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    1K views958 pages

    RD Sharma Class 12 Volume 2

    Uploaded by

    Shital Niraj Mashru

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 958

    do

    w
    nl
    oa
    de
    d
    fro
    m
    te
    ch
    oe
    du
    .c
    o m
    MATHEMATICS - XII (Volume 2)

    19. DEFINITE INTEGRALS

    20. AREAS OF BOUNDED REGIONS 20.1-

    21. DIFFERENTIALEQUATIONS 21 .1-

    om
    .c
    22. ALGEBRA OF VECTORS 22.1-

    du
    oe
    23. SCALAR OR DOT PRODUCT ch 23.1-

    24. VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT


    te
    m
    fro
    d

    26. DIRECTION COSINES AND DIRECTIG>N RATIOS


    de
    oa

    27. STRAIGHT LINE IN SPACE


    nl
    w

    28. THE PLANE


    do

    29. LINEAR PROGRAMMING

    30. PROBABILITY

    31. MEAN AND VARIANCE ()JI A RANl)(lM VARIABLE

    APPENDIX
    ,___.__2
    DEFINITE INTEGRALS
    ~ - -----~
    FUNDAMFNTAL THE=ORrM or INTrr.RAI CALCUl us
    EMENT Let t1> ( x) be the primitive or antiderivative of a continuous function f (x) defined on [a, b]
    b
    x fct,(x)\ =/(x). Then the de.finite integral of f(x) over[a, b] is denoted by J f(x) dx and is equalto

    m
    /l

    o
    -tj>(a)].

    .c
    b

    du
    ...(i)
    Jf(x) dx = q, (b) - tj> {a)
    a

    oe
    num.bers a and b are called the limits o f integration, 'a' is called the lower limit and 'b' the
    r limit. The interval [a, b] is called the interval of integration.
    ch
    e use the notation ( q> ( x)] : to denote ct, (b) - q, (a). Then,
    te
    m

    b b
    Jf(x) dx = [ 4> (x)] (From {i)]
    fro

    a a
    b
    f f(x)dx = (va1ueof q, (x) at x=a)
    d

    x= b) - ( value of tj>(x)at
    de

    /l

    Jb f(x) dx
    oa

    = (Value of antid erivativ e at x = b) - (Value of antiderivative at x =a)


    nl

    a
    ~RK , In the above statement it does not matter which anti-derivative is used to evalu,1t,' th<'
    w

    J
    ite integral, because if f(x) dx = ct,(x) + C, then
    do

    j f(x) dx = [ 4> (x) +CJ: ={4>(b) + C} -{ cp(a) + C} = cl> (b) - $(tr)


    /l
    f,.er words, to evaluate the definite integral there is no need to keep Iii<' r:lll1st,111t cf mtt'~"Tation.

    RK 2 Jb J(x) dx is read as "the integral of f(x.)from n Ioli" or i11te~ml of/(,) oi•rr 111, b].
    a

    EVALUATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS


    b
    J
    aluate the definite integral /(x) dx of a con tim10us function /(x) defined on[a, b], we m ay
    a
    he following algorithm.
    19.2

    ALGORITHM
    ~TEP I Find f
    the indefinite integral f(x) dx. Let this be~ (x). There is no need lo keep the co

    integration.
    $TEP JI Evaluate <I> (b) and cji (a).
    sn:r m Calculate 4>(!1) - <J>(a).
    . b
    The number o/itained i11 Step Ill is the value of the definite inteKral f f(x) dx.
    II

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

    LEVEL-1 I
    E.XA!\1PlE. Ei1aluate:

    m
    -1
    2
    fx 2 (ii) f }_ dx

    o
    (i) dx
    -4x

    .c
    1

    du
    . 1 1
    (iii)
    I
    f'1I+x+./x
    l dx (1v) f- - dx
    2x - 3

    oe
    0 0

    i: l:
    SOLUTION We have,
    ch
    1x' X: 2
    !_~ ~
    te

    (i) dx a [ a : - a a
    m
    fro

    (ii)
    d
    de

    (ill)
    oa
    nl
    w

    =[! (1 + x)3/2 _ ~ x3/2 J:


    do

    =[2(l+l)3/2
    _3
    _ 2(l)3/2J
    3 .
    -
    ~ (L I 0) J/ :! -,l
    -1~ (()) ' -

    !(23/2 1) 2 (t 0) ~ (? J" ") I l\.: 1)


    " J

    (iv)
    1
    l
    J 2x- 3 dx • ½
    0
    l o~ (2x a)l1
    l)

    1
    =½l log I LI log! Jll ~ ( log 1 log 3 j ~ (0 )l)g 3) ~ -2
    1
    EXAMPLl!2 if J( 3x2 +2x+k) dx = 0,findk.
    0
    19.3
    EINTEGRALS

    N Wehave,

    !
    I
    (3:r2 + 2x + k) d:r •O ⇒ [.t3 + x1 + h 1: = ⇒
    o (l + 1 r k) - 0 =0 => k = - 2

    II
    U l I( J (3x 2 + 2:r + 1) dx .. 11,,tind rt;2/ mluts ofa.
    l
    ~ \\'ehave,
    a
    J (3.x2 .... 2x .. 1)dx=ll
    I

    r. .

    m
    x3 + %2 +:rr "'11
    J1

    o
    .c
    ( a:1 + a2 ... a) -(1 + 1 ... l) = 11

    du
    a 3 -+ a2 + a - 3 = 11
    + a 2 + a -14 = 0

    oe
    ,1 3

    (a-2)(a2 T 3,1T7)=0=a=2
    ch [-: i + 3a +7 c1, 0 for anv a e R 1
    t, ,,
    te

    If J :r 3 dx = 0 and if J :r2 dx = ~ , find a and b.


    m

    n ll

    m01': \\'c ha\e,


    fro

    b
    j 3
    .x dx=O
    d

    a
    de
    oa
    nl
    w

    i,4 -a4 =0 =
    do

    . .,
    t, ')

    j x~ dx =
    3
    II

    l~l ·~
    1 (b3 _ 0 3) = 2
    3 3 (·: b =- a\
    3 3
    !, 3 -a3 : 2= (-a) -a s 2

    -2a3 =2 => a 3 : -1 => a == -1

    b = -a ⇒ b = 1
    19.4
    rt/2
    EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate: f \ft - cos zx dx.
    0
    rr./2
    SOLUTION Let I f
    = .Jl - cos 2x dx. Then,
    0
    n/2 ~ - -
    I = J✓2 sin 2 x dx
    0

    ,
    I = "2 :; f
    n/2
    "'f
    ,c/2
    I sin xi dx = ✓ 2 sin x d.x
    [
    ·: sinx~OforO ".,,
    0 0

    cosxJ:12 =-/2 [(-cos;J-(-cos0)]=J2(0+l)=J2°

    m
    ⇒

    o
    l=fi [-

    .c
    du
    E'\AMPLE 6 Evaluate:
    rr/2 n/4
    rr/4
    J tan f sin 2 f sin 3x sjn 2x =

    oe
    2 (ii) x dx (iii)
    (i) x dx
    0 0 0
    ch
    n/4
    SOLUTION (i) Let J tan 2 x dx. Then,
    te

    !
    rr./4 2 n/ 4
    :-iJ-(tan0-0) =1-; =
    m

    1= (sec x-l)dx = [tanx - x ] =(tan


    0
    fro

    n/2 =
    (ti) Let I= J sin2 x dx. Then,
    d
    de

    0
    1 tr./2
    J
    (1 - cos 2x) dx
    oa

    I= -
    2 0
    =
    nl

    1 1r
    = 2 ~- 2sin2x
    , 2
    ]1r.1 = 1 {(~- ~sin 1t) - (o - ½sin o)} 7t
    w

    O 2 4
    do

    n/4
    (iii) Let 1 = J sin 3x sin 2x dx. Then,
    0
    I
    n/4
    1
    I=
    2 uJ (2 sin 3x sin 2x) dx
    I
    1 :t/4
    I =
    2 J0 (cos x cos5x) dx
    ,..

    5l smO
    · )} a I { -I- -1 ---I } 6 3
    2 -[2 ( '2) S
    '\/"
    = - -- - = -
    2 (5,fi.) 1
    EINTEGRALS
    19.5
    I E7 Evalunte:
    . 3 x dx n/2 x/2
    sm
    (ii) f cos 3
    X dx (iii) J sin 4 x dx
    0 0
    1t

    (i) l ct I = Jsin 3 x dx. Then,


    0

    [": sin 3x = 3sin x - 4sin 3x]


    = nf 3 sin x - sin 3x
    I - dx
    0 4
    1 It
    I= f (3 sin x - si.11 3x) dx

    m
    4
    0

    o
    ]n

    .c
    I = 1 [ - 3 cos x + 1 cos 3x
    4 3

    du
    0

    3cos 1 O+ ~ cos OJ} = i {( ~ ) - ( - 3 + ~)} = !


    oe
    I = : {( - 1t + cos 3n)-( 3 cos ch 3-

    n/2
    Let I = f cos 3 x dx. Then,
    te

    0
    n/2
    J ~s3x+3cosxdx
    m

    I= 3
    (·: cos 3x = 4 cos x - 3 cos x]
    fro

    0 4
    x/2
    I = .!. f
    d

    (cos 3x + 3 cos x) dx
    4 0
    de

    1 ft ]n/2
    oa

    I = - - sin 3x + 3 sin x
    4 L3 0
    .,
    nl

    = . 3n- + 3 sm
    1 {( 1 sin
    1
    . n) - ( s ·m + 3 sin
    · o o)} = =-
    w

    l 3
    4 3 2 2 3
    do

    1'/2
    ) Let I = f sin 4 x dx. Then,
    0
    n/2 1 tr./2 2
    I = .!. J (2 sin 2 x,2 dx =- J (1 - cos 2x) th
    4 0 4 0
    tr./2 I n/ 2 l I cos 4.Y
    I= .!.4 J (1 - 2 cos 2x i
    2
    cos 2x) rlx .-
    4
    fI 2 cos 2x + --
    2
    ti.\
    0 0

    x/2 1 [ 4 1 ]n/2
    r= ~ J (3 - 4 cos 2x + cos 4x) dx = 3x - sm 2x ~ sin 4x
    80 8 2 4 o
    3
    ~_,_=_½
    _f{ f-2smn+¼sm2n}-{o -o+o}] 3
    = ½[ 2n-o+o] = ~;
    19.6

    EXA\fl'LE 8 Evaluate: n/4

    (i)
    ;r /4
    f J1 + sin 2x dx (ii) f ✓1 - sin 2x dx
    0
    0
    n/4
    SOLUTlOK (i) Let l - f Jf ~ sin 2.\ dx. Then,
    0
    nl~ -- - - - - - n/4 ~ - . 2
    r= f \/sin 2 x + cos 2 x + 2 sin x cos x dx-:= f
    ,y(sin x + cosx) d:t
    0 0
    n/4 n/4 [ ]n/4
    1= f lcosx+sinxldx= f (cosx +s.inx)dx= sinx -cosx

    m
    0 0 0

    ⇒ 1-1)- (0-1) =

    o
    r = (sin : - cos :J - (sin 0-coso) = ( 1

    .c
    du
    11./4
    (ii) Let I = f ✓~1---sm-·-2-x dx. Then,
    oe
    0
    r--::-- - --=---- - -- n/4 , - - - -- - -
    ch
    n/4
    I= J 2 2
    , /sin x + cos x - 2 sin x cos x dx = ✓(cos x - s.in x)2 f
    te
    0 0
    n/4
    = J Icos x - sin xi dx
    m

    I=
    fro

    0
    1t/4

    [
    I= J (cos x - sin x) dx ⇒·: 0 <X <n/4 :. cos x >sin x ⇒ cosx -sin :r
    d

    0 I cosx-sinxl =cosx-sin x
    de

    it/4
    r
    I= sin X +
    oa

    COS X
    ]O

    1- lsm 4 +cos 4lt)- (s.inO+cos o)= ( ~-+ 2- )-(O+l) - 2


    nl

    ::;,
    - ( . 1t
    w

    -;2 .J2_ - ✓ - t=,2 - 1 2


    do

    n/2
    EXA!¼PLE ~ Evaluat-e; J .Ji :=sin 2x dx
    rr./4
    n/2 •
    SOLUTION Lr:t / J vft. bl ri 2x d.1 J lwn,
    ,r/ 4
    n/2
    r= I Jcn~2 X + ~JI i 2A •
    n/4
    1t/2
    J = f ✓(CO!;,; - !!ill X)2 1/.\
    n/4
    EINTEGRALS
    19.7
    1t/2
    I = J I cos x - sin x I dx
    n/4
    rt/ 2
    f = J - (cosx~sin x) dx ·: cosX <sinxfor ~< x <~:. cosx-sinx<Ol
    n/4 [ ⇒ I cos X - sin x I = - (cos x - sin x)
    n/ 2 n/ 2
    1 = J (sin x - cos x) dx = [ - cos x - sin x
    ]
    rc/ 4 rt/ 4

    I = { -cos~ - sin~}-{- cos~-sm~} = (0- 1)-(-1) = Ji-1

    o m
    a n/ 2 a+ 1
    J

    .c
    PLE! 10 If J ..fx dx = 2a sin 3 x dx, find the value of integral J x dx.

    du
    0 0 a

    UTION We have,

    1-Jx dx =3_ ( x3/ 2 ]a =3_a3/2


    oe
    ... (i)
    ch
    o -3 3 0
    rr/2
    te

    T= J sin 3 x dx. Then,


    0
    m

    n/ 2 . . . n/2 1[ 1 ] n/ 2
    I= J 3smx-sm 3x dx=¼ J (3 sinx-sin3x)dx= 4 3 cos3x
    fro

    - 3cosx +
    0
    4 0

    :r1(- 3 cos 2 + 13 cos 231t) - (- 3+!1]=!:4. [o-(-3+.3!.)J=.!.[3


    4 -.3!.]=~
    3 ...
    d

    I = ~
    n (ii)
    3)
    de

    4
    oa

    n/ 2
    = 2a J si.n 3 xdx
    nl

    0
    w
    do

    [Using (i) and (ii)J

    = 0, we obtain
    OT

    a+ l
    1
    Jn
    1
    xdx = J xdx = lx:
    0
    9 1
    I = -12 - 0 ~
    I
    -
    2

    ce, J xdx = 2 or, 2


    a
    19.8

    EXAMPLE ll Evaluate:
    4 1 (ii) j l dx
    J
    (i) -;====dx
    1J .Jx + 2x + 3
    2
    o [ax -x2
    SOLUTION (i) Let T = J4 -:-====
    1
    dx. Then,
    o .J.i+2x + 3
    4 1
    l= f r 2 dx
    o ✓ x + 2x + 3

    4 1
    ⇒ I = J .=====~dx
    2 2

    m
    o .J<x + 1) + (-./2)

    o
    ✓(x ~ 1)2 + (.,J2~]
    - . -- - 4

    .c
    1 = llog (x + 1) +

    du
    0

    ✓x2 + 2x + 31]:
    oe
    I = [log Ix + 1 + ch
    ⇒ I = log (5 - ,/16 + 8 + 3) - log (1 + ./3)
    te

    I = log (5 + 3 ./3) - log (1 + ./3) = log (S1++./3


    3
    ./3)
    m

    a
    p
    fro

    (ii) Let J =J dx. Then,


    O ax-x
    d

    a
    J - r ~ ~ l ~ ~ = dx
    de

    I =
    o -{ x2 _ax + a: _a:}
    oa
    nl

    a
    I = f 1 dx

    ~r;f-(x-;J
    w
    do

    f It

    I = sin-1 q_
    2
    0
    EXAMPlF 12 Evaluate:

    (i)
    1/2
    J
    1/4
    p x-x2
    dx (ii)
    I
    J
    2
    ~

    I- ~ I
    t/1
    l
    5
    2

    1 2
    (""Ill") } 2x
    2 dx (iv) J 5\;
    .,
    l
    o 5x + 1
    n ;1~ ~ •I
    '"
    DIIIINJTE INTEGRALS
    19.9
    1 2
    9C)U.'l'ION (i) L~t I ., _f l d,. 1 hl'n
    14\Xl.2

    I
    \+
    4

    o m
    .c
    1f2 [sin-I (X 1/2):11/2

    du
    = d, =
    1· 4 1 )2 )2 ~
    ,l2 1 1/2

    oe
    -\x - 2 1/4

    12 [.sm -JO - sm. -1(- l)] = [0 + sm.


    ch
    1 = - sm
    . -1(2 x -1 )1 Jv'4 =
    2
    -11]
    2 =6
    lt
    te

    ;;
    f
    m

    Let l == x dx. Then,


    2 X 2 +1
    fro

    ' 4 2x
    .=.:.J
    2 2
    2
    + 1
    dx
    d

    X
    de

    1 r 2 -4
    I = - Jog (x -t l)j
    2 2
    1[log(42+ 1)-log(22+ 1)] "' 1(log 17- log5) 2l log (17)
    oa

    I = =
    2 5 2
    nl

    2
    l
    -f-
    w

    Let I =J dx. Then,


    Sx -1
    do

    / = 1- Jt
    5 0 5x + l
    10 X
    dx = l log (5~ 2 + 1)
    '> 2
    I 1' 1
    S (lug 6
    I
    log l) = e; l,1g tt
    0
    2
    ~ Let l :: f 5
    ~ dx. Then,
    0 l' +4
    2 S 2 J
    r = J /--dx ~ J 2 dA
    0 x+4 0 x~4
    2 2
    5 2x I
    I = - 2
    2 0 x<-4
    J dx + 2 f 2
    x+2
    1/1
    0
    19.10
    2
    2 1
    I =%[1og(x +4)]: +~[tan- (~)]
    ⇒
    0
    ⇒
    I == %(log 8 - log 4) + t{ tan - 1 (1) - tan - l O}

    ⇒ l= % log (:) + : (: - 0) = ~ log 2+ ;


    EXAMPLE 13 Evaluate:

    (i)
    1
    Jx ex d..,: [NCERT] (ii) f2 log x dx
    x2
    l
    0

    m
    rr./2
    Jx sin x dx f
    (iv) 1 { xex + sjn 1tX} dx.

    o
    (iii) 4

    .c
    0 0

    du
    1
    (v) J x log (1 + 2x) dx [NCERTEXE

    oe
    0
    1
    = I0 x e X
    ch
    SOU:lTTO!\. (i) Let I dx. Then,
    te

    1 = J1 xexdx =
    [
    xex] -
    11
    J 1,exdx = [ xex ] 1 -[ex] =(e - 0) - (e-e
    1 0
    ) =1
    m

    OTTT O O O 0
    fro

    2
    (ii) Let I = log x •
    -
    J 2- dx. Then,
    = ..
    X
    d
    de
    oa
    nl
    w
    do

    tt/2
    (iii) Let I = f x sin x dx. Then,
    O I If
    n/2 n/2
    [ = [- X COS X] J1 X ( - COS :,:) IfX
    0 ()

    T = [-x cos X J' l0


    12
    + sin x]n/
    -0
    2
    ( n
    2
    CIIS ·1r I
    2
    O l'OS O) I ( sln ; sin 0 )

    (iv) Let I = t( xex + sin ;c:) dx. Them,


    I .. 5
    l 1
    I = J xe" dx + J sin 1t x dx
    O o 4
    19.11

    1
    Let J = J x log (1 + 2X) dx. Then,

    m
    0 11 I

    o
    1
    x2 1 2

    .c
    I = -log (1 + 2x) - J -1 +2-2x x ~2 dx

    du
    [ 2 ]
    0 0

    oe
    1
    I= - log 3-0
    )
    -f1 1 +x22x dx
    l
    (2 ,\1 t

    0
    ch
    1=!log3-j {(x_!)+ 1 }dx x
    2
    x 1 1
    te

    2 2 4 4 (1 + 2x) [ ·: 1 + 2x = 2-4+ 4(1+2x)


    0
    m

    1 '1 ·
    x2
    =-log3-[---+-log
    1
    (1 +2x) _"-log3·
    - {(---+
    X
    -log3)-o} =
    1
    -log
    3 1 ·• 1 1 1
    fro

    I 3
    2 44 ] 88 2 4 48
    o·
    d

    fl'LE 14 Evaluate:
    de

    3
    2
    r 2
    Sx dx
    2
    [NCERT, CBSE 2010} (ii) f 2
    l dx lNCERTl
    (x + 1)
    oa

    1 X +4x~3 1 'X

    2
    5 x2
    J
    nl

    flOU.,7 10N (i) Let I = dx. Then,


    2 + 4x+ 3

    l
    X
    w

    1
    do

    2 2 2
    J " 5 2 J
    - - x - -dx
    1 x +4x+3
    =5
    ! [ 1 -4x
    2
    3
    -+--
    x +4x+3
    dx

    l =5
    2
    f 1 dx-5
    2
    J
    2
    + 3- dx
    4x- 5 J 1 . dx - 5 J 2 ~2.r + 4) -S ,I\'
    1 l X + 4X+ 3 1 I ' . f 4.1 f 0

    1
    2
    = 5 J 1 • dx -5 f J { ; <2x + 4·) 2 5 } ,/.\'
    1 I. I X + 4x I· 3 \ I 4X I 3

    2 2 2
    2x + 4
    r = 5 J 1 . dx -10 J ifX I· 25 J d~·
    1 1
    2
    x + 4x + 3 I "2 ·I 4-\' I- 3
    2 2 2 ·1
    I = 5 J 1 dx -10 f 2
    2x +4
    dx + 25 f dx
    1 1 X + 4X ~- 3
    1 (x+ 2}2-1 2
    19.12

    ⇒
    I = S [ x ]'. -10 [1og (x + 4x+ 3)
    2
    l'. + 25 ' 2 )1) [log :: ~:: I
    ⇒
    r = 10 (log 15 -log 8) + ~ (log(:)- log (!)}
    s (2 -1) -

    I = s - 10 log ( :) + ~ log (; , ~) = 5 - 10 log ': + ~ log ( ~ l


    1
    ⇒

    1 A Bx+C
    (ii) Let
    X
    2
    (:\ + 1)
    = x +1 + .x2

    m
    Then, 1 = Al +(Bx+ C) (x + 1)

    o
    PuttiJ.1g x =0, x = -1 respectively i11 (ii), we get: C = 1 and A = 1

    .c
    Equating coefficients of x 2 on both sides of (ii), we get: 0 = A + B

    du
    Substituting the values of A, Band C in (i), we obtain

    oe
    1 1 -x+l 1 x 1 1 1 1
    ? = - -+ = - - 2 +- == - - - -+ -
    ch
    2
    x- (x + 1) x +1 x2 x +1 x x2 x+1 x x
    3
    te

    Jl X
    2
    1
    (x + J)
    dx = fl (- +--.!_+--\)
    X 1
    1
    x
    dx
    X
    = [1og l x+l l -logl xl-].]
    X I
    m

    = ( log 4 - ~ )- (log 2 - log 1 -1) = log 4 - log 3 - log 2-


    fro

    log 3 -

    4
    (3.)3 + 23
    d

    = log ( - - ) - .!_ + 1 = log


    2x3 3
    de

    EX,b ' E 15 Evaluate:


    oa

    .[2 1t/6
    (i) f ✓2 - x2 dx (ii) J (2 + 3x 2
    ) cos 3x dx
    nl

    0 0
    w

    .ff_
    = J ✓2 - 2
    do

    SOLUTION (i) Let I x dx. Then,


    0
    F2 r -
    L= J ✓<Ji./-x2 dx
    0
    .J2
    ~ [i l- 1 ~ (.j2)2 sin
    ;::;,
    I =[ x
    1t/6
    2 ) co& 3x dx. Th,
    I X
    ✓2 l 0

    (ii) l.et 1 =
    tr (2 3x[+
    IJ I II, J (1

    ~
    l ]rt/6 >1/6
    I = (2 + 3x2 ) x -3 sin 3x J6 l
    I
    x ,, sm
    ,
    3x d.x
    I "'
    0 0 ,,
    l .. (
    l jn/6 rr/6
    = [ 3 (2 + 3x ) sin 3x
    2
    - 2 x sin 3x d •
    0
    J
    O I l[ ~
    19.13
    & IIIE1NTEGRALS

    sin O} I
    ~2
    2 2 , l 2 16)
    2
    -+
    ..
    =
    lt
    +
    ..
    -
    (
    lt +
    336936936

    m
    IXAMPLF: lb Evaluate:

    o
    2 1

    .c
    (I) { (x + 1) (x + 2) dx

    du
    1 A B •.. (i)
    9(1WTIO~ (1) I et-~ - = - + -
    x + 2°

    oe
    (x + 1) (x + 2) x + 1
    , .. (11)
    1111n, 1 = A (x + 2) + B (x + 1)
    ch
    Pulling x ..- 2 = 0 or, x • - 2 in (ii), we get: B - l
    Ming x .,. 1 = 0 or, x • -1 in (ii), we get· A == 1
    te

    Ming the \ alu<.'S of A and B in (i), we get


    m

    1 1 1
    ---- - = - - --
    (x + 1) (x ➔ 2) x+1 x+2
    fro

    2 I 2 l 2 1
    ~ 2) x-:;:-1 dx - ~
    - dx
    I = { (x + dx = { x+2
    d
    de

    I = (tog (X + 1)1: -[log (x + 2)]:


    l
    oa

    / = (log 3 - log 2) - (log 4 log 3) == 2 log 3 log 2 - log 4 = log 9 - ll1g 8 = log I :
    nl

    1 A Bx+C
    w

    Let - - ~ • - + ~2.
    x(l + i) x 1 + x
    do

    •.. (11)
    Then, 1 '"' A (1 + x2 ) .,. ( Bx + C) x
    Putting x - 0 in (ii), we get A = 1.
    2
    C.omparing the coefficients of x and x in (ii), we get
    A + B = 0 and C • 0 ~ 8 .. - 1 and C = 0
    Sel.tituting the value:. of A, Band C in (i), W(' gt•I
    1 1 X

    ;(1 + x ) = X l + x2
    2

    1 l
    2 2

    =
    2 l
    J _;_ 2 dx = J - dx
    2 1 1 2
    J 2x
    l ~Y 2
    dr • [ lo~ ,
    I
    t In~ (I + \' 2)
    2
    111
    1 T (} + y ) 1 X 2 1
    I l 3 l
    = (log 2 -Jog 1) -
    J
    (logS - log 2) log 2 log S ➔ log 2 = - log 2 - log 5
    2 2 2 2
    2
    19.14

    EXAMPLE 17 Evaluate:
    21t .
    J ex sin (
    0
    i +
    X) dx.
    2
    SOLUTlON Let T=
    2nf e·t. sin (- + -X) dx. 7t

    rr I 4 2
    0

    x
    ecos (1t
    - +-x)dx
    J1 I 4 2

    ex sm
    · (1t4 + 2XJ dx

    om
    .c
    ⇒

    du
    oe
    ⇒
    ch
    1 21t ... 1
    te

    l+ - 1 = e • (1 - 2)
    4 2-.fi
    m

    SI e21t+ l
    - = - - --
    fro

    4 2,fi

    ⇒ I =- '7 (e2" 1) +
    d
    de

    rt/2
    EXA~PLE 18 Evaluate: J cos 2x log sin x dx
    oa

    rt/4
    ,r/2
    nl

    SOLUTION Let 7 = J cos 2x log sin x dx. Then,


    w

    ,r/4 Il I
    do

    I rl
    = - (log sin
    L2
    x) sin 2x
    ]rt/2
    -
    rr/4
    rt/2 1
    J - cot x sin 2x dx
    ,r/4 2

    ⇒ I = [o - ~ log ( /2 )~ -nj2 cos 1


    2
    x dx
    .1 11/ 4,

    1 J n/2
    I =- log 2 - - J (1 I co9 2x) dx
    4 2 n /4

    1 .
    I = -1 log 2
    l [
    - x -i -sm 2x
    ]n/2 I
    --= log 2
    4 2 2 n/ 4 4
    00

    EXAMPLE 19 £valuate: J ~-~1 -- d


    0 (x2 + a2) (x2 + b2) x.
    INTEGRALS 19.15

    N Let .x2 = y TI1 cn,


    ~--1~- I
    (.i + i) (.i +b2 ) = (y -
    +2a ) (y + h2)
    ___ 1 - ~ A B ...(i)
    (y + ,?) (y + ,,2) = y + ,r2 + y + 1,2
    2 ...(ii)
    1 A (y -'-b ) + R(y + i)

    o m
    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    te

    r= 1-.. lr1 tan- t.:: ~]"o'


    m

    1 tan 1
    a2 -b2 b b a
    fro

    l = - 1 ~(1 tan - 1 ;x; - -1 tan - 1 oo~ - ( 1 tan 1 1


    0--;;tan
    -1 o)lJ
    a2
    1

    -b2 b a ) b
    d
    de

    l =
    1
    a2 -b2 ~
    ,..(n2b - 2nn) -(O-O)Jl = 2ab~b)
    :r
    oa

    2
    a,IMP U: 20 If/(x) is of the form f(x) = a +bx+ cx , show tl,nt
    nl

    f f(x) dx = :!_6 {t(O) • 4/I.!.2 \ + / (1)}


    w

    O
    do

    I
    ,,
    ION \\'e have, f(x) =a +bx-1- ex

    /(0) ... a, f ( 1 ) = a+!!.. -r £. ;ind /(1) • a+ ti+ c


    2 2 .\

    : {1 (0) • 4 / f~) •J(I) f a :, \ H 4 (" • ~ < : ) < (" '" c) l


    1 1
    J /(x) dx = J (a + bx + ex2 ) ,h
    0 0
    1 ... (ii)
    (ba + 3b + 2c}
    6
    MATHEl'IIAT

