VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

―JNANA SANGAMA”, BELAGAVI – 590 018

A Technical Seminar Report on

“Reuse of Waste Cotton Textile as an Ultrafiltration

Membrane”
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Textile Technology

Submitted by

MEGHANA S
USN-1SK18TX403

Under the Guidance of

Internal Guide External Guide

Dr. HANUMANTHA NAIK H S Mr. Kannan Krishnamurthy
M Tech. (Textiles), Ph.D. (Textile Tech.) B.Tech. (Textiles), MBA (mktg)
Assistant Professor Director of Universal group
Dept. of Textile/Silk Technology Bangalore
Govt. S K S J T Institute
K R Circle, Bengaluru - 560 001

Department of Textile Technology

Govt. S K S J T Institute, K.R. Circle, Bengaluru-560 001
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2020-21
 GOVT. SRI KRISHNARAJENDRA SILVER JUBILEE
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, K R CIRCLE,
BENGALURU - 560 001
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Technical Seminar report entitled “REUSE OF WASTE
COTTON TEXTILE AS AN ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANE” has been
carried out by Ms. MEGHANA S, USN: 1SK18TX403 a bonafide student of Ⅷ
Sem. B. Tech. (Textile Technology), in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of
Technology in Textile Technology during the year 2020-21. It is certified that all
corrections / suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in
the report. This technical seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of technical seminar report prescribed for the said degree.

Name & Signature of Internal Guide/HOD Name & Signature of External Guide
Dr. HANUMANTHA NAIK H S Mr. KANNAN
KRISHNAMURTHY

Signature of Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to our Principal Dr. K.G.
Chandrashekar, Govt. S.K.S.J.T. Institute, Bengaluru for his encouragement and the
ample facilities offered to us at the institution in carrying out this Technical Seminar
report.

I wish to express my heartfelt thanks to my guide Dr. Hanumantha Naik H S,

Assistant Professor and HOD, Department of Textile/Silk Technology, Govt.
S.K.S.J.T. Institute, Bengaluru for his excellence guidance while carrying out the
technical seminar report.

I am sincerely thankful to my external guide Mr. Kannan Krishnamurthy,

Director of universal group, Bengaluru for his time and energy in clearing all my
doubts and guiding during the seminar report preparations.

I extend my sincere thanks to my Parents, and friends for their encouragement

and co-operation throughout this seminar report work.

Above all I Thank almighty God! MEGHANA S

1SK18TX403

i
 ABSTRACT
Textile industries produce lots of waste by the year, which is mainly, carbonize
or landfill. Cotton textile production and usage is gradually rising. Cotton textile
consists of more than quarter of total textile production and however it is renewable,
but its production is highly water and chemical intensive and it increases the need of
successful waste cotton textile recycling. Falling prices and consumerism from
disposable clothing create more waste each year. Large quantities of oil and water, two
scarce natural and non-renewable resources, are used to produce synthetic fibres.

Filtration is used to separate particles and fluid in a pause, where the fluid can
be a liquid, a gas or a supercritical fluid. Depending on the application, either one or
both of the components may be secluded.

This study gives an idea how waste cotton textile is used in an ultrafiltration
membrane and its advantages. Here waste cotton textiles are collected the waste cotton
textiles will be prepared as an membrane textile and then applied with casting solution
which are used to prepare membrane by casting method. While applying to casting
solution with two different concentration and different thickness, to see the results from
two and look into the best. Overall, it showed that very hydrophilic ultrafiltration
membranes having attractive permeability and retention properties can be made from
textile waste.

Key words: cellulose membrane, ultrafiltration, textile recycle, cotton waste.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER No. TITLE Page No.

