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WATER CLOSET (WC)

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Push button / flush actuator

Cistern cover

Cistern

WC seat
WC cover

Bowl

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Mechanism inside the cistern controls water filling
into the cistern and flushing down into the toilet
bowl. The flush valve releases the water stored in
the cistern down into the toilet bowl when pressing
the flush actuator/push button/lever. The fill valve
controls the water flow that refills the cistern after
the flush.

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 ONE-PIECE WCs
No joint line
It is crafted from one single piece of ceramic so the bowl and
cistern are integrated. This eliminates the joint line between the
bowl and cistern, making it nice looking and easier to keep clean.

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 CLOSE-COUPLED WCs
Joint line
A separate cistern and bowl are assembled together to create
the complete WC.

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BACK-TO-WALL WCs

A back-to-wall WC is installed directly onto a supportive

wall meaning that all plumbing and waste pipes can flow
straight into the wall making it hidden from view. The
cistern is concealed within the wall itself for better
aesthetics.

External view Internal view

Cistern is invisible Cistern is concealed within

the wall

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WALL-MOUNTED WCs

Unlike other WCs, wall-mounted WC is lifted off the

ground with the support of a load bearing wall or a steel
framework designed for use when the wall is not
sufficient enough. With a concealed cistern, only the
bowl and flush plate are mounted to the wall, resulting in
a streamlined profile that simplifies cleaning.

External view Internal view

Cistern is invisible Cistern together with load

bearing steel frame is
concealed within the wall
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 FLOOR- STANDING WCs WALL-MOUNTED WCs

One-piece Close-coupled Back-to-wall

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2 TYPES OF TRAPS

P-trap (horizontal outlet) S-trap (vertical outlet)

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Water seal in WC trap (both P- and S-trap) prevents the reverse flow of gases
in piping into bathroom.

What would happen if no water seal?

Water seal

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The distance between the centre of waste outlet piping The distance between the centre of waste outlet piping
and the floor and the wall

Rough-in distance

Rough-in distance

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Exposed Partial skirted Fully skirted

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DUAL FLUSH SINGLE FLUSH

Two separate flushing volumes, full and half flush, can be All types of waste are flushed with the same amount of water.
chosen for disposing waste. A half flush is for disposing
liquid waste while a full flush is for disposing solid waste.
Dual flush consumes less water and is considered to be
environmentally friendly.

Lever

Push button Flush plate Push button Flush plate

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Toilet rims are designed for allowing the water to reach higher around the bowl during flushing, cleaning the whole surface.
That also prevents the splashing of water.

Difficult to access for cleaning Quick and easy cleaning

Conventional rim (closed rim & boxed rim) Rimless (with and without ledge)

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SIPHONIC
▪ Uses the flow of water and the S-trap to create a vacuum effect and siphon action
▪ Siphon action is started by reducing air pressure between two parts of the trapway
▪ Water discharges from the flushing rim, cleaning the bowl and creating a whirlpool which draws the
water and waste down to the bottom by a strong centrifugal force and out the trap via air pressure
FEATURES
▪ Long and narrow S-trap which is normally visible in exposed trapway design
▪ Large water surface area
▪ High water level in bowl
▪ Usually longer body length (front to back)
ADVANTAGES & BENEFITS
▪ Less risk of odour due to larger water surface
▪ Reduce the likelihood of skid marks on the bowl therefore easy to clean
▪ More peaceful bathroom experience with quieter flush

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WASHDOWN
▪ Washdown uses gravitational force to push water from the rim into the sewage pipe
via the wide and short trapway
▪ When flushed, the water is released from the cistern into the bowl, quickly pushing
waste material out. The water follows right after.
▪ A toilet that uses the washdown flushing system usually has a wide trapway
FEATURES
▪ Wide and short trapway
▪ Narrower water surface in the bowl
▪ Usually shorter body length (front to back)
ADVANTAGES & BENEFITS
▪ Less risk of clogging due to wide trapway
▪ Due to compact and shorter in size, it fits well in small bathroom
▪ Water saving as many come with dual flush

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WASHBASIN

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UNDERCOUNTER
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BUILT-IN
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SEMI-RECESS
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SURFACE-MOUNTED
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WALL HUNG
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Faucet hole

Overflow

Drain

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When filling up the washbasin to the level of the
overflow hole while drain is closed, the water will
begin draining into the overflow opening and down
the drain. This helps prevent the water from spilling
over the top of the basin. The washbasin overflow
protects against overflow when the stopper is
closed and the faucet is accidentally left running.

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