Aryen Liaw + Kelvin Lui

CONTENTS
RMIT Open Spaces.....................................1-8
City Square..................................................9-19
Shrine of Remembrance.............................20-26
Federation Square......................................27-36
Cranbourne Botanical Gardens..................37-44
St Kilda Foreshore......................................45-53
RMIT
OPEN
SPACES
In the open spaces of RMIT University, the materials used to

construct the landscape were successful in reflecting the intention
of the designers.
As the open spaces of RMIT have degrees of pedestrian and

vehicle traffic, the trafficable surface materials of bluestone
paving, cobblestone and asphalt are combined to be sustainable
to wear. Furthermore the material use has been considered and
combined to create directive paths for all forms of traffic as well
as showing awareness to the seating areas, all that reflects the
use of these open spaces.
1
2) Material Adjacencies
RMIT open spaces have these significant adjacencies:
i) Bluestone and fake turf

(product: ‘Astrograss’) – It is interesting
to note the significance of this adjacency
pristine grass and bluestone have created
a form of outdoor room. Structure of the
bluestone in relation to the fake grass
heavily determines this formation of an
‘outdoor room’
Images 01
Bluestone vs Fake turf
Images 02
Bluestone vs Cobblestone
ii) Bluestone and asphalt or cobblestone – This adjacency exists

throughout most of the open spaces. The combination creates a
subconscious effect, where traffic such as cyclists or pedestrians will
subconsciously follow the bluestone as it is ideally smooth. The
placement of bluestone also facilitates drainage in these small
narrow spaces.
2
iii) Asphalt and cobblestone – Asphalt is known to be a
material that can change in physical volume as a result of
temperature changes. In an example where asphalt may be adjacent
to concrete, asphalt may expand and exert pressure on the concrete,
potentially cracking it. Cobblestone is an effective adjacent material
as it has larger gaps than concrete pavers and may not fall to the force
from the asphalt.
Images 03
Asphalt vs Cobblestone
iv) Bluestone against bluestone – This is used in the case of the

water feature. A full bluestone structure is strong and is an attractive
seating area due to its simplicity.
Images 04
Bluestone vs Bluestone
3
3) Lighting Aspects
The artificial lighting is primarily used for
security and safety purposes. Such is the
case in courtyard between buildings 11
and 15 where the lighting is placed to
illuminate the steps and provide
direction. As RMIT open spaces are
accessible 24 hours, artificial lighting is a
necessity.
In the courtyard between buildings 11 and

15 the space becomes larger in a sense in
that it is enhanced by a combination of
natural light and the light coloured
pavement that covers most of the
courtyard. In this courtyard, the
movement of sunlight also dictates where
people may want to sit.
Images 05
4) Material Integrity
Overall, the material has held up well for its specific use of
accommodating heavy use of pedestrians, cyclists and motor
vehicles. The synthetic turf does not see such a high degree of
traffic than the bluestone or cobblestone, therefore its quality
remains well.
In the courtyard between buildings 11 and 15, concrete slabs have

cracked as a result of the conditions around it: a degree of heat and
the expansive/contractive nature of asphalt according to weather
conditions, however, this has not affected the intention of using
concrete as a structure.
4
5) Maintenance
The sites have relatively low maintenance; the materials used
are long lasting and may need repairs or replacing after a long
period of time (such as replacing the synthetic turf that may
degrade after long and repeated use).
The garden beds in the building 11+15 courtyard receive regular

maintenance, mulches will be replaced, and plants pruned and
new plants may be planted.
Images 06
5
6) Structural Integrity
The structural state of RMIT open spaces are sound, solid and well
tolerating of the daily pedestrian and cyclist traffic it receives. It has
also stood up well to the bulkier of traffic, mainly larger vehicles
such as trucks and cars. The hard solids such as bluestone and
concrete are able to withstand a great deal of weight.
7) Structural Detail
Artist Impressionn- Plan -

Bowen
B wen LLane - Ellis
Elli Court
C t Elliss Court
Bluestone
Cobblestone Waterproof Concrete Mortar Synthetic Grass

Membrane ‘Astroturf’
Section -
Ellis Court
Images 07
Details 5
Bluestone
Soil
Concrete
Granite paving
Plan
n-
(Courtyard Between Buildings 11+15)
Seecti
tionn-
(Courtyard
(C t dBBetween
t Buildings
B ildi 11
11+15)
15))
Bluestone
Waterproof
Membrane Mortar
Concrete
D tails
De
Images 08
6
Bowen lane water feature

Plan
Water Feature
Concrete
Mortar
Waterproof Membrane
Cobblestone
Legend:
TW- Top of Wall
FG – Finished Grade
Section
Water Fetature
Images 09
7
8) Critical Reflection
The design of RMIT open spaces is successful in that it is able to
fully integrate the surrounds and traditional materials of
Melbourne into the campus.
The most prevalent and common use of bluestone is a key material

to the integration, throughout the open spaces; bluestone will lead
from street into campus.
The materials used are not of a wide range, but the simplicity prove
effective in forming a Melbourne and university atmosphere.
The careful thought on material placement and structure defines
spaces that allocates areas specific for traversing and seating. In
most instances pedestrians and cyclists will not feel like they have
wandered into a different environment, but rather the fact they still
remain as part of the city.This clearly highlights the design intention
of RMIT open spaces.
8
CITY
SQUARE
City Square, Melbourne, is a pedestrian plaza in the heart of the
city, surrounded by Swanston Street, Collins Street, Melbourne,
Flinders Lane and the Westin Hotel. Architect Sir Bernard Evans
first proposed the idea of a city square in Melbourne in 1961.
Initially it was rejected by the Melbourne City Council. It was later
accepted in 1966 when Sir Evan once again forwarded the
proposal. Today it is one of the major Melbourne tourist attrac-
tions. The acceptance of the proposal resulted in acquirement of
properties between the Town Hall and St Paul's Cathedral. Promi-
nent buildings were demolished including the famous buildings
that dated back to the reign of Queen Victoria. A union ban
managed to save the Regent Theatre.
Work towards construction of the City Square, Melbourne began

in 1968 with the installation of a temporary square at the site.
Denton Corker Marshall won the competition to design a
permanent square. This design included a giant video screen,
restaurants, shops and outdoor cafes. Other features of the design
included an amphitheatre, a glazed canopy, reflecting pool, water
wall, graffiti wall and cascades. After the completion of the square
the Burke and Wills Statue was placed next to the cascade and the
area got a cover of sawn bluestone.
http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/australia/melbourne/sightseeing-in-melbourne/city-square-melbourne.html
9
The Melbourne City Square opened the doors of city square for
the general public on 20th May 1980. But the new construction
was welcomed with a lot of criticism from people. This was due
to the demolition of the buildings that had taken place during the
construction of the City Square. Constant criticism and debate
resulted in the removal of the "Vault" by Ron Robertson-Swann as
the centerpiece of the square. It was then placed in the Batman
Park.
During the late 1990s the whole structure went through new
developments. More than half the square was sold for the
construction of the Westin Hotel. The rest of the City Square,
Melbourne went through a thorough change between 1997 and
2000. The plan for this new development was simpler than the
original design. It included introduction of granite gravel as a
contrast to the already existing bluestone paving. John Mockridge
Fountain, a water wall and a long linear water feature was added
in the new look. To this new formal structure new grassed areas
were added to provide a hint of informality.
http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/australia/melbourne/sightseeing-in-melbourne/city-square-melbourne.html
10
1) Material Selection
Materials Used:
Bluestone – Continuity of flow from Swanston Street into City Square.
If different material is used, it will form a psychological barrier and will
not be continuous.
Images 01
Timber Planks – Expanded tree gates are often used in urban areas.
This timber planks was adapted used to soften the hard and formal
language of the plaza. Very good contrast.
Steel Mesh – A commonly used material whether as a lining strip

