 When PC1 sends an IPv4 packet to the external network, the NAT device replaces the

internal IP address (192.168.10.7) in the source field of the packet header (sender's address) with
the external IP address (209.165.200.226) of the NAT device and assigns the connection a port
number from its own pool of available ports, inserting this port number in the source port field,
and forwards the packet to the external network. The NAT device then makes an entry in a
translation table containing the internal IP address, original source port, and the translated source
port. Subsequent packets from the same connection are translated to the same port number.
The remote server receiving a packet from NAT device establishes a connection to the port and
IP address (209.165.200.226) specified in the altered packet, oblivious to the fact that the
supplied address is being translated.

 A packet coming from the external network to PC1 is mapped to a corresponding destination
internal IP address (192.168.10.7) and port number from the NAT device's translation table,
replacing the NAT's external IP address (209.165.200.226) and port number in the incoming
packet header's destination ip address & port. The packet is then forwarded over the inside
network. NAT device translates IP addresses and ports of its internal hosts, hiding the true
endpoint of an internal host on a private network

Steps :

here i will use following words for better ubderstanding.

HOST A = PC 1

HOST B = PC 2

Interface = MAC address interface

1) Host A(pc 1) enters - ping 200.10.4.59

2) ip works with the address resolution protocol(ARP) to determine which network this is destined by
looking at the ip address and the subject mask of host A. the packet must be sent to router so that it can
be routed to the correct remote network (pc 2).

3) now pc A send packet to router. it needs to knoe hardware address of the routers interface which is
connected to its network.
4) The router identifies that ip address and must answer so it sends back to host a reply. It takes some
time for ARP to send and request machine to respond. sometimes TTL(time to live ) happens it means
ping packet has expired.

5) Router responds with hardware address. Host A has everything it needs in order to transmit a packet
out on the local network to router. Now the network layer hands down to the datalink layer the packet
it generated with the ping (ICMP request). This packet includes source and destination ip address as well
as ICMP echo request.

6) Datalink layer of Host A(pc 1) creates a frame, This includes source and destination hardware adress
and type specifies the network layer protocol e.g IPv4 . At the end of frame , in the FCS portion of the
frame, the datalink layer will stick a cyclic redundancy check(CRC) to make sure the receiving machine
can out if the frame received has been corrupted.

7) Datalink layer of host A hands the frame to Physical layer which encodes the 1s and 0s into a digital
signal and transmit this out on local physical layer.

8) Router interface reads the frame, it will first do a CRC check and complete it with CRC value Host A
added to this frame to make sure the frame is not corrupt.

9) Now destination hardware address of the received frame is checked. Router hands the packet to the
IP protocol on the router. Host A now in the routers buffer.

10) Ip looks at the packet destination ip address determine if the packet is for the router.

11) The router places packet in the buffer interface. Router needs to create frame and send to the
destination host (pc B).

12 ) Host B (pc B) responds with the hardware address of its network card with any ARP reply. Now
routers interface has everything it needs to send to the sestination.

13) Host B receives the frame and runs a CRC. Ip will check the destination of the IP address. If matches
the Host B, protocol field of the packet to determine the purpose of the packet.
14 ) Host B generated new ICMP echo-reply packet with source ip of host B and destination ip of hpst A.
Protocol starts all over again except that it goes in the opposite direction.

since both the router are in same network hence we get many options that can be used between them

the best of them are given below.

Now talking about the reason. i chose to go with the administrative distance of the protocol

that means least the distance the higher its priority as we can see below that the ospf has a 110 and
eigrp

has 05 administrative distance. though we have a few more protocols that lies in between but these are

simple to implement and has less complexion

If we see about the routing protocol then the best that can be used are

1.ospf----110

2.EIGRP---05

The reason why i chose them because they are simple to implement on the router

Since both are the router of same network address. Hence a routing protocol that is used to between
different address

wont be working between the routers.

WE can take BGP as an example as it works only between two autonomous system
for an autonomous system we can understand for two different types of network

since both the router lies in same network if a protocol that job is to tranfer data from one network

to another network is not going to work at all.

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two network address will be seen in the routers as they have two network classes

the network address will be

10.10.10.0(class A with /24)

172.16.10.0(class B with /24)

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talking about the convergence properties of OSPF

it sends a hello packet to the neighbour router so that it can know the cost of the link and synchronise
with

all the routers so that it can know the link state with the routers

after gainning all the data from the routers ot find the shortest path to the next hop or destination

and forward the packet to that path.

since the ospf has only one type of packets. Eigrp uses 5 types of packet each for an individual purpose

Hello packet

Update packet

acknowledgement packet

reply packet

As per the name we can know th purpose of each packet.

This has reduced the latency that was taken by the ospf and hence it also resolves the loop that used to
get occured

in the network topology

-----------------------------------------------

at the begnning we only used a single network but with expanding technology network too expanded
and a new problem came

in existence that is communicating two autonomous devices. Though BGP was a revolution but with a
problem of convergence

that means its hard to get a stable state of the routers. its possible to expand the network as much as
we want

in BGP than in any other protocol as BGP is highly scalable.

BGP has also reduced the failure rate of the data transfer

Hence we use BGP at WAN rather than any other protocols.