Cellular Mobile Communication March2021

Cellular Mobile Communication: A
Systematic View
DHANANJAY KUMAR, M.E., M.Tech., Ph.D.

Department of Information Technology,
Anna University, MIT Campus, Chennai-44.
Email: dhananjay@annauniv.edu
Dept. of Information Technology, Anna
University, Chennai-44
Presentation Outlines
Presentation Outlines
• Brief history of wireless communication
• World Telecom Statistics
• Brief history of mobile communication
• • Concept
Concept ofofCellular
Cellular Mobile
Mobile Communication
Comm.
• • Overview
Introduction
oftoMultiple
1G MobileAccess
comm. System
Techniques
• Digital Cellular Systems (2G systems)
• Characteristics of 0G & 1G Mobile comm. System
• Multiple Access Techniques
• • 2G
2Gsystems (Digital
& 2.5G Cellular Cellular Systems)
Systems
• Handoff Principles

Dept. of Information Tech.,
University, Anna University, Chennai-44
Chennai-44
Brief History of Wireless
Communication

Brief History of Radio Wave
Hughes:In 1879, during experiments with his induction balance, David
E. Hughes transmitted signals which he attributed to electromagnetic
waves. Hughes' contemporaries claimed that the detected effects were
due to electromagnetic induction. Hughes used his apparatus to transmit
Morse code using a transmitter controlled by clockwork.
Hertz:Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was the experimental physicist who
confirmed Maxwell's work in the laboratory during 1886-88. Hertz,
though, did not devise a system for actual general use nor describe the
Hughes Hertz
application of the technology. Hertz’s setup for a source and detector of
radio waves (then called Hertzian waves or Hertz waves in his honor),
comprised a primitive radio system capable of transmitting and receiving
radio waves through free space.
Tesla: Around July 1891, Nikola Tesla constructed various apparatus
that produced between 15,000 to 18,000 cycles per second. Transmission
and radiation of radio frequency energy was a feature exhibited in the
experiments by Tesla which he proposed might be used for the Tesla
telecommunication of information.
Edison: In 1885, T. A. Edison used a vibrator magnet for induction
transmission. In 1888, he deployed a system of signaling on the Lehigh
Valley Railroad. In 1892, Edison patented a method using capacitive
coupling between elevated terminals (U.S. Patent 465,971).
Popov: Beginning in the early 1890s, Alexander Stepanovich Popov
conducted experiments along the lines of Hertz's research. In 1894 he Edison Popov
built his first radio receiver, which contained a coherer.
Jagadish
Jagadish Chandra Bose: In November 1894, the Indian physicist, Chandra
Jagadish Chandra Bose, demonstrated publicly the use of radio waves in Bose
Calcutta, but he was not interested in patenting his work. In 1894, Bose
ignited gunpowder and rang a bell at a distance using electromagnetic
waves, showing independently that communication signals can be sent
without using wires. Dept. of Information Technology, Anna
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention_of_radio
Marconi jointly received the
Brief History of Wireless 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics

with Karl Ferdinand Braun.
Communications In 1896, Marconi was awarded the British

patent 12039, Improvements in transmitting
electrical impulses and signals and in
apparatus therefor, for radio.
• Guglielmo Marconi invented the

wireless telegraph in 1896.
– Communicated by encoding
alphanumeric characters in
an analog signal.
– Sent the first telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean from Cornwall
(England) to Signal Hill at St. John’s, Newfoundland (Canada) in 1901
(three dots for the letter S).
– In 1902, the first complete
message was sent from Table
Head in Glace Bay, Cape
Breton (Canada) to Cornwall (England).
On June 11, 1901, the US Patent
Office re-awarded Marconi a
patent for radio to Marconi Dept. of Information Technology, Anna
History of wireless
communication cont...
 1896 Guglielmo Marconi
 first demonstration of wireless telegraphy (digital!)
 long wave transmission, high
transmission power necessary (> 200kw)
Guglielmo Marconi
 1907 Commercial transatlantic connections
 huge base stations Who invented Wireless Telephone? No Clear cut Answer. Stubblefield has been
proposed as a claimant for the invention of wireless telephony, or wireless transmission
(30 -100m high antennas) of the human voice.
 1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco

 1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi
 reflection at the ionosphere
 smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum tube (1906, Lee
DeForest and Robert von Lieben)
 1926 Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin
 wires parallel to the railroad track

Early Mobile Phone
Alfred H. Grebe broadcasted from both cars and boats with the call letters WGMU. Grebe
manufactured radios. the purpose of the traveling radio show was of course... to sell them.
they were nice radios, usually a chassis of Bakelite and/or nice hardwood like walnut
His mobile station used

a 6-wire flat top
antenna but it was
hardwired to the frame
and body of the car! It
operated at 150
meters. He did observe
the spark plugs of the
other motor vehicles
caused interference
even then. In
advertisements he
called it the grebe Auto
Radiophone. Grebe said
in a Radio Amateur
News article:
"The auto-radio-phone is
entirely practical, and the
near future should bring
extensive developments
along these lines..."