    19.16

    From (i) \11\d (ii), we g~l { / ( 1 ) I f(l)l


    J /(x) dx 6 .f(O) I 4 2 f
    ()

    [ LEVEL· 1]

    En1/w1tt' th,·fol/awing dc/ini/,• inh•gml~ (L 60):


    9 I
    1 Jb d.,
    4 •
    1/ ::!
    ~. J r-2--

    m
    dY
    o ✓1 - x2

    o
    .c
    ~ j x~/ + 1 dx

    du
    2
    00
    1 1 8. J e-x dx

    oe
    7.
    J - 2 dx
    -1 1 + X 0
    ch
    n/2
    'l.
    1
    J -x+ 1 X
    dx 10. J (sin x + cos x) dx
    te

    0 0
    rt/2 n/4
    J sec x dx
    m

    11. J cot x dx 12.


    fro

    7'/4 0

    13.
    rt/4
    Jcosec x dx [NCERT} 14. J1 l - x dx
    d

    1t/6
    O 1+X
    de

    1t/ 4 1
    "
    J 1
    16. -J, - dx
    oa

    --dx
    0
    l+sinx
    - n, 4
    1 + sin x
    nl

    1t/2 1t/2
    17. ] cos2 x dx INCERT, CBSE 20021 18. J cos 3 x dx
    w

    0 0
    do

    n/6 1t/2
    19. J cos x cos 2x dx 20. J sin x su, 2x dx
    0 0
    'lt/4 it/2
    21 J(tan x + cot , / dx 22. J cos4 x dx
    1t/3
    0
    n/2 11/2
    23.
    2
    f 2
    (a cos2 x + b i;in 2 x) dx
    24. J JI I S ll1 \ ii.I
    0
    n
    ;r./ 2
    n/'2
    25. J ✓~1-+_c_o_s_x dx
    0
    21>. J ~ 2 Hin x tlx
    (J
    19.17

    2 t</2
    x cosx dx 28. 2
    J
    x cos x dx
    0
    4 ~/2
    J x2 sin., dx 30. J .i cos 2x dx
    0 0
    2
    32. J log x dx
    1

    --2
    log x d
    X 34. Je -ex (1 -1 x log x) dx
    1 (X-'-1) 1 X

    m
    e2J {-l - -1-} dx

    o
    log x dx 36
    • e log x

    .c
    X (log x)2

    du
    1 '
    x+ 3 dx 38. J ~2_
    2
    dx [NC£RT]
    ~ (x + 2) , 0 ,5x + l

    oe
    1 ,, l
    2
    [ 1 , dx [NCERT]
    .40, ~r . ,
    1
    dx
    ch
    2
    ·. O ,2,X + +1.
    04- x-x- ' I ,
    X

    ,. J2l' J,r-' r:' 1'' -'


    te
    1 f :/ ' I
    1
    _2
    J.Jx(1-x)dx
    dx
    2
    . ' o,,·y3 + 2x - x
    m

    0
    I 1• ,

    •4f .·,.s•J ';/ +·12x +5


    11
    fro

    1 I• I

    dx [NCERT}
    -.=== dx 1

    o ✓4x-x2 ~ ,J
    1
    d

    I '

    · ~b, f x p - x)5 dx
    de

    !(
    . 0
    oa

    ·4~, xe 2x + sil~ 1t
    2
    X) dx
    nl

    50, 1e"•(l1-cos
    - X) !;\CERT]
    w

    sin dx
    x
    1112
    do

    52,
    2
    ex f
    0
    cos(7t4 + ~_)l dx
    1 I
    (CBSE 2016) 54, J J1f .\ - .,_\T. dx lNCERTI
    0
    n/2
    (N Cl3R1'J Sh, J Rin '1 .,. d ,\' lNCERTl
    ()

    · jo (sin 2
    ~-cos2~J
    2 2
    dx [NCERTJ 58, 2.J

    l
    e2v ( 1 l---1,Jdx IN
    X 2J-~
    CERT, CBSE 2020]

    2
    ,..,...__,1 (2 - x) dx
    · J1 v(x-1) {NC"ERT EXEMPLAR]
    19.18
    61. If J 3x2dx =- 8, find the valu1• <Jf a.
    II

    60. If k J - 1-2 dx = - n , find the value of k. 0


    2 + Bx 16
    0 [ ~EVEL•2]

    £;,a/1111te 1/iefollowing integrals (61-67):


    ~n/2 63. J
    2n [,
    1 +sin· dx
    X

    62. j .jf~-2.r dx 0 2
    r.
    rr, 4 65. JI x Jog (1 + 2X) dx
    64. J 2
    (tan x + cot x) - dx 0
    1t/4
    (l
    rr /3 67. J («2 cos2 x + 1/ sin 2 Xj dx

    m
    l>b. J (tan x + cot x) 2 dx 0

    o
    ;.16

    .c
    1
    t>S. Jo - - ;---- dx

    du
    3
    1 ... 2x + 2x- + 2x + i

    2. log 2
    oe
    ch
    1. :::
    7l
    - 1 log 2
    :,. 6. -
    te

    2 2 ab

    9. log(~)
    m

    ••
    7. - 8. 1
    2
    fro

    10. ~ 11. ½.log 2 12. log (..fi + 1)


    d

    13· log b,'2 - 1) - log (2 - .J3) 14. 2 log2-1 15. 2


    de

    16. 2 17. 1t 2
    18. -
    4 3
    oa

    5 2 2
    19. 20. - 21. - -
    11 3
    /3
    nl

    22. 3 ;r
    23. ~(a2 +b2) 24. 2
    w

    16
    do

    25. 2 26. n-2 27 1t 1


    2
    28. - - 2
    n2 29. J2 + _rr_ n2
    4 2,Ji 16 .fi.-2 30, - 1t
    3 4
    31. 1t 7t
    48 8 l2. 2 log 2- I
    33· ·; log ::; lu~ 2
    35. l ,2
    2 36, ' - 1'
    1 1 2
    37 - log6 38. lni,; r, 1
    2 5 +- JS tan I .Jr:, 39. _.:! I ( 21 +
    ✓17 ogl 4
    40. ~I lan-1 ..p5 -tan
    ...7
    I ~7}
    "' 41.
    71

    8
    42. 7E
    3
    o£FINITE INTEGRALS
    19.19

    11 44, !I 15 57 - J--J
    8 5

    42 - .., ..,
    1
    47. "
    r·
    2
    •• 4'3
    {'2
    + +
    2

    q ]
    +-- •'\ ,,_
    so. /It/ 2 1 0
    4
    " It

    ;'[

    3/2 ( l) 25/2
    5 l'
    2 r.
    + J 53. -3 ~4.log(~:)
    4 2
    2 57. e -2c
    56. 0
    J 4

    m
    1t .n
    I 1
    2
    hO, 2

    o
    ,-..,

    .c
    1t
    0• 8
    32

    du
    4
    ;:log, 3 6~
    h .fj

    oe
    2 21t12 2 1
    (a +b )-+-(a -b) 67. - log (2e)
    8 4 4
    ch
    _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROBLEMS
    te

    1 I
    2-dx =f x+l-1 dx= J1 ( 1 - 1-- ) dx=· [ x - log (x +l )] 1 = 1 - log2
    m

    l =f
    X +1
    0 x+l O
    x+l 0 0
    fro

    I = J cosec dx =l log (cosec = log cosec ~ -


    ltl4 /4 ( ) ( )
    x - cot x]n cot !: - log cosec~ - cot~
    d

    n/ 1t/6 4 4 6 6
    6
    de

    ⇒ J = log("2-1)-log(2-../3) = log( -f_J3 j


    oa

    1
    2- 1) rlx - [
    nl

    l = f 2-_- x dx = j ~ -(1 + x) dx = J (-1-+x 2log(x +1)-., )


    w

    l+x 1-t-x ll
    O
    do

    0 O
    ⇒ I = (21og2-1)-(21ogl - 0)=2 log2- 1
    n 1 n 1 - sin x "J 1 - sin \
    I ==J ~ - dx = J -----~ -
    (1 + sin x) (1 - sin x)
    dx = 2 ,h
    1 + sin x
    0 0 0 co-. ,

    ⇒ I = J (sec 2 x -secx l.inx) dx =[t.m\' -6('<'


    0
    'J:
    ⇒ I= (tann -sec1t} (tanO -!>t>eO) Ot l ➔ I 2
    n/2 n/2 1 . 21 sm .,
    11
    /2
    2 [
    2 l + cos 2x
    7 I= f cos x dx = f- 2- dx ,+ -
    2 o
    0 0

    = ~ ;( ~ - T)-( 0+~%0)] = ~
    -----------~-----~-
    19.20

    J _ eI
    2
    _l_ .1 dx - [
    e2
    l 2
    xl
    dx :: ~g_y
    ]e2 ej _
    I' - x (log
    1
    xl
    x dx - ef
    e
    1
    (log x) 2
    dx

    36· - log x • (log x) e


    e I D e
    2
    e2 e _ e2 ___ e =---I!
    e
    ⇒ r loge2-log;- 2loge loge 2 J 1

    2x + 3
    1
    1
    2 x dx +
    1 3 J 1
    dx =- -
    10 X d
    -2=--- x +
    g 1
    J --- J J
    38• r = 2J d;1. = 2 1 5x 2 + 1 5 o 5x + 1
    --2 - 2
    'Sx) + 1
    0 ( -v;
    5
    0 5X + 1 0 X + [ 0 "" ]1
    1[
    5
    3
    ⇒ I = log (5x + 1) 0 + ,Js tan
    - ✓5x 2 ]l
    o
    l1

    m
    , s i 1 3 - i .Js
    ⇒ = 5(log 6 - log 1) + .Js

    o
    I tan - .js = 5 log 6 + $ tan

    .c
    1 1 1 ,

    du
    2 2 2J
    I "' J dx = - J dx l dx
    39.
    O 4_ + X-X
    2
    O x
    2
    - X -4 .
    = -
    -½) -(~ )
    0 ( X
    2

    f .JW. 1] oe 2
    ch
    J
    (!;7]' +-I('• ffi'l ogl N _,,., J
    1 1 ( 2x -l
    1
    ~
    te
    I • o o
    m

    ⇒ I= 1 Jlo ../fi .,_ 3 _ lo .Jfi -1 } J


    = _1_ lo 26 + 6 ,ff7 _ lo 18 - 2 .jv
    fro

    ..jl7 L g -./17 - 3 g .f[7 + 1 ,Jf.7 g l


    8 g 16

    ⇒ I= _1_ 1 (52 + 12 ..Jff) = J171__ log (L521s+-12✓17 x 18 + 2'117]


    d

    % 0
    g 1s - 2,m 2N 1s + 2ffe)
    de

    ⇒ I = ....!_ lo (1344 + 320.,/17) = _ 1 lo ( 21 + s,Jf.7)


    oa

    ✓17 g 256 ) .f[7 g 4


    nl

    1 1 l 1
    14.. I= J -2 - dx = J - -2 dx
    w

    -1 x +2x+5 _ 1 (x +1)2 + 2,
    do

    ;::;, -
    r
    I - - cot 2 e
    L
    Xx
    ]" - "J - ,, cose,::2 -
    ,,1
    2
    1t/Z 2
    l x X
    2
    llx + f 1e x cosec2
    n

    1t/2 2
    l"

    2
    dx =- [ O - ,,
    r./ 2]
    DEFINITE INTEGRALS 19.21

    1 1 ~
    = J- __ dx _ f \fl + x + ✓
    1
    X
    ✓1 + x - ✓x
    54. I l {
    o • - o (1 + x) -x dx = f Jf+x) + Jx } dx
    0
    1
    ⇒ f =[!(l+x) 3/ 2 +3.x3/2] = 4,fi.+2_2 = 4 .J7_
    3 o 3 3 3 3

    55. I = J1 (x + 1)x(x + 2) dx = J2 ( -
    I l l
    x +1 + x +2
    2 lJdx

    I= [-1og(x+1)+2 log(x+2)]2 = [1og(x+2)2]2 = log16 _log 2- = log 32


    1 X + ] 3 2 27

    m
    1

    /2
    ~4 0f (3 sin x - sill 3x) dx = I.4 [- 3 cos x + :!..3 cos 3x]"0

    o
    rr/2 .r/2
    J sin 3 x dx =

    .c
    56. I =
    0

    du
    ⇒ ~ cos \n}-(- 3 + -~)] = !
    oe
    l =~ [(-3cos%+
    ch
    J
    57. 1 = " (sir? 1- cos2 ~) dx = -J cos x dx = -
    1t [ sin x111 =0
    te

    0 0 0
    m

    2x ( 1 1 ) 2 2x 1 2 2x 1
    58. I= 2Je ---2
    dx =J e -dx - Je · - 2 dx
    fro

    l X 2X 1 X l 2 X
    II I
    2 4
    l 2x]
    2 2
    2x 2 x 1f(1 4 1 2) e
    + - e dx- e - 2 dx = - e --e = - --2e2
    1 J
    d

    ⇒ l= - e -
    [ 2x
    de

    1 l 2 x2 1 2x 4 2 4
    2 2 1 2 1
    J 1 f -======dx =f -a==== dx
    oa

    59 I = dx =
    , ✓-,2 +3, -2 , - ((,-})' -(½l') , (½)' -(,-{]'
    nl
    w
    do

    19.3 EVALUATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS BY SUBSTITUTION

    Consider the integral f f(g(x))g' (x) dx.


    b
    Let g(x) =I, then ~'(x) dx dt. Also, whert
    a
    x = a, t =g(a) and t "" g(}i) for x =b.
    b g (b)
    J _r(g(x))g'(x)dx - f f(t)dl
    a g (a)
    Thus, if the variable in a definite integral is changed, then the substitution in terms of new
    Variable is effected at three p laces :
    (i) in the integrand (ii) in the differentia l, say, dx (iii) it1 the limits
    19.22
    . . . the values oft corresponding to the Val
    51 1
    Also, limits of the new vanable tare ~P; b putting the values of x in the su
    original variable x, and so they are obtain Y
    relation between x and t. .
    t definite1ntegr als by makingsomes
    l
    We may use the following algoritlun to eva ua e U

    ALGOR HM b
    Obtain the definite integral and express it in the form I = f (g (x) g' (x) dx. f a

    5T1T 'l Putt= g(x) which gives g' (x) dx = dt.


    Puf x = a (the lower limit for x)int= g(x) to get t c: g(a) as the lower limit fort.
    srrr JI
    Put x =b (the upper limit for x) i11 t =g( x) to gett =g(b) as the upper limit for t.
    Substitute g' (x) dx = dt and replace old limits of integration by the new limits to

    m
    g(b)
    1= f f(t) dt

    o
    .c
    g(n)
    Evaluate this integral by using standard methods ofintegration discussed in secti

    du
    Following examples will illustrate the above procedure.

    oe
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    I
    ch
    LEVEL-1
    E~ Evaluate:
    te
    ,• ,r E ,

    f x+1"xr; dx
    4
    (i) (") fl 2x
    m

    ll 2 dx
    0 o Sx +l
    fro

    SOLUTIOK (i) Let x = t2. Then, dx = d (t2) ⇒ dx == 2t dt.


    When x =O1 x -- t 2 ⇒ t 2 = o⇒ t = 0. When x = 4 12 _
    d

    2
    4 2 I -x ⇒ t =4 ⇒ t =2
    de

    I I
    I= I d - 2t dt
    0 x+fx x - 0 t2+t =2
    2 1
    !2
    t+ldt =2 [ log (t+l)] =2 [log3-logl]
    oa

    (ii) Let 5x2 + 1 =t. Then, d (5x2


    10 xdx =dt
    + 1) - dt ⇒
    . 0
    nl

    -
    2
    When X::0,t =5x +l ⇒ t=l. Whenx =l L·-5 2
    w

    1 ., - X + 1 ⇒ f - 6
    2 6 -
    do

    Jo Sx 2x+ 1 dx = J 2xt x .!!!_ = !. J6 1dt = 1[log t]6 :: .!.. (log 6 _ log l) ..


    lOx1
    5
    1
    1 5 5
    EXP. 'vi r 2 Evaluate· '.l
    1 '
    (i) J sin-1 x dx (ll;('J l<TJ
    n/2
    0
    1t/2
    (ii) J /cos O s in 3 0 dO
    (iii) I cos e
    0
    1/2
    0 (1 + sin 0) (2 + sin G) dO ICHSI 20041 (iv) J 2 r dx
    ,c/4 0 ( l + X ) \I l - X2
    (v) Jo cos3 x ,J21 siri 2x dx
    SOLUTION (i) Lett= sin - 1 x
    . or,x =sin t. Then d .
    ' x = d (sin t)
    = cos f dt
    19.23
    oEANI 11 mTEGRALS

    X 0, -::::> I sin -I O 0 ..ind \ I ~ , sin I I


    n
    2
    l 1t 2 ~ .,2
    I= J , Ill 1 ., 1h J0 II l"<)S I if/ [ I sin I J ~in I di
    II Il n
    0

    I"'~ ,l
    n lt
    [ r t' n n 0 1
    ~ s,n
    /2 !J t l ( >'i I ()';
    Ism I 2 2
    l (l 2 2
    cos ll t. Tiwn, d (fos 0) - ,if ⇒ sm {l ,IO ,fl
    (it) Let

    2 0

    I J , co:.- 0 sm
    3
    0 JO J /t s,n :1 0
    1
    I Sil\
    - •!! ) - J ./1 sm 2 O tit

    m
    0 1 (l 1
    0 0
    l
    ~
    2 t7/2 lo=-ro-(2 72)J= 218

    o
    512 2
    J ,t (1 -1 2
    ) Jt - J (•.'f t ) d/ ~tl/

    .c
    ca
    7 L t3
    1 1

    du
    11) Let Sill 0-=f. Then, d (!'in 0) -= .it ⇒ c1l'< 0 d0 dt
    8 0~ t sin O = 0 and, e "' '2 ~ t = sil.1 .:12 "' 1.
    n/2
    .:os 0 oe
    ch
    I = f- ----d0
    (1 + :,m 0) (2 + sin 0)
    0
    te

    1 t {1~,-2S}dt [!3y using partial fractions]


    m

    I= (l+t)\2+1)dt =
    1
    fro

    1
    I= f1og(l
    L
    +olJo - flog
    ~
    (2+t)l
    'Jo
    ,~
    ~
    d

    I (log 2 - log 1) - (log 3 - log 2) -= log 2 - log 3 ·I log 2 = 2 log '.2 - log 3 = lQS
    .
    de

    V2
    J - -l ~2 dx. Let x =c;m. 8. Thc-n, d:t = cos 0 clll
    oa

    Let/
    2
    O (} +x ) ,1 x
    nl

    x = 0 ⇒ sill O - 0 => 0 = 0 and x "" ⇒ sin O = 1;.2 ~ 0 - ~6


    1
    w

    2
    1tl r, 11/ t,
    do

    I= J- - _ l r==----=- cosO dO J 1 t sin ,,· 0 do


    0 (] - 1,m 2 0) ✓I - bin'.! 0 0

    1t/6 20
    sec
    I- J0 - -2
    Sl'C () + tan 0
    2 dO

    11./ ,, 2
    Sl'C (J
    I= J0 1+2tan
    - 2 dll
    0
    7t
    Let tan 8 = t. Then, scc2 O d{) di Al,o, IJ l,111 0 0 ,111d II l,u\
    6

    I-
    1/,/3
    I - 1
    o 1 +212
    1
    ,11 =-
    2
    l/J 3
    J - - -1
    (l/,!2)211 2
    ,Jt _ , x
    2
    I
    (I/J2)
    t,m r I
    / 21
    11/,, "\ = r,:;I t,1n - l f.2
    n v2
    -
    ~3
    0
    19.24

    ;r/4 1
    (v) Let I = J dx. Then,
    0
    cos 3 x ,J2 sin 2x
    4
    'lt/ 4 11t/ 1
    -1/2 - 7/2
    T= J --,,-:==== dx = -
    3 x ✓4sinx cosx 2 o
    sin x cos x dx f
    0 cos

    We observe that the sum of the exponents of sin x and cos xis ( ~) 1-( -i) = -4, which·
    4
    negative even integer. So, we divide numerator and denominator by cos x to get
    1
    -;r;/4 - - rr./4 4 1t/4 2
    I =~ f
    1 cos4 x dx = .!. sec x dx = !. f
    (1 + tan x) sec2 x dx f
    2 sin/ 2 xcos7/ 2 x_ 2 0 ,Jtanx 2 0 ,Jtanx

    m
    0
    cos 4 x

    o
    Let tan x = t. Then d (tan x) = dt ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt.

    .c
    du
    Also, x =0 ⇒ t = tanO =0 and x =~⇒ t = tan~ =1.
    4 4

    oe
    1 2 1 1
    l=!_f 1-'-t dt=.!.J (t- l/2+t3/2)dt = .!.[2tl/2 + 3_t5/2] = .!_ x 12 = 6
    20 .[t 20 2 5 0 2 5 5
    ch
    I:XAMPlE 3 Evaluate:
    te

    a 1/,/i . - 1
    (i) J ~
    x4
    dx (n f .
    ") Sill X
    2 3/.2 dx
    m

    2 2 0 (1 -
    ✓ a -x X )

    l
    0
    fro

    (iii) J x tan - 1 x dx (iv) J sin - 1 ( 2x dx


    o (1 + x2) 3/2 o 1 + x2
    d
    de

    SOLUTION (i) Let x =~ sin 0. Then, dx = d (a sin 0) = a cos 0 d0.


    Also, X = 0 ⇒ a Sfil 0 = 0 ⇒ Sin 0 = 0 ⇒ 0 = Q
    oa

    1t
    And, X =a =:> a Sin 0 = a=> Sin 0 = 1 ⇒ 0
    2
    nl

    a x4 n/2 ( 4 1t/2
    I = J -.====
    1
    dx = J a sb.: 0) a cos e d0 = n4 J sin 4 0 d9
    w

    2 2 /2 2.2
    0 \ 1a - X O \I a - a SIU !) 0
    do

    ⇒ I = a4 x 3 7t = 31t a4
    16 16 [See Example 3 (iii) 1m f
    (ii) let sin - l x = 0 or, x = sin 8. Then, dx = d (sin <➔) = cos fl d e
    Now, x = 0 => sin 0 - 0 ⇒ 8 = Oand x "' 1 ~ • 1 1t
    /2 5111 0 -r::: ⇒ 0=
    11.fj. 1 . _ " v2 4
    l
    =
    J0 (1-x2)32
    sm x
    dx
    'It/ 4 (-} 1t/4
    l = fo --3 cos 0d O =
    cos 0
    J 0soc2
    1' n
    OJ O
    ,.
    [
    0 tan O O
    ]"/4
    - J I x t,Ul ft ,I 9
    it/•I
    0
    14 0
    14
    ⇒
    I = [e tane]"o +[log cos 0]1t
    o
    - (re
    - 4- 0
    )
    ~ { log ( -;fi
    1 )
    - log l j = l -i -21 I
    FINITE IN TEGRALS 19.25

    1
    .. l)Lettan -' •8or.x ... tan 0.1hcn,dx =sec 2 ()JO.
    x '"' 0 => tan O • 0 ~ II • ()and,,\ I ~ tm II

    x tan - l ~
    1
    I - f(I+
    - ~2r112
    - ,1\
    0
    rt/-1
    e
    J0 sec 3-0 =2 OdO
    O tan
    l
    , 4
    l J Osin 8d0
    o I 11

    "' ]"''4 - 11/4


    J(-cosO) [-8 n/4 [

    m
    1 - 1-fl cos O dO • cos O
    ]
    + sin

    o
    ~ 0 0 O

    .c
    I - I - 4,2
    :r - o) + (~ - o) =

    du
    ,12 4,2

    oe
    = J ~m - 1 (- 2 x 2 ) dx. Then,
    0 1+ X
    r ,
    .-
    ch
    1
    J 2 tan - 1 x dx 2x ) 2 tan- 1

    l
    I (
    te
    I ·: sm l - x2 = :r-
    0
    -
    m

    1 = 2 f tan - l x · 1 dx = 2 x tan - rLLr 1


    T-j dxl
    fro

    x _ 12•:r
    O I 11 .JO 0 l+x J
    d
    de
    oa

    J 2 [[x tan- 1x J: -½ :log (1 + x2)J:]


    nl
    w

    J =2~(1/tan- 1 1-0tan- 1 0)· ~(log2 logl)]= 2{(:-0)-~togl}=;-1,~:.


    do

    2
    I.et x • tan 0. Tht:n, dx = d (tan 0) = sec 0 d O
    It
    :r '"' O :::) tan O = O :::) (! -= 0 11nd :i· = I ⇒ tan O 1 :::) 0

    1 = J sin 1 r 2x 1,fr 2
    o \lr.r)
    :r./4
    I sin-] (bin 2 a) a;cc2 0 do
    l
    I =

    1 ..
    ::r./4
    0

    J 2 esi.:c2 ode
    0
    2 !~
    11/4 2
    se)~ 0 dO = 2 [ 0
    l t<1ll O lo - !I x t,m Od8
    11/4 rt/4
    19.26

    0 taJ1 e]
    1e/4 [
    + log cos 0
    ~1e/ 4} ==2 f(~
    l 2:-o) +
    4
    tan
    4
    (10g cos n - log 1)
    4
    ⇒ {[ 0 0 .
    = n + log 1 = r. - log 2
    T = 2 -1t + Jog - 1 } = -1t + 2 log -;;;'2
    1 2 2 2
    { 4 ff. 2 '1"-
    rt/4
    F..xA \tPLE 4 Evaluate· J tan 3 x dx
    0
    11/ 4
    SOLUTION Let T = J tan 3 x dx. Then,
    0 rc/4 2 n ,14
    n/4 rt/4
    f tan2 x J sec

    m
    2 = x tan x dx -
    1 = tan x dx = J (sec x -1) tan x dx
    o

    o
    0
    0 0

    .c
    ⇒
    2
    Let tan x = t. Then, d (tan x) = df sec x dx = dt.

    du
    Also, x = 0 => t = 0 and, x = 2: ⇒ t = 1
    4

    Ia l ·r tdt - Om X dx a [ ': i: - [ log "' xJ:1'


    ch
    oe
    te

    ⇒ I =( ½- 0 ) - log sec : + log sec O= ½- 1


    log ff. + log 1 = - - - log 2 =- (1 -1
    2
    1
    2
    1
    2
    m

    EXA..1\4:PLE 5 Evaluate:
    fro

    11/2
    (i) J::>+4cosx
    _ 1 dx [CBSE 2005) (ii) f 3+2cosx
    1 dx
    d

    0 0
    de

    1
    SOLUTION (i) Let J = f - -=--
    1t

    5 + 4 cos x dx. Then,


    oa

    I -----,----...:.1_ _
    It
    nl

    I =
    l-tan 2 .!
    w

    0
    2
    do

    5+4
    l +tan 2 ~
    2

    lt l+tan2X
    sec2 X
    :::) I= J- _--2,. dx - nJ
    2
    _2__ tx
    0 9+tan ~ 9 + tan 2 x ' ,
    2 0
    2
    Let tan ~ =t. Then , d [ tan -x J di => I ""C2 Y /
    2 2 2"" 2(.\'-r// 2 tli
    S\:C2 X

    Also, x =0 ~ t = tan O = 0 and x = n 2


    ⇒ 1 "' lM 7t
    = 00
    2X 2
    00 sec -
    1 = J 2x
    2 -
    2dt
    O 9+t sec2 ~
    2
    19.27

    ""
    I = 2 fo -.,J-~
    3 +t
    = ~[tan-1.!...]""
    3 3
    -_ 2 ( tan -
    3
    1 oo -tan- l O) = 2
    3
    (1t - o]J = _1t
    2 3
    rt/2 O
    ii) Let 1 ::c I0 l
    3 + 2 cos x dx. Then,

    I
    l = fl/2 1 nr 1 + tan 2 ~ n/2 sec2 X

    0
    +
    [1-tan2~ldx=
    ___ ~
    o3(1+tan 2x) + 2
    2(2
    1-tan
    2x)dx = J
    2 o
    S + tan; ~ dx
    2
    3 2
    2
    1+tan -
    2

    m
    tan ; ::ct. Then.d ( tan ;) '"' dt ⇒ ½sec2 ~ dx=dt ⇒ dx 2
    :\

    o
    sec -

    .c
    2
    =0 ⇒ t ⇒ t =

    du
    X = tan O = 0, and x= 1t tan~ = 1
    2 4

    oe
    ch
    Ltan _,
    te

    =
    2
    .js 1 1
    .js - tan
    - 1 ]
    O = .js tan
    2 -1 ( 1}
    l .Js
    m
    fro

    MPt.E h Evaluate:
    rt/2
    • fl./2 1 s11· x
    0
    d [NCERT]
    (1) J - - - - - dx (ii)
    J0 1 + '
    2
    X ,
    d

