GEOL703Lecture 02

Lecture 2 – Data Summaries
Dr. Salman Saeed

Assistant Professor,
National Institute of Urban Infrastructure Planning (NIUIP)
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
salmansaeed@uetpeshawar.edu.pk
Summarizing Data
• As discussed in previous slides:
– Data matrix is often huge
– For presentation purposes we have to summarize data
Summarize Data
Center Spread Variation Graphs Tables
Pie Charts Dot Plots
Bar Graphs Histograms
23-Jul-2020 Lecture # 02 GEOL 703 – Applied Geo-statistics Dr. Salman Saeed, NIUIP, UET Peshawar
Summarizing Data – Central Tendency
• First we discuss the how to measure the central
tendency of data
Summarize Data
Mode
Measures
Median of Central
Tendency
Mean
Central Tendency - Mode
• The value that occurs most frequently – the most
common outcome
• Commonly used with Nominal and Ordinal
measurements
• On the Pie Chart, the value with the biggest pie is
the mode
• On Bar Graphs and Histograms, the highest bar
represents the mode
• On Frequency Distributions, the peak occurs at the
mode value
• That’s why the distribution with two peaks is called a
bimodal distribution
Examples of modes
50 66
Mode 25
119
140
13
12
11
10
Left Arm Fast Left Arm Medium Right Arm Fast Right Arm Medium Other
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
175
193
155
157
159
161
163
165
167
169
171
173
177
179
181
183
185
187
189
191
195
197
199
155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200
What is NOT the mode
140
50 66
119
Mode 25
66 119
50 140
25 13 13
12
12
11 11
11
1010 10
10
Left Arm Fast Left Arm Medium Right Arm Fast Right Arm Medium Other
9
8
8
7
7
6
555
5
44
4
3 3
3
22 2 22 222 2 2
2
11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
0 0 0 0 0 00 000 0
0
175
193
155
157
159
161
163
165
167
169
171
173
177
179
181
183
185
187
189
191
195
197
199
155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200
Central Tendency - Median
• The central value in an ordered list
Consider the following list, for example:
8 9 3 6 7 8 1 5 2
What is the mode?
8 – because it occurs most frequently
To find the median, we have to order the list:
1 2 3 5 6 7 8 8 9
Median
50% of the values are BELOW median 50% of the values are ABOVE median
What happens when we have even number of values

Central Tendency - Median
• When we have an even number of values
Consider the following list, for example:
8 9 3 6 7 8 1 5 2 4
To find the median, we have to order the list:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Median = ( 5 + 6 ) / 2
=
Median cannot be used with measurements,

since they cannot be ordered
Central Tendency - Mean
• Sum of all values divided by the number of observations
Consider the following list of values

156 163 168 177 185 187 191 194 199
#of obs. =9
Σof all obs. = 1620
Mean = 1620 / 9 = 180
• Engineers can easily relate to the mean as:

– The first moment of the data with respect to the origin, OR
– The moment of all observations about the mean is zero
155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200
• Mean is the resultant of all observations

• Mean is the point at which all observations are
balanced
Difference of each value from the mean is:
-24 -17 -12 -3 5 7 11 14 19
The sum of above number is zero
Consider the following list of numbers
6 7 7 8 8 9 => mean = 7.5
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10
Now add another weight at 9

6 7 7 8 8 9 9 => mean=7.7
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10
Which measure of central tendency should be used?
Central Tendency
Nominal measurements have no

value, so we cannot sum them,
Mean nor divide them. Mean cannot be
calculated
Nominal measurements cannot

Nominal Median be ordered. Median cannot be
calculated
Mode is the only measure

Mode available for central tendency of
Nominal data
Central Tendency
Ordinal measurements are just

categories with no meaningful
Mean value so, like Nominal, their
mean also cannot be calculated
Ordinal values can be ordered, so

Ordinal Median theoretically we can find the
median (for odd # of obs.), but it
usually has no meaning
Mode is a better measure for