Early Mobile Radio Telephone
(Year 1924)

University, Chennai-44http://www.porticus.org/bell/oldphotos_6.html
First Mobile Phone Service
1946: Bell Labs launches the
first commercial mobile
telephone service. At most,
three subscribers per city
could make calls at one time.
Each caller used a set of
equipment that weighed
nearly 80 pounds(36k.g.).
June 17, 1946 — A driver

in St. Louis, Missouri,
USA, pulled out a handset
from under his car's
dashboard, placed a phone
call and made history. It
Long-Distance Computing
was the first mobile 1940: Bell Labs demonstrates the first long-distance remote operation
telephone call. of a computer. The demonstration connects a teletypewriter in New
Hampshire with a computer at Bell Labs in New York City.

From Bell Labs History
 In the early 1920s both the Marconi company and the Bell
Laboratories were testing car-based telephone systems
 A team including Alton Dickieson and D. Mitchell from Bell Labs and
future AT&T CEO H.I. Romnes, worked more than a decade to
achieve this feat.
 By 1948, wireless telephone service was available in almost 100

cities and highway corridors. Customers included utilities, truck
fleet operators and reporters. However, with only 5,000 customers
making 30,000 weekly calls, the service was far from commonplace.

Cellular Networks
 The cellular telephone service — had been conceived in 1947 by
D.H. Ring at Bell Labs, but the idea was not ready for prime time.
 The system comprised multiple low-power transmitters spread

throughout a city in a hexagonal grid, with automatic call handoff
from one hexagon to another and reuse of frequencies within a city.
 The technology to implement it didn't exist, and the frequencies

needed were not available.

Cellular concept
• The cellular concept lay fallow until the 1960s, when
Richard Frenkiel and Joel Engel of Bell Labs applied
computers and electronics to make it work.

Martin Cooper (born 1928 in
Chicago, Illinois) is considered
the father of the mobile phone
On April 3, 1973, Motorola employee

Dr. Martin Cooper placed a call to rival
Joel Engel, head of research at AT&T's
Bell Labs, while walking the streets of
New York City talking on the first
Motorola DynaTAC prototype in front of
reporters.
Motorola has a long history of making

automotive radio, especially two-way Martin Cooper ( now CEO,
radios for taxicabs and police cruisers. and co-founder of
ArrayComm Inc) was
In 1978, Bell Labs launched a trial of project manager at
first commercial cellular network in Motorola’s in 1973.
Chicago using AMPS. Dr. Cooper's phone weighed 1.25 k.g, permitted a talk time
of only 35 minutes, and required 10 hours to fully charge.

World Telecom Statistics

World Telecom Statistics
1200
Crossover
1000 has happened in
May 2002
800
Landline Subs
(millions)
600
400
200
Mobile Subs
0
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20

Telecom Subscription Data as on 31st Oct 2019
https://main.trai.gov.in/release-publication/reports/telecom-subscriptions-reports
List of 10 Countries by Number of Mobile
Phones in Use
Ranking Country or # of phone Connections/ Date of
Population
s regions numbers 100 citizens evaluation
World 7,950,000,000+ 7,621,018,958 104.32 2019/12[1][2]
1 China 1,610,360,000 1,420,050,000 113.38 2020/10[3][4]
2 India 1,515,971,713 1,375,245,994 110.18 2020/10[3][5]
3 Indonesia 385,573,398 237,556,363 162.28 2016/07[6]
4 United States 380,577,529 327,874,628 116.27 2020/10[7][8]
5 Brazil 284,200,000 201,032,714 141.3 2015/05[6][9]
6 Russia 256,116,000 142,905,200 155.5 2013/07[6][10]
7 Nigeria 190,475,494 190,551,754 99.5 2020/04[11]