    2 cos x + 4 sin x COS X


    0
    de

    fl./2
    (iii) J . 2 1 2 dx
    oa

    o 4 sm x + 5 cos x
    n/ 2 l
    nl

    (i) Let 1 = J -2cosx


    --- - - dx. TI1en,
    w

    + 4sinx
    0
    do

    rt/ 2 l
    f
    I =
    o 2(1-tan
    - - - - + - -- -
    2
    ~J 4(2mni)
    dx

    2 x 2x
    1 + tan - 1 + tan
    2 2
    2 X /2 2X
    rt/2 1 + tan - n sec 2
    I = J ZX
    2
    X dx = ? X
    J X dx
    o 2 - 2 tan - + 8 tan - O 2 - 2 tan - - + 8 ta:n -
    2 2 2 2
    tan x = t. Then, d ( tan X) = dt ⇒ 1 sec2 x dx = dt ⇒ dx =2 dt2 x
    2 2 2 2 sec -
    2
    x = 0 ⇒ t =tan O = 0, and x = n ⇒ t = tan 2: = 1.
    2 4
    19.28
    1 1
    2 X 1 1 f
    dt- - - - dt
    f - J -~-x
    1 sec 2 ~=J2 X
    1 -t2 +4t - 0 -(t2 -4t-1)
    - 2
    2 - 2t + St sec - O
    0 2 1 __ 1
    1 l 1 = It J } dt = J fr=" 2 2 dt
    ⇒ I•! -(,'-41+4-4-t) o -{(1-2)2 -5 o (vS) -(t-2)

    Js [ Ii-~; :~j1)
    1

    I = 2 log
    1 [
    o == 2 :./5 Jog
    ( Js: -1 ) - log ( Js
    :./5 + 1
    - 2 )]
    Js + 2

    ($ + 2)}] == ~ log( + Js:)


    3
    _ ~[ {<Js -1)

    m
    ⇒ I - 2Js log (.}s +1)($-2) 2$ 3-Js

    o
    2

    +$)

    .c
    3
    I =-2,..lo ( 3 +~x 3 +Js)==~lo (
    ✓5
    3
    +JsJ : : ~ lo (

    du
    2 .js g 3 - 3 + .js 2 ,/5 g 2 2 Js g 2

    oe
    T == _!_ log( 3+ $\
    .Js J
    ch
    2
    tt/2 .
    te

    (ii) Let I = J SID \ dx. Let cos x =t. Then, - sin x dx =dt.
    0 J+cosx
    m

    Also, x == 0 => t = cos O= 1 and x = ~ ⇒ t =cos ~ = O


    fro

    2 2
    I = J sinx(~l
    1+t l x)
    d

    2
    SID
    1
    de

    I= -fi ~ -[tan-1t]O =
    oa

    1 + t2 1
    (iii) We have,
    nl

    tt/2
    I -- J 1
    w

    2 dx 2
    o 4sin x+5cos x
    do

    n/2 2
    1= f sec2x dx (Dividing n orrunator
    · .
    and denonunator bf.
    o 4tan x+5
    Let tanx=t.Then,d(tanx) "' dt ⇒ sec 2 x dx =dt
    X-=O => t ta11 0 =0 and ,X--
    _n ⇒ t l
    2 = an 27t
    =co.

    r,
    T = f dt I "
    o 4t2 + 5= 4 0f t2- + (l ~ J2 ti/
    2

    1 = _ i 1tan-1( .3!.._)J"'
    2
    "5l l"5 = 2~(tan- 100- tan-lo) = _ l_x.'.: = ,c
    0 2$ 2 4
    INTEGRALS
    19.29

    n/2
    n>SX
    3 en., \ - "in .t
    dx (ii) f co,, r ,h
    O I • <~ .t + SIil r
    cos\' n/1
    dx (I\) J () , 16♦sin 2r
    111
    " <.OS l" d\" [C BS F 2014, 20181
    cos ' +- sin ;)3
    ~
    0
    , sm. , +co",
    I b \ Ill
    -
    2 l
    I1\ IC BSE2010, 2020J (vi) l .Jtan x t, ,ot x ),tx IC USF.2002, 2003I
    n/2(
    (1)Letcosx - K(J,os\+sin \)+! d (~,osx+sin \).Thl·n,
    dx

    m
    o:;:1 K(1cosx t'.:>in x) I (- ,,m, +cos,) •.• (1)

    o
    ~ co<'lficicnls of n1::. x and sin x, we gl't

    .c
    1K ' =1 md K 3L 0

    du
    3
    the::.e tv- o equations, w(' get: /1.. = and L - ..!.
    10 10

    oe
    ng Lue ,·alut'S 01 k and Lin (1), we get
    3
    sx (3 coo.; l - o.;in x) · _!_ (- 3 sin x - cos x)
    ch
    10 10
    rr./2
    f
    te
    COS X
    = J0 (-------
    3 cm, x + sin x)
    .X I
    m

    3 1
    -: 2 ( 3 cos l' + sin x) + (- 3 sin .x + cos x)
    fro

    J= J0 10 10 dx
    3 COS X + sin X

    f - 3 s m. x
    d

    3 J -3 -cos- --r +- -. dx x
    rr./2
    Sill 1
    n/2
    +cos x d
    de

    = - - x
    10 3 cos x + sin x 10 O 3 cos x I sin x
    0
    oa

    1 - -3 Jl·dx+-1 J -- 3-sin-. x-·-cos-x dx


    rr./2 ~ 2
    nl

    10 10 3cosx+sin x
    0 0
    w

    3 rr./ 2 1 1 ] rt/2
    l x + -1 log I 3 cos x + sin x I
    do

    10 _o 10 ~ 0

    10 2
    3
    ( it - o) + I (log 1 - log 3)
    10
    3it
    20
    1
    10
    log 3

    avt>,
    'l'C/2
    COS .l
    - 0J 1 COS X + Sin X
    ,fr

    rr./2
    I - f co~ x tfx
    0
    (1 + cos x) + sin >.
    2 X . 2 ,
    co~ -sm
    2 2 ,fr
    "> X X X
    o 2 co~- • 2 ~ill cos
    2 2 2
    19.30

    2x
    n/2 1 - tan [ Dividing numerator and denom.in1.1tor
    1= f ~"< dx
    o2+2tan
    2

    1t/Z(1 -tan;) (1 ~tan;) dx


    ⇒ I=~
    2
    f -l+tan
    - x
    0
    2

    T=
    2
    !
    1 1t/Z(1-tan X) dx
    2

    m
    1t/2

    o
    I= -1 [ x+2logcos-
    X
    2 2] o

    .c
    ~ ~ + 2 log cos : )- (0 + 2 log 1)]

    du
    l = [(

    ½[~ + 2 log ~~] = ½[i + log ½] = ½(; - log 2 ) oe


    ch
    I=
    te

    (iii) We have,
    rr./2
    f
    m

    cosx d
    l= o( x)3
    fro

    x . x
    cos +sm
    2 2
    d
    de

    ⇒
    oa
    nl

    Let cos~ + sin x = t. Then,


    w

    2 2

    -J2x'\ = dl
    do

    (
    d cos - ~ sm
    X
    2
    •
    ⇒ -1 ( - sin -X i cos · X) dx = dt = ( 2\'
    CO(,,
    2 2 2
    Also, x =0 ⇒ I =cos O + sin O= 1 and x =~:;;,I= cos n + sin n
    2 4 -l

    1
    12
    di 2( l I) ✓2
    I \ -
    )

    1t/ 4 .
    (iv) Let I = f sm x + cos x dx
    9 + 16 sin 2x
    0

    Here, we express the denomi11ator in term~ i,in .\ l·os y wh ich b Lnl<•gration ot nu!J\
    . )2 , 2 2
    Clearly, (sin x - cos x = stn x..,. cos x 2 sm x cm, x = L - -.in 2x

    ⇒ sin 2x = 1-(si.n x-cos x,2


    FINITE INTEGRALS
    19.31
    n/4
    I• f sin x + coi:; x
    o 9 + 16 {1 -(sin x -cos x)2f dx
    tt/4
    l= f sinx+cosx
    -dx
    o 25 -16 (sin x - cos x) 2

    sin x - cos x = t. Then, d (sin x - cos x) = dt ⇒ (cos x + sin x) dx =dt.


    x =0 ⇒ t = sin 0 - cos O = - 1 and x = .'.: ⇒ 1 = sin .'.: - cos ! = o
    4 4 4

    I = fo dt 1 OJ dt 1 OJ dt

    m
    -1 25 -161 2 = 16
    -1 1.6 - t
    25 2 =-
    16 -1(!) -i2 2

    o
    .c
    I]o

    du
    I _ 1 1 [1 5/4 + t
    - 16 x 2(5/4) og 5/4-tl _
    1

    4
    oe
    ch
    I = l [logl- Log(l/ )] = l_[logl-log (~)]=l_ (logl+log9]=l_log9
    40 9/4 40 9 40 40
    te

    )We have,
    m

    n./3 .
    I = J sm x + cos x dx = n./3
    J .
    su1 x + cos x dx
    fro

    n/6 .Jsin 2 x n./6 ✓1 - (cos x-sin x) 2

    tt =(COS x - sin x). Then, di = d (cos x - sin x):::) -(sin x + cos x) dx =dt
    d

    ,J3-1
    = cos -1t3 - sm. -1t3 = 1-,/3
    de

    ;c 1t . 1t 1t
    x=- ⇒ I = cos - - sm - = - - and, x = - ⇒ t
    6 6 6 2 3 2
    oa

    1-,./3
    1 [ -1]]-:s = - [ . - 1 ,/3 - 1]
    -11-/3 - sm
    nl

    l -r:J dt = - sin. t ~ sin 2


    11 - r :{3-1 2
    w

    2
    do

    = - sm
    . -1 1-../3 . -1-./3 - 1 2 . -1./3-1
    - --'-- + s!Jl -'--- = sm
    ·: sin- 1 (- x) = sm
    . -1 x]
    I 2 2 2
    [

    n./2
    ~ l = J {.Jtan x + ,.)cot x} dx. Then,
    0
    rr/2 .

    1
    = n.t{ ~in x + !cos x dx =
    Vcos x ~ sir, x J
    1
    sin x -1 cos~ dx = n.t J2, J
    O
    sm :i: + cos x dx
    J2 SUl X COS X
    0 O ..Jsin x cos x
    1t/2 .
    l= ..Ji J smx+cosx ? dx
    o {i-(sin x - cosx)-
    ainx-cosx=t. Then,d(sin x-cosx) = dt:::) (cosx+sinx)dx=dt
    1t
    , _%-O ⇒ l=-1,andx=-:::)f=1
    2
    19,32

    n/ 4 sin 2x
    E>-.AMrtES Evaluate: (ii) J __4;:.:.:.:....-., 41x dx
    n/2
    _...,..::::::;,.__4
    sin 2x dx 1cusE 2003Cl O cos X + SU\
    J
    (i) o sin 4 x + cos 4 x n/f 2 sin 2x 2 2 dx
    n/f 2 sin 2x dx = sin 4 x + (1 - sin x)
    SOLUTION Let I = 0 sin 4 X + cos4 x O . 2x dx = dt

    m
    . 2 x = dt ⇒ 2 sin x cos x dx-
    - dt ⇒ sm

    o
    Let sin 2 x = t. TI1en, d (sin . ) 2 7t

    .c
    n t =Sin - = l
    x =0 ⇒ t = sin 2 0 =0 and x =2 ⇒ 2

    du
    Also,
    1 __l __ dt 1
    ---:,- dt

    oe
    -
    lJ 1 dt = J 2t2 - 2t + 1 t2-t+ -
    1
    T =0 t2 + (1- t/ 0 2
    ch
    te
    m
    fro

    1 1 -1
    d

    f = ( tan- \ 2t - l ) ] =tan- 1 - tan (-1)


    de

    0
    2
    n/ 2 sin x cos x
    sin 2x n/l
    J - --,-------:-- J
    oa

    A ETFR Let T = 4
    = dx
    4 4
    O sin x + cos x O sin X + cos 4 X
    nl

    Dividing the numerator and denominator by cos 4 x, we obtain


    w

    rt/2 2
    1 = J 2tan;sec x dx
    do

    0 tan x+1
    Letl=tan2 x. Then, dt = d(tan 2 x) = 2 tanxsec2 xdx.
    Also, x=O=;. f = tan 2 O= Oand,x =-
    1t
    :::>
    t = tan 2 -Tt = QO

    I=
    ,.,,
    J 2
    t + l2
    1
    dt
    ltan
    2 2

    0
    n /4 . n,/ 4
    2
    (ii) Let 1 = _!tn x
    4
    J-
    . 4
    dx. Then, 1 _3s in x c:os;1:
    - - dx.
    J
    o cos x + Sm X (J cos 4 x + sin 4 X

    Dividing numerator and den ominator by c:os 4 x, we ge t


    n/4
    1= J 2 tan x sec2 x dx
    4
    o l+tan x
    19.33
    2 2
    tan x = f. Then, d (tan x) = dt ==> 2 tan x sec2 x dx = di
    Iso, x = 0 ==:> t = tan20 = 0 and x = 7t ==> t - tan 2 it
    = 1
    4 4
    2 2
    ubstituting t = tan x and 2 ta11 x sec _, dx = dt, we get
    1 1
    I = f
    0
    l + t2 dt = [ tan - It]1 =
    0
    (-4TC -Q) =4 lt

    cos2 x
    1tf2
    f

    m
    Evaluate: --c:-----::-- dx [CBSE 20121
    2 . 2
    0 cos x + 4 sm x

    o
    .c
    2
    n/ cos 2 x
    f

    du
    Let I : 2 . 2 dx. Then,
    O COS x+ 4 Sill X

    oe
    n/Z cos 2 x
    I =f dx
    ch
    2 ')
    O COS X + 4 (1 - COS - X)
    te

    tt/2 2
    l = f cosx dx
    m

    2
    0 4 - 3 cos x
    fro

    rt/2 2
    1 = _ .!_ f -
    3 cos 2x dx
    d

    3 0 4 - 3cos x
    de

    1
    !
    n/2(4-3 cos2 x)- 4 dx
    oa

    l= -3 4 - 3cos2x

    T{l-4-3~',l
    nl

    ~
    w

    I • d,
    do

    11/2 4 rt/2 1
    I = --
    1
    3 J 1 · dx + 3
    fo4-3cosx 2 dx
    0

    n/2 2 sec2 x
    4 rt/
    I = !3 J 1 •dx -t- -
    3
    f 4 (1-- 2
    + tan x) - 3
    dx [Dividing N' M\d D' by cos2 x]
    0 0

    I = - -l [X ]rr/2 + 4 n/2
    f -J+4 tan
    sec2 x
    2
    dx
    3 0 3
    0
    x
    00

    1 =- ~(~-o)+! f0
    1
    1 +4t2
    dt, w heret = tan x
    19.34
    2
    «> .\ - dx
    E'\;\MJ'lE t(l Er'/1/llafr; (ii) J 2 2)5/2
    a 1 () (n + X
    (i) f ~ 2 2 d.r
    o (.r + a )
    II J
    SOLUTION li) Let I =- J 2 2)2 cf.\.
    o (.\ + a
    8) - a sec2 0 d8.
    Letx=atan0.Then,ifr=d(at.ln - 0 =a ⇒ tanO"'1 ⇒ 9
    => O-Oand,x=n ⇒ ntan
    Also. r. = 0 ::::> 17 ton a = 0 => tan e = 0 -
    ;t/4
    2
    I=
    "J/-1
    ,, 2
    t
    , 2 asec
    2 0 de _ _l_
    - 3
    cos 0 dO f

    m
    () (a- tan 8 + a-) 0
    a
    4 1
    I= J:....3 ,.;J\1 + cos 20) dO =-\-[0 +.!_ sin 20]

    o
    2
    n/ = 3 (: + ~) = g:3 (1t + )
    2 2

    .c
    211
    2a o a
    0

    du
    "' 2
    (ii) Let I = J ,- +X ,_):,_/,- dx.
    oe
    0 (a X
    2
    ch
    Let x = a tan 0. TI,en, dx = a sec 0 d0.
    0 ⇒ atan O= 0 ⇒ tan = 0 ⇒ 0 = 0 and, X e = 00 :=::, a tan e =00 :=::, e=
    te
    Also, X= tan <X) :=::, 8
    J n /2
    m

    ll, :! 2tan_2Q 1
    : 1= J 2 ll 2 2 512
    asec 0d0=
    2
    3
    Jo sin 2
    0cos0d0=~ft2 dt,wheref=
    fro

    o (a + a tan 8) a a2 0

    ⇒ I•:, [•: 1: -
    d

    3: 2
    de

    -x:
    oa

    EXAMPLE ll Evaluate: J X /
    1
    dx
    nl

    o \l+x ·,_!
    ~

    Jl
    w

    SOLUTION Let/ - Jl · -x2 2


    do

    - x dx. Let x :: f. Then d ( ,2


    ·' ) "' di ⇒ 2 x dx
    2
    o 1+x ' = dt
    Also, x =~ __,ff :_ 0 and x =1~ I =l
    •• I-=fx l-lxdf
    o l+/ 2~

    J = ~f (.11 I di
    0 V~ I
    ⇒
    I = !2 fO ✓ff:~
    ,-,.1
    "
    1 /
    I II
    ~
    l l
    ⇒
    c=-
    2
    I I- t
    l ~ dt
    0 yl - t2
    19.35
    f
    I
    1
    I -
    2 -
    I
    ' 1// + J
    I T
    4 o
    2,/
    dt

    r
    \ I /4 12
    ', 1
    1 1 I
    I - I
    12 \
    ...,
    r
    sin / -t 12
    o 4
    lo
    ]
    l ~in l l - sin - 1 ll) + : ( 2 x n 2 >< l) I { rt
    2\2
    0)-1 I ( 0
    l\
    2) "' 4
    7t
    l
    2
    7t/2.
    Et1l1wtc j - , - .-, d\ f"1C I R r EXEMPLAR!
    0 (a COii 'I:+/, Slll \)2
    2

    :: 2

    m
    I= Io -(,,~c~-.1
    , - , .!___2 - 2 , d\ '

    o
    +I• ,in .\)-

    .c
    \iding numt:'. rator and dl'nomin.itor by co~+ x, W<' obtain

    du
    :t : -l-
    SC'( .\
    I- JCl -.,- ., --, , dx

    oe
    (a-+ Ii- tan - t)-
    - 2 ")
    ch
    • 1 + tan~ 2
    l - I , .,
    sec x dx ,
    0 (a- +b- wn- x) 2
    te

    ,
    t = tan.1. Then, df = ~cc- x dx.
    m
    fro
    d
    de
    oa
    nl

    I 1
    I - -tan
    w

    b2 ab ~
    do

    2 2 r
    o)_ + b /1~,1 f
    , 1
    i.,2
    l ( r.
    ab l 2
    2 2
    t JI I when• 1, =
    o
    7t b .•• ( i)
    , _ '3+ 2Ii I1
    2ab b
    a t.ln 0. Titen,b di asec:.2 0 dO
    It
    f =O ⇒ atanO=O~tanO o ~u 1ll,111tl ..,
    Otmd,/
    -
    _ 1 ~ II !:,l'\'2 l) d0
    , 2 2 2 b
    (a-+ a tan 0)
    1 Isin20]n/2 = n
    • cos20) dO
    2a 11, [
    8•
    2 o 3
    411 b
    19.36
    2 2
    Substituting the value of r1 in (i.), we get 2 7t
    1t 1.,2-a2 1t _ _ rr. _ (2i+b -cl)= 33(a+ b)
    1 =--+ -->< - 3 - 1 1 4a b
    2ab3 /J2 411'/I 4a' b"
    . rr/2 l __ dx. Then,
    ALITER Let / = j ;;
    (11-cos2 x+b sin x)
    -- 2 . 2 2
    0
    n/'l
    -- ----d;i;
    sec4 ,.. J -(1~tan 2 ·x) sec2 x dx
    ,_ rr/2
    T=
    J (a2+b 2 tan2 x}2 - 0 (a2 +b2 tan 2 x) 2
    0
    LRt I> tan x =a tant. Then, 2
    2 2 . asec t
    d(btanx)=d(a tanf) ⇒ bsec xdx=asec td!: ⇒ dx "" bsec 2 x dt

    o m
    Also, x=O ⇒ a.tant=btanO ⇒ tanl = 0 ⇒ t =O

    .c
    It It It
    and, x =- ⇒ atant =b tan - ⇒ tant = oo ⇒ t,, _

    du
    2 2 2
    2
    f) 2
    tl
    oe
    11 2
    'n/ 2 [1+ b;tan 2 n/2
    ( 1+a b2
    - tan
    I= Jo -"-;;--,,.---<- x asec t dt = J _,_.......,._...,_.....£.. a 2
    ch
    (a2~a2tan 2 t)2 b o 4 4
    a sec t
    x-bsec tdt
    te

    n/2
    I- 1 n/2
    ⇒
    [ 2 2 2 2
    - a3b3 • (b cos t +a sin t) dt =
    1
    3 3 J (2112 cos2 t + 2az si.n2 t) dt
    m

    o 2a b
    n/2 0
    fro

    = I= 2a;b3 l {b\1+cos2t)~a2(1 - cos2t)}dt


    d

    n/2
    de

    1
    ⇒ I = 2a3& 3 J {a2 + b2 + (b-? - a2)cos2t} dt
    0
    oa

    [b2 -a2) . 2tlrt/2


    nl

    l=-l-[(a2+b2)L
    2a3b3 .,.. 2 sm
    w

    0
    do

    I = 2a'b3
    _l. (a2"' b2) ( -
    n -0 ) l- [ b2 _ 2) .
    _ _!:_
    2 2 (sm n -sin O)

    I ~ (a2 -t b2) n:
    4a3b:f •

    EXAM PLE 13 /
    f
    _v11/u11te . I x (tan I x):Z tlx
    (J INC.TR r EXE
    l
    SOLUTlON Le t / - f X (tan I x)2 rlx • 'l 'IIC't1
    () '
    1
    I = f0 (tan JIx/ x dx = l(tan -1 x)2
    l[
    x2 1I -fI 2 la n--l
    2
    \C
    ,\.2
    o O 1+ xix 2 ux
    EFINITE INTEGRALS
    19.37

    I
    ',h

    l - n.., -
    3~ 0
    2
    fI { t,\t\ 1'

    m o
    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    te
    m
    fro

    Jf./4
    If 1 =
    • 11
    f tan
    O
    11
    x dx, prot•e that 111 + 111 + 2 = -!-
    II+ 1
    d
    de

    \~e ha,·e,
    n/4
    J tan" x ⇒
    oa

    111 = 111 .. 2 -
    0
    "I
    nl

    Jf./ 4 4 11 2
    = J tan' x dx + J tan
    w

    I)
    0
    do

    /
    11
    + 1,
    1
    ~ 2 :a f
    11/ t (
    tan" x t tan • - .,
    ? )
    ,fa
    0
    11/4 2
    /
    11
    .,. /
    11
    ..
    2
    = J tan'' ., (I 4 tan xJ d1
    0

    1.. + 111. 2 =
    Jf./4
    r t,111
    11
    ,\ li4'(:2 \ ,11
    0
    t = tan x. Then, ,ti = s.:1:2 .Y .Ix
    n
    n ) l,111
    t,m O - 0 nnd, X
    x :O ⇒ t ;:
    4

    I 11•1
    ,11
    I,. + 111 .. 2 = J
    n
    dt = - -
    n+l [\ 1· .JI]
    ,:
    n ~ 1
    19.38 1 l
    1t/4 1 1 +I ' I J ,... · from
    +
    If I11 = -f tanu x dx, +
    show t/Jat _-1
    2 14. ' ]3
    , + ls , I4 6 5 7

    F.XA.MPLf: J5
    0
    Find the common difference of this 11rogressiort.
    SOLUTION We have, .r./4
    1t/4 J tan11 + 2 x dx
    1
    11
    = f tanu x dx ⇒ 111 + 2 =
    0
    0
    7t ;t/4 11 2
    In+ In+ 2 = J tan 11
    xdx + J tan + X dx
    0 ()
    11/4
    11 2
    = tan x (1 + t,tn x) dx
    I0

    m
    l,1 + In+ 2

    o
    ,i/4

    .c
    11 2
    =
    ⇒ J0 tan x sec x dx

    du
    1

    oe
    ⇒
    = J t" dt, where t = tan x.
    0

    •[~•::I •":
    ch
    , • • 2, 3, 4, 5, ....
    te
    ⇒
    1
    m

    1
    I J1_ .,_ Iti+ 2 = n + I, n = 2 3 4 5 I'- I I I• • • •
    fro

    1 1
    ⇒ l2+J4=3,--
    l3 + 15 = 4' 1 +1 l = S, - 1- - 6
    Oearly 3 4 . 4 6 ls + I7 - ' .....
    d

    · ' ' J ' 5, 6, .....


    1 1sanAPwith common
    · ,
    de

    difference ·1
    Hence,-.- - _ _ 4 1 6 ·
    I 2 + I 4 ' I + ls' l "+r , ···· .IS an AP with common difference 1.
    oa

    3
    nl

    LEVEL-1 [
    w

    Evaluate
    4 thefi //owmg °
    . integrals:
    do

    1 J
    2 x2
    X
    + 1 dx IN CERT) 2
    2
    f 1
    • X ( rix
    2 I l+ logx)2
    3x n/2
    3· I1 - 2- dx f() ..,"-- 'I
    coi;--
    9 x -1 4.
    a
    \" -~ 3-.. dt
    5. J ' 2x dx
    I
    ,,.,· Slt1 \'

    0 Va + x2 6. I
    {) I ➔
    ,,,_ rlx
    e~·'
    1 ?
    x-
    7. I0 xe· dx
    8.
    ;1

    J c:os-(log
    - __x·).
    dx
    l X
    2x
    9. I0 -.L +- 4x dx 10.
    ll

    J '\;
    0
    ra2- ·- x2. <X
    j
    EFINITE INTEGRALS
    19.39
    rc/2 n/2
    11. J.fin IP COSS$ d<I} INCERTJ 12. I 1'0~ X
    rh
    0 () 1 I ~in 2 ,\ '
    rc/2 .
    Slll 0· n/ •'
    t3. f J1 -icosO d0 14
    ·
    J co:; .\
    dx
    0 O 3 I4 i;in 1·

    l {tan -lx 2
    15. f --'---2
    0 1 -+ X
    dx "I 6. J x ✓x 1 2 ,Ix INCf.H1 I
    0

    11.j tan
    1 2x ldx
    Il1 -x IS
    .
    1t/2 .
    J $ 111 X COS X
    4 c/;\
    2
    o o l + sin x

    m
    1t12 d n/2
    J -acosx+bsinx
    x n, b > 0 20. J -5+ 41si.n x clx

    o
    19.