Acknowledgements i

Abstract ii

Table of Contents iii

List of Figures v

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 cotton 1

1.2 Ultrafiltration 1

1.3 Cotton productions and recycling 2-3

1.4 Objective 4

Chapter 2 Literature Survey 5-6

Chapter 3 Material and Methods 7

3.1 Material 7

3.1.1 Casting solution 7

3.2 Membrane preparation 7

3.2.1 Ultrafiltration membrane 8

manufacturing
3.3 Membrane Fouling 9

3.3.1 Concentration polarization 9

3.4 Type of fouling 9

3.4.1 Particular deposition 9

3.4.2 Scaling 10

iii
 3.4.3 Bio Fouling 10

3.5 Membrane arrangement 10

3.5.1 Hollow fibre 10

3.5.2 Spiral wound module 11

3.5.3 Plate and frame 11

3.6 Pre treatment 12

3.7 Membrane specification 12

3.7.1 Material 12

3.7.2 Pore size 12

3.8 Operation strategy 12

3.8.1 Flow type 13

3.8.2 Flow temperature 13

3.8.3 Pressure 14

3.8.4 Multistage, multi module 14

3.9 Post treatment 14

Chapter 4 15
Result and discussion

4.1 Membrane performance 15

Chapter 5 Summary 16

Chapter 6 Reference 17

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure. TITLE Page

No. No.
1.1 Ultrafiltration 2

1.2 Ultrafiltration 2

3.1 Phase inversion technique 8

3.2 Spiral. Wound modules 11

3.3 Schematic of cross flow operation 12

3.4 Schematic of dead end operation 12

3.5 Pressure 13

v
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 cotton
Cotton is a staple fibre, which means it is composed of different, varying lengths of
fibres. Cotton is made from the natural fibres of cotton plants, which are from the genus
Gossypium. Cotton is primarily composed of cellulose, an insoluble organic compound
crucial to plant structure, and is a soft and fluffy material. The cotton plant needs lots of
sun, a long period without frost, and a good amount of rain. The term ―cotton‖ refers to
the part of the cotton plant that grows in the boll—the encasing for the fluffy cotton
fibres. Cotton is spun into yarn that is then woven to create a soft, durable fabric.
Cotton, one of the world’s top agricultural crops, is abundant and economically
produced, making cotton products relatively inexpensive. The fibres can be made into a
wide variety of fabrics going from lightweight voiles and laces to heavy sailcloth’s and
thick-piled velveteen’s, suitable for a great variety of wearing apparel, home
furnishings, and industrial uses. Cotton fabrics can be extremely durable and resistant to
abrasion. Cotton accepts many dyes, is usually washable, and can be ironed at relatively
high temperatures. It is comfortable to wear because it absorbs and releases moisture
quickly. When warmth is desired, it can be napped, a process giving the fabric a downy
surface. Various finishing processes have been developed to make cotton resistant to
stains, water, and mildew; to increase resistance to wrinkling, thus reducing or
eliminating the need for ironing; and to reduce shrinkage in laundering to not more than
1 percent. Nonwoven cotton made by fusing or bonding the fibres together, is useful for
making disposable products to be used as towels, polishing cloths, tea bags, tablecloths,
bandages, and disposable uniforms and sheets for hospital and other medical uses.

1.2 Ultrafiltration
Ultrafiltration is an effective means of reducing the slit density index of water and
removing particulates which is more than 1.0um. Ultrafiltration allows the pore size of
material which is between 0.01um to 1.0um. It is a variety of membrane filtration in
which force leads to a separation between semipermeable membranes. Ultrafiltration
can be used for removal of particulates and micro molecules from raw water, to produce
drinkable water. Ultrafiltration retains minerals in the water, while filtering out bacteria,

1
viruses, and parasites. The ultrafiltration super fine filter that reduce particles 5000
times smaller than the human hair.

Fig.1.1: Ultrafiltration

Fig.1.2: Ultrafiltration
Ultrafiltration benefits:
• It operates at low pressure
• Removes bacteria and virus
• Keeps essential mineral in water

An ultrafiltration system is eco-friendly. It has 90-95% recovery rate and can be used to
treat wastewater for reuse. In past UF is only reserved for hospital and large city water
plant. Now ultrafiltration is offered as an under sink water filter.

