Chapter - 3

Python programming
fundamentals
 Introduction
A Python program is called a script.

Script is a sequence of definitions and commands.

These commands are executed by Python interpreter

known as PYTHON SHELL.

In python programming,
❖ data types are inbuilt hence support “dynamic
typing”
❖ declaration of variables is not required.
❖ memory management is automatically done.
 Variables
A variable is like a container that stores values that you
can access or change.

A variable has three main components:

a) Identity of variable
b) Type of variable
c) Value of variable
 Variables
a) Identity of the variable

It refers to object’s address in the

memory.
>>> x=10
e.g. >>> id (x)
 Data Type
b) Type of the variable
Type means data type of a variable.

1. Number: It stores numerical values.

Python supports three built in numeric

types – integer,
floating point numbers and
complex numbers.
 Data Type
a. int (integer): Integer represents whole
numbers. (positive or negative)
e.g. -6, 0, 23466
b. float (floating point numbers): It
represents numbers with decimal
point.
e.g. -43.2, 6.0
c. Complex numbers: It is made up of pair
of real and imaginary number.
e.g. 2+5j
 Data Type
2. String (str): It is a sequence of
characters. (combination of letters,
numbers and symbols).
It is enclosed within single or double
quotes.
e.g. (‘ ’ or “ ”)

>>> rem= “Hello Welcome to Python”

>>> print (rem)
Hello Welcome to Python
 Data Type
3. Boolean (bool): It represents one of the
two possible values – True or False.

>>> bool_1 = (6>10)

>>> print (bool_1)
False
>>> bool_2 = (6<10)
>>> print (bool_2)
True
 Data Type
4. None: It is a special data type with
single value.
It is used to signify absence of value
evaluating to false in a situation.

>>> value_1 = None

>>> print (value_1)
None
 Data Type
type() – if you wish to determine type of
the variable.
e.g.
>>> type(10)
<class ‘int’>
>>> type(8.2)
<class ‘float’>
>>> type(“hello”)
<class ‘str’>
>>> type(True)
<class ‘bool’>
 Value
c) Value of variable
Values are assigned to a variable using
assignment operator (=)..

e.g. marks – Name of the variable

>>>marks=87
>>>print(marks)
87 87 Value of the variable
 Value
The concept of assignment:

Value_1 = 100

Variable Assignment Value

operator

There should be only one variable on the left-hand side of

assignment operator.
This variable is called Left value or L-value

There can be any valid expression on the right-hand side of

assignment operator.
This variable is called Right value or R-value

L-value = R-value
 Value
Multiple assignments:

We can declare multiple variables in a

single statement.

e.g.
>>>x, y, z, p = 2, 40, 30.5, ‘Vinay’
 Variable Naming Convention
1. A variable name can contain letter, digits and underscore (_). No
other characters are allowed.

2. A variable name must start with an alphabet or and underscore (_).

3. A variable name cannot contain spaces.

4. Keyword cannot be used as a variable name.

5. Variable names are case sensitive. Num and num are different.

6. Variable names should be short and meaningful.

Invalid variable names – 3dgraph, roll#no, first name, d.o.b, while

 Input/Output
Python provides three functions for getting
user’s input.

1. input() function– It is used to get data in

script mode.
The input() function takes string as an
argument.
It always returns a value of string type.
 Input/Output
2. int() function– It is used to convert input string
value to numeric value.

3. float() function – It converts fetched value in

float type.

4. eval() – This function is used to evaluate the

value of a string.
It takes input as string and evaluates this string as
number and return numeric result.

NOTE : input() function always enter string value in

python 3. So on need int(), float() function can be
used for data conversion.
 Sample Program

n1 = input("Enter first number")

n2 = input("Enter second number")
Sum=n1+n2
print("Sum is:", Sum)
 Sample Program

n1 = eval(input("Enter first number"))

n2 = eval(input("Enter second number"))
Sum=n1+n2
print("Sum is:", Sum)

n1 = int(input("Enter first number"))

n2 = int(input("Enter second number"))
Sum=n1+n2
print("Sum is:", Sum)
 Sample Program

n1 = eval(input("Enter first number"))

n2 = eval(input("Enter second number"))
Sum=n1+n2
print("Sum is:", Sum)

n1 = int(input("Enter first number"))

n2 = int(input("Enter second number"))
Sum=n1+n2
print("Sum is:", Sum)
 To calculate simple interest