between tiles or in a tree pit, provides excellent juxtaposition
alongside the stone floors and timber planks.
Sandstone – The beige colour of sandstone fits in comfortably with

the timber planks and the sand.
Images 02
11
Sand – Sand in this City Square is an excellent material, it not only
softens the hardscape but also forms a strong contrast between
Stone(Monolithic) VS Steel (Formal) VS Sand (Random/ Particles)
Images 03
In Conclusion
Overall, the designer have selected the materials based on certain
heritage (Bluestone = Melbourne) as well as its robustness and
monolithic feel. The feel of the square is formal and rigid and it could be
further softened with some turfing or greenery. The overall composition
of the materials is in harmony.
Elements are kept to a low level for openness. With a public square like
City Square, if you have high elements, you will block the views and also
create pockets of spaces which was not the intention.
Images 04
12
Vertical sandstone paver pattern to enhance the height of the wall.
An urban seating space should be cooling and the sheltered from the
sun and sometimes just using planting may be insufficient.
This concrete wall acts both as a shelter for the benches and
creates an interesting textured surface and wall painted in
juxtaposition with the surrounding flat surfaces. It is however too
“artificial” in comparison to the stone. Whereas other side of the
concrete wall with paint finish creates feeling of curiosity.
Granite with stainless steel seating bench with stainless steel strips.
The stainless steel bench has been design for resting area. The pur-
pose of timber at planting pit is to allow for future expansion for the
big tree’s roots.
Images 05
13
2) Material Adjacency
The main promenade is lined with sandstone and granite which
creates an interesting pattern. The tree pit explores the interaction
of 3 materials – Timber, Metal Strips and Granite Stone. Stainless
Steel Strips can be added to give it more complexity.
Images 06
In the next photograph, there is an interesting interaction of rough

and smooth granite surface against a more rigid wire mesh which
actually is a ramp. The ramp seems redundant as the entire area is
a flat surface.
Images 07
14
In this photograph, 3 different textures/ bulk can be seen
and it is a very strong juxtaposition.
MASS (Concrete wall)

VS
BLOCKS (Stone Pavers)
VS
GRAINS (Sand)
Images 08
15
3) Aspects of Lighting
Up light is used along the concrete wall to create a texture at night.
It is also used under the tree pit to light up the tree. It is helpful at
night to prevent people tripping. The seating area is surrounded
by quite high walls. The shadows cast by the sunlight will influence
where people sit be it in the shade or under the sun.
Images 09
Robustness – This is what I felt the designer has in mind when
designing the City Square. It will be used by large number of people
everyday and the materials have to be robust and stand the test of
time.
Bluestone – The stone used throughout the streets of Melbourne is

an extremely robust stone that can withstand the test of time.
Concrete Textured Wall – The texture may have the purpose of
minimising vandalism. If it is a smooth surface, it is a good area for
graffiti. The texture has in a way deterred people from vandalising it.
Timber Planks – The timber planks have aged beautifully and bears
testament to the age of the plaza.
Steel Mesh – The steel mesh is well detailed as it is strong enough to
withstand vandalism and constant pedestrian movement over it.
16
5) Maintenance
The gaps between the timber boards are too big and refuse such as
cigarette will collect at the pit over time. The water flow from the
stage down to the drain is cracked. Where timber meets the
sandstone, Gaps will shift and change over time, creating
depressions of ridges, often trapping water after rains.
Images 10
This area I am exploring possesses a few maintenance issues. As

we can see from the white border strips on the edge of steps, this
serves as a visual indicator to warn people of a step but it has faded
off. The tree pit area is a potential refuse collection area and has to
be considered. Perhaps a mesh with smaller openings can be
considered.
17
7) Structural Material
Images 11
18
The designer has taken into account this plaza will be
heavily used. The materials and structural integrity of the
area is excellent. Materials such as bluestone, stone tiles, con-
crete walls all have withstood the heavy usage well. Besides
minor cracks at joints in the floor, the overall structure of the
plaza is rigid and does not appear to be in disrepair.
This area is located at the corner of Melbourne, Flinders Lane
and the Westin Hotel. The entrance of the area is not grand
as the other commercial building. The main concern is the
lack of handicap walkway. It will be better to create a handi-
cap ramp along the staircase for handicap users who comes
down from Collins Street.
The entrance of City Square should create a pathway for

handicap rather than walking through the sand. For the tree
pit, it would be nice if the design considered locating the base
below to cover up the wood piece. The edge of the steps
could be curved, so people are less prone to tripping over the
edge. Sharp edges are also weaker and prone to damage. The
white border acts as a visual indicator for steps is good
practice to have. The planter box should have a base to collect
water so that during watering, water does not overflow onto
the main promenade.
19
SHRINE of
REMEMBRANCE
The Shrine of Remembrance design creates a solemn mood by

designing a landscape that facilitates slow, gentle movement and a
quiet atmosphere for people to reflect the significance of the shrine.
The materials of concrete paving, timber, stone paving and

prominent plantings are combined to successfully capture the notion
remembering and reflecting.
The plantings are appropriate for the site as trees like the olive
symbolize peace and the row of deciduous trees that become a
deep red in autumn, symbolizing the blood spilt in war and is a direct
connection to the nature of the Shrine of Remembrance.
20
i) Integrating concrete wall and creeping Fig (Ficus Pumila) -The
cold materials that are concrete slabs held up become a surface for
the figs to grow from the ground, up onto the concrete and cover
the slabs. This is also able to integrate the ground plane to a verti-
cal plane.
Images 01
ii) The combination of timber concrete when forming walls – The