1.3 Cotton productions and recycling:

World cotton fibre production has been rising continuously over last decades and a vast
increase is expected in the near future. The major portion of fibres goes to textile

2
industry whose main output streams are apparel and home textiles. With the change of
these textile products, their lifetime disposal is decreased. Among with the growth of
the textile industry, the challenges attributed to handling the environmental, energy, and
resource related issues arise. Textile market is currently dominated (63%) by synthetic
fibres, which are mainly produced from petrochemicals, generating significant carbon
dioxide (CO2) emissions. The next widespread is cotton, of which production is
associated with water consumption and toxic pollution, due to extensive use of
pesticides.
Textile industry is known to be chemical, water, and energy intensive. The global
impact of the textile industry was reported by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation in 2017.
According to the forecasts, textile industry will continue to grow, raising the urgent
need for efficient recycling as one of the key directions towards sustainable
development. Currently, 95% of the wasted post-consumer textile is not recycled but
either incinerated or landfilled, which causes additional environmental problems. The
recycled part is mainly going through down cycling routines, resulting in product with
lower quality, which limits its further utilization.
Due to it’s properties, cotton textile is the most potential material for efficient recycling,
as it consists entirely of cellulose which can be utilized variously, from reinforced
composites to completely different products. Because of cellulose’s attractive
properties, recycling of waste cotton, which can no longer serve any purpose, into
various value-added products with adjustable features and sustainable utilization
potential can be considered up cycling. One of the possible yet not researched options is
production of cellulose membranes which is possible once appropriate solvent medium
is found. Dissolution of cellulose in ionic liquids (IL) and IL-co-solvent systems is
widely discussed nowadays. A favourable choice is the use of 1-ethyl-3methylimidazole
acetate ([Emim][OAc]), the low-corrosive and -toxic IL, mixed with dimethyl sulfoxide
(DMSO), giving the middle-viscous and -cheap system for preparation of membrane
casting solutions. As resulted membranes consist of cellulose, they can be useful in
many applications due to cellulose’s hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and relatively
good stability. The hydrophilicity makes the cellulose membrane to be a feasible option
for instance for treatment of different water streams in the pulp and paper industry and
bio refinery streams.
In this study the aim was to investigate the possibility to make a filtration membrane

3
from wasted cotton textile. The flat sheet membranes were prepared via wet phase
inversion method from 100% cotton Waste which is collected.

1.4 Objective of the study:

Textile recycling, a key concept for sustainability, currently faces hurdles related to
cost, time and technology. But as sustainability becomes more and more important,
more initiatives are getting incentivized and sponsored by both manufacturers and other
organizations in the textile sector to help advance the results of textile recycling. This
tendency can be seen through the fact that certain textile recycling companies have
shown promising growth. Different strategies and policies were coined in different
regions to promote an efficient way of recycling for conserving the environment more
and increasing the economic efficiency.

There are important benefits of recycling textiles, both environmental and economic. It
reduces the need for landfill space, consumption of already scarce virgin resources,
pollution as well as water and energy consumption and the demand for dyes and fixing
agents. However, even though recycling offers ways to reduce environmental negative
impacts, it is not exempt from certain problems. Such as the mechanical, chemical or
biological processes to recycle waste still require a certain amount of energy.

The object is to reuse the waste cotton textile which are collected from the different
department and making those waste textiles into a usable ultrafiltration membrane. The
flat sheet membrane is prepared via wet phase inversion method from 100% cotton
dissolved in the casting solution.

