ميساء سالم1

‫وزارة اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﺑﺣث اﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻔرات اﻻوﺳط اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺳم اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت اﻟﻣدﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻓرع اﻟﺑﻧﺎء واﻻﻧﺷﺎءات‬
‫اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿرات ﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾك اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻋداد‬
‫ﻣﯾﺳﺎء ﺳﺎﻟم‬
‫ﻣدرس ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬
‫ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾك اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
-١-
Introduction ١{١
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESoilF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 WDefinitions ١{٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 ‫א‬ F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Karl Terzaghi‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E١٩٢٥F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Soil Formation ‫א‬ ١{٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Residual Soil •
E،،‫א‬،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Transported Soil •
،‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Soil Structure‫א‬ ١{٤

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
Fine Grained Soil‫א‬  J
cohesive soil‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Silt‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬
 WE1.1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Clay
‫א‬W‫א‬dispersion‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
‫ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫א‬
 EF     EF     E F
 EF،EF،EFW‫א‬‫א‬WE1.1F
 
-٤-
‫א‬‫א‬Wflocculation‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K
‫א‬Whoneycomb or cellular‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
Coarse Grained Soil‫א‬  J
cohesionless soil‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،loose‫א‬‫א‬dense‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،Gravel‫א‬ Boulders‫א‬W،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١{٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Sand
 
‫א‬
 
 EF      E F
 EF،EFW‫א‬‫א‬WE١{٢F
 
 
-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١{٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ J‫א‬–
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١{٣F‫א‬،‫א‬
 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Soil Stability Problems‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬Soil Settlement Problems‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬Environmental Related Problems‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Seepage Problems‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Excavation Related Problems ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
EF EF
 
 EFEF
‫א‬EFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١{٣F
‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬
-٧-
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫قوام التربة‪Soil Consistency ‬‬
‫اعداد‬
‫ميساء سالم‬
‫شكرا لحسن اصغائكم‬
‫االسبوع الثالث والرابع‬
‫تصنيف التربة‪Soil Classification ‬‬
‫اعداد‬
‫مدرس مساعد‬
‫االسبوع الثالث‬
‫قوام التربة‪Soil Consistency ‬‬
‫اعداد‬
‫االسبوع الخامس‬
‫تصنيف التربة بنظام التوحيد القياسي‬
‫‪Unified soil classification ‬‬
‫‪system‬‬
‫اعداد‬
 ‫א‬
‫م ﻣﯾﺳﺎء ﺳﺎﻟم‬.‫م‬
:Introduction 4.1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E4.1F‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
h
 i =        E4.1F
L
 
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = i 
 ‫א‬ = h
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = L
30 m‫א‬‫א‬3 km‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
30
 i = h = = 0.01
L 3 × 1000
- ٤٨ -
‫م ﻣﯾﺳﺎء ﺳﺎﻟم‬.‫م‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫م ﻣﯾﺳﺎء ﺳﺎﻟم‬.‫م‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
:Introduction  7.1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Earth pressure at rest‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥
Active earth pressure ‫א‬‫ א‬E٦
Passive earth pressure ‫א‬‫ א‬E٧
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
:Earth pressure at rest ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 7.2
‫א‬ z ‫א‬‫א‬E7.1F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    K σ h  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    σ v  ‫א‬ 
   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ σ o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 σ o = K oσ v       E7.1F
- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K o K‫א‬‫א‬ σ v = γ z 
 W‫א‬ 1.00.5‫א‬
 
  Ko = 1 − sin φ       E7.2F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ φ 
‫א‬
z σv = γ z
 
σh σh
σv
σ h = σ o = K oσ v
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE7.1F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ H ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE K oσ v F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KE7.2F

 W‫א‬‫א‬ Po ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 
1
  Po = Koγ H 2       E7.3F
2
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
:Rankine's theory of active and passive earth pressure ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 7.3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1
H  Po = K oγ H 2
2
H
3
 K oγ H
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE7.2F‫א‬
 
 
 WActive pressure‫א‬‫א‬ 7.3.1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E7.3F‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ σ a ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 σ a = K aσ v − 2c K a       E7.4F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K a ،‫א‬ c 
1 − sin φ ⎛ φ⎞
  Ka = = tan⎜ 45 − ⎟       E7.5F
1 + sin φ ⎝ 2⎠
- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W،E7.4F‫א‬، Pa ‫א‬‫א‬
 
1
  Pa = K a γ H 2 − 2cH K a       E7.6F
2
‫א‬
z σv = γ z
σa σa
σv
σ a 〈σ o
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE7.3F‫א‬
− 2c K a
 zo
H
1
 Pa = K a γ H 2 − 2cH K a
2
H − zo
3
γ HK a − 2c K a
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE7.4F‫א‬
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
، z o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
2c
  zo =       E7.7F
γ Ka
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ φ = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
2c
  zo =       E7.8F
γ
 
 WPassive pressure‫א‬‫א‬ 7.3.2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬E7.5F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ σ p ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
σv = γ z
z
σp σp
σv σ p 〉σ o
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE7.5F‫א‬
- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 σ p = K pσ v + 2c K p       E7.9F
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K p 
1 + sin φ ⎛ φ⎞
Kp = = tan⎜ 45 + ⎟ (7.10)
1 − sin φ ⎝ 2⎠
 W،E7.6F‫א‬، Pp ‫א‬‫א‬
 
1
  Pp = K p γ H 2 + 2cH K p       E7.11F
2
 
1
 Pp = K p γ H 2 + 2cH K p
2
H
H
2
H
3
2c K p γ HK p
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE7.6F‫א‬
 
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   K KE7.1F ‫א‬ 
 KE7K7F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K p  K a WE7.1F
φ (o) Ka Kp
10 0.703 1.42
15 0.589 1.70
20 0.490 2.04
25 0.406 2.46
30 0.333 3.00
35 0.271 3.69
40 0.217 4.61
45 0.171 5.83
 ‫א‬‫א‬
σp
σo
σa
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE7K7F‫א‬
 WE7.1F
KE7.8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
γ = 17.0 kN / m 3
3m φ = 30 o
c=0
water level
γ sat = 19.5 kN / m 3
2m
φ = 30 o
c=0
 E7.1FWE7.8F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K o = 1 − sin φ
= 1 − sin 30 = 0.50
 W H = 3 m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
σ o = K oσ v

= 0.50 × 17.0 × 3 = 25.5 kN / m 2
 W H = 5 m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
σ o = 0.50 × 17.0 × 3 + 0.50 × (19.5 − 9.81) × 2 = 35.19 kN / m 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  u = 9.81 × 2 = 19.62 kN / m 2
 
- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 KE7.9F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Po(1) = 1 × 3 × 25.5 = 38.25 kN / m

2
  Po(2 ) = 2 × 25.5 = 51.00 kN / m
1
  Po (3) = × 2 × (35.19 − 25.5) = 9.69 kN / m
2
1
  Po (4 ) = × 2 × 19.62 = 19.62 kN / m
2
 
 
 
 
3m  
Po (1)
 
25 .5 kN / m 2
Po (2 )  
2m
  Po (3 ) Po (4 )
2
 35
 .19 kN / m 19.62 kN / m 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 E7.1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧{٩F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Po = Po (1) + Po ( 2) + Po ( 3) + Po ( 4 )
 
= 38.25 + 51.00 + 9.69 + 19.62 = 118.56 kN / m
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ (h ) ‫א‬
 
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
1 2 2 2
38.25 × (3 × + 2) + 51.00 × + 9.69 × + 19.62 ×
3 2 3 3
 h =
118.56
= 1.56 m
 
1
a = K aγ 2
2
:Introduction  5.1
W ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، (x, y, z ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KN/m2، ‫א‬L ‫א‬
 y  x 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ z ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 (τ ) normal stress (σ ) ‫א‬،E5.1F
 Kshear stresses
σ zz
τ zy
τ zx
τ xy
σ xx
τ yx
x
τ xz
τ yz
σ yy
y
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE5.1F
- ٦٣ -
Stresses induced by the self weight of the soil‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5.2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  σ v ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
  σ v =γ z       E5.1F
 
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ z ‫א‬ γ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
 K‫א‬ σ h ،E5.2F‫א‬
‫א‬
σv
σv
γz σh σh
z
σv
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE5.2F
 
 
 
- ٦٤ -
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  σ v = ∑ γ ∆z        E5.2F
 
 z w ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
   u = γ w zw        E5.3F
 
 K 9.81 kN / m 3 ‫א‬‫א‬ γ w ‫א‬ u 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ KE σ v F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   σ v =σv −u       E5.4F
 
 KETerzaghi EquationF‫א‬E٥.٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٥ -
 WE5.1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  ،E5.3F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
2m ‫ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‬
5m ‫ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬Sand
3m γ (sand ) = 18.2 kN / m 3
 
‫ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ‬Clay
4m γ (clay ) = 19.8 kN / m 3
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺼﺨﺭﻴﺔ‬
 E5.1FWE5.3F
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬E
 W (z = 2.0 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 σ v = 2 × 18.2 = 36.40 kN / m 2 ‫א‬‫א‬
 u = 0 W‫א‬
 σ v = σ v − u = 36.40 − 0 = 36.40 kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫ א‬
 W (z = 5.0 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 σ v = 36.40 + 3 × 18.20 = 91.00 kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫א‬
  u = 3 × 9.81 = 29.43 kN / m 2 W‫א‬
σ v = σ v − u = 91.00 − 29.43 = 61.57kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫ א‬
 W (z = 7.0 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 σ v = 91.00 + 2 × 19.80 = 130.60 kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫א‬
  u = 29.43 + 2 × 9.81 = 49.05 kN / m 2 W‫א‬
σ v = σ v − u = 130.60 − 49.05 = 81.55kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٦ -
 W‫א‬‫ א‬E

 W (z = 7.0 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 σ v = 5 × 18.2 + 2 × 19.80 = 130.60 kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫א‬
  u = 5 × 9.81 = 49.05 kN / m 2 W‫א‬
 σ v = σ v − u = 130.60 − 49.05 = 81.55kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫ א‬
 
 KE5.4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2m
5m
3m
4m
130.60 kN/m2 49.05 kN/m2 81.55 kN/m2
z z z
 E5.1F‫א‬WE5.4F
 
Total stress with a surface surcharge loadW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5.3
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ، q    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E5.5F ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٧ -
 
 σ v = γ z + q       E5.5F
 
q ‫א‬‫א‬
z
σv
σh σh
σv
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE5.5F
 
 WE5.2F
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،E5.6F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K50 kN/m2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
E5.4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، (z = 8.5 m ) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ (5.5)
 
σ v = q + (σ v − u )
  = 50 + (2.5 × 17.5 + 6 × 19) − (5 × 9.81)
= 158.7 kN / m 2
- ٦٨ -
 
q = 50 kN/m2
2.5 m ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﻜﺎﻡ‬ γ = 17.5 kN / m 3
1.0 m
γ = 19.0kN / m 3
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻁﻤﻲ‬
5.0 m
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺼﺨﺭﻴﺔ‬
 E5.2FWE5.6F
 ‫א‬
Darcy's Law‫א‬ 4.2

‫א‬E v F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1856
 W،E i F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 v = k i      E4.2F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E k F
‫א‬KE‫א‬WF‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE4.1F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
h
‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
L ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE4.1F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Q = k iA       E4.3F
 
- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬ = Q
 ‫א‬ = k
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = i 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = A
 
 ‫א‬WE4.1F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
k (m / s )  ‫א‬
 >10-2 Gravel
 10-2-10-5  Sand
 10-5-10-8 Silt
 <10-8 Clay 
 
Assumptions of Darcy' s LawW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
homogenous soil ‫א‬ K١
 laminar flow‫א‬ K٢
linear flow‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
 WE4.1F
300 m‫א‬ 6 × 10 −3 m / s 2 m‫א‬
 ‫א‬،9 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  A = 2 ×1 = 2 m2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
9
 i = = 0.03
300
 
 W‫א‬،E4.3F‫א‬
Q = k iA
  = 6 × 10 −3 × 0.03 × 2 = 3.6 × 10 − 4 m 3 / s
−4 m3 s hr
= 3.6 × 10 × 3600 × 24 = 31.10 m 3 / day per meter of layer width
s hr day
 
Measurement of permeability‫א‬ 4.3
‫א‬‫א‬E k F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 4.3.1
undisturbed sample‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Constant head test‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 Falling head test‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WConstant head test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E4.2F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  
 
 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
  
h
L ‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE4.2F
- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬
E ‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E4.3F‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E t F‫א‬
 
  Q = k i At       E4.4F
 
‫א‬‫א‬E L F‫א‬‫א‬E i F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ،E4.4F‫א‬E4.1F،E h F
 
h
 Q = k At       E4.5F
L
 
  W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E4.5F‫א‬
QL
k= (4.6)
Aht
 
 WE4.2F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 120 mmZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 60 mmZ‫א‬‫א‬ o
 100 mmZ‫א‬ o
 350 mlZ‫א‬‫א‬ o
 2 minZ‫א‬‫א‬ o
 KEm/sF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 A=πD π × 100 2
2
= = 7854 mm 2
4 4
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Q = 350 ml = 35000 mm 3
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،E4.6F‫א‬
QL 350000 × 120
 k = = = 0.7427 mm / s = 7.43 × 10 − 4 m / s
Aht 7854 × 60 × 2 × 60
 WFalling head test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4.3F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬
 ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬
 
 
‫أﻧﺒﻮب ﻣﺪرج‬
 
h1  
‫ﺣﺠﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻲ‬ h2  
 
L
‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺒﺔ‬  
A  
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE4.3F
 
- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬
 h2 ‫א‬ h1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
aL h
  k = 2.30 log10 1      E4.7F
At h2
 
 W
 ‫א‬ = a
 ‫א‬ = A
 ‫א‬ = L
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = h1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = h2  
  h2  h1 ‫א‬‫א‬ = t 
 
 WE4.3F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 1350 mmZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 550 mmZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 140 mmZ‫א‬ o
 100 mmZ‫א‬ o
 5 mmZ‫א‬‫א‬ o
 3 minZ‫א‬‫א‬ o
 KEm/sF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
- ٥٥ -
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 A= πD π × 100 2
2
= = 7854 mm 2
4 4
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 a = π D π × 52
2
= = 19.63 mm 2
4 4
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،E4.7F‫א‬
 
aL h 19.67 × 140 ⎛ 1350 ⎞
k = 2.30 log10 1 = 2.30 × log10 ⎜ ⎟
At h2 7854 × 3 × 60 ⎝ 550 ⎠
  = 1.744 × 10 −3 mm / s
= 1.744 × 10 −6 m / s
 
 
 WEPumping Test ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬4.3.2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Epumping testF‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬casing pipe‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E4.4F‫א‬‫א‬Eobservation wellsF‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬
r2
r1
 ‫א‬EQF 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
h2
h1
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE4.4F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
⎛r ⎞
Q ln⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟
 k = ⎝ r1 ⎠      E4.8F
(
π h2 − h12
2
)
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = k
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = Q
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = r1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = r2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = h1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = h2 
- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬
 WE4.4F
11.20 m‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬6.20 m3/min‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2.48 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5.15 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEcm/sF‫א‬، 45.86 m4.33 m‫א‬‫א‬
:‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  h1 = 11.20 − 5.15 = 6.05 m
  h2 = 11.20 − 2.48 = 8.72 m
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  Q = 6.20 m / min = 6.20 = 0.1033 m / s
60
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬(4.8F‫א‬
 
⎛r ⎞ ⎛ 45.86 ⎞
Q ln⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ 0.1033 × ln⎜ ⎟
⎝ r1 ⎠ ⎝ 4.33 ⎠
k= =
( ) (
π h22 − h12 π (8.72 )2 − (6.05)2 )
−3
= 1.97 × 10 m/s
= 1.97 × 10 −5 cm / s
 
- ٥٨ -
 Introduction١{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R. R. Proctor‫א‬ 1930،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 dry density  (γ d ) ‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 moisture content (w) ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 compactive effortE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 soil type‫א‬ K٤
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ w = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
E1.4F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Compaction Theory ‫א‬ ٢{٤
‫א‬‫א‬
maximum dry density (γ d −max ) ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬      ‫א‬  optimum moisture content (OMC )  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬


‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫هﻮاء‬ ‫א‬
‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬
‫ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE1.4F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،    ‫א‬                   ‫א‬       ‫א‬              ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬        W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Standard Proctor Test‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 Modified Proctor Test‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 Harvard Test‫ א‬K٣
 Static Test‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

γ
 γd =       E1.4F
w
1+
100

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE2.4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

30
(γ d −max ) ‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬

20 Saturation line
‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬
10
OMC
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
(%) ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE2.4F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Standard Proctor Test‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٢{٤
‫א‬ (OMC ) ‫א‬‫א‬ (γ d −max ) ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 WmoldK2%‫א‬
 4 inZ101.6 mmZdiameter of mold‫א‬
 4.58 inZ116.43 mmZheight of mold‫א‬‫ א‬
1 3 
ft Z 943.3 cm Zvolume of mold‫א‬
3

30
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3.4F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE3.4F


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K30.5 cm‫א‬ 2.5 kg‫א‬ 25‫א‬،
 W‫א‬E γ F‫א‬‫א‬

W
 γ =       E2.4F
Vm

 ‫א‬‫א‬Z W W
 ‫א‬Z Vm
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E1.4F
 K (OMC )  (γ d −max ) 
Modified Proctor Test‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٢{٤

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 5Z‫א‬
 4.54 kgZ‫א‬
 45.72 cmZ‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬ 23 kN/m313 kN/m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K20%10%‫א‬‫א‬
Saturation Line‫א‬ ٣{٢{٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2.4F‫א‬
‫א‬Kzero air void line‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،E S = 100 % F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

γw
 γ zav =      E3.4F
1
+w
Gs

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = γ zav W
 K‫א‬ = γ w 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = Gs 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ = w 

 WE1.4F
     ‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬   E1.4F ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E1.4F‫א‬WE1.4F
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

E٪F EF ‫א‬
6.00  1847.71  1
8.00 2000.37  2
10.58  2163.13  3
12.90 2188.75  4
15.68 2097.81  5
17.78 2012.74  6
 W‫א‬
 ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Vm = 943.3 cm3   ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W
 γ =      
Vm
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 KE1.4F‫א‬
  gm/cm3  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E2.4F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E4.4F‫א‬،kN/m3
 W‫א‬‫א‬،

γ d − max = 20.43 kN / m 3

OMC = 11.40 %

 E1.4F‫א‬WE2.4F

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
(kN/m3) (kN/m3) (gm/cm3) (cm3) (gm) E٪ F
18.13 19.22 1.96 943.30 1847.71 6.00 1
19.26 20.80 2.12 943.30 2000.37 8.00 2
20.34 22.50 2.29 943.30 2163.13 10.58 3
20.16 22.76 2.32 943.30 2188.75 12.89 4
18.86 21.82 2.22 943.30 2097.81 15.68 5
17.77 20.93 2.13 943.30 2012.74 17.78 6

‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬
21.5
20.5
γd
19.5
(kN / m )
3
18.5
17.5
16.5
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
w (%)
 E1.4F‫א‬WE4.4F


Factors Effecting Compaction‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5.4F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬        
 K
 W‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6.4F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE5.4F

N b × N l × h × Wh
 E=      E4.4F
Vm
 ‫א‬ = E W
 ‫א‬ = N b 
 ‫א‬ = N l 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = h 
 ‫א‬ = Wh 
 ‫א‬ = Vm 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


25 bowls / layer × 3 layer × 0.305 m × 2.50 kg × 9.81 m / s 2 1 kJ
 E= −6
× = 594.73 3
943.3 × 10 m 3
1000 m

(γ d −max )
‫א‬
(γ d −max )
γd
‫א‬
OMC
OMC
w (%)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE6.4F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

25 bowls / layer × 5 layer × 0.4572 m × 4.54 kg × 9.81 m / s
2
1
 E= −6
×
kJ
= 2698.3 3
943.3 × 10 m 3
1000 m

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬ ،E7.4F ‫א‬   w2   w1 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬KEOMCF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
γd
w1 w2 w (%)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE7.4F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Field Compaction‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{٤

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Sand Cone Method‫א‬ K١
 Rubber Balloon Method‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 Nuclear Method‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Equipments of Compaction in the Field‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٤{٤
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
    ،‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬    ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Smooth-wheel rollers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
   ‫א‬    K400 kN/m2    ،E8.4F ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
Pneumatic or rubber-tired rollers‫א‬
‫א‬ 80 %،E9.4F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K700 kN/m2‫א‬
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Sheepsfoot rollers‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E10.4F ‫א‬
7000 kN/m21400‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬12 %
 ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Vibratory rollers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE11.4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE12.4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WE8.4F
 WE9.4F
- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬WE10.4F
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE11.4F

- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬WE12.4F
Sand Cone Method ‫א‬ ٢{٤{٤

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E13.4F ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E Wsoil F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E γ sand F‫א‬‫א‬KE w F
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Wsand
 Vhole =       E5.4F
γ sand











 ‫א‬WE13.4F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

Wsoil
 γd =       E6.4F
Vhole

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Wsoil
 Wdry − soil =      E7.4F
w
1+
100
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6.4F‫א‬E7.4F‫א‬
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WE2.4F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 γ sand = 1.46 gm / cm 3 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Wsand = 468.7 gm ‫א‬‫א‬
 Wdry − soil = 618.3 gm ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
Wsand 468.7
 Vhole = = = 321.0 cm 3  ‫א‬
γ sand 1.46

W dry − soil 618.3
 γd = = = 1.93 gm / cm 3 ≈ 19.3 kN / m 3 ‫א‬‫א‬
V hole 321.0


Relative Compaction (RC)‫א‬‫ א‬٥{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬

γ d ( field )
 RC (%) = × 100      E8.4F
γ d − max(lab )
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = RC
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = γ d ( field )
 ‫א‬ = γ d −max(lab )



- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Problems
،1012.7 gm 19.85 kN/m3‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K992.3 gm

Efine-grained soilF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEpcfF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 KEkN/m3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬J 

Dry Density vs. Water Content
120
Static Compaction
Standar Proctor
110 Harvard Miniature

Modified Proctor
100
Dry Density
pcf
90
80
70
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Water Content, (%)
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
W‫א‬‫א‬
5 4 3 2 1 ‫א‬
17.3 18.9 19.2 18.0 16.7 γ (kN / m 3 ) ‫א‬‫א‬
32.5 24.9 19.3 12.1 4.7 w (%) ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،15.7 kN/m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،97 %‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
W‫א‬
γ d − max = 19.20 kN / m 3

OMC = 14.6 %
 W‫א‬‫א‬
γ d − field = 17.80 kN / m 3

w = 17.3 %
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 


- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Field Compaction‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{٤

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Sand Cone Method‫א‬ K١
 Rubber Balloon Method‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 Nuclear Method‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Equipments of Compaction in the Field‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٤{٤
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
    ،‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬    ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Smooth-wheel rollers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
   ‫א‬    K400 kN/m2    ،E8.4F ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
Pneumatic or rubber-tired rollers‫א‬
‫א‬ 80 %،E9.4F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K700 kN/m2‫א‬
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Sheepsfoot rollers‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E10.4F ‫א‬
7000 kN/m21400‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬12 %
 ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Vibratory rollers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE11.4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE12.4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WE8.4F
 WE9.4F
- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬WE10.4F
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE11.4F

- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬WE12.4F
Sand Cone Method ‫א‬ ٢{٤{٤

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E13.4F ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E Wsoil F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E γ sand F‫א‬‫א‬KE w F
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Wsand
 Vhole =       E5.4F
γ sand











 ‫א‬WE13.4F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

Wsoil
 γd =       E6.4F
Vhole

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Wsoil
 Wdry − soil =      E7.4F
w
1+
100
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6.4F‫א‬E7.4F‫א‬
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WE2.4F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 γ sand = 1.46 gm / cm 3 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Wsand = 468.7 gm ‫א‬‫א‬
 Wdry − soil = 618.3 gm ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
Wsand 468.7
 Vhole = = = 321.0 cm 3  ‫א‬
γ sand 1.46