designers of the site desired the weathered texture of timber on
the walls, so the outcome was two layers of timber reinforced with
concrete in between the timber. Therefore, the texture was able to
be achieved.
Images 02 21
iii) Concrete to concrete – In the courtyard there are many
instances where a large concrete paving is lined up against other.
Where usually this is an undesirable situation due to the potential
of concrete splitting, silicon sealant lines the expansion points as to
prevent water seeping in.
Images 03
22
The courtyard is surrounded by high walls; therefore the amount of
light the courtyard gets throughout a day is specific. The timber
decking receives dappled sunlight as a result of the olive trees dense
foliage and remains shady for the whole day. The solemnity of the
site becomes greater as one moves from an area of brighter light and
material, to a dim tranquil area.
Images 04
The materials in the courtyard stand the test of time well with only
a few chips or cracks in concrete or stone paving. On the walls, there
appears to be some form of leakage emerging from cracks. This shows
the concrete in the wall to be slowly degrading, where water seeps
in and picks up concrete particles. The plants are able to thrive in the
environment, softening the courtyard and giving it a sense of intimacy
and warmth.
Images 05 23
The courtyards are very solid and well constructed by a means of
integrating a range of materials to achieve the desired appearance
and solidity to stand against time and wear.
The walls in the foremost courtyard are constructed with two layers
of timber with concrete in between as a means to achieve a desired
appearance but to ensure that it will be a strong structure.
In the inner courtyard, timber is set on steel frame and set on earth
therefore being a very sturdy structure.
The concrete walls in the inner courtyard are supported by the slopes
of earth that surround the courtyard.
Image 06
24
Timber
Mortar
Waterproof
Membrane
Steel Bolt
Concrete
Predicted Steel structure upholding decking
Images 07
25
The Shrine of Remembrance is a very significant landmark in
Melbourne. It is a place that serves the only purpose of
reflecting and remembering.
The design for the courtyards is to provide a place that will

deepen the atmosphere at the shrine. In the first preceding
courtyard, open spaces surrounded by inner leaning walls look
imposing and bold, in which it then strengthens the iconic
statement: “Lest We Forget” which were sandblasted on the
timber walls. This is a powerful part of the design and is
successful in reflecting the nature of the shrine.
The inner courtyard though not as imposing as the outer

courtyard, creates a more solemn atmosphere with its use of
rigid materials but softened by the plantings, a careful
consideration of light and shade. The materials used are
effective in the design in that it allows a greater connection to
the site. The structural qualities of the courtyards create a form
of intimacy as a result of the enclosed and sunken spaces and
the interplay of shade and a close proximity to materials.
Visitors can be fully immersed with the site through look and
touch.
Images 08
26
Federation
Square
Paul Carter, an artist, was
instrumental in the design of the
Federation Square with his creation
of a piece named “Nearamnew”. It
had a strong impact on the colours
as well as the feel of the plaza. He
worked with the architects and
designers to establish the piece and
the results is a varied Kimberley
sandstone with stories and poems
in it throughout the square. It is an
unique Australian feel which ties in
to the Ferederation theme. The
National Gallery of Victoria’s (NGV)
envisioned a space that will attract
people from all walks of life to
experience and enjoy the gallery.
The main gallery consists of various
breakout spaces, both indoor and
outdoors. The indoor spaces appears
more dark and calm whereas the out-
door spaces enjoys views across the
Yarra River and the City Skyline.
https://www.business.vic.gov.au/busvicwr/_assets/main/lib60040/05_federation_square.pdf 27
The striking building façade consists of three cladding materials; zinc,
sandstone and glass which is used in modules formed by a
triangular pinwheel grid (refer to image 01). The entire site reads as a
whole due to the consistency of the 3 materials used.
The floor of the plaza is covered in cobblestones of Kimberley
Sandstones (refer to image 02). The intention is to distinguish the
Federation Square from the city pavement – the bluestone.
A palette of meticulously chosen materials ranging from reds, orang-

es, yellows and pinks to purples, mauves and greys, are arranged to
form a pattern across the entire Plaza surface.
Formed by sedimentary processes, bluestone is a softer stone that can
easily cur and used in irregular fitted patterns. It gives a very natural
yet rugged feel to it which blends in the façade of the building per-
fectly.
Images 01
Cobbles Stone Detail
Images 02
http://www.arcspace.com/architects/Lab/federation_square.htm 28
Stone pavers are used for the edge terraces, stairs, planters, walling
and seating elements to distinguish it from the smaller sized floor
finish (refer to image 03). This too consists of a palette of materials
from reds, oranges, yellows to browns that forms a visually striking
composition.
Images 03
Images 04
The use larger pavers with engraved poems or stories further

enhances its materiality (refer to image 04). It is a constant dialogue
between the natural and the manmade; and how they can be in
harmony side by side, and yet be read as a complete whole.
http://www.arcspace.com/architects/Lab/federation_square.htm 29
Scale VS Proportion
The smaller planter has smaller sized tiles to give it a better propor-
tion. If it was using the same tiles as the higher
planter, it will look out of proportion with just 1.5 tiles. (refer to im-
age 05)
The higher planter is finished with a larger size tiles with a small
piece as a capping on top. This is a good design detail and in this
image, the juxtaposition of the 3 different sizes of the tiles is an
interesting one.
Legend:
TW- Top of Wall
FG – Finished Grade
Images 05
In Conclusion
The selection of materials for Federation Square probably under-
went a highly elaborate process in order to create the materiality
feel. The “Uniquely Australian” feel is embedded in its entirety and
is not easily comprehensible by words alone.
30
The step pavers meet the benches at an interesting approximate
110 degree angle, with 15mm thick groove line, an expansion joint
between two structures. This rubber provide an adjustable cushion
between them, allowing movement either way as they shift due
to varying weather conditions. In the image 06 below, I started to
wonder if it is possible that the expansion joint follows the tiles
instead of cutting across because it destroys the flow of the
materials.
The joint may be following the structure below but its not a
pleasing sight. (refer to image 07)
Images 06
The planting area utilises a different material

In the black granite as separation between
Images 07 31
Street lighting plays an important in relating scale with people. They
are usually placed about 3.6m high and the type of lights used is also
crucial to the pedestrians. If mercury lights with clear acrylic globes
are used, there should be a refractor and the lamp should just be
around 75-watts. There is also reflective lighting which is easier to
pedestrians’ eyes, and they are of higher wattage, around 100-175
watts.
Federation Square is well lit during the day, with buildings on the
eastern, partial northern and southern edges meaning there is plenty
of sunshine from the middle of the day throughout the afternoon. The
square is lighted above by a criss-crossing of many wires reminiscent of
the tram lines with down lighting, echoing the starry sky. It is a
brilliant idea as it makes the plaza more spacious with its ‘ambient’
kind of lighting. The implementation of artificial lighting will
overpower this unique ambience.
Images 09
Being an open plaza, it is well lit during the day, and also partially lit up
by the surrounding cafes and bars during the night.
32
The large majority of material visible are the stonework, and they
holding up well, despite intensive use for whole area. The main issues
appear to be from moisture corrosion, water seeping and settling in
gaps and shallow depressions formed from the slight shifting of the
stones. The occasional chips to the edges of stones are the marks
really. It is also difficult to control expansion joint line cracks due to
the severe weather.
Images 10
5) Maintenance
Maintenance required for the materials is minimal, and most issues
are from the lack of cleaning of rubbish. Another issue is the growth of
the tree roots causing the planters to crack under pressure. This may
lead to ground water leakage from the planter onto the floor forming
permanent stains. A solution is to perhaps substituting new trees or
repairing the entire planter. The choice of paving materials is critical,
especially in hot/cold climates where not only expansion and
contraction will damage the materials, chemicals used in melting of
snow will too. Durability and ease of maintenance is an extremely
important consideration.
Images 11
33
Ramps (Refer to Ramp Detail) or stairs (refer to Image 12) must be used where
there are many changes in levels. It is also a good practice not to have too high
risers and limit a set of stairs to maximum 12 steps so that it is still not beyond
the pedestrian eye level. This allows the pedestrian to judge the steps and
distances safely
As expected of a massive public square capable of holding