4
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

 A wide variety of chemicals and raw materials is used in these industrial

operations (Ozturk et al. 2009). However, the main wastes generated by the
textile manufacturing operations are sliver, yarn, woven and fiber scraps (Halimi
et al. 2008), which may contain different inorganic and organic compounds and
dyes depending on their source.
 Kinagi and Dr.Mench [7]analysed casting defects like cold shut and blow holes
by combining tools of design of experiments and FMEA techniques. Defect
analysis is carried using FMEA tool and Pareto analysis to know potential
causes of failure and their effects along with correct actions to improve quality
strength and productivity. Their main objective is to optimize sand casting
process parameter using DOE method through Taguchi method. Taguchi based
L9 orthogonal array was used for experimental purpose and analysis was carried
out using Minitab software for analysis of mean (ANOM) plot. The optimized
levels of selected Process parameters obtained by Taguchi method pouring
temperature (1380degree c&1440 degree c), inoculants (0.3), moisture-content
(3.3),sand-binder ratio(60:1).
 In the year 2016 Rajindar Singh, Nicholas P. Hankins, Ultrafiltration is another
technique used to separate enzymes, provided the molecular weight cut of the
membrane is compatible with the enzyme in the article emerging membrane
technology for sustainable water treatment.
 Johnson, Sara, Darlene studied about waste cotton supply chain and different
end-of-life options is essential to promote cotton recycling and reuse. AATCC
Journal of research, Volume 7 in 2020
 Santos C A et al [12] represents the development of an algorithm, which
incorporates heuristic search techniques for direct application in metallurgical
industries, particularly those using continuous casting For the production of
steel billets and slabs. That is done to determine the casting objectives of
maximum casting rate as a function of casting constraints. These constraints are
evaluated with the aid of a heat transfer and solidification model based on the

5
 finite deference technique, which has been developed and integrated with a
genetic algorithm. The application of heuristic search techniques and a
numerical heat transfer model to simulate optimal operating conditions for a
steel continuous caster, has been proven to be a powerful tool for managing the
continuous casting process. A simulation generated by the intelligent algorithm,
when compared to the cooling pattern used in a real slab continuous caster, has
shown that the modifications suggested by the model assured ingot quality and
can lead to a significant reduction in water consumption, as well as an increase
in casting production.
 Waters et al., 1991 explained in an article, how the ultrafiltration eliminates the
macromolecules and particles, but the removal of polluting substance, such as
dyes, cannot be removed it can only remove between the 31% and 76%.
 Interesting report on development of compact hydrogen separation module
called MOC (Membrane On Catalyst) with structured Ni-based catalyst for use
in the membrane reactor was presented by Kurokawa et al[19]. In the MOC
concept a porous support itself had a function of reforming catalyst in addition to
the role of membrane support
 For Torres and Borger [2014], the model gained success and space in a
sustainable manner by the possibility of reintegrating post-consumer products in
the supply chain. With that decreases environmental and social impacts, earning
gains in image and competitiveness.
 In this sense, Fletcher & Grose (2012), draws attention to the interception,
reuse, recovery of lead in the production process as crude. It also emphasizes
the need to reformulate collection design and even business engineering
strategies, always trying to make better use of the intrinsic resources you
require before designing and disposing of them.
 M. F. A. Goosen , S. S. Sablani [2010], Literature on the fouling phenomena in
RO and ultrafiltration (UF) membrane systems, the analytical techniques used
to quantify fouling, preventive methods, and membrane cleaning strategies.
Fouling of Reverse Osmosis and Ultrafiltration Membranes.

6
Chapter 3

Materials and methods

3.1 Materials
Undyed cotton textile waste is collected and used to prepare the casting solution and to
manufacture the membrane. It was cut into pieces about 1.5 × 1.5 cm in advance and
used directly without any bias.