Mode
central tendency of Nominal data
Central Tendency
Mean
Quantitative
Median
[Interval & Ratio]
Mode
All three measures can be easily calculated for quantitative measurements. However, Mean and
Median are better measures of central tendency as compared to Mode.
Choice between Mean and Median depends on the underlying data.
Consider the yearly income of individuals
Yearly Income
Person 1 $46,000
Person 2 $41,000 Mean= $42,285.71
Person 3 $39,000 Median= $41,000
Person 4 $38,000
Person 5 $41,000
Person 6 $45,000
Person 7 $46,000
Mean and Median are approximately same
Let’s add another individual to the list
Yearly Income
Person 1 $46,000
Person 2 $41,000 Mean= $42,285.71
Person 3 $39,000 Median= $41,000
Person 4 $38,000
Person 5 $41,000
Person 6 $45,000 New Mean= $87,87,000
Person 7 $46,000 New Median= $43,000
Person 8 $70,000,000  Outlier
There was a slight change in the median but the mean has
changed significantly. The Mean is sensitive to outliers
while the median remain relatively unchanged.
Categorical Mode
No Mean
Quantitative Outliers
Yes Median
Summarizing Data
• Consider the following two data sets, presented here as dot plots
• Both data sets have the same mean, same median and same mode
• The first data set is more “spread out” as compared to the second one
Mean=178
Median=178
Mode=177
155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200
Same
Central Physical Height (cm)
Tendency
• Clearly, none of the central tendency measures can fully describe the data
• We need another measure that can describe the spread of the data
Mean=178
Median=178
Mode=177
155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200
Physical Height (cm)
Summarizing Data – Spread
Summarize Data
Range
Interquartile Range
Box and Whiskers Plot
Range
• Range is the difference between highest and lowest
value in a data set
Max=199 Highest Value = 199, Lowest Value = 156, Range = 199-156 = 43
Min=156
Range=43
155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200
Max=185 Highest Value = 185, Lowest Value = 170, Range = 185-170 = 15

Min=170
Range=15
155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200
Range
• Range is the difference between highest and lowest
value in a data set
Max=199 The Range is:
Min=156 • Easy to understand
Range=43 • Simple to compute
155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200
• It doesn’t give a good idea about the dispersion of the data

• It only takes into account the extreme values
• Presence of outliers can greatly influence the range
Max=185
Min=170
Range=15
155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200
Range
• Consider another two data sets
• We can see two different data sets, one in which the data is more
Mean 178 dispersed compared to the other
Median 178 • But Neither the central tendency measures nor the range can tell
Mode 177 them apart
Range 43
Same
155 165 175 185 195
Central
Tendency Physical Height (cm)
&
Spread
Mean 178 • This brings us to another measure of spread, which is Inter-

Median 178 quartile range
Mode 177
Range 43
155 165 175 185 195
Interquartile Range
• Interquartile range is the difference between the first and the third
quartile
• To understand what quartile means, consider the following
distribution
Median
• We are familiar with the median
50% of the 50% of the
data data
25% of the 25% of the 25% of the 25% of the

data data data data
Q1 Q2 Q3
• The median divides the data such that 50% of the values are above
it, and 50% are below it
• Now we divide the data such that 25% of the values are below it –
This is the first quartile.
• Now add another division such that 25% of the values are above it
– This will be the third quartile
• While the median is the second quartile
Interquartile Range
• Interquartile range is the difference between the first and the third
quartile
• The three quartiles divide the data into four parts or quarters
Median
50% of the 50% of the
data data
25% of the 25% of the 25% of the 25% of the

data data data data
Q1 Q2 Q3
IQR = Q3 – Q1
• Interquartile Range (IQR) is simply the third quartile (Q3) minus the
first quartile (Q1)
• It is a better measure of dispersion because it leaves out the

extreme values and takes into account the middle 50% of the data
Interquartile Range
• Consider the weights of playing eleven for team
Lahore Qalandars IQR = Q3 – Q1
= 133.8 – 90.8
Weight (Kg) = 43
Player 1 115.3
Player 2 90.8
Player 3 110.7 Order List 58.2 86.7 90.8 98.2 101.8 110.7 115.3 117.1 133.8 183.7 199.6
Player 4 133.8
Player 5 58.2
Player 6 98.2 Q1 Median/Q2 Q3
Player 7 199.6
Player 8 117.1
Player 9 183.7
Player 10 101.8
Player 11 86.7 Outliers do not affect the calculation – hence, the IQR
gives a more realistic description of dispersion in the data
It is also useful in detecting the outliers
Interquartile Range – Detecting outliers
• Values that are 1.5 x IQR lower or higher than first and
third quartiles, respectively are generally considered to
be outliers in the data
• In our example, IQR is 43, so 1.5 x 43 is 64.5
• Any values that are 64.5kg lower than Q1 (90.8) and