thousands of visitors, it is design with extreme robust materials and structural
elements. The plaza design is very open, all the hardscape have clean lines and
design and even on close visual inspection, it is withstanding the weather and
human traffic well.
Legend:
TR - Top of Ramp
BR - Bottom of Ramp
Images 12
Images 13 34
7) Structure Detail
35
The Federation square is not just a central city gathering point;
it is a showcase of ‘Australia’ in its very nature and materiality. It
may be away from the shopping streets of Swanston and Bourke
street but its design and materiality still attracts people from all
walks of life to the square.
In line with the recent ‘Green’ focus, Federation Square has

started to utilise recycled water for their planting on top of
some of their sustainable features such as the ‘labyrinth’.
Its 10% slope design is excellent allowing large gatherings to

view into a central point, whether it is the stage or a screen.
Overall, despite criticisms at its opening, it has proven to be a
successful part of the city landscape and a historical monument
of not just Melbourne but Australia.
Images 13
36
CRANBOURNE
BOTANICAL
GARDENS
Taylor Cullity Lethlean Architects desired
to create a landscape that displayed and
reflected the dry, barren and eerie central
Australian landscape. The materials of
water, concrete, gravel, red sand,
granite and up to 100,00 flora species
reflect the nature of the design. Red
sand was used in the main centerpiece
of design to fully demonstrate the
qualities of the northern and central
environments of Australia. As a
botanical garden, the landscape is
also a showcase of a vast range of
unique Australian fauna, the specifics
for planting conditions dictated
material selection such as growing
mediums. Taylor Cullity Lethlean
Architects also aimed at employing
local material, therefore limiting
the potential of the plantings
and design extents.
37
i. Integration of granite paving and plantings – This is an
effective method of creating a greater ‘earthly’ feel to the
Escarpment Wall area. There is cold touch of stone but it is
softened by the plantings scattered throughout the site.
Images 01
ii. Concrete/and or Sand, Pebbles and Soil – This act as an edge

between plantings and path. However, it serves a multi-purpose
in it assists in drainage and recycling water and also a representa-
tion of meandering rivers hence the title ‘Dry River Beds’
Images 02
38
iii. Plant material –Flora is organized in groups or even
‘communities’ throughout the Botanical gardens. Such placement
of plantings revolves around the specifics of the plants and the
area in which it is exhibited in. For example, the Arid garden area
will have very drought tolerant species.
Images 03
iv. Red sand and plant/growing medium edges – The Red Sand
Garden is a non traversable area. To ensure this a range of
plantings create a vast edge from traversable paths and the Red
Sand Garden.
Images 04
39
The clearest aspect of lighting is that the gardens are illuminated
by and receive natural sunlight as a result of the openness and
lack of shelter. This holds true to the Australian landscape that is
fully revealed to the harsh sun. The absence of artificial lighting
also reflects the natural landscape that does not require artificial
illumination to be exhibited.
As a large, wide and open landscape, it receives a higher degree
of elemental erosion. However, this degradation is a slow process
and there is a much lower density of human traffic as opposed to
urban areas. The materials used in design hold up well to
weathering, with the exception of plastic edgings that have been
used as edges to contain plantings, soil and stones throughout
most of the garden. These plastic edgings have degraded quickly
and collapses due to forces exerted.
5) Maintenance
There are a few maintenance issues evident within the site.
Water is used in the Rockpool waterway is pumped back up the
waterway to be reused, the maintenance issues here are the
need to keep the water of a clean quality as well as ensuring the
pump mechanism operates effectively.
The vast number of plantings in the landscape means constant
attention, not only keeping plants alive but to also organize
plantings so that it is in harmony with the design.
40
Though construction is limited to local material supply, the structural
qualities of Cranbourne Gardens is successful in taking the wear and
tear of natural elements.
A main issue is the retention of red sand in the Central Red Sand
Garden. The design has been formulated so that the red sand will
remain on site and dunes have been formed as a wind buffer,
however, this is has not been proven fully effective as the dunes
become larger as a result of sand being blown on.
There is another issue regarding the the soil structure. In some areas
of the botanical garden, clay soils create waterlogged conditions and
the plants growing struggle to survive.
Plantings
Soils with more clay
Free draining soil
Gabions
Mulch
Bridge
Topsoil
Clay
Images 05 41
Escarpment Wall sculpture

Images 06
Refer to
next page
Steel Bolt
Mortar
Waterproof Membrane
Concrete
Corten Steel
Detail of sculpture
42
Corten Steel
Mortar
Waterpro of Membrane
Concrete
Detail of sculpture
Organic mulch
Granite paving Riparian system soil Pebbles as mulch
Concrete
Detail:
Paving and planting
Images 06
Subgrade base
43
The design of the Royal Cranbourne Botanical Gardens is a
challenge for Taylor Cullity Lethlean architects. The range of plants
to be grown in the garden required a very careful consideration of
where each specie will be set, what will be around and how it can
be visually pleasing. It appears that the design is successful in that
the plantings are thriving. The continuous onset of drought is al-
ways an apparent problem with large scale
plantings.
The Red Sand Garden is the conceptual focal point of the garden,
the entrance of the gardens have been designed as so visitors will
be unable to see the Red Sand Garden until they have entered the
garden. This is effective in allowing visitors to be fully immersed by
the vast plain of red sand, reflecting the inner Australian
landscape. However, this main focal point becomes lost as soon as
visitors move around the Red Sand garden, it is considered a flaw
in design as other areas of the garden become paler in
comparison to the majesty that visitors have at first sight.
Though structurally sound, visual and physical links to the Red

Sand Garden are missing, in which it would be ideal if glimpses of
the Red Sand Garden can be seen throughout the site and would
make a stronger connection to the site.
Overall however, the selection of materials and precisely resolved