3.1.1 Casting solution

Casting solution is used to prepare membranes by casting method. Polymer and solvent
are the main components of the solution system, but various additives can be also
added. The choice of the polymer is of primary importance in preparing the casting
solution. The polymer, in fact, must be soluble in the selected solvent in an appropriate
concentration which is strictly related to final membrane application. Low
concentrations of polymer, in fact, generally lead to a membrane with a porous
structure, while high concentrations of polymer produce membranes with a more dense
structure. The typical solution casting, with a polymer concentration ranging from 15 to
20 wt.%, is used for the preparation of porous ultrafiltration membranes. On the
contrary, a solution casting containing higher concentrations of polymer, up to 25 wt.%,
is used for the preparation of reverse osmosis, gas separation, and pervaporation
membranes..

3.2 Membrane preparation

The membrane is prepared by using casting method. Casting is the main technique
Applied for the preparation of flat polymeric membranes using phase inversion process
(such as NIPS, VIPS, etc.). While preparation casting solution it is prepared into two
batches with different concentration and thickness to see the difference between
the membrane prepared. The procedure for casting flat sheet membranes can be
summarized as follows: Preparing the casting solution by dissolving the polymer in
the appropriate solvent.
• Placing a suitable casting plate (a belt, a glass, or other supports)

7
 • Adjusting the desired casting knife thickness

3.2.1 Ultrafiltration Membrane Manufacturing

Phase inversion technique is one of the technique to produce the membrane by casting
method. In the production of ultrafiltration membranes, a membrane is cast onto a
uniform substrate material. This is done through phase inversion; a process in which a
liquid polymer dope is solidified as it enters a quenching solution and solvents are
drawn out. The membrane leaves, permeate tricot, and feed spacer are then rolled and
glued to form the UF element.

Fig3.1: Phase inversion technique

Synder’s elements undergo extensive quality control protocols at every step of
manufacturing to ensure durability and stability over time. As an ultrafiltration
membrane supplier, Synder is capable of manufacturing ultrafiltration membrane flat
sheets, spiral wound UF elements, and designing and fabricating ultrafiltration systems
as well.

3.3 Membrane fouling

8
3.3.1 Concentration polarization
When filtration occurs the local concentration of rejected material at the membrane
surface increases and can become saturated. In UF, increased ion concentration can
develop an Osmotic pressure on the feed side of the membrane. This reduces the
effective TMP of the system, therefore reducing permeation rate. The increase in
concentrated layer at the membrane wall decreases the permeate flux, due to increase in
resistance which reduces the driving force for solvent to transport through membrane
surface. CP affects almost all the available membrane separation processes. In RO, the
solutes retained at the membrane layer results in higher osmotic pressure in comparison
to the bulk stream concentration. So the higher pressures are required to overcome this
osmotic pressure. Concentration polarisation plays a dominant role in ultrafiltration as
compared to microfiltration because of the small pore size membrane. Concentration
polarization differs from fouling as it has no lasting effects on the membrane itself and
can be reversed by relieving the TMP. It does however have a significant effect on
many types of fouling.

3.4 Types of fouling

3.4.1 Particulate deposition
The following models describe the mechanisms of particulate deposition on the
membrane surface and in the pores:

• Standard blocking: macromolecules are uniformly deposited on pore walls.

• Complete blocking: membrane pore is completely sealed
by a macromolecule.
• Cake formation: accumulated particles or macromolecules form a fouling
layer on the membrane surface, in ultrafiltration this is also known as a gel
layer.
• Intermediate blocking: when macromolecules deposit into pores or onto
already blocked pores, contributing to cake formation.

3.4.2 Scaling
As a result of concentration polarization at the membrane surface, increased ion
concentrations may exceed solubility thresholds and precipitate on the membrane
surface. These inorganic salt deposits can block pores causing flux decline,

9
 membrane degradation and loss of production. The formation of scale is highly
dependent on factors affecting both solubility and concentration polarization
including pH, temperature, flow velocity and permeation rate.[12]

3.4.3 Biofouling
Microorganisms will adhere to the membrane surface forming a gel layer – known
as biofilm. The film increases the resistance to flow, acting as an additional barrier
to permeation. In spiral-wound modules, blockages formed by biofilm can lead to
uneven flow distribution and thus increase the effects of concentration polarization.