W dry − soil 618.3
 γd = = = 1.93 gm / cm 3 ≈ 19.3 kN / m 3 ‫א‬‫א‬
V hole 321.0


Relative Compaction (RC)‫א‬‫ א‬٥{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬

γ d ( field )
 RC (%) = × 100      E8.4F
γ d − max(lab )
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = RC
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = γ d ( field )
 ‫א‬ = γ d −max(lab )



- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٤  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Problems
،1012.7 gm 19.85 kN/m3‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K992.3 gm

Efine-grained soilF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEpcfF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 KEkN/m3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬J 

Dry Density vs. Water Content
120
Static Compaction
Standar Proctor
110 Harvard Miniature

Modified Proctor
100
Dry Density
pcf
90
80
70
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Water Content, (%)
- ٦٤ -
‫تثبيت التربة‬
‫اعداد‬
‫تثبيت ال‬
‫ھناك بعض المواد التى تستخدم لتثبيت التربه مثل االسمنت والجير والرماد المتطاير والبيوتومين‬
‫تثبيت التربه باالسمنت‪:‬‬
‫يستخدم االسمنت لتقويه التربه الطمييه والطينيه تحت الطرق والسدود الترابيه‪.‬‬
‫ماء االسمنت‪:‬‬
‫‪ 1-‬يزيد مقاومه القص للتربه‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2-‬يقلل حاله السيوله‪.‬‬
‫‪ 3-‬يزيد معامل اللدونه والتشغيليه‪.‬‬
‫يكون االسمنت اكثر تأثيرا اذا كان حد السيوله اقل من ‪ 0.5‬ومعامل اللدونه اقل من ‪25‬‬
‫يحقن االسمنت فى صوره مستحلب يتكون من اسمنت‪+‬ماء بنسب من )‪ (5-0.5‬ويتم اوال حقن التربه بالماء‬
‫لترطيب مساحات التربه حتى التمتص الماء من المحلول االسمنتى ثم يحقن المحلول بواسطه ابر الحقن‬
‫تحت ضغط )‪ (1-0.25‬ضغط جوى‪.‬‬
‫التثبيت بالجير‪:‬‬
‫حجم الجير من ‪5‬الى ‪ %10‬من حجم التربه‪.‬‬
‫يستخدم الكالسيوم على صوره الجير الحى او المطفىء لتحسين التربه الناعمه بكميه تتراوح من ‪%10-5‬‬
‫من حجم التربه ويحسن الكالسيوم من خواص التربه فيقلل حد السيوله ويزيد معامل اللدونه وكذلك مقاومه‬
‫القص‪.‬‬
‫طرق تثبيت التربه فى الموقع‪:‬‬
‫‪ 1-‬الخلط مع الجير والدمك بعد رش الماء‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2-‬تخلط التربه بالجير والماء خارج الموقع ثم يتم ارجاعھا مع الدمك‪.‬‬
‫‪ 3-‬محلول الجير يحقن تحت ضغط وتصل االعماق من ‪ 4‬الى ‪ 5‬امتار‪.‬‬
‫كدا نكون انتھينا من الجزء االول فى تثبيت التربه‬
‫اتمنى انه يكون فى متناول الجميع وتحت امركم فى تفسير اى شىء فى المصطلحات وانتظرونا‬
‫التثبيت باستخدام البيوتومين‬
‫يستخدم البيوتومين فى تثبيت التربه فى مجال الطرق وتكون المعالجه اما بالحقن بالبيوتومين المنصھر او‬
‫المستحلب البيوتومينى ويتكون المستحلب من ‪ %60‬بيوتومين و ‪ %40‬ماء ويحقن تحت ضغط ‪35-30‬‬
‫ضغط جوى ونسبه البيوتومين فى الخلط من ‪ %14-4‬من وزن التربه‪.‬‬
‫التثبيت باستخدام السيليكات‪:‬‬
‫تستخدم سيليكات الصوديوم فى تقويه التربه بالحقن تحت ضغط ‪ 15‬ضغط جوى ثم يحقن كلوريد الكالسيوم‬
‫تحت نفس الضغط وينتج من التفاعل اكسيد الكالسيوم الكلوريدى الذى تقوم جزيئاته بربط التربه ببعضھا‬
‫ونسبه سيليكات الصوديوم الى كلوريد الصوديوم من ‪ 2.5‬الى ‪ 3‬مع تسخين سيليكات الصوديوم حتى درجه‬
‫حراره ‪ 80-60‬درجه مئويه‪.‬‬
‫التثبيت باستخدام الرماد المتطاير ‪:‬‬
‫وھو مخلف من مخلفات حرق الفحم ويتكون من السيليكا واالمونيا وله نفس الصفات االسمنتيه ويستخدم‬
‫بمفرده او مع الجير ليعطى منتجا اسمنتيا بنسب خلط ‪ %30-10‬من الرماد و ‪ %10-2‬جير وعاده مايخلط‬
‫مركب الرماد المتطاير مع التربه ثم يدمك مع المحتوى المائى االمثل للحصول على التربه المحسنه‪.‬‬
‫تثبيت التربه بالتدعيم بالشبكات ‪:‬‬
‫يمكن تدعيم التربه باستخدام شرائح الشبكات المعدنيه أو الشبكات البالستيكيه وتصنع الشبكات البالستيكيه‬
‫ھذه من منتجات البترول مثل البولى إيثيلين حيث من المؤكد أن تزيد ھذه الشبكات من ترابط التربه‬
‫وتھويتھا وستتواجد بنوعين احاديه وثنائيه والمسافه بينھا ‪150-25‬مم وتستتخدم فى المجاالت االتيه‪:‬‬
‫‪ 1-‬تدعيم التربه تحت أساسات الطرق‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2-‬تستخدم فى الحوائط السانده‪.‬‬
‫‪ 3-‬تستخدم فى أرصفه الموانىء‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻋداد‬
‫ﻣﻳﺳﺎء ﺳﺎﻟم‬
‫‪soil reinforcement‬ﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺟﻳوﺟرﻳد ﻓﻰ ﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ اﻟﺗرﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ وﺗﺣﺳﻳن ﺧواﺻﻬﺎ وﻣﻘﺎوﻣﻪ ﻗوى اﻟﺷد اﻟﻣﺗوﻟدﻩ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ وﻫﻰ ﻧوع ﻣن‬
‫اﻧواع اﺧرى ﻣن اﻟرﻗﺎﺋق اﻟﺟﻳوﺗﻘﻧﻳﻪ وﻳطﻠق ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺟﻳوﺳﻳﻧﺳﺗﻳك وﻫﻰ ﻋﺑﺎرﻩ ﻋن اﻟﻳﺎف ﺑﻼﺳﺗﻳك ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ‬
‫ﻧﺳﻳﺞ ﺷﺑﻛﻰ ﻟﻪ ﻓﺗﺣﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﻪ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻰ ﺳﻠﻳﺢ اﻟﺗرﺑﻪ واﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺑﻳن اﻟطﺑﻘﺎت وﻳوﺟد اﻧواع ﺧرى ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ اﻟﺗرﺑﻪ ه ﻣﺛﻼ ﺟﻳو ﻧﻛﺳﺗﻳﻝ وﺟﻳو ﻣﻣﺑران وﺟﻳو ﻛﻣﺑوزﻳت وﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺛﺑﻳت اﻟﺗرﺑﻪ وزﻳﺎدﻩ اﻟﺗﻣﺎﺳك ﺑﻳن‬
‫اﻟطﺑﻘﺎت اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﻪ وﻛذﻟك اﻟﺗﺻرﻳف اﻟﺟﻳد ﻟﻠﻣﻳﺎﻩ اﻻﻣطﺎر وﺗﺗوﻗف ﺟودﻩ اﻟﺗﺻرﻳف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻣك اﻟرﻗﺎﺋق وﺧﺎﺻﻳﻪ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻣﻳﻪ ﻟﻬﺎ واﻳﺿﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻋزﻝ اﻟرطوﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻧﺎك ﻋدة أﻧواع ﻣن ﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﺗﻌزﻳز‪ ،‬ﻣﺻﻧوﻋﺔ ﻣن ﻣواد ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ )اﻟﻔوﻻذ واﻟزﺟﺎج‪ ،‬واﻟﺑوﻟﻳﻣرات ‪,steel, glass‬‬
‫‪ ،( polymers‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺧﺗﻠف ﻫﻧدﺳﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ أو ﻣن دون ﺗرﻛﻳب اﻟﻧﺳﻳﺞ أو اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‪ .‬اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺣد اﻷدﻧﻰ وﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻣن أﺟﻝ ﻣن ‪ 0.3‬م ن ‪ /‬م‪2‬؛ ‪ -‬اﻟﻬﻧدﺳﺔ )ﻓﺗﺢ اﻟﺑواﺑﺔ( اﻟﺗﻌﺷﻳق اﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻳن اﻟﺑواﺑﺔ واﻷﺳﻔﻠت‪ - .‬اﻟﺗواﻓق ﻣﻊ اﻟﺑﻳﺗوﻣﻳن واﻷﺳﻔﻠت ‪,‬و ﺿﻣﺎن ﺿﻣﺎن إﻟﺗﺻﺎق اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻻﻟﺗزام ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫إﻟﻰ إاﻟﻰ ﺿﻣﺎن رد اﻟﻔﻌﻝ اﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻲ‪ - .‬اﻟﺗواﻓق اﻟﺳﻠوك اﻟﺣراري )اﻻﻧﺳﺣﺎب ‪ -‬اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ( ﺑﻳﻧﺎﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ واﻷﺳﻔﻠت‬
‫ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳذ وﻓﻲ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ‪- .‬ﺣﺻر ﺗﺑﺎﻳن اﻟﺗﻧﻘﻝ؛ ‪ -‬ﺣﺻرﻟﺗﻌب اﻟﻣواد‪ - .‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻌواﻣﻝ اﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟطرﻳق‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻬدف ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻳﻘﻠﻝ اﻟطﻠب اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻬﻳﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻠطرق‬

‫‪ -‬آﺛﺎر إﻳﺟﺎﺑﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠوك وﺣﻳﺎة اﻟﻣزﻳﺞ اﻷﺳﻔﻠﺗﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬أﺳﻠوﺑﺎﻟﺗﻌزﻳز ﻳﺣﻝ ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ إﻋﺎدة ﺗﺄﻫﻳﻝ وﺗطوﻳر اﻟطرق اﻟﺗﻲ ﻟم ﺗدرس ﺟﻳدا ‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗواﺟﻪ ﻋﺎرﺿﺔ ﺣرﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣرور اﻟﺛﻘﻳﻠﺔ اﻟوزن‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻲ ﻟم ﺗﻛن ﺗﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﻫﺎﻳﻪ اﻷﺣﺟﺎم اﻟﺟدﻳدة‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼــﺎﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺩﺨل‬ ‫‪1-8‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ – ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ‬ ‫‪2-8‬‬
‫‪247‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻤﻥ – ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤـل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴــﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻤﻥ‬
‫)‪(California Bearing Ratio-CBR Test‬‬
‫ﻤﺩﺨـل ) ‪(Introduction‬‬ ‫‪1-8‬‬

‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺭﻤﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻝﻠﻁﺭﻴـﻕ‬
‫)‪ (Base‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ )‪ (Sub-base‬ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻻﻴـﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ )‪ ،(California Division of highways‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻭل ﻤـﻥ ﺃﻁﻠـﻕ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺴﻨﺔ ‪.1929‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﻏﺭﺯ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )ﻤﻜﺒﺱ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺒﺴـﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﺤـﺩﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ )ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺎﻓﺔ(‬
‫)‪ (Load-Penetration relationship‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴـﺎ‬
‫)‪.(CBR‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻌ‪‬ﺭﻑ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ )‪ (CBR-value‬ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻤـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﻐﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ )ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺘﻪ ‪ 3‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ( ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺩﻤﻭﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﻐﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺠـﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺴـﺭﺓ‬

‫)‪ ،(Crushed stone‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻝﺯﻡ ﻹﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ‬

‫× ‪%100‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ =‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻹﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪ (Standard loads‬ﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻐـﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻓﻬـﻲ‬

‫ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1-8‬ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻭﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‬
‫ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻴﺼﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺩﻤﻜﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻔـﺱ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ )ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻝﻲ(‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻝﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜــﺎﻝﻲ)‪ (Optimum moisture content‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓــﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓــﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ)‪ (Maximum dry density‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﻗﻭﺍﻝـﺏ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻀـﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﻝﻔﺤـﺹ ﺍﻝـﺩﻤﻙ‬
‫)ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻁﺭﻕ ‪ AASHTO‬ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻁﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﻭ ﻝـ ‪ 6‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ‪ 7‬ﺍﻨﺵ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﻝﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ ﺒـﺩﻤﻙ‬

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‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2-8‬ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1-8‬ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ‬
‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭ‬
‫)ﺒﺎﻭﻨﺩ‪/‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ(‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻭﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺵ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل‬
‫‪11.50‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪6895‬‬ ‫)‪(1000‬‬ ‫)‪(3000‬‬ ‫‪13.24‬‬ ‫)‪(0.1‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬
‫‪17.60‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪10324‬‬ ‫)‪(1500‬‬ ‫)‪(4500‬‬ ‫‪19.96‬‬ ‫)‪(0.2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪22.20‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪26.30‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪30.30‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪33.50‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2-8‬ﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻨـــﻭﻉ ﺍﻝــﺩﻤــﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬ﻜﻐﻡ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(BS 1377- Test No. 12‬‬
‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬ﻜﻐﻡ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩ‪‬ل ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(BS 1377- Test No. 13‬‬
‫‪56‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪ 5.5‬ﺒﺎﻭﻨﺩ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(ASTM D-698) (AASHTO T-90‬‬
‫‪56‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10.0‬ﺒﺎﻭﻨﺩ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩ‪‬ل ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(ASTM D-1557) (AASHTO T-180‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻭﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻏﻤﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ )‪ (Soaking‬ﻝﻤﺩﺓ ‪ 96‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻭﺍﺼـﻔﺎﺕ )‪ (AASHTO‬ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺭﺸﺢ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻼﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ )‪ ،(Swelling‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻝﺏ )‪ (AASHTO‬ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﻭل )ﺍﻨﺵ( ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ‬

‫× ‪%100‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ =‬
‫‪ 4.584‬ﺍﻨﺵ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻏﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺨﻠﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﻜﺫﻝﻙ‪ ،‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻤﺤﻀ‪‬ﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺠﻬﺩ ﺩﻤﻙ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﻠﻭﻜﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ ،(2-8‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻋﺩﺩ )‪ (10‬ﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﻝﻜل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻷﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻝﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭ)‪ (30‬ﻀـﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻜـل‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭ)‪ (65‬ﻀﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻝﻜل ﻗﺎﻝﺏ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤـل‬
‫ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (1-8‬ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫‪70‬‬
‫‪65‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ )‪(%‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪10‬ت‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪1.8‬‬ ‫‪1.85‬‬ ‫‪1.9‬‬ ‫‪1.95‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2.05‬‬ ‫‪2.1‬‬ ‫‪2.15‬‬ ‫‪2.2‬‬ ‫‪2.25‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ )ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(٣‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ – (1-8‬ﻤﺜﺎل ﻝﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ‪:‬‬

‫)‪ (1‬ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻤل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (3-8‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪ /8/‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺫﻝﻙ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ ﺭﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻕ )‪ ،(Pavement thickness‬ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ‬
‫ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﻭﺭﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺜـﺎل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺴﻼﺡ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ)‪ (Corps of Engineers‬ﻝﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ ﺭﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴـﻕ )ﺸـﻜل ‪ ،(2-8‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺘﺒﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪./19/‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (3-8‬ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻤل‬
‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫)‪(AASHTO‬‬
‫)‪(USCS‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬
‫‪OH,CH,‬‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻀﻌﻴﻑ‬

‫‪A5, A6, A7‬‬ ‫‪3-0‬‬
‫‪MH,OL‬‬ ‫)‪(Subgrade‬‬ ‫ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻀﻌﻴﻑ‬
‫‪A4, A5, A6,‬‬ ‫‪OH,CH,‬‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺇﻝﻰ‬ ‫‪7-3‬‬
‫‪A7‬‬ ‫‪MH,OL‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺘﺩل‬
‫‪A2, A4, A6,‬‬

‫‪OH, CL,‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬
‫‪ML, SC, SM,‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺘﺩل‬ ‫‪20-7‬‬
‫‪A7‬‬
‫‪SP‬‬ ‫)‪(Sub-base‬‬
‫‪GM, GC,‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬

‫‪A-1-b, A-2-5,‬‬
‫‪SW, SM, SP,‬‬ ‫)‪(Base course‬‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺩ‬ ‫‪50-20‬‬
‫‪A3, A-2-6‬‬
‫‪GP‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬
‫‪A-1-a, A-2-4,‬‬
‫‪GW, GM‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯ‬ ‫<‪50‬‬
‫‪A4‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ )‪ (4-8‬ﻨﻭﺭﺩ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁـﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﻴﻐﻠﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺍﻝﻜﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﻁـﺭﻱ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻤﺘﻭﺴـﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺴﺎﻭﺓ )‪ (Soft to medium hard limestone‬ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴـﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﺴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (4-8‬ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ )‪(%‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬

‫‪ 8‬ﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ )‪(Subgrade‬‬
‫‪ 40‬ﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ )‪( Sub-base course‬‬
‫‪ 80‬ﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ )‪(Base course‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ - (2-8‬ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ ﺭﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺴﻼﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻓﺤـﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤـل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴـﺎ – ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ‬ ‫‪2-8‬‬

‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪:(Standard references‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS 1377‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM D – 1883‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪AASHTO T-193‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ‪ :‬ﺴﻴﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﻋﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ )‪:(Equipment‬‬

‫ﻗﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ )‪.(CBR moulds‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻗﺭﺹ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﻋﺩ )‪ (Spacer disc‬ﻗﻁﺭﻩ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﺭ ‪ 7‬ﺍﻨﺵ‪ ،‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻋﺩ ﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ‪ 2.416‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻬـﺎ ‪4.584‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﺵ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ )‪ (Rammer‬ﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺠﺩﻭل ‪.(2-8‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻗﻭﺍﺌﻡ )‪ (Tripod‬ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﺩﺭﺝ )‪ (Dial gauge‬ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻋـﺩﺓ ﻤﺨ ‪‬ﺭﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ )‪.(Perforated plate‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﺅﻝﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﻘﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺴـﻁ ﻤﺠﻤـﻭﻉ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪4.54‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﺜﻘﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪2.27‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻏﺭﺍﻤﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺡ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )‪ (Penetration piston‬ﻗﻁﺭﻩ ‪ 49.63‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘـﺭﹰﺍ‬

‫ﻭﻁﻭﻝﻪ ‪ 101.6‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل )ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ= ‪ 1935‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺒﻌﹰﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺥ‪ -‬ﻫﻴﻜل ﺘﺤﻤﻴل )‪ (Loading frame‬ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺘﻘل ﻋـﻥ ‪ 44.5‬ﻜﻴﻠـﻭ‬
‫ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻪ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤـﺔ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ 1.27‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻏﻤﺭ )‪ (Soaking tank‬ﻝﻪ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻜﺎﻑ ﻝﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﻨﺴـﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ 1‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻏﻤﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺫ‪ -‬ﻓﺭﻥ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ )‪.(Drying oven‬‬
‫ﺭ‪ -‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺴﻜﺎﻜﻴﻥ ﻭﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ )‪:(Procedure‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺤﻀﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺩل‬
‫ﻭﺘﺩﻤﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠـﺩﻭل )‪.(2-8‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ‪ 3/4‬ﺍﻨﺵ )‪20‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ( ﺘﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ‪ 3/4‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺒﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺨل ‪ 3/4‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻭﺘﺘﺒﻘـﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 4.75) 4‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻝﻲ )‪(Optimum moisture content‬‬
‫ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺇﺫﺍ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﹰﺎ( ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩل ﺤﺴـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ )‪ (CBR‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻗﺼـﻰ‬
‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺠﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (Maximum dry density‬ﻭﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻝﻲ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ‬

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‫ﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜـﺎﻝﻲ ﻭﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬

‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩل‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ‪CBR‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻝﻲ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺩﻤﻙ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜـﺎﻝﻲ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﻝﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤـل‬
‫ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ )‪ (CBR‬ﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺩﻤﻭﻜﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ‪ %90‬ﻤـﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﺩﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ ‪ 65 ،30 ،10‬ﻀـﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻜل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ‬
‫)‪ (CBR‬ﻝﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ )‪ (CBR‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻝﻠﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠـﺭﻱ ﻝﺭﺴـﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ ﺭﺴـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ )‪ (CBR‬ﻝﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﻀﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 30‬ﻀﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪10‬ﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ )‪ (CBR‬ﻝﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻋـﺩ ) ‪Spacer‬‬
‫‪ (disc‬ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘـﺭﺹ ﻭﺘـﺩﻤﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻓﻭﻕ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺭﻓـﻊ ﻏﻁـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ )‪ (Collar‬ﻭﺘﺴﻭﻴﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺤﻭﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝـﺏ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺩ )‪ ،(Straight edge‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤلﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻷﺤﺠﺎﺭ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺴﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺢ ﺒﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -6‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻙ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻋﺩ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -7‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻭﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺜﺒﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻼﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻘﺏ )ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﻭﺘﻨﺯل ﺒﺭﻓﻕ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻘل ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ‪ 10‬ﺒﺎﻭﻨﺩ )‪4.54‬ﻜﻐﻡ( ﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻝﻭ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺭﺼﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺩﻤﻙ ﻜل ﻗﺎﻝﺏ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻏﻤﺭﻩ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ‬
‫ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﺴﻔﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻝﻼﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻤﺩﺓ )‪ (96‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﹰﺎ )ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ﺍﻨﺵ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ(‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻝﻥ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻼﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ‬
‫ﻜﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-10‬ﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ ﻭﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﻤﺩﺓ )‪ (15‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻝﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪-11‬ﺘﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻭﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﻭﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-12‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻭﻗﻬﺎ ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻏﻤﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﻤﻨﻊ ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺒل ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪-13‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﺤﻤل ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ( ﻻ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ )‪ (44‬ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺼﻔﻴﺭ ﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‬

‫ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪-14‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل )ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ(‬
‫‪1.27‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺴﺠل ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )‪(0.64‬‬
‫)‪(10.16) (7.62) (5.08) (4.45) (3.81) (3.18) (1.29‬‬
‫)‪ (12.7‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪-15‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻨﺵ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ )‪: (Calculations‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻴ‪‬ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )‪ .(Load- Penetration curve‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻘﻌﺭﺓ ﻝﻸﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫)‪ (Correction‬ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﻝﻠﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻝﻴﻼﻗﻲ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )‪(2.5‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻭ )‪ (50‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺠﺩﻭل ‪ ،(1-8‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻷﻗل ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ )ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻻﻜﺒﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻻﻜﺒﺭ( ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻼﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤـﺹ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤـل‬

‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪ (1-8‬ﻤﺜﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪(1-8‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻝﺏ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(2‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝﺏ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬

‫ﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫)ﻤﻡ(‬
‫)ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل(‬ ‫)ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل(‬
‫‪0.00‬‬ ‫‪0.00‬‬ ‫‪0.00‬‬
‫‪97‬‬ ‫‪293‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪167‬‬ ‫‪452‬‬ ‫‪1.0‬‬
‫‪229‬‬ ‫‪552‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬
‫‪282‬‬ ‫‪651‬‬ ‫‪2.0‬‬
‫‪332‬‬ ‫‪737‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬
‫‪384‬‬ ‫‪813‬‬ ‫‪3.0‬‬
‫‪437‬‬ ‫‪883‬‬ ‫‪4.0‬‬
‫‪531‬‬ ‫‪1020‬‬ ‫‪5.0‬‬
‫‪600‬‬ ‫‪1140‬‬ ‫‪6.0‬‬
‫‪731‬‬ ‫‪1260‬‬ ‫‪7.5‬‬
‫‪804‬‬ ‫‪1450‬‬ ‫‪9.0‬‬
‫‪860‬‬ ‫‪1541‬‬ ‫‪10.0‬‬
‫‪974‬‬ ‫‪1863‬‬ ‫‪12.5‬‬
‫‪(%) 21.5‬‬ ‫‪14.9‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬

‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫‪2.00‬‬ ‫‪1.992‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺒﺔ‬
‫‪) 1.647‬ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫‪1.734‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪1800‬‬
‫‪1600‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل )ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل(‬
‫‪1400‬‬
‫‪1200‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪800‬‬
‫‪600‬‬
‫‪400‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10 11 12 13 14‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )ﻤﻡ(‬
‫ ) ‪(١‬‬ ‫ ) ‪(٢‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (3-8‬ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪(1-8‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‬

‫ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪5.0‬‬ ‫ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪2.5‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﻤﻠﻡ=‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻡ=‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ 5.0‬ﻤﻠﻡ ÷ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺩﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ 2.5‬ﻤﻠﻡ ÷ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬
‫‪5.0‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ‬
‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ 5.0‬ﻤﻠﻡ )‪ 10324‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل‪-‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ 2.5‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ 6895‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ‪% 100 x (1-8‬‬

‫ﻤﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻡ‬
‫– ﺠﺩﻭل ‪%100 x (1-8‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪1020‬‬ ‫‪737‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪531‬‬ ‫‪332‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺘﹸﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ = ‪ 11‬ﻝﻠﻘﺎﻝﺏ )‪ (1‬ﻭ = ‪ 5‬ﻝﻠﻘﺎﻝﺏ )‪.(2‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻤﺱ – ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
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‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺨـﻼل‬

‫ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺘﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺨـﺭﻭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬ ‫‪2-5‬‬

‫)‪(One-Dimensional Consolidation Theory‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻭﻓﻴﺴﻭﺭ ﻜﺎﺭل ﺘﺭﺯﺍﺠﻲ )‪ (K.Terzaghi‬ﺃﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻫﻭ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻁﻭﻴـل ﺍﻷﻤـﺩ )‪ (Long-term consolidation‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﻬﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻤﺎﻨﻴـﺔ )‪ (Erdbaumechanik‬ﺃﻱ ﻫﻨﺩﺴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺼﺩﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ .1925‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺘﺭﺯﺍﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺠـﺎل‪ ،‬ﻭﻜـﺎﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻬـﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻭﻓﻴﺴـﻭﺭ ﻨﻴﻜـﻭﻻﻱ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭﺴﻴﻔﺎﻨﻭﻑ )‪ (N. Gersevanov‬ﺒﺄﺒﺤﺎﺜﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ ‪،1948-1931‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺭﻭﻓﻴﺴﻭﺭ ﻓﻼﺩﻴﻤﻴﺭ ﻓﻠﻭﺭﻴﻥ )‪ (V.Florin‬ﺒﺄﺒﺤﺎﺜﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸـﻭﺭﺓ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻋـﺎﻤﻲ‬
‫‪.1961-1937‬‬
‫ل ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺘﺭﺯﺍﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺤﺜﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺨ َ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻭﺩﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ )‪ ،(Oedometer‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤـﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴـﺔ )‪(Oidem‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ )‪.(Swelling‬‬
‫ﻭﺴﻨﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺒﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺽ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻨﺨﺭﺝ ﻋﻥ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ 1-2-5‬ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ )‪ (Solid particles‬ﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠـﺩ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ )‪ (Voids‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻤﻠﻭﺀﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺎﺯ )ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻏﺎﻝﺒـﺎ(ً‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﺯﻴﺞ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻹﺠﻬـﺎﺩ ﻀـﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻴﻨﻘﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺠﻌﹰﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ )‪،(Compression of solid particles‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ) ‪Compression of water in‬‬
‫‪،(voids‬‬
‫ﺕ‪" .‬ﻓﺭﺍﺭ" ﺃﻭ ﺇﻓﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ )‪.(Escape of water from voids‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﻭل )ﺃ( ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻀﺌﻴل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻤـﺎل‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﻴ‪‬ﻬﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴ‪‬ﻬﻤل ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻝﺜـﺎﻨﻲ )ﺏ( ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻻ ﻴﻜﺎﺩ ﻴ‪‬ﺫﻜﺭ‪ .‬ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ )ﺕ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻀـﻲ ﺒـﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻜﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹﻓﻼﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﺍﻏـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ )‪ (Volume change‬ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨـﻪ ﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺒﺒﻁﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ )‪ (Settlement‬ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﻭﻗﺘﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺼل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻋﻰ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻁﻭﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺩ‪‬ﻱ )‪.(Ultimate settlement‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻨﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻤـﻭﺫﺝ ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺩﻴـل"‬
‫ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺩﻤﻪ ﺘﺭﺯﺍﺠﻲ ﻭﺯﻤﻴﻠﻪ ﺭﺍﻝﻑ ﺒﻴﻙ )‪ (R. Peck‬ﺴـﻨﺔ ‪،1948‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺘﺎﻴﻠﻭﺭ )‪./7/ (D. Taylor‬‬

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‫‪ 2-2-5‬ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺎﺒﺽ )ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ(‬

‫)‪(Spring and Piston Analogy‬‬
‫ﻝﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (1-5‬ﻝـﻪ ﻤﻜـﺒﺱ ﻋـﺩﻴﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ )‪ (Frictionless piston‬ﻭﺫﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺴـﺎﺤﺔ ﺴـﻁﺤﻪ )‪(A‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻨﻪ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ )‪.(Valve‬‬
‫ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﻤﻠﻭﺀﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ )ﺸﻜل ‪1-5‬ﺃ(‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺤﺎﻝـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﹰﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻱ ﺤﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜـﺒﺱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ ﻤﻌﺭﻀﹰﺎ ﻷﻱ ﻀﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﺯﻥ )‪ 200‬ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ( ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ )ﺸﻜل ‪1-5‬ﺏ(‪ .‬ﻴﺒﻘـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻝﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ‪ ،‬ﻝﺫﺍ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺤـﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺴﻔل ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺴﻔل ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻲ )‪ (Hydrostatic pressure‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫‪) A÷200‬ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﻤﺭﺒﻊ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻝﺤﻅﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪‬ﻴﺤﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ )‪ (t = 0‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻗﻴﺕ‪.‬ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺒﺒﻁﺀ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺼﻐﺭ ﻓﺘﺤـﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺒﺎﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺒﺒﻁﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺴﻔل ﻤﺴﺒﺒﹰﺎ ﺤﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ ﻭﺃﻗل ﻤﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ )ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ‪1-5‬ﺩ‪ ،‬ﺯ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻴﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼـﻭﻯ )ﺸـﻜل ‪ 1-5‬ﺯ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻝﻜل ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻼﺸـﻰ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ ) ‪Excess‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺎﻤ ﹰ‬

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‫‪ ،(pressure in water‬ﻭﻴﺤﺼل ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻭﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ )ﺸﻜل ‪1-5‬ﺯ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘـﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﻤﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻝﺸـﻜل )‪ ،(1-5‬ﺇﻀـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺼل ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫‪ ،%100‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 3-2-5‬ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪(Basic assumptions‬‬

‫ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﻫﻴﻜل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (Soil skeleton‬ﻴﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻭﺭ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻝﻪ‬
‫ﺘﺸﻭﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﻓﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻓﻘﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺘﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻝﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ )‪.(Darcy’s law‬‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(1-5‬ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ 4-2-5‬ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﻤـﺎل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤـﻲ ) ‪Coefficient of‬‬
‫‪ (volume compressibility‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻪ )‪ ،(mv‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻫﺒﻭﻁﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻭﺭﺒﻁ ﺫﻝـﻙ‬
‫ـﺎﻏﻁ ) ‪Coefficient of‬‬
‫ـل ﺍﻝﺘﻀـ‬
‫ـﻼل ﻤﻌﺎﻤـ‬
‫ـﻥ ﺨـ‬
‫ـﺯﻤﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤـ‬
‫ـل ﺍﻝـ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺎﻤـ‬
‫‪ (consolidation‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻪ )‪ ،(Cv‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋـﻥ ﺴـﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫)‪ ،(Rate of consolidation‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻭﺼﻭل‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ )‪.(Final settlement‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻓـﺔ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺘﻬـﺎ‬
‫)‪.(Permeability‬‬
‫‪ 3-5‬ﻓﺤـﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻀــﺎﻏـﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤـﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘـﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫) ‪(One-Dimensional Consolidation Test of Soil‬‬

‫‪- BS 1377‬‬
‫‪- ASTM D-2435‬‬
‫‪- AASHTO T-216.‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‪ :‬ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﺭﻏـﻡ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﺹ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻤﺭﺘﻜﺯﹰﺍ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼـﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ ،(BS 1377‬ﻭﻴﺸﻤل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻨﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪./7/‬‬

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‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ )‪ -(Oedometer‬ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ ،(Consolidation cell‬ﻭﺃﻫﻡ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺌﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (Ring‬ﻭﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (50‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (75‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻬـﺎ )‪(20‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ )‪.(Cell body‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﻤ‪‬ﻨﻔ‪‬ﺫﺓ )‪ (Porous discs‬ﻋﺩﺩ )‪.(2‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﺭﺹ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل )‪ (Loading yoke‬ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ )‪ (Beam‬ﻴﻨﻘل ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﺤﻤﺎل )ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ( )‪.(Weights‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (2-5‬ﺃﻫﻡ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺴﻜﺎﻜﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪.(Trimming Knives‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺘﻭﻗﻴﺕ )‪.(Watch glass‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ )‪.(Balance‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )ﺍﻝﻘﻁﺭ ‪ D‬ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ‪ (H‬ﻭﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﻭﺯﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺔ )‪.(mR‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ -‬ﻭﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤـﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ )‪ ،(Tube sampler‬ﺃﻭ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﺄﺨﻭﺫﺓ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺤ‪‬ﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ )‪) (Block sample‬ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل ‪ ،(2-1‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻌﺠﻭﻨﺔ‬

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‫)ﻤ‪‬ﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻜﻴل ‪ .(Remoulded sample‬ﻭﻝﻜـﻥ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻝﺒـﹰﺎ ﻤـﺎ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ )‪ (Undisturbed sample‬ﻭﻤﻤﺜﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺴﻭﻴﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻬﺎ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺯﺯ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻨﻅـﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻜﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻐﺭﺯ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﺁﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘـﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻐﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺒـﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺜﻡ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﻭ‪‬ﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺤﻭﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ ﻝﺤﺴـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ )‪،Wo (Initial moisture content‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻬﺎ ‪ -Gs‬ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﺭﺽ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﻴ‪‬ﺸﺎﺭ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪.-‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺌﻪ ﻭﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘـﺔ )‪ (m = m1-mR‬ﺤﻴـﺙ‪– m1‬ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ‪ - mR ،‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻭﻀـﻊ ﻗـﺭﺹ ﻤﻨﻔـﺫ ﺩﺍﺨـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﻭﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﻗﺭﺹ ﻤﻨﻔﺫ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻐﻁﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل –ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪2-5‬ﺃ(‪.-‬‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(2-5‬ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ‬

‫)ﺃ( ﺭﺴﻡ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ ﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ )ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ( ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪) ،‬ﺏ(ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -7‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -8‬ﻴ‪‬ﺼﺤﺢ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻝﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻀـﺒﻁ‬
‫)‪ (Beam‬ﻝﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺒﺭﻏﻲ )‪ (Screw‬ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﻭﻩ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ )ﺼﻔﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫‪-10‬ﺘﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل‬
‫ﻋﻠىﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ )‪ (Initial pressure‬ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (γH‬ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ - γ‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ -H ،‬ﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻝﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‪ :‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﹰ ﻝﻜل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻹﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‪.‬‬
‫‪-11‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤلﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻝﻪ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﻓﺔ )‪ ،(Room temperature‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻔﺫ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻝﻠﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﻤﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -12‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻏﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻠﺤﻅﺔ‬
‫ﺘﹸﺸﻐل ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻗﻴﺕ‪ .‬ﻴ‪‬ﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻗﺩ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻏﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺒﺩﺃ‪.‬‬

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‫‪-13‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻭﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺤـﺹ‬

‫ﻼ ﺒﻌـﺩ‪،15 ،10 ،6‬‬
‫)ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ‪1-5‬ﺃ(‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ )ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪30‬ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ 30 ،15 ،8 ،4 ،2 ،1 ،‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪24 ،8 ،4 ،2 ،1 ،‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺅﺨـﺫ ﺒﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ‪،‬ﻷﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ )ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ( ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴـﺭﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‪ :‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺒﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻁﺎﻝﻤﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺭﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺇﻻ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﺹ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺘـﺎﻝﻲ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﻤـﺭﻭﺭ‬
‫)‪ (24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻋل ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -14‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻏﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻏﻲ ﻝﻴﻼﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻀـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ )‪ ،(13-12‬ﻭﻫﻜـﺫﺍ ﻝﻜـل‬
‫ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل )‪ (Loading stage‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺤﻤل )ﺃﻭ ﺇﺠﻬـﺎﺩ( ﻤﻁﻠـﻭﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺃﺨﺫﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪ ،‬ﻤﻀـﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺇﻝﻴـﻪ ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻭﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ ،(γH‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻴﻁﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-15‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒـﹰﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺴـﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺃﺜﻨـﺎﺀ ﺭﻓـﻊ ﺍﻷﺤﻤـﺎل‬
‫)‪ ،(Unloading‬ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﻨﺯﻴل ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻜﺴـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪-16‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﻗﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻭﻓﻙ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺇﺨـﺭﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ( ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺘﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻝـﻴﻜﻥ‬
‫)‪.(mp = m2 - mR‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ )‪ ،(m2‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫‪-17‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺜﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝـﻭﺯﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ )‪ ،(m3‬ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫)‪.(ms = m3 - mR‬‬
‫‪-18‬ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪m − ms‬‬
‫= ‪Wo‬‬
‫‪ms‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ "ﺘﺸﻴﻴﻙ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ‪.(3‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ )‪ (Final moisture content‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻓﻬﻭ‪:‬‬
‫‪mf − ms‬‬
‫= ‪Wf‬‬
‫‪ms‬‬
‫‪-19‬ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺴﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﻪ ﻻﺤﻘﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻔﺼﻴل‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ )‪:(Calculations‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺌـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪:(Area of specimen‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪A = π D ÷ 4 (mm²‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪:(Initial volume of specimen‬‬
‫‪AH o‬‬
‫= ‪Vo‬‬ ‫)‪(cm²‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﻑ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل ﺒﺎﺴﻡ )ﺹ ‪((210-209‬‬

___________________________________________________________________
:(Moisture content) ‫ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬-

m − ms
Wo =
ms
: (Density) ‫ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬-
ρ = m÷Vo (g/cm³)
:(Dry Density) ‫ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬-
100
ρd = ρ (g/cm³)
100 + Wo
:(Voids ratio) ‫ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬-
Gs
eo = −1
ρd
:(Degree of saturation) ‫ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‬-

Wo G s
So =
eo
:(Voids ratio change factor) ‫ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬-
1 + eo
F= (mm-1)
Ho
:‫ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‬.‫ﺏ‬
mf − ms
Wf =
ms
:(Height of specimen) ‫ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬-
Wf = Ho- (∆H)f (mm)
211 ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ – (∆H)f‬ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺸﻭﻩ )ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ( ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﻝﻠﺴـﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪:(Density‬‬
‫‪mf‬‬
‫= ‪ρf‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬ ‫)‪(g/cm³‬‬
‫‪AH f‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ )‪:(Dry density‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪ρ df = ρ f‬‬ ‫)‪(g/cm³‬‬
‫‪100 + Wf‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ )‪:(Voids ratio‬‬
‫‪Gs‬‬
‫= ‪eo‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪ρ df‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ )‪:(Degree of saturation‬‬
‫‪Wf G s‬‬
‫= ‪Sf‬‬
‫‪ef‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ)ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻤﻲ()‪:(Voids ratio after an increment‬‬
‫‪∆e = F. ∆H‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل )‪:(Voids ratio after an increment‬‬
‫‪e1 = eo - ∆e‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬
‫)‪(Voids ratio change during an increment‬‬
‫‪δe = e1 - e2‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻝﺤﻤل ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‬

‫)‪(Coefficient of volume compressibility‬‬
‫‪δ e 1000‬‬
‫= ‪mv‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪δ p 1 + e1‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻌﻴﻥ )‪(Coefficient of consolidation‬‬
‫‪0.026( H ) 2‬‬
‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫)ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ‪/‬ﺍﻝﺴﻨﺔ( )‪(m²/year‬‬
‫‪t 50‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪0.112( H ) 2‬‬
‫‪t 90‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫‪H1 + H 2‬‬
‫=‪H‬‬ ‫)‪(mm‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺤﻤل ﻤﻌﻴﻥ )‪(Coefficient of compressibility‬‬
‫)ﻤﺘﺭ‪/‬ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ( )‪K = C v m v × 0.31 × 10-9 (m/s‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻝﻠﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﺠـﺭﻱ ﺃﺜﻨـﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1-5‬ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (3-5‬ﻤﺜﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻭﻝﻭﻏـﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻹﺠﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫)‪ (e-log P curve‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪.(1-5‬‬
‫)‪ (5‬ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ‬

‫)‪:(Analysis of settlement- time curves‬‬
‫ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻗـﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ )ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ( ﻭﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻭﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ )‪ ،(Cv‬ﻭﻜـﺫﻝﻙ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (Degree of consolidation‬ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤـل ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺤﻤﻴـل‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﺒﺩﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻤﻲ ) ‪Pore-water‬‬
‫‪.(pressure‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺘﺴـﺘﻌﻤل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘـﺎﻥ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺘـﺎﻥ ) ‪Empirical‬‬
‫‪ (methods‬ﻫﻤﺎ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺯﻤﻥ )‪ (Square root -time‬ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ )‪ ،(Log time‬ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺇﺤﺩﺍﻫﻤﺎ ﻴﻔﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺭﺽ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ – (1-5‬ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻝﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪( e - log P‬‬

‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬
‫‪÷ t50‬‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬

‫})‪÷ (1+ e1‬‬
‫‪ H= H1+ H2÷ 2‬‬
‫÷) ‪Cv = (0.026 × H2‬‬
‫)‪δe ÷δ p‬‬
‫)‪(F= 0.0807‬‬
‫) ‪(eo= 0.622‬‬
‫‪∆e = F. ∆H‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ )‪(∆H‬‬
‫)ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ‪ /‬ﻡ‪(2‬‬
‫) ﻡ‪/2‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ(‬
‫‪e1= eo - ∆e‬‬
‫‪∆H‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ )‪(P‬‬
‫)ﻡ‪/2‬ﺍﻝﺴﻨﺔ(‬
‫)‪(1+ e1‬‬
‫∆‪H=Ho-‬‬
‫‪ H)2‬‬
‫)ﻤﻡ(‬
‫)ﻤﻡ(‬
‫)ﻤﻡ(‬
‫‪δp‬‬
‫‪t50‬‬
‫)ﻤﻡ(‬
‫‪δe‬‬
‫÷‪{(1000‬‬
‫‪mv=(δ‬‬
‫‪(‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪0.804‬‬ ‫‪0.106‬‬
‫‪402‬‬ ‫‪20.05‬‬ ‫‪19.99‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪1.107‬‬ ‫‪1.613‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪0.0086‬‬ ‫‪0.613‬‬ ‫‪0.0086‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1.63‬‬ ‫‪0.360‬‬
‫‪395‬‬ ‫‪19.87‬‬ ‫‪19.74‬‬ ‫‪6.3‬‬ ‫‪0.251‬‬ ‫‪1.593‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪0.020‬‬ ‫‪0.591‬‬ ‫‪0.0291‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪0.432‬‬ ‫‪0.762‬‬
‫‪382‬‬ ‫‪19.54‬‬ ‫‪19.34‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪0.205‬‬ ‫‪1.561‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪0.032‬‬ ‫‪0.561‬‬ ‫‪0.0615‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪0.498‬‬ ‫‪1.269‬‬
‫‪364‬‬ ‫‪18.83‬‬ ‫‪18.83‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪0.135‬‬ ‫‪1.520‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪0.041‬‬ ‫‪0.520‬‬ ‫‪0.1024‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪200-‬‬ ‫‪0.012-‬‬ ‫‪0.532‬‬ ‫‪0.0902‬‬ ‫‪1.118‬‬
‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪150-‬‬ ‫‪0.032-‬‬ ‫‪0.562‬‬ ‫‪0.0598‬‬ ‫‪0.741‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪0.63‬‬
‫‪0.62‬‬
‫‪0.61‬‬
‫‪0.6‬‬
‫‪0.59‬‬
‫‪0.58‬‬
‫‪0.57‬‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫‪0.56‬‬
‫ ا‬
‫‪0.55‬‬
‫‪0.54‬‬ ‫ ر ال‬
‫‪0.53‬‬
‫‪0.52‬‬
‫‪0.51‬‬
‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬
‫)آ

‪ /‬م‪P (٢‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪(3-5‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺯﻤﻥ )‪: (Square root –time method‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻭﺘﻨﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﺒﺭﻭﻓﻴﺴﻭﺭ ﺘﺎﻴﻠﻭﺭ )‪ (Taylor‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ‬

‫ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ .1942‬ﻭﺘﺘﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺯﻤﻥ )‪ (√ t‬ﻭﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻜل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل )ﺸﻜل ‪.(4-5‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴ‪‬ﺭﺴﻡ ﺨﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻴﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ )‪،(BQ‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﻤﻤﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺃﺴﻲ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (Q‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫـﺎ ﻨﻘﻁـﺔ ﺍﻝﺼـﻔﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺼـﺤﺤﺔ‬
‫)‪.(Corrected Zero point‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴ‪‬ﺭﺴﻡ ﺨﻁ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺯ ﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ )‪ (√ t‬ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻼ ﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺼﻔﺭ )‪=U‬ﺼﻔﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﻤﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ) ‪ ( q‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﻌـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ (1.15‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ) ‪.(r‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ )‪ (r‬ﻭ )‪ (Q‬ﻭﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (C‬ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﻘﻁـﻊ‬
‫ﻼ ﻝﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‪ .‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨـﻁ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻲ ﻤـﻥ )‪ (C‬ﻤﻤـﺜ ﹰ‬
‫)‪.(%90=U‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ) ‪ ،(%100=U‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫)‪ (d0‬ﻭ)‪ (d90‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺴﻌﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻀـﺎﻑ ﻗﺴـﻡ ﺒـﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (%100=U‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ )‪.(U‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (Cv‬ﺒﺈﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻴﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪0.112( H ) 2‬‬
‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫‪, t 90 = ( t 90 ) 2‬‬
‫‪t 90‬‬
‫‪0.026( H ) 2‬‬
‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ‪, t 50 = ( t 50 ) 2‬‬
‫‪t 50‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(4-5‬ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺯﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ )‪ – (H‬ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ‪.(1-5‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ )‪:(Log –time method‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﻨﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻭﻓﻴﺴﻭﺭ ﻜﺎﺯﺍﻏﺭﺍﻨﺩ )‪ (Casagrande‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻷﻭل ﻤﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺘﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻏـﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ)‪(Log scale‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻜل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل )ﺸﻜل‪.(5-5‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻀﻌﺎﻑ )ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﻁ ‪ a‬ﻭ‪ b‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨـﻰ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺅﺨـﺫ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ (a d) a‬ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﻠﻊ )‪ (a c‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻠـﺙ‬
‫)‪ (a b c‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨـﻁ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻤﻥ )‪ (d‬ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻝﻤﺤـﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻼ ﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ = U‬ﺼﻔﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (Log t‬ﻤﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ) ‪ (%100 =U‬ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺠـﺯﺀ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻋــﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫)‪ ،(%75 =U‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺭﺴﻡ ﺨﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻤﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﺠـﺯﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ‪ ،(AB‬ﻭﻴﺭﺴﻡ ﺨﻁ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻝﻠﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ‪ ،(DF‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻘﻁـﺔ ﺘﻘـﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺴـﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ )‪=U‬‬
‫‪.(%100‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ ،(U‬ﻭﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (do‬ﻭ )‪ (d100‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (C v‬ﺒﺈﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻴﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪0.112( H ) 2‬‬ ‫‪0.026( H ) 2‬‬
‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫= ‪, Cv‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪t 90‬‬ ‫‪t 50‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜﻠﻴﻥ )‪ (6-5‬ﻭ )‪ (7-5‬ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﺫﺍﻥ ﻴﻤﺜﻼﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤـﺹ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻠﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪ ،(1-5‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﻝﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤـل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴــﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺩﺨـل ) ‪(Introduction‬‬ ‫‪1-8‬‬

‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺭﻤﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻝﻠﻁﺭﻴـﻕ‬
‫)‪ (Base‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ )‪ (Sub-base‬ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻻﻴـﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ )‪ ،(California Division of highways‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻭل ﻤـﻥ ﺃﻁﻠـﻕ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺴﻨﺔ ‪.1929‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﻏﺭﺯ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )ﻤﻜﺒﺱ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺒﺴـﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﺤـﺩﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ )ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺎﻓﺔ(‬
‫)‪ (Load-Penetration relationship‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴـﺎ‬
‫)‪.(CBR‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻌ‪‬ﺭﻑ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ )‪ (CBR-value‬ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻤـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﻐﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ )ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺘﻪ ‪ 3‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ( ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺩﻤﻭﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﻐﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺠـﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺴـﺭﺓ‬

‫)‪ ،(Crushed stone‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻝﺯﻡ ﻹﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ‬

‫× ‪%100‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ =‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻹﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪ (Standard loads‬ﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻐـﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻓﻬـﻲ‬

‫ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1-8‬ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻤﻭﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‬
‫ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻴﺼﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺩﻤﻜﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻔـﺱ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ )ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻝﻲ(‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻝﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜــﺎﻝﻲ)‪ (Optimum moisture content‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓــﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓــﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ)‪ (Maximum dry density‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﻗﻭﺍﻝـﺏ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻀـﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﻝﻔﺤـﺹ ﺍﻝـﺩﻤﻙ‬
‫)ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻁﺭﻕ ‪ AASHTO‬ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻁﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﻭ ﻝـ ‪ 6‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ‪ 7‬ﺍﻨﺵ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﻝﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ ﺒـﺩﻤﻙ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2-8‬ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1-8‬ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ‬
‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭ‬
‫)ﺒﺎﻭﻨﺩ‪/‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ(‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻭﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺵ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل‬
‫‪11.50‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪6895‬‬ ‫)‪(1000‬‬ ‫)‪(3000‬‬ ‫‪13.24‬‬ ‫)‪(0.1‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬
‫‪17.60‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪10324‬‬ ‫)‪(1500‬‬ ‫)‪(4500‬‬ ‫‪19.96‬‬ ‫)‪(0.2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪22.20‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪26.30‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪30.30‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪33.50‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2-8‬ﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻨـــﻭﻉ ﺍﻝــﺩﻤــﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬ﻜﻐﻡ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(BS 1377- Test No. 12‬‬
‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬ﻜﻐﻡ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩ‪‬ل ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(BS 1377- Test No. 13‬‬
‫‪56‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪ 5.5‬ﺒﺎﻭﻨﺩ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(ASTM D-698) (AASHTO T-90‬‬
‫‪56‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10.0‬ﺒﺎﻭﻨﺩ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩ‪‬ل ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(ASTM D-1557) (AASHTO T-180‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻭﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻏﻤﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ )‪ (Soaking‬ﻝﻤﺩﺓ ‪ 96‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻭﺍﺼـﻔﺎﺕ )‪ (AASHTO‬ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺭﺸﺢ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻼﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ )‪ ،(Swelling‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻝﺏ )‪ (AASHTO‬ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﻭل )ﺍﻨﺵ( ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ‬

‫× ‪%100‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ =‬
‫‪ 4.584‬ﺍﻨﺵ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻏﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺨﻠﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﻜﺫﻝﻙ‪ ،‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻤﺤﻀ‪‬ﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺠﻬﺩ ﺩﻤﻙ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﻠﻭﻜﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ ،(2-8‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻋﺩﺩ )‪ (10‬ﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﻝﻜل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻷﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻝﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭ)‪ (30‬ﻀـﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻜـل‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭ)‪ (65‬ﻀﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻝﻜل ﻗﺎﻝﺏ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤـل‬
‫ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (1-8‬ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫‪70‬‬
‫‪65‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ )‪(%‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪10‬ت‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪1.8‬‬ ‫‪1.85‬‬ ‫‪1.9‬‬ ‫‪1.95‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2.05‬‬ ‫‪2.1‬‬ ‫‪2.15‬‬ ‫‪2.2‬‬ ‫‪2.25‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ )ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(٣‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ – (1-8‬ﻤﺜﺎل ﻝﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ‪:‬‬

‫)‪ (1‬ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻤل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (3-8‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪ /8/‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺫﻝﻙ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ ﺭﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻕ )‪ ،(Pavement thickness‬ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ‬
‫ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﻭﺭﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺜـﺎل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺴﻼﺡ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ)‪ (Corps of Engineers‬ﻝﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ ﺭﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴـﻕ )ﺸـﻜل ‪ ،(2-8‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺘﺒﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪./19/‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (3-8‬ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻤل‬
‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫)‪(AASHTO‬‬
‫)‪(USCS‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬
‫‪OH,CH,‬‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻀﻌﻴﻑ‬

‫‪A5, A6, A7‬‬ ‫‪3-0‬‬
‫‪MH,OL‬‬ ‫)‪(Subgrade‬‬ ‫ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻀﻌﻴﻑ‬
‫‪A4, A5, A6,‬‬ ‫‪OH,CH,‬‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺇﻝﻰ‬ ‫‪7-3‬‬
‫‪A7‬‬ ‫‪MH,OL‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺘﺩل‬
‫‪A2, A4, A6,‬‬

‫‪OH, CL,‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬
‫‪ML, SC, SM,‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺘﺩل‬ ‫‪20-7‬‬
‫‪A7‬‬
‫‪SP‬‬ ‫)‪(Sub-base‬‬
‫‪GM, GC,‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬

‫‪A-1-b, A-2-5,‬‬
‫‪SW, SM, SP,‬‬ ‫)‪(Base course‬‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺩ‬ ‫‪50-20‬‬
‫‪A3, A-2-6‬‬
‫‪GP‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬
‫‪A-1-a, A-2-4,‬‬
‫‪GW, GM‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯ‬ ‫<‪50‬‬
‫‪A4‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ )‪ (4-8‬ﻨﻭﺭﺩ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁـﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﻴﻐﻠﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺍﻝﻜﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﻁـﺭﻱ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻤﺘﻭﺴـﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺴﺎﻭﺓ )‪ (Soft to medium hard limestone‬ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴـﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﺴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (4-8‬ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ )‪(%‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬

‫‪ 8‬ﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ )‪(Subgrade‬‬
‫‪ 40‬ﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ )‪( Sub-base course‬‬
‫‪ 80‬ﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ )‪(Base course‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ - (2-8‬ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ ﺭﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺴﻼﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻓﺤـﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤـل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴـﺎ – ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ‬ ‫‪2-8‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS 1377‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM D – 1883‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪AASHTO T-193‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ‪ :‬ﺴﻴﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﻋﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ )‪.(CBR moulds‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻗﺭﺹ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﻋﺩ )‪ (Spacer disc‬ﻗﻁﺭﻩ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﺭ ‪ 7‬ﺍﻨﺵ‪ ،‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻋﺩ ﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ‪ 2.416‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻬـﺎ ‪4.584‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﺵ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﻤﻁﺭﻗﺔ )‪ (Rammer‬ﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺠﺩﻭل ‪.(2-8‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻗﻭﺍﺌﻡ )‪ (Tripod‬ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﺩﺭﺝ )‪ (Dial gauge‬ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻋـﺩﺓ ﻤﺨ ‪‬ﺭﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ )‪.(Perforated plate‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﺅﻝﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﻘﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺴـﻁ ﻤﺠﻤـﻭﻉ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪4.54‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﺜﻘﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪2.27‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻏﺭﺍﻤﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺡ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )‪ (Penetration piston‬ﻗﻁﺭﻩ ‪ 49.63‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘـﺭﹰﺍ‬

‫ﻭﻁﻭﻝﻪ ‪ 101.6‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل )ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ= ‪ 1935‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺒﻌﹰﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺥ‪ -‬ﻫﻴﻜل ﺘﺤﻤﻴل )‪ (Loading frame‬ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺘﻘل ﻋـﻥ ‪ 44.5‬ﻜﻴﻠـﻭ‬
‫ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻪ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤـﺔ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ 1.27‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻏﻤﺭ )‪ (Soaking tank‬ﻝﻪ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻜﺎﻑ ﻝﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﻨﺴـﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ 1‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻝﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻏﻤﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺫ‪ -‬ﻓﺭﻥ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ )‪.(Drying oven‬‬
‫ﺭ‪ -‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺴﻜﺎﻜﻴﻥ ﻭﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺤﻀﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺩل‬
‫ﻭﺘﺩﻤﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠـﺩﻭل )‪.(2-8‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ‪ 3/4‬ﺍﻨﺵ )‪20‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ( ﺘﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨل ‪ 3/4‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺒﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺨل ‪ 3/4‬ﺍﻨﺵ ﻭﺘﺘﺒﻘـﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺨل ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 4.75) 4‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻝﻲ )‪(Optimum moisture content‬‬
‫ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺇﺫﺍ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﹰﺎ( ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩل ﺤﺴـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ )‪ (CBR‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻗﺼـﻰ‬
‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺠﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (Maximum dry density‬ﻭﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻝﻲ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ‬

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‫ﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜـﺎﻝﻲ ﻭﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬

‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩل‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ‪CBR‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻝﻲ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺩﻤﻙ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺜـﺎﻝﻲ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﻝﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤـل‬
‫ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ )‪ (CBR‬ﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺩﻤﻭﻜﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ‪ %90‬ﻤـﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﺩﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ ‪ 65 ،30 ،10‬ﻀـﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻜل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ‬
‫)‪ (CBR‬ﻝﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ )‪ (CBR‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻝﻠﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠـﺭﻱ ﻝﺭﺴـﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ ﺭﺴـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ )‪ (CBR‬ﻝﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﻀﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 30‬ﻀﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪10‬ﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ )‪ (CBR‬ﻝﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻋـﺩ ) ‪Spacer‬‬
‫‪ (disc‬ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘـﺭﺹ ﻭﺘـﺩﻤﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻓﻭﻕ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺭﻓـﻊ ﻏﻁـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ )‪ (Collar‬ﻭﺘﺴﻭﻴﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺤﻭﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝـﺏ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺩ )‪ ،(Straight edge‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤلﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻷﺤﺠﺎﺭ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺴﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺢ ﺒﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -6‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻙ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻋﺩ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -7‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻭﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺜﺒﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻼﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻘﺏ )ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﻭﺘﻨﺯل ﺒﺭﻓﻕ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻘل ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ‪ 10‬ﺒﺎﻭﻨﺩ )‪4.54‬ﻜﻐﻡ( ﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻝﻭ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺭﺼﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺩﻤﻙ ﻜل ﻗﺎﻝﺏ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻏﻤﺭﻩ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ‬
‫ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﺴﻔﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻝﻼﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻤﺩﺓ )‪ (96‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﹰﺎ )ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ﺍﻨﺵ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ(‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺸﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻝﻥ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻼﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ‬
‫ﻜﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-10‬ﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ ﻭﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﻤﺩﺓ )‪ (15‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻝﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪-11‬ﺘﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻭﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ ﻭﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-12‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻭﻗﻬﺎ ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻏﻤﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﻤﻨﻊ ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺒل ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪-13‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﺤﻤل ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ( ﻻ‬

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‫ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ )‪ (44‬ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺼﻔﻴﺭ ﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‬

‫ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪-14‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل )ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ(‬
‫‪1.27‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺴﺠل ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )‪(0.64‬‬
‫)‪(10.16) (7.62) (5.08) (4.45) (3.81) (3.18) (1.29‬‬
‫)‪ (12.7‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪-15‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻨﺵ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻝﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻴ‪‬ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )‪ .(Load- Penetration curve‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻘﻌﺭﺓ ﻝﻸﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫)‪ (Correction‬ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﻝﻠﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻝﻴﻼﻗﻲ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )‪(2.5‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻭ )‪ (50‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺠﺩﻭل ‪ ،(1-8‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻷﻗل ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ )ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻻﻜﺒﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻻﻜﺒﺭ( ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻼﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤـﺹ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤـل‬

‫ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪(1-8‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻝﺏ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(2‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝﺏ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬

‫ﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫)ﻤﻡ(‬
‫)ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل(‬ ‫)ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل(‬
‫‪0.00‬‬ ‫‪0.00‬‬ ‫‪0.00‬‬
‫‪97‬‬ ‫‪293‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪167‬‬ ‫‪452‬‬ ‫‪1.0‬‬
‫‪229‬‬ ‫‪552‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬
‫‪282‬‬ ‫‪651‬‬ ‫‪2.0‬‬
‫‪332‬‬ ‫‪737‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬
‫‪384‬‬ ‫‪813‬‬ ‫‪3.0‬‬
‫‪437‬‬ ‫‪883‬‬ ‫‪4.0‬‬
‫‪531‬‬ ‫‪1020‬‬ ‫‪5.0‬‬
‫‪600‬‬ ‫‪1140‬‬ ‫‪6.0‬‬
‫‪731‬‬ ‫‪1260‬‬ ‫‪7.5‬‬
‫‪804‬‬ ‫‪1450‬‬ ‫‪9.0‬‬
‫‪860‬‬ ‫‪1541‬‬ ‫‪10.0‬‬
‫‪974‬‬ ‫‪1863‬‬ ‫‪12.5‬‬
‫‪(%) 21.5‬‬ ‫‪14.9‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬

‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫‪2.00‬‬ ‫‪1.992‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﺒﺔ‬
‫‪) 1.647‬ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬ ‫‪1.734‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪1800‬‬
‫‪1600‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل )ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل(‬
‫‪1400‬‬
‫‪1200‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪800‬‬
‫‪600‬‬
‫‪400‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10 11 12 13 14‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )ﻤﻡ(‬
‫ ) ‪(١‬‬ ‫ ) ‪(٢‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (3-8‬ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪(1-8‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‬

‫ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪5.0‬‬ ‫ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪2.5‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﻤﻠﻡ=‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻡ=‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ 5.0‬ﻤﻠﻡ ÷ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺩﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ 2.5‬ﻤﻠﻡ ÷ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬
‫‪5.0‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ‬
‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ 5.0‬ﻤﻠﻡ )‪ 10324‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل‪-‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ 2.5‬ﻤﻠﻡ ‪ 6895‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ‪% 100 x (1-8‬‬

‫ﻤﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻡ‬
‫– ﺠﺩﻭل ‪%100 x (1-8‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪1020‬‬ ‫‪737‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪531‬‬ ‫‪332‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺘﹸﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ = ‪ 11‬ﻝﻠﻘﺎﻝﺏ )‪ (1‬ﻭ = ‪ 5‬ﻝﻠﻘﺎﻝﺏ )‪.(2‬‬

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‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺨـﻼل‬

‫ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺘﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺨـﺭﻭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬ ‫‪2-5‬‬

‫)‪(One-Dimensional Consolidation Theory‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻭﻓﻴﺴﻭﺭ ﻜﺎﺭل ﺘﺭﺯﺍﺠﻲ )‪ (K.Terzaghi‬ﺃﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻫﻭ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻁﻭﻴـل ﺍﻷﻤـﺩ )‪ (Long-term consolidation‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﻬﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻤﺎﻨﻴـﺔ )‪ (Erdbaumechanik‬ﺃﻱ ﻫﻨﺩﺴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺼﺩﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ .1925‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺘﺭﺯﺍﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺠـﺎل‪ ،‬ﻭﻜـﺎﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻬـﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻭﻓﻴﺴـﻭﺭ ﻨﻴﻜـﻭﻻﻱ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭﺴﻴﻔﺎﻨﻭﻑ )‪ (N. Gersevanov‬ﺒﺄﺒﺤﺎﺜﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ ‪،1948-1931‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺭﻭﻓﻴﺴﻭﺭ ﻓﻼﺩﻴﻤﻴﺭ ﻓﻠﻭﺭﻴﻥ )‪ (V.Florin‬ﺒﺄﺒﺤﺎﺜﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸـﻭﺭﺓ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻋـﺎﻤﻲ‬
‫‪.1961-1937‬‬
‫ل ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺘﺭﺯﺍﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺤﺜﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺨ َ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻭﺩﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ )‪ ،(Oedometer‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤـﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴـﺔ )‪(Oidem‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﺥ )‪.(Swelling‬‬
‫ﻭﺴﻨﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺒﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺽ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻨﺨﺭﺝ ﻋﻥ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ 1-2-5‬ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ )‪ (Solid particles‬ﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠـﺩ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ )‪ (Voids‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻤﻠﻭﺀﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺎﺯ )ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻏﺎﻝﺒـﺎ(ً‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﺯﻴﺞ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻹﺠﻬـﺎﺩ ﻀـﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻴﻨﻘﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺠﻌﹰﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ )‪،(Compression of solid particles‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ) ‪Compression of water in‬‬
‫‪،(voids‬‬
‫ﺕ‪" .‬ﻓﺭﺍﺭ" ﺃﻭ ﺇﻓﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ )‪.(Escape of water from voids‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﻭل )ﺃ( ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻀﺌﻴل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻤـﺎل‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﻴ‪‬ﻬﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴ‪‬ﻬﻤل ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻝﺜـﺎﻨﻲ )ﺏ( ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻻ ﻴﻜﺎﺩ ﻴ‪‬ﺫﻜﺭ‪ .‬ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ )ﺕ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻀـﻲ ﺒـﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻜﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹﻓﻼﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﺍﻏـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ )‪ (Volume change‬ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨـﻪ ﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺒﺒﻁﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ )‪ (Settlement‬ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﻭﻗﺘﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺼل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻋﻰ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻁﻭﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺩ‪‬ﻱ )‪.(Ultimate settlement‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﻨﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻤـﻭﺫﺝ ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺩﻴـل"‬
‫ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺩﻤﻪ ﺘﺭﺯﺍﺠﻲ ﻭﺯﻤﻴﻠﻪ ﺭﺍﻝﻑ ﺒﻴﻙ )‪ (R. Peck‬ﺴـﻨﺔ ‪،1948‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺘﺎﻴﻠﻭﺭ )‪./7/ (D. Taylor‬‬

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‫‪ 2-2-5‬ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺎﺒﺽ )ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ(‬

‫)‪(Spring and Piston Analogy‬‬
‫ﻝﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (1-5‬ﻝـﻪ ﻤﻜـﺒﺱ ﻋـﺩﻴﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ )‪ (Frictionless piston‬ﻭﺫﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺴـﺎﺤﺔ ﺴـﻁﺤﻪ )‪(A‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻨﻪ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ )‪.(Valve‬‬
‫ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﻤﻠﻭﺀﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ )ﺸﻜل ‪1-5‬ﺃ(‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺤﺎﻝـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﹰﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻱ ﺤﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜـﺒﺱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ ﻤﻌﺭﻀﹰﺎ ﻷﻱ ﻀﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻭﺯﻥ )‪ 200‬ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ( ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ )ﺸﻜل ‪1-5‬ﺏ(‪ .‬ﻴﺒﻘـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻝﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ‪ ،‬ﻝﺫﺍ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺤـﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺴﻔل ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺴﻔل ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻲ )‪ (Hydrostatic pressure‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫‪) A÷200‬ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﻤﺭﺒﻊ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻝﺤﻅﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪‬ﻴﺤﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ )‪ (t = 0‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻗﻴﺕ‪.‬ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺒﺒﻁﺀ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺼﻐﺭ ﻓﺘﺤـﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺒﺎﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺒﺒﻁﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺴﻔل ﻤﺴﺒﺒﹰﺎ ﺤﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ ﻭﺃﻗل ﻤﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ )ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ‪1-5‬ﺩ‪ ،‬ﺯ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻴﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼـﻭﻯ )ﺸـﻜل ‪ 1-5‬ﺯ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻝﻜل ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻼﺸـﻰ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ ) ‪Excess‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺎﻤ ﹰ‬

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‫‪ ،(pressure in water‬ﻭﻴﺤﺼل ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻭﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ )ﺸﻜل ‪1-5‬ﺯ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘـﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﻤﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻝﺸـﻜل )‪ ،(1-5‬ﺇﻀـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺼل ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫‪ ،%100‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 3-2-5‬ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪(Basic assumptions‬‬

‫ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﻫﻴﻜل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (Soil skeleton‬ﻴﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻭﺭ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻝﻪ‬
‫ﺘﺸﻭﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﻓﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻓﻘﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺘﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻝﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ )‪.(Darcy’s law‬‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(1-5‬ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ 4-2-5‬ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻼﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﻤـﺎل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤـﻲ ) ‪Coefficient of‬‬
‫‪ (volume compressibility‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻪ )‪ ،(mv‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻫﺒﻭﻁﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻭﺭﺒﻁ ﺫﻝـﻙ‬
‫ـﺎﻏﻁ ) ‪Coefficient of‬‬
‫ـل ﺍﻝﺘﻀـ‬
‫ـﻼل ﻤﻌﺎﻤـ‬
‫ـﻥ ﺨـ‬
‫ـﺯﻤﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤـ‬
‫ـل ﺍﻝـ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺎﻤـ‬
‫‪ (consolidation‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻪ )‪ ،(Cv‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋـﻥ ﺴـﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫)‪ ،(Rate of consolidation‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻭﺼﻭل‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ )‪.(Final settlement‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻓـﺔ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺘﻬـﺎ‬
‫)‪.(Permeability‬‬
‫‪ 3-5‬ﻓﺤـﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻀــﺎﻏـﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤـﻭﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘـﺭﺒـﺔ‬

‫) ‪(One-Dimensional Consolidation Test of Soil‬‬

‫‪- BS 1377‬‬
‫‪- ASTM D-2435‬‬
‫‪- AASHTO T-216.‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‪ :‬ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﺭﻏـﻡ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﺹ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻤﺭﺘﻜﺯﹰﺍ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼـﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ ،(BS 1377‬ﻭﻴﺸﻤل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻨﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪./7/‬‬

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‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ )‪ -(Oedometer‬ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ ،(Consolidation cell‬ﻭﺃﻫﻡ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺌﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (Ring‬ﻭﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (50‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (75‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻬـﺎ )‪(20‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ )‪.(Cell body‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﻤ‪‬ﻨﻔ‪‬ﺫﺓ )‪ (Porous discs‬ﻋﺩﺩ )‪.(2‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﺭﺹ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل )‪ (Loading yoke‬ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ )‪ (Beam‬ﻴﻨﻘل ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﺤﻤﺎل )ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ( )‪.(Weights‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (2-5‬ﺃﻫﻡ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺴﻜﺎﻜﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪.(Trimming Knives‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺘﻭﻗﻴﺕ )‪.(Watch glass‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ .‬ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ )‪.(Balance‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )ﺍﻝﻘﻁﺭ ‪ D‬ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ‪ (H‬ﻭﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﻭﺯﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺔ )‪.(mR‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ -‬ﻭﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤـﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ )‪ ،(Tube sampler‬ﺃﻭ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﺄﺨﻭﺫﺓ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺤ‪‬ﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ )‪) (Block sample‬ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل ‪ ،(2-1‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻌﺠﻭﻨﺔ‬

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‫)ﻤ‪‬ﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻜﻴل ‪ .(Remoulded sample‬ﻭﻝﻜـﻥ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻝﺒـﹰﺎ ﻤـﺎ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ )‪ (Undisturbed sample‬ﻭﻤﻤﺜﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺴﻭﻴﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻬﺎ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺯﺯ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻨﻅـﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻜﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻐﺭﺯ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﺁﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘـﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻐﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺒـﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺜﻡ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﻭ‪‬ﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺤﻭﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ ﻝﺤﺴـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ )‪،Wo (Initial moisture content‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻬﺎ ‪ -Gs‬ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﺭﺽ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﻴ‪‬ﺸﺎﺭ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪.-‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺌﻪ ﻭﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘـﺔ )‪ (m = m1-mR‬ﺤﻴـﺙ‪– m1‬ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ‪ - mR ،‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﻭﻀـﻊ ﻗـﺭﺹ ﻤﻨﻔـﺫ ﺩﺍﺨـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﻭﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﻗﺭﺹ ﻤﻨﻔﺫ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻐﻁﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل –ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪2-5‬ﺃ(‪.-‬‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(2-5‬ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ‬

‫)ﺃ( ﺭﺴﻡ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ ﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ )ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ( ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪) ،‬ﺏ(ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -7‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -8‬ﻴ‪‬ﺼﺤﺢ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻝﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻀـﺒﻁ‬
‫)‪ (Beam‬ﻝﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺒﺭﻏﻲ )‪ (Screw‬ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﻭﻩ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ )ﺼﻔﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫‪-10‬ﺘﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل‬
‫ﻋﻠىﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ )‪ (Initial pressure‬ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (γH‬ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ - γ‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ -H ،‬ﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻝﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‪ :‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﹰ ﻝﻜل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻹﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‪.‬‬
‫‪-11‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤلﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻝﻪ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﻓﺔ )‪ ،(Room temperature‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻔﺫ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺭﻁﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻝﻠﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﻤﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -12‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻏﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻠﺤﻅﺔ‬
‫ﺘﹸﺸﻐل ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻗﻴﺕ‪ .‬ﻴ‪‬ﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻗﺩ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻏﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺒﺩﺃ‪.‬‬

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‫‪-13‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻭﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺤـﺹ‬

‫ﻼ ﺒﻌـﺩ‪،15 ،10 ،6‬‬
‫)ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ‪1-5‬ﺃ(‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ )ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪30‬ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ 30 ،15 ،8 ،4 ،2 ،1 ،‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪24 ،8 ،4 ،2 ،1 ،‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺅﺨـﺫ ﺒﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ‪،‬ﻷﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ )ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ( ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴـﺭﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‪ :‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺒﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻁﺎﻝﻤﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺭﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺇﻻ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﺹ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺘـﺎﻝﻲ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﻤـﺭﻭﺭ‬
‫)‪ (24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻋل ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -14‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻏﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻏﻲ ﻝﻴﻼﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻀـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ )‪ ،(13-12‬ﻭﻫﻜـﺫﺍ ﻝﻜـل‬
‫ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل )‪ (Loading stage‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺤﻤل )ﺃﻭ ﺇﺠﻬـﺎﺩ( ﻤﻁﻠـﻭﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺃﺨﺫﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪ ،‬ﻤﻀـﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺇﻝﻴـﻪ ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻭﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ ،(γH‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻴﻁﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-15‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒـﹰﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺴـﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺃﺜﻨـﺎﺀ ﺭﻓـﻊ ﺍﻷﺤﻤـﺎل‬
‫)‪ ،(Unloading‬ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﻨﺯﻴل ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻜﺴـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪-16‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﻗﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻭﻓﻙ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺇﺨـﺭﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ( ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺘﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻝـﻴﻜﻥ‬
‫)‪.(mp = m2 - mR‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ )‪ ،(m2‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫‪-17‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺜﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝـﻭﺯﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ )‪ ،(m3‬ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫)‪.(ms = m3 - mR‬‬
‫‪-18‬ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪m − ms‬‬
‫= ‪Wo‬‬
‫‪ms‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ "ﺘﺸﻴﻴﻙ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ‪.(3‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ )‪ (Final moisture content‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻓﻬﻭ‪:‬‬
‫‪mf − ms‬‬
‫= ‪Wf‬‬
‫‪ms‬‬
‫‪-19‬ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺴﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﻪ ﻻﺤﻘﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻔﺼﻴل‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ )‪:(Calculations‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺌـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪:(Area of specimen‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪A = π D ÷ 4 (mm²‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪:(Initial volume of specimen‬‬
‫‪AH o‬‬
‫= ‪Vo‬‬ ‫)‪(cm²‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬

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‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﻑ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل ﺒﺎﺴﻡ )ﺹ‪((210-209‬‬

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‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﻑ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل ﺒﺎﺴﻡ )ﺹ ‪((210-209‬‬

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m − ms
Wo =
ms
: (Density) ‫ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬-
ρ = m÷Vo (g/cm³)
:(Dry Density) ‫ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬-
100
ρd = ρ (g/cm³)
100 + Wo
:(Voids ratio) ‫ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬-
Gs
eo = −1
ρd
:(Degree of saturation) ‫ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ‬-

Wo G s
So =
eo
:(Voids ratio change factor) ‫ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬-
1 + eo
F= (mm-1)
Ho
:‫ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‬.‫ﺏ‬
mf − ms
Wf =
ms
:(Height of specimen) ‫ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬-
Wf = Ho- (∆H)f (mm)
211 ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ – (∆H)f‬ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺸﻭﻩ )ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ( ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﻝﻠﺴـﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪:(Density‬‬
‫‪mf‬‬
‫= ‪ρf‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬ ‫)‪(g/cm³‬‬
‫‪AH f‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ )‪:(Dry density‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪ρ df = ρ f‬‬ ‫)‪(g/cm³‬‬
‫‪100 + Wf‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ )‪:(Voids ratio‬‬
‫‪Gs‬‬
‫= ‪eo‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪ρ df‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ )‪:(Degree of saturation‬‬
‫‪Wf G s‬‬
‫= ‪Sf‬‬
‫‪ef‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ)ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻤﻲ()‪:(Voids ratio after an increment‬‬
‫‪∆e = F. ∆H‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل )‪:(Voids ratio after an increment‬‬
‫‪e1 = eo - ∆e‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬
‫)‪(Voids ratio change during an increment‬‬
‫‪δe = e1 - e2‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻝﺤﻤل ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‬

‫)‪(Coefficient of volume compressibility‬‬
‫‪δ e 1000‬‬
‫= ‪mv‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪δ p 1 + e1‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻌﻴﻥ )‪(Coefficient of consolidation‬‬
‫‪0.026( H ) 2‬‬
‫‪t 50‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪0.112( H ) 2‬‬
‫‪t 90‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫‪H1 + H 2‬‬
‫=‪H‬‬ ‫)‪(mm‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺤﻤل ﻤﻌﻴﻥ )‪(Coefficient of compressibility‬‬
‫)ﻤﺘﺭ‪/‬ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ( )‪K = C v m v × 0.31 × 10-9 (m/s‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻝﻠﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﺠـﺭﻱ ﺃﺜﻨـﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1-5‬ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (3-5‬ﻤﺜﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻭﻝﻭﻏـﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻹﺠﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫)‪ (e-log P curve‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪.(1-5‬‬
‫)‪ (5‬ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ‬

‫)‪:(Analysis of settlement- time curves‬‬
‫ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻗـﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ )ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ( ﻭﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻭﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ )‪ ،(Cv‬ﻭﻜـﺫﻝﻙ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (Degree of consolidation‬ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤـل ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺤﻤﻴـل‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﺒﺩﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻤﻲ ) ‪Pore-water‬‬
‫‪.(pressure‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺘﺴـﺘﻌﻤل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘـﺎﻥ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺘـﺎﻥ ) ‪Empirical‬‬
‫‪ (methods‬ﻫﻤﺎ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺯﻤﻥ )‪ (Square root -time‬ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ )‪ ،(Log time‬ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺇﺤﺩﺍﻫﻤﺎ ﻴﻔﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺭﺽ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ – (1-5‬ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻝﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪( e - log P‬‬

‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬
‫‪÷ t50‬‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬

‫})‪÷ (1+ e1‬‬
‫‪ H= H1+ H2÷ 2‬‬
‫÷) ‪Cv = (0.026 × H2‬‬
‫)‪δe ÷δ p‬‬
‫)‪(F= 0.0807‬‬
‫) ‪(eo= 0.622‬‬
‫‪∆e = F. ∆H‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ )‪(∆H‬‬
‫)ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ‪ /‬ﻡ‪(2‬‬
‫) ﻡ‪/2‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ(‬
‫‪e1= eo - ∆e‬‬
‫‪∆H‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ )‪(P‬‬
‫)ﻡ‪/2‬ﺍﻝﺴﻨﺔ(‬
‫)‪(1+ e1‬‬
‫∆‪H=Ho-‬‬
‫‪ H)2‬‬
‫)ﻤﻡ(‬
‫)ﻤﻡ(‬
‫)ﻤﻡ(‬
‫‪δp‬‬
‫‪t50‬‬
‫)ﻤﻡ(‬
‫‪δe‬‬
‫÷‪{(1000‬‬
‫‪mv=(δ‬‬
‫‪(‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪0.804‬‬ ‫‪0.106‬‬
‫‪402‬‬ ‫‪20.05‬‬ ‫‪19.99‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪1.107‬‬ ‫‪1.613‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪0.0086‬‬ ‫‪0.613‬‬ ‫‪0.0086‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1.63‬‬ ‫‪0.360‬‬
‫‪395‬‬ ‫‪19.87‬‬ ‫‪19.74‬‬ ‫‪6.3‬‬ ‫‪0.251‬‬ ‫‪1.593‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪0.020‬‬ ‫‪0.591‬‬ ‫‪0.0291‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪0.432‬‬ ‫‪0.762‬‬
‫‪382‬‬ ‫‪19.54‬‬ ‫‪19.34‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪0.205‬‬ ‫‪1.561‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪0.032‬‬ ‫‪0.561‬‬ ‫‪0.0615‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪0.498‬‬ ‫‪1.269‬‬
‫‪364‬‬ ‫‪18.83‬‬ ‫‪18.83‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪0.135‬‬ ‫‪1.520‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪0.041‬‬ ‫‪0.520‬‬ ‫‪0.1024‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪200-‬‬ ‫‪0.012-‬‬ ‫‪0.532‬‬ ‫‪0.0902‬‬ ‫‪1.118‬‬
‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪150-‬‬ ‫‪0.032-‬‬ ‫‪0.562‬‬ ‫‪0.0598‬‬ ‫‪0.741‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪0.63‬‬
‫‪0.62‬‬
‫‪0.61‬‬
‫‪0.6‬‬
‫‪0.59‬‬
‫‪0.58‬‬
‫‪0.57‬‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫‪0.56‬‬
‫ ا‬
‫‪0.55‬‬
‫‪0.54‬‬ ‫ ر ال‬
‫‪0.53‬‬
‫‪0.52‬‬
‫‪0.51‬‬
‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬
‫)آ

‪ /‬م‪P (٢‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪(3-5‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺯﻤﻥ )‪: (Square root –time method‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻭﺘﻨﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﺒﺭﻭﻓﻴﺴﻭﺭ ﺘﺎﻴﻠﻭﺭ )‪ (Taylor‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ‬

‫ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ .1942‬ﻭﺘﺘﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺯﻤﻥ )‪ (√ t‬ﻭﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻜل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل )ﺸﻜل ‪.(4-5‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴ‪‬ﺭﺴﻡ ﺨﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻴﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ )‪،(BQ‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﻤﻤﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺃﺴﻲ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜـل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (Q‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫـﺎ ﻨﻘﻁـﺔ ﺍﻝﺼـﻔﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺼـﺤﺤﺔ‬
‫)‪.(Corrected Zero point‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴ‪‬ﺭﺴﻡ ﺨﻁ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺯ ﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ )‪ (√ t‬ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻼ ﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺼﻔﺭ )‪=U‬ﺼﻔﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﻤﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ) ‪ ( q‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﻌـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ (1.15‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ) ‪.(r‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ )‪ (r‬ﻭ )‪ (Q‬ﻭﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (C‬ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﻘﻁـﻊ‬
‫ﻼ ﻝﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‪ .‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨـﻁ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻲ ﻤـﻥ )‪ (C‬ﻤﻤـﺜ ﹰ‬
‫)‪.(%90=U‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ) ‪ ،(%100=U‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫)‪ (d0‬ﻭ)‪ (d90‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺴﻌﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻀـﺎﻑ ﻗﺴـﻡ ﺒـﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (%100=U‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ )‪.(U‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (Cv‬ﺒﺈﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻴﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪0.112( H ) 2‬‬
‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫‪, t 90 = ( t 90 ) 2‬‬
‫‪t 90‬‬
‫‪0.026( H ) 2‬‬
‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ‪, t 50 = ( t 50 ) 2‬‬
‫‪t 50‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(4-5‬ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺯﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ )‪ – (H‬ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ‪.(1-5‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ )‪:(Log –time method‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﻨﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻭﻓﻴﺴﻭﺭ ﻜﺎﺯﺍﻏﺭﺍﻨﺩ )‪ (Casagrande‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻷﻭل ﻤﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺘﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻏـﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ)‪(Log scale‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻜل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل )ﺸﻜل‪.(5-5‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻀﻌﺎﻑ )ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﻁ ‪ a‬ﻭ‪ b‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨـﻰ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺅﺨـﺫ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ (a d) a‬ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﻠﻊ )‪ (a c‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻠـﺙ‬
‫)‪ (a b c‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨـﻁ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻤﻥ )‪ (d‬ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻝﻤﺤـﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻼ ﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ = U‬ﺼﻔﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (Log t‬ﻤﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ) ‪ (%100 =U‬ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺠـﺯﺀ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻋــﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫)‪ ،(%75 =U‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺭﺴﻡ ﺨﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻤﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﺠـﺯﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ‪ ،(AB‬ﻭﻴﺭﺴﻡ ﺨﻁ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻝﻠﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ‪ ،(DF‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻘﻁـﺔ ﺘﻘـﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺴـﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ )‪=U‬‬
‫‪.(%100‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ ،(U‬ﻭﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (do‬ﻭ )‪ (d100‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (C v‬ﺒﺈﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻴﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪0.112( H ) 2‬‬ ‫‪0.026( H ) 2‬‬
‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫= ‪, Cv‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪t 90‬‬ ‫‪t 50‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜﻠﻴﻥ )‪ (6-5‬ﻭ )‪ (7-5‬ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﺫﺍﻥ ﻴﻤﺜﻼﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤـﺹ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻝﻠﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪ ،(1-5‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﻝﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ‪.‬‬

