Politics Governance

Citizenship
Atty. Reyaine Mendoza-Clavano
When you hear the word POLITICS….

What comes into your mind?

 NATURE OF POLITICS
Defining Politics

Politics is a means of organizing collective human activity:

• It refers to any collective decision making process.
• It focuses on conflict and conflict resolution.
• “Seeking and using the power of the State to make allocations of
scarce resources throughout a given polity”.
 NATURE OF POLITICS
Defining Politics

“Politics is the study of who gets what, when and how”

- Harold Lasswell

“Politics is both a royal art and a royal science”

- Aristotle
HISTORICAL ROLE OF
POLITICS
According to Marx there are five (5)
stages of societal development and
each stage demonstrate the evolution
of the uses or roles of politics:
1. Primitive Communal Society
• characterized by the common
ownership of the means of
production;
• non-existence of class divisions

The role of politics: common survival

in the primitive state
HISTORICAL ROLE OF
POLITICS
2. Feudal society
• characterized by the first emergence of
private property ownership and
introduction of social classes
• The means of production in this stage is
land
• Here, landowners, tenants, artisans,
merchants etc. emerged.
• Politics in this stage is geared towards
the protection of the interest of the
dominant class (i.e. land owners ).

The modern concept of a State emerged

during this period.
HISTORICAL ROLE OF
POLITICS
3. Capitalist society
• Two major classes emerged:
a. Capitalist (those who control the means of
production)
b. Proletariat (laborers or the working class)
• The role of politics in this stage is the
protection of the interest of the dominant
class.
• Politics also ensures the favorable condition for
the production not only of profit but also of
ideas that will help the preservation of the new
status quo.
HISTORICAL ROLE OF 4. Socialist Society
• A highly centralized
POLITICS government exists and
assumes the role of a
vanguard which will bring
about the realization of the
highest state of societal
development.
• At this stage, the role of
Politics is to ensure the
extinction of Capitalism as a
way of life.
• Politics is also expected to
promote the spirit of
communality and not of profit
and individualism.
HISTORICAL ROLE OF
POLITICS
5. Communist State
• the final stage of societal
development characterized by
the abolition of states
• Politics in this final synthesis the
desired future of a “global
communality” is achieved.
 • Many study Political Science (the systematic
Significance study of politics) because they believe that it
provides a good training ground for those
in the Study who will pursue Law

of Politics
Significance in the Study of
Politics
• Still others pursue the formal
study of Politics as a
preparatory course for the
rugged world of real-life
political arenas
• Ferdinand E. Marcos took up
AB Political Science and fell
in-love with Machiavelli
before taking up Law at the
University of the Philippines.
Significance in the Study of Politics

• There are, however, a few who study

politics because they believe with Aristotle:
Politics is “ the most sovereign of the Arts and
the Sciences”, a discipline concerned with the
highest good of man- achieving justice
Approaches to the Study of
Political Science Two General Approaches to
the Study of Politics:
a. Political Philosophy
• concerns itself with
institutions and behavior
• normative judgements
• It is more on prescriptive (
the “shoulds ” and “ oughts ”
of politics )
Approaches to the Study of Political Science

Two General Approaches to the Study of

Politics:
b. Political Science
• seeks to establish by observation, and if
possible by measurements the existence of
uniformities in political behavior and to draw
correct inference from these data
• It is more on observation or/ and description
of facts
• It aims to be objective and value-free on its
measurement and description
Ideals in the Study of
Politics
• Contribute to the general
progress and development of
humanity
• Not to perpetuate the greed for
power of few individuals
• Use the knowledge they acquire
from their study to educate
people on better citizenship
Study of Politics as a
SCIENCE
Ancient Greeks
• Plato ( 427-347 B.C. ) may be
considered the father of
Political Philosophy
• Aristotle, the Father of
Political Science
But both viewed the state from
the perspective of the
Philosopher
 Ancient Rome
• Roman contributions in the
fields of law, jurisprudence
and public administration, all
of which bore the imprint of
Stoic notions of human
equality, the brotherhood of
all men, the Fatherhood of
God, and the unique value of
the individual
• The philosophy of democracy,
with its assumptions of
human rationality, morality
and equality and its concepts
Study of Politics as a of natural law and natural
rights.