8 Pakistan 177,610,098 213,756,286 83.09 2021/01[12]
9 Bangladesh 170,100,000 162,951,560 105 2021/01[13]
10 Japan 146,649,600 127,300,000 115.2 2013[14]
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_mobile_phones_in_use
Concept of Cellular Mobile
Communication

Why Cellular Mobile Systems ?
1. Cordless Phones
Limited Range (typically upto 100m)
2. CB radio (Walky – Talky)

(In most country 40 channels within the single 27 MHz (11 meter) band.)
No infrastructure & Operator

License free band & not for commerce
Short range (4 watts for AM)
require a long antenna and don't propagate well indoors.
(roughly nine feet (2.7 meters) tall)

CB Radio Antenna

A Typical CB Base Station

The Cellular Concept
• Transmit power drops off with distance.
• When you are far-enough away you can
re-use the channel.
• Similar concept to frequency re-use for
radio and television stations.
Ch #1 Ch #2 Ch #3 Ch #1
Low power transmitter, Frequency is re-used.

Dept. of Information Tech., Anna University, Chennai-44
Set #1 Set #2 Set #3
Set #2
Set #3
Ch #1
Set #4
Set #1
Lower power transmitters provide coverage to a small

portion of the service area. Frequency is reused.
Hexagon grid - Cell
Cell
base
Call Station
Handoff
Coverage
area
“Cell”

Cell Patterns
Idealized Cells Idealized Coverage
Footprint
Reality!
Cluster #1
Cluster #2
• Break the metropolitan area into
A small areas
F B A • Each area is approximated with a
G F B hexagonal cell.
E C G • A base station is located at the center
D E C of each cell.
A D • Each cell is assigned only a fraction of
F B the total number of channels.
G • Cells that are sufficiently far apart can
E reuse the same frequency.
C
D
Cluster #3
Frequency Reuse
2
2 1 5
1 5 4
4 3 7
3 7 6
6
2
1 5
Reuse Distance 4
D = R * Sqrt(3*N) 3 7
Where R = Cell Radius
N=7
6
and N is the number of
cells per cluster.

Cell Pattern N = 4
2
1 3
2 4 2
1 3 1 3
4 2 4
1 3
4
Cluster size C = i 2 + ij + j 2 = 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, ...
C= 1 i = 1, j = 0 } Cluster size for CDMA net

C= 3 i = 1, j = 1
C= 4 i = 2, j = 0
C= 7 i = 2, j = 1 } Usual cluster sizes for TDMA
· C= 9 i = 3, j = 0 } cellular telephone nets
C = 12 i = 2, j = 2
http://www.marsh.co.in/contact/locations/Chennai/images/Chennai_location.jpg
http://www.marsh.co.in/contact/locations/Chennai/images/Chennai_location.jpg
Overview of Multiple Access
Techniques

Multiple Access Techniques
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Fig.1 Fig.2
Fig.3
Time Division
Multiple Access
(TDMA)
Fig.1
Fig.2
Code Division
Multiple Access
(CDMA)
Fig.1
Dept. of Information Technology, Anna Dept. of Information Tech.,

Fig.2 University, Chennai-44 Anna University, Chennai-44
FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA at a Glance
Fig.1
Fig.2

How
CDMA
Works ?
This illustration,
which was
created with the
assistance of
Klein Gilhousen,
co-inventor of
CDMA, shows
how bits are
encoded at the
base station and
decoded in the
cellphone.
A single bit
example is used
to take you
through the
Boolean math.
http://dictionary.zdnet.
com/definition/CDMA.h Dept. of Information Technology, Anna
tml University, Chennai-44
Characteristics of 0G & 1G
Mobile Communication Systems

Mobile Telephone System (MTS)
 One of the earliest mobile telephone standards
 Pre cellular (or sometimes zero generation) systems
 It was operator assisted both directions
 This service originated with the Bell System, and was first used in St.
Louis on June 17, 1946
 These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks,
though briefcase models were also made
 The original equipment weighed 80 pounds (~36 k.g.)
 Only 3 channels for all the users in the metropolitan area
 Motorola in conjunction with the Bell System operated the first
commercial mobile telephone service MTS in the US in 1946, as a
service of the wireline telephone company
 First automatic system was the Bell System's IMTS which became
available in 1962, offering automatic dialing to and from the mobile
Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS)
(mid 1960)
 IMTS is a "0G" pre-cellular VHF/UHF radio system that links to the PSTN
 VHF/UHF radio system
(Introduced in 1964 as a replacement to Mobile Telephone Service or
MTS)
 Typically had 100–250 watts of transmitter power at the base station
and 25 watts at the mobile subscriber terminal
 Antenna were about 2–3 ft. long
i. Inefficient use of spectrum
ii. High Power Requirement
iii. Poor Service
(System suffers from fading and Interference)
iv. No Hand off
 Very expensive ($2000 to $4000).
 Airtime was also quite expensive at $0.70–1.20 per minute
 Basic monthly subscription charge was upwards of $100
 Few channel available
IMTS
mobile
phone in a
briefcase
Typically had
25 watts of
transmitter
power
The IMTS
units were
full duplex

