Example 15.3, Design of oxidation pond Design an oxidation pond for the following data : (@ Location Gi) Elevation ii) Mean monthly temperature (v) Population to be served (») Sewage flow (vt) Desired effluent BODs (vit) Pond removal constant at 20°C 1. Total BOD load 24°Latitude. 900 m above MSL 30° max and 10? min. 8000 160 Iped 30 mgll Old BOD per capita/day = (160 x 300) 10°* = 0.048 kg/day <. Total BOD load = 8000 x 0.048 = 384 kg/day 2. Permissible areal BOD loading Areal BOD loading at 24° latitude = 225 kg/ha/d 900 Correction factor for elevation = 1 + 0.003 x joo = 1.027 100 100 Correction factor for sky clearance= ————+ = To 5 INFLUENT 100 +3 x 75 HEE ‘] ft EFFLUENT FIO. 15.11. LAYOUT PLAN OF STABILIZATION PONDSINLET PIPE: INLET CHAMBER B © 35m—}}—_] “5m; be 9:Smit errems be 99m ouner a5 FIG. 15.12. TYPICAL PLAN OF A STABILIZATION POND Corrected areal BOD loading= Bs x Pe = 210 kg/ha/day. 3. Pond area: Total applied BODs Pond afta = “real BOD loading = 384/210 = 1.83 ha = 1.83 x 10'm? A ion period. Pond removal constant at 10°C isP= 0.1 (1.047)"~* = 0.1 (1.047)" "° = 0.06317 Detenti iod, lio Ls = Flos Z? . ion period, te Pr G10 Lt Pr Le HereL, — L, = BOD remaining = L. = 30 1 300 aces 2” = 15.85 days= 16 days 0.06317 18 3q = 15.85 day 5. Pond volume and pond depth ; Total inflow= 160x8000=1280x 10" litres/day= 1280 m’/day Pond volume = 1280 x 16 = 20480 m? 20480 Depth = Tes x 10000 ~ 1.12 m. Provide a depth of 1.2 m. Also provide a F.B. of 0.6 m. 6. Pond system : Total pond area= 1.83 ha. Let us adopt a parallel-series system of 6 ponds. with 4 primary. ponds and 2 secondary ponds of equal area, with 2 primary ponds feeding a secondary pond in each set, as shown in Fig. 15.11. This would give the primary pond area as 66.7% which is within the required range of 65 to 715% of the total pond area. Area of each pond = 1.83/6 = 0.305 ha. = 3050 m? Adopt rectangular ponds with length to.breadth ratio as 2.5 (B) (2.5B) = 3050 From which B= V 3050/2.5 =35 m Length L =35 x 2.5 = 87.5 m. Actual area of each pond = 35 x 87.5 = 3062.5 m? BYPASS (0) PLAN (b) SECTION X)-X) FIG. 15.13. INLET ARRANGEMENTTable 9.12. BOD Loadings for Stabilisation Ponds Latitude °N BOD; Loading inkglhald 8 325 12 300 16 275 20 250 24 225 28 200 32 175 36 150 The detention period for the stabilisation pond as stated above, varies from 7 days to 42 days or so. It can be roughly estimated by using the formula : Detention in days +-(9.52) = towo( As Kp 610| T_y where L = the BOD of the effluent enter- ing the pond Y = the BOD removed ; say 90% of L or 95% of L, ete. Kp at 20°C is approximately 0.1 per day, and at other tempera- tures, it can be determined by eqn: Kpcr) = Kpiaos [1.047]? ~ 2° [Note. Since Kp value increases with temperature, the detention period will decrease with the increase in temperature.]Example 9.29. Design an oxidation pond for treatin, le 9.2 : ¢ 1g sewage a hot ian residential colony with 5000 persons, coe sewage litres per capita per day. The 5-day BOD i 300 mg/l. ,, Tees Solution. The quantity of sewage to be treated per day = 5000 x 120 = 6,00,000 litres = 0.6 M. litres = 600 cu. m. The BOD content per day = 0.6 Ml x 300 mg/l = 180 kg Now, assuming the organic loading in the pond (in hot climates) as say 300 kg/hectare/day, we have The surface area required _ 180 kg/d = 300 kg/ha.d 180 = 300 ha 180 104 m? = 300 “ 10° m = 6,000 m?. , Aormnion the length of the tank (L), as twice of its width (B), we ve 2.B? = 6000or B = V3000 = 64,7 m. Say 55 m. 6000 Use Le= 5 7 110m Using a tank with effective depth as 1.2 m ; we have The provided capacity = 110 x 66 x 1.2 = 7260 m’. Now, Capacity = Sewage flow per day x Detention time in days. . Detention time in days Capacity in cu. m. . Sewage flow per day in cu. m/day _ 7280 600 = 12.1 days ; say 12 days. Hence, use an oxidation pond with length = 100 m ; width = 55 m; and overall depth = (1.2 + 1) = 2.2 m; and a detention period of 12 days. Ans. Design of Inlet Pipe. Assuming an average velocity of sewage as 0.9 m/sec, and daily flow for 8 hours only, Discharge = aces cumecs. :. Area of inlet pipe required _ Discharge ~~ Velocity “(aos Jos 8 x 60 x 60 } 0.9 —_— m? "“72x6™ itech "oi" = 232 em? . Dia of inlet pipe YuaE = 17.2cm. Say 18cm. Ans. Dia of outlet pipe may be taken as 1.5 times that of the inlet ; say 27cm. Ans.TABLE 15.1 YIELD OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC 0; AND RECOMMENDED BOD LOADING Areal BOD loading (kgihaid) 150 175 200 2as Yield of photesynthetic Or (kgihald) 150 175 200 225 275 275 300 300 325 325 The values may be modified for elevation above MSL by dividing by a factor, (1 + 0.003 EL), where EL is the elevation of the pond site above MSL in hundred metres. A further correction is the pond volume has to be made when the sky is clear for less than 75% of the days at the rate of 3% for a fall of every 10%. At the recommended BOD loading, sufficient photosynthetic OQ, will be produced to stabilize about 90% of the influent BOD. Also, aerobic conditions will be maintained in the top layers of the pond at most of the time and there will generally be no evolution of septic odours from the pond. When the ponds are intended to serve small communities such as institutions, or when they are to be located close to residence, it will be prudent to adopt lesser BOD loadings than recommended in Table 15.1 so as to fully ensure the absence of septic odours. In any system, the individual pond area should not exceed 0.5 ha. However, it is desirable to have more than one pond in any system requring 0.5 ha or more pond area. (ii) Detention period. The detention period of a pond should be adequate for the bacteria to stabilise the BOD to the desired degree. The removal of BOD in the pond follows a unimolecular patiern : L, = La(1 — 10°*'*) (15.10 @) 1 La 1 L, or 1=>-| = =o F; og {7 ~ | "7 logio i wo 15.10) where L. = influent BOD L, = BOD removed (say 90% of La or 95% of La) L. = BOD remaining -in the effluent ?; = BOD remoyal rate costant for the pond, at temp. T°C 4 = detention period in days. ,