    .c
    0 0
    1
    f .
    It
    sin x

    du
    1t
    f
    21. • --dx 22. dx
    O SIJ1 .\+COS X O 3 t 2 Sm X+ cos .-r

    Xp"(
    oe
    1/2 . -1
    23.
    1
    f tan - 1
    x dx
    24.
    ch j 2
    dx
    o 1-x
    0
    n/4
    n/4
    f (.Jtan x + ✓Cot x) dx [CBSE 2012] f 1 +ta,;tcos3 x2x
    te
    26. dx
    25.
    0
    -0
    m

    rt/'l.
    1
    f-
    It
    28. f 2 . 2l 2 2dx
    fro

    27. -- dx
    5 +3cosx ...o fl sm 1 + .Li cos x
    0 1 - 1
    ll/2
    f x+ .
    30. f tru.i ;°' dx [NCERTJ
    d

    29. sin x dx LCBSE2011]


    o l +x
    de

    1 +cosx
    0
    1
    rr./ 4 .
    f tan - 1 X dx
    oa

    -i;mx+cosx [CBSE 2015] 32. X


    3L
    J0 _ _..:.,:.~dx
    3+ sin2x 0
    nl

    3
    1 l
    33. f - -x
    2 34. Jl 24· x2 4 rlx
    w

    4 2
    dx
    · 0 (1 + X )
    0 X +X +1
    do

    1t/2

    35.
    12
    f x( x -4) ax 113 36. f x2 sin x d~
    0
    4 'I
    l - x2
    37. f ~1 -x dx [CBSTI 20041 38. J 2 2 dx
    o( I ~.\)
    O 1+ X
    n/2 2
    l Ll- COH,\ I I CUSl". 20 151
    39. J 5x ,p? + 1 dx 4 [NCW{TI 40.
    J0 . 2 • I ,\
    l + 3sm .1
    -1
    1t 4
    41..
    '11/4
    f sin 3 2t cos 2f dt [NCliRTI
    42. J 5 (5 4 cm; 0) l/ sin Od 0
    0
    0 2/3
    (1t) 2 3/2
    43.
    ff/6
    J cos- 3 2 9 sin 2 9 de 44. J .Jx cos x dx
    0
    0
    r,./ 2 5 d
    19.40 cos X X
    46. J
    1 dx [CSSEZ0031 0
    2
    45, f x (1 + log x)2
    ]

    9J ✓x - dx
    47. - 3/ 2 2
    (30 - X )
    4
    2
    "
    in 3 X (1 + 2 COS X) (1 + C05 X
    ) dx.
    48, f
    0
    S

    n/ 2 - 1 ( . ) dx
    49, J 2 sin x cos x tall SJJ1. X
    0 [ LEVEL-2]

    m
    1
    f (cos- 1 x)2 dx

    o
    11/ 2 51.
    f sin 2x ta.11- 1 (sin x) dx

    .c
    so. 0

    . ,--
    du
    0 n/ 2 .,)1 + COS X
    53. J (1-cos x) 3/2 dx
    J sin- 1 ~___::_
    oe
    52. dx 1113
    a+x
    0
    ch
    ~J x
    1a2-x2 55. aJ ~a-x
    - - dX
    54. 2 d,x a+x
    te
    2 -a
    0 ~a +x
    1t/2
    m

    rr./ 2 tan X
    sinxcosx 57. dx
    56.
    f cos2 x+ 3cosx+2 dx J 2 2
    fro

    o l+m. ta11 X
    0
    1/2 1
    1
    58. J - dx 59. J
    d

    o (l +x2),'1-x2
    de

    1/3
    Jt/ 4 · 2 2 1t/2
    J
    sm xcos x
    f vcosx-cos 3 x(sec2 x - 1)cos2
    oa

    60 • dx Gl.
    o (sin 3 x + cos 3 x) 2
    0
    nl

    n/'2.
    62. J cos x dx
    iJ
    w
    do

    O (cos~+ sin

    1, 1 tog 17J
    2 r5 log 2
    2. - -
    log 2e 3.
    1
    6 (log 35 - log 8) 4.
    5. a(../2 - 1) 6. tan - ·1
    e 1t
    7. :__- ]
    4 8.
    2
    9. ~ lo.
    7t a2
    4 4 I I.
    -231
    64
    12.
    1t

    13. 2(./2-J)
    14. ~log( ~:✓~J 15. - 1t3/2
    ·1
    4

    12 16. ·t§_ (2 +
    15
    19.41

    18.
    1t
    8 log [" + 11 ~ Ja2 ' bl ]
    ,, _..,, Ja2 +bl

    22. II n I
    23. log 2
    i 2
    24 l
    2-.iJj
    1t
    2,,. 1
    27 1t
    8 l

    29.
    1t .,c2 I
    30, 11 log, 3
    2 :12 4
    1 35, 720
    33. log 3 34. 1
    2 7

    m
    37. - -1
    lt 1
    38. - 39. 4✓ 2
    2 2 3

    o
    .n 1

    .c
    -12. 9../3 -1 l3. 3
    8 4

    du
    4,:,. lo~2- 46. S 47. 19
    1 + log 2 15 w
    4· 1t 1 so. -1t
    oe
    1 51. it-2
    ch
    2 2

    53. 1 a2(~ -½
    ) 55. l'tll
    te
    54.

    {3_
    m

    58. ....!_ tan- 1 59. 6


    .[2 V3
    fro

    61
    8 62. -2[2-;-1] 1
    d

    21 2-n
    de

    _ _ _ _ _ HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROBL;;A1S


    oa

    4
    1
    [Jog (x 2 1 1
    I
    1
    nl

    +1 == (lo~ 17 - log 5) = log


    2 2
    w

    2
    do

    1t • 1t
    0 ⇒ t == sin O = 0 an d ~ = 2 o I == "'° 2
    1 I
    I .Jio-t2>2dt - J J1<1 2, 2 .,,-'i.t1
    0 0
    f 2 13/2 _! ,712 ➔ 2 ,1112 l' 2 I 2 hi
    231
    L3 1 11 j0 :1 7 II

    x .Jx+2dx.Letx+2-= 12. lhl•n,,h 2tdt


    2
    _- = 0 ⇒ 12 = 2 ⇒ t • Ji and, x == 2 ⇒ t == 4 ~ t = 2
    19.42

    T = f
    2 2 2 lt22tdt = 2
    (t - ) \ fi
    (t
    2
    I
    4- 2t2) dt "" 2 [~ - 2 ;'

    ff.)
    t-v2
    32 + J6 Ji
    ti ✓--'i -4- -
    32 16J_ 4 -
    l = 2 [(-- -3) 5 3
    ( li•)] "'2 (!~ 15 +
    l
    s;2 "' - 1s
    ⇒ ltJ/4 -tan~,3 .
    5
    dx = 1-2
    1t/4
    f tan 3 .t .sec2
    1
    x d x --
    -2
    f
    O
    t 3 dt 1 w heret = tanx
    ')61 -
    ~- - -x •0

    02('10S[t~ ]1= ~ (~ - 0) = .!_


    ⇒ I=-
    2 4 24 8

    m
    0

    tan - dx and let tan - 1 x = t. Then,

    o
    1 1 .,
    30. Let f = J - l+x2

    .c
    0

    du
    d (tan - 1 x) = dt ⇒

    oe
    Also, x = 0 ⇒ t - tan- l 0 = O and ' x=l

    [l it/ 4 2
    ch
    rr/4t2 K
    I
    = .r tdt = -2 - 32
    te

    0 0
    . x+cosx sinx+cosx dx
    ~ _'Jt/4
    J sm 1t/J4
    m

    dx = - 2
    .>l. Let I - 3 +sin 2x 4-(sinx-cosx)
    fro

    0 0

    = I =41 [ log 1\22 +-sinx+


    sinx-cosx!J
    co.sx, o
    rr/( =_!_Jog.!.. == .!..loge 3
    4 3 4
    d
    de

    1 1
    3- f -Jr -.=~dx
    1-x l
    ~~dx
    =J - 2 +-1J
    2 {j-2x 2 dx.
    oa

    I. - /---;:;
    o -v1 -x- o i/1 -x O, 1- x

    l 1
    nl

    =[sin- x
    1
    J: +½[ 2.f1-x
    2
    == ( sin -l l -sin- 10 )+ (0 - 1)"' i-1
    w
    do

    1
    4
    39. Letl = J5 x
    1
    {x5 + l d:1: and lcl x5; I - /, Tlwn, d(. 5 . l)
    1 1

    Also, x = - l ⇒ t = 0 and, x = l => /· = 2,


    312 2
    T= J .Ji dt = 2_ [1 ] - '!: x 2 3/2,,, ±-./2
    0 3 o 3 3
    FINITE INtEGAAlS

    .
    Let I = J 1..50s
    '11:/2 2
    x
    3,:-r-tfx.Thcn
    19.43
    o -t sm x '
    'lr/2 2
    I - I -~'"
    . 2 - d:f. D1cn
    1
    0 + 3sin X '
    '11:./ 2
    I- J -sec:?- \~(, 2
    sec2 y
    -
    ac,0 • sec x + 3 tan 2 x) dx [Diving Nt and Dr by cos4 x ]

    I=J - 2~ - ,,~ it
    O (1 + t ) (1 + 4t~)
    1 , Wl1cret = tan "
    .,

    f (-1

    m
    4 1
    I= .!_
    3 l+f2· --l+ t2 ) dt
    · ==-3 [ tan ~1t - 2tan 1 2L] "'
    4

    o
    0 0

    .c
    I = -½(;- rr)=:

    du
    111 4 ,, I
    f sin 3 2 t cos 2 t dt ,md le\: sin: 2t = u. Then
    oe
    • Let I =
    0 I
    I' ! I
    ch
    '
    tl(sin 2 t ) = du ⇒ 2 cos 2 f dt = dti ⇒ ~os 2·t ,d t •~ !_
    • 2)!
    au
    te

    Also, t = 0 ⇒ 11 = sin O = Oand,t \ .


    m

    !2 f 11 3 du [u
    1
    !.
    fro

    4
    .. I = = I_ ] =
    8 o 8
    0
    d

    9
    ,.Ix
    I d
    x. Let 30 - x
    3/'1.· ' ' 3 r:c •
    = t. Tb,ep , ,,- ": x dx . F dt.,
    de

    .I =
    (30-x 312) 2 , 2 '
    4
    Now, r = 4 ⇒ I = 22 and, x ,⇒
    oa

    = 9 f = 3'

    1.!.. I[!.]3 _!._) "'


    nl

    l-= - 2 dt = = 2 ( t, - 19
    3 22 t 2 3 f 22 3 3 22 99
    w
    do

    4 PROPERTIES OF DEFINlfE INTEGftALS '


    ~ ' we will study some fundamental properties of definite in tegrals which ,ut:' \ e ry
    an evaluating integrals.
    A.1 PROPERTY I
    ATEUENT fb f(x) dx = fb /(I) df i. 11.1 integ i-atio11 is i111/epe11ck11t of f/11• clwng<' of vc1rhil 1le.
    a 11

    Let c!>(x) be a primitive of f( x). TI«' n,


    1
    "'X
    {c!>(x)} = f(x) ⇒ d {q,(t) } "" /(I).
    dt
    '1 b
    ,J /(x)dx = [<1> (x)] c 4> (b) - ,j> (a)
    ...(i)
    « a
    h b
    ...(ii)
    / f(t) dt "' <I> (x) c <j>(b) - <j> (a)
    a
    19.44

    . and (li) ' we obtain


    Frain (J)
    I n
    { f(x) d., = _f(I) dt J
    /1
    a n
    19 4 2 PROPERTY II /1 .r / (.Y) dx
    .. .
    (Orrfrrof,11/c):nl/lt>II ·
    . )· J f(i)· d.\ 1, . .
    STATEMENT ' 11 ., . /111! c/1n11gPs by 1/ltn /.Jr, sign
    .' t/"''/// 1l/'(' //1/.(1, .(·l1n111;<'
    " ' C
    d then , s va
    i.e., if thr limit;, o/ ,1 d,'/1111'.i' ''.'.
    f f(r) Then, s,
    .·
    rR(.l(lf L12 tJ.'x)bea
    ~'\• pnm1tivc o . · ·
    1,
    J ((x) dx 4>(b) - <l>(n)
    ,1

    m
    and, -r ((x) dx = - l(<l>(a) -4>(/i)I = 4>(b) - c~(n)

    o
    .c
    (,
    b a
    f f (x) dx J f(x} dx

    du
    =-
    n 1,

    oe
    19 .4.3 PROPERTY Ill b c b

    J f(x) dx = j. f(X) ';{X + J f(x)·


    ch
    s~ATEMENT (Additivity): . dx, where a< c < b.
    a C
    te

    PRllOi- Let ch (x) be a primitive of f(x) . Then,


    m

    b
    J.f(x) dx = <!>(b) - cl>(a)
    fro

    a
    C f>

    and, [ f(x) dx + J /(x) dx = [<!>(c) - cl>(a)] + (cl>(b) - <l>(c)] = <l>(b) - <!>(a)


    d
    de

    a C

    From (i) and (ii), we get


    b c b
    oa

    J f(x) dx = J f (x) dx + J f(x) dx


    a a c
    nl

    The above property can be generalized into Nu! following form


    w

    GENERAUU>- TION
    ~ '1 '2 b
    do

    J f(x) dx =J /(x) dx + Jc f(x) dx + ... + Jc /(x) dx,


    " 11
    where r1 < cl < r < c_1 ....... ,·,,
    2
    1 11

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

    EXAMPLE l Eva/11n/1•:
    l LEVEL-1J
    J
    0) J /(x) dx, wl,ere f(x) { 11 I
    - I ( II) J /(1) riY, wit,,,.., I ( 1)
    I
    SOLUTION (i) We have,
    l - 2x, :r < 0
    f(x) ={ l 2x, x ~ O
    HEMATI
    olflNITE INTEGRAL.$
    19.45
    1 0 I
    J .f(x) dx = I f c~·) dx Jf(x) dx I

    - 1 1 O
    1 0 l
    J / (x) dx = J (l - 2x) dx + J(1 ~ 2:,;) dx [By using the definition off(x)l
    - I - I 0

    J / (x)dx=[x~x2 ]0 l +[r+x2.1: = [0 - (-1 - 1)1t[(l+l) (0)1=4

    (ii) Using additivity of i\1tegration, we obtain


    4 2 4
    J f (x) dx =Jf (x) dx + J .f(x) dx

    m
    1 1 2

    o
    -t 2 4
    J/ (x) dx =J (2x ~ 8) dx + J 6x dx

    .c
    [Using the definition of f (x)]
    I 1 2

    du
    j f (x)dx =[x2 +sxJ2 + [ 3.,.:2r = [(4+1,6)-(1+8)]+[48-12] = 47
    oe
    I 1 2

    l!ICAMl'LE 2 Evaluate:
    ch
    1[ I, ,5 I
    l
    ti) JIsx - 3 I dx (ii) JI cos X l ~;\1 (iii) J Ix - 2 1dx (iv) J e1xi dx
    te

    Q I fl - l
    0
    2 4
    m

    (v) JI x 2
    + 2x - 31dx (vi) J(lx-1 \+lx-21 +lx - 3l)d.t [NCERT]
    fro

    0 1
    2
    (¥Ji) f I.r3 - xi dx [NCERT, CBSE 2012, 2013, 2016]
    d

    -1
    de

    SOWTTON (i) Clearly,


    3

    l
    -(Sx-3) when 5x-3<0 i.e., x<
    oa

    Q. 5
    ISx - 31=
    Sx - 3 whe11 Sx - 3;:;: 0 1.e.,
    ' x ~ ·3
    nl

    5
    w

    tlit graphof y = ISx - 31 is shown in Fig. 19.1.


    do

    j
    l
    ,!.. - -
    (l , ll} X
    X'

    y•
    Fig. 19.1 Graph of !I ~ 15-" - 31
    MATHEMA

    [U~ing additive pr

    13

    m
    10

    o
    .c
    (ii) \Ve know that

    du
    n
    cosx when 05x~
    r 2

    oe
    1 cos xi
    = 1cos n
    x when - :,; x
    2
    ~ n
    ch
    y
    te

    (0, 1) =
    y= !cos.,! (r-, 1)
    m
    fro

    X' 0 (it/i, 0) (rr, 0) X


    d

    = •
    de
    oa

    y·
    Fig.19.2Graph of y = cos xi
    nl

    1t

    JI cos x I dx. Using additive property, we obtalt1


    w

    Let/ =
    0
    do

    n/2 n
    I = JI cos x I dx + J I ens ~- I clx
    fJ 71/2
    lt/2
    I J<¼x dx ◄
    !/
    f(
    •ii
    ('Oh X) Jx

    ,r/2 IJ
    I fsin .1 Ju lf,111 xJ
    ,l/2
    I I I

    (iii) Clearly, Ix 21 J x 2 w lwu 1 .!. u


    l ( 1 2) w l11•11 .!. ()
    The graph of y =Ix 21is shuwn in l 'ig l':1..l,
    y

    (-5, ?)
    y ~-(.,· 2)
    '

    x· (-5, o)

    m
    Y'
    Fig.i9.3 Graph of)l= I~ 21

    o
    5

    .c
    I= JI .x - 2 I dx.

    du
    Usil'lg additive property, w e obtain

    oe
    2 5
    I== J [.x-2\dx+ f \ .x - 2ldx ch
    -5 2
    2 5
    1 = J -(x - 2) dx + (:x - 2) dx f
    te

    -5 2

    •·[,,-,:L •l': -,'],


    m
    fro

    I=(2+ ~J+(~+ 2)==29


    d
    de

    x, when x2 0
    oa

    (iv) Clearly, I x \ = { - x, wen


    h .x< 0
    nl

    The graph ofy ==elx\ is shown in Fig. 19.4.


    w

    l
    let l = J elx\ dx.
    do

    -] y

    Y'
    1 1
    F,g .19.4 Graph ol e ·'
    MATHEMA

    19 .48

    . additive proper·tv
    , , we obtain 2
    Usmg o
    11·1 dx + [
    1
    e
    1xl
    dx
    j / (x)
    I"' J e • I

    -01 0 ]1 1) + (e 1 - 1)
    2
    = 2e - 2
    1 [ ]0 [
    -x + e X == (-l+e I (-x
    I=f e- -'dx+J idx= -e -1 O I
    ⇒
    -1 0
    x2
    --2
    _2f I t2 + 2x - 3 I dx
    (v) Let I - for different values
    . s of x 2 + 2x- 3
    2
    Clearly, X + 2
    o
    3 = (x x- + 3) (x - l ). The sign

    m
    shown in Fig. l 9.5.

    o
    00

    .c
    -«> -3 0 z1
    Fig. 19.5 Signs of x + 2x - 3

    du
    1 O<x<l
    -(x2 +2x-3) , ·f
    rl
    oe
    ·
    I x2 + 2x - 3 I = 2 , if 1 s x s 2
    (x + 2x - 3)
    ch
    Using additive property, we obtain
    te

    1 2
    1 = J I x2 + 2x - 3 I dx + J I x2 + 2x - 3 I dx
    m

    0 l
    =
    1 2 2
    fro

    1 = J- (x2 + 2x - 3) dx + J (x + 2x - 3) dx

    0 1 l 12
    d

    =-lx: +x2-3xl+(x: 2
    de

    ::::, I +x - 3x
    1
    oa

    r= -{(½ +1-3)-o}+{(l+4-6)-(~+1 -3)} 5 2 5


    = -+ - + - =4
    3 3 3
    nl

    j (1 x - 11 + I x - 2 I + I x - 31) dx and f (x)


    w

    (vi) Let I = = I x - 1 I + I x - 2 I + I x - 3I
    1
    do

    Here, we have three critical points, namely x = 1, 2, 3. When these points are m,uked
    line, it is divided into four par~ as shown in Fig. 19.6. 'Therefore, to remove the modul
    we consider the following four cases:

    1 2 3
    Pig. 19.6 "'
    (i) X <1
    (i i) l S x < 2 (iii) 2 s, < 3 c1nd (iv) y 2:: 3.
    -(x-1) (x-2) (x 3) -~x , 6 ii'\' 1

    f (x) = (x - 1) - (x 2) (X 3) -x l· 4 , lf l s x < 2
    Le
    (x - 1) + (x - 2) (x 3) - x if 2 $ x <
    3
    (x -J) + (x - 2) +(x -3)
    = 3x-6 , if x~g
    Using additive property, we obtain
    19A9

    (U ng (1J

    o m
    .

    .c
    3
    y f tx) = x - x = x (x -1) (x + 1)

    du
    stgns off (x) for different values of x are shown in Fig. 19.7.

    oe
    + +
    00
    -1 0 1
    ch
    Fig. 19.7 Signs of j{x) for different values of x
    te

    f (x) > 0 for all x e(- 1, 0) v (1, 2) and, f (x) <0 for all x e(O, 1)
    m

    f(x) I = { f (x) , x e ( -1, O) v (1, 2)


    fro

    - j(x), x e(O, 1)

    x3 -x i = J x:-x,xE(-1, O) v(l, 2)
    d

    1-<x
    de

    -x), xe(0,1)
    0 1 2
    = J !x 3 - xldx+ J !x 3 - xj dx+ Jl x3 - xl
    oa

    1 dx [Usingadditivepropeny}
    - 1 0 1
    nl

    O 1 2
    I = f (x 3 -x)dx-J (x 3 -x)dx+ J(x3 -x) dx
    w

    -1 0 1
    do

    ,.[{-':L-[': ,:i: •[': -':I


    1 = (14_IJ
    ' -rl 1)+(16 4)-(1 I)=3 +(~ 2),. ll
    2 42 44 42 4

    [ LEVEL· 2l
    3~
    If a > 0, find f Ix 2 2
    - a I dx.
    0
    LUTION Let f(x) = x2 -a2. Then, J(x) = (x ti) (x r 11). The sign o[ /( t) for diffownt Yalues of x

    shown in Fig. 19.8.


    •
    19.50
    ____. . ~o~ 3a

    - -a fig. 19.8

    m
    Ev

    o
    We

    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    1,
    1
    te

    n/4 J
    e-x !sin 2xl dx = ~ (4 + en/ -e
    4
    l:XAMPLE4 Find Je-x sin 2x dx.Hence show that f
    m

    -n/4
    fro

    SOLUTION Lctl = J e-x sin 2x dx. Then,


    I U

    r = - 1 e-x cos2x - J(-1) e- x x -


    d

    l cos2xdx
    2 2
    de

    1 =--1 e-x cos2x - -1 f e-x· cos 2xdx


    oa

    2 2 I II
    => 1 -x cos2x--
    / ---e 1 -x sin 2x -
    1 { -e J (- 1) -x l . }
    2 2 · e x s in 2x dx
    nl

    2
    2
    Je-x sin 2x dx
    w

    =-!.e x C(JS2X - l e-x stn


    I
    2 4 · 2x - l
    4
    do

    _ 1 -x
    I -- 1 -r . 1
    e cos2x--e sm2x -- 1
    2
    5 1 X 4 4
    1 e (il L
    4 =4 (2cos2x 1-si.n 2x)

    I 1 -x
    = e (hin2:r ➔ 2cos2:r) 1-C
    5
    ..• .
    I sm2xl= 1-sin2:r,if - n:4 ""x< ()
    sin2x, iJO s:r., n
    usmg
    ' additive property, we obtain 4
    lt/4- 0
    I= f e-xlsin2xl dx = f ,,-, I . R/4
    -1t/4 sm2:rld~·+ J -x
    " 14 0
    e · Isin 2xl dX
    19.51
    O a 4
    J " ' ,m 2x dx + J e .t
    sm2rd.T
    % 4 0

    1,; e " ("-m 2x .. 2cns2.l.) I


    e 2cos2t
    11 1 l S

    E ·• J log xldx.

    m
    l t
    \\ e knm, that logrx <0 for x E(O, I) and kig, z.0 for x ~1.

    o
    T

    .c
    -log, 'I'. , til e<x<l
    X ""

    du
    (

    oe
    - f log x dx Then.
    1 r
    ch
    1 r [Usmg additive property}
    - J logr x dx • I Jl logr xi dx
    te

    • t 1
    1
    m

    t
    - j - logt x dx + f log, ;r dx
    fro

    t 1
    1 t
    - - f loge ::r d:r - J logt x dx
    d
    de

    1/t 1
    .r(logtx-1) 1 -1-[x(logr x-l)lrr__l' f IOSr' J:r=x(iog:x-1)
    oa

    ,. 1
    --lit - 1
    1 -L-1..-; r "'] ..,
    nl

    - l(O-J)--;(-1-1) .,.. ..e(1-1)- 1(0- 1) ,. T(O+l) .a 2-:


    w
    do

    2
    dx (ti) f (::r2I dx I)
    0
    l1 U ing add1t1vc proper!), we obtain
    1 2 1
    j f
    Ix! dx .. [x1 d.r t- (xi dx .. Ix! ,11 f f
    0 I Z
    1 2 'J (2 t) t(b 4l
    f f
    Ix) dx = Odx + 1 . dx ..- 2. dl o " J J
    0 1 2
    Using additive property, we obtain
    2 I 2 ,:J 2 ~
    f (:r2J dx = f ti)dx-. "JI:?! ,h " J ti1 dx,. f tx-·J dr
    0 o 1 ,2 "')
    19.52
    13 2
    1 Ji 'f 2dx+ r 3dx
    f [x2] dx = f Odx + f 1. dx + Ji h
    0 0 1
    [ ]2
    /3·+3X
    [x l
    2 ,J2
    J rx21 dx "' 0 + + 2 [ x J.,12 ./3
    0

    ⇒ J2 [x2Jdx "' 0 + ( li. -1) + 2 (v;;,f"ii3 - ",1.Fi) + 3 (2 -,/3)


    0

    r;:; 6 31'J=5-.fi-.f3
    => I rx2ittx = ft.-1+2fi-2v2+
    2
    - ";;,

    m
    0

    o
    (iii) Using additive proper ty, we obtain

    .c
    15 1 ../2 1.5 2
    J [x2] dx = J [x2] dx + f [x2] dx + J [x ] dx

    du
    0 0 1 ../2

    oe
    15 1 fi 15
    ⇒ J 2
    [x Jdx = J Odx + J 1. dx + J 2 dx
    ch
    0 0 1 /'i.
    ]fi +2 [x ]15
    te

    ⇒ 15J [x ]dx
    2
    = 0+ [x _ = 0+(..fi_ - 1) + 2(15 - ,fi) = 2 - ,J2 -
    1
    O 1 v2
    m
    fro

    E>..AM.PLE 7 If[· ) denotes the greatest integer function, then find the value of J2 [3x] dx.
    1
    d

    SOLUTION We observe that 3x e[3, 6) whenx e[l , 2].


    de

    l
    3, if 3 :,; 3x < 4
    [3x] = 4, if 4 $ 3x <5
    oa

    E.
    5, i£5$3x<6
    nl

    3, ifl $x < 4/3


    w

    [3x] = 4, if 4/3 $ x <SI 3 '


    1
    do

    5, ifS/3 ~ x <2
    2 4/ 3 5/3 6/3
    { [3x] dx = J [3x) dx + J [3x] dx + J [3x] dx
    J 4/ 3 5/3 [By usi ng ,ldditive
    2 4/ 3 5/ 3 6
    /3
    I [3x] dx = I 3 dx 1 J 4 dx 1 J 5 dx
    1 1 4/ '3 !j/ 3
    2
    ⇒
    J [3x]dx = 3(i - 1) +4( 5 4) 1 s(63
    EXAMPLE 8
    1 3
    Let f (x) = x - [x], for every real n111nbe
    3 3
    3
    !)- J +4+
    3
    9- = 4.
    1 r x, where [x] 18
    •
    equal to x. Then, evaluate J f (x) dx. · the greatest integer I
    - 1
    19.53
    L!JflON Clearly, x-[x] ={X-(-l) =x+ 1, if-1 $x <O
    l
    .,-O=x 1'fO ' S.,1:'<l

    J (x -[x])dx"' -11 (x -[Yl)dx + ft (.·' _ [x]) dx


    - 1 (By using the additive property]
    0
    0
    = f (x + l) dx + J0 (x -0) dx = [(x +21)2.] o + [x2]
    -] 2
    1=2+2=
    l 1
    1
    - I 0
    lt is evident from the graph of y = f (x) that

    om
    A(O, 1) B(l, 1)

    .c
    du
    X' X

    oe
    (-2, 0) ch
    te

    Y'
    m

    Fig. 19.9 Graph of f(x} =x- [x)


    fro

    •,
    1
    Jf (x) dx = Area of 6 OLA+ Area oft. 0MB
    d

    -1
    1
    de

    =2 (Area oft.OMB) = 2x - (OM x MB) =1 x 1 =l .


    2 .
    oa

    EXAMPU: 9 Evaluate:

    'J 1[ 2] 1J (3x - .3]


    tan
    - 1 ~
    dx
    nl

    (1) tan - 2x dx (ii) 2·


    1 -3x
    1 - x 0
    w

    0
    do

    2 tan - 1 x , if - l <x<1

    - 1t +
    2 tan - l X , if X > 1
    1t+2 tan - 1 x , ifx <-1

    I == f tan- 1 (-2x- 2Jdx


    ../3

    I
    0
    O

    = f1 tan - 1 (
    1-X

    2
    1-X
    2
    l
    dx + /3 tan
    x
    t
    f 1(
    1 -x
    2x ] dx
    2
    lUsing additive prnperty]

    l / 3 1
    I = f 2 tan - 1 x dx + J (- 1t + 2 tan - x) dx
    0 l
    MATHEMATl

    19.54
    1 .[3 .[Jj - 1 d1
    J 2 tan - 1 x dx + J - 1t dx +
    l
    I == 2 tan x .