A Mobile phone by Spectrum Cellular Corporation
The first portable units were
really big and heavy. Called
transportables or luggables,
few were as glamorous as
this one made by Spectrum
Cellular Corporation.

First Generation
Based on the idea of ‘cell’.

Based on Advanced Mobile Phone Service
(AMPS) standard of FCC.
Analog voice service and no data service.
Handsets had short talk/standby times.
Effective energy/bit was high.

Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
 AMPS is the analog mobile phone system standard developed
by Bell Labs.
 Officially introduced in the Americas in 1983 and Australia in
1987.
 Uses separate frequencies, or "channels", for each
conversation.
 Very similar to the older "0G" IMTS, but uses considerably
more computing power in order to select frequencies hand
off conversations to PSTN lines, and handle billing and call
setup.
 Since it is an analog standard, it is very susceptible to static
and noise and has no protection from eavesdropping using a
scanner.
 In the 1990s, "cloning" was an epidemic that cost the industry
millions of dollars.
AMPS Mobile Phones
Maker: ERICSSON
Date Made:1989
SIZE: L26* W6* H39cm
This item is one of the first

batch of commercial mobile
phones of AMPS system in
Taiwan.
Signaling in First Generation Cellular
Mobile Networks

Wireless Standards

Second Generation (2G) Systems
Digital Cellular Systems
Created to address the need for increased

capacity over analog systems
http://www.celtnet.org.uk/mobile-phone/mobile-phone-information.php
Second Generation(2G) Systems
 Digital technology
 Lower powered radio signals
 Increased voice quality and capacity over 1G
systems
 Voice and a limited data capacity
 Security
The some popular 2G standards are:
* GSM (Global System for Mobile communications),
* D-AMPS (Digital AMPS)/IS-136,
* PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) and
* cdmaOne/IS-95.
Services in 2G Systems
Voice Services – Circuit switched
Data Services – Low to medium
Short Messages Services – Mobile to Mobile
Multicast Services – Group Call, Voice Broadcast
Packet Data (GPRS) – Internet Browsing
Utilized/extended “Intelligent Network”
concepts
Improved fraud prevention
Added new services
The first SMS typed on a GSM phone was sent by Riku

Pihkonen, an engineering student at Nokia, in 1993.
Public Land Mobile Network(PLMN)
http://www2.informatik.hu-
berlin.de/~goeller/isdn/GSM-GPRS-UMTS- Dept. of Information Technology, Anna
Traces-engl.html University, Chennai-44
BTS: Sectored Antennas
120 degree sector
 Further interference
reduction by using
sectorized antennas.
Sectoring Improves C/I
This increases the
traffic capacity of
the base station
(each frequency can
carry eight voice
channels) whilst not
greatly increasing
the interference
caused to
neighboring cells (in
any given direction,
only a small number
of frequencies are
being broadcast).
Dept. of Information Technology,

Anna University, Chennai-44
Location of the BTS in a Cell
Dept. of Information Technology,

Anna University, Chennai-44
Multiple Antenna at BTS
Typically two antennas are used per sector, at spacing of ten or more wavelengths
apart.
This allows the operator
120
to overcome the effects
of fading due to physical Degree
phenomena such as Sectored
multipath reception. BTS

Telecom
Infrastructure
Sharing 120
Degree
Sectored
BTS
Passive Infrastructure
sharing is nothing but
sharing non-electronic
infrastructure at cell site.
Passive Infrastructure is
becoming popular in
telecom industry world
wide.
Active sharing is nothing

but sharing electronic
infrastructure.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_inf Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

rastructure_sharing University, Chennai-44
Antenna (or Space )
Diversity
60 Degree
Sectoring
120 Degree
Sectoring

