5G Technology Overview

Dr. Srikanth Subramanian, CKO, NanoCell Networks

 5G vision
and the
challenges
Timelines,
deployment, 5G NR – Key
and evolutions focus areas

5G
Technology
Overview
Carrier mm-wave
Bandwidth Parts spectrum
and Flexible facets
Duplexing
MIMO in
5G NR
 Cellular systems – 3GPP Evolution
Packet core
Packet
Peak data switched data
rates
Circuit switched
voice support

1G

1980s 1990s Late 90s 2000 2003 2008 2010 2019/20

3
 Why 5G?

LTE and its evolutions

might not meet the Smartphone type user
broadband saturation and falling
requirements post ARPUs
2020

How to get new Are there new

businesses to use areas?..what are
wireless and contribute those?..how is tech.
to revenue and different..business
growth?. models (?)
 5G Service Categories

• Enhanced Mobile Broad-Band

eMBB Fixed
Vehicle to vehicle and wireless
• High rates
others.. Emergency access;
• Enhanced BB experience
communications.. FTTH
• Tactile Web
broadcast.. alternative
• HD video Call

• Low latency • Large no. of devices

• High • Deep penetration
Reliability • Power efficient
uRLLC mMTC
• Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication • Massive Machine Type Communication
 5G and IMT-2020

• Peak data rate

• Peak spectral efficiency
• User experienced data rate
• 5th percentile user spectral efficiency
• Average spectral efficiency
• Area traffic capacity
• Latency
• User plane latency
• Control plane latency
• Connection density
• Energy efficiency
• Reliability
• Mobility
• Mobility interruption time
• Bandwidth

Source: 3gpp
 5G NR – Key Features

Operation over wide

frequency ranges;
450 MHz to 50 GHz

New MIMO Flexible numerology to

approaches, new support different
coding, forward 5G NR bands, bandwidths, and
compatible design services; flexible TDD

Flexible RAN
architecture to
support fronthaul,
cloud RAN etc.
 New Spectrum for 5G
• Low cost • Shared License
• Long range • 200 MHz channels in
U. S.

38.6 GHz

28 GHz 38 GHz
450 MHz 1 GHz 6 GHz 27.5 GHz 28.35 GHz 37 GHz 40.6 GHz
2* 425MHz Channels in U. S

Frequency range Corresponding frequency range

designation Many Developed countries
FR1
FR2
450 MHz – 6000 MHz
24250 MHz – 52600 MHz
planning 24-29 GHz range
for mm/cm-wave 5G
 Flexible OFDM for 5G
Different Numerology to suit different
bandwidths/applications; Combo. of subcarrier spacing
and CP durations

Subcarrier spacing (Flexible) = f0* 2µ, f0=15 kHz, µ=-2,…5

Used in mm wave for
IoT cases 3.75k (15K) ≤∆f< (240)480 kHz higher phase noise;
manageable
subcarrier spacings
BWs: Min: 5 MHz for f<6GHz
Min 50 MHz for f>6GHz
Max. 400 MHz in R 15

Why is this flexibility in OFDM parameters needed

for 5G?
 Why large subcarrier spacings for mm-wave?

Potential use of high

frequencies; 26-28 GHz, 39
GHz,and beyond

OFDM signals are

Large bandwidths
Absolute values of affected relative to
are the big plus in
frequency offsets subcarrier
mm-wave; low
and phase noise spacing..in freq.
subcarrier spacings
related parameters domain.. If the same
means large FFT
are higher than in subcarrier spacing
sizes; which implies
lower frequencies as LTE is used, then
high complexity
effects are amplified
5G NR Frame Structure

Slot is the more

important time unit
from a scheduling
perspective; smaller
slots useful for
handling low latency
applications