    0\ 1 1
    1.f-3 2
    ,1 -
    ,
    1 ,. dx - 1t
    /Jf
    1 . 'iX
    1 = i2tan- xdx+ l tan ., 1

    o m
    ⇒

    .c
    du
    = 2(~J3-½(log4-log l)1 -n(J3- l) oe
    ch
    1
    te

    r = 2 .t..}3-log4 -1t (J3- 1) == n(l _ ~-l -log 4


    = 3 ~ -.i3)
    m

    3tan- 1 x if- l /J3 <x < l .f3


    fro

    (u.. } 0 eary,tan
    l -1l3x-x3J-
    J - 3x-
    ? -
    - n+3tan- 1 x, ifx >l/.j3
    ..., = -
    •
    if X <- 1/-!3
    d
    de

    l =f tan-1( 3x-x:\dx
    l
    oa

    o 1- 3x J
    1/J -•
    nl

    = I= tan-1 J3x-x: \ dx + [ tan _i( sx-x3\ [Using additive pro


    J l J
    w

    O ( 1 - 3x 11f'5 1 _ 3 x2
    do

    1/ ✓3 1
    I= f
    0
    3tan 1 xdx+
    Jr (-n+ 3 tan 1 X·) ,a
    _,
    1/.fj

    ⇒
    I = 11/
    l
    J
    O
    3 tan 1 x dx +

    I
    1/ ../3
    f 3 tan l x 1/x l 1 JI _Tt dx
    11 ✓ 1

    ⇒ l = f3tan lx 1t f dx
    0

    rLx an
    1/..j?,

    . ta: 4
    "') J j{.t) d.t, w

    l
    1 - 3
    - 1
    -1
    x-21 log(l + x2) Jo1, 1t X
    1
    ~
    J I
    x d.Y I
    L11/ ,/3
    - x tan 1 x _.!_ log (1
    2
    19.55
    I =
    1) 3 log 2
    4 2
    tan x
    .,,,.,..,.,LE 10 Prove that f di I
    tut r
    J I dt
    l/ r I ~ ,2 2 I /or all x for w/Jirh tan x and cot x r1re
    1/r t (1 I 1 )

    tan .1·
    f CtJt .'(
    Let 11 = f ~ dt and 12 = J _.!_
    1/e l + t 1/el(l+t2) dt.
    1 1
    Hlno t = -
    •--o II and dt = - -.2 du in ! , we get
    2
    u

    m
    tanx 3 tanx
    Ie u x-~
    f ~ du

    o
    12 = 2 2 du= -
    1 +u u

    .c
    e 1 +u
    tan x

    du
    t
    12 = - I - - dt
    2
    ] +t
    [·: Integration is independenf of change of variable!

    oe
    ch
    te
    m
    fro
    d
    de
    oa

    1
    = - x-2 1oge = l
    nl

    2
    w

    _ _ _EXERCISE 19.3
    do

    - -- - - - -----;==
    LE
    ~v==e=== 17
    L-=:= _ __

    &aliu,re tlie following integrals: ,


    4 { 4x+3, if 1 ~ x ~ 2 (iv) j I·',·. I dx
    l. (1) J J(x) dx, where f(x) = 3x + 5, if 2 < X < 4 I
    1
    f sin x , 0 S x < rr.l 2

    (ii) r
    9
    f(x) dx, where f(x)
    J l
    lex - 3
    , 1t/2:::1•.;3
    3 :s X <; 9

    4 7 x+ 3 , if 1 sx!.3
    (iii) f f (x) dx, where f (x) = { Sx if 3 ~ x ~ 4
    l
    19.56 3
    4
    3, J1x+ll dx
    2. J Jx+2.ldx - 3
    !I,
    -4 2
    l 5- J I2x + 31dx
    4. Jl2x + 11 dx -2
    10.
    l 3
    li
    2 7 J 12x - ll dx
    0• J Ix2 - 3x + 2j dx 1
    0 2
    6 9. J Jx + 11 dx
    s. f J.,+2jdx -2
    - (, rd2
    2
    u. J Jcos 211 dx

    m
    10. J Ix - S: dx 0

    o
    1
    n/4

    .c
    2n:
    11. J sin .i.j dx 13. J Jsinxldx

    du
    0 -rt/ 4
    n/2

    oe
    -!
    14. flx - 5(dx [CBSE2020) 15. J (sin Jxl+ coslxl)dx
    ch
    1 - n/2
    4 4
    J{lx -ll+Jx-2l+lx - 41} dx
    te

    16 J x-1 I dx
    J [NCERTJ 17.
    0 1
    m

    0
    1S. J / (x) dx,where/ (x) =IxJ +Ix+ 21 +Ix+5 I
    fro

    -5

    !(1 xl..-J x-21+I x-41)dx


    4
    d

    1':l. - b
    de

    2
    oa

    2.C. f(xTll +lxl+lx-lJ) dx


    -1
    nl

    2
    : ~ Jx eIxi dx 1t/2
    w

    2 22. f sin x I sin xi dx


    do

    - 1t/4
    ~

    23 - f cosx I CQS xJ dx Tt/2


    0 24. f
    - rr./ 2
    (2sinJ x l +cos .xJ) tfa
    .
    ll
    25• J sin -I (sin x) dx lt/ 2
    -n/2
    26.
    f
    2
    27. J 2x [x] dx
    0

    1. (i) 37
    (iii) 62 ('lV) I
    2. 20
    -- INTEGRALS 19.57

    -52 5. 25
    2
    6 1 6 40
    3
    5 10. -"l 11 1 12 4 I 2-,..2
    le;
    1S. 4 16. S 17
    n ft-1
    2 2 2
    19 - l
    20 20.
    ...., 21 0
    8
    +
    4
    0

    6
    . , __2
    2.-- •'- 26
    ,I
    27. 3 2 f'.2
    s J
    HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED P OSLE

    l;-2

    m
    4 - 4 r 2
    2
    1,
    f f/x-:ldr=- 1+-2r
    1

    o
    r ... :!. dx- j -(x + ~) dr + +- - +2.xl
    J-2

    .c
    -4 -4 ._ -4

    du
    oe
    ch
    -11 : l
    J 2r - 11 dx - j - (2.r ... 1) dx + J (2x + 1) dx
    te

    -1 -1/2
    m

    2 - J/: "'t

    J 2x - 3j dx = J - (2.x: + 3) dx + j c2x + 3) dx
    fro

    - 2 - 3/2
    3 V3 3
    d

    J 3r -11 dx = J - (3.x: -1) dx - J (3x - 1) dx


    de

    0 1/3
    oa

    : 6
    .x:+ 2 d.x:s J -(x - 2) dx .. f (x ~ 2) dx
    nl

    6 -2
    6
    w

    1 2
    J .x:..-1 dr-a J -(x- l)dx~ J (x-l)dx
    do

    2 -2 - I
    2 2
    J lx-3ldr = f -(r -3)dr
    1 l
    K/2
    ~ 2
    [ lcos 2.x1 dx=
    r./4
    fI C05 2xl dx +
    f (-cos 2x) dx
    0 O R/1
    21t
    2!t
    J Isin x1 dx =
    1l

    {
    ~in r dx ... J (- sm r) dx
    It
    0 0
    "''4 0 J _ .x dx + " ' ' sin x dx J
    51n
    J lsinxj dx=
    - -::./-1 - ,i/4 0
    19.58

    1'
    4
    - (x - 1) dx + f (x -1) dx
    1

    19.4.4 PROPEPTV V
    STATEMENT if f (x) is II contiiluous function defi11ed on [a, b], then
    I> b
    J f(x)dx = J f(a+b-x)dx

    m
    o
    " a

    .c
    ["'.,.•(' Let x = a + b - t. Then, dx = - dt
    AL<;0, x =a ⇒ t =b and x ::b ⇒ t = a

    du
    b a
    J f(x) dx = -f f(a+b-t)dt
    oe
    a l•
    b b
    ch
    Jf (x) dx = f f (a+ b - t) dt
    te
    a a
    1, b
    J f (x) dx = J f (a+ b - x) d.x
    m

    a a
    fro

    b b
    Hence, f f(x) dx = J f (a + I, - x) dx
    a a
    d
    de

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

    I LEVEL-1 I
    oa

    Prove that: J _ __f (x) _ _ b


    nl

    TY./U,1l'Lf l
    a f (x) + f (a + b - x) dx == ~.
    w

    b 2
    = J __f::-:(x-·)'-_ _
    do

    SOLUTION LetJ
    a f(x) + f(a+b-x) d-1:
    Then,
    b
    1 - J- - - L(a + b - x)
    a
    b 1 (a + b x) ~ (n-----
    f +b - (ai- b -x))dx
    I =f L(a +b x)
    . a f (a+ b X) I f (x ) rlx
    Adding (i) andb(Li) , we gel
    27 =J f (x) !J (a :!:_ b _ x) 1,
    a f (x) I· f (a+ b - x) d.t = f I dx -
    l "' b - a a - (b - a)
    ⇒
    2
    DEFINITE INTEGRAI..S
    19,59
    E)(AMl'l.E ~ Evaluate:

    Jx
    .1 J2 - - - '
    ,-dx 'lt/0
    () 1 ,./3 -x+,/x
    . ' (li). J- 2_ dx INCERT, CBSE2014]
    n/1, I + ,[cot x

    ...(i)

    [Using Prop. IVj

    2 13 -x
    l -
    - I V
    ✓X+ [3-X
    d' ... (ii)

    m
    X
    1 "

    o
    Adding (i) and (ii), we get

    .c
    2 ,Jx +.,j3-X 2' r ' ]2 I
    ~ ~ d,-c = J 1 · dx = I x
    I1 '\,x+ ✓ 3-x

    du
    2l = = 2 -; l =1
    1 L 1 ',

    oe
    I = 1/2.
    Here, a=l, b =2 andf (x) =$..
    ch
    1
    ' f(x)
    Oearly, 1 = J J(x) + J(11 ~b -x) dx.
    te

    ,1

    Using Example 1, we obtain


    m

    b -a 2-1 1
    I = -- = - = -
    fro

    2 2 2
    ,,;3 1 ,r/3 ' •;~/sin 'I
    ...(i)
    r = J --.- dx= J6\ISID
    7;7~~
    d

    n/ 6 1 + .,.,/cot X
    ,r / , X -;t- \1
    ·
    de
    oa
    nl
    w
    do

    ...(in

    f(

    I = -7t-.
    12
    Here a = !: I b = !: and f (x) -:c ✓ sin 'X,
    6 3
    1
    0ear J' f~"<l-- dx.
    ly, 1 = J(x)-"- J(a+b-x)
    a
    19.60

    Using Example l , we obtain


    b-11
    I =- 2=2 3 6
    l(1t-~)=1t12
    Q EVEL-2]
    n/2 .
    .nan1 1h
    E"\Al\'fl'LE 3 Ev,1/rrnt,•: •f ,•·' ~
    1
    -n/2
    71/2 .
    .1"5111 .\
    SOLUTION let 1 = f 7 - dx
    -n/2 r +1
    Then,

    m
    r. / 2
    (-lt/2 + it/2 -x) sin (-;c/2 +rt/ 2 -x)
    ,= I

    o
    -;,./2 (-"-+~-x)+1

    .c
    e' 2 2

    du
    -;r/? ,r./2 . X
    I= 's - -xsin (-x) dx = j. x s~ ~ dx
    e-x + 1

    l
    ex+ l

    oe
    -n/2 - r,./ 2 ch
    Adding (i) an~J~),(we _obtain . x
    xsm x xsm x e d
    -I - + -- -
    te
    2]= X
    -n/
    X
    e +1 X
    e + 1
    2

    l)
    m

    tt/2 [ rt/ 2
    21 = J xsinx \
    X
    ~ f f sin x dx
    fro

    dx=
    -'lt/2 e .,.l -n/ 2 IT
    d

    = [
    21 = -xcosx l rt/2
    +
    1t/2
    f [
    cosx dx = - xcosx
    ],r./2 [
    + sin x]
    1t/ 2
    de

    - -n/2 -n/2 -n/2 - n/2


    ::;, I =1
    oa

    n/4 2
    EXAMrt.t ~ Evaluate. J se<:2 dx
    nl

    X
    - n/ 4 l +e
    w

    n/4 2
    f
    do

    SOLUTI(JN Let 1 = ~ ~ dx
    11/ 4 1; ex
    Then,

    IL !:, ill~

    II f ti)
    n/4 2
    [ -_ f e
    \
    X
    &t;'C l .t
    1,,.r
    -n/4 1 +e·
    19.61
    dding (i) ru,d (ii), we get
    rr/4 [ s e 2 c·,.)
    21 = J · -'
    + t'.- sec- .,• it/4

    - 1t /4 1+/< ·1
    .f('
    - , ldY= f 2
    sec x dx l,,n y ]
    it/4
    = 1-(-1) : 2.
    11/ ., nO
    I = 1.

    EXERCISE 19.4
    IQ}uate ,,f eacl.7 of Iii<' followi11g integmls (1-·ts)· -
    2« .,su,.i: '- •
    2n
    1. J" •in,'.·+ e- ·~in.,· dx 2• J log (secx + tan x) dx
    0 ()
    ll J 1·
    ,,tanx rr/3 {sinJ

    m
    3.
    f ,.-- -d:i.
    \ltanx + .Jcotx 4. J -~inx
    .Jsmx Jc,osx
    - dx

    o
    • f, 1t/C, ·I

    .c
    71./~ 2
    tan X 17 1
    5. f 4 l+e x dx f

    du
    6. - -x dx , a > O
    -11 -a 1 +a

    oe
    1l 3 n/2 2
    l d
    I
    -"If./ 3 1 + e
    lanx X 8. - f-X dx
    COS X
    ch
    .• ;/2 l+e
    •/4 11 9 7 r-
    te
    x -3:x +5x -x:> +1 . .bl. xl/n
    f4
    ll COS X
    2
    dx 10.
    a x 111
    F - - - dx neN,n?:.2
    +(a+b-x) 11" '
    m

    a/Z a ~

    f (2 log cos x - log sin 2x) dx ✓x


    fro

    d
    12
    · J · Ix + la -x x [NCERTJ
    0 0 ... "
    d

    u. soJ(x~4+~
    '{/x+4
    7
    J
    3fx
    de

    14. 3.,_{-x+"7
    " 3~ dx
    -x dx 0
    -x
    oa

    a/ 3
    15. f !,__ dx
    T./ 1 + ✓tan
    [CBSF 1007, 2011 I
    nl

    6 X
    w

    b +b b
    16, If /(a+ b -x) =J(x), then prove that J x f(x) dx =~2 JJ(x) d.r.
    do

    a a
    ANS\\'ERS
    -----
    7t It
    L 3. - 4.
    ,i 2. 0 l2 l:!
    It 7t
    s. 2-? 7 s. ~
    6.
    2
    (I
    ::i
    ·11
    ,,
    fJ -ii II . In~ ''. 12. ')
    10. ")
    2
    it
    t3. ~ 14. 7 15.
    12
    1 2 2
    l.4.5 PROPERTY V II 11

    iftlEMENT If f (x) is a continuous function defined on 10, ll] ' !lien f f (.,) ,fr = f0 f (a
    0
    x) dx.

    [CBSE 2019]
    19.62
    f) -? dx =- - df
    ,/ (II
    Ll'I' \ I, "Jhen, d:r
    r1
    I 'R(.)OJ'
    (1 :> / 0
    /\ l;.o, r () > I 11 mid 1·
    (l

    f l (x) ,fl -i' j (II


    ti
    I) di

    l)
    a
    ,, ti

    ⇒
    f / (x) dx J ((11 - l)dl
    (1
    0
    n ti

    ⇒
    J0 ( (1) ,h I I (!1 r) d.,·
    0
    ,, (1

    Hencl', f f (x) ,h = J f ((l - ;r) dx


    0 O

    om
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

    .c
    I LEVEL-1

    du
    n/2
    Prove f11at: f ___sin x dx = n

    oe
    0:AMl'LEl
    ll sin X .,_ COS .t 4
    n/2
    ch
    SOLUTION Let I = J . sin x dx.
    smx .. cosx i Let
    te
    0
    Then,
    m

    = it/2 sin (; - x) a a
    J f (x) dx = J f
    fro

    1
    J0 Sin (ii: )-+ ( Idx
    2- X COS 11: - X
    [
    Using:
    0 0
    d

    ,i/2 2 /
    J
    de

    I = COS X
    o cos x + sin x dx
    oa

    Adding (i) and (ii), we o-et


    Jt/2
    f 0
    nl

    2/ = sin x
    -.- - - - - dx +
    n/2
    cos x J
    o sm x + cos x . -- - - rlx
    w

    n/2 0 Sm X 1 cos X ,
    J
    do

    21 c sin x + cos x 1t/2


    O sin~ cos-;; dx - 1 . rlx J = [x ]"/2 - -7t
    - 0 7t
    I - 1t 0 O 2- =-
    4 2

    EXAMPLI 1

    SOLU I !OJ\ Let I

    Then,

    Io _
    ,r/ 2
    T = ) sin (n/2 )
    r;;. - - \'
    vsm (it/2 - r) J.cos(n/ . n a
    f f(x) dx = J
    I
    2 -~t) dx
    ~

    Using:
    - () 0
    12 19.63
    " ..jcos x
    Io --le===
    Jcos x +\sin ,\
    d.t
    ... (ii)
    and (ii), we get
    ~
    _J
    -
    r</2

    1-
    ySll'\ X
    ~dx+
    tr./2
    J r;:;,,
    vcosx
    0 vcos ~-+,.)sin x r;,-:-~- dx
    12
    - 0 ySm X + .Jcos X
    " [sin x + ,)cos x 1t/2
    = JO ✓5fn x + ~ d.x = J l ·dx =[xln/2 =~-0
    0 -0 2
    1t

    m
    lgjn X
    _ v~ - - - l h = ~
    ✓sil, x + .Jcos x

    o
    4

    .c
    Evaluate:

    du
    [CBSE '.1007]

    oe [NCF.'.RT, CBSE 2002C,03,04,11, 131


    ch
    n/2 ,
    te

    (i) Let I = J log tan x·~ ... (i)


    0
    m

    -
    a a I
    fro

    =l\ogtan(i -x)dx Using: J f(x) dx = f f(a - x) J:c


    [ 0 0 ~
    0
    d

    rr./2 ... (u.. \


    de

    = J log cot x dx
    0
    oa

    (i) and (ii), we get


    tt/2
    21 = J (log tan x + log cot x) dx
    nl
    w

    0 rt/2
    12
    "' f log (tan x >< cot x) dx = J log 1 dx = J O dx cO
    n/2 ""
    do

    0
    0 0
    I=O .. ,(i)
    ,r./ 4
    I = f log (1 + tan x) dx
    0

    rc/4 { (1t )} llMng: j' /"{ 1') ,t.,·


    J= f Jog 1 + tan
    4-X rlx o
    0
    ,r./4 {
    }
    tan. 1t/4- tan,:_ rlx ,,
    nJ/1 \ I- 1 tan
    log 1 · 1 + tan .,
    .,·1 ,/_\
    I = J log 1 + 1 + tan re/ 4 tan x o ·
    0
    19,64 rr/4 { 2 } dx
    1t/4 l+tanx+ l - tan -X} dx := Jo log 1 + tan X 1t/2
    .. J log sin
    rJ log { 1 + tan x
    = 1t/4 _ "j14
    log (1 + tan x) dx 0
    x/2
    o } J log2dX o
    "/ 4{ I (1 + tan
    I = f log2-og
    x) dx -- o c J log sin
    0
    0
    ,./4 "' -(log2) (
    I = (log 2) [x ] o -1
    %
    Evaluate: J
    2 1 = ~log 2 ~ J=.'.:.Jog2
    8

    m
    => 4 0
    EXA:'vll'U, 4 £valuate: •

    o
    12 LetI=J
    " sin x - cos x dx o e

    .c
    (i) J0 1 + sin X COS X

    du
    2x) dx
    (ii) J (2 log sin
    tt/2
    X-
    .
    log Slll
    e
    cos(x-

    oe
    0
    0
    ,: e-
    1t/2 sin x -cos x dx
    SOLUTION (i) Let 1 = f0 "' Io e
    ch
    1 + sin x cos x -COSl

    Then, ) and (ii), we


    te
    •
    sin (n -x) - cos(;-x) a a = Jldx
    dx
    •/2 2
    f f(
    m

    •.· J J(x) dx = 0
    f = J0 1 + sin (1t2 - x) cos (1t2 - x ) [
    0 0
    fro

    12 2,
    " cosx-sin x dx
    = J l +cosxsinx Letl=J
    d

    => f
    0 0
    de

    Adding (i) and (ii), we obtain n/ . - X :/,


    2
    ,.72 sin x - cos x cos x - sin x d f =0 => t=
    I -:---:----:-:-::-::
    oa

    dx + .,-- - - - - r 0
    2f=
    0
    l+sin xcosx 0
    l +sinxcos x = I t12a-
    2a
    nl

    =>
    21
    = l
    ,/2 ( sin X - cos X cos X - sin X ) d
    1 + sin x cos x + 1 + sin x cos x x
    2,
    = J ((211-
    w

    •/2 . 0
    do

    sinx-cosx+cosx-s1nxd
    => 2/ = I
    0
    .
    1 +sin xcosx
    X=
    0
    I =
    211
    J_{(2a
    => I =0 0
    (ii) We have,
    •/2
    f
    I= (2 log sin x - log sin 2x) dx
    0
    1</2 Evaluat
    => I "' f {2 log sin x
    0
    log (2 sin x cos x)} dx
    rt/2

    => I = !{ 2 lcJg sin x - log 2 - log sin l. - log cos x} dx


    1t/2 •/2 •/2
    => J = f log sin x dx - f lcJg 2 dx - f log cos x dx
    0 0 O
    19.65

    =
    ,c/2
    Jo log sin x dx -(log 2) Jo 1 · dx _ nJ
    1t/2 /2
    (it )
    1ogcos2 - xdx (Using pcoperty V)

    ) dx
    = !
    rt/2
    log sin x dx - (log 2) [ x J: _J
    /2 n/~
    log sin x dx

    = - (log 2) ( i -0) =- ~ log 2 °


    1t ecosx
    Evaluate: f e'~osx
    . + e-cosx dx ICBSE 20091
    0

    Let I= "r _ ___:_


    ecosx

    m
    1 _ _~ dx ... (i)
    ecos·~+e-cosx
    0

    o
    l 1

    .c
    I

    du
    COS(7<-.t) -cos(',c-x) dx (Using: f(x) dx = f(a-x) dx
    e +e
    e-cosx

    oe
    n.
    I= f e- - cosx
    - - - d x,
    + e cos x
    0
    ch
    (i) and (ii), we ge t
    1t 'It_
    f0 1 dx =
    te

    2I = 1t ⇒ 1 = --:
    •2.,
    2a n ' 2a
    m

    1
    Prove that: Jf (x) dx 7, J/(2.a·- x) dx.:. [CBSE 2002C]
    fro

    0 0 .
    2a
    Let I= J/(x) dx · ' '
    d

    0
    2a -x =t. Then, d(2a -x) '~ dt ⇒ - ,dx·=dt =,,dx =- dt
    de

    x =0 ⇒ t =2a - 0 = 2a and ;ic =a ⇒ t = 2a - a =a


    0 0
    oa

    I = J/(2a-t) (-dt) = - f / (2a-t) dt


    2a 2~
    nl

    2a
    = f f (2a - [·: I dx1
    w

    I t) dt f(x) dx=-I /(x)

    [-.- !
    do

    I =
    2a
    J f(2a - x) dx
    0
    /(x) dx = I/(t) dt1
    21< 2a
    f f (x) dx = f f(2a - x) dx
    0 0
    1
    LE7 Evaluate: J x(l - x)" dx INCERT]
    0
    1.
    ON Let T = f x (1 - x)" .dx. Then,
    1
    0

    1 =
    1
    f (1 -x) (1 - (1-x)}" dx
    0
    [·: I J(x) dx l
    = f (a - x) dx
    19.66
    1 1

    r=
    1
    d·· -
    (1-,•\ .,- .) /I I (,\ ,,/i+
    _11 _ ) dx
    J
    o lr { 1 ____ 1 _
    I=:..---
    i+ l
    [ 11+1
    /~ 2

    11+2
    -
    . ""

    (l
    _ l_ --- - .
    11+1 11+2 1
    - (0 - 0) - (n+ 1)(11+ 2)

    F.\. \MrLL" s I'ro,,('//1al:


    0
    .)(1 rtJ/ C.·u·, -·
    ~
    -i 1 \o" tan x dx =
    "
    (1
    SCll LlT!ON (i) Let
    . 1(/2
    J sin 2x log tan x dx

    m
    1=
    a a

    o
    0

    l\in 2 ( ~ - x) log tan(; - X) dx ·: J j(x) dx == J / (a -

    .c
    1 = [
    0 0
    ==>

    du
    0
    rr/2

    oe
    ==> J = f sin 2x log cot x dx ch
    0
    Adding (i) and {ii), we get
    ,./2 n/2
    te

    21 = J
    sin 2x {log tan x + log cot x} dx = sin 2x log (tan x cot x) dx f
    m

    0 0
    rt/2
    fro

    ==> 21 = f (sin 2x) (log 1) dx =O


    0
    d

    I = Q
    de

    J/og ~ ~ -1
    1 ( ) 1 ·1
    Iii!' I = dx = J/og ( : x) dx
    oa
    nl

    1 -- [11og {1-(1-x)} n a
    •
    - - - dx
    1 -x
    [ Using: J f (x) dx = f f {a - .
    w

    0
    0 0
    l
    do

    :::;.
    l = log(- x -]dx
    0
    1-x
    Adding (iJ and (ii), we get

    21 = ( { log (1 : ➔
    X)
    I
    flog I •cf\ 0
    ()
    ⇒ T =0
    EXAMl'LE 9 Llla/uate·
    n/2 , 2 ··
    (i) J --~~
    · -- dx
    0 5 inx+ cosx
    rt/2 ICMSE')oo2
    - I 2003, 2016 NCERT
    {ii) J -~ ' EXEMP
    0 1 + sin x c~;; dx
    19.67
    1'/ 2. ,
    (i) Let l = J -_::---l>in, ~- -
    l·
    dt Th ... (i)
    0 Slt\ ' 1 cos x . en,

    n(2 sii,i(; -~I


    j0 sin
    (1t- - x ) + cos-( - it _ )
    dx
    • [
    Using: ff
    ()
    (x) dx - r
    (I
    f (a x) dJ
    j
    2 ~2 X
    n/2 2 ·
    =f ccsx
    cosx+sin x
    dx · ... /ii)
    0
    ) and (ii), we get

    m
    r./2 2
    1 = J ·
    si.n x <:osl!' x . n/'J.
    + - - - - h - fsin -~
    1
    -d

    o
    o sm x + cos -X sin x -1 cos x • - x + cos x x

    .c
    0
    rrJ 2
    1
    J 2- tan
    - ----=--~-,--

    du
    ilx
    0 x/2 1-fan 2 x/2
    2 ~ + - 2- -

    oe
    1 + tan x/2 i + tan, ·1•~)2· ch
    te
    m
    fro
    d
    de
    oa
    nl
    w
    do

    I = - ~ log(..{i - 1)
    ✓2
    n/2 . 2 ... (i)
    I = J sm x di. Then,
    O 1 + sin X COS X

    7
    r sin'(i -x) dx fUsing : J f (x) dx = f f (a-x)1
    L O 0
    = o l+sm(;-x)cos(1-x)
    .....,,,..,....- - - -- ~ - - - - - - - - - - - MATHEM~
    -- -
    19.68

    1t/2 '
    l _ J cos- x dx
    ⇒
    - 1 + cos x sill r [
    0
    Adding (i) and (ii), we get
    n/2 . 2 .2 . 1t/ Z 1 /
    21
    __ J
    sUl X + cos ,\ dx =
    l + sin .1 cos X
    c .\' f -----
    l~sinxcosx o
    0 d denomina to r by
    :r./2 2 [Dividing numerator a n
    21 = J 2
    sec x dx I
    0
    sec x + tan x
    l .et tan x = t. 111<:m, d (tan x) = di ⇒ sec2 x dx = di
    1t 7t
    = 2 ⇒ t = tan 2 =
    00

    m
    Also, x= O f = tan O= 0 and x = •

    o
    "' dt

    .c
    21 =J
    1

    du
    :
    J - - - - --
    + t2 + tdt
    di = -
    l [
    - t an
    -1 [t + 1/2Jloo
    oe
    21 =
    0 (t + 1/2)2 + (.J312)2 ,f!,/2 ch /312 0
    0

    21 = -./3 tan
    2 [ -1(2 t +l
    - ./7j IJo
    'JJ 2 [
    = Ji -1
    tan c,:; - tan
    ·1(~/31)] =
    2 [re 7t]
    J3 2rc
    2 - 6 = 3 .J 3
    te

    I =
    m

    A
    fro

    1
    1
    EXAMPLE 10 Emluate: cot- J (1 - x + x2) dx
    0
    d

    1
    de

    SOLCTION Let I = J cot- 1 (1 - x + .i:2) dx. Then,


    0
    oa

    l= jtan-
    1
    (
    1
    1dx
    nl

    2
    0 1- X·IX )
    w

    = I = f tan -1 Jll l } dx
    do

    0 x(l - x)

    = f =J tan - 1 { x ~ (l - x) }
    0 l - x (l - x) dx
    1
    I = f !tan -I x+ tan-1{1-x)I dx
    ()
    1 I
    = J tan I :r dx , f Lan I (I
    - "C) rlx
    0 u
    l I J
    I ,= I tan - X clx i- J tan
    0 0

    [-.- j f (x) clx -


    0 -
    1f 1
    f (a - x)
    0
    TEGRALS
    19.69
    I
    l
    J tan
    (1
    -l
    ., dv ~ J t,)1) I
    ,\ d\
    ll
    l
    " In l,ln I
    ,\ ,h
    l
    ~
    • J0 t.1n 1 l .\' I 11.\
    11

    o m
    0)' (log 2 log 1) - ~ - log 2

    .c
    n

    du
    oe ... (i)
    ch
    Let I
    te

    ,e/ 2 cos (n/2 - x) dx


    m

    = J0 l+cos(n/2-x)+sin(n/2-x)
    fro

    :r/ 2 sin X ... \i.i)


    ""J - - --dx
    l+sinx+ cosx
    d

    0
    de

    i) and (ii), we get


    ,r/Z COS X + Sin X dx
    oa

    = f l+sinx+cosx
    0
    nl

    = 1t/J2 (1 + sin x + cos x) - l tlx


    w

    1 + sin X - COS X
    do

    .:fl, -,..~ :.,~ ,l,,


    1t/2 n/2 l
    ~
    J0 l . d:i - J() 1 + hi n :r + cos , "'
    1
    n/2 11/2 I l,111 ,/ l ,/\
    2T =
    [1 X

    0
    - IO l + l.UI
    2 ,/'J
    · -
    -i 2 l,lll 1/';.
    l
    t l [,Ill ' I I'-
    .\

    7t 1t/J2 sec2 -c/2 - ,t~ = 11 _J 2t/l I


    wlwn: I . t,,n 2
    2 (1 21-21
    21 = 2 2 + 2 tan x/2
    0
    19.70

    2, =
    rt
    ~-ling (1,
    r ' I} lo! - _2rc - log 2
    ⇒

    )l 1 2
    = - lo~
    4 :!