p = int(input("Enter Principal:"))
r = float(input("Enter Rate:"))
t = int(input("Enter Time:"))
si=0.0
si=(p*r*t)/100
print("Simple Interest is:", si)
To calculate total and percentage

m1 = int(input("Enter marks in English:"))

m2 = int(input("Enter marks in Hindi:"))
m3 = int(input("Enter marks in Maths:"))
m4 = int(input("Enter marks in Science:"))
m5 = int(input("Enter marks in Social Science:"))
total=m1+m2+m3+m4+m5
per = total/5
print("Total is:", total)
print("Percenatge is:", per)
 Python Character Set
A set of valid characters recognized by python.
• Python uses the traditional ASCII character set.
• The latest version recognizes the Unicode character set.
The ASCII character set is a subset of the Unicode character
set.
Letters: a-z, A-Z
Digits : 0-9
Special symbols : Special symbol available over keyboard
White spaces: blank space, tab, carriage return, new line, form
feed

Other characters: Unicode

 Tokens

Smallest individual unit in a program is

known as token.

1. Keywords
2. Identifiers
3. Literals
4. Operators
5. Delimiters
 1. Keywords
Reserved word of the compiler/interpreter which can’t
be used as identifier.
 2. Identifiers

A Python identifier is a name used

to identify a variable, function,
class, module or other object.
 3. Literals
Literals in Python can be defined as number,
text, or other data that represent values to be
stored in variables.
Example of String Literals in Python
name = ‘Johni’ , fname=“johny”

Example of Integer Literals in Python(numeric literal)

age = 22

Example of Float Literals in Python(numeric literal)

height = 6.2

Example of Special Literals in Python

name = None
 3. Literals
Escape sequence

e.g.
print(“I am a student of \n APS \t Yol Cantt”)
 4. Operators
Operators can be defined as symbols that are used to
perform operations on operands.

Types of Operators
a. Arithmetic Operators.
b. Relational Operators.
c. Assignment Operators.
d. Logical Operators.
e. Membership Operators
f. Identity Operators
 4. Operators
a. Arithmetic Operators.
Arithmetic Operators are used to perform arithmetic
operations like addition, multiplication, division etc.
print ("hello"+"python")
print(2+3)
print(10-3)
print(22%5)
print(19//5)
print(2**3)
Output:
hellopython
5
7
2
3
8
 4. Operators
b. Relational Operators.
Relational Operators are used to compare the values.
print(5==3) False
print(7>3) True
print(15<7) False
print(3!=2) True
print(7>=8) False
print(3<=4) True
 4. Operators
c. Assignment Operators.
Used to assign values to the variables.
a=10
print(a)

a+=9
print(a)
Output:
b=11 10
b*=3 19
print(b) 33
c=19 9.5
c/=2 16
print(c)

d=2
d**=4
print(d)
 4. Operators
d. Logical Operators.
Logical Operators are used to perform logical
operations on the given two variables or values.

a=30 a=70
b=20 b=20
if(a==30 and b==20):
print("hello")
if(a==30 or b==20):
Output :- print("hello")
hello
 4. Operators
e. Membership Operators
It used to validate whether a value is found within a
sequence such as such as strings, lists, or tuples.

E.g. E.g.
a = 22 a = 22
list = [11, 22,33,44] list = [11, 22,33,44]
ans= a in list ans= a not in list
print(ans) print(ans)
Output: True Output: False
 4. Operators
f. Identity Operators
Identity operators in Python compare the memory
locations of two objects.
 5. Delimiters
These are the symbols which can be used as
separator of values or to enclose some values.

e.g ( ) {} [ ] , ; :
Token Category
X Variable

y Variable

z Variable

print Keyword

() Delimiter

/ Operator

68 Literal

“x, y, z” Literal
 Comments
Comments are statements in the script that are
ignored by the Python interpreter.

Comments (hash symbol = #) makes code more

readable and understandable.

# Program to assign value

x=10
x=x+100 # increase value of x by 100
print(x)
 Expressions
Expressions are combination of value(s). i.e.
constant, variable and operators.
Expression Value
5+2*4 13
8+12*2-4 28

Converting mathematical expression to

equivalent Python expression
 User Defined Functions
A function is a group of statements that exists
within a program for the purpose of performing
a specific task.

Syntax:

def function_name(comma_sep_list_parameters):
statements
 User Defined Functions
Example 1:
def display():
print(“Welcome to pyhton”)

>>>display()
Example 2:
def arearec(len, wd):
area=len*wd
return area

>>>arearec(30, 10)