construction details is effective in reflecting, but not replicating,
the Australian landscape.
Images 07
44
ST KILDA
FORESHORE A shared zone for all users.
The St Kilda Foreshore Promenade
from 8 to 14 meters is both a cycling
route and a destination. In most
countries, the pedestrians are
separated from the bicycle paths but
in St Kilda, cyclists and pedestrians
alike share a common path. This is due
to the large numbers of pedestrians
crossing from the cafes to the
waterfront and a study have been done
that if you put them together, both
parties will be more cautious when
walking or cycling. With minimal
signage, pedestrians, cyclists and
skaters will change their behaviour to
be more careful in order not to cause
accidents.
So sometimes, separation of the different modes of movement not the
best solution. In addition to this, the Foreshore Connections project has
provided dedicated on-road bicycle lanes on Jacka Blvd for the training
cyclists as they are generally fast moving. This will discourage training
cyclists to cycle along the foreshore path between Brookes Jetty/
Shakespeare Grove and Cowderoy St thus reducing the amount of
accidents.
http://www.portphillip.vic.gov.au/foreshore_promenade.html
45
The majoring of the materials used in this site is timber. This is a
positive material not just to link the promenade but also historically
connects the two piers that flank it to the north and south. Timber is
a material with 1000 embodied energy, its easily recycled and rated as
a material with good environmental sustainability. Concrete is a good
structural choice, providing good strength and support for long time,
and can also be produced in situ. The galvanised steel connecting the
timber bearings to the concrete support is important, as it is rust resist-
ant and strong.
Along the pathway, The Architect’s design consists of beige and grey
hexagon granite floor tiles adjacent to concrete pattern.
Images 01
46
Minimum level of safety can be provided by carefully considering
bicycle speed, sigh/ stopping distances, curves radii, intersection
1
design, surfacing and protection from hazard.
Standard Widths Size Between of Bike and Pedestrian paths
Reference 1: A Guide to Site Planning and Landscape Constructio. Fouth Edition. Harvey M.
Rubenstein copyright 1996 47
Timber to concrete- it is important that this meeting is as flush as
possible, negating the possibility of a trip hazard. It is always good
detailing to see a metal strip where there is a change in materials.
Timber to sand- this changes depending on whether the level of the
sand meets the timber border or not. Its not a dangerous or
important constructive meeting, rather, it is an interesting
ephemeral connection, or gap.
Images 02
I felt that the use of timber was appropriate as it gives a softer feel
compared to concrete and stones. I felt that the beige hexagonal
design is an interesting composition as there is a certain geometrical
order to it, it is only sliced into halves where it meets the concrete;
which then forms a “half Octagon”.
Forms Composition
48
3) Aspect of Lighting
By day it is lit by the sun, particularly in the afternoon when the sun is over
the bay. The slope of the promenade is good in the way it opens up more
surface area for people to lie/ sit in the sunlight. By night the surrounding
context plays an important part in the
spatial experience - the dark sea coupled
with florescent light underneath along the
timber deck edge highlighting the footpath.
Buildings from distance dots the horizon
and together with the pier lights along the
eastern side, the buildings lining the roads
and slopes glow brightly, a perfect contrast
of lighting and mood.
Images 03
The structure supporting the timber decking is very solid and
meticulously built, with a huge number of joists, bearers and
crossbeams. Because of the number of posts, bearers and joists, and
their solid construction, the concrete could be used relatively sparingly,
covering the old bluestone wall.
49
5) Maintenance
Mostly superficial- garbage collection and sweeping. Again, graffiti
over the timber deck, it destroys the beautiful timber decking. (Refer
to image 04) In the long run, if the timber deck is not properly
maintained, some screw may come loose due to moving traffic and
weather shrinkage and expansion. Some splinters may start to peel
off and when the gap becomes bigger, those wearing heels may get
stuck. (refer to image 05)
Image 05
Image 04
50
6) Structural integrity
As the timber decking is relatively new, there were no signs of damage
and is still functioning well. Structurally it is extremely robust as it has
to take the load of pedestrians, cyclists and even skateboarders. The
durability of timber is never in doubt, this deck will last for many man
years to come.
Images 06
Images 07 Images 08
Natural Defects. Pitch pockets are openings containing resin. Their

number, size, and location do not significantly affect strength if kept
within established guidelines. Shakes are separations along the grain
which cam affect shear strength if they are significant. Knots refer to
growth of tree limbs and can affect both the appearance of a wood
member and its strength. Reduction in strength is found acceptable
within certain established limits.
51
7) Structural detail
Plan of Wood Deck
Perspective View of Galvanized Steel
Section of Wood Deck
Detail of Galvanized Steel

52
The design is simple yet elegant in many aspects - it is on a relatively
horizontal plane with slight slopes and gradients, the progression
from sand to timber then to concrete is gradual and the deck is con-
sistent along its entirety. There is a good flow along the promenade,
and is comfortable to travel along at a range of speeds.
The timber is excellent material, both visually and psychologically. It

