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1
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1
𝟐 𝟏
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Fractions, Defining terms
Equivalent Fractions
Simplifying Fractions
Adding & Subtracting Fractions
With different denominators
Multiplying Fractions
Dividing Fractions: reciprocals
Fraction Word Problems

2
 1
3

A fraction occurs when we divide something into equal parts .

A fraction is a part of a whole number.

1
If we write we can say one quarter.
4
This means we can divide a whole into 4 equal parts and choose 1 of these
parts.

3
A fraction is comprised of two parts

Numerator.
1
4
Denominator

Numerator: Is the top number of a fraction;

Denominator: Is the bottom number of a fraction.

The bar line has a formal name called the

Vinculum.
4
1. Write the fraction which has a numerator of 5 and
a denominator of 6.
5
6
2. Write the fraction which has a numerator of 7
and a denominator of 4.

7
4

5
If the Numerator is smaller than the Denominator

2 we call this a Proper fraction.

3
If the Numerator is larger than the Denominator

5 We call this an Improper fraction.

4
A mixed number, has a whole number & fraction part

3
1
7 6
Classify the following fractions as either whole numbers,
improper fractions, proper fractions or mixed numbers.

7 Improper fraction
6
5 Proper fraction
9
4
3 Mixed Number
9
15 Whole Number
3
7
Express the shaded area in each of the following diagrams as a fraction of
the total area.

Shaded
4
=
Total 6

Shaded
7
=
Total 10

8
Find the shaded area as a fraction of the whole shape.

1 1 1 1
3 2 2 4
3 1 2 1
4 6 3 3
1 1 2 3
3 4 3 4

5 5 1 1
6 6 5 2
9
 What does it mean when we say two fractions are equivalent?

They are the same part of a whole

Why are these two fractions equivalent?

3 9
&
5 15
We can use a
diagram to show why.

3 9
 =
5 15 10
Write the fractions for each of the following equivalent areas.

1 2
2 4

3 4
6 8

8 16
16 32
11
To make an equivalent fraction, we MUST

multiply the Numerator and the Denominator by the same number.

3 ×3 9 We times the numerator

Why is = ? and the denominator by 3
5 ×3 15

12
 BASE FRACTIONS

Can
3 be simplified? NO
5
3
We call 5 a base fraction, because

the numerator and denominator cannot be

simplified to a smaller numbers
or the numerator & denominator share no
common factors.

13
Find the multiples to make the following equivalent
fractions from the base fraction.

×2 ×3 ×4 ×8 × 16

1 2 3 4 8 16
= = = = =
2 4 6 8 16 32

×2 ×3 ×4 ×8 × 16

14
Find the multiples to make the following equivalent fractions from
the base fraction.

×2 ×3 ×4 ×5 × 10

2 4 6 8 10 20
= = = = =
3 6 9 12 15 30

×2 ×3 ×4 ×5 × 10

15
Find the missing number to make each fraction equivalent.

3×5 15 4 × 4 16
a) = b) =
5 ×5
25 7 × 4 28

What do we need
to multiply 5 by to What do we need to
get 25? multiply 4 by to get
16?

16
Find the missing number to make each fraction equivalent.

4×5 20 9 × 6 54
c) = d) =
9 ×5
45 12 × 6 72

What do we need
to multiply 9 by to What do we need to
get 45? multiply 9 by to get
54?

17
Find the missing number to make each of the following equivalent
fractions.

3 × 10 30
i) =
10 × 10 100
5 ×5 25
ii) =
8 ×5 40
4 ×7 28
iii) × =7
9 63
18
Find the missing number to make each of the following equivalent
fractions.

3 × 6 18
iv) =
4 × 6 24
5 × 11 55
v) =
6 × 11 66
9 × 2 18
vi) =
13 × 2 26
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To express a fraction in its simplest form, we must divide the numerator
and the denominator by their Highest Common factor

÷3
Simplify

9 3
The highest =
common factor of 9 15 5
& 15 is 3
÷3

20
Simplify the following fraction.

÷8

48 6
The highest common =
factor of 48 & 56 is 56 7
8

÷8

21
Simplify the following fraction.
÷5

35 7
The highest common
factor of 35 & 45 is =
45 9
5

÷5

22
Fully simplify the following fractions

8 ÷2 4
=
The highest
common factor of i) ÷2
10 5
8 & 10 is 2

The highest 24 ÷ 12 2
common factor of ii) ÷ 12 =
24 & 36 is 12 36 3

The highest ÷7
49 7
common factor of iii) ÷7 =
49 & 56 is 7 56 8
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Fully simplify the following fractions

15 ÷5 3
=
The highest
common factor of iv)
20 ÷5 4
15 & 20 is 5

The highest 32 ÷8 4
common factor of v) =
32 & 40 is 8 40 ÷8 5

The highest 44 ÷ 11
4
common factor of vi) ÷ 11
=
44 & 77 is 11 77 7
24
 .

+ =
3 parts of 12 plus 4 parts of 12 equals 7 parts of 12

3 4 7
+ =
12 12 12
Notice the This answer can
Denominator does not be simplified
not change
25
 + =
1 part of 6 plus 2 parts of 6 equals 3 parts of 6

1 2 3
+ =
6 6 6
1
=
Notice the
2
Denominator does This answer can
not change be simplified

26
 The Denominator stays
Add the following fractions and simplify your answer . the same

Add
Simplify
Add the
the Numerators
when
Numerators
Simplify when
necessary
necessary

3 4 3 + 4 7
i) + = =
10 10 10 10
÷4
5 3 5 + 3 8 2
ii ) + = = =
12 12 12 12÷ 4 3
÷4
7 5 7 + 5 12 3
iii ) + = = =
20 20 20 20
÷4
5
27
 +
5 1 ×2
+ =
12 6 × 2 Make this an
equivalent
5 2 fraction 7
+ =
12 12 12
To add fractions with the different denominators, we have to make them
equivalent fractions with the lowest common denominator.