3.5 Membrane arrangements

Depending on the shape and material of the membrane, different modules can be used
for ultrafiltration process. Commercially available designs in ultrafiltration modules
vary according to the required hydrodynamic and economic constraints as well as the
mechanical stability of the system under particular operating pressures. The main
modules used in industry include:

3.5.1 Hollow fibre

In hollow fibre, a single module can consist of 50 to thousands of hollow fibres and
hence are self-supporting unlike the tubular design. The diameter of each fibre ranges
from 0.2 – 3 mm with the feed flowing in the tube and the product infiltrate collected
outward on the outside. The advantage of having self-supporting membranes as is the
ease at which it can be cleaned due to its ability to be back flushed. Replacement costs
however are high, as one faulty fibre will require the whole bundle to be replaced.
Considering the tubes are of small diameter, using this design also makes the system
prone to blockage.

10
3.5.2 Spiral-wound modules

Fig.3.2: spiral wound membrane module

Are composed of a combination of flat membrane sheets separated by a thin meshed

spacer material which serves as a porous plastic screen support. These sheets are rolled
around a central perforated tube and fitted into a tubular steel pressure vessel casing.

The feed solution passes over the membrane surface and the permeate spirals into the
central collection tube. Spiral-wound modules are a compact and cheap alternative in
ultrafiltration design, offer a high volumetric throughput and can also be easily cleaned.
However, it is limited by the thin channels where feed solutions with suspended solids
can result in partial blockage of the membrane pores.

3.5.3 Plate and frame

This uses a membrane placed on a flat plate separated by a mesh like material. The feed
is passed through the system from which permeate is separated and collected from the
edge of the plate. Channel length can range from 10 – 60 cm and channel heights from
0.5 – 1 mm. This module provides low volume hold-up, relatively easy replacement of
the membrane and the ability to feed viscous solutions because of the low channel
height, unique to this particular design.

3.6 Pre-treatment
Treatment of feed earlier to the membrane is essential to prevent damage to the
membrane and minimize the effects of polluting which greatly reduce the efficiency of
the separation. Types of pre-treatments are often dependent on the type of feed and its

11
quality. For example, in wastewater treatment, household waste and other particulates
are screened. Other types of pre-treatments common to many UF processes include pH
balancing and coagulation. Appropriate sequencing of each pre-treatment phase is
crucial in preventing damage to subsequent stages. Pre-treatment can even be employed
simply using dosing points.

3.7 Membrane specifications

3.7.1 Material
Most UF membranes use cellulose materials (cotton).

3.7.2 Pore size

A common rule for choice of pore size in a Ultrafiltration system is to use a membrane
with a pore size one tenth that of the particle size to be separated. This limits the number
of smaller particles entering the pores and adsorbing to the pore surface. As an
alternative they block the entrance to the pores allowing simple adjustments of
crossflow velocity to free them.

3.8 Operation strategy

Fig.3.3: schematic of cross flow operation

12
 Fig. 3.4: Schematic of dead end operation

3.8.1 Flow type

UF systems can be both operate with cross-flow or dead-end flow. In dead-end filtration
the flow of the feed solution is perpendicular to the membrane surface. On the other
hand, in cross flow systems the flow passes parallel to the membrane surface. Dead-end
formations are more suited to batch processes with low suspended solids as solids
accumulate at the membrane surface therefore requiring frequent back flushes and
cleaning to maintain high flux. Crossflow configurations are preferred in continuous
operations as solids are continuously flushed from the membrane surface resulting in a
thinner cake layer and lower resistance to permeation.

3.8.2 Flow temperature

To avoid unnecessary damage to the membrane, it is mentioned to operate a plant at the
temperature specified by the membrane manufacturer. In some instances however
temperatures beyond the recommended region are required to minimise the effects of
fouling. Economic analysis of the process is required to find a co-operation between the
increased cost of membrane replacement and productivity of the separation.