Source: 5G Book
 Flexible TDD - Motivation

5G has plans
for a lot of
small cells
especially in
mm-wave;
hotspot like
cells

Small cell with a few users Dynamism can be used when

benefits from using flexible
TDD wherein DL and UL can be
chosen according to the
directions where data is
available
needed; BTS and mobile
powers comparable for
managing interference;
macrocells not the best target
for flexible TDD
TDD to support different requirements

UL
Control

DL Control @
start
SFI; slot format
indicator; key in
conveying details;
DCI/RRC used to
convey

Source: Ericsson
 Handling flexible TDD

Can help manage

RRC Signaling can be used to suppression of some
Dynamic signalling of D/U for a periodic transmissions
convey the semi-static pattern;
group of users monitoring a slot like SRS and
dynamic scheduling in the measurements to
format indicator can also be
flexible slots for users can also manage other
given
be done.. transmissions in other
cells or services
 Massive MIMO; Enhancing Capacity in sub-6 GHz through MU-MIMO
Hundreds of
Narrow
antenna elements
bandwidth-
on a cylindrical
Beamformed
configuration
data streams User 1

Large
investments in
the base-station
antenna
infrastructure
without a Tens of
User 3
commensurate users
increase in UE Base station Same site locations and
side antenna User K
bandwidth but better
related capacity using an
enhancements upgrade to infrastructure
 mm-wave challenges
2
  
P RX  P TX G G  
 4 R 
TX RX

= 1 for Isotropic Path-loss

  2  1 
 P TX  1  1     
 4  4 R
2

Aperture size Spherical area

 c2  1 
 P TX  1  1     
 4  f  4 R
2 2
 (c: speed of light)

Carrier frequency

2.8 GHz 28 GHz

RX Aperture Size 9.135 cm2 0.091 cm2
Path-loss (R=1m) -41.4 dB -61.4 dB

Multiple tx. and rx. antennas can be used for improving the
scenario; 5G NR proposes potential use of MIMO in all steps
starting with initial access
Source : 3GPP
 NR Beam Management

P1: Initial Beam

Acquisition

Fine beam alignment a gNB

P2 : Fine transmit beam

acquisition and tracking
at gNB

Fine beam alignment at UE

P3: Fine receive beam

acquisition and tracking at
UE
 Comparison of MIMO in LTE and NR
LTE Rel-8 LTE-A Pro Rel-15 NR Rel-15

• Coverage enhancement
Purpose • Spectral efficiency enhancement • Spectral efficiency enhancement (especially for above 6GHz)
• Spectral efficiency enhancement

• Beam measurement, reporting

Multi-beam
• No specification support • No specification support • Beam indication
operation
• Beam failure recovery

• Up to 4 layers per UE • Up to 4 layers per UE • Up to 4 layers per UE

Uplink
• Up to 8 layers for MU-MIMO • Up to 8 layers for MU-MIMO • Up to 12 layers for MU-MIMO
transmission
(cyclic shifts for ZC-sequence) (cyclic shifts for ZC-sequence) (orthogonal ports)

• Up to 8 layers per UE • Up to 8 layers per UE

Downlink
• Up to 4 layers per UE • Up to 4 layers for MU-MIMO • Up to 12 layers for MU-MIMO
transmission
(orthogonal ports) (orthogonal ports)

• Configurable pattern, overhead

Reference • Fixed pattern, overhead • Fixed pattern, overhead
• Up to 32 TX antenna ports (CSI-RS)
signal • Up to 4 TX antenna ports (CRS) • Up to 32 TX antenna ports (CSI-RS)
• Support for above 6GHz

Source : 3GPP
 Motivation for Bandwidth Parts

Control LTE carrier

Mobile has to channels like
support 20 MHz bandwidth can
PDCCH are be between 1.4-
bandwidth; no distributed
options for the 20 MHz;
over the entire flexibility in
mobile 20 MHz deployment
bandwidth

With wide channel bandwidths coming in 5G, does

this mean that all Ues have to support the highest
bandwidth capabilities
Why Bandwidth Parts?.

