July 14th, 2021 NAME: Model Answer

ME7603 – Quiz 2 [20%] Allocated time: 12:00 to 1:00 PM

Question 1 (30%):
a) Explain what us meant by an Isoparametric formulation for a finite element.
Using the same approximation functions (shape functions) for the mapping
the geometry (global to natural) as well as the displacements
b) Mention 3 advantages of using an Isoparametric formulation in a computer
program for finite element analysis.
Alleviates dealing with the coordinate system orientation
Uses the same approximation functions for displacements and mapping
Reduces complexity of integrations for any element  limits [-1 to 1]
c) Name two major methods of mesh refinement in finite element analysis and
describe each method briefly (you may use free hand sketches for
elaboration).
h method
• In a refinement step  each element side is split into two or ℎ is divided by
two.

p method
• In a refinement step  polynomial degree 𝑝 is increased until convergence.
 r method
• In this method, the nodes are rearranged or relocated without changing the
number of elements or the polynomial degree.

d) State the major categories of boundary conditions and explain them briefly.
Homogeneous type: DOF are set to zero (restrained from deforming)
Non-Homogeneous type: DOF are set to a prescribed value (deformation is
applied)
e) What is the major difference between the beam element formulations of EB
beam theory and that of Timoshenko beam theory?
EB does not account for shear through the thickness while Timoshenko does.
f) What is the major difference between the CST and the LST elements?
CST has a constant strain throughout the element while the LST assumes a
linear variation of strains. In general, LST is more accurate.
g) In general, if we are to apply symmetry to a structural problem; list the
necessary checks required for applying symmetry.
Correspondence in: size, shape, and position of loads; material properties;
and boundary conditions on the opposite sides of the symmetry plane or line
Question 2 (40%):

For the beam shown in figure, the mid-span is supported with a roller while both
ends are fixed. The cross-section has a width of 25 mm and a height of 35 mm. The
total distance between the fixed supports is 3 m. The beam is made of mild steel
(modulus of elasticity = 208 GPa and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.3). Determine the
following while accounting for the shear effect (N.B., the shear factor for a
rectangular cross-section is 5/6).
a) Nodal displacements and rotations.
b) Reactions forces and moments.
Assume:
A gravitational acceleration of 𝒈 = 10 𝑚2 /𝑠
Each mass is equal to 45 𝑘𝑔
Equations:
𝑬
𝑮= ,
𝟐(𝟏+𝝂)

𝑭 = 𝒎𝒈
Solution:
Apply symmetry  solve on half of the structure

Evaluate constants:
𝐸 208
𝑮= = = 𝟖𝟎 𝑮𝑷𝒂
2(1 + 𝜈) 2(1 + 0.3)
𝑭 = 45 ∗ 10 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝑵
𝑳 3
= = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎
𝟔 6

𝑏ℎ3 0.025 ∗ 0.0353

𝑰= = = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟑𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝒎𝟒
12 12
12𝐸𝐼 12 ∗ 208 ∗ 89.32
𝝋= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟖
5/6 ∗ 𝐴𝐺𝐿2 5/6 ∗ 0.025 ∗ 0.035 ∗ 80 ∗ 109 ∗ 0.25
𝝋 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟐𝟖𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑

Evaluate Elemental Stiffness

𝑘1 = 𝑘2 = 𝑘3 = 𝑘4 = 𝒌
12 3 −12 3
[𝒌] = 146395 ∗ [ 3 1.004 −3 0.4962]
−12 −3 12 −3
3 0.4962 −3 1.004
Assemble the global stiffness equation

Apply boundary conditions

𝐹2 24 0 −12 3 0 𝑣2
𝑀2 0 2.008 −3 0.4962 0 𝜙2
𝐹3 = −12 −3 24 0 3 𝑣3
𝑀3 0 0.4962 0 2.008 0.4962 𝜙3
{𝑀4 } [ 0 0 3 0.4962 1.004 ] {𝜙4 }

Solve for unknown DOF using Matlab

𝑣2 −0.00085
𝜙2 −0.00202
𝑣3 = −0.00119
𝜙3 0.00102
{𝜙4 } { 0.00304 }
Solve for other unknowns  original global stiffness equation

𝐹1 603.87 𝑁
{ 𝐹4 } = { 306.31 𝑁 }
𝑀4 225.81 𝑁𝑚
Use symmetry to determine the rest of unknowns of the complete beam
𝐹1 𝑣1
𝑀1 603.87 0
𝜙1
𝐹2 306.87 0
𝑣2
450 −0.00085
𝑀2 𝜙2
0 −0.00202
𝐹3 𝑣3
450 −0.00119
𝑀3 𝜙3
0 0.00102
𝐹4 𝑣4
= 306.31 ∗ 2 = 0
𝑀4 225.81 𝜙4 0.00102
𝐹5 450 𝑣5 −0.00119
𝑀5 0 𝜙5 0.00102
𝐹6 450 𝑣6 −0.00085
𝑀6 0 𝜙6 −0.00202
603.87 𝑣7 0
𝐹7 { 306.87 } { }
{𝜙7 } 0
{𝑀7 }
Question 3 (30%):

Assuming a plane strain, evaluate the stiffness matrix for the triangular element
shown in figure given that the modulus of elasticity is 206 GPa, the Poisson’s ratio
is 0.28 and a thickness of 1 mm. Assume a two-dimensional plane strain condition
(N.B., figure dimensions are in mm).
Solution:

1−𝜈 𝜈 0
𝐸 𝜈 1−𝜈 0
[𝐷 ] = [ 1 − 2𝜈 ]
(1 + 𝜈)(1 − 2𝜈)
0 0
2

1 − 0.28 0.28 0
9
206 ∗ 10 0.28 1 − 0.28 0
[𝐷 ] = [ 1 − 2(0.28)]
(1 + 0.28)(1 − 2(0.28))
0 0
2

0.72 0.28 0
9
[𝐷] = 365.767 ∗ 10 ∗ [0.28 0.72 0 ]
0 0 0.22

𝛽𝑖 = 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑚 = −4 𝛾𝑖 = 𝑥𝑚 − 𝑥𝑗 = −1

𝛽𝑗 = 𝑦𝑚 − 𝑦𝑖 = 2 𝛾𝑗 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑚 = −1

𝛽𝑚 = 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑗 =2 𝛾𝑚 = 𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 = 2

2𝐴 = 𝑥𝑖 (𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑚 ) + 𝑥𝑗 (𝑦𝑚 − 𝑦𝑖 ) + 𝑥𝑚 (𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑗 ) = 6

𝛽 𝑖 0 𝛽𝑗 0 𝛽𝑚 0
1
[𝐵] = [ 0 𝛾𝑖 0 𝛾𝑗 0 𝛾𝑚 ]
2𝐴 𝛾 𝛽 𝛾 𝛽 𝛾 𝛽
𝑖 𝑖 𝑗 𝑗 𝑚 𝑚
 1 −4 0 2 0 2 0
[𝐵] = [ 0 −1 0 −1 0 2]
6
−1 −4 −1 2 2 2

Using Matlab