Power System Analysis

EE432

Chapter: 5
Transmission line model and
performance

IGEE, Dept. of Power & Control

Spring Semester
Dr. Kheldoun A.
1
 Ch5: TL model and performance

Introduction

In this previous lecture, we have modeled the short and the medium

length transmission line using the lumped parameters.

For 250 km (150mile ) lines and longer, the effect of distributed

parameters must be considered.

In this lecture, expressions for voltage and current at any point of the

line are derived. Then based on these expressions an equivalent -

model will be deduced.

2
 Ch5: TL model and performance

4. Long transmission line

I+ I z x I Ir
Is

Vs V+ V y x y x V Vr

dI

x x
l

We can the derive the following equations:

(I I) I
(I I ) I (V V )y x x
(V V )y Vy

(V V ) V Iz x (V V) V
Iz
x 3
 Ch5: TL model and performance

4. Long transmission line

I dI
Vy Vy
x dx
V Taking the limit as x 0, we have dV
Iz Iz
x dx
These two 1st order Differential Equations can be rewritten
as a single 2nd order Differential Equation

d 2V dI
2
z zyV d 2V 2
dx dx 2
V 0
2 dx
d V Where (gamma) known as the propagation constant,
zyV 0
dx 2 is a complex expression given by:

j zy (r jwL )( jCw ) 4
 Ch5: TL model and performance

4. Long transmission line

j zy (r jwL )( jCw )
Where , the real part, is known as the attenuation constant
And , the imaginary part, is known as the phase constant

The solution of the above equation is: .x .x

V ( x) A1 .e A2 .e

From equation (1), we have :

1 dV ( x) .x .x
I ( x) . ( A1 .e A2 .e )
z dx z
5
 Ch5: TL model and performance

4. Long transmission line

1 dV ( x) .x .x yz .x .x
I ( x) . ( A1 .e A2 .e ) ( A1 .e A2 .e
z dx z z
1 .x .x
( A1 .e A2 .e )
z
y
1 .x .x
( A1 .e A2 .e )
Zc

Where Zc is known as the characteristic impedance

6
 Ch5: TL model and performance
4. Long transmission line

To find the integration constants A1 and A2, we note that when x=0,
V(x)=Vr and I(x) =Ir, substituting into V(x) and I(x) equations, we obtain:

V (0) A1 A 2 Vr Vr Z c .I r
A1
2
1 Vr Z c .I r
I (0 ) ( A1 A2) Ir A2
Zc 2
substituting now the values of A1 and A2 into V(x) and I(x) and rearranging
Them, we find:

.x .x .x .x
e e e e
V (x) .V r Zc .I r
2 2 7
 Ch5: TL model and performance
4. Long transmission line
.x .x .x .x
1 e e e e
I (x) .V r .I r
Zc 2 2

Recognizing the hyperbolic functions sinh and cosh, the above equations are
written as follows:

V (x) cosh x .V r Z c sinh x.I r

1
I (x) sinh x .V r cosh x . I r
Zc
For x=l , V(x)=Vs
Vs cosh l .V r Z c sinh l .I r
and I(x) = Is, therefore 1
Is sinh l .V r cosh l .I r 8
Zc
 Ch5: TL model and performance
4. Long transmission line

Vs cosh l .V r Z c sinh l .I r Rewriting these equations in

1 Terms of ABCD constants
Is sinh l .V r cosh l .I r
Zc

Vs A B Vr By comparison, we can deduce the

Is C D Ir following:

Is Ir
A cosh l B Z c sinh l
Two-port
1 Vs Vr
Network
C sinh l D cosh l
Zc
A D & AD BC 1 9
 Ch5: TL model and performance
4. Long transmission line

For purpose of LF. Studies, It is convenient to find an equivalent PI model

for the long TL.