    a_UTER I
    [DividingNr and D'
    "( ' t-tan~x/2
    ' t
    I= 0 2(1--;ta~ 'X
    n/2 ·Jn/2
    = 2~ J (1-tar.-':)

    m
    T
    2
    =!2 [x-2 log sec~2 0

    o
    0

    .c
    E'\AMl'LE 12 Iff and g are continuous on [O, al and satisfy f (x) =f (a - x) and g (X) + g

    du
    ,hou• that
    "
    f f (x) g (x) dx = Ja f (x) dx
    oe
    0 0
    SOLL 110N Using Property \I, we obtain
    ch
    • a
    JJ(x)g(x)dx = Jf(a-x)g(a-x)dx
    te

    0 0

    !
    a
    l
    a
    m

    f (x) g(x} dx = f (x) { 2 - g(x)} dx [·: g(a - x)


    fro

    a n
    Jo f (x) g (x) dx = 2 Jf (x) dx -J" -f (x) g (x) dx
    d

    a O 0
    de

    = 2 Jf (x} g (x) dx = 2 Jf (x) dx


    a O 0
    oa

    0
    :::;, f f(x)g(x)dx Jf (x) dx
    nl

    0 0
    w

    19.4.6 PROPERTY VI
    61.lilEMENT Tf f(x) - conl11r11ous
    .
    do

    2'1 "a f11nctio11 de"'


    " ; •~~002
    Ju f(x)dx f /(r) d~·•fi f a , ,1], then
    2u
    o +
    O
    (2n - x} dx = J{! (x) ➔ f(2a - x)}
    O 1
    JJ(x) 11:\. I tw, ' \'
    Ci'' X, I, l /
    ,, . 1

    1l
    2
    J fix/ ,ix
    0
    I j" ,/(,) '~I
    "
    ii

    J/(1),/, 2u ,, I' I'(.,) th • III


    u Jf{1)t11 a
    Let 2n I x, I lien, 111 II

    >I
    ti
    " a,,'I ~
    ;.
    ll ; j 't•'' ' = f !a - II\ dtl -J' f(::., - 11 di J '12'1 I di j 1(2.a- x) ,t:i

    . .•
    tt!ttllRf !ht?\ a]ue ,"I! It ·--: \I' \\ ~ l;<'t

    :•-tl.it=f
    -
    '(tl.f(~- ., \ d,
    0 0 0
    :•
    .f fl.):)d.x = .I (, - •,:~ -,11 d,.

    o m
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

    .c
    LEVEL-1

    du
    1
    oe
    ch
    I.et I = •i -, - - - .fr. Then~
    0 -
    _$-.C.l'.
    -
    -
    ll,,;~t f lX) ~ 1v
    te

    l l Jx (X) - • (1a - x)l d:c \


    _ 0 11 j
    m
    fro

    :t -;.
    d

    dx ~j 1 Jx =-'
    0 - _t)
    de
    oa
    nl
    w
    do

    'I .- C
    . ,'?/dt-1''1
    • , XJ dr
    19.72

    a
    PROOF Let I = x J(x) dx. Then, J II a
    0
    a
    Lfsin/~ : J f(x) dx J f (a
    I = J (a - x) f (11 - x) d.r [ () 0
    0
    a I·: f (u x)
    ⇒ I = J (a -x) f (x) dx
    0
    a a
    I =a J f (x) dx - J xf (x) dx

    m
    0 0
    a

    o
    = I =a J f(x)dx -1

    .c
    0

    du
    a
    2I =a J f (x) dx

    oe
    0
    a
    =~ f f (x) dx.
    ch
    = I
    2 0
    te

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    m

    LEVEL-1
    fro

    O.:..._\fl'LE 1 Evaluate:
    ,t X
    =
    (i) J a2-cos2 x+b 2 sin2 x dx
    d

    0
    de

    (ii) r" .
    sm ; dx
    X
    [NCERT, CBSE 2003, OS, 08, 11, 12, 13, 14,
    =
    1 +cos x
    oa

    •0

    SOLt.'TION (i) Let


    ."
    nl

    l:af2
    " 2x dx
    w

    o a cos x + b2 siri2 x
    do

    n
    I =f (n - x)
    a a
    22 2 dx
    o a cos (n-x) +b sin 2 (n-x)
    [ ·: J f (x) dx = Jf (a -
    •
    => I _
    -
    J
    lt

    2 2
    n- x
    2 - dx
    0 O
    I • :
    •
    Jl
    0
    o a cos x + b sin 2 x
    Ad ding (i) and (ii), we get a ,.~
    n
    21 = J x+n-x x-o~ r•
    I
    2 2 2 - dx
    O II cos x + b sin 2 x
    n I • ; fI l
    21 = n f 1
    2a
    Using J f(x) dx
    o a2 cos 2 x b2 • 2 - dx
    = r• Jf
    . + sin x
    }
    I = -i(
    Ol (x) + f( «-x) dx, We obtain
    O 2
    19.73

    lt rrf 2{ I
    2 2 , t
    l1 n rus x+r,• 4111 2 l 2 2
    II <O~ (71
    ll/2
    2n f -2 2
    I
    1 dx
    o a cos x;I, sit,2~
    1t/2
    sec2. x
    2n J - -2 dx [Dividing numerator and denominator by coi xi
    0 a2 i· o t,m 2 X

    m
    n/2 2
    sec x
    Jo II2 + b2 tan .;,,. x dx.

    o
    n

    .c
    t. Then, d (tan x) = dt· => sec2 x dx = dt.

    du
    ⇒ I = tan O = 0 and x =~2 => I = tan ~2 ="'.

    dt 11
    ., dt
    oe
    rt l
    [tan-1 (albI J1"'o
    ch
    a2 + b2 t2 = b2 Jo (a/b)2 + 12 = b2 x (a//J)
    te
    m
    fro

    _ J" x sin
    '
    x dx
    ... (i)
    -
    0 l+C'OS X
    2

    · ·
    d

    l
    _ 1"
    l Using: f / (x) dx = J f (a - x) d.,:
    de

    (1t-X) sin (1t-X) dx


    0 0 _
    - 2
    1.,. cos (n - x)
    0
    oa

    ...(li)
    _ Jl't (;t-X) sin X d
    - 2 X
    nl

    0
    l+cos x
    w

    (i) and (ii), we get


    do

    sin x
    =f
    " ) , 1t
    2I (x + 1t - x sin x dx = 1t J 2 x d:r
    l+cos2x ol+cos ,
    0

    [ -_ -n J1t '
    SJ.I\ x
    2
    dx.
    2 0 1+c06 x
    811
    x = t. Then, d (cos x) rft ::=:> - ' ulx • cit
    - / cOSll I
    X = 0 => t

    I = -
    7t
    --J di f
    = cos O"' 1 and X
    -l - l ·1t JI
    it '

    I rll II l 1,111
    2 l 1 12 2
    2 11+t l

    1
    I= -il™.,_-1(-1) - tan COJ "
    \''
    \
    \

    do
    w
    nl
    oa
    de
    d
    fro
    m
    te
    ch
    oe
    du
    .c
    o m
    lii&JJ~-----
    19.74

    EXAMPLE 2 Evalwlle: (NCf.RT, CBSE 2001, 2004,


    X
    (i) f -1 +-sindx x
    11

    0 iNCERT,CBSE 2008,
    " xtanx
    (ii) f --dx
    sec x + tan x
    0
    n/2
    (iii) J si.n X
    X + COS X
    dx
    0
    it X

    m
    SOLUTION (i) Let I = J . dx
    1 +sm x

    o
    0
    a a
    ·: f f (x) dx = f j

    .c
    1t 7t-X
    I = J---dx [
    1 + sin(n: - x)

    du
    0 0
    0
    1t
    1i -X

    oe
    1-f--dx
    - l+si11x
    0
    ch
    Adding (i) and (il), we get
    = "J x + 1t - x dx
    te
    2I
    1 + sin x
    0
    m

    1t 1
    21 = 11J - - -dx
    fro

    1 +sinx

    21 = rr
    0
    ~2{J 1
    _ + 1
    'l .
    d

    o 1 + sm x l + sin (n-x) j dx
    de

    1t/2
    21 = 2rr J l+sinx
    _l__ dx
    oa

    0
    1t/2 l •
    nl

    21= 2 n r - smx
    J 2 dx
    1 - su,x
    w

    0
    1t/2
    do

    = 21 = 21t J (sec2 x - tan x se } [


    0 c x dx = 2n t ] rr/2 [
    _s_ii;-◊-:-.~-1-
    ~~J"
    21 =2rr [ - sin:2..:.::2_ ·jn/ 2 [ an x -secx O :: 2n
    12
    cos x (sin x 1 i) = 2n
    I = Itrr O + su, x
    O
    = 2n (O
    + 1) =21t
    (ii) Let I = J __:_ ta,~x
    0
    sec :r.+tanx dx = f
    11
    X Sill ~.
    "
    " ( () I ;~1;- cl.t
    J = .2:..:_x)_~:_~) X
    0 1 ,;- sin ( n _ x) dx

    J = J
    1t ( rr/2
    n-x) sinx
    o l+sin;-ctx J~
    0
    19 7r,

    r 1f ,-.in ' \ sin \


    :, 1+ sin , d
    .md {1i) \W ~• t
    n
    7t ~1ll '
    [ ,h
    ii 1+ Sll\ '

    J (r r
    -
    "r-/ '
    sm .\ ~111 l
    o~ 1 + sin .x • 1

    m
    sm x ifx

    o
    it/'2
    J sin, Jx

    .c
    ~ = ln 1.o.sinx ·

    du
    0
    n/2 .
    ~m x (1-Sill x)
    21 - 2;;: .[

    oe
    ' lb
    0 1 - ~in - X
    n/2 . • 2
    ch
    smx-~
    2l = 2r. r
    • 2 dx
    0 COS
    te
    X

    1</2
    = 2rr J (tan x sec x - tan 2 x)
    m

    21 dx
    0
    fro

    n/2
    I - J (tan X!;ecx-tan2 x) ,fa
    d

    0
    de

    1t/2
    1 = rr J !tan x sec x -(sel t -1\I dx
    oa

    0
    n/2
    =r J (sec x t3'll
    nl

    0
    w

    1~,i
    r l
    do

    I - n ,i;c x tMI it + 1
    (J

    1f I I'..~J ~ I I (/2 111 \

    /}.
    L..t J d
    Jti ,U

    n/2
    II
    J
    7.
    J
    l2 J
    11
    I 1 I(
    o :,ill
    (u)
    n/2 n .\
    I = r t cos ~
    1· t su1 1
    1h
    19.76
    /2
    Adding (j) a11d (ii), v,e get ,
    n/2 x+
    1t
    -X 1t
    ;u2
    J -----~· ·
    l dr I0
    21 = [ 2 dx = - ~in x + cos X 11/l
    • si.Jl , -' COS X z 0
    I0
    2I = ~ j
    0
    1t/2

    0
    2tan 2
    X
    1
    1-tan 2
    -- 2 X 1<(2

    I0
    x + -- 2 X
    2 1.,_tan
    1-1-tan 2 2 2X X.
    x n/2 2 sec
    1t/2 1 + tan
    2
    . _~ J -----~--;:;--- dx
    21 =~ J _:t ___22x ,h - 2
    0
    _ tai/ :: + 2 tan ·:.2 + 1

    m
    2
    2 0 2tan -+I-tan -
    2
    l 2

    2r) "'
    .
    2 x dx - dt => dx
    2 dt

    o
    1·
    1 = ·
    tan~ "'t. Then, d tan dt :::::, 2 sec 2 - sec2 ::

    .c
    Let
    2

    du
    1t 1t
    Also, x = O⇒ / = tan O= O and x = - ⇒ t =tan 4 =L
    2 1
    21 = ~ J - ? 2 dt _ = 1t [ dt = rr J
    oe di 2
    - 21
    ch
    2 t- +2t.,.l
    O
    -(t2- 2t - J) o -((f-1)
    0 1
    1
    te

    J - -dt- - - = rc x- 1 - [ log\f'i~~/-1
    -- ]
    = 2T = n
    O<.Jil -u-1>2 2.J2 1 ✓2 - t + 1 0
    m

    Lei
    r r1 jl logj,~2-1 )= - n-lo [.fi.+lJ
    fro

    21 =~r,, Jlogl - loglv~ - 1 n~


    2 ✓2 · ,✓2 + 1 2 ✓·2
    ·
    1 - -

    2v2L ., 2+ 1 _ g J2 -1
    l
    d

    = 2f = r
    n - lo l~(✓ 2 .,. lf -- , '} - rc ,- 2 n ~
    de

    2 ✓2 g ()2 -1) (-}2 + l) - 2 , 12 log (✓ 2 + 1) == -,= log (✓ 2 + 1)


    ' ✓2
    oa

    I
    ;;:::,
    2
    Ji log (✓~2 + 1).
    :t

    n/2
    nl

    l.)(k\.fPLE 3 Evaluate: f X sin X cos x


    . 4 4- dx
    w

    0 Sill X+ COS X [C BSE 2010, 20 11,


    do

    r./2
    SOUJTION Let 1 = J x sin x cos x
    ~ :r--- 4 dx. f hcn
    osmx.,.cosx '
    n/2
    / - J (n/2-x)
    -:-4 -sin- (n /2 ::_xl_cos (n/ 2 - x)
    o sin (n/2-x);cos4( -;,--- dx 21 -
    s/2 1 x)
    1t - -
    J - [ <n/2-x) sin x cos x
    ;, cQS4 x , , 4 dx
    T btn l.
    n/2
    I='.:
    2
    f -, sin;i- - XC()<JX
    - - rJx
    11/2
    I ,. X
    Yi11 .\ ('OS.\ tan-
    u sm x + COij4 •
    d.x 2
    ~/2 X 0 ~·,,,,1
    · X+cos4 x
    "n [ ~nxcosx X e

    2 o sin 4- x + cos4 x d~: - l


    19.77
    rc/ 2 .
    it J-. Stn X COS X
    y - -- ii,;
    2 O Sm 4X + ens x
    n/2 ,
    J1"
    .
    f-~
    tan .A Sl'C
    dx
    4
    ·'

    2 !Dividing numerator ,md d<'nominator by cos* x)


    0 1 ~- tan· ,
    ;r;/2 ,
    n J 2 tan.....::._ sec~_2 dx
    4 o 1 ,. (tan 2 x)~1
    2
    11 x. TI,en, dt = d (tan 2 x) = 2 tan x scc2 x dx.
    0 ⇒ t = tai·? 0 and, X = ~ ⇒ t :: tan 2 11 = ~
    2 2 ~--

    m
    =~ j' l dt

    o
    4 0 l +t2

    .c
    du
    oe
    =
    16
    ch
    te
    re X 1t_(1t -' 0:)
    Prove that: J -1 --cos- a- s-in -.'< dx, 1

    sin· o.,
    m

    0
    1t
    X
    J0 J - cos a sin x dx.11le~,
    fro

    Let 1 =

    1t (n - x)
    d

    ' I
    dx
    = J 1 - cos a sin (n - x)
    de

    0 1t
    re X

    J 1 - cos a sin x dx -Jo


    11 dx
    oa

    •
    = 1-cosasinX
    0
    nl

    1
    = 1t
    1t
    .....::..-- dx-1
    1 J 1 - COS 0. Sin X
    w

    0
    do

    re 1 - dx
    21 =n J l -cosa:sin x
    0
    " 1 + tan 2 x/2 ___ dx
    21 =n J (l+tan 2
    12) _2 cos a ta n x/2
    x
    0 2
    rc sec x/2 _ tl r
    2r = 1t J ---z--;2-::.2
    tan x
    ('06 (j tan y/2 I I
    0 2
    re sec x/2 rlr
    r=~ J tan2 x/2-2COSCl li111 x/2 I l
    O (
    x ) - di ⇒ i;ec:zx
    2 rfa·. -2dt,
    tan x =f. Then, d tan
    2
    2 - re ~-
    1 = tan 2 - •M

    o = Oand :x = 1t ⇒
    x = O ⇒ t=t~
    MATHEMATI

    19.78

    :t ' ~ dt
    =
    -' J ,-' 21 ,,,~ a
    1
    1
    11
    ~

    , di
    =-- I
    ' J {/ -,,i, <'()- qi
    0
    '
    ,<>S" IX)

    "' di
    :::!- I - :t
    f
    [\ sin·' a ~ (I l'<>,; ll)"'

    = 1
    ,in o.
    L " _
    tan 1 - . -
    sm a
    l, c,1~a1J~

    m
    0

    0,)]

    o
    :t I tan - 1 (- cot
    ~ 1 - tan oc
    ,in a

    .c
    du
    ;. 1
    1 = [;~tan (cot a)]
    sin u

    oe
    re (n - a)
    = 1 = si: a[1+ tan - l { tan (; - a))}] 1t
    = --
    ch [
    -1t +
    2
    1t
    2
    -a ] =
    _ sjn a.

    IT 2
    te

    EXAMPLE 5 Prove tllat: X2 2) 1t


    J - -2 2 . 2 2 dx = 3°3"(a +b
    0 (a2cos x-b s111. x) 4a b
    m

    Let J , , x 2 dx. Then,


    fro

    SOLLTIO:'\
    o (a" cos- x +b2
    sin x)2
    ,:
    d
    de

    lt
    rr-x
    J0 _2_°J_2--2-dx
    oa

    I-
    (a cos- x +b sin x)2
    nl
    w
    do

    =
    ..
    = 21 'It fI2. 2
    l
    2 dx
    a "'" x,. /, sin 2 xJ2 I

    (f)
    •1

    </2
    21=27t f
    IJ (,,2 u,i \

    I
    lh, iug : f(r) d.r
    2.u
    0
    ti / ( 211 .r) "'/(x)

    [Seo example 12
    on page 19 11/
    19.79
    ERTY VIII

    - Iff (x) is a conHnucus f1111ctio11 d""i d I


    'J' ne 011 - 11, al, lh<'II
    11

    f (x) dx = J {t (x) + / (-x)l dx


    a O r
    sing additive property m, we obtain
    " 0 •
    J f (x) dx = J / (x) dx J / (x) dx "t
    .. .(l)
    ,, -a 0
    1. Then, dx =- dt.
    -a ⇒ t = a and x = 0 ⇒ t = O.

    m
    0 0 0 a
    JJ (x) dx J J (-t) (-dt) = - JJ (-t) dt = J/ (-t) dt

    o
    = [By property JII

    .c
    a a 0
    O a

    du
    Jf (x) = Jf (- x) dx (By property II ... (ii)
    a 0

    oe
    nd (ii), ·we get
    a a a
    ch
    Jf (x) dx = f f (- x) dx + Jf (x) dx
    - a O 0
    te
    l

    Jf (x) dx = j {t (- x) + f (x)} _d:i; · Q.E.D .


    m

    -,? 0 '
    fro

    ILLUSTR~ VE

    I
    d

    n/2 l
    de

    Evaluate: f sin x dx
    - n/2 1 + e
    oa

    l
    1ti2 l
    = J
    nl

    Let I sinx

    -~~' • '..,.-,} ,,
    1+e
    l·j/''',,.. ! 1~/2
    w

    r • '/' f {1r,1 •! <- a} "'


    do

    o
    l 1+e l +e
    . x } "/2 1 i- ~~in ; dx =
    n/2 r

    f I dx "' lx .u =2
    re

    J =
    n/ 2{
    J 1 lm _
    .
    X + - s jnX
    dx = JO ~iln:i'
    1 ~e 0
    1 + esin. 1+e
    O ICU~t· .!0151
    2
    :t1 ~ dx
    Evaluate: J
    -1ti2
    1
    + ex

    Let J 2 cos: dx. 'I11(lll,


    , 1+e
    - 1tJ 2
    f
    ·.• J J(x)dx= {f(x) + / (- .\')} dx]
    1t12{- cos x co5(-x)}ax
    - - +- - '
    [ -a 0
    1-
    - I
    0
    1 +/'
    -x
    1~-e
    MATHEMATIC

    19.80
    rc/ 2 {
    ⇒
    T= "f{~ + cos_:x} dx = J
    l
    1 + ex +
    ex } cos x dx
    -i:-7
    0 l+ex) l +e Jt/2 0 [. ·]rc/2 -sin~-sin O=l
    "12 (1 + e'. cosxx-
    d - J cosx dx = s m 2 .t -
    ⇒ 1= J - O X 0
    o 1 +e

    19.4.9 PROPERTY IX . fa ction defined on [- a, a) ' /hen


    STATEMENT Iff (x) is II contmuous m
    • 12 f f (x) dx , if f (x) is an even function
    f f (x) dx = 0

    m
    :.
    0 0 , if f (x) is an odd f unction

    o
    Using property vm, we obtain

    .c
    PROOF

    1f(x) dx =j {t(x) + J(-x)} dx

    du
    -a 0

    oe
    a

    a
    J {f(x) +f (x)} dx , iff (-x) =f (x)
    ch
    ⇒ ff (x) dx = 0
    a
    -a J{J(x) - f (x)} dx if f (- x) f (x)
    te
    = -
    0
    m

    r2 j f (x) dx
    a
    f f (x) dx -1
    _ I if f (- x) = f (x) , if f (x) is an even function
    fro

    =>
    O , if f (- x) = - f (x), if f (x) is an odd function
    -a 0
    d

    j f (x) dx if f (x) is an even function


    de

    •J \2 ,
    ⇒
    f (x) dx = o if f (x) is an odd function.
    -a 0
    oa

    L "· RK The graph of an even function is symmetric about y-axis that is the curve on the left side
    y-axis is exactly identical to curve on its right side.
    nl

    a 0
    So, Jf(x) dx = Jf (x) dx
    w

    (SeeFig. 19.1 • 1- x'


    0 - a s..,. f(.'I:) is an e,
    do

    y It :

    • 0
    f J<x) d"' - f f (x) rl.t
    0 •

    I = j
    0

    n
    l = I
    0
    • Adding (ii) and
    X' d/(:r) lb
    (- a, 0) O
    y,
    (/1, 0) - X I+ I

    Fig. 19.10 Graph of an even I unction


    INTEGRALS

    19.81
    f an odd functior1 the curv .
    0 e is S)'n'= . .11' o
    uuetr1c
    • ,
    ppositc quadrants. Consequently
    J f (x) dx = -J
    -a
    f(x) d
    X (See Fig. 19.11)
    0

    y O Q
    j j<x) dx ~ ~ f x) dx
    0

    X' 0 X

    m
    0

    o
    f /(x) dx

    .c
    ~

    du
    Y'

    oe
    Fig. 19. 11 Graph of an odd function

    tLLUSTRATlfE E~A~l!Es ' ,. ~ ·•1


    ch
    I LEVEt~;<'..\. ' il
    te

    PL£ 1 Evaluate:
    n/2 1t/ 2·•
    m

    2 [NCERT]
    J sill x dx [NCERTJ (ii) J sin x dx
    fro

    - n/ 2
    -a/2 /.'
    7
    ON (i) Let f (x) = sin x. Then, 11
    d

    /(-x} = sm.7 (-x) = lsin (- x)l7 = (, sinx{ = - sill x = - f(x)


    de

    (x) is an odd function.


    1t/2 ,r,/2 .
    7
    J J (x) dx = O ⇒
    oa

    f sin x dx =0
    - rr/2 - it/2
    nl

    t f (x) = sin 2 x. Then, 2


    w

    f (- x) = sin 2 (- x) = {sin (- x)} 2 = (- sin xl = sin x = f (x}


    do

    (x) is an even function.


    n/2 ,r,/2 ...(i)
    2
    J sin2 x dx = 2 f sin x dx
    - n/2 0 ... (ii)
    n/2
    I= J sin2 xdx
    0
    ... (m}

    I = f sin2 (!: -
    n/2 )
    X dx =
    1t/2 2
    f
    cos X dx
    0 2 0
    ding (ii) and (iii), we obtain 12 ic/2
    ,r,/2 " 2 J (sin2 x+ cos2 ~.·) dx.
    I+I = f
    sin 2 x dx + f
    cos x dx = o
    0 0
    19.82

    ;c/2 1t
    ⇒ 2I = J 1. dx = -
    2
    0
    1t
    ⇒ 1=-
    4
    tr./2
    .2 d n
    ⇒
    J0 SU\ ~'. x=-4 71,/2
    · 2 " dx = 2 x -4
    1t
    = -
    lt
    rr./2
    2 =2 SU1·• 2
    From (i) aild (iv), we obtain f sin x dx
    J
    0
    -n/2
    n/2
    EU MPLE z Enaluate: f I sin x I dx
    -n/2

    m
    SOLUTION Letf(x) .:\ sinx[. Then,

    o
    f(-x) =I sin(-x) I :c[-sinxl =[sinx\ =f(x).

    .c
    So, f(x) is an1t/2
    even function. "/2 71,/ 2

    du
    [·.- sin x 2:: 0 for OS:
    l= f 1sin x I d.x = 2 J I sin x I dx = 2 f s in x dx

    oe
    ,r/2 0 0

    r= 2 (- cosxJ:12 2 {- cos i + o} 2
    ch
    = cos =
    te
    EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate:
    rr./4
    (ii)
    ,J, ~
    ~ dx T =
    (i) J x 3 sin: x dx
    m

    a+x
    -a
    - n/4
    fro

    4
    SOLUTION (i) Let f(x) = x 3 sin x. Then,
    f(- x) = (-x)3 sin4(-x) =-x3(sin(-x)l4=-x3(-sinx4- 3. 4
    ) - - x sin x =- f(x).
    d

    So, f(x) is ail odd function.


    de

    7ti 4 n/4
    Hence, f_J(x)dx=O ⇒ J x3sin4xdx=O.
    oa

    -,t1 4 -ni4
    I =
    a ,--
    1--
    a-x
    nl

    (ii) Let T = J ,1a+ x dx. Then '


    w

    - a \
    I -
    do

    [ -- aJ 1a---xx -a-x
    -dx =
    -a ,a.+x a-x

    r
    Let J(x) = 1
    v~ -x2
    1,;2
    Tl INTEGRALS
    19.83
    1

    om
    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    r./4 X + n

    let l = f + dx. Then,


    _ ;N 2 -cos 2x
    te

    x/ 4 11 / 4
    1
    J .,- - cos2x J --
    m

    I = x dx ... !!. - dx ... (1


    _ ,.. 4 _ 2-cos2x
    fro

    14 1114
    1
    ~._.r. t: tha t x is an odd function and-- - - is an even function .
    2 - cos 2x 2 - cos 2x
    d

    11 / 4 11/4 ~ 4 l
    J J .
    de

    f
    ·
    _x_ - dx=O and,
    2- cos2x
    _!__dx = 2
    2-cos2x
    dx.
    - :r./ 4 -11/4
    0 '.! -co,-'.!x
    oa

    tutmg the,e values in (i), we obtain


    r./ 4 1
    nl

    I '"' 0 + 2 ( :,: dxJO 2--COS


    - -2X
    w

    4)
    do

    rt/ 4 2
    I = !!. J l + tan ~ dx
    2
    2 0 1 + 3 tan X
    n/4 2
    1 == n J -2 sec x 2 dx
    2 1 +(f3 ton 1)
    0
    ,3tanx = I. Thtn,dl d(J'J t,w x)
    II " I
    Xc O ~ I J.11.111 o-0,1nd,, 4
    I ft t.:11\ I, I t.,n IO )
    t.111 I .!, ii
    II
    19.84
    ,,I " 2x (1 ~- sin x) d .
    6XAM1't.E5 Evaluate: f 2- x
    }' -n
    t+cos x

    SOLUTION
    Let l = f 2x (1 + si1_:~¥~ dx. Then,
    -"
    1+ cos2 X
    I =
    " -- 2.\ Jn 2x sin x ,,,.