values that are 64.5kg higher than Q3 (133.8) are outliers
• 90.8 – 64.5 = 26.3, any value lower than this is outlier
• 133.8 + 64.5 = 198.3, any value higher than this is an

outlier
• 58.2 86.7 90.8 98.2 101.8 110.7 115.3 117.1 133.8 183.7 199.6
IQR = Q3 – Q1
Q1 Median/Q2 Q3 = 133.8 – 90.8 = 43
Box and Whiskers Plot
Outlier
Highest value that is not an outlier
Q3
Whiskers Box Median/Q2
Q1
Lowest value that is not an outlier
Outlier
Making a Box and Whisker Plot
• Consider the data from Box and Whiskers Plot
our previous example 200
about weights of the 190

players. 180
170
• Here is the vertical dot 160

plot of that data 150
140
• The median, Q2, is at 130

110.7 120
110 110.7
• The first quartile, Q1, is 100

at 90.8 90
80
• The third quartile, Q3, 70

is at 133.8 60
50

players. 180
170

140

110.7 120
110 110.7

at 90.8 90 90.8
80

is at 133.8 60
50

players. 180
170

140

133.8
110.7 120
110 110.7

at 90.8 90 90.8
80

is at 133.8 60
50
• Now join the Q3 and Box and Whiskers Plot
Q1 lines to make a box 200
• The IQR is Q3-Q1=43 190
180
170
160
150
140
133.8
130
120
110 110.7 IQR = 43

100
90 90.8
80
70
60
50
198.3
199.6

183.7
180
• The outlier range is
170
1.5 x IQR = 64.5
160
• The upper limit is 150
64.5 + 133.8 = 198.3
Q3+64.5=198.3 140
133.8
130
120
IQR = 43
110 110.7
IQR x 1.5 = 64.5
100
90 90.8
80
70
60 58.2
50
198.3
199.6

183.7
180
170
1.5 x IQR = 64.5
160
64.5 + 133.8 = 198.3
Q3+64.5=198.3 140
• Within this limit, the 130
133.8
highest data point is 120

183.7 IQR = 43
110 110.7
IQR x 1.5 = 64.5
100
90 90.8
80
70
60 58.2
50
198.3
199.6

183.7
180
170
1.5 x IQR = 64.5
160
64.5 + 133.8 = 198.3
Q3+64.5=198.3 140
133.8

183.7 IQR = 43
110 110.7
IQR x 1.5 = 64.5
• So the upper limit 100
moves down to 183.7 90 90.8
80
70
60 58.2
50
Q1 lines to make a box 200 199.6

183.7
180
170
1.5 x IQR = 64.5
160
Q3+64.5=198.3 140
133.8

183.7 110 110.7
• So the upper limit 100
moves down to 183.7 90 90.8
• Which makes the upper 80
whisker 70
60 58.2
50
• We adopt the same Box and Whiskers Plot
procedure to make the 200 199.6
lower whisker 190

183.7
180
170
160
150
140
133.8
130
120
110 110.7
100
90 90.8
80
70
60 58.2
50
• We adopt the same Box and Whiskers Plot
procedure to make the 200 199.6
lower whisker 190

183.7
180
170
• Next we mark the
160
outliers that are the
150
data points outside the
140
whiskers 133.8
130
120
110 110.7
100
90 90.8
80
70
60 58.2
50
Exercise - 1
Weight (Kg) 1. Summarize the two tables Weight (Kg)
Player 1 103.8 using following descriptors Player 1 128.5
Player 2 113.2 and compare them: Player 2 113.9
Player 3 94.9 Player 3 87.2
Player 4 105.6 • Median Player 4 116
Player 5 111.6 • Mean Player 5 101.9
Player 6 112.2 • Range Player 6 122.4
Player 7 119.6 • IQR Player 7 78.7
Player 9 109 2. Plot and compare the Box Player 9 92.8
Player 10 90.3 and Whiskers plots for two Player 10 52.2
Player 11 106.2 tables Player 11 147.7
Player 13 114.4 3. Find all the parameters in Player 13 132.6
question 1 above, after
removing the outliers.
Comment on how much
Player 18 117.5
they changed
Player 18 141.4
Player 20 102.6 Player 20 127
Player 22 110.3 Player 22 137.1
Player 23 102 Player 23 73.9
Trimmed Mean
• Like the Median, another measure with reduced
effects of outliers is the trimmed mean.
• Certain percentage of the sorted data array are