The function of the antenna combiner is
The Combiner-Equalizer to spatially null co-channel interference
and coherently combine (or null) spatially
diverse multipath arrivals.
Through multiplication by the

complex combiner weights, the signal
on each channel is phase and
amplitude shifted and then summed
to form the combiner output.
http://www.appsig.com/products/813e.htm#f1 Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

GSM cell site
antennas in
the
Deutsches
Museum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

Nokia GSM transmitter
on top of a building in
Katwijk (Netherlands)
GSM base station subsystem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nokia_G
Dept. of Information Technology, Anna SM_transmittor.jpg
Circuit Diagram: GSM Base Station
Transmitter
http://www.mobilecomms-technology.com/projects/gsm_morocco/gsm_morocco2.html

Base Station A BSC is often based on a distributed
computing architecture, with
Controllers (BSC)
redundancy applied to critical
functional units to ensure availability
in the event of fault conditions.
The BSC provides, classically, the intelligence

behind the BTSs.
It handles
Allocation of radio channels,
frequency administration,
Power and signal measurements
from the MS,
Handovers from one BTS to
another
The databases for all the sites, including

information such as carrier frequencies,
frequency hopping lists, power reduction levels,
receiving levels for cell border calculation, are
http://www.sapsales-
stored in the BSC.
mantana.com/public/h
omeBSC.html
Typically a BSC has tens or even hundreds of

BTSs under its control. A BSC has capability
http://www.comlab.hut.fi/Resources/
to connect 256 BTSs. Dept. of Information Technology, Anna GSM.html
Base Station Controllers
cont…

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
 Handles voice calls and SMS as well as

other services (such as conference
calls, FAX and circuit switched data)
 Sets up and releases the end-to-end
connection
 Mobility and hand-over requirements
 Charging and real time pre-paid
account monitoring
 Ericsson, Lucent, Motorola, Nokia, and
Nortel Networks.
Courtesy: Lucent Technologies website

Lucent 5ESS GSM
Mobile Switching Centre
Deployed at Western Wireless International in Ljubljana,

Slovenia from 2001 to 2006.
Dept. of Information http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_switching_centre_server
Technology, Anna
Handoff Principles

Hand Off
Ch #2
Ch #1
Mobile must be transferred between cells as it moves

-Hard handoff
-Soft handoff (CDMA)
-Softer handoff (sectorized antennas)
Call handoff
Ability to change frequency/channel
as the unit moves from one cell to another cell.
Enables the concept of frequency

reuse.
The ability that made the cellular MSC

system possible.
Handoff process is microprocessor

controlled.
Transparent to the user.

Handoff Strategies
• When a mobile moves into a different cell while a conversation
is in progress, the MSC automatically transfers the call to a new
channel belonging to the new base station.
• Handoff operation
– identifying a new base station
– re-allocating the voice and control channels with the new base station.
• Handoff Threshold
– Minimum usable signal for acceptable voice quality (-90dBm to -100dBm)
– Handoff margin   Pr ,handoff  Pr ,minimumusable cannot be too large or too
small.
– If  is too large, unnecessary handoffs burden the MSC
– If  is too small, there may be insufficient time to complete handoff
before a call is lost.
Handoff Situations
Handoff Criterion
Traditional handoff algorithms are all based on the
Received Signal Strength (RSS) or received power P.
– RSS ( Choose BS Bnew if Pnew> Pold )
– RSS plus Threshold (if Pnew> Pold and Pold < T)
– RSS plus Hysteresis (Pnew> Pold + H)
– RSS, Hysteresis, and Threshold
(Pnew> Pold + H and Pold < T）
– Algorithm plus dwell timer
Dwell time: The period during which a

dynamic process remains halted in
order that another process may occur. Fig.: Hysteresis mechanism
Traditional HO Algorithm using
RSS Threshold and Hysteresis

A Sample RSS
A sample RSS from two BS as seen by a MS

traveling in a straight line between them.

