Lesson 1: The Conditions of Europe, America, and Spain. eee ee ee Lesson Objectives: ‘tthe end ofthe lesson, the students should be able to: 1. state the concept of liberal ideas as opposed tothe conservative ideas (monarchist; 2. pointout the counties where its peopletried to change the political and socal situations of those counties; and 3. discuss the direction of the changes. Rizal’s Century: The 19th Century The 19th century was a century of change. During the lat two decades of the previous century, the age of enlightenment reached its zenith in France, culminating in the French Revolution of 1789. In this age, ideas of freedom, liberty and equality, and the belief in the sovereignty ofthe people in determining government thundered all acoss Europe. The French Revolution resulted in the toppling of the monarchy of King Louis XVI andthe ushering in of the French Republic. Though France was to slide back to monarchy following the establishment of Napoleon Bonaparte's French Empire and the restored Bourbon dynasty, the ideas of philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu, Francois Marie Arouet (Voltaire), and Englishman John Locke spread around the world like a conflagration The world was never the same again The struggle for equal rights has spread over the world. Europe went up in revolution from 1848, with the regimes of the absolute monarchs in France and Austria being toppled by people seeking more responsible govemments, In 1861, the year of Rizal's birth, Tsar Alexander Il emancipated Russian serfs. That year, the Italians, under Giuseppe Garibaldi, threw out the Austrians and took over the papal lands. lalian nationalism ended the domination ofthe Church and united the various italian states as one country Germany, on the other hand, was in the process of unification which lasted until 1871. Inthe United States, President Abraham Lincoln emancipated the black slaves but also triggered the American Civil War which lasted from 1861 to 1865. At the south ofthe U.S. border, Mexican troops dealt a humiliating defeat onthe French-supported regime of Archduke Maximilian. in France, the regime of Napoleon Ill was crumbling after ‘the debacle in Mexico. Later, the French overthrew the monarchsts and established a republic. At ths time, Puta vest ea zB ihowevei, most of Spain's colonies suchas those in South and coe bret ws 2M Chile, Argentina, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Neaoa, i Na: Hod 7 thes have won theirindependenc fom pan then Lene S Was one of Spain's remaining colonies along with Cuba, Puerto Rico. ‘The Need for Reforms: Representation ; Ss ; Js alliance against Great Brita During Nplate SP ws a ae imaded Spann 1808 an ing Continental System. When this alliance a ee the Fench, and Spanish patots dean} tis ber ph ig, Te SE eta allegiance to thei crown prince a in ene feature of allowing ones tobe epeseney cotton he Constant es Te Pilppnes therefore was given represenan inthe Sparish parame © Spaniard born inthe Philippines, was se 1d Ventura de los Reyes, a SP: selected mntewen te a ones, ater Napoleon was defeated Ferdinand, who had became Sordi kid ie Gres sping tathebodyenoached On pone he beg permed le thm Te dein wasunpopular2s Spi sAeican colonies began ary and sought independence. In 1820, the Spanish people ose up and held the king hostage. They forced him to reconvene the Cortes and estore the representation ofthe colonies. The restoration ofthe Coss ‘was short-lived as France, under the Bourbons, sent an army which restored Ferdinand to absolute tuleand caused the abolition ofthe Corts. In 1833, Ferdinand Vil died and the Cortes was again restored. However, at this time, the body held a secret session in which it was decided tha the Philipines should not be acorded representation From that time on, the Philippines had no representation in the Cortes. Representation in this body was one of the reforms demanded by ‘eformiss like Rizal. twould have given te Filipinos the right to be heard in the body and equa ‘ight withthe Spaniards. After Ferdinand Vl died, the country was ruled by his daughter, Queen Isabella I, whose rule was characterized by decadence and mismanagement. Other European powers suchas Great Britain and France became leading powers in the continent. Conditions in Asia in the 19th Century In Asia, there were renewed efforts of European penetration with the weakening of Spain and Portugal and the rise of Great Britain and France. The British gained its clony in Hong Kong and forced China to open five ports to its traders following China's defeat in ‘he Opium War of 1839-1842. China was humiliated with another defeat inthe Arrow Wt of 1856-1858 when the British, now joined by the French, forced China to open the whale Country to foreigners. Furthermore, Great Britain enlarged its colony in Hong Kong by taking vet Kowloon. Japan was forced open by the Americans under Commodore Mathew Pet ° 1854. Unlike the Chinese, however, the Japanese were abe to parry western requests tot ‘okchama a treaty por. nia became a crown colony of Great Britain in 1858 following t® Suppression of the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857. Burma became a colony of Great Britain atthe Jose Real: Socal Reformer and Patriot AAStudy of His if and TimesBurmese Wars in 1824-1826,1862-1863, and 1885-1886. Near the Philippines, Indo-China became a protectorate of France following the suppression of the kingdoms of Annam and Cochin- China. Filipino