    - n
    I 1 + cos2 x dx+ - -~ , , . ,
    _ ~. 1 + cos x
    '"
    " fn 2xsinx
    ⇒ I = 11 - I2 'where I1 = f 2
    __x~1
    1 + cos X
    dx and 12 = _ n -1 + COS2 X dx
    -Jr

    m
    V•.' b 2x ( ) 2x sin2x 1s
    e o serve that _f (x) =- - - is an odd function and g X -
    .
    an even

    o
    l+cos2x l+cos x

    .c
    1t " " l't2·
    11 = JJ(x)dx=Oand,12 = J g(x)dx=2 f g(x)dx =2f xsm2x dx.

    du
    -ir -:i o o l+cos x

    oe
    It
    !\:ow, I2 = 4 J x sin; dx
    0 1 + COS X
    ch
    = z = 4 ..J (n -x) sin (it - x) dx
    te
    2
    o 1 +cos 2 (n -x)
    m

    f2=4"J(n-x)sinxdx= 4~ Jn sin x "


    o l+cos2 " 2 dx-4J xsinx dx
    fro

    " . x o l+cos x o l + cos2x


    12 =4ir J sm\ dx -l2
    o 1 -cos x
    d

    ;, =
    de

    212 = 4n J 1
    o 1 + cos2 x COS X
    oa

    ⇒ 212 = -4n[tan- 11r· 1


    nl

    2 1
    I2 = it
    w

    Hence, I =I1 +1 2 = 0 + Jt2 = rc2.


    do

    1 3
    EXAMPLE 6 Evaluate: J x
    2
    +Ix 1+1
    -dx
    -IX +21.t l +l INCERTEXE
    l 3
    SOUJTION Let/_ J x +Lx j1-J
    x2 I 2I I 1-1 dx. Then
    1
    3
    I =f { 2
    x ~. I XI I l ,} E,
    -t
    J
    x +2 l xl I J x2 12 1
    xI I 1
    ,1\-
    3 1 w
    l= f _2_x_
    l - th- J l xI I I
    ] <X
    -J x +2 xI I l x2
    I 3 -l • 2 1,r l 11
    [ -- JI 2
    X
    dx + J - Ix_
    I +_
    1
    l
    -1 X 1 2lxl +11 2 ()<.\.
    -1 l xl +21xl1~·lc/x
    I 19.85
    J I., I I l
    I(1\I~ If
    l
    ri.t

    1 -- O 1 2 J1 ( Ix- I + 1 dx ·: -
    _,.3
    ' _ and I ~:i + 12
    0 I xi~- l)2 (I I )2
    ,x+l.
    (1-tl+l ) arc•ndd and
    _ Jl _ 1 even functions respectively
    1
    I -2
    o
    -
    I A I+
    dx=2 J - l
    I "
    [ L
    L
    o x +~1 dx= 2 lo~ (x+1) = 2 (log2- log1) =2 log2

    m
    J (cosax - sin

    o
    Evaluate: . 1,x)2 d.x.
    [CB SE 2015}

    .c
    -n
    n
    f (cosnx- sinbx)

    du
    Let I= 2 dx. Then,

    "
    oe
    7t
    l =f (cos2 ax+sin 2bx- 2 cos ax sinbx) dx
    ch
    -"
    lt ? 1t ':'f >

    f J cos ax stn,bx a)
    te
    I= f
    -;r
    cos- ax dx +
    -n
    s in 2 bx dx -2
    -1t
    m

    I= 2 J cos2 ax dx--;- 2 J sin 2bx dx-2x O


    1t 7t [ ... C()S 2 ax and si:t~ 2
    bx are even functions
    J
    l
    fro

    O o and cos ax '>111 bx 1s an odd ftmction

    J
    7t
    1 = (1 +cos 2 ax) dx+ J (1 - cos 2bx) dx
    "
    d

    0 0
    de

    1
    I = x+-sin2ax r 1
    ]" +lx--sin2bx ]"
    [ 2a 2b
    oa

    O 0
    ( 1 ) / 1 1
    l = ir+ - sin2air-0 +l n - -si112bn-OJ
    nl

    \. 2a 211
    w

    r =2n+ l-sm2an-2-sin2bn
    211 2b
    do

    2n +-1- xo--1-xo =21t, if11andb areintegors


    I =

    l 2an
    2
    2bn
    Zn+ ~sin a1t-..!. sin2b1t, ifa,b arc not Integer~
    2a

    3/2
    2b
    1-~~EL-2]
    lNCl'Rl'l
    Evaluate f I x :;in 11 x I dx
    -1
    ION Wehave
    - 1 <x< ~ ~ -n< n x<-f
    sln it x > (} ==> I x sln re x\ = .1· sin rt x
    X
    · nx < 0 ;:::, '
    -l< x<O
    ==> - n < 1t X < 0 :::;, s lJ'\ 1
    sin It ~- > O ::::> I .t sin 1t xi = x sin "x
    :::;, sJn it x > O :::> x
    • 7t x < 0 ;:::;, I x sin it xi - - .i
    19,86 ~ 0::;:,X5111
    3 ,, 1i ;::> sin 1t:\' <
    1 <X <- ⇒ lt < 1i X < -;,- •
    2 ·r1•y<l
    · ,~ 1i I i - <- -
    _, $µ, ., '
    r
    Thus, jx sin :n\ =~ ~ ,.
    l- x. sin, "~, if 1 <X <I
    2

    using additi\-c p;opertr, "e obtain 3/2


    3,, j1 . Id . f \xsin itx\ dx
    1= [ jxsinnx\dx = [xsm.ix l+
    • -1 1 3/2

    m
    J
    1 =
    l
    Jx ,in x dx +
    3/2
    f (-X sill Jt x) dx
    1 .
    = Jx s111 1t x dx - x sin 7t x dx

    o
    71
    -1 l -1 l

    .c
    l 3/2 [·: x sin 1t xis an even

    du
    J f xsin 11xdx
    = 2 Jxsin rrxdx-
    a 1

    oe
    J x sm "x x =-- cos 1t x + -lj cos 11 x dx == - -x
    r . d x cos n x + 2l .
    SID n x
    lll 1i 7t 1t 1t
    ch
    te
    m
    fro

    =
    d
    de
    oa

    2
    !.OLL'!ION Let f -- f1
    -2 XCOS1tx[ dxand/(x) -
    - 1x cos re x I,Then
    nl

    f(-X) =1-xcos (- . I- '


    w

    So,ffx)isan;ven furu:tio:J -1-x cosnx\=\ x cosnx\ =f(x)


    do

    I- j I x ,os
    . n I dx - 2 2JI
    ..· " f (x) dx ~
    -2
    0
    xcosnx l dX
    [ J" a
    2 J f(x) dx, lf f(- y)
    0 •
    TEGR'<LS
    \I.U

    ' ..
    l
    w,..

    1 1
    .-o - 3

    •
    -. '
    0
    :It •' '
    ..'.s;

    l
    ,_-
    l
    ,•'_+_!_ I -' = ..
    \ - --
    -.;- ~

    ' ~ i:i2 -:!lt -:

    o m
    .c
    =

    du
    if J (.:U - x) (xl

    oe
    0

    !-"sinS rroperty \"L we ootain


    i .'
    ch
    f f(J-1 J1 : " (x) ~ I (2.Q -
    ->-
    .r)}d.,:
    te

    ~ 1 j {x) - f(x)} d.r. if f (la - .r) =f(x)


    m

    "
    fro

    j tJ(.r) - _r{.r)J dx, iff(2a-x) =- f(xl


    0
    d

    if f (2a - .r) = f (x)


    de

    if f (2a - X) ~ - / (X)
    QE.D.
    oa

    0
    if f (2a- x) =fl x), !hen the graph off (x) is ,-ym11wtrkul .11\:1111 x ~o a., - :n
    nl

    9.T2.
    w

    2A a
    J f(:r.) dx = J f (XJ dx
    do

    a 0

    -
    x· n
    ' LI

    Y'
    Ft(l 19 12
    ·g. 19,13.
    19.88 f (x) is as shown in Fl
    the graph of.
    If f (2a - x) =-f (x), the~"
    f f (x) dx = - J f (x) dx.
    0 n
    y
    i '}JI
    f/(X) dx
    I
    X
    X'
    /,,, OJ (2.a, 0)
    0

    m
    •

    o
    Jf(x) dx !x=a x= 2a

    .c
    0
    j

    du
    Y'
    Fig. 19.1 3

    oe
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    ch
    LEVEL-1 f
    2n
    te

    EXA.\1PLt 1 Evaluate: J cos5 X dx.


    m

    SOLL710N Let f (x) • ~; x Theo,[ (2, - x) • { cos (2 , - ,i)' •oos5 ,


    fro

    2n ~
    J cos5 X dx = 2 J cos5 X dx
    d

    0 0
    "-Jow,
    de

    J(rr.-x) = { COS{1t-x)}5 "'- cos5 x = - f (x)


    oa

    !t

    Jcos5 x dx = o.
    nl

    0 =
    2
    w

    2,r 5 n
    fieru.-e, J cos x dx = 2 J,.,,,.5 d
    do

    0 "'"XX=2xQ=, Q l
    l:.XA MPLE 2 Pro~e that , 0 •
    n/2 . •12
    J log ~in :r. dx = J Jo •
    ~
    1t
    g cos X clx = - - log 2 11 "" III
    •n o 2 ·
    SOl.UTION Let / J lCJg &in X tfx, lNCER f , CBS 1 I in (
    n/2 (I
    21 "'l
    Then, 1
    = J log sirJ 11 _ )
    0 \2 X d:r.
    •12
    J " J log cos x dx
    0
    INITE IN TEGRALS

    ·ng (i) and (ii), we get 19.89


    rt/2
    21 = J log sin x dx ➔ 11/2
    f log ~s,b
    o 0
    rt/2
    2I = J (log sin x + log cos x) dx
    0
    rt/2
    21 = f log (sin x cos x) dx
    0
    rt/2
    2I = Jo log ( 2 sin ; cos x) d.x

    m
    y 2

    o
    2I = 1og ( - 2x)
    sm- - d.x

    .c
    0 2

    du
    rt/2 Tt/ 2
    2! = f log sin 2x dx - f log 2 dx

    oe
    0 0
    rt/2
    ch
    21 = J log sin 2x d.x - ~ (log 2)
    0 2
    te

    ri/2
    2I = J log sin 2x dx - ~ log 2 ...(m)
    m

    0 2
    fro

    rt/2
    11 = J log sin 2x dx.
    0
    d

    utting 2x =t, we get


    de

    " dt
    11 = J log sin t -
    oa

    o 2
    1 rt
    nl

    I1 = - J Jog sin t dt
    w

    2 0
    rt/2
    do

    lUsil\g- property\.]
    11 = ~x 2 J logsintdt
    2 0
    tt/2 ( U~ing Property ll
    I1 = J log sin x dx = I
    0
    Putting I 1 = I in (ill), we get
    21 =I - ~ log 2 ⇒ l ""
    !! log 2
    2
    2

    H:ence,
    rr/2
    J log cos X dx
    J log sin ;x. dx = 11/2 - - -2
    It log 'l
    ~

    0 0
    n/2 t x I dx == 1t loge 2
    EXAMPLE 3 Prove that: J log I tan X + co
    0
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --,V1:r-r-~•--- ~ ~ --

    19.90

    SOLUTION Let T =
    1t/2
    f log I tan ;r + cot x I dx. Then,
    0
    dt/2
    sin x cos xi dx
    1
    I= flog cos x - +-::1
    sin .,· I
    0
    Tt/2 1
    1-~ - - t dx
    1= f
    0
    log sin x cos XI

    [·: sin X > 0, cos X > 0 for ail XE (0,


    ) = rrJ/ 2Jo.,. (- _J __) dx
    ° sinxcosx
    0

    m
    rr/2
    J log (sin x cos x)

    o
    =- dx

    .c
    0
    1t/2 n/2

    du
    = I =- J log sin x dx - f log cos x dx

    oe
    0 0

    ⇒ I= -(-~loge2)-(-~loge2)
    ch
    ⇒ [ = rr loge 2
    te

    It
    t:XAMPLE-1 Evaluate: J log (1 + cos x) dx
    m

    0
    fro

    1t

    SOLUTION Let J = J log (1 + cos x) dx.


    0
    d

    Then,
    de

    "
    =I
    I log {J + cos (it - x)} dx
    [ 1/ a
    oa

    0 (x) dx • J f(a - x)
    nl

    11 0
    = I = J log (l - cos x) dx
    w

    ')
    do

    Ad ding (i) and (ii), we get

    !
    I!

    21 = !log (1 i- cos x) + log (1 - cos x)I dx


    7t

    2J ~ J log (1 - cos2 X) dx
    0
    1t
    2T = J log sin 2 x dx
    0
    It

    2f = 2 J log sin x dx
    0
    1t/2
    l = 2Jtog sin x dx
    0
    19.91
    1l
    = 2x - -2 log ,, .,<.
    •12

    = -1rlog,, 2
    11
    [
    ·: J l()g sm .x ,Ix
    I)
    " l
    2 lr,g, 2 l
    [pn/uatc: J x log sin x dx
    0
    ~

    Let I =J x log sin .t d.t. Then


    0 '
    11
    f= J (1r-.~} log sin (,c-x) dx a a

    m
    0 ·: f JCx.)dx=f J(a - xJdx
    [

    o
    0 O
    "
    J (rr-x) log sin x dx

    .c
    I=
    0

    du
    n: :t

    l = rr J log sin x dx - J x log sin x dx

    oe
    0 0
    rr/2
    I =2rr J logsinxdx-T
    ch
    [Using Property X]
    0
    lt
    {See Example 2J
    te
    J =2ro:x - log 2 - 1
    2
    2
    21--,r 1og2
    m

    2
    lt
    fro

    I =--log2
    2
    LEVEL-2 I
    ;t/4
    d

    [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
    Evaluate: J log (sin x + cos.x) dx
    de

    -n/4
    :t 4
    oa

    Let I= J log (sin x+ cosx} dx. Thc11,


    -~/4
    nl

    4
    f log~f✓-2 ( ..2.-<;i.n x+ ~-cos.x
    w

    1= "' J )~ dx
    2
    .fi .J
    do

    -n/4

    T= "l log { Ji ( sin xcm,i- cosxsin )} dx ~


    I=
    -:~
    'J
    4
    log { fi. sin (x t- ~)
    }
    dx =
    n/4 {
    f log /i.., log ..in
    (
    i ;
    n)lj ,It
    4
    lt/4 1t/+
    1l4 1ti
    4
    ( 11)
    1= f log fi. dx.,. J log ~i n , • 4 ,/1
    - ,r./4 -n/4
    1
    I "' ( -log2
    )
    LX
    ]"/4 +
    1t/2
    J lo"si.n/tf/,wllL'll't 'I "·I
    n ·

    l ~ log 2
    2 -n/4 O n/2 ]
    •: [, log sin t di -
    19.92

    ⇒ T= 1t Iog2 - 1t
    log2=- 1t log 2
    4 2 4
    ;r/4
    ALITER Let I == J log (sin x + cosx) dx 11,en,
    -n/4
    ri14 (
    -x-) } dx·
    I= f l( log(sin x+ cosx) + log (sm• (-x)+cos
    0

    1= nt { lug (sin x+cosx) + log (cos -sin x)} dx


    0
    n/4 n/4
    1= [ log (cos2 x-sin 2
    x) dx = f log cos 2x dx

    m
    ⇒

    0 0

    o
    til2
    f

    .c
    ⇒ 1 =~ log cost dt , whcret =2X
    2 0

    du
    1 1t it
    l = - x - - log 2 => I = - - log 2
    2 2 4

    EXAMPLE 7 For x > 0, let f (x) =f loge I dt. Find the function f
    oe (x) + f (x1 J and s
    ch
    1 +t
    1
    te

    =
    m

    SOLtJIION We hav e,
    X I t
    f J
    fro

    (x) = oge dt
    1+ I

    lr
    1 =

    (±-) =
    d

    :::;, f lo~ dt
    de

    X l 1+t
    1 1
    Lett = - . Then, dt = - du.
    oa

    u u2
    Also, t =1 1 ⇒ ] 1
    => u -= 1 and, t = _
    nl

    -= - ⇒ u = x
    X U X

    fr .!.'x ) = lf' log,-1-x--


    w

    (1/u) - 1
    du
    u2
    do

    , 1 1+ -
    u
    f [1 J= J log~ du
    X l (1 + U) U

    f ( 1J
    = I x.
    xJ
    I
    k,g, /
    ('J
    +-)
    I I
    dt
    Adding (i) and (h), we get

    f (x) ~ f(~J' - J { log, I


    'I J ~ I
    101,, 1 '
    ('I I I) I
    ldt
    21

    I =
    = f(x.) + /(~)
    x.
    "' jI Jo~".../ ( I ·I
    ·1 ~ I
    /J
    I - di· n/ 2
    f f(
    f (X) + f ( ~) = J ~o~,: dt ()

    t
    TEGRALS
    19.93

    <', we get
    ) + f ( 1\ J = (loge e)~ _ 1
    \e "- - -2
    -:t/2
    Show that: J f (sin 2x) sin x dx =v2 r;:; nJ/4.f (cos 2x) cos x dx.

    m
    0
    n/2 0

    o
    Let I = J f (sin 2x) sin x dx

    .c
    ... (iJ
    0

    du
    n/2 r II r, -

    = lf{sm2(; -x)}sin (~ -x)dx ·: Jf (x) dx =Jf(a - :t) dx

    oe
    [
    0 0 J
    rr./2
    JJ{sin(1t-2x)} cosxdx
    ch
    =
    0 l
    te
    rt/2
    = J f (sin 2x) cos x dx
    ...(ii)
    m

    0
    i) and (ii), we get
    fro

    n/ 2
    1 = J f (sin 2x) (sin x + cos x) dx
    d

    0
    r./4 [Using Propeth .\1
    de

    = 2 J/ (sin 2x) (sill x + cos x) dx


    0
    oa

    = 2]2 ntf (sin 2x) ( -3--2 sin x+ .Ji cos x} dx


    nl
    w

    f f (&in 2x) sill ( x + ~ ) dx


    n/4
    do

    ntf{sin2(~-x)}sin (~ x"~)dx
    21 = 2✓2 "ft{sin(i 2xJ}sin(; x}h
    n/4
    21 = 2.../2 J / (coi; '].X) cos x ,Ix
    0
    n/4
    l = Ji. J f (cos 2X) COH X dx
    1C/2 O n/4
    . d r,;2 J
    f (cos 2X) cos x ,tx.
    I f (Sill
    0
    2x) sin x x = ,u.
    0
    &,lM%.JMQ hM & W4.
    MATHEM

    19.94
    2r:
    •)11 ~2
    ., sin"' l __ dx == ,.
    EXAMl'LE9 Prove tlml: j ~; +-;os 211 X
    0 Sill ·
    .,_rr '
    x sin ·' _ _ d.r
    :.,, '

    SOLUTION Let I .,. Jo ::,m


    .. -2-;: .. cos 2" y
    ., ii ,?
    n/ 2
    I
    2:t (2n x) si1/"__F1t -~'1- dx [
    •: f f(x) dx= f f(a = 21t

    1t/10 '
    0 0
    Then, = J0 sm
    :-:-2"(.,-;
    _,. _-;.)
    · + cos2" (2n· .x) = 1t I0 2
    (a
    "n ) . 211 ,
    -[ (2n - x sm · dx 1da2
    ⇒ ''I 211 ,
    . sin"' X+C'OS ;\
    0

    m
    Add.inn- (i) and (ii), we get . 211 ,
    "' 2n , . 21J x (2n - r) sm x dx

    o
    xs1n + - - - - - --
    21 = JO sin ~- -2,1, . 2,1 \' .L COS 2II X

    .c
    X + COS ;\ Sill ' '

    du
    2 21
    2 n sin ' x ,
    21 =
    "
    J -2.,-,---2,-,
    sin x cos x
    dx

    oe
    4
    0
    .,,,... . 2n
    ]- -"
    J --
    Sill
    -X --2n,
    dx
    ch
    -1t .2!1
    0 sin X ,- COS X
    n sin 211 X
    te

    J = 2;i J -sm. -211 x, cos2" x. dx


    0
    m

    r:/2 Sin 2.,, X


    = 4n J Sl!l.. 2n [Using Property Xf
    fro

    l -n
    - dx
    Q X + COS2 X

    rr/2 , 2n ( /:2 ) ,, n
    ,
    I -- 4it J dX
    ·: J f(x) dx = J f (a -
    d

    Sill 7t - X
    z11 2'1 -
    de

    i:--,,l-
    o sin (n/2 -x) + cos (n/2 - x) [
    0 0
    1t/2 2n lo,:: l -
    1 = 4n J- _x__ ---,
    oa

    cos dx
    2ll . 2n ~ T \;-
    o cos x+sm x
    nl

    Adding (iii) and (iv), we get


    1t/2 . 2n 2.ti
    --- 1 t.\J\
    w

    27 = 4rr J __s~x cos x n/2


    • 2n 21,--211-- - dx=4n J =
    1t
    do

    o sin x+ cos 2 71 x sin x ~cos x 1.dx 4nx -


    2.
    [ = n2 ()

    1t
    EXAMPll'. 10 Proue that; f _2_ 2
    _x_ _ _ _ dx
    o (a cos x I· ti2 i,,in 2 x) 2
    11
    SOl.lJTION Let I
    J -(" 2cos2 x..-/.1
    !)
    x 2 · dx
    ~in 2 Jt./
    'fhen, n/2

    J0 7
    tan
    n
    IUsing Propert Jx~i.n X
    0
    19.95

    [Using Property X]

    [Sec fa amp''
    I 12 "n page 19.3!,j

    o m
    .c
    du
    EXERC/ ,f" 19.4
    1.EVEL-1
    ,/ua(( 1/r, fol/m1•111g mtegral 1

    oe
    2 I
    J It J
    ch 1
    t.m
    2 ,,,,.1 :t "
    te

    r
    ' ,«•I I 1 l,1n l
    dr ,/\ ll'l;CEIU I
    \'
    m

    2 II
    ( 111 I
    J ,, " d, I l.ll'>L 20151
    fro

    ~ ~In I 1 n,s \

    l
    d
    de

    I Jr
    oa

    l
    I
    r \ l,ln \ d,
    nl

    .
    0 "'\" ) o..,,,,,,,. \
    w

    •
    do

    j 1 ,m 1 , 11\
    I

    •
    { tsin t
    , l
    + sin 1
    ru
    •
    J.t C\i,. ~ ~ d\

    tan :r -
    - tb:
    tan .1 + rot7 ::r
    •
    f
    MATHEMA

    19.96 rr/2
    s in 4 xdx rif (x) is
    rr/2
    f xcos2 x [CBSE 2020]
    24, f
    - n/2
    23.
    (ii) f (1 - x2) sin x cos2 x dx
    25. ~;/} log(~=: )dx - n Provet
    - 1
    rr/4
    27,
    f,
    rr log (1 - cos x) dx
    26 J sir? x dx
    0
    Prove
    - ;;/+
    zx (1 + sin x) dx
    lo ---x) dx,
    2 rr
    f
    "{ ( 2 -sin l +cos 2 .x·
    ..~ S,
    29.
    J g 2 + Sin X -n

    m
    - n/2
    2 3x3 + 2 Ix I+1 dx
    J log (a-sin8)de f

    o
    30 a
    - -.- , a> 0 31. - 2 x2 + Ixi + 1

    .c
    · a+sm8
    -a

    f1 tan - 1 lr 1 +1 -x-x
    Zx J

    du
    1'/2
    32. (i) f {sin2(3r.+x)+(n+x) 3} dx (ii) 2 dx
    Ct
    -3n/2 0 j1;

    oe
    --
    6 . sin

    34.f 1og(~-1Jax
    2 a
    33. f x ✓2 - X dx [NCERT, CBSE 2007]
    ch
    ~ 2 x + co/ xJ dx
    0
    1
    JI x cos J(l+sm
    te

    35. 1t x I dx [NCERT EXEMPLAR] 36.


    -1 0
    m

    38. f . 100 x cos101 . d


    2n
    37 "J -,------,---:--
    x dx [CBSE 2016] Sil'\ X X
    fro

    · 1 + sin a. sin x o
    0
    1r/2 . b 3/2 30. -') .,
    39 J0 asmx+ cosxdx 40. f lx cosnx l dx -, -
    d

    • sin X+ CO$X
    . 0 .n. -l
    de

    ;r
    1 3/2
    u .flxsin nxldx [CBSE2017l 42. f l xsinnxldx
    oa

    0 0
    43. IT f is an integrable function such thatf(2a-x) = f(x), then prove that
    nl

    2a a -t Let I
    f f(x) dx = 2 J f(x) dx
    w

    0 0
    do

    2a Then,
    44. If f(2a - x) = -f(x), prove that J J(x) dx = 0.
    () Addin
    45 If f i~ an integrable function, show that
    a a
    (i)
    2
    J
    f(x ) dx = 2 J f(x 2) dx
    (ii)
    n
    J x f(.l) rlx 0
    2
    -a 0
    a ==> I
    46. If f (x) is a continuous functit1n defint•d on 10, 2111 . TI1e11, prov,, th,,t

    f f (x) dx Jn { f (x)
    2a
    1 f (2 ,1 y)
    }
    ,h 12.. Let
    0 (J
    47. If /(a+ b -x) =f(x), then prove tha t
    l'he
    !
    b x f(x) dx =( 11
    b)''!.f(x) r/x.
    ;-
    Add
    !TE INTEGRALS

    lf/ (x) is a continuous function defined on [- l 19.97


    11
    •a , then prove that
    Jf (x) dx,,, JO jf(x) ~ f(-x)} d.>1
    11 • [

    - a l
    n 1t

    Prm·e that: f x f (sin x) dx = -'2.'.. Jf (sin x) dx


    0 O
    a II 1
    f
    !'rove that J(x) dx = Jf (a - x) dx, and henceevaluat~J x 2 (1 - x)" dx
    O O 0 [CBSE2019]
    - - -- -------- -~-- 1t
    ANSWERS
    •~ . -4 rr 1t
    4. 4

    m
    5. 4
    8. 0 Jt
    9. - log 2
    1t

    o
    8 10. 4

    .c
    1t
    1,,~- -5 13.
    2 1t
    3 14. - i 2
    !og 2 15.n(%-1)

    du
    2
    It (I. It lt 1t
    1:-. 4 18. 12 19. 20. 3

    oe
    -in 0. 4
    It 1? 31t
    ch
    "2 -
    ~ . 16
    23. 0 24. 8 25. (i) 0 (ii) 0
    3
    " 1 2
    27. - log 2 28. 0 29. 30. 0
    te
    1t 1t
    b 4 - '..!
    16 ✓2 2
    3,~- (i) ~ (ii} 0 34. 0 35. -
    ----is
    m

    I. 2 log,7 ~
    33. 1t
    ~

    ~ (a.+b) ;(%-;)
    fro

    38. 0 39. 40.