is a great surface for people to walk, run, sit and lie on. One of the
qualities of timber is the sound it makes when you walk on it, it feels
natural. One good point of the promenade is the awning. It’s good for
weather protection during raining days.
Overall, despite its young life, the pier for most users is quite a suc-
cess, reflecting on the historical aspect of the site and providing plen-
ty of room for a variety of activities. The materials selected, though
few, are suited to the site and its intended uses.
Images 09
53
Before application of epoxy surfaces After application of epoxy surfaces
Standard employment
Trafficable surfaces that use epoxy are generally in areas
that receive a high density of traffic. Epoxy resins are
employed in areas where surfaces are subject to higher
risks of degradation. A common practice is to coat a
concrete surface with epoxy resin to strengthen the
surface and to prolong its life. Another use of epoxy is
to mend a damaged surface or as a reinforcement.
1
Contents
Standard Employment of Epoxy............................................................... 1-2
Non standard Employment of Epoxy........................................................ 3
Variety of Finishes....................................................................................... 4
Technique/method of application............................................................. 5-6
Associated problems.................................................................................... 7
Issues of maintenance.................................................................................. 7
Material/structural performance............................................................... 8
Construction Details.................................................................................. 9-10
Technical specifications............................................................................... 11
Supplier or Fabricator.................................................................................. 12
Costing........................................................................................................... 12
CASE STUDY: Restoration of I-135 highway bridge............................... 13
References...................................................................................................... 14
For trafficable surfaces, epoxy is an ideal use for
the purpose of providing a reliable, smooth and
high friction surface for heavy traffic. It is however
arguable that concrete would be the preferable cost
effective method. The differences are though, that
epoxy is a more presentable material.
Epoxy can be applied to achieve a decorative
and attractive ‘artistic’ quality on surfaces.
Non-standard employment Epoxy used to create “art”?
3
In highways or areas of fast diverting
traffic, epoxies are laid to increase the
friction of the roads, as epoxies
(although smooth in appearance) are
high friction material.
The dull brown colour is the high friction epoxy surface
In this plant the blue coloured epoxy is a non-slip surface
A major use of epoxy is in an
environment that requires a
non-slip surface, in particular,
food producing industries or
restaurants. Thus epoxy then
has another quality that is high
temperature tolerant and does
not harbour any bacteria.
2
The application of epoxy resin calls for a bonding surface free of grease, mold
and oils. Contaminated solvents are cleaned with appropriate solvents such as
thinners or acetone. The next criteria is a surface that is completely dry, usual
practice involves accelerated drying directly after cleaning of bonding surface.
In the case of bonding to a non-porous surface, it will be abraded by sanding.
In a domestic use, 80-grit sandpaper will provide an ideal texture for the most
epoxy products to ‘grip’ into. However, this may vary with the use and the
type of epoxy that is used.
Different surfaces have distinct preparation specifications.
Hardwoods - Sand with 80-grit paper
Porous woods – In general, no specification requirements are needed. But
important to clear of dust.
Concrete - Depending on porosity, may also need to be shot blased to create a Observation of site and bonding surface
rough surface
Polyester (fibreglass) - Clean contamination with a silicone and wax remover
and need to sand.
Plastic - Adhesion varies. If a plastic is impervious to solvents such as ac-
etone, epoxy generally will not bond to it. After sanding, flame oxidizing ( by
quickly passing the flame of a propane torch over the surface without melting
the plastic) can improve bonding in some plastics.
After the surface is prepared, a quality epoxy is prepared in a two part system.
One part is resin and one part is hardener.
The mix of the materials will form a material with high abrasion resistance
and bonding characteristics. In a case of a trafficable surface, the epoxy is
poured onto the surface and will be spread over to a certain degree of
thickness, with the thickness varying between its use in a project and the type
Shot blastings surface for epoxy laying
of epoxy used.
5
Finishes in epoxy use is to for decorative purposes. There are a
Variety of Finishes wide range of various aggregates and finishes, all of which will be
applied to a freshly laid epoxy mix (before the epoxy cures).
These are a couple of examples:
Seamless Terrazzo: Crystal finish Kristalina: contemporary finish
Peran: smooth resin finish Rustik Glamourstone: Stone carpets
4
Associated problems
of application
In the associated problems of
the epoxy, the surfaces need
to be generally flat not elevated
surfaces and requires lots of
specifications. Again, correct
application of epoxy resin will
negate the very few problems
there are with epoxy surface
construction. The minor
Issues of maintenance
problems are associated with
The maintenance of epoxy is relatively simple and does not
inappropriate surface bonding create too much hassle. Regular cleaning etiquette is suitable
material, such as timber. for surfaces, such as removing any spilt chemicals or solvents
immediately (for epoxy surfaces are generally non-slip) or
discouraging furniture or machinery that will scratch the
surfaces. All floors should be inspected on the flat ground.
• Cleaning agents: The use of alkaline based detergents,
mild caustic solutions is recommended for cleaning most floors.
• Any chlorine based sanitizers must be mild as higher
concentrations could cause bleaching of the floor.
• Cleaning equipment: Industrial scrubbing machinery
(soft or medium bristle), heavy duty brooms or high pressure
water cleaners.
Methylene Chloride is an extremely strong solvent that is the
main ingredient in removing epoxy from surfaces and therefore
should be avoided.
7
On a large scale basis, the practice of surface prepara-
tion is also strictly adhered to. However, in the case of
wide surfaces, the process of preparation is considerably
lengthened. Fortunately, this is countered by the quick
Technique
curing quality of epoxy resins, so in general the overall
application duration of an epoxy surface is considerably
reduced as opposed to concrete or other thermoplastic
or method
products.
Though the processes are simple and straightforward, of
errors in the construction of epoxy surfaces occurs
easily. The underlying importance of application is that
a surface for epoxy must be as clean or clear as possible
application
for effective results.
Spreading of epoxy using ‘“squeegees” Further example but thinner layer of epoxy
6
Details for applying epoxy aro
ound Drains
Construction
Images are from
http://www.ulfcar.com/context.php?id=13
9
Material and Structural Performance
The durability of epoxy is able to withstand the weight of a small plane
As surfaces are formed to withstand a high level of The longevity of epoxy surfaces varies on the
traffic, the physical properties of epoxy echo the usage and in some occurrences, the quality
durability of existing materials that can tolerate of the prepared surface. As again, the
heavy traffic. Therefore, in the case of repairing an structural integrity of epoxy relies heavily on
existing trafficable surface, epoxy serves as an ideal the correct treatment of the surface
repair tool as its unique chemical structure forms beforehand.
a powerful buffer between the damaged surface Figures from ROXSET show that most of
and the traffic that goes over. their ‘Non-slip’ epoxy surfaces last an aver- Heavy machinery on epoxy
age of 8 – 10 years before requiring repair
or replacement, given a appropriate mainte-
The flexibility, toughness and nance of the flooring.
abrasion resistant nature of
epoxy are its distinct advantages.
8
Company ‘ULFCAR’ - Economy products ULFCAR’ - Premium products
ACRYDUR Design
g
Used in areas where easy cleaning and dust free surfaces are required, such ACRDUR Topcoat
p
as exhibition areas, canteens, laboratories and bathing areas Used in areas, must be dust free, such as warehouses and archives
Aesthetically pleasing. Seamless and hygienic finish, Easy to clean and Aesthetically pleasing, non-slip surface, easy to clean and sterilise.
sterilise. Weatherproof and UV ray resistance. Waterproof and UV resistant. Curing down to -30 degrees.
Specifi
p cations Specifi
p cations
Build thickness mm: 2-4 Build thickness mm: <1
Life expectancy: 3-5 years Life expectancy: 3-5 years
Mechanical resistance after 2 hours Mechanical resistance after two hours
Max. load: approx 40N/mm2 Max load: approx 40N/mm2
Max heat resistance: 80C Max heat resistance: 70C
Application temperature: +10+30 Application temperature: +10+30
EPOFLOOR Topfl
p oor EPOFLOOR Topcoat
p
Used in areas where easy cleaning and dust free surfaces are required, such Used in warehouses. Must be dust free
as exhibition areas, canteens, laboratories and bathing areas Solvent free, high abrasion resistance, low odours, non-slip surfaces. Excellent
Non-slip finish, high impact resistance, high abrasion surface. chemical and physical resistance.
Specifi
p cations Specifi
p cations
Build thickness mm: 2-4 Build thickness mm: <1
Life expectancy: 10-15 years Life expectancy: 3-5 years
Mechanical resistance after 3 days Mechanical resistance after 3 days
Max. load: >55N/mm2 Max load: approx >36 N/mm2
Max heat resistance: 70C Max heat resistance: 70C
Application temperature: +10+30 Application temperature: +10+30
EPOFLOOR Structure ULFCAR Base HD
Used in areas where decorative surfaces and a presentable working Used in the food industry and mechanical industry where very high mechanical
environment are required. Available in countless colour combinations and resistance is demanded. Also an economic solution for the renovation of exist-
is therefore popular for exhibition areas, showrooms, entrances etc ing floors.
Specifi
p cations Applicable on wet concrete, resist 100 degrees in temperature, low odour, low
Build thickness mm: 6-15 maintenance cost, high impact resistance, high abrasion resistance.
Life expectancy: 10-20 years Specifi
p cations
Mechanical resistance after 3 days Build thickness: 10-20mm
Max. load: >80N/mm2 Life expectancy: 15-20 years
Max heat resistance: 70C Mechanical resistance after 1 day
Application temperature: +10+30 Max load: 70 N/mm2
Max heat resistance: 120C
Application temperature: +10+30
11
details Details for applying epoxy on Jointss
Details for applying epoxy on Stairs and Base
Details for Cove Skirting Boards
D
Suppliers and fabricators
In Australia, epoxy has become Owens Corning: OCV Reinforcements
a wide use in many projects (or formerly known as Saint Gobain)
requiring non slip surfaces or 635 Queensberry Street
a trafficable surface ideal for North Melbourne
heavy and dynamic use. VIC, 3051
A common epoxy supplier
found in hardware stores is the Watertight Epoxy Floor Solutions
WEST SYSTEM BRAND. Resin Hawthorn East
and hardener are sold separately, VIC, 3123
both being available in most
hardware stores or a supplier Floor Choice
aimed solely at providing Factory 3/54 Malvern St
construction materials such as: Bayswater
VIC, 3153
OBA Fabricators
Costing
452-454 Hammond Road
Dandenong WEST SYSTEM Epoxy products
VIC, 3175 Epoxy Resin
500mL - $21.60
ROXSET 1LT - $30.26
Unit 16, 19 – 23 Bridge Street 4LT - $93.70
Prymble Hardener
NSW 2076 100mL - $7.41
1800 769 738 200mL
800mL - $36.20
4LT - $160.11
Company ROXSET charges approximately $100 per square meter
for an epoxy resin and hardener mix before application.
12
Restoration of I-135 highway
Res g y bridge
g
A bridge located
loc
loca in Witchita Kansas, otherwise known as the I-135 expressway, has un-
dergone
rgone a wi
wide scale repair being the largest epoxy polymer surface project in the U.S.
Company
mpany UNI-TEX
U
UN provided enough “Pro-Poxy Type III D.O.T” epoxy polymer that
wass to cover close to 520,000 square metres.
Construction
nstruction Company Wildcat encountered two differences between when the bridge
wass repaired in 1986 and then in 2007. The 1986 repair material was high density con-
crette.
The qualities of epoxy proved to be advantageous when taking out a large scale project.
As a result o of the quick curing time of the epoxy, time was reduced immensely, where
thee concrete repairs of 1986 saw a 2 year duration project compared to the 2 months
when
hen
en using eepoxy polymer. Another upside to the quick curing of the epoxy, traffic
continued
ntinued to flow through the bridge without ever being diverted.
As a lightwei
lightweight material, epoxy weighed 50% less than high density therefore prolong-
ingg the life o
of an old structure.
The chemical
chemica resistant nature of the epoxy then furthers the advantages to bridge in
that
at the polymer
poly is more weather resistant.
Justt as dome
domestic use, the overlay of epoxy involves four main steps
- Shot blasting
- Mixing
Mixi
Mixin
- Pouri
Pour
Pouring and Spreading; and
- Appl
Apply
Applying Aggregate
In this case o
of shot blasting, Wildcat crews were careful to be consistent in clearing
large
ge shot bla
blasted areas of debris. It easily seen that domestic practices mirror the same
practices
actices con
construction crews perform on large scale projects.
13
References
Books
Title: Organic Coatings: science and technology/Zeno W.Wicks JR
Hoboken, N.J: Wiley Interscience, c2007
3rd edition
Page 120 - Epoxy and Phenolic Resins
Title: Chemistry and Technology of epoxy Resins/ edited by Bryan Ellis
London; New York: Blackie Academic & Professional, 1993
1st edition
Page 32 - (2. Curing agents for epoxy resins)
Websites Other sources
http://www.westsystem.com.au/west_system/basic_techniques ***A phone call to Company ‘ROXSET’ - provided information on
http://www.omnicrete.com.au/system-components/resins/ Costs, Issues of Maintenance and Non-standard employment of
http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-107397133.html material
http://www.roadsbridges.com/The-spread-defense-article9073
http://www.epoxyproducts.co.uk/Epoxy%20Mortar.pdf ***A visit to ‘Owens Corning: OCV Reinforcements’ to check costs
http://www.westsystem.com.au/files/professional/west-eng._data.pdf
http://www.fastfab.com/products/fusion-bond-epoxy-lining.php
http://au.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080114221752AAME08X
http://www.squidoo.com/epoxyfloordurability
http://www.chemcoat.com.au/profile.htm
http://www.ulfcar.com/
http://www.poly-tech.com.au/solutions/maintenance-of-your-epoxy-flooring
http://www.colledani.com/artistic-resin-floors.htm
http://roxset.com.au
14
Surfaces for
Water Features
By Lachlan Trafford s3167066

