crosses under 10%. in, Foreign line, Tako 3.0315 8. Min