troops from Manila played a role in the conquest of Indo-China for France. Malaysia became a protectorate and eventually a colony of Great Britain while Indonesia was conquered by the Dutch of Netherlands.Conditions in the Philippines in the 19th Century Lesson Objectives wuld be able to: ‘tthe end ofthe lesson, the students sho that occurred in Europe in the 19th century; and 1. review the political and socal changes 2. arlye how the changes in Europe affected an Asian colony (2.9. the Pilpines was acolan ot Spain, a western European county) Liberal stirings from Europe reached the Philippines. In the Ilocos, leading citizens there, called Kailanes, refused to believethat the Cadiz Constitution was; abolished by King Ferdinand and rose up in revolt They were cushed by troop from the ater provinces. In 1824, Mexican soldiers led by Lt. Andres Novales mutinie. They complained of discrimination and unfair treatment from peninsular officials following the independence of Mexico from Spain. The mutineers tried to rally the Filipinos to gain their support and promised to fight for the independence of the Philippines. The mutiny, however, was crushed and the rebels were executed. The last ofthe series of revolts took place in 1841-1842 when Apolinario de la Cruz refused to disband his tligious organization, the Cofrada de San Jose, De a Cruz aspired to bea priest but was refused by he Spaniards because of his ace, Instead, he founded the Cofradia which gained popularity among ordinary people and was seen as a threat by the Catholic Church, After his execution and the suppression ofthe Cofradia, members of the Tayabas Regiment of the Spanish army, who turned out to be province:mates of de la Cruz, mutinied and almost took over Manila. The arrival of native reinforcements saved the Spanish «colonizers from certain defeat. Thedefeats of nativerevolts demonstrated thatthe Philippines was disunited because of ack cofanationél identity. The Spaniards used ths disunity to divide and rule the country. Demographically, the Spaniards we 2 minostyinthe Philippines. Th peninsular, or Spaniard born in Spain but at thattime were working inte dean hy wy few, Consisting of the governor-general, some officials and priests, ‘and the insulares: st aaa eis who were als few in comparison tothe native population. In large tows, “San P the head of local police were the only Spaniards, The colonial order was maintaine? lyby nati oficial Loaf such asthe gobemadorilos, the councilmen, and the rnc ™* Jose Riza: Social Reformer and Patriotpolicemen were also natives, and even the composition of the local Spanish army and civil guards q was largely natives. Only the officials with the rank of sergeants were Spaniards. The Spaniards, despite their inferior number, managed to retain the loyalty of the native officials by giving them certain privileges that kept them separated from the rest of the population. The gobernadorcillos were afforded the titles of capitan municipal, teniente, and cabeza. Though their positions did not pay much, the titles gave them an exalted position in native society and were called principales ot leading citizens. There were also some material rewards in serving the Spaniards. A number of the principales descended from the loyal datus who pledged their loyalty to the colonizers. They were exempt from taxation and community labor or prestacion personal. They were also entitled to receive a portion of their collection from the people. After serving their terms of office, former officials were still eligible for re-election. It was possible for former officials to be reinstated into their former offices several times. This explains why Spain controlled the Philippines for more than 300 years. pain controlled the natives through the native leaders, Changes in the 19th century had profound effects to the Philippines. During the previous centuries, it was forbidden for the Philippines to trade with other countries because of Spain's monopolistic policy, but colonial officials ignored this instruction and traded with other nations. By 1834, this mercantilist policy of not allowing the Philippines to trade with other countries was scrapped with the opening of Manila to world trade. Other ports in the colony like lloilo; Cebu; Sual, Pangasinan; and Zamboanga followed. There was brisk demand for Philippine products such as sugar, coffe, abaca, tobacco, dyestff, and rice. This created economic opportunities as many families began trading these products for the international market. These families were mostly mestizos consisting of Spanish and Chinese families. They intermarried with natives who were farmers that became traders. In the process, they became more affluent and formed the nucleus of the middle class. The increased wealth allowed middle-class families to have better houses ‘and sent their children to colleges and universities for tertiary education. They obtained higher education degrees which they thought made them equal with the Spaniards. Eventually, they became concerned with issues of equality including secularization. By the time of Rizal's youth, the quest for equality was the cry of the times. It influenced Rizal throughout his life and it became his lifelong quest.Lesson 3: The Religious Front: Secularization ce ae anh aie Lesson Objectives: Atthe end ofthe lesson, the students should be able to: 1, define the word “secularization’ and apply this to the Philippine situation inthe 19th century, 2, state