SCIENCE
Study of Politics as a
SCIENCE
Medieval Ages
• Christian church itself bore
some remarkable
resemblance to Plato’s ideal
a state philosopher-king
(pope) who was the
embodiment of absolute
truth ( God’s revealed law)
Study of Politics as a
SCIENCE

Mid 19th Century

• Darwin’s theory of evolution and exert a
powerful influence upon Political
Science
• Reinforce history in the study of the
political institutions which is a product
of social forces
Methodology of
Political science
1. Observational or Empirical
Method
• essential way of observing actual
political institutions are
“laboratories” of where they
experiment the workings of these
political institutions
• Physical senses to observe
political institutions - elections
Methodology of
Political science
2. Historical Method
• Origin and evolution of the state
and institutions
• Forces and factors influence its
growth and development
Methodology of Political science

3. Comparative Method
• draw similarities and
differences in the structures
and systems of the
governments of different
countries:
• laws and constitutions,
• judicial system
• electoral processes
• political parties
• culture and customs of their
peoples
 4. Analytical Method
• aimed at discovering the
significant or essential
elements of political
institutions
• detailed study of these
political institutions, the
exercise of their powers and
performance of their
functions for maximizing
government in their
relations with other
functional groups in society

Methodology of Political
science
Relationship with
other Sciences
a. Political Science and History

• study of a state and its political

institutions depend on history in
knowing its origin, its growth and
development, and its institutions.
• analysis of the causes and factors
that influence the state’s growth
and development makes it
necessary for political writers to
rely on historical facts
Relationship with other Sciences

b. Political Science & Economics

• Economics is a social science or
branch or a study that concerns
itself with the problem of
allocating scarce resources so as
to attain the optimum satisfaction
of society’s to unlimited wants
• Learns how the government
shapes and determines economic
policies on the use of resources in
order to achieve the best of
national goals-the economic
welfare of the people.
Relationship with
other Sciences

c. Political Science and Sociology

• Sociology is the study of the society as a
whole.
• The sociologist’s investigations and
inquiries on crime, marital relations
problems, juvenile delinquency, housing
problems are data available to Political
Scientists to evaluate, and which may later
become interesting and basic subjects of
legislation
Relationship with
other Sciences
d. Political Science and Psychology
• Psychology is the foundation of Political
Science.
• study of men’s political behavior.
• psychology may also be understood in the
study of political dynamics where students
learn a lot about the operation of political
parties to achieve their main goal of
controlling the government.
Relationship with
other Sciences
e. Political Science and
Anthropology
• Anthropologists believe that the
state evolved from the family,
and from the clan into bigger or
more extensive groupings ( i.e.
tribe ) and finally the nation,
bound by common ties and
goals.
Relationship with other
Sciences
f. Political Science and
Geography
• knowledge of geography is
very useful in the study of
Political science, especially
those aspects related to
external political problems,
frontiers or boundaries,
national power, and trade
relations
Break into five (5) groups and make a paper
on the following topics:

Topics Group

Pre-Spanish Philippine Government & 1

Spanish Gov’t

American Occupation & Japanese Occupation 2

3rd Republic – Pres. Manuel Roxas 3

4th Republic - Pres. Ferdinand Marcos 4

5th Republic – Pres. Corazon Aquino 5

Rules:
1. Select a leader per group
2. The Class rep will assign the group numbers
1-5
3. Maximum of 5 pages, font size: 12, font style:
Times New Roman, single spacing, A4 Word
file.
4. Submit your paper with the name of the
Leader and Members
5. The Leader should rate the members based
on their contributions from 1-5; 5 being the
highest.
6. Deadline of submission to Class rep – June
18, 2021 until 12 midnight.
7. The Class rep will submit it to me
Content of the Paper should answer the
following questions:
1. What are the major political and social
events of the period?

2. Is the Filipino identity as well as unity be

seen during the period?

3. What are the positive and negative

contributions of the period to present
Philippine government and politics?