&
Aryen Liaw s3244215
Introduction of Water Feature Surfaces………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1-4
Standard Employment of Water Feature Surfaces……………………………………………………………………………………………..5
Non Standard Employment of Water Feature Surfaces………………………………………………………………………….………..6
Techniques of Application For Residential Use……………………………………………………………………………………………………7

Contents
Images of Water Feature Process…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……....8
Associated Problems……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….9
Maintenance Schedule , Solution & Life Span……………………………………………………………………………………………………10
Supplier’s Contact……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..11
Costing.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..12
Techniques Specification………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….13-14
International Project - Australian War Memorial, London……………………………………………………………………………………15-16
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….17
Varity of Water Feature
Melbourne, Australia
Springfields, Spalding
St Martin’s Square
Arizona
Wilmington, NC,
1
˜ Known as one of the hardest wearing & beautiful material in the world.
˜ The most popular natural stone available today
˜ Broad range of patterns and colours makes it the most versatile, durable and maintenance-free of all
the stones
Granite
˜ All types of granite are composed of quartz, feldspar and mica
˜ The minerals contribute to the various colours and textures
˜ Finishes for the surfaces of granite include Polished, Honed, Sawed, Rock Pitch, Chiselled finish,
Bush Hammered and Flamed (Exfoliated)
2
Polished
~ Shiny, mirror-like surface.
~ Impenetrable to all weather conditions and chemical wear.
~ Surface grinded into a mirror-like finish by large machines.

Variety Finishes
~ Achieved through large polishing heads grinding on the surface of
the granite
~ Sandpaper also used to smoothen the surface.

Polished
Honed
~ Matte / satin finish for a softer, more subdued look.
~ Less visible etching and wear patterns.
~ Less formal, softer appearance than polished stone.
Flamed (or Exfoliated)

~ Highly textured surface, characterized by non-slip nature.
Honed
~ Can absorb staining liquids.
~ Textured finish traps grout causing difficulty to clean, Sealing is

therefore recommended.
~ Textured surface created by application of extreme heat, bursting

some of the crystals within the surface of the granite.
~ Ideal in an installation where water is involved. 3

Flamed
Bush Hammer
~ Rough texture.
~ The tool contains a grid of conical points at the end of a large metal
hammer.
Variety Finishes
~ The repeated impact of the hammer on the stone creates the look of
naturally weathered rock.
Bush Hammer
Chisel face
~A rough chiseled finish

~Gives off a rustic (rugged) effect
~An axe tool is used to create and shape the desired form of the granite
slab/tile
Chisel
Saw Cut
~ A course surface
~ Produced by simply sawing a block/slab of granite into preferred shape
or
~Formed without the use of polishing equipment
Saw Cut 4
Standard Employment of Water
Feature Surfaces
Sheffield Station, United Kingdom
Downtown Atlanta
5
Non - Standard Employment of Water
Feature Surfaces
6
Technique of Application for
Mark out the Pre-formed Dig appropriate sized hole Tape or silicone the gap between
Reservoir and place reservoir so that it hose and granite to prevent water
is level and firm running back inside the feature
Residential Use
Feed the light up through the Coil a piece of soft wire around Cut a small slit in the hose and pull
feature from the bottom end - the tight and push it into place the cable for the light into the slit
leave it clear of the hose to
increase water flow
12v Transformers must be inside or Finished

in the dry, Pumps must be on a
protected circuit breaker supply 7
Images of Water Feature Surfaces
Process
8
Efflorescence
~ Happens when water is moved through a surface or water is
being driven out as a result of the heat of hydration while
the stone is being formed. This brings the salts to the
surface that are not commonly bound as part of the cement
stone.
Associated Problems
~ Evaporated water leaves the salt behind, which
forms a white, fluffy deposit, that can normally be brushed
off.
~ The resulting white deposits are referred to as