‫اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎخ ‪Swelling‬‬
‫اﻋداد‬
‫ﻣﻳﺳﺎء ﺳﺎﻟم‬
‫اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎخ ‪Swelling‬‬
‫اﻟﺗرب اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌرﻳف‬
‫ﺗﻌﺗﺑر اﻟﺗرب اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ ﻧوع ﺧﺎص ﻣن اﻟﺗرب اﻟﻠدﻧﺔ ﺣﻳث ﺗظﻬر ﺗﺷوﻫﺎت اﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ و اﻧﻛﻣﺎﺷﻳﺔ ﻛﺑﻳرة ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﻳر‬
‫درﺟﺔ رطوﺑﺔ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ﻫذﻩ اﻟظﺎﻫرة أﻛﺛر وﺿوﺣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق اﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ و اﻟﺷﺑﻪ اﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻘﻳت طرﻳﻘﺔ دراﺳﺔ‬
‫و ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟﺗرب اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ ﻣﺳﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺣﻳرة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ اﻟﻬﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣدﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻔﺗرة طوﻳﻠﺔ ﻣن اﻟزﻣن‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺣﻠوﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺗوﺻﻝ إﻟﻰ ﺣﻝ ﻣﻘﺑوﻝ ﻟﻬذﻩ اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﻻ ﺑد ﻣن إﺟراء ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻳﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣزاوﺟﺔ اﻟﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻳن اﻟﺳﻠوك‬
‫اﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻲ ﻟﻠﺗرب ﻣﻊ ﺟرﻳﺎن اﻟﻣﺎء ﻓﻳﻬﺎ و ﺗﻐﻳرات ﺿﻐط ﻣﺎء اﻟﻣﺳﺎم‪ .‬ﻳﺿﺎف إﻟﻰ ذﻟك اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻧﻣوذج ﺳﻠوﻛﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺗرﺑﺔ ﻣﻼﺋم ﻳﺄﺧذ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺳﺑﺎن إﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ اﻧﺗﻔﺎخ و اﻧﻛﻣﺎش اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﺗوﻓر طرﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﻣﺣدودة ﻫذﻩ اﻹﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗؤدي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ اﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺻﻣﻳم أﻛﺛر أﻣﺎﻧﺎ و دﻗﺔ و اﻗﺗﺻﺎدﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺣﻠوﻝ اﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳدﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻳث‬
‫ﻳﺗم ﺗﺣدﻳد ﺗﻐﻳ ارت اﻣﺗﺻﺎص اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ أو ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌرف ﺑﺿﻐط ﻣﺎء اﻟﻣﺳﺎم اﻟﺳﺎﻟب ﻣﻊ اﻟزﻣن ﻋن طرﻳق ﺣﻝ ﻣﺳﺄﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺟرﻳﺎن ﻏﻳر اﻟﻣﺷﺑﻊ ‪ .‬ﺑﻌدﻫﺎ ﻳﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻗﻳم اﻻﻣﺗﺻﺎص اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻝ اﻟﻣﺳﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺣدﻳد اﻧﺗﻔﺎخ‬
‫أو اﻧﻛﻣﺎش اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﻣن ﺟراء ﻫذا اﻟﺗﻐﻳر ﻓﻲ اﻣﺗﺻﺎص اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺳﺗﻔﻳد اﻟﺧﺑراء ﻓﻲ ﻓﻳزي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺣدود اﻟﻘﺻوى ﻣن‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺗوﻓرﻩ اﻟﺗﺣﺎﻟﻳﻝ اﻟﻌددﻳﺔ و و اﻟﻌﺗﺎد اﻟﺣﺎﺳوﺑﻲ اﻟﺻﻠب ﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ أﻛﺛر ﺗﻔﺻﻳﻼ و ذﻟك ﻟدﻋم‬
‫اﻟﻣﻬﻧدس اﻟﻣﺻﻣم ﺑﺗﻘدﻳرات أﻛﺛر دﻗﺔ و ﻣوﺛوﻗﻳﺔ ﻋن إﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ اﻧﺗﻔﺎخ أو ﺗﻘﻠص اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣدروﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ‬
‫إذا ﺗﻌرض ﺣﺟم اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ أو اﻟﺻﺧور اﻟرﺧوة )‪ ( Soft Rocks‬ﻟﻼﻧﻛﻣﺎش أو اﻟﺗﻣدد ﻋﻧد ﺣدوث ﺗﻐﻳر ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟرطوﺑﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ) ‪ ( Moisture‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ اﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ‪ .‬واﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣدث ﺑﻬﺎ ﻫذﻩ اﻟظﺎﻫرة ﺗﻛون ﻋﺎدة‬
‫ﺗرﺑﺔ طﻳﻧﻳﺔ )‪ ( Clays‬وﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺿﻣن اﻟﺻﻧف ) ‪ A -6‬وأن ) ‪ ( Liquid limit‬ﻟﻬﺎ‪ 40‬ﻛﺣد أﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫وأﻝ)‪ ( Plasticity index‬ﻟﻬﺎ‪ 11‬ﻛﺣد أدﻧﻰ(( واﻟﺻﻧف )) ‪ A -7‬ﺑﺻﻧﻔﻳﻪ ‪ A -7 -5‬و ‪ A -7 -6‬واﻟذي‬
‫ﻳﻛون ﻓﻳﻪ) ‪ ( Liquid limit‬ﻛﺣد أدﻧﻰ‪ 41‬وأﻝ)‪ ( Plasticity index‬ﻟﻬﺎ‪ 11‬ﻛﺣد أدﻧﻰ (( وﺗﻛون ﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬
‫أﻟﻣواد أﻟﻧﺎﻋﻣﺔ أﻟﻌﺎﺑرة ﻣن ﻣﻧﺧﻝ )ﻏرﺑﺎﻝ( رﻗم‪ 0.075) 200‬ﻣﻠم (وﻫﻲ ﺗﺻﻧف ﻣن ﺣﻳث أﻷﻧﺷﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﺎ )‬
‫ﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻓﺎﺷﻠﺔ ‪ (Fair to Poor‬وذﻟك ﺑﻣوﺟب ﺗﺻﻧﻳف اﻟﻣواﺻﻔﺔ ) ‪ (AASHTO - M145‬اﺿﺎﻓﺔ أﻟﻰ‬
‫ان ﻫﻧﺎك ﺑﻌض أﻧواع اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﺻﻔﺎﺋﺣﻳﺔ) ‪ (Shales‬ﺗﺗﻌرض ﻟﻼﻧﻛﻣﺎش واﻟﺗﻣدد أﻳﺿﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗرﺟﻊ ﻫذﻩ اﻟظﺎﻫرة إﻟﻰ ﺗﻔﺗت ﺳﻳﻠﻳﻛﺎت اﻷﻟﻣوﻧﻳوم ذات اﻷﺻوﻝ اﻟﻣﻌدﻧﻳﺔ اﻟﺑرﻛﺎﻧﻳ ـ ـ ـ ــﺔ ) ‪Aluminum Silicate‬‬
‫‪ ( Minerals‬ﻟﺗﻛون ﺗرﺑﺔ طﻳﻧﻳﺔ اﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ ﻣن ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻻﺳﻣﻛﺗﺎﻳت )‪ ،( Steatite Group‬وأﺷﻬر أﻧواع‬
‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗدرج ﺗﺣت ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﻧت ﻣورﻳﻠﻠوﻧﺎﻳت ) ‪ ،( Montmorillonite‬ﺣﻳث ﺗﺗﻣدد‬
‫اﻷﻧواع اﻟﺻﺎﻓﻳﺔ ) ‪ ( Pure‬ﻣن ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﻟﻳﺗﺿﺎﻋف ﺣﺟﻣﻬﺎ ﺧﻣس ﻋﺷرة ﻣرة ﻗدر ﺣﺟﻣﻬﺎ وﻫﻰ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬وﻟﻛن‬
‫ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟطﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﻋﺎدة ﺗﻛون ﻣﺧﺗﻠطﺔ ﺑﺄﻧواع أﺧرى ﻣن اﻟطﻳن ﻟﻬﺎ ﺻﻔﺎت اﻗﻝ اﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟذﻟك ﻳﻧدر أن‬
‫ﺗوﺟد ﻓﻲ اﻟطﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺗرﺑﺔ ﻳﺗﻣدد ﺣﺟﻣﻬﺎ وﻷﻛﺛر ﻣن ﻣرة وﻧﺻف ﻗدر ﺣﺟﻣﻬﺎ وﻫﻰ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ و ﻓﻲ ﻫذا ﺧطورة طﺑﻌﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ اﻟﻣﻘﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗرﺑﺔ ﻛﻬذﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪1-‬ﻣﺗﻰ ﻳﺻﺑﺢ وﺟود اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ؟‬
‫إذا ﺗواﻓرت اﻟﻌواﻣﻝ اﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻓﺳوف ﻳؤدى وﺟود اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺷﺎﻛﻝ ﻳﺗﻌﻳن ﻋﻠﻳﻧﺎ دراﺳﺗﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫أ‪ -‬أن ﺗﺣﺗوى اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت ﻣﻌدﻧﻳﺔ ) ‪ ( Mineral components‬ذات اﻟﺧواص اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬أن ﺗﺗﻌرض ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﻟﺗﻐﻳرات ﻛﺑﻳرة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺣﺗوى اﻟرطوﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ج‪ -‬طﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﺗوﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣواد اﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ ﻳﺟب أن ﺗﻛون ﺑﺳﻣك ﻛﺎف ﻟﻛﻲ ﺗﺣدث ﺣرﻛﺔ ﺗﻛﻔﻰ ﻷﺣداث‬
‫اﻟﺿرر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳطﺢ اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ ‪.‬وﻋﻣوﻣﺎ ﻟو زادت ﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻟﺗﻣدد اﻟﺣﺟم ﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ـ ــﺎت ﻋن )‪ ( % 3‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗودي‬
‫إﻟﻰ إﺣداث أﺿرار ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺗﻔﺎوﺗﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺷﺎت ﻣﺎ ﻟم ﺗﻛن أﺳﺎﺳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺻﻣﻣﺔ ﺑطرﻳﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻣواﺟﻬﺔ ذﻟك)‬
‫‪( Specially designed Foundations‬‬
‫‪2-‬ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫طﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﺑﻌض اﻹﺣﺻﺎءات ﻓﺎن اﻷﺿرار اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻠﺣق ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻧﺷﺎت اﻟﻣﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ ﺗﻔوق اﻷﺿرار‬
‫اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻠﺣق ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻧﺷﺎت ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﻔﻳﺿﺎﻧﺎت واﻷﻋﺎﺻﻳر واﻟزﻻزﻝ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺎت اﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ وأﻳﺿﺎ‬
‫اﻟطرق ) ‪ ( Roads‬واﻟﻛﺑﺎري ) ‪ ( Bridges‬وﺧطوط اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳب ) ‪ ( Pipelines‬وأﻳﺿﺎ ﻛﻝ اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺎت ﻏﻳر‬
‫اﻟﻣرﻧﺔ ) ‪ ( Rigid structures‬واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗرﺗﻛز ﻋﻠﻰ أو ﺗﻣر ﻣن ﺧﻼﻝ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛﻝ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺑﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ ﺗﺗوﻗف ﻟﺣد ﻛﺑﻳر ﻋﻠﻰ اﺧﺗﻼف اﻟﺿﻐوط )‪( Pressure changes‬‬
‫ﺗﺣت اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ ﻣن ﻣﻛﺎن ﻵﺧر‪ ،‬وﻫذا ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﺗوزﻳﻊ ﻏﻳر اﻟﻣﺗﺳﺎوي ﻟﻣﺣﺗوى اﻟرطوﺑﺔ ) ‪( Moisture content‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺳﺎت‪.‬ﻓﻧﺟد أن اﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺻﻐﻳرة‪ ,‬اﻟﻛﺑﺎري واﻟطرق ﺗؤﺛر ﺑﺄﺣﻣﺎﻝ ﺻﻐﻳرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ وذﻟك ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺿﻐوط اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎخ ) ‪ ( Swelling Pressure‬ﺑﻬﺎ وآﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻌدى )‪ 10000‬رطﻝ‪/‬ﻗدم‪2‬‬
‫آو )‪ 479000‬ﺑﺎﺳﻛﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪3-‬أﻧواع اﻷﺿرار اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺑﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻔﺎوﺗﺔ ) ‪ ( Differential movement‬ﺗﺣت اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ اﻟواﺣد ﻣن ﻣﻛﺎن إﻟﻰ آﺧر‬
‫‪Seasonal‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻳر ﻣﻧﺳوب اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن اﻟواﺣد إﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ واﻟﻰ أﺳﻔﻝ ﺗﺑﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﺗﻐﻳرات اﻟﻣوﺳﻣﻳﺔ )‬
‫‪ ( changes‬ﻟﻣﺣﺗوى اﻟرطوﺑﺔ وﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ اﻟﺟوﻓﻳﺔ ) ‪ ،( Water table levels‬واﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﺗﺗﻌرض ﻟﻬذﻩ‬
‫اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟرأﺳﻳﺔ اﻟﻣوﺳﻣﻳﺔ ﺣﺗﻰ أﻋﻣﺎق ﺗﺻﻝ إﻟﻰ ﺣواﻟﻲ ﻣﺗرﻳن ‪.‬‬
‫و ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ إﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻧﺷﺄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﺑﻳرة ﻧﺳﺑﻳﺎ ) ﻣﺑﻧﻰ ﺿﺧم أو طرﻳق( ﻓﺎن اﻟﺗﻐﻳرات اﻟﻣوﺳﻣﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺣﺗوى‬
‫اﻟرطوﺑﺔ ﺑﺳﺑب اﻷﻣطﺎر ﺳوف ﺗﺗوﻗف ﻋن اﻟﺣدوث ﺗﺣت وﺳط اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ‪ ،‬وﻟﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﺳوف ﺗﺳﺗﻣر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣدوث ﺣوﻝ‬
‫أطراف وﻣﺣﻳط اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ‪ ،‬وﻫذا ﻳؤدى إﻟﻰ ﻫﺑوط أطراف اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟوﺳطﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣواﺳم اﻟﺟﻔﺎف وﻫذﻩ اﻟظﺎﻫرة‬
‫ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺗﻘﺑب اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ) ‪ ( Doming of soil‬ﺗﺣت اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻛس ﻣن ذﻟك ﻓﻲ ﻣواﺳم اﻷﻣطﺎر ﻓﺎن‬
‫أطراف اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ ﺗرﺗﻔﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟوﺳطﻪ‪ ،‬وﻳﺣدث ﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺗﻘﻌر اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ) ‪ ،( cupping of soil‬وﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﻫذا‬
‫اﻟﺗﻣدد ﻟﻠﺗرﺑﺔ ﺣوﻝ ﻣﺣﻳط اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻣدد اﻟﻣوﺳﻣﻲ ) ‪ ،( seasonal heave‬وﻳﺣدث ﺗﺄﺛﻳر ﻣﻣﺎﺛﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟرطوﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻟوﺟود أي ﺗﺳرب ﻣن ﻣواﺳﻳر اﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ أو اﻟﺻرف اﻟﺻﺣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻧب ﻣن ﺟواﻧب‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ‪ ،‬وﻳﺳﻣﻰ اﻟﺗﻣدد اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋن ذﻟك ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻣدد اﻟﻌﺎم)‪.( General Heave‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻛﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺷك ﻓﻲ وﺟود ﺗرﺑﺔ اﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ ﻗد ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌد ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ ﻣظﻬر اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ وﺳﻠوﻛﻬﺎ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻐﻣر‪ ،‬وﻗد ﻳوﺟد ﻫذا اﻟﺷك‬
‫أﻳﺿﺎ ﻟﻣﺟرد وﺟود اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﻋرف ﻋﻧﻬﺎ أن ﺗرﺑﺗﻬﺎ اﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وﻓﻰ ﻛﻝ إﻗﻠﻳم ﻳﻌرف اﻟﻣﻬﻧدﺳون ﺑﻪ‬
‫واﻟﻣﺗﺧﺻﺻون ﺗوزﻳﻊ اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗوى ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗرﺑﺔ اﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ‪ .‬وأﻳﺎ ﻛﺎن ﺳﺑب وﺟود اﻟﺷك ﻓﻣن اﻟواﺟب ﻋﻧدﺋذ‬
‫إﺟراء ﻛﺷف ﻣوﻗﻌﻲ دﻗﻳق ) ‪ ( site investigation‬وﺳواء أﺟرى اﻟﻛﺷف ﺑﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ﻣﻬﻧدس ﺟﻳو ﺗﻘﻧﻰ أو‬
‫ﺟﻳوﻟوﺟﻲ ﻣﺗﺧﺻص ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻬﻧدﺳﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻧﺎك ﻋدة ظواﻫر ﻟو وﺟدت ﻓﻲ ﺗرﺑﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻻﻣﻛن اﻟﺗﺄﻛد ﻣن إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗرﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ وﻫذﻩ اﻟظواﻫر ﻛﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫أ‪ -‬ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﻛون اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟطﻳﻧﻳﺔ رﺧوة ﻛﺎﻟﺑودرة ) ‪ ( Soft Puffy‬وﺗﺑدو ﻛﺎﻟﻔﺷﺎر وﻫﻰ ﺟﺎﻓﻰ‬
‫)‪.(popcorna_ppearance‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﺗﺻق اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺷدة وﻫﻰ ﻣﺑﺗﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ج‪ -‬ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗظﻬر اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﻟدوﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ وﺗﻛون ﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ وﻫﻰ ﻣﺑﺗﻠﺔ )‪ (weak & highly plastic‬وﻟﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻛون‬
‫ﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺻﺧر وﻫﻰ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ‪(rock_hard).‬‬
‫ﻗد ﻳظﻬر ﻓﺣص اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺎت اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻣن ﻗﺑﻝ اﻟﻐروب ﻣن اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ وﺟود أﺿرار ﺑﻬﺎ أو ﺷروخ ﺗدﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟود‬
‫ﺗرﺑﺔ اﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ أﺳﻔﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻋﻧد اﻟﺣﻛم ﻣﺑدﺋﻳﺎ ﺑﺎن اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ ﻓﺎن ﻫﻧﺎك اﻟﻌدﻳد ﻣن اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎرات اﻟﻣﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺗﻌﻳن أﺟراؤﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻳﻧﺎت ﻣن اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﻹﻋطﺎء ﺗﻘﻳﻳم أﻛﺛر دﻗﺔ ﻟﻣدى اﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﺗﺑر ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻋﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻠدوﻧﺔ )‪ ( plasticity index‬ﻫﻲ اﻟﻣؤﺷر اﻷوﻝ ﻟﻠﺣﻛم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدى اﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ وﻳﺿﺎف إﻟﻰ ذﻟك وﺟود‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻳﻌﺗد ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﻛون اﻟطﻳﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ وﻫﻰ اﻟﺣﺑﻳﺑﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻘﻝ ﻗطرﻫﺎ ﻋن‪ 2‬ﻣﻳﻛرون )‪.(clayfraction‬‬
‫ﻳﺣﻛم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدى اﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﺑدﻻﻟﺔ ﻛﻝ ﻣن ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻠدﻧﺔ ) ‪ (P.I‬وﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﻛون اﻟطﻳﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ وﻫذان ﻳﺗم‬
‫ﺗﻌﻳﻧﻬﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎ‪ ،‬وﻗد ﻋﻛﺳت اﻟﺧﺑرة ﺗﺄﺛﻳر ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻠدوﻧﺔ )‪( P.I‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدى اﻟﻠدوﻧﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻳﺟب ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ أن ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻠدوﻧﺔ ) ‪ ( P.I‬ﻫﻲ ﻣؤﺷر ﻓﻘط‪ ،‬وﻟﻛن ﻫﻧﺎك ﻋواﻣﻝ أﺧرى ﺗﺣدد ﻣدى ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻳﺔ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻧﺗﻔﺎخ ﻣﺛﻝ اﻟﺑﻧﺎء اﻟﺗرﻛﻳﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﺗرﺑﺔ ) ‪ ،(SOIL STRUCTU E‬وﻛذﻟك ﻋﻣق اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ واﻟذي ﻳؤدى‬
‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺣﻛم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدى اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳطﺢ اﻷرض ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺑﻝ اﺧﺗﻳﺎر ﻧوع اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت ) ‪ ( FOUNDATION DESIGN‬ﻳﺟب اﻷﺧذ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎر أﻳﺿﺎ اﻟﺗرﻛﻳب‬
‫اﻟﺟﻳوﻟوﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻣوﻗﻊ وﻛذﻟك ﺗﺄﺛﻳر اﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ اﻟﺟوﻓﻳﺔ )‪ ،( GROUND WATER‬وﻫﻧﺎك اﻟﻌدﻳد ﻣن اﻟﺗﺟﺎرب‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻳﺢ ﺣﺳﺎب ﻗﻳﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻣدد ) ‪ ( HWAVE‬اﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻌرض ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻣﻌﻳن‪ ،‬وﻫذﻩ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرب ﻻ ﻏﻧﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺷﻳﻳد اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺎت اﻟﻛﺑرى اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-5‬ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ وﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ اﻷﺿرار اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋن اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎت ﻣن اﻟﻣﻣﻛن اﻻﺳﺗﻐﻧﺎء ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﻣﻛن ﻣن ﺗﻐﻳﻳر اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ اﻟﻣرﺷﺢ ﻟﻺﻧﺷﺎء‬
‫)‪ ( CONSTRUCTION SITE‬ﺑﻣوﻗﻊ آﺧر وﻟﻛن ﻋﻧد ﺗﻌذر ﺗﻐﻳﻳر اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ ﻓﺄﻧﺔ ﻳﻧﺗﻘﻰ ﻣن ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎت ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻧﺎﺳب اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ اﻟﻣرﺷﺢ ‪ ,‬وﻫذﻩ اﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎت ﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋزﻝ اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ ﻋن اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ‪(ISOLATION FROM EXPANSIVE SOIL ) .‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺻﻣﻳم اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ اﻟﻣرن )‪.(FLEXIBILITY IN DESIGN‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ اﻟﺗﻐﻳرات اﻟﺣﺟﻳﺔ‪( TREATEMNET SOIL ).‬‬
‫‪-‬اﻟﺻرف واﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻲ ﻣﻳﺎﻩ اﻷﻣطﺎر‬
‫)‪(DRAINAGE AND CONTROL OF SURFACE RUNOFF‬‬

‫‪-‬اﺣﺗﻳﺎطﺎت ﺗﺗﻌﻠق ﺑﺎﻟﻣزروﻋﺎت اﻟﻣﺟﺎورة ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺷﺄ‬
‫‪(VEGETATION) MANAGEMENTOF‬‬
‫‪ 6-‬ﻋزﻝ اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ ﻋن اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ ) ‪(ISOLATION FROM EXPANSIVE SOIL‬‬
‫ﻫﻧﺎ ﻳﺗم ﻋزﻝ اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ وﺣﺟﺑﻪ ﻋن ﺗﺄﺛﻳر اﻹﺟﻬﺎدات )‪ (STRESSESS‬اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋن ﺗﻣدد واﻧﻛﻣﺎش‬
‫)‪ (SHRINKING & SWELLING‬اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﻳطﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﺗم ذﻟك ﺑﺈﺣﻼﻝ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ )‪(REPLACEMNET‬‬
‫ﺻﻐﻳر )‪ (SHALLOW‬ﻓﻳﻣﻛن ﻋﻧدﺋذ ﺣﻔرﻫﺎ ٕوازاﻟﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ا‬ ‫إﺣﻼﻻً ﻛﻠﻳًﺎ أو ﺟزﺋﻳًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن ﺳﻣك اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ‬
‫واﺳﺗﺑداﻟﻬﺎ ﺑردم ﻏﻳر ﺗﻣددي )‪ (NONEXPANSIVE FILL‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﻟو ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ ﻋﻣﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻳﺗم‬
‫ﺣﻔرﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﻣق ﻛﺎف ﺛم ﻳﻌﺎد ﻣﻠﺋﻬﺎ ﺑردم ﻏﻳر ﺗﻣددي ﻣﻊ ﻣراﻋﺎة اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟردم ﻟﺗﻔﺎدى ﺟﻔﺎف اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﻳﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ ﻗد ﺗﺳﺑب أﻳﺿﺎ إﺟﻬﺎدات أﻓﻘﻳﺔ) ‪ ،( HORIZONTAL STRERSSESS‬وذﻟك إذا‬

‫ﺣﺻرت ﻣﺎ ﺑﻳن إﻧﺷﺎءات راﺳﻳﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺣواﺋط ﻟﺑر وﻣﺎت )‪ (BASEMENT‬آو اﻟﺣواﺋط اﻟﺳﺎﻧدة‬
‫)‪.(RETAINING_WALLS‬‬
‫ﻋﻧد ﺑﻧﺎء ﺣﺎﺋط ﺳﺎﻧد ﻛﺑﻳر ﻟﻳﺳﻧد ﺗرﺑﺔ اﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ ﻳﺗم ﺣﻔر ٕوازاﻟﺔ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﺧﻠف اﻟﺣواﺋط ﺛم إﺣﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺗرﺑﺔ ﻏﻳر‬
‫ﺗﻣددﻳﺔ ) ‪ ( NONSWELLING‬ﻣﻊ اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ طﺑﻘﺔ ﻏﻳر ﻣﻧﻔذة ﻟﻠﻣﻳﺎﻩ ) ‪WATERPROOF‬‬
‫‪ (MEMBRANE‬ﺣوﻝ اﻟردم‪ ،‬وذﻟك ﻟﺗﻔﺎدى ﺗﻐﻳﻳر اﻟﻣﺣﺗوى اﻟرطوﺑﺔ ﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟردم )‪.(SOIL_MOISTURE‬‬
‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﻳﻛون اﻟﺣﻔر واﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﻣﻣﻛﻧﺎ ﻓﻣن اﻟﻣﻣﻛن ﺣﻝ اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻋﻣدة أﺳطواﻧﻳﺔ) ‪ ( PIERS‬ﺗﺻﻝ إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ ﻏﻳر اﻟﺗﻣددﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻟك ﻟﻌزﻝ اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ ﻋن ﺗﺄﺛﻳر اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ ﻏﻳر اﻟﻣﺗﺳﺎوﻳﺔ )‪(UNEQUAL MOVEMENT‬‬
‫‪ ،‬واﻷﻋﻣدة اﻷﺳطواﻧﻳﺔ ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ ﺗﻐطﻰ ﺑﻐﻼف أﺳطواﻧﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻔﺎﻳﺑر ) )‪FIBER BOARD CIRCULAR‬‬
‫‪ ، FORM‬وﻫذﻩ اﻷﻋﻣدة أﻓﺿﻝ ﻣن اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ اﻟﺧوازﻳق )‪ ،( PILES‬وذﻟك ﻟﺗﻔﺎدى اﻟرﻓﻊ واﻻﻫﺗ اززات‬
‫)‪(HEAVE AND VIBRATIONS‬اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺣﺑﺔ ﻟدق اﻟﺧوازﻳق ‪.‬‬
‫وﺳواء اﺳﺗﻌﻣﻠت اﻷﻋﻣدة اﻻﺳطواﻧﻳﺔ أو اﻟﺧوازﻳق ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﺟب أن ﺗﺻﻣم ﺑدﻗﺔ وذﻟك ﻻن اﻟﺗﺻﻣﻳم اﻟﺧﺎطﺊ ﻟﺋﻼ‬
‫ﻗد ﻳودي إﻟﻰ ﺷروخ واﻧﻬﻳﺎرات ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﺷﺎ‪.‬‬
‫أﺧﻳ ًار ﻳﺟب ﻣراﻋﺎة أن اﻟﻘوى اﻟراﻓﻌﺔ) ‪ ( UPWARD FORCES‬اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑذﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫذﻩ‬
‫اﻷﻋﻣدة واﻟﺧوازﻳق ﻋﻧد ﺣدﻫﺎ اﻷﻗﺻﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺗﻌدى أﺣﻣﺎﻝ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻌﻣدة ) ‪ ( PICR LOAD‬أو اﻟﺧوازﻳق ٕواﻻ‬
‫ﻓﻳﺟب ﻋﻣﻝ ﺗﻐﻳﻳرات أﺧرى ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺻﻣﻳم ﻛﺄن ﻧوﺳﻊ ﻗﺎﻋدة اﻟﻌﻣود ) ‪BELLIED PIER‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒﻊ – ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘـﺹ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒــﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒـﻊ‬
‫)‪(Soil Shear Tests‬‬
‫ﻤﺩﺨــل )‪(Introduction‬‬ ‫‪1-4‬‬

‫ﺃﺸﺭ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻭ‪‬ﺓ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝـﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﻘـﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﻷﺤﻤـﺎل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻲ ﻓﺤـﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ )‪ ،(Direct shear test‬ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ )‪،(Triaxial test‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ )‪ ،(Unconfined compression‬ﻭﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ )‪ ،(One-dimensional consolidation‬ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘـﺭﺍﻕ )‪(Penetration‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ )‪ (California Bearing Ratio‬ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﻴﺸـﺘﻬﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﻤﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ ﺴﻲ ﺒﻲ ﺁﺭ )‪ .(C.B.R‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺨﺒﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺤﻘﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘـﺩ ﺭﺃﻴﻨـﺎ ﻋـﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺒﻭﺍﺏ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻡ ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﺎﺏ ﻴﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﺫﻝﻙ‪ .‬ﺃﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﻭﺼـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻘﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺹ )‪ :(Shear strength of soil‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﻘل ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﻴﺭﺘﻜـﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻰ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (Stresses‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬

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‫ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ )‪ .(Deformations‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺇﻤـﺎ ﻤﺭﻨـﺔ‬

‫)‪ (Elastic‬ﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏـﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (Volume change‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫)‪ (Consolidation‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻤﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻤـﺎ ﺍﻝﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻝﻠﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻨﺯﻻﻕ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ ﻓـﻭﻕ ﺍﻻﺨـﺭﻯ ) ‪Slippage of soil‬‬
‫‪ ،(particles‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻨﺯﻻﻕ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺘﺭﺍﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ )‪ ،(Failure‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﻫـﻭ ﻤـﺎ ﻴﻌـﺭﻑ ﺒـﺎﻝﻘﺹ‬
‫)‪ .(Shear‬ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺼل ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻨﻭﺭﺩ ﻤﺴﻠﺴل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﺘﺼﺎﻋﺩﹰﺍ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﹰﺎ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﻝﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺤ‪‬ﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺼﻠﺏ )‪ (Rigid stamp‬ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭل ﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻥ )‪ (P1‬ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ )‪ ،(S1‬ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪ (P2‬ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ )‪ ،(S2‬ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨـﻰ )‪(P→S‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪.(1-4‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺘﺭﺍﺹ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤـل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺘﻨـﺩﻤﻙ ﺒﺘﻘـﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﺴـﻥ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼـﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘـﺩﻋﻰ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺒﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀـﻐﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝـﺩﻤﻙ ) ‪Compaction‬‬
‫‪ ،(phase‬ﻭﻴﻤﺜل ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل )‪ (P2‬ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻨـﻪ )‪.(S2‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻼﺸﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻅﺭﻴـﹰﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝِﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺴﻲ ﻨﻴﻜﻭﻻﻱ ﻏﻴﺭﺴﻴﻔﺎﻨﻭﻑ )‪ ،(N.Gersevanov‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺨﻁﻴﺔ )‪،(Linear‬‬

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‫ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﻨـﺔ‬

‫)‪ (Theory of elasticity‬ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺸﻬﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺼـﺎﻝﺤﺔ ﻁﺎﻝﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻝـﻰ ﻝﻠﺘﺤﻤﻴـل‪ ،‬ﻤﺭﺤﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻙ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻭﻝﻜﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻝﻭ ﺘﻤﺕ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻼﺸـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ؟‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺯﻻﻕ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ )‪ .(Shear phase‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺨﻁﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Non-linear‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺨﻼﻝﻬـﺎ ﺘﺘﺒـﻊ ﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺭﻋﹰﺎ ﺨﺎﺼﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺒﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺭﻉ "ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻴﺔ" )‪.(Non-linear soil mechanics‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺠﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺴﻲ ﻓﻼﺩﻴﻤﻴﺭ ﺒﻴﺭﻴﺯﺍﻨﺘﺴﻴﻑ ) ‪V.‬‬
‫‪ (Berezantsev‬ﺃﻥ ﻨﻭﺍﺓ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﺼﺔ )‪ (Compacted core‬ﺘﺘﺸﻜل ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ )ﺸﻜل ‪ (2-4‬ﻭﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺘﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻠﻭﻍ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ )ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ‪ P3‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ‪ ،(1-4‬ﻭﺃﻱ ﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻨﺯﻻﻕ ﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﻝﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺜﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ )‪ ،(Loss of stability‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ )‪.(Failure phase‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺹ ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (1-4‬ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ )ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻌﺒ‪‬ﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ )‪ (Cohesion‬ﻭﻴ‪‬ﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻑ )‪(C‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌ ‪‬ﺒﺭ ﻋﻨـﻪ ﺯﺍﻭﻴـﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜـﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪ (Angle of internal friction‬ﻭﻴ‪‬ﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻼﺘﻴﻨﻲ )‪.(φ‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ ﻜﻭﻝﻭﻡ )‪ (Columb‬ﺃﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 1773‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻪ‪:‬‬