taken away before calculating mean of the
remaining data
• If p% of the data are trimmed from each end of the

sorted array, the mean is called the p% trimmed
mean 11 values , 20% of 11 = 2.2, rounded to 2
Take out 2 values from each side, can calculate the mean of the rest
58.2 86.7 90.8 98.2 101.8 110.7 115.3 117.1 133.8 183.7 199.6
Mean and Median
Two samples of 10 seedlings were planted in a green
house, one sample was treated with nitrogen and the
other was not treated. All other environmental
conditions were held constant. The weight of stems of
the plants growing out of these seedlings after 140
days were recorded and are presented in the following
table:
Mean and Median
S.No. No Nitrogen Nitrogen
1 0.28 0.26
2 0.32 0.43
3 0.36 0.46
4 0.37 0.47
5 0.38 0.49
6 0.42 0.52
7 0.43 0.62
8 0.43 0.75
9 0.47 0.79
10 0.53 0.86
Sum 3.99 5.65
Mean 3.99/10=0.399 5.65/10=0.565
Median (0.38+0.42)/2=0.4
(0.49+0.52)/2=0.505
Trimmed Mean
Trimmed Mean
Trimmed Mean
Trimmed Mean - Example
Trimmed Mean - Example

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Lecture 2 – Data Summaries

Dr. Salman Saeed

Center Spread Variation Graphs Tables

Pie Charts Dot Plots

Bar Graphs Histograms

Center Spread Variation Graphs Tables

What happens when we have even number of values

Median cannot be used with measurements,

Consider the following list of values

• Engineers can easily relate to the mean as:

• Mean is the resultant of all observations

5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10

Now add another weight at 9

5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10

Nominal measurements have no

Nominal measurements cannot

Mode is the only measure

Ordinal measurements are just

Ordinal values can be ordered, so

Mode is a better measure for

Choice between Mean and Median depends on the underlying data.

Mean and Median are approximately same

Center Spread Variation Graphs Tables

Box and Whiskers Plot

Max=185 Highest Value = 185, Lowest Value = 170, Range = 185-170 = 15

• It doesn’t give a good idea about the dispersion of the data

Mean 178 • This brings us to another measure of spread, which is Inter-

25% of the 25% of the 25% of the 25% of the

25% of the 25% of the 25% of the 25% of the

• It is a better measure of dispersion because it leaves out the

It is also useful in detecting the outliers

• In our example, IQR is 43, so 1.5 x 43 is 64.5

• Any values that are 64.5kg lower than Q1 (90.8) and

• 90.8 – 64.5 = 26.3, any value lower than this is outlier

• 133.8 + 64.5 = 198.3, any value higher than this is an

Highest value that is not an outlier

Whiskers Box Median/Q2

Lowest value that is not an outlier

about weights of the 190

• Here is the vertical dot 160

• The median, Q2, is at 130

• The first quartile, Q1, is 100

• The third quartile, Q3, 70

about weights of the 190

• Here is the vertical dot 160

• The median, Q2, is at 130

• The first quartile, Q1, is 100

• The third quartile, Q3, 70

about weights of the 190

• Here is the vertical dot 160

• The median, Q2, is at 130

• The first quartile, Q1, is 100

• The third quartile, Q3, 70

• The IQR is Q3-Q1=43 190

110 110.7 IQR = 43

• The IQR is Q3-Q1=43 190

• The IQR is Q3-Q1=43 190

highest data point is 120

• The IQR is Q3-Q1=43 190

highest data point is 120

moves down to 183.7 90 90.8

• The IQR is Q3-Q1=43 190

highest data point is 120