"efflorescence" in this instance.
~ In this context efflorescence is sometimes referred to

as "saltpetering."
Algae
~ Algae are simple plants ranging in form from microscopic
unicellular types to gigantic seaweeds that may reach a length
of 70m (230ft) in the oceans of the world.
~ Algae is characterised by a sour odour and /or green or

brown/black substance. To treat this, simply add a pool
algaecide to the unit as directed.
~ There is also white gel algae called biofoul.
Leakage
~ A reduction in the water flow over the waterfall.
~ This could be a sign that it is time to clean the filter screen on
the bottom of the pump.
9
Solutions for Efflorescense:
Walls & Floors
Maintenance Schedule , Solution & ~

~
Apply sealant to all sides of stone in contact with cement.
Apply waterproofing between stone and cement
~ Use special grouting / adhesive to install the stone
~ Raise tiles above floors without using cement grouting
Maintenance of Algae
~ Daily/Weekly - Check the water levels to prevent damage to the pump
~ Monthly - Wipe down the interior
~ Clean the filter
~ Replacing all the water in the water feature monthly will cut back on deposits and algae. Reducing
need to take a water feature apart for cleaning.
Life Span
Life Span
High quality granite sealers, if properly applied according to the instructions, can provide protection for
up to ten years. The life span of the sealer is usually indicated on the product and it should ideally be
applied before the old sealer wears off. Most granite sealers will tell you to apply to a dry granite
surface, as with the slightest bit of moisture in the cracks or fissures, the sealant will not be effective
as it can not penetrate the granite. Granite sealers are easy to work with and provide excellent
protection.
10
GraniteWorks
5 Montrose St, Hawthorn East, Vic, 3123
Phone (03) 9813 5999
www.graniteworks.com.au
“Specialise in exclusive and unusual features and produce products of almost any shape and size. A
Supplier’s Contact
unique range of natural stone which includes over 85 different colours which incorporate both
traditional and distinctive finishes.”
347 Bay Road Cheltenham Victoria 3192
Mon ‐ Fri 9am ‐ 5pm Saturdays 9am ‐ 1pm
Ph: 03 9555 4500
www.rietmans.com.au
“You can trust Rietmans when you need the best natural stone products”
11
Type of Granite Costing*
Cheapest Granite $60 per sq m
Australian Granite $180-$250 per sq m
Imported Granite $500 per sq m
~ The Average costs for a Granite - Water Feature is between $12,000 and $15,000
(2500x4000x550mm ht)
Item Cost
Good Quality Pump $400

Costing
Stainless Steel Lighting $125 each X 4
Piping (Manual Labour) $50 per hour
Wiring $350 - $400
GraniteWorks, Melbourne
12
Technical Specification
Ista Hyderabad, India
13
Technical Specification
Ista Hyderabad, India 14
International Project - Australian War Project Description
Designers Tonkin Zulaikha Greer/Janet Laurence (artist)

Location of Project The Memorial is on the edge of a prominent site in Central London
(Hyde Park Corner)
Purpose of Project To commemorate the efforts of the Australian Services in both World Wars
Memorial, London
Project Design
The wall of the Memorial encloses the site’s sloping grassed amphitheatre and creates a focal space, for
quiet reflection. The wall “gently rises up from the ground in a sweeping curve” which reaches no higher than
four meters high.
The curved shape of the wall is completely covered with prefabricated green granite from Jerramungup,
Western Australia. Each stone was prefabricated to exacting tolerances in Australia and site-fixed in a very
short period (12months).
The water feature has been designed “as a

continual sheet of water which flows over
the polished granite surfaces of text,
symbolically refreshing memories and
cleansing the pain of suffering and loss.”
The project was created from 200 tonnes

of Granite and the total cost of the
project was around AUD $9 Million.
15
16
http://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/b/better‐homes‐gardens/8018/create‐your‐own‐water‐feature/
http://www.tzg.com.au/projects/aus‐war‐memorial
www.graniteworks.com.au
References
www.rietmans.com.au
http://www.graniteexporter.com/GraniteWorkshop.htm
http://www.stone‐ebay.com/factory.htm
http://www.awmlondon.gov.au/
http://www.archmedia.com.au/aa/aaissue.php?issueid=200309&article=9&typeon=2
17

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RMIT Open Spaces.....................................1-8

Cranbourne Botanical Gardens..................37-44

In the open spaces of RMIT University, the materials used to

As the open spaces of RMIT have degrees of pedestrian and

i) Bluestone and fake turf

ii) Bluestone and asphalt or cobblestone – This adjacency exists

iv) Bluestone against bluestone – This is used in the case of the

In the courtyard between buildings 11 and

In the courtyard between buildings 11 and 15, concrete slabs have

The garden beds in the building 11+15 courtyard receive regular

Artist Impressionn- Plan -

Cobblestone Waterproof Concrete Mortar Synthetic Grass

Bowen lane water feature

The most prevalent and common use of bluestone is a key material

Work towards construction of the City Square, Melbourne began

Steel Mesh – A commonly used material whether as a lining strip

Sandstone – The beige colour of sandstone fits in comfortably with

In the next photograph, there is an interesting interaction of rough

MASS (Concrete wall)

Bluestone – The stone used throughout the streets of Melbourne is

This area I am exploring possesses a few maintenance issues. As

The entrance of City Square should create a pathway for

The Shrine of Remembrance design creates a solemn mood by

The materials of concrete paving, timber, stone paving and

ii) The combination of timber concrete when forming walls – The

Predicted Steel structure upholding decking

The design for the courtyards is to provide a place that will

The inner courtyard though not as imposing as the outer

A palette of meticulously chosen materials ranging from reds, orang-

Cobbles Stone Detail

The use larger pavers with engraved poems or stories further

The planting area utilises a diﬀerent material

As expected of a massive public square capable of holding

In line with the recent ‘Green’ focus, Federation Square has

Its 10% slope design is excellent allowing large gatherings to

ii. Concrete/and or Sand, Pebbles and Soil – This act as an edge

Soils with more clay

Free draining soil

Escarpment Wall sculpture

Granite paving Riparian system soil Pebbles as mulch

Though structurally sound, visual and physical links to the Red

Overall however, the selection of materials and precisely resolved

Standard Widths Size Between of Bike and Pedestrian paths

Natural Defects. Pitch pockets are openings containing resin. Their

Plan of Wood Deck

Perspective View of Galvanized Steel

Section of Wood Deck

Detail of Galvanized Steel

The timber is excellent material, both visually and psychologically. It

By Lachlan Trafford s3167066

Standard Employment of Water Feature Surfaces……………………………………………………………………………………………..5

Non Standard Employment of Water Feature Surfaces………………………………………………………………………….………..6

Techniques of Application For Residential Use……………………………………………………………………………………………………7

Images of Water Feature Process…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……....8

Maintenance Schedule , Solution & Life Span……………………………………………………………………………………………………10

International Project - Australian War Memorial, London……………………………………………………………………………………15-16

˜ The most popular natural stone available today

˜ All types of granite are composed of quartz, feldspar and mica

˜ The minerals contribute to the various colours and textures

~ Impenetrable to all weather conditions and chemical wear.

~ Surface grinded into a mirror-like finish by large machines.