28
 Make this an equivalent fraction
with denominator of 12 Make this an equivalent fraction
with denominator of 12

×4 ×3
2 1 8 3
+ ×3
= +
×4
3 4 12 12
11
The Lowest Common
denominator of 3 & 4 is
=
12. Time by the opposite 12
denominator

3×3 1 ×5 9 5
+ ×5
= +
×3
5 3 15 15
The LCD of 5 & 3 is 14
15 or time by the =
opposite 15 29
denominator
 2 ×4 1 ×5 8 5
5 ×4
− 4 ×5 = 20
− 20

3
= 20
The LCD of 5 & 4 is
20

5 ×3 2 ×2 15 4
6 ×3
− 9 ×2
= 18
− 18

The LCD of 6 & 9 is

11
18
= 18
30
 Multiply
Check numerators
for common factors
the denominators
Draw a bar line

3 9 3  9 No common factors
 =
10 8 10  8
Multiply the top & bottom
27
=
80 Can you cancel down
further?
No

31
 Multiply
Check numerators
for common factors
the denominators
Draw a bar line

1 3
7 9 7  9 Yes there are common
 = factors
6 14 2 6  14 2
Cancel down
1 3
=
Cancelling down help us to 2  2 Can you cancel down
multiply smaller numbers. further?
No
3
=
4
32
 Multiply
Check the numerators
for common factors
denominators
Draw a bar line

3 2
12 18 12  18 Yes there are common
 = factors
9 16 1 9  16 4
Cancel down
3  21
=
Cancelling down help us to 1 4 Can you cancel down
multiply smaller numbers. 2 further?

3  1 Yes
=
1 2
3 1
= = 1
2 2
33
 Write the integer as a fraction
over 1

3
3 3  24
of $24 = Cancel down
8 1 8  1

3  3
=
1 1
9
=
1

= $9

34
 Write the integer as a fraction
over 1

5
4 4  35
of $35 = Cancel down
7 1 7  1

4  5
=
1 1
20
=
1

= $20

35
 Write the integer as a fraction
over 1
8

9 9  80
of $80 = Cancel down
10 1 10  1

9  8
=
1 1
72
=
1

= $72

36
When we divide by a fraction we multiply by its Inverse (reciprocal).

2 3
6 ÷
3
6 ×
2
9
3 4
12 ÷
4
12 ×
3 16
2 9
6 ÷
9
6×
2 27
6 8
3 ÷
8
3×
6 4
37
Find the Inverse (reciprocal) of the following fractions.

Integer Inverse Fraction Inverse

1 2 5
2 2 5 2

1 3 8
4 4 8 3

1 5 7
7 7 7 5

1 7 9
20 20 9 7
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Technique:

1. We multiply the first fraction by the inverse

(reciprocal) of the second fraction:

3 7 3
÷ = ×
5 11 5

3 × 11
=
5 × 7
No common factors
33
=
35

39
 3 9 3
÷ = × Yes there are common
4 16 4
factors
Canceling down help us in 1 4
only multiplying smaller 3 × 16
numbers. = Cancel down common factors
1
4 × 9
3

4
=
3
Write as a mixed number
1
= 1
3

40
 16 24 16
÷ = × Yes there are common
35 21 35
factors
3
Canceling down help us in 2
only multiplying smaller 16 × 21
numbers. = Cancel down common factors
35 × 24
5 3

2
=
5

41
 Fractions of Quantities
𝟏 1 5
i) of 5  5 =
𝟒 4 4

ii) 𝟏 1 7
of 7  7 =
𝟑 3 3

to multiply a fraction by a whole number, we keep the

denominator and multiply the whole number by the numerator.
42
 4
3 3 32
iii)  32 =   = 12
8 8 1
put the whole number over 1 and
cancel down

6
5 5 54
iv)  54 =   = 30
9 9 1
put the whole number over 1 and
cancel down

43
When finding fractions of quantities, often it is easier to express
your answer in small units. This means that we have to convert
the larger unit to smaller units.

3
Find of 1 hour in minutes
4
1 hour  60 minutes

15
3 3 60
 60   = 45
4 4 1
= 45 minutes

44
 1
ii) Find of 1 metre in centimetres
8
1 m  100 cm

25
1 1 100 25
 100   =
8 8 1 2
2

45
 Fraction Word Problems
Callum, & Blake played in the same football team. Callum scored ⅓ of the
teams points, while Blake scored ⅜ of the teams points.

1. How many did they score together?

We write the fraction sum 1× 8 3 ×3 8 9

+ = +
3× 8 8 × 3 24 24
17
=
L C D of 3 & 8 is 24
24

17
They scored of the team's points. 46
24
Rebecca and Crystal played for the Zooter’s netball team. Each game is 40
4 5
minutes in duration. If Rebecca played of last week’s game & Crystal played
8
of last week’s game, how many minutes5did each play?

8
4 4
Rebecca: of 40 minutes  40 = 32 minutes
5 5
5
5 of 40 minutes 5
Crystal:  40 = 25 minutes
8 8

Rebecca played for 32 minutes & Crystal played for 25

minutes

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You can now work through the booklet and
refer to the Power Point if you need help.