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‫)‪τ = C + σ tan φ (1-4‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - τ‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺹ‬
‫‪ -C‬ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ -σ‬ﺍﺠﻤﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ‬
‫‪ -φ‬ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ )‪ (1-4‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﻌ‪‬ﺎل ) ‪Effective‬‬
‫‪:(stress‬‬
‫)‪(2-4‬‬ ‫‪τ′ = C′ + σ′ tan φ′‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - C′,φ′‬ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎل‬
‫‪ - σ′‬ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎل ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ )‪:(Normal effective stress‬‬
‫)‪(3-4‬‬ ‫‪σ′ = σ - u‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - u‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻤﻲ )‪.(Pore-water pressure‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (3-4‬ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻜﻭﻝﻭﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻓﻬﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ )‪ (Direct shear test‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺅﻩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴـﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺒـ ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ )‪ ،(Shear box‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﹸﺅﺨﺫ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ل ﻋﻤـﻭﺩﻱ ﻤﺨﺘﻠـﻑ )‪ ،(σ1,σ2,σ3‬ﻭﺒﻌـﺩﻫﺎ ﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﺤﻤ ٍ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻘﻭﺓ ﻗﺹ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ )‪ ،(τ1،τ2 ،τ3‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺤـﺹ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪) (σ →τ‬ﺸﻜل ‪ ،(4-4‬ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪ (φ‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ )‪ (C‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (2-4‬ﺍﻝﻨﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺍﺼ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺸﻜل ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (3-4‬ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻜﻭﻝﻭﻡ ﻻﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‪ :‬ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺃﻗﻭﻯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (C‬ﻭﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺩﺍﺨﻠـﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻗل )‪ ،(φ‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺃﻗﻭﻯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺃﻗل‪ .‬ﻭﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ )‪ ،(φ=0‬ﻭﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺼـﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ ،(C=0‬ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺜل ﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻜﻭﻝﻭﻡ )‪ (1-4‬ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﹰﺎ ﻝﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ )ﺸﻜل ‪ 5-4‬ﺃ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻨﻁﻠﻘﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل )ﺸﻜل ‪ 5-4‬ﺏ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ )‪ – (Triaxial shear test‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺘﻌـﺭﻴﺽ‬

‫ﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )ﻁﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﻀﻌﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ( ﺍﻝﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻜل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻤﺤﻜﻡ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Cell‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﻀﺦ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻴﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﺔ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﻏﺸـﺎﺀ‬

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‫ﻤﻁﺎﻁﻲ )‪ ،(Rubber membrane‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺘـﹰﺎ ﻭﻴﺭﻤـﺯ ﻝـﻪ‬

‫)‪ .(σ3‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻝﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﺒﺕ )‪ (σ3‬ﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬
‫ل ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻤﺘﺼﺎﻋﺩ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل‬
‫ﺒﺤﻤ ٍ‬
‫)‪ (6-4‬ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ‪./7/‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪ (σ→τ‬ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸـﻜل )‪-4‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻝـﻰ‬
‫‪ ،(7‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺭﺴﻡ ﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﻤﻭﺭ )‪ (Mohr circles‬ﻝﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﹸﺘ ﹶﺜ ‪‬ﺒﺕﹾ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (σ3‬ﻭ )‪(σ1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ )‪ (σ‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫)‪ (σ1 - σ3‬ﻴ‪‬ﺭﺴﻡ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭل‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﻤـﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (7-4‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺜل ﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ }ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻜﻭﻝﻭﻡ )‪.{(104‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (4-4‬ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬

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‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(5-4‬ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻜﻭﻝﻭﻡ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﹰﺎ‪:‬‬

‫)ﺃ( ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ )‪(φ=0‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ )‪(C=0‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (6-4‬ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (7-4‬ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤـﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﺹ ﻓﻬﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ – ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁﺔ‪-‬ﻏﻴـﺭ ‪‬ﻤﺼ‪‬ـﺭ‪‬ﻓﺔ )‪Unconsolidated-‬‬
‫‪ (Undrained UU‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻜل‬

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‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ )‪ ،(σ3‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ )‪ (σ1 - σ3‬ﻓﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺒﺤﺼﻭل ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻝﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪ (Drainage‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻓﺔ )‪Consolidated-‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ ﻤﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁﺔ‪-‬ﻏﻴـﺭ ‪‬ﻤﺼ‪‬ـ ‪‬‬
‫‪ (Undrained CU‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺒﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﺃﺜﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﺤﻤل ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ )‪ ،(σ3‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﺇﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ )‪ (σ1 - σ3‬ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺒﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﺼ ‪‬ﺭﻓﺔ )‪(Consolidated-Drained CD‬‬

‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁﺔ‪ -‬ﻤ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺒﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻀﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﺤﻤل ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻜل ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ )‪ ،(σ3‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺨـﺎﺭﺠﻲ ) ‪σ1 -‬‬
‫‪ (σ3‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ )‪ (Unconfined compression test‬ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ‬

‫ﺨﻼﻝﻪ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )ﻁﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﻀﻌﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫـﺎ( ﻝﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺘﺼﺎﻋﺩ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪-4‬‬
‫‪ ،(6‬ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ )‪ ،(σ3 =0‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﻴﺤـﺩﺙ ﻋﻨـﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻪ ﺒـ )‪ (qu‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ )‪:(σ1‬‬
‫‪qu = σ1‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻜﻭﻝﻭﻡ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ )‪ ،(σ‬ﻭﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (8-4‬ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪qu‬‬
‫)‪(4-4‬‬ ‫=‪C‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ( ﻫﻲ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﻝﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (8-4‬ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﺴـﻊ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻁﺭﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻸﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻠﺨﺼﻬﺎ ﺝ‪ .‬ﺒﻭﻝﺯ )‪ (J. Bowles‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ‪: /8/‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪،‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻝﻴﺱ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺼﻨﺩﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴـﺎﺭ ﻜﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‪‬ﻔﺘﺭ‪‬ﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺤﺼﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻴﺤﻭل ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻤﻲ )‪ (Pore-water pressure‬ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﻨـﺔ )‪ (Modulus of elasticity‬ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻭﻥ )‪ (Poisson’s ratio‬ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺜﺔ )‪.(Triaxial apparatus‬‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻗﺩ ﻋﺎﺩ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻝﻸﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻴﻭﺭﺩﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺝ‪.‬ﺒﻭﻝﺯ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤـﺹ ﺍﻝﻘـﺹ ﺜﻼﺜـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻤﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻝﻌﻤل ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﺒﻌﺩ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻻ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻗﺘﹰﺎ ﻁﻭﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ ،(Consolidated-Undrained CU‬ﻭﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﺒﻁﻲﺀ ﺒﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ ،(Consolidated-Drained CD‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻡ ﻝﺘﺼـﺭﻴﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻴل‪،‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻤﻜﱢﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺘﻘﻠﻴـل ﻤﺴـﺎﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻝﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤـﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪،‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ )‪ (C‬ﻭ )‪ (φ‬ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭ‬

‫ﻭﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫م‪.‬م ميساء سالم‬ ‫مقاومة قص التربة‬
‫مقاومة قص التربة‬
‫يمكن تعريف قوة القص للتربة بانھا مقاومة التربة الجھادات القص المعرضة لھا‪ ,‬فعندما‬
‫تتعرض التربة الجھادات فانھا سوف تفشل في القص والذي سيؤدي بدوره الى حدوث‬
‫تشوھات لدنة نتيجة الحركة على سطح االنزالق‬
‫‪1 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫• نظرية كولوم‪-‬مور )‪(Coulomb‐Mohr Theory‬‬
‫• تعد ھذه النظرية ھي االدق واالكفا لحساب مقاومة التربة لالنزالق‪ .‬فقد اقترح كولومب‬
‫‪ 1776‬بان التربة تفشل بالقص عندما يتجاوز اجھاد القص المسلط على سطح االنزالق‬
‫المقاومة التي يوفرھا كل من االحتكاك ‪ friction‬والتماسك ‪ cohesion‬وان االجھادات‬
‫المؤثرة في السطح تميل بزاوية الى االفق مقدارھا )∅ (‬
‫‪2 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺗﺗﺎﻟف ﻗوة اﻟﻘص ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣرﻛﺑﺗﻳن‬
‫‪.1‬اﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎك ‪Fraction‬‬
‫‪2.‬اﻟﺗﻣﺎﺳك ‪cohesive‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪3 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪4 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪5 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫اﻧواع ﻓﺷﻝ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘص‬

‫‪.1‬الفشل المفاجئ‪ :‬ويحدث في الترب الطينية المتماسكة الصلبة ‪, (hard cohesive soils) ‬‬
‫يحدث في ھذه الحالة الفشل الموقعي )‪( local failure‬عند نقطة واحدة يليه فشل فجائي عام‬
‫عند سطح االنزالق ثم يتطور الى تشوه كبير‪ .‬‬
‫‪.2‬الفشل التدريجي ‪ : ‬ويحدث في التربة الطينية الرخوة ‪(soft clay) ‬والترب الحبيبية‬
‫المفككة)‪، (loose granular soil‬يحدث تطور التشوه بطيئا عند سطح االنزالق‬
‫‪ ‬الھدف من دراسة مقاومة قص التربة‬

‫‪ .1 ‬حساب قابلية التربة اسفل االسس‪.‬‬
‫‪.2 ‬دراسة اتزان الميول الجانبية ‪ side slope‬في االعمال الترابية مثل السدود الترابية‬
‫والقنوات والطرق والسكك‪.‬‬
‫‪.3 ‬حساب قيم الضغوط الجانبية والمؤثرة في الجدران الساندة ‪ (retaining walls) ‬او‬
‫الركائز اللوحية )‪(sheet piles‬‬
‫‪6 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ .4 ‬حساب قابلية تحمل الركائز )‪(pile‬‬

‫‪ .5 ‬دراسة الحلول الھندسية المناسبة للترب ذات المشاكل مثل الترب الطينية الرخوة)‬
‫‪(soft clay soils‬‬
‫فحص القص المباشر ‪ Direct shear test‬‬
‫‪7 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﺿﻐط اﻟﻼﻣﺣﺻور ‪unconfined compression test‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺗﺑر ﻫذا اﻟﻔﺣص ﻣن اﻟﻔﺣوﺻﺎت اﻟﺑﺳﻳطﺔ ﻻﻳﺟﺎد ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻘص ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟطﻳﻧﻳﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن اﻟﺗﻣﺎﺳك ﺑﻳن اﻟﺣﺑﻳﺑﺎت وﻳرﻣز ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑـ)‪ .(cu‬ﻳﺗﻠﺧص ﻫذا اﻟﻔﺣص ﺑﺗﺳﻠﻳط ﻗوة‬
‫ﺿﺎﻏطﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ اﻟﻌﻣودي اﻣﺎ اﻻﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﻲ ﻓﺗﻛون ﻗﻳﻣﺗﻪ ﻣﺳﺎوﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺻﻔر أي‬
‫)‪ (б3=0‬وﻳﺗم اﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳط ﻛﻣﺎ ﻫو ﻣﺑﻳن ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﺑدي اﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻋدم اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺿﻐط‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﻠط ﺛم ﺗﺣﺳب اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻣﻘطﻊ اﻟﻧﻣوذج ﻋﻧد اﻻﺧﻔﺎق ﻻﻳﺟﺎد ﻗﻳﻣﺔ اﻟﺟﻬد اﻟرﺋﻳﺳﻲ اﻻﻛﺑر‬
‫)‪(б1‬‬
‫‪8 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻟﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧت ﻗﻳﻣﺔ )‪ (б3=0‬و )‪ (б1‬ﻳﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ اﻟﺛﻘﻝ اﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﻘطﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (A2‬ﻓﺎن داﺋرة ﻣور ﻳﻣﻛن رﺳﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﻛﻝ ادﻧﺎﻩ وان‬
‫= ‪A2‬‬
‫∆‬
‫= ‪A2‬‬ ‫∆‬
‫ﺣﻳث ان‪:‬‬
‫=‪A1‬‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﻘطﻊ اﻻﺑﺗداﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬
‫= ‪A2‬‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﻘطﻊ اﻻﺑﺗداﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬
‫=‪L1‬‬ ‫اﻟطوﻝ اﻻﺑﺗداﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬
‫=‪∆L‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻐﻳر ﻓﻲ طوﻝ اﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬
‫‪τ = cu = qu / 2‬‬
‫‪9 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪10 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪11 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺧطوات اﻟﺗﺟرﺑﺔ‬
‫= ‪A2‬‬
‫∆‬
‫= ‪A2‬‬ ‫∆‬
‫ﺣﻳث ان‪:‬‬
‫=‪L1‬‬ ‫اﻟطوﻝ اﻻﺑﺗداﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬
‫=‪∆L‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻐﻳر ﻓﻲ طوﻝ اﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬
‫‪τ = cu = qu / 2‬‬
‫‪12 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪13 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫فحص الضغط ثالثي المحاور ‪Triaxial Compression‬‬
‫ان التربة الطينية لھا سلوكية مختلفة وھي اكثر تعقيدا من التربة الرملية عند تعرضھا الى‬
‫اجھادات خارجية وذلك بالنظر لقلة قابليتھا على تنافذ الماء‪ .‬لھذا السبب ھناك انواع عديدة من‬
‫ھذه الفحوصات وبما ان الفحص يشمل مرحلتين لتسليط االجھادات االولى عند تسليط‬
‫)‪ (б3‬واالخرى عند تسليط )‪ (б1‬فيمكن اعتبار الفحص من الفحوصات المركبة ‪,‬يتم عمل ھذا‬
‫الفحص بطريقة مشابھة لفحص الضغط غير المحصور ماعدا أن االساس في ھذا الفحص ھو‬
‫تسليط ضغوط بثالثة اتجاھات رئيسية متعامدة على بعضھا البعض ولذلك سمي الفحص‬
‫)فحص الضغط بثالثة محاور( ويكون الضغط محصور عن طريق إدخال العينة في خلية‬
‫مغلقة ‪ ،‬وإدخال الھواء أو الماء المضغوط للعينة المحاطة بغشاء مطاطي ‪ ،‬ثم يتم تحميل العينة‬
‫رأسيا ً حتى تنكسر ‪ ،‬ويسجل مقدار الضغط الرأسي والضغط الجانبي الثابت ‪ ،‬ويوضح الشكل‬
‫التالي الجھاز المستخدم في ذلك ‪ ،‬ويتم تكرار االختبار بوضع عينة أخـرى وزيادة الضغط‬
‫الجانبي‪ .‬ومن نتائج االختبار يتم رسم دائرة " مور" ومنھا يتم تحديد زاوية االحتكاك ومقدار‬
‫تماسك التربة ‪ ،‬وھناك ثالثة أنواع لھذا االختبار ھي‪ :‬‬
‫‪ -1‬الفحص البطيئ )تصريف الماء( فحص مدمج ومسموح بتصريف المياه ‪CD ) S‐SLOW‬‬
‫‪. (test‬‬
‫في ھذا الفحص يسمح بتصريف ماء التربة خالل مرحلة تسليط االجھاد الرئيسي االصغر حتى‬
‫تتم عملية انضمام التربة وكذلك خالل المرحلة عند تسليط االجھاد الرئيسي االكبر او الجھد‬
‫الحارف بشكل تدريجي مع الحفاظ على عدم ارتفاع ضغط المسام عن قيمة الصفر‪ ،‬ومنه يمكن‬
‫الحصول على القيم الفعلية لكل من) َ‪ (C , φ‬ويستعمل ھذا الفحص في احتساب درجة‬
‫االستقرار للمدى البعيد‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬فحص االنضمام وغير مسموح بتصريف المياه ) ‪.( CU test‬‬
‫وھنا يسمح بتصريف الماء تحت تاثير االجھاد الرئيسي االصغر )‪ (б3‬حتى يصل انضمام‬
‫تربة النموذج الى الحد المطلوب‪ ،‬ثم يسلط الجھد الرئيسي االكبر )‪ (б1‬دون السماح لماء العينة‬
‫‪14 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫بان يبزل وفي ھذه الحالة يكون باالمكان قياس ضغط المسام‪ .‬ويستخدم ھذا الفحص في اعمال‬
‫السدود وخاصة عندما تتعرض التربة الى ظروف سحب ماء مفاجئ وھذا كثير الحدوث‪.‬‬
‫‪ –3‬الفحص غير المبزول )السريع( فحص غير مدمج وغير مسموح بتصريف المياه‬
‫‪. (UU test ) Q‐ quiqe ‬‬
‫في ھذا الفحص اليسمح بتصريف ماء العينة وھذا يعني تالشي ضغط ماء الفجوات خالل‬
‫الفحص وباالمكان قياس ھذا الضغط في عينة التربة الطينية المشبعة ويستعمل في اعمال‬
‫المنحدرات الترابية لغرض استخدامھا اليجاد الحالة المستقرة على المدى القريب‪ .‬‬
‫‪- 4‬الفحص تحت الضغط العكسي ‪(UC test) unconfined compression test б3=0‬‬
‫يجري ھذا الفحص على عينة التربة غير المشبعة اشباعا كامال ويراد معرفة سلوكيتھا في‬
‫ظرف االشباع ‪،‬عندئذ يسلط ضغط عكسي لرفع ضغط المسام وفي نفس الوقت يسلط ضغط‬
‫الخلية على العينة ‪ ,‬وبذلك يمكن ضمان اشباع النموذج وخالل وقت قصير‪ .‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪15 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪16 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫فحص القص الحقلي‬
‫‪17 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪18 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫__________________________________________________________________‬
‫_‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ )‪ (C‬ﻭ )‪ (φ‬ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒــﺔ‬ ‫‪2-4‬‬

‫)‪(Direct Shear Test of Soil‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM D-3080.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ )‪:(Equipment‬‬
‫ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ )‪ (Direct shear box‬ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل )‪ (9-4‬ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ – ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ )ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭﻴﺔ(‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻴﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﺤﺼﻪ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺒﺭﺍﻏﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻝﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻝﺭﺒﻁ‬
‫ﻨﺼﻔﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺘﹸﺅﺨﺫ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺒﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺜـﻡ ﻴﻭﻀـﻊ ﻗـﺭﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻨﹼﻥ )‪،(Serrated porous disc‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ )‪ (N1‬ﻤﻊ ﺃﺨـﺫ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻗـﺭﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻜﺠﺯﺀ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫)‪،(N1‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻙ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻏﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼـﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺒﺠﺯﺌـﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻠﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ – (9-4‬ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬
‫‪ -7‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺴﺎﻋﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ‪،‬‬

‫‪ -8‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺹ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻫﺒﻭﻁﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ )‪،(N1‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺀ ﺒﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ )‪(T1‬‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻜل ‪ 15‬ﺜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ ﻝﻠـﺩﻗﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻭﻝﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜل ‪ 30‬ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ‪،‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﻘﺹ( ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺭﻓـﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫‪-10‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ )‪ (10-1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺘـﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﻗﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪-11‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﻝﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻝﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺤﻤل‬
‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ )‪ (N2‬ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﻤل )‪ (N3‬ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫)‪.(N1<N2<N3‬‬
‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴ ﹰﺎ ‪ -‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ )ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ(‪:‬‬

‫ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘـﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭ‬
‫ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﺘﻤﺜل ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴـﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ )‪ ،(Undisturbed‬ﻭﻴﺠـﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻗﻁﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻭﺇﺩﺨﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻨﻬـﺎﺀ ﺘﻀـﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪ (Consolidation‬ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻔﺼل ﺠﺯﺌـﻲ‪‬‬
‫ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ )ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ ،(5‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ )‪:(Calculations‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴـﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ )‪ (Normal stress‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫‪Ni‬‬
‫= ‪σi‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ )‪ (Shear stress‬ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‪:‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪Ti‬‬
‫= ‪τi‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - i‬ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -A‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ )‪:(Plotting‬‬
‫ﻴ‪‬ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ τ‬ﻭ‪ σ‬ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ )‪ (C‬ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪.(φ‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ) ‪Horizontal‬‬
‫‪ (displacement‬ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ )‪.(Vertical displacement‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻝﺤﺴـﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪ (1-4‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﺔ )ﺸﻜل ‪ (10-4‬ﻤﺜـﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻘﺘﺒﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪./7/‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪(1-4‬‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ‪σn‬‬
‫‪146‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬
‫)ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻡ‪(2‬‬
‫ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ‪τ‬‬
‫‪128‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫)ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻡ‪(2‬‬
‫‪2.2‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ )ﻤﻠﻡ(‬
‫‪0.14-‬‬ ‫‪0.15-‬‬ ‫‪16.0-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ )ﻤﻠﻡ(‬
‫‪1.71‬‬ ‫‪1.70‬‬ ‫‪1.70‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ )ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ )ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ(‬
‫‪150‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪150‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ )ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ(‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪(10-4‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪ :‬ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ )‪ = (C‬ﺼﻔﺭ‬
‫)ﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ(‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪ 41 = (φ‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ 3-4‬ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‬