13
3.8.3 Pressure

Fig.3.5: typical two stage member process with recycle stream

Pressure drops over multi-stage separation can result in a drastic decline in flux
performance in the latter stages of the process. This will incur a greater capital and
energy cost which will be offset by the improved productivity of the process. With a
multi-stage operation, absorbent streams from each stage are recycled through the
previous stage to improve their separation efficiency.
3.8.4 multi-stage, multi-module
Multiple stages in series can be applied to achieve higher purity permeate streams. Due
to the modular nature of membrane processes, multiple modules can be arranged in
parallel to treat greater volumes.

3.9 Post-treatment
The Post-treatment of the product streams is in need of on the work of the soak and
absorbent and its end-use. In cases such as milk separation both streams (milk and
whey) can be collected and made into useful products. Additional drying of the
absorbent will produce whey powder. In the paper mill industry, the absorbent is
incinerated to recover energy and permeate (purified water) is discharged into
waterways. It is essential for the permeate water to be pH balanced and cooled to avoid
thermal pollution of waterways and altering its pH.

14
CHAPTER 4
Results and discussion

4.1. Membranes performance

The result of the solution was different according to the selected parameters. Pouring
solutions with a cellulose concentration of 5, 6 and 7% by weight resulted in the
formation of a uniform sheet, which has uniform adhesion to the backing material, and
2% by weight of the membranes showed poor adhesion, probably related to use. too low
a concentration of foundry casting. However, filtration experiments were still possible
with membranes cast from 2% by weight solution. Three samples of each membrane
were used for the filtration experiments and the results are presented in the mean values
of the permeability to freshwater from the individual experiments.
It can be seen that all membranes cast at 150 and 300 µm show the same permeability
trend. As the concentration of cellulose in the membrane matrix increases, the
permeability decreases, and the highest values are obtained with 2/300 and 2/150
membranes. It was also evident that the hydraulic strengths of molded membranes with
lower cellulose concentrations were lower compared to molded membranes from
solutions containing higher amounts of cellulose. As the concentration of cellulose in
the solvent increases, the concentration of the polymer at the insoluble interface
becomes higher during precipitation. Thus, a membrane with lower porosity is obtained.
From values. It can be seen that the experimental results are in line with the theoretical
hypotheses. However, when these values are taken into account, it must be borne in
mind that the method used here to assess the attractiveness of the membrane does not
reflect the enormity of the pores, which actually pass through the membrane. The results
also show that membranes worn at 150 µm have much higher permeability than
membranes with the same concentrations, but cast at 300 µm. This difference can also
be seen in the hydraulic strengths of the membranes. The reasons for this may be in the
physical structure of the membranes resulting from the different thicknesses of the
layers and the possible differences in the macrophage structures.

15
CHAPTER 6

SUMMARY
This study aimed to test the usability of cotton textile waste for the manufacture of
cellulose membranes. Dissolution of cotton textile waste in the mixture Of casting
solution. Two parameters, the thickness of the solution and the concentration of
cellulose in the Casting solution, were changed during the membrane manufacturing
process. The manufacturing process for membrane is done with phase inversion
technique followed by membrane fouling. The results showed that it is possible to
prepare an ultrafiltration membrane from a waste cotton textile material without any
prior notice. However, the use of too low a cellulose concentration seems unreasonable,
as membranes prepared from the solution with a concentration of 2% by weight of
cellulose showed poor adhesion stability and uneven performance where as compared to
concentration of 5,6 and 7%. The more stable membranes were removed from solutions
with 5, 6 and 7% by weight cellulose concentrations. Meters cast at a thickness of 150
µm showed a higher permeability and approximately the same retention as membranes
cast at 300 µm. This study clearly shows that the manufacture of membranes from
textile waste is a potential process for waste recycling.

16
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