a working definition ofthe word *secularization;* and 3. differentiate a regular priest anda secular priest. Aside from the need to secure political and social reforms, there was aso the persisting issue ofthe secularization ofthe Philippine Church. This was @ matter involving the Catholic clergy in the Philippines. In the 16th century the Council of Trent ofthe Vatican specified the division ofthe regular and secular priest. the beginning ofthe Spanish colonization the task of establishing and administering the county’ pases was done by the regular priests who belong to different religious orders. In the Philippines, these were the Augustinians, Recolecs, Jesuits, Franciscans, and Dominicans. Originally, they came as missionaries tothe Philippines, During the course of Spanish rule, there were demands by the seculars to implement the royal and papal orders. Fora time, this was actually implemented but turned out to be failures, asthe secular priests, who were mostly composed of Filipino priests, were found to be wanting and deemed tobe untedy to head the parishes. The expulsion ofthe Jesuitsin 1767 created oppurtunities fr seculars to occupy vacated parishes, when the Jesuits were allowed to return in 1858, parishes held by the seculars were given backio the regulars once the secular priest holding the post died. What happened was a reverse secularization o the churches, where the parishes held by the secular were reverted tothe regulars. The issue pitted Flin seculars against the Spanish regular clergy, the secularization issue has become a race issue. During he Spanish colonization, the Spaniards inthe Pilippines who were born and who grew up in Spain were called peninsulres, while the Spaniards born inthe Philippines were calle Filipinos. Tis isue was between the Spanish regulars versus the Filipino seculars. In the foreftont of ths struggle were Filipino priests lik Fathes Pedro Pablo Pela, Jacinto Zamora, Mariano Gomer, and Jose Burgos who championed the cause of eq “ight with Spaniards and the reduction of the influence of the Church in politics. Also among the suse er the lode af the Filipino secular clergy who fought for secularization ofthe Philippine Calc be rae a agaand {he Pope himself gave instructions forthe secularization of the country’s ae Dag te yt) te orders fas who contended that the Filipino seculrs were not ead tke 1 the previous administration ofthe liberal Governor-General Carlos Ma, de la Tre, thes il ay ~ ose izal Soci Reformer nd Patot AStudy of His if andTimesliberals and seculars were allowed to voice their grievant fi regime, this right was suppressed. The Filipinos, i the othe an saicea under the old regime. They were already identified by the conservative Spaniards ae ri The Cavite Mutiny provided the pretext for the conservatives to eliminate the Filipino ein Spanish forces arrested several known liberals, among them were Jose Ma. Basa Rone ia Regidor, Balbino Mauricio, Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, and Filipino secular priests like Pedro Dandan and Toribio H. del Pilar, the brother of propagandist Marcelo H. del Pilar. Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were identified by a false witness named Francisco Zaldua, who pointed out that the three priests were indeed out to lead a government that would overthrow the Spaniards and install Father Burgos as the future leader of the Philippines. Despite the protests and insufficient evidence, the three priests were garroted at Bagumbayan on February 17, 1872. The others who were identified as sympathizers of the secularization issue also underwent trial and were found guilty. They were sentenced with deportation to Guam in the Marianas and were never allowed to return as long as Spain ruled the Philippines. Reinforcing Spanish domination in the country were the Spanish clergymen. At the beginning of Spanish rule, they helped establish the country’s parishes and even several towns in the course of their evangelization. Through centuries of Spanish rule, they performed an important role not only as spreaders of the Christian faith but also as representatives of the colonial government. Very often, the Spanish religious officials acted as the eyes and ears of the colonial government, and in many cases, they served or held positions in the government. They also controlled education in the country as the country's educational institutions were controlled by the religious orders. In the local level, the Church operated parish schools which were the primary schools until the enactment of religious reforms in 1868. Religious officials were also guardians of public moralsasthey saton bodies such as those concerning censorship. In the local level, the parish priest often endorsed candidates for political positions. This gave him a political role in addition to a religious role. In the national level, religious officials acted as advisers to the governor-general. Many of these officials belong to the regular orders such as the friar orders. More often than not, religious officials serve longer than the governor-general whose average term lasted around three years, Given this condition, the religious officials were deeply entrenched and it was difficult for a new governor-general to enforce sweeping reforms especially those that threaten the supremacy of the religious officials. With the cries for reform, especially those concerning secularization, the religious orders strongly opposed the efforts 7