‫)‪(Triaxial Compression and Shear Test‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪:(Standard references‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM D-2850‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS 1377.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ )‪:(Equipment‬‬
‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺸﻔﹼﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﻜـل‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ )‪) (Loading frame‬ﺸﻜل ‪،(11-4‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ )ﻤﻨﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺴـﻜﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻝﻠﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻕ‪،(...‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﻁﺎﻁﻲ ﻝﺘﻐﻠﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ )‪،(Rubber membrane‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﻓﺭﻥ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ )‪:(Procedure‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻗل( ﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴ‪‬ـﺭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻁﺭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻨﺼـﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻭل )‪ ،(D = L/2‬ﻭﻏﺎﻝﺒﹰﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻭل ‪ 76‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻁﺭ ‪ 38‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ‪ 1.4‬ﻭ ‪ 2.8‬ﺇﻨﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ 38‬ﻭ ‪100‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻭ ‪ 50‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻨﺩﺍ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺍﻻﺴﻜﻨﺩﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺒﻘﻁﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (Block sample‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺃﻨﺒـﻭﺏ ﺠﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ )‪.(Tube sampler‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻐﻠﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﻁﻲ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺤﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
‫ﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﺒﺔ )‪ (Loose‬ﻏﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﺭﻤل‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺴﻜﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﻁﻲ ﻋﺒـﺭ ﻗﻤـ ﹴﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ‪،‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (11-4‬ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ُ -3‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺍﻝﻘﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻭل(‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺘﹸﺅﺨﺫ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻠﻴﻑ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﻁﻲ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼـﺹ ﻝﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻤﻸ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻝﻴﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻀـﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒـﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻝﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﻤﺤﻴﻁﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻭﻴ‪‬ﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻪ ﺒـ )‪- (σ3‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل )‪، -(6-4‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨـﻼل ﺤﻤـل‬
‫ﻤﺘﺼﺎﻋﺩ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫)‪- (σ1-σ3‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل )‪،-(6-4‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻙ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ﻝﻭﺼـﻑ ﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻁـﻭﺍﺕ ﻤـﻥ )‪ (7-2‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺘـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻗﻴﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝـﻰ )‪ (σ′3‬ﺜـﻡ )‪ (σ′′3‬ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻲ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ )‪.(σ3<σ3′<σ′′3‬‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ‪ :‬ﺘﹸﺅﺨﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل‪.‬‬
‫‪-4‬ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ )‪:(Calculation‬‬
‫ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـﻭﺩﻱ )‪ (Normal stress‬ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌـﺎل )‪ (Strain‬ﺘﺴـﺘﻌﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -Lo‬ﺍﻝﻁﻭل ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -D‬ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -Ao‬ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪πD 2‬‬
‫= ‪Ao‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ -X‬ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻝﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﹸﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫=‪ε‬‬ ‫)‪100(%‬‬
‫‪Lo‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻨﺩﻩ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫= ‪σ1 − σ 3‬‬
‫‪Ao‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ – P‬ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-5‬ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ )‪:(Plotting‬‬
‫ﻴ‪‬ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ )‪ (σ‬ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻘـﺹ )‪،(τ‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﹸﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ )‪ (C‬ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪.(φ‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻴ‪‬ﺭﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﻭﺍﺠﻬـﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻘـﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﺤـﺹ ﺍﻝﻘـﺹ ﺜﻼﺜـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻘﺘﺒﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪./7/‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪(2-4‬‬
‫‪118-3-54‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﻗﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬ ‫‪78.2‬‬ ‫ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﻤﻠﻡ(‬
‫‪1.71‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻗﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴل )ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ(‬ ‫‪38.0‬‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﻤﻠﻡ(‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ )ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ‪/‬ﻡ‪(2‬‬ ‫‪1134‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ)ﻤﻠﻡ‪(2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل )‪ %‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ(‬ ‫‪88.7‬‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل‬
‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫)ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ=‪(div‬‬ ‫)ﻤﻠﻡ(‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬
‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪0.20‬‬
‫‪0.50‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪0.40‬‬
‫‪0.75‬‬ ‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪0.60‬‬
‫‪1.00‬‬ ‫‪81‬‬ ‫‪0.80‬‬
‫‪1.50‬‬ ‫‪107‬‬ ‫‪1.20‬‬
‫‪2.00‬‬ ‫‪152‬‬ ‫‪1.60‬‬
‫‪2.50‬‬ ‫‪187‬‬ ‫‪2.00‬‬
‫‪3.00‬‬ ‫‪216‬‬ ‫‪2.40‬‬
‫‪3.50‬‬ ‫‪245‬‬ ‫‪2.80‬‬
‫‪4.00‬‬ ‫‪272‬‬ ‫‪3.20‬‬
‫‪4.50‬‬ ‫‪291‬‬ ‫‪3.60‬‬
‫‪5.00‬‬ ‫‪297‬‬ ‫‪4.00‬‬
‫‪5.50‬‬ ‫‪252‬‬ ‫‪4.40‬‬
‫‪φ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ‪-‬‬ ‫)ﻜﻴﻠﻭ‬
‫)ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻡ‪(2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫)‪(º‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫‪(σ‬‬ ‫)‪σ 1‬‬
‫‪σ3-σ‬‬ ‫ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪/‬ﻡ‪σ1 (2‬‬ ‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫)ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(3‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪5.0‬‬ ‫‪425‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪1.85‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪135‬‬ ‫‪6.2‬‬ ‫‪573‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪1.83‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪7.0‬‬ ‫‪672‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪1.86‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (12-4‬ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ‪/‬ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ‪/7‬‬
‫‪190‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺴﻊ – ﺍﻝﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (4-9‬ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪ (φ‬ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ )‪(N‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(5-9‬ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ )‪ (N‬ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺠﺒﺱ ﻭﻫﻭﻝﺘﺯ‬
‫)ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪ (1‬ﻭﺜﻭﺭﺒﻴﺭﻥ )ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪.(2‬‬
‫ﻓﺤـﺹ ﺍﻝﻘـﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻴـﺸـﺔ‬ ‫‪4-9‬‬
‫)‪(Vane Shear Test‬‬
‫ﻴ‪‬ﻠﺠﺄ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ ﺍﻝﻘـﺹ )‪(Shear strength‬‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻱ )‪ ،(Soft‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻪ ﻝﻸﺸﻜﺎل‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻤل )‪ (Sand‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻁﻤﻲ )‪ .(Silt‬ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻼﺩﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ )ﺨﺼﻭﺼـﹰﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺍﻻﺴﻜﻨﺩﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ( ﻭﺍﻝﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻨﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻪ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪BS 1377‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ASTM D – 2573‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪AASHTO T-223‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺭﻴﺸﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻝﻭﺍﺡ )ﺸﻔﺭﺍﺕ( ﻤﻥ ﻓﻭﻻﺫ ﻻ ﻴﺼﺩﺃ )ﺸﻜل ‪.(6-9‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻝﻠﺸﺩ )‪ (High tensile rod‬ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘـﻪ ﻤﻘـﺒﺽ ﻤـﺯﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺒﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺩﺭﺝ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ )‪.(Torque‬‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ )‪:(Procedure‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻏﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺌـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (Borehole‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻀﻌﺎﻑ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺌﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ – (6-9‬ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗل‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻁﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺸﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺒﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺫﺭﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ )‪ (Torque‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺤﺼل ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﺕ‬
‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺸﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﺤﺩﻭﺩ ‪-6‬‬
‫‪ 12‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬
‫‪d 2h d3‬‬
‫(‪T = πc‬‬ ‫) ‪+‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - T‬ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -C‬ﻗﻭﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ )‪.(Cohesion‬‬
‫‪ -d‬ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﺭﻴﺸﺔ )ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ‪.(6-9‬‬
‫‪ -h‬ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺸﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺜــﺎل ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻝﺯﻡ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻴﺸـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ‪ 185‬ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺹ )‪ (c‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤـﺕ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋـﺭﺽ ﻤﺴـﺎﻭ ‪ 100‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘـﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻁﻭﻝﻬﺎ ‪ 150‬ﻤﻠﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤـل ‪ :‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ‬
‫‪T = 185 Nm = 1.85 × 10-1 KN.m‬‬

‫‪d = 100 mm = 10-1 m‬‬
‫‪h = 150 mm = 1.5× 10-1 m‬‬
‫‪(10 −1 ) 2 x1.5x10 −1 (10 −1 ) 3‬‬

‫[‪1.85x10 −1 = πc‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫]‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪c = 64 KN/m².‬‬

‫___________________________________________________________________‬

‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت ‪Foundations‬‬
‫األساسات ھي الجزء السفلي للبناية الھندسية ودورھا ھو رفع حموالت البناء وضمان‬
‫تثبيتھا علي األرض‪ ،‬تكون األساسات عادة داخلة في األرض على عمق مناسب‬
‫للبناء ويتم إختيار األساس وفقا لنوع البناية وأسلوب التصميم وقدرة تحمل التربة‪.‬‬
‫تصنيف االساسات ‪ :‬تصنف االساسات حسب اھمية المنشأ و نوعية التربة و قد تكون‬
‫سطحية اذا كانت طبقة التأسيس على عمق صغير و قد تكون نصف عميقة او عميقة‬
‫اذا كانت طبقة التأسيس تتميز بخصائص رديئة وھنا يجب علينا التوصل الى طبقة‬
‫جيدة وقد ترتبط ابعاد االساسات بأعماقھا التي تحدد صنف االساسات ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬األساسات السطحية ‪ :‬االساسات السطحية‬

‫قريبة من الطبقة الخارجية وتختلف بإختالف أبعادھا وطبيعة العناصر المرتكزة‬
‫عليھا وقد نجد أساسات سطحية منعزلة )منفردة( ‪ -‬أساسات سطحية مستمرة –‬
‫أساسات سطحية أو مساحية )الحصير ( ‪.radier‬‬
‫‪ .2‬األساسات النصف عميقة ‪ :‬عبارة عن حفر ذات مقاطع عرضية‬
‫ضيقة وعمق كبير وتُمأل ھذه الحفر مباشرة بالخرسانة و تُنجز بواسطة وسائل يدوية‬
‫بسيطة أو بواسطة آالت‪.‬‬
‫شروط استعمال االساسات النصف عميقة‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬رداءة خصائص التربة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬تواجد طبقات اكثر مقاومة تحت ھذه الطبقات السطحية الرديئة تكون قادرة‬
‫على تحمل تأثيرات القوى الخارجية‪.‬‬
‫ھي أساسات تمتد على المساحة‬ ‫‪ .3‬األساسات المساحية )اللبشات(‪:‬‬

‫الكلية للمبنى ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬األساسات العميقة ‪ :‬إذا كانت طبقات التربة الطبيعية‬

‫السطحية ذات خصائص رديئة فإنھا ال تستطيع تحمل مختلف تأثيرات الحموالت‬
‫الخارجية على المنشآت ولذا يجب البحث عن طبقات عميقة مقاومة إلستغاللھا و ذلك‬
‫عن طريق األساسات العميقة ‪.‬‬
‫مختلف أنماط األساسات العميقة‪ :‬تتمثل األساسات العميقة في نوعين‪:‬‬
‫‪ .A‬اآلبار ‪ :‬عبارة عن حفر ذات أعماق معتبرة تنجز يدويا بما يعرف بحفر‬
‫اآلبار حيث تصفح جوانبھا الداخلية بصفائح خشبية وقد تكون معدنية وقد يكون الحفر‬
‫بواسطة آالت ميكانيكية وتستعمل أنابيب داعمة لتجنب إنھيار التربة وتمأل ھذه‬
‫األخيرة بالخرسانة و يتم نزع التصفيح تدريجيا مع تقدم عملية السكب‪.‬‬
‫أ( استعمال اآلبار ‪ :‬تستعمل اآلبار‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬عندما تكون الطبقة السطحية ذات مقاومة ضعيفة‬

‫‪ -‬عندما تكون الحموالت جد معتبرة‬
‫‪ -‬عند تكتل النعال‬
‫‪ -‬توفر الربح في الوقت‬
‫‪ -‬غير مكلفة مقارنة بالحصير‬
‫‪ -‬أماكن استعمالھا في الميدان‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬توضع في األماكن الحساسة للمنشآت‬
‫‪ -‬في الزوايا الداخلية و الخارجية للمنشأ‬
‫‪ -‬في أماكن تقاطع الجدران الداخلية على الحواشي‬
‫بـ( أبعاد اآلبار ‪ :‬تقدر أضالع اآلبار ما بين ‪ 1‬و ‪ 1.50‬متر كذلك بالنسبة‬
‫ألقطارھا ‪ ،‬أما العمق فال يجب أن يتعدى ‪ 8‬أمتار ‪.‬‬
‫األبعاد بين محاورھا ‪ :‬من ‪ 4‬إلى ‪ 8‬أمتار وھذا حسب الحموالت ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣن اﻟطﺑﻳﻌﻲ أن ﺗﺧﺗﻠف اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت ﺑﺈﺧﺗﻼف ﻧوع اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ ﺟراج ﻣﺗﻌدد اﻟطواﺑق أم ﻋﻣﺎرة ﺳﻛﻧﻳﺔ و ﻛذﻟك‬
‫ﻧوﻋﻳﺔ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﺻﺧرﻳﺔ أم رﻣﻠﻳﺔ ‪ .‬و ﻣن ﺛم ﻗد ﺗﻛون‬
‫اﺳﺎﺳﺎت ﺳطﺣﻳﺔ‬
‫و ﻫﻲ ﻣن أﻧواع اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛون ﻓﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﺻﺎﻟﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻣق ﻻ ﻳزﻳد ﻋن ‪ 10‬أﻣﺗﺎر …‪ .‬و‬
‫ﻣﻧﻬﺎ و ﺗﻌﺗﻣد ﻏﻠﻰ اﻟﻘواﻋد اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﻳﺔ و أﻧواﻋﻬﺎ‬
‫اوﻻ ‪ :‬اﻟﻘواﻋد اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣرة ” اﻟﺷرﻳطﻳﺔ ” ‪Strip Foundations‬‬
‫رﺳم ﻳوﺿﺢ اﻟﻘواﻋد اﻟﺷرﻳطﻳﺔ‬
‫و ﻫﻲ ﻣن أﻧواع اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺑﻧﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﺣواﺋط اﻟﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘواﻋد اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧواﻋﻬﺎ … و ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻧﺎزﻝ اﻟﺻﻐﻳرة … و ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻣﻊ ﺳور اﻟﺣداﺋق و اﻟﻔﻳﻼت ‪ .‬و اﻟﺑﻌض ﻳﻌﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﺑدون‬
‫ﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ و زﻣﺎن ﻛﺎﻧوا ﺑﻳﺑﻧوﻫﺎ طوب أو دﺑش و ﻳﺳﻣوﻫﺎ ﻗﺻﺔ اﻟردم ‪ .‬أو ﺣﺟر اﻟرأس ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻورة رﺳم ﻟﺟدار ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗواﻋد ﻣﺳﺗﻣرة …‪ .‬ﻻﺣظ أن ص ﻻﺑد و أن ﺗﻛون أﻗﻝ ﻣن أو ﺗﺳﺎوي س ﻋﻠﻰ أﻗﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻘدﻳر ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻳﺎً ‪ :‬اﻟﻘواﻋد اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ ‪Pad Foundations‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﻣن أﻧواع اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛون ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﻛﻌﺑﺎت ﻣن اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ ﻳﻛون ﻟﻬﺎ داﺋﻣﺎ ﺛﻼث اﺑﻌﺎد‬
‫اﻟطوﻝ و اﻟﻌرض و اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع و ﺗﺣﺗوى ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣدﻳد ﻣﺳﻠﺢ و ﻳﻔﺿﻝ ﻋدم ﺻﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻرض ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ‪ ،‬ﻟﻬذا‬
‫ﻧﻘوم ﺑﺻب طﺑﻘﺔ ﺧرﺳﺎﻧﻳﺔ – ﺑدون ﺣدﻳد – ﺗﺣﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺳﻣك ‪ 10‬ﺳم و ﺗﺳﻣﻲ ﻗﺎﻋدة ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ ‪،‬ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﺗﻛون‬
‫أﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ أﻛﺑر ﻣن أﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ و ﺣﺳب رﺳم اﻟﻣﻬﻧدس ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة و ﺳﻣﻛﻬﺎ و ﻛﻣﻳﺔ اﻟﺣدﻳد‬
‫ﻳﺣددﻫﺎ اﻟرﺳم اﻟﻬﻧدﺳﻲ ‪ .‬و ﻳﺧرج ﻣن اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة اﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ ﻋدد ﻣن اﻻﺳﻳﺎخ اﻟﺣدﻳدة ‪ ،‬ﺗﺣدد ﻣﻛﺎن اﻟﻌﻣود و‬
‫ﺗرﺑطﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻋدة ‪ ،‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﻫذﻩ اﻻﺳﻳﺎخ إﺷﺎرات اﻟﻌﻣود ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻧﻔﻳذ اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻘواﻋد اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫و ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻘواﻋد اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ ﺗرﺗﺑط ﻣﻌﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻳدات ) اﻟﺳﻣﻼت ( ) اﻟﺟدران اﻻرﺿﻳﺔ ( ) اﻟﺷﻧﺎﺟﺎت ( ‪.‬‬
‫و ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻣﻳدات إﻣﺎ أن ﺗﻛون ﺑﻳن اﻟﻘواﻋد‬
‫أو ﺗﻛون اﻟﻣﻳدات ﻓوق اﻟﻘواﻋد ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة‬
‫(‬ ‫ﻋﻣدان‬ ‫رﻗﺎب‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬ ‫)‬ ‫ﻗﺻﻳرة‬ ‫ﺧراﺳﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻋﻣدة‬ ‫اﻟﻘواﻋد‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻗد‬ ‫او‬
‫اﻟﺻورة ﺗوﺿﺢ اﻟﻘواﻋد و رﻗﺎب اﻟﻌﻣدان و اﻟﻣﻳدة ﻓوق رﻗﺎب اﻟﻌﻣدان‬
‫ﺗﻧﻔﻳذ اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺛﺎً ‪ :‬اﻟﻘواﻋد اﻟﻣﺷﻧرﻛﺔ‬

‫ﻣن أﻧواع اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة ﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ ﺑﻳن ﻋﻣودﻳن‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻗﺎﻋدﺗﻳن ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺗﻳن و ﻟﻛن ﻳﺗم ﺻﺑﻬم ﻣﻌﺎً و ﻓﻲ ﺻﻧدوق واﺣد ‪ .‬ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟرﺑط ﻗﺎﻋدة اﻟﺟﺎر‬
‫ﻣﻊ اﻗرب ﻗﺎﻋدة ﻟﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻘﺎرب ﻗﺎﻋدﺗﻳن ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺗﻳن ﺑﺣﻳث ﺗﻛون اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻳن اﻟﻘﺎﻋدﺗﻳن‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺗﻳن اﻗﻝ ﻣن ﻋرض اﻛﺑر اﻟﻌﻣودﻳن ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻧﻔﻳذ اﻟﻘواﻋد اﻟﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ‬
‫راﺑﻌﺎً ‪ :‬اﻟﻔَرﺷﺔ اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﻳﺔ أو اﻟﺣﺻﻳرة أو اﻟﻠﺑﺷﺔ ‪Raft Foundations‬‬
‫رﺳم ﻳوﺿﺢ اﻟﻠﺑﺷﺔ‬
‫ﻣن أﻧواع اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﺗد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺑﻧﻰ و ﺗُﺻب ﻛﻛﺗﻠﺔ واﺣدة ‪ .‬و ﻳﺧرج ﻣﻧﻬﺎ إﺷﺎرات‬
‫اﻟﻌﻣدان ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ‪ .‬ﺑﺑﺳﺎطﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻗواﻋد ﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺑﻧﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﻣﻝ ‪ .‬ﻣﻧﻬﺎ أﻧواع ﻋدﻳدة و ﻟﻛن ﻧﺣن ﻧﻘدم‬
‫ﻧﻣوذج ﻣن ﻫذﻩ اﻻﻧواع رﺑﻣﺎ ﻳﻛون ﻫو اﻟﻧوع اﻷﻛﺛر ﺷﻳوﻋﺎً و ﺗﻧﻔﻳذاً‬
‫ﺗﻧﻔﻳذ اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻠﺑﺷﺔ‬

‫ﺧﺎﻣﺳﺎً ‪ :‬اﻟﺣواﺋط – اﻟﺟدران – اﻟﺳﺎﻧدة‬
‫اﻟﺣواﺋط اﻟﺳﺎﻧدة‬
‫و ﻫﻲ ﺣواﺋط – اﻟﺟدران – ﺧرﺳﺎﻧﻳﺔ – ﻳﻌﻧﺑرﻫﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض ﻣن أﻧواع اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت – و ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻣﻝ ﺣﻣﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﺳﺑﺎﺣﺔ و ﺧزاﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ اﻷرﺿﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم أﻳﺿﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺳﻧد ﺟواﻧب اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻬﺷﺔ و‬
‫ﻣﻧﻌﻬﺎ ﻣن اﻹﻧﻬﻳﺎر ﻋﻧد إﻧﺷﺎء اﻻﻧﻔﺎق و ﻋﻣﻝ اﻟﻛﺑﺎري و ﻣﻊ اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺣﻔﺎرات ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳك ‪.‬‬
 ‫א‬
WIntroduction
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.0 %0.5 %‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،،‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

WSubsurface Exploration Program‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
،
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬K ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WSoil Borings Methods‫א‬ ٣{٨

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٣{٨
،  ‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEtest pitF‫א‬
 KE1.8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Ehand augersF‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E2.8F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
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 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٣{٨
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‬

 ‫א‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺣﺮة اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE1.8F



 







 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE2.8F
 ‫א‬
WRotary Drilling ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EbitF‫א‬
 K‫א‬E3.8F‫א‬،‫א‬
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

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 ‫א‬WE3.8F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬sampler‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
WWash Boring ‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،3.5 m2.0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EcasingF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4.8F‫א‬K
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE4.8F
 EBowles, J. E. - 1997F
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K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
WPercussion Drilling ‫א‬ K٣
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 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E5.8F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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WContinuous-Flight Auger ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5.8F
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 ‫א‬
WSoil Sampling‫א‬ ٤{٨

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
EFW ‫א‬K ‫א‬
Kundisturbed sampleEFdisturbed sample

Wdisturbed sampleEF ١{٤{٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Wundisturbed sampleEF ٢{٤{٨
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 WSplit-Spoon Method‫א‬‫א‬
E6.8F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K1.5 m،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.762 m‫א‬623 N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
45 cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 15 cm‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Kstandard penetration test (SPT)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٧ -
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE6.8F
 (Das, B. M. - 1993)
 WShelby Tubes Method
‫א‬،Thin Wall Tube‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬76.2 mm50.8 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬60 cm‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE7.8F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ١٢٨ -
 ‫א‬

 WE7.8F
 (Das, B. M. - 1993)

 WPiston Sampler‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬E8.8F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


WDegree of Sample Disturbance‫א‬ ٥{٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ميساء سالم1

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‫وزارة اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﺑﺣث اﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻔرات اﻻوﺳط اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿرات ﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾك اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬

 Soil Structure‫א‬ ١{٤

:Introduction  7.1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K o K‫א‬‫א‬ σ v = γ z 

:Rankine's theory of active and passive earth pressure ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 7.3

 WActive pressure‫א‬‫א‬ 7.3.1

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K a ،‫א‬ c 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K p  K a WE7.1F

  Po(1) = 1 × 3 × 25.5 = 38.25 kN / m

2m ‫ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2.5 m ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﻜﺎﻡ‬ γ = 17.5 kN / m 3

Darcy's Law‫א‬ 4.2

 <10-8 Clay 

 WFalling head test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 h2 ‫א‬ h1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬

‫ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

(γ d −max ) ‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬

Modified Proctor Test‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٢{٤

Saturation Line‫א‬ ٣{٢{٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬

19.26 20.80 2.12 943.30 2000.37 8.00 2

20.34 22.50 2.29 943.30 2163.13 10.58 3

20.16 22.76 2.32 943.30 2188.75 12.89 4

18.86 21.82 2.22 943.30 2097.81 15.68 5

17.77 20.93 2.13 943.30 2012.74 17.78 6

Field Compaction‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{٤

Sand Cone Method ‫א‬ ٢{٤{٤

 Wdry − soil = 618.3 gm ‫א‬

Dry Density vs. Water Content

110 Harvard Miniature

Field Compaction‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{٤

Sand Cone Method ‫א‬ ٢{٤{٤

 Wdry − soil = 618.3 gm ‫א‬

Dry Density vs. Water Content

110 Harvard Miniature

‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻣﻳﻪ ﻟﻬﺎ واﻳﺿﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻋزﻝ اﻟرطوﺑﻪ‬

‫‪-‬ﻳﻘﻠﻝ اﻟطﻠب اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻬﻳﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻠطرق‬

‫اﻟﻣرور اﻟﺛﻘﻳﻠﺔ اﻟوزن‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻲ ﻟم ﺗﻛن ﺗﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﻫﺎﻳﻪ اﻷﺣﺟﺎم اﻟﺟدﻳدة‪.‬‬

‫‪247‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤـل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴــﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻤﻥ‬

‫)‪(California Bearing Ratio-CBR Test‬‬

‫ﻤﺩﺨـل ) ‪(Introduction‬‬ ‫‪1-8‬‬

‫‪248‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﻐﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺠـﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺴـﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻝﺯﻡ ﻹﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺯ‬

‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪ (Standard loads‬ﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻐـﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻓﻬـﻲ‬

‫‪249‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2-8‬ﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬

‫‪250‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﻭل )ﺍﻨﺵ( ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻐﻤﺭ‬

‫‪251‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ )ﻏﻡ‪/‬ﺴﻡ‪(٣‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ‪:‬‬

‫‪252‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (3-8‬ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻜﺎﻝﻴﻔﻭﺭﻨﻴﺎ‬

‫‪OH,CH,‬‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻀﻌﻴﻑ‬

‫ ) ‪(١‬‬ ‫ ) ‪(٢‬‬