Source: Keysight
 5G NR Data Rate Calculation

• J – Number of CCs – max. 16 in R 15

• Rmax = 948/1024 (coding related)
• OH = overhead factor for the specific link
• f(j) – scaling factor - ?- signalled per band
outlined in the standard
• µ = numerology ; 0,1,2,3
• 18 %, 14 % overhead for DL in FR1 and
• Tsmu = average OFDM symbol time =
FR2, respectively
1ms/14*2mu
• 8% and 10% for UL in FR1 and FR2,
• NPRB = maximum number allowed for that
respectively
configuration by the standard
Peak data rates
 PDSCH; Preemption for handling URLLC
Indiciation of the pre- Preemption
HARQ ACK
emption of the eMBB cannot be too
scheduled
allocation for URLLC late

HARQ ACK/NACK Schedule can be

PDCCH flexibly configured in 5G NR using
allocation Using the eMBB for URLLC; PDCCH DCI; no rigid timing; CBG based
DMRS used for demodulation retransmissions allowed instead of full
TBs
 3GPP 5G multiple drops
2017 2018 2019 2020

Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1

Rel-15 NSA Rel-15 NSA

(option-3) (option-3) “Main drop”
freeze ASN.1 Rel-15 Rel-15
“Early drop” freeze ASN.1 (incl “Late drop”
(incl 5G 5G SA) Rel-15 late Rel-15 late
SA) drop freeze drop ASN.1

Rel-16 Study phase Rel-16 Study and Normative phase

Rel-16
freeze
Rel-16
ASN.1
Early drop; immediate Late drop; 5G and 4G ;
Main drop; 5G with its
eMBB need with EPC; lots of interworking
own core network
avoid fragmentation options given
 5G Deployment Evolution – Some Thoughts

Verizon trials Korea/Japan trials After NB-IoT has

Matured (?)
Enhanced
Mobile
Broadband Massive
Challenging
M2M/IoT
but most
Fixed Enhanced
Low Access Mobile radical use
Massive
M2M/IoT
latency (Pre 5G?) Broadband case(?)
IoT
URLLC
2020 2017-18 2018-19
Led to fast- 2020-22
tracking of 5G
standardization Source: Analyst
 5G Network – Initial Deployment

High frequency 5G NR
Non-stand alone (NSA)
Operators prefer NSA as deployments can be
refers to the initial
they can use existing LTE accommodated as small
deployment with LTE core
core network cells while LTE acts like an
network
overlay

Source: 3gpp
 5G EN-DC Initial Operational Example
LTE eNB can signal a co-located
5G gNB in SIB2

Source: Rohde and Schwarz

H8
5G Deployment Options
• There are mainly six
deployment options in
both SA and NSA
SA

modes.
• Option-5 using 5GC
and LTE ng-eNB access
• Option-3 using EPC
and LTE eNB acting as
master and NR en-
NSA

gNB acting as
secondary;
• Option-4 using 5GC
and an NR gNB acting
• Option-7 using 5GC and an LTE ng-eNB acting as master as master and LTE ng-
and an NR gNB acting as secondary. eNB acting as
Source: GSMA secondary; and
Slide 28

H8 New slide, please review.

Home, 07-10-2018
 5G RAN Summary
5G radio technology will be
OFDM based with flexibility
to serve multiple
services/bands with some
amount of harmonization;
different numerologies will
be supported
MIMO in 5G NR will have
support from initial access in
terms of directional
transmissions; Coverage and
capacity will be addressed
appropriately
New spectrum usage in the
mm-wave band is a strong
trend.. It will take time to
deploy such systems
everywhere.. But it has to
start now to get spectrum
Support for URLLC through
preemptive scheduling strategies
could be used to address new
verticals
 5G New Things coming up..

Unlicensed band
Cellular V2X Support for non-
inclusion; various
Techologies terrestrial networks
challenges

Support for massive Support for non- Integrated access

IOT for industrial orthogonal multi and backhaul (IAB);
applications access waveform postioning