Causes of high ESR test results

There are multiple causes of a high ESR test result. Some common conditions associated with
a higher rate include:

advanced age
pregnancy
anemia
kidney disease
obesity
thyroid disease
certain types of cancer, including some types of lymphoma and multiple myeloma

3. Give and explain the factors that affect ESR.

In non-inflammatory conditions, plasma albumin concentration, size, shape, and number of
red blood cells, and the concentration of immunoglobulin can affect the ESR.
Inflammatory conditions that can cause raised ESR include anemia, kidney failure, obesity,
ageing, and female sex.

Reference:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/full
text/2019/08230/factors_influencing_erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate.19.aspx&ved=2ahUKEwiG
w_utuvvoAhXFE4gKHcqJB8cQFjAQegQIBBAB&usg=AOvVaw0zi37-cJt71u8hXjZt8OA1

4. Give the normal values and clinical significance of decreased and increased ESR.
● Women under age 50 should have an ESR between 0 and 20 mm/hr.
● Men under age 50 should have an ESR between 0 and 15 mm/hr.
● Women over age 50 should have an ESR between 0 and 30 mm/hr.
● Men over age 50 should have an ESR between 0 and 20 mm/hr.
● Children should have an ESR between 0 and 10 mm/hr.