Handoff Requirements
• Handoff must ensure that the drop in the measured signal is not due
to momentary fading and that the mobile is actually moving away
from the serving base station.
• Running average measurement of signal strength should be optimized
so that unnecessary handoffs are avoided.
– Depends on the speed at which the vehicle is moving.
– Steep short term average -> the hand off should be made quickly
– The speed can be estimated from the statistics of the received short-term
fading signal at the base station
• Dwell time: the time over which a call may be maintained within a
cell without handoff.
• Dwell time depends on
– propagation
– interference
– distance
– speed
Handoff Requirements cont..
• Handoff measurement
– In first generation analog cellular systems, signal strength
measurements are made by the base station and
supervised by the MSC.
– In second generation systems (TDMA), handoff decisions
are mobile assisted, called mobile assisted handoff (MAHO)
• Intersystem handoff: If a mobile moves from one
cellular system to a different cellular system
controlled by a different MSC.
• Handoff requests is much important than handling a
new call.
Practical Handoff Consideration
• Different type of users
– High speed users need frequent handoff during a call.
– Low speed users may never need a handoff during a call.
• Microcells to provide capacity, the MSC can become burdened if
high speed users are constantly being passed between very small
cells.
• Minimize handoff intervention
– handle the simultaneous traffic of high speed and low speed users.
• Large and small cells can be located at a single location (umbrella
cell)
– different antenna height
– different power level
• Cell dragging problem: pedestrian users provide a very strong
signal to the base station
– The user may travel deep within a neighboring cell
The Umbrella Cell
Handoff in Different Systems
• Handoff for first generation analog cellular systems
– 10 secs handoff time
–  is in the order of 6 dB to 12 dB
• Handoff for second generation cellular systems, e.g., GSM
– 1 to 2 seconds handoff time
– mobile assists handoff
–  is in the order of 0 dB to 6 dB
– Handoff decisions based on signal strength, co-channel interference,
and adjacent channel interference.
• IS-95 CDMA spread spectrum cellular system
– Mobiles share the channel in every cell.
– No physical change of channel during handoff
– MSC decides the base station with the best receiving signal as the
service station
Summary
 Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in 1896.
 1946: Bell Labs launches the first commercial mobile telephone service.
 Martin Cooper (born 1928 in Chicago, Illinois) is considered the father of the mobile
phone.
 Frequency reused is the central concept of cellular systems.
 MTS and IMTS are considered as 0G cellular systems.
 AMPS is the 1G analog mobile phone system standard developed by Bell Labs
(First in USA in 1983).
 2G Systems are Digital.
 Sectoring increases the traffic capacity of the base station.
 Multiple antenna allows the operator to overcome the effects of fading.
 Telecom Infrastructure Sharing could be active or passive.
 The BSC provides, classically, the intelligence behind the BTSs.
 The MSC Handles voice calls and SMS as well as other services (such as
conference calls, FAX and circuit switched data).
 Handoff is basically the ability to change frequency/channel as the unit moves from
one cell to another cell.
 Handoff must ensure that the drop in the measured signal is not due to momentary
fading and that the mobile is actually moving away from the serving base station.
Thank You Very Much

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Cellular Mobile Communication: A

DHANANJAY KUMAR, M.E., M.Tech., Ph.D.

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

Brief History of Wireless 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics

Communications In 1896, Marconi was awarded the British

• Guglielmo Marconi invented the

 1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

His mobile station used

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

June 17, 1946 — A driver

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

 By 1948, wireless telephone service was available in almost 100

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

 The system comprised multiple low-power transmitters spread

 The technology to implement it didn't exist, and the frequencies

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

On April 3, 1973, Motorola employee

Motorola has a long history of making

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

World 7,950,000,000+ 7,621,018,958 104.32 2019/12[1][2]

1 China 1,610,360,000 1,420,050,000 113.38 2020/10[3][4]

2 India 1,515,971,713 1,375,245,994 110.18 2020/10[3][5]

3 Indonesia 385,573,398 237,556,363 162.28 2016/07[6]

4 United States 380,577,529 327,874,628 116.27 2020/10[7][8]

5 Brazil 284,200,000 201,032,714 141.3 2015/05[6][9]

6 Russia 256,116,000 142,905,200 155.5 2013/07[6][10]

7 Nigeria 190,475,494 190,551,754 99.5 2020/04[11]

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

2. CB radio (Walky – Talky)

No infrastructure & Operator

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

Low power transmitter, Frequency is re-used.

Lower power transmitters provide coverage to a small

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

Idealized Cells Idealized Coverage

Dept. of Information Tech., Anna University, Chennai-44

Cluster size C = i 2 + ij + j 2 = 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, ...

C= 1 i = 1, j = 0 } Cluster size for CDMA net

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna Dept. of Information Tech.,

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

Based on the idea of ‘cell’.

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

This item is one of the first

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

Created to address the need for increased

The first SMS typed on a GSM phone was sent by Riku

Dept. of Information Technology,

Dept. of Information Technology,

Dept. of Information Technology, Anna

Active sharing is nothing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_inf Dept. of Information Technology, Anna