Vs cosh l .V r Z c sinh l .I r
1
Is sinh l .V r cosh l .I r
Zc Z' ?
Y' ?
Z '.Y '
Vs (1 ).V r Z '. I r
2
Z '.Y ' Z '.Y '
Is Y '.(( 1 ).V r (1 ). I r
4 2
10
 Ch5: TL model and performance
4. Long transmission line

Comparing the two sets of equations, one can deduce:

1 1 sinh l
Z' Z c sinh l zl . sinh l Z. sinh l Z
l yz l l

Z '.Y ' 2 .(cos( l) 1) cos( l ) 1

1 cos( l) Y' 2
2 Z' sin( l )
Z.
zy l
l l
tanh tanh
yl 2 Y' Y. 2 cosh l 1 l
zy l l with tanh
sin l 2
2 2
11
 Ch5: TL model and performance
4. Long transmission line
Finally, the obtained lumped parameters are used to deduce the equivalent
PI circuit of long TLs.
l
tanh
sinh l 2
Z' Z Y' Y.
l l
2
Z’ Ir
Is

Vs Y’/2 Y’/2 Vr

The equivalent PI-circuit of long Transmission line 12

 Ch5: TL model and performance
5. Voltage and current waves
.x .x 1 .x .x
V ( x) A1 .e A 2 .e I ( x) ( A1 .e A 2 .e )
Zc
Substituting by + j , the above equations become
1
V(x) A1.e .xe j .x
A2 .e .x
e j .x
I ( x) ( A1 .e .x j .x
e A2 .e .x
e j .x
)
Zc
Vr Zc I r .x j .x Vr Zc I r .x j .x
V ( x) .e e .e e
2 2

V(x) can be considered as the sum of two traveling waves

2. A1 . cos(wt x) and 2. A2 .cos(wt x)

13
 Ch5: TL model and performance
5. Voltage and current waves

V(x) can be considered as the sum of two traveling waves

2. A1 .cos(wt x) and 2. A2 . cos(wt x)

The first wave is known as the incident wave

The second wave is known as the reflected wave

14
 Ch5: TL model and performance
5. Voltage and current waves

Example: Assume we have a 765 kV transmission line with

a receiving end voltage of 765 kV (line to line), a receiving
end power SR = 2000 + j1000 MVA and
z=0.0201 + j0.535 /mile
y=j.7.75x10-6 -1 /mile
Then:
zy = 2.036 88.9° / mile

ZC = z/y 262.7 -1.1° -1 /mile

15
 Ch5: TL model and performance
5. Voltage and current waves
|Vx, L-to-L|, %
130

Line Voltage at point 120

x from the receiving end 110

Vr (Line)=765 kV 100

90

80
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

P (MW) and Q (Mvar) at point x

2000
Active & reactive power
at point x from the 1000

receiving end
0

SR = 2000 + j1000 MVA -1000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
16
x (miles)
 Ch5: TL model and performance
5. Voltage and current waves

The wavelength of V(x) that’s is the distance along the line between
two points which differ in phase by 360° (2 ).

2
where imag( )

And the velocity of propagation of a wave in miles per second is the product
Of the wavelength and the frequency in hertz, or:

Velocity v f.

17
 Ch5: TL model and performance
6. Lossless line:
The model of long transmission line involves the use of hyperbolic
functions (sinh & cosh) which makes the assessment of TL performances
a tedious task. This model may be simplified by neglecting the resistance
of TL, therefore:

z jwL L Resistive in nature

The characteristic impedance: Z c
y jwC C
Zc is commonly referred to as the surge impedance

1
The propagation Constant : zy jwL . jCw jw LC rad / m
= +j
0& w LC 18
 Ch5: TL model and performance
6. Lossless line:
The wavelength and velocity of the propagation become

2 2 1 1
2 f LC f LC f 0k
f 1
v f. 1
f . LC LC v
0k
2 k
C F /m When the internal flux is
GMD
ln( ) neglected, GMRC = GMRL , and
GMR C
upon substitution the previous
0 GMD
L . ln( ) H /m equations become
2 GMR L 19
 Ch5: TL model and performance
6. Lossless line:
Substituting 0=4 x 10-7 and k=8.85 x 10-12, the velocity of
the wave and the wavelength are to be approximately:

1
v 3 . 10 8 m / s
0k

1
6000 km
f 0k

Similarly substituting for L and C in the expression of the surge impedance,

we have

L 1 0 GMD GMD
Zc . . ln 60. ln
C 2 k GMR GMR 20
 Ch5: TL model and performance
6. Lossless line:

For lossless line: jw LC j

ej x
e j x
ej x
e j x
cosh j x cos( x) & sinh j x j sin( x)
2 2
Therefore the ABCD model becomes

V ( x) cos( x )V r jZ c sin( x ) I r
1
I ( x) j sin( x )V r cos( x ) I r
Zc
Vs cos( l )V r jZ c sin( l ) I r
At the sending end x = l
1
Is j sin( l )V r cos( l ) I r 21
Zc
 Ch5: TL model and performance
7. Simplified equivalent circuit of Long TL
The lumped parameters equivalent PI circuit becomes

Vs cos( l )V r jZ c sin( l ) I r
1
Is j sin( l )V r cos( l ) I r
Zc Z' jZ c sin( l)
Z '.Y ' cos( l) 1
Vs (1 ).V r Z '. I r Y' 2
2 Z'
Z '.Y ' Z '.Y '
Is Y '.(( 1 ).V r (1 ). I r
4 2
l l
j tan( ) tan( )
cos( l) 1 2 2
Y ' 2 2 jwCl
Z ' L l
22
C 2
 Ch5: TL model and performance
7. Simplified equivalent circuit of Long TL
The lumped parameters equivalent PI circuit becomes
l
tan( )
Z' jZ sin( l) jX ' Y' Y 2 jwC ' l
c l
2
Is Z’=j.X’ Ir

Vs Y’/2 Y’/2 Vr

The simplified equivalent PI-circuit of long Transmission line

23
 Ch5: TL model and performance
8. Surge Impedance loading
If we terminate the long TL into the surge impedance Zc

Is Z’=j.X’ Ir

Vs L
Y’/2 Y’/2 Vr Zc=
C

Vr
V ( x) cos( x )V r jZ c sin( x ) I r cos( x )V r jZ c sin( x ).
Zc
1
I ( x) j sin( x )V r cos( x ) I r j sin( x ) I r cos( x ) I r
Zc
V ( x) (cos( x ) j sin( x ))Vr e j xVr
I ( x) ( j sin( x ) cos( x )) I r e j xIr 24
 Ch5: TL model and performance
8. Surge Impedance loading

V ( x) e j xV r V ( x) Vr
Voltage and current are constant
j x
I ( x) e Ir I ( x) Ir along the line, VR=0%

S ( x) 3 .V ( x ). I r ( x ) * 3 .e j xV r .( e j x I r ) * 3 .V r .I r * Sr
2
3.Vr Real power along the line is constant
S ( x) P ( x) jQ ( x )
Zc And Reactive power flow is zero.

Since Vr =VLrated/ 3, SIL in MW becomes

2
VLrated , kV
SIL
Zc
25
 Ch5: TL model and performance
8. Surge impedance loading

S1 ( x ) V ( x ).I r ( x )* e j xVr .(e j x I r )* V r .I r * S r1

2
3. VLrated
S3 ( x) P( x) jQ ( x ) SIL V(x)
Zc No-load

V NL ( x) cos x.Vr
SIL
VSC ( x) ( Z c sin x) I sc
FL

SC

x=l x=0

26
 Ch5: TL model and performance
8. Surge impedance loading

For loads significantly above

SIL , shunt capacitors may be needed
to minimize voltage drop (voltage sag)
along the line.

For loads significantly less than

SIL , shunt reactors are used
minimize voltage swell along the line.

Series capacitors are used to improve

steady state line stability and to
increase the power transfer capability.
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 Ch5: TL model and performance
9. Lines and Cables: a comparaison

• Line, 150 kV
• R = 0.125 /km L 0.425 /( 2 * pi * 60)
Zc 9
382,63
• XL = 0.425 /km C 7.7 *10
• C = 7.7 nF/km
kVL2
• Sth = 130 MVA SIL 3 176,4 MW
Zc
• Cable, 150 kV
• R = 0.12 /km
• XL = 0.166 /km L 0.166 /(2 * pi * 60)
Zc 9
45
• C = 210 nF/km C 210 *10
• Sth = 135 MVA
kVL2
SIL 3 1, 47GW
Zc
SILcable>>SILline 28