    2
    d

    50. (11 +1) (n + 2) (11 + 3) PROBLEMS


    de

    HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED


    - - -- - ... (i)
    oa

    ;t/2 sin 3/2 x dx


    = J . 3/ 2 x+cos 3/2 X
    nl

    SID · n/2 cos 3/2 X d., ...('u')


    0 . . 3/2(iti2 - x)
    f -cos3/2 x-1- sm. 3/2 ·
    w

    X
    ;,;•2 S111 3/2 12 dx I =
    Then, / = f . 3/ 2 ( ,7 x) + cos. ( '1li x) o
    do

    () S111 ~- n/2 it
    (11
    Adding (i) and .. ), we get 3/2 x
    n/2 . 3/-7 + cos -th =
    it/2
    1 . dx "' [ x ] f =-
    2
    O
    2I =
    sin
    J 3/2
    . 3/2 x + cos· x
    0 SU\
    o

    1t
    = - ... (i)
    4
    4 x dx.
    12. Let T ="Jxsin xcos ... (ii)
    0
    -l (n- r) ch -
    - "f (n-X') .~,., ) . t dx
    • ~·os4

    1t • It _ T) cos ll
    Then, l= J(n-x)sJll(
    0
    Adding (i) and (ii), we get
    19.98
    -1
    Jt 4 dt, wheref =co«\'.
    x sin x dl = - it
    if .t
    .. 21 = J11: cos I n/2 \ 1t -
    0 = f 2- 4
    rt51-
    ::::) 21 =-1t15 I
    l -ir ( - J _ 1 ) = 21t
    5 5 5
    ~ )= -
    1t
    5
    0
    ing (iJ and !it
    cos
    s/2

    n
    ;f , coo;
    s
    1:,. Let I = J., sin J .,· dx. 1
    (1
    rr
    = T\ f-
    3 ➔ 0 (1
    it
    Then. J = J( 1t - .t) sin 3 (1t - x) dx = J (n x) sili x dx

    m
    0 0
    1t

    f sin 3 x Jx

    o
    Adding (i) and (ii), we obtain 21 "' n

    .c
    0

    du
    1;3 Let I = •J -x sin x dx
    1 + sin x

    oe
    0
    Then I = j (n-x) sil, (n-x) dx J.og• -
    .,
    ch
    1 + sln (it - x) ·
    0
    te
    :r l -
    (n-x)
    = I -1-
    Slll X
    I - - - dx
    + Sin X
    m

    0
    rr
    1t SUl X l = ~ ~::
    fro

    Adding (i) and (ii), we get 2 / = I ---dx


    l+sil1x
    0
    r= .. 41-"i: :
    f (1 1.,.
    lt
    d

    2I rr + sin. x) -1 dx =nf
    sm x
    rr ( 1- .1
    . x dx
    1 ~
    t,:
    de

    0 0
    1 +sm =
    " ,r./2 / .
    = 1t f 1 · dx - J_
    oa

    ~
    2I 2n l . - dx
    1 ~ =
    o O
    +smx
    nl

    2I - n[x]" 21t "r 1 -sin


    12
    x dx
    '
    w

    ----
    0 o 2
    cos x J
    '
    do

    n/2
    21 ,<-2n f0 (se·2
    · c x Lanxsecx)d
    • X
    ~ I
    ,l

    •
    21 - "2 2n( lan x -sec x J:/2

    2
    2nlsin x
    co,'
    11•12
    0
    :I.
    It I ?11 \'O~.\
    (l1~in,)
    l-
    n/''

    I)
    I{
    ,
    I ::'. JL(ll I)
    ,\h.1,.,11 ..\sr!!d l li
    t•nh ,1tion w-.1:,. k.
    l -= it
    1t ( \') l>l' ., c,,ntint
    2 t'd into II eq
    22. Wehave, ,... ,n + (11- l)h b
    rr/2
    I ~ J ~:tcosx
    .4- -<Ix
    11/1 = [,- a or,
    0 Sil) X + CQS4 :,
    1 = "j2 (~~)cosx sm .t 19.99

    0 COS4.t+. 4 dx
    dding (i) and (ii) sin x
    tt/2 'we get ...(ii)
    21 = ~
    2
    J sin .t co
    4 ~x d
    ocosx+•4 x
    1 SJ.11 X

    21 = ~ f 1
    4 0 (1-t)2 +12 dt ,wheret= Sm
    . 2x

    m
    1t
    fI
    ~ 2 [tan-l
    21 =- 1
    (t _! )

    o
    2
    S O + ( -1 ) 2 dt = 8 X (2t-l) ] l

    .c
    ~
    2 2

    du
    l = ( 1t + 1t) n:2 o
    8 4 4 = 16

    oe
    It
    = of log (1 - cos x) dx -_ oJ" log ( 2 s·m 2x)
    -2 dx
    · -f
    - " log2 dx+ 2J• l
    ch
    . x
    rt/2
    0
    og sm -dx
    te

    1 = rr log 2 + 4 f log sm. t dt , wberet-x o 2


    0 -2
    m

    -.··r'2 1
    fro

    I = n log 2 + 4 x - ~ log 2 1
    2 [ 0 og sin/ di= - ~2 lo<>" 21
    2
    d

    l ; n log 2 - 2 it log 2 = -id og


    de

    = f x✓2 - x dx. Then,


    oa

    1
    2
    = f (2 -x) .j2 - (2 - x) dx [
    Using Jj(x) dx = j f (a -x) dx]
    nl

    ,O 0
    0
    w

    2 2
    = f (2 - x) Jx dx = f (2 ✓X -x./x) dx
    do

    ~
    0 0
    f = [± 3
    ;x3/2 _ 3_ XS/2]
    s
    2
    [±
    = s x 2 3/2 _ _3.s x zS/2] "'
    3
    _£_,/2 _ 16 /2
    s - LS-
    O

    hitNTEGRATION AS THE LIMIT OF A SUM


    ens~ection, we shall consider integration as the limi t of th!? swn of certain nurnber of terms
    _ ; n"mbe, of ,~m.s
    rend> to ~fhUty ,nd Oods to mm. .,.cl,"""
    of foe< th• As•=•"'
    •ten,;:•."""' of d,fini te fnn,g,M
    is ,nore fw,d,mOO to it wM f" bef= "' I•"' In""""
    3h
    tion was known.
    -(~ b, • continuous real v,l"'d t;,,,ctfon d, ff o-' ~" tb• ,to~d i
    mto n "'l"al P""
    eo<n of width h b/ """""' (• - 1)
    fo, bf wWch fs
    porn• , . "•" 2h.
    0
    •='
    1
    , ...,a + (n- l)h between a and bas sho,~"fl in Fig. J9. l4. T1 cn,

    1111 =b-a or, 11==~


    n
    do
    w
    nl
    oa
    de
    d

    T
    fro

    =
    m
    te
    ch
    oe
    ::;.

    du
    _._
    .c
    o m
    19.101

    /J .,_ sin (/J + 11) + sin (a+ 211) +. .. su1 {a+(" 1


    + sin (a+ (n - 1) Ii)=--'-- 2 J
    '\ht) sm. (nh2 \J
    sin (~J
    {a+(11-2!l1zl sin(nh' I

    m
    a+ cos(a+ h) + cos (n+ 2h) + ( cos
    •·· +cos a+ (n-1) h) =--'-~-,c..J_.,.,f'----__..::..2 _!_
    . (h)2

    o
    .c
    $111

    du
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    \ LEVEL-1 j
    Evaluate the following integrals as limit of sums: ,,
    oe
    ch
    2
    (ii) J(2; : 1) dx
    te

    0
    ON (i) We have,
    m

    b . .
    f f(x) dx = lim h
    h ➔O
    [t (a) + f(a + h) + f (a + 2h) + .. . + f (a + (n -1) h)-1 , where 11 =b -a
    fro

    a .
    ' J n
    2- 0 2
    a=O,b =2,f(x) =x +4and11 = ~
    n =-
    d

    ri
    de

    2
    r= J (x + 4) dx
    oa

    0
    I = Um 11[f(O)+f(O+ h)+f(0+2h)+ ... +"f (O+(n -1) Ii)]
    nl

    II➔ 0
    4
    w

    = 1im h [ (0 + 4) + (h + 4) + (2fr + 4) + · ·· + ((n - l) l1 + )]


    do

    Ii ➔ O
    J = lim h [ 4n + 11 (1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + (n - t))]
    It➔ 0

    <;-:.-11}
    11

    ~ ""j
    I = hl~1 h { 4n + /!
    0
    {
    2
    rJ (II -1)} [·: It =;, ,1nd /1 -) 0 ., II
    I = lim 2- 411 + - >< - ~
    11 ➔ 00 11 n
    2

    .
    I= lim
    { ( 1
    8+2 1--
    )r = 8 + 2 (1 _ 0) == H)
    n ➔ oc, 11
    W
    e have, f( + (n - 1) ·]
    Ir) , where Ii = ~
    b a
    b a + Zh) + . " + II n
    J f(x) dx = 1irn /1 [t<a) + f(a + h) + /( '
    n 11 ➔ 0
    19.102 2-0 2 : lin,2j
    a= O,b =2,f(X) =2X t 1 and 11 =---- "' -- 11 11 n ➔ r.;\3n+
    Here
    2 -= 1im 6 4("
    ( +
    J(2.t + 1) dx ti->"~I
    I =
    I • ,"'!'o ,, r((0) a J(O + l•H f(O + 21,) <f(O < SI•) + .. · + f (0 + (• - 1) h)
    0 l We have
    "J f lx) dx= Jim Ir ➔ O
    h
    1 = _lin1 Ir [f(O) + f(II) + f(Zlz) .,_ j(31t) + ... + j((n - 1) h)] a

    ,,--o . 11 =Z,b- 4,f\x) =


    4
    -= ! f(x) dx = ~
    1 = h]j~10/1 G, .. 2/l(l + 2+ 3 + ... +(11- l))) 2

    m
    -
    1 = fan h t2(2)
    ~

    o
    k -.Q
    I = lim Ir {lH 2h )( (n - _]}

    .c
    '1 -➔ 0 L 2 I=hrnh3•1

    du
    h ~ C

    1 = ,~o lz~1-,.11J1(11-l)]
    I = fun h lll-
    ~ (11 -1)1
    oe
    [· " = ;;2 and h ➔ o
    n- .J

    ==> I = 11->00
    Jim J11 {11 + 11 X II , • 1.
    ch
    . I= n~O {2+4 · ➔ ao {2+4(1 -~)}-2
    (11:111)J = nJim
    te
    - +4 = 6 11

    .) 3[ ( 2 Evalllate the follmmng inteoral


    ..,. s as• hmrt
    . . of swns·
    m

    rxA"fl'LE
    2x+l)d·X ~f (
    (ii) 4 2x· - 1) dx
    fro

    (L •
    1
    SOU.JTION (i) We have 2
    d

    b '

    ➔ O h[f(a)+f(a+ h)+f(a+Zh
    fa f(x) dx = hJim
    de

    ~
    +
    Here, a=1,b- ) .. . +/(a) + (n- ]
    ;) ""'h,l
    oa

    ' - 3, J(~ • 2H l '"d h • 3 - -2 . h) ' where h


    '
    nl

    \~) J.T -
    I = f (2x+ l) dx n --;:; J h
    a
    w

    1
    (I !, -'
    do

    = I = lim hr
    h ~ 0 l_.f(l) + f {l -,. /)
    1 + f(l + 2h)

    = 1
    -- 1lim [ (ZY 1
    ,~o 11
    + ··· + J(·1 +(n-1) h)]
    J' (\'; . .
    I = lim h . r
    + 1) +12(1
    ~
    + /J) + 1) + 12 (1 + 2/r 0

    ."
    +
    h - , o 3 i ( 3 + 2/i) . ( 3 + 2 2 } l} + ... + [2 (1 -t (n l) I
    = - lit11
    1: .
    11, ➔o
    lll\ l1
    J _
    I
    311 •Zh (1 -I 2 -I 3 j-
    x /r)~( 3
    + 2 X '31l) +, .. , (3
    ' -I 2 (11 - 1) I)
    1-t
    I I,

    ,,lin1:.0
    (\

    J = r { ... I (n l)} I

    im h
    h-+O 3n - 1 2 //1(~ I)\

    = f =lim h { 2
    h-,o 3n+h11(It - 1)1f
    J
    TE INTEGRALS

    19,103
    I = lill, ~11 { 311 + 2 X 11 (11 - 1)1
    U-HQ H f ,, , "L

    ,, ➔ "°
    1 .,, Jim { 6 + 4 (
    11

    n
    1
    1}J ,, li;n,.,, { 4l
    h 1 I I )\
    t, ' (I 0) IO
    II
    We have l
    /1
    [ f(;,.: ) d~· = lim Ii f(n) + J(a
    ·,
    1
    Ir ~ 0 L
    r · I)l + }(11
    I .
    + 21,) + ... + /( 11 + ( 11 l
    1) hJ , where Ir
    b ii

    ,i = 2,l, =4,f(x) = 2x-1 and 11 =i-2 =~


    4 11 /I

    m
    r = 2_f(x) dx = hlim
    ➔O.)7 \ f('l) ..., f( 2~h)+f(2+21!)+ .. +/(2i(11-l)h1)

    o
    h~\

    .c
    I = . h [12 (2) -1)1 + (2 (2 + Ii) -11 + 12 (2 + 2/l) - ll ' · .. + I2 (2 + (ll 1) It) - II lJ

    du
    l = l1Jun
    ➔ 0 h[3+(3+2h) -'-(3+ 4:/)
    1 + (3 +611) L .. +!3+2(11-1) /1}]

    oe
    I= ~a71[3n+2h(1+2+3+ ... + (n - t)]
    11
    ch
    11
    I = lirn h { 3n + 2h x ' (n - l)}
    te
    h➔O 2
    f = lim ~{3n ... 2x3_ ><11.{11.-lt}
    m

    n ➔ ,o n 11 2
    fro

    I = lim {6+
    tt ➔ '1". ;
    4(/t-lJ'} n
    = lirn {6 +
    n➔ rJJ
    4(1-!)lJ= 6 ➔ 11
    1
    4(1-0) = 10
    d

    1PLE 3 Evaluate the. fol/awing integrals as limit of sums:


    de

    2 3 [Cl3..-,£ :?010
    [ (x2 + 3) dx [CBSE 2001C} (ii) J (2x2 + 5) dx
    oa

    0 1
    nl

    L'TION (i) We have,


    J~ f(x) dx = [ 1 ~ 11 I
    w

    lim h f(a) + f(a + h) + f<:a + 2/r) + .. + f(,1 + (11 1) /1 , when.> h


    do

    a /, '0

    a 0, b = 2I f(x) = x2 + 3 and h =I::1'l O - ~


    ,l

    • /lll (II I) 111 I


    , t l(11 .. l
    l) ,,· t I I
    rE ,NrEG
    MATHEMA per'N'
    110N (i)
    sai.v /J
    19.104
    • ? n(n-1)(211- 1)}
    f f(X)
    I = Jim 311+ 11- 6 /l
    ⇒

    J =
    lt ➔ O

    lim
    {

    2
    -
    l 4 ,r(n-1)(2n-1)}
    311+7:x 6
    a"" 1, b
    3
    n~oo 11 11 I"" J1 (
    8 (n-1) (2n-1)}
    I= fun { 6+- r- .
    11 ➔.,

    r
    6

    = Jim
    11
    2

    J6 '- ~ (i -!) ( ~)lf 2- = 6 + { (1- 0) (2 - 0)


    8 26
    = 6 t- - = -
    3 3
    -fr 1
    r ::: h~
    l:iJ.1
    n➔"' l

    m
    6 n

    o
    (ii) We have,
    l

    .c
    r
    "1 J(x) dx = Jim 11 /(a)+ /(a+ h) + f(a + 2h) + ... + f /a+ (n - 1) hi where h =

    du
    a
    h-->0 l
    3-1 2

    oe
    Here, a=l , b=3 ' /(x)=2x2+ 5 and lz=- n- = -n

    3
    ch
    = f (2x- +5)dx
    ?
    J
    l
    te

    T = liln I! IJ(1) + f(l +Ii)+ f(l + 2ft) + ... + f \1 + (n - l)h)]


    = lr ➔ O l I =
    m

    ⇒
    2
    1 = lim hlr\2(1/ +51 + \2(1 + h/ +5} + \2(1 + 2h)2 +s)+ ... + {2 (1 + (n- 1) h) +
    =
    fro

    11 ➔ 0

    I = h~O h l
    (212 (1 + Ji/ -'- (1
    + + 2h)2 .,_ (1 + 3h)2 + ... + ( + (n l -1) hf} 5n] +
    d
    de

    [ ==
    2 2
    = I= h~O hl 2{n + 2h(1+2+3+ ... +(n - l))+ii2(1 +2 + ... +(n-1i2)}+s
    oa

    I =
    ,JL2 {n 2h
    nl

    I = + x 11 ( 11 - 1) + 11 2 n (n - 1) (211 -1)} ]
    = fun
    1,-,0 2 x 6 +Sn
    w

    l ==
    ;,nfl
    do

    1 = lim h { 2n + 2h n(n -1) + 2h2 n (n - 1)(2n -1) + -


    h->0 -- 6

    l {7n + 2 x 2 11 (n
    = 1 = lim
    n ➔ ocll
    -
    n
    l) + 2 x j
    11
    2
    :x 11 (n 1) (2n 1)}
    6 [·.- /1 ..

    J = lim J 14 +
    n~ ,:.
    s(~ ~J n
    1 8 (11_!2 (2n
    3 2
    1) I
    "'
    - II
    ~
    1
    1~ 11
    ~
    00
    1141-8(1
    L
    1
    n
    )\ 8'l,11 1Jf2 'J 11 , 11
    "'
    (i.i) b
    ⇒ l = 14 +8(1-0)+ 8
    3
    (1-0)(2
    3
    OJ 14 1111 16 112
    3
    Jf(
    Q
    ExAM:Ll, 4
    Evaluate tile following integrals as limit of sums: l'let<i!
    a ""l
    (i) f Ci + x) dx lCBSE 2000CI (ii) j (x 2 + Sx) dx ICBSE 20101 (iii)
    1,
    Ji· dx ..
    1 I ,1 1
    "'-
    f lNTEGRALS

    N (i) We have, 19.105


    b
    J f(x) dx =hlimO h [t(a) + f (a -t h) -i JC
    a
    ➔ r, + 2hJ t . . ' / (11 ;. (n 1) h1, whereh=-
    b- a
    2 n
    a==l,b =3,f(x) =x + XMc,l 1, ,, 3 -1 =- 2 .,
    3 n n
    J(
    2
    I == x + x) dx
    1

    I= hl~o h [.rc1)+ /(1 + h)-t j(l + 2h) + j(] + 3h)+ . .+J (1 + (n 1) h)l

    1= ,A~·10 It [ { 1 2+ 1 } + { (1 + h)2 + (1 +It) } + { (1 + 21i>2 ~ (1 + 2h)}

    m
    J

    o
    1i/ +h.-cn-l) h)r

    .c
    +.. .+{(1+(n- 1)

    du
    ,~o"(\
    0

    I•
    2 2
    1 + (1 +h) +(1 +2h)
    2
    +( l +(•-11 h J)
    oe
    , .. .
    ch
    + { 1 +(1 + h) + (1 + 2h)+ ...+ (1 +(n - 1) h)}-1
    \,+ 2h(
    te

    I • ,,":;', I, [ 1 + 2+ 3 + . . + (•-ll)+h' (1' d+ ... +(n - 11' )} -


    m

    j
    fro

    + { n + h ( 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (n-1))}

    n(n-1) 2 n(n - 1)(2n-l) h n(n - 1) ]


    d

    I = lim h n + 2h x _..:..-- + h x ~-.:....:....--'- + n + x ?


    de

    h ➔O [ 2 6 -
    n(n-1) 2 n(n - 1){2n-1)°j
    oa

    I = lim h 2n + 3h x ~--'- + h x 6
    k➔O [ 2
    nl

    2( 6 n(n-1) 4 n(n-1)(2n-l))
    I = lim - 2n + - x ~-_..:..+ 2 x 6
    w

    n ➔ «> n n 2 n
    do

    n-1) 4 (n-1)(2n-1)]
    l= lim 4+6 ( - +- 2
    n ➔ «> [ n 3 n

    I= lim
    11 ➔ <»
    [4+6(1-1)+{(1-~)( 2-~~)] 8
    11 18
    I = 4 + 6 (1 - 0) + 4 (1 - 0) (2 - 0) = 4 -r 6 + 3
    3
    ~ 3
    (
    )j I> - 11
    I) II , where h =- -
    11
    b [ f( + 2/1) I .• ' / II I \11
    f f(x) dx = Jim h f(a) +- f(a + Ii) + a
    h ➔O
    a
    3-1 2
    re a=l, b = 3, f(x) =XZ +5x and h ==--;- ~ n.
    3
    I = f (x2 + Sx) dx
    l
    flNITE INTEGRAL

    ~ (11 - J) 11 )]
    19.106

    f( l l 2h) + ... I !( ) I = Jim


    lt ➔ O
    . 1 /(1 + 1,)4 }
    = \~, If [ /(ll • } { Zh/ + 5 (1 + 211)
    h O } {. 1)2 + 5 (1 + /1) + (1 +
    I = lim I, rI (l 2 I· .'i 1) I (I I I 2 (

    j(,
    X

    ,, ~ ll ,......., +(n-l) h) ,s 1 ,(,


    J "' { (b -
    (b -a)
    I= -
    3

    1 = lim rI(l~ + (1 + 1,)2 + (1 + 21,)2 + ... +( 1 + (n - 1) h l} l =-


    (b - "

    m
    3
    lr ➔O 1 ( Evalu

    o
    j;.XA,WPLE ;
    ._ +5{1+(1 + h)+(l+2h) + ...+ l+(n-1

    .c
    2
    (i) J e:r dx

    du
    0
    , = lim h -~ 1H 2/, (1 ➔ 2 + 3 + •·· + (11 - 1) + 112 (12 + 2'2 + ... + (n - 1/)}
    (1) ~
    h ➔ O lt
    SQL1.J710N
    {"
    oe
    !,
    +5 n +h ( l+2 + ...+(11 j JC-t) dx "'
    ch
    a

    [611 + 7h (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + ◊1 -1))+ 112 ( 12 + 22 + ... + ...+ (n - 1)2)]


    te
    I = Jim Ir
    ~➔ O

    fe
    m

    n(n-1) 2 n(n - 1)(2n - l)} I =


    I = lim h { 6n+7h.x -'-----'- + h x
    h->0 2 6
    fro

    = J - Jim 2{ 611+- n(n-1)


    14 X -- + -
    4 X
    n(n -1) (2n-1)}
    =
    n ➔ "" n n 2 112 6
    d

    = lim J12+14(n- 1) ~~!n -1)(211-1)}


    de

    I l -=
    n ➔ "' n 6 2
    11
    oa

    I= lim f12+a(1-.!.)+j(1-!:.)(2-~)}=12+14
    ,,...., "' , \ n 3 n n
    +.!x2=12+14+~"'
    3 ., = l
    nl

    II •

    ! ~(a) ➔ r(II+ (n - l
    w

    [(Y) dx = h~lo h /(a+ h) + f(a + 2/i) + ... + 1) 1,) where /1


    do

    4
    Here, {(X) aaX
    b
    I - Jx2 dx
    a

    = 1
    f - ltlu:o h u +(1i+ hi°'' -t-(t1 I 211)2 I (a+ 11!)2 1 ,. I (11 1 (11 1)1, r
    '
    r Ii

    ~I
    Jr
    J = }l~o h [11a2 211h { l I 2 ' 3 t ••• I (11 I)/ ' 1,2 { I ' ' 2' ' . ' I \II l).l

    =>
    l =Jim 1,{11i+2al,x 11 (11 J)J 1 2. n(,1 l)(''u I)} \ii)
    l,

    ⇒
    II ➔ 0 2 ' I ><
    6 J /(x)
    a
    -r
    - h ~no { (nh) a2 + n (n/1) (11/1 - h) + I (n/1) (11/i h) (211/1 /1) }
    6 1-fere,
    a"'- 1,
    ITE JNTEGRAIS

    1 = lim [<b - a) a2 + a (b _ ) (/, 19.107


    h➔O ,1 - a- Ji) + 1 (b
    a) (b
    (i 11
    h) {2(b a) hJ]
    r. , h b a ·. nll-b-a]
    n

    o m
    [NCERT I

    .c
    1710~ lD ,\·e ha...-e,

    du
    •x)Jx = 1lm
    • ➔O r
    h f(a)+f(a+ h)+J(11+2h)+ ... ➔ f a+(n -l}'h 1J,whereh= b-- a ( ) n

    oe
    _

    X 2-Q 2
    a=O, b = 2,f<x) = e and Ii = - - = -
    ch
    n n
    te

    n
    m

    i = ,lim_ h .../(0) - f(h) - f (2h) +.. · + f t (n - l) h)]


    fro

    n~ u - -
    J= lim he -e - e
    - 0 h 2h
    + ... + e
    (n- J)lrJ
    d

    h-0
    de

    : = lim h -e° jci/1 iI


    11-
    ar
    l
    =11
    r Pl -1 '
    -
    oa

    -1 ( r-1
    ~ .... o e -1 JJ
    nl
    w

    ~ '
    do

    , nh ·: 1, = - c:- 11h ~ 2
    e -1 II
    I = lim h{ h ~
    11-.fJ e -1 J

    e1 - 1 e2 1
    ,·2
    f=lim-r- 1
    1r ~o i-1
    h ) I• -,1
    •Jl 11 ' (11 l) Ii) j' where Ii,_ II •
    f( ~ /t) j (11 I 2/J) I
    jC j(J;J dx = lim [
    h J(a) +- a
    :, h-,0 1 - / - l)_Z
    4==-1,b =1,j(xJ =e X and h-
    - 11
    - 11
    MATHEM

    19.108

    1
    I= limh
    1 = f , .... (/.r
    h ➔O
    -J ~(n-J)h)]
    r = e2 (e -

    ·tuting these v
    /J
    Jf(x)dx~

    m
    a
    4
    ~
    J 2.r dx =

    o
    .c
    2
    4

    du
    J2 dx =
    2
    =
    oe
    ch
    te

    ·: Jim
    [ lt ➔ O
    m

    EXAMPLE6
    Ei~duate the foUowing integrals as a limit of sums.
    fro

    l
    (i) Je2- 3x <ix INCERT]
    (ii)
    4
    J 2x dx (iii)
    J
    J (e 2- 3x + x 2 + 1) dx
    0
    d

    2 1
    SOLUTJON We have,
    de

    b -

    ! f (x) dx ~ ~j\ h V(a) ; f (a+ h) +f (a+ 2ft) + ... + / (a+ (n -1) h)], where Here, W= t !.;
    oa

    2 :bstituting thc•,c \
    (i) Hcre,a~O,b=l andf(x)=e - 3x.Therefore, ft=~~ nh = ].
    nl

    t,
    J

    Jn e2 - 3, d~-
    11 f F(:c) J:c = IIln-'
    w

    I - •
    "
    do

    I= J(<'~- .3, ~
    I
    I = lim /1 [(,_,2
    1, -0

    + It' 2-3(1+
    19.109
    I = fuJl0 he2 [::.e-- 3nh
    h ->
    __:_!]
    3h _ l =
    2
    ]" <' - ::i 1
    (~-::3h~ ~l X - ~
    P

    I,~

    2 3
    1
    l -31, J
    I "' e (e - -1) x - - = _ ~ (e- 1 2
    3 3 - C ) = 1_ (r2 _ -1)
    3 P.

    ere, 11 = 2, b = 4 and ·f {x) = 2X · Therefore h _ 4 2


    , - --- ⇒ 11I1
    tituting these values in 11 =2
    ~
    Ja f(x)dx= ,,li~o 11[/(a)+J (a+li) ➔ f(,1+211) +···-'-!( n + ( 11 - l) h )] , we get

    m
    4
    f2

    o
    2x dx = 11lim
    ➔ 0 h [f(?)
    - + .f (2 +II) + /(2+211) 1- ••• +/(2 l•(n-l)lijl

    .c
    4 , ) I

    du
    = 1t{ 22 +2 21 11+ 22+21,
    2[ 2.rdx lim
    /r - >0 + ... + 2
    2~(, l)'1}
    I
    -

    oe
    4
    J
    ch
    te

    2''/t - l
    m

    h~)
    fro

    [ 2h

    1
    d

    4"J 2xdx=4x[22-ll =J2_ [·: nh .o


    de

    = 2 and hm -21, -1
    - = lug 2
    log 2 log 2 11 -> h
    oa

    3
    1Here, a =1, b = 3 and /(x) = e 2 - 3 x + x2 + 1. Therefore, /1 = -l 3.n and nh = 2.
    i-1
    s=>
    nl

    Slituting these values in


    w

    b
    J f(x) dx= l,
    do

    Hm h lrJ(a) + J(a + h) + J(a + 2/t) +... +/(a+(n - 1) It we obtain


    • h➔O J
    1= J (e2- 3x + x2 + 1) dx = lirn h [f(l) + f(1 + h) + /(1 + 2h) +... 1-f( I+ (11 - 1) It)]
    1 h➔0

    l = hli~ h[(e2 3i<l + l 2 + l) +{e2-3('1+ Ii) +(l + J,)2 + 1)


    2
    1e2- 111-( - IJ//1 .,. [I
    11
    + [e2-3(1T2h) +(l + )2 + l) T, . . 1- 1-(11 l)h\ -f ·11
    211
    l-3h . -1-3(211)
    +e
    ,-J- 3(n
    ....... + t
    l)lt}
    /)2 (1+2h}2 ➔ (1 +3h/+ ... + f1+(n - 1)hl }+n]
    2
    2
    + 1 T (1 + + 1
    {
    ,---,- -·- •·- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

    19.110
    -3/1 -3(21!) ,.e-3(3h)+ ...e
    -3(n--1)11} + {n +211(1 + 2 + 3+" .+
    -l l+e -t-e
    ⇒ I=limhe
    [
    h->0
    {
    +/,2
    {2] 1-22+321·... + (n-

    - -1 {( -~'')"-l} + lr211 - 2,I 11(11-1) +~~11(11-1)(211-1))] I - lim


    ⇒ /= ,:~n le 0
    h
    t' - - -
    --;-3/J _ 1
    2 6
    . h->O

    I = ros a

    = . [ 1 (e.!.,'-3/i" -1l I+I 2,,h +nlr(nl, - /t) + I6 nit (11h - h) (2nh -h)
    1 = lim hr
    fi-40 {' - J .. 1
    uate the follrr.ci

    m
    3
    J (x • 4J dx

    o
    6

    .c
    -1 (e -1_)- + 4 +2(2-h)+I(2 - II) (4-h)
    = 1 lim
    i,40 e x- ( e-311 - l) 6
    a

    du
    3
    -3 -
    ~ -3/z
    J (3x -2)dx
    1

    oe
    -1 6 1 1 -7 5
    => 1= -e- (e- - 1) 1-4+ 2 (2 - 0)+-(2 - 0) (4 - 0)= - - (e J (x - 1 dx
    ch
    3 3 , - - - --, ,3
    I LEVEL-2 I C
    te
    5

    CXA\fPI E -
    r,
    Evaluate J sin x dx as limit of sums.
    r l 2-.t}dx
    m

    3
    a 2
    J x·' ±c
    fro

    SOLUTION We have,
    l
    Jf(x) dx = /Jlim h jf(a) + j(a + h) 1 /(a+ 2h) + .. . + f(a ;- (n - 1) h)], where h '
    J
    d

    a ➔O L (x: -!\d.t
    de

    Here, f (x) =sin x l


    +
    b J (x: -x)J
    oa

    J J sinxdx !
    •
    j' i!x,fr
    nl
    w

    (l
    ~
    do

    . r h) sm. rzh J ..:~>S \' .t.,


    . swla+ (n-1}
    2 sin ( 11 + nit - h ) "!
    = I = Jim
    " -, 0
    h - - -----
    . Ir
    2
    --. = lim h -
    \ 2 2
    It

    J costd.r
    l sm 2 11 -➔ o
    ~11,. h (1

    2 -f' (3x 1)- 2

    rsin ( It 1 L)
    (I j b (I
    "J
    hi
    l /
    2J . 1'' 112 6 1J) ~
    - Lim l ,. '"I. J(.\ +eh)'
    h-,.Q
    Sill
    •
    l
    I
    ,0
    J (x 2
    + 2x +
    0
    !TE t,iTEGRALS
    19.111

    I -= cosa-cosb [·.. 2 sm
    . A sin 8 = cos (A - 8) - cos (A + B)]
    EXERCISE 19.5
    . . I LEVEL-1 [
    uate the following integrals ns limit of sums:

    m
    2
    3
    J (x + 4) dx 2. J (x + 3) dx

    o
    0

    .c
    (I
    1
    3
    J (x + 3) dx

    du
    f(3x-2)dx 4.
    - '1
    l

    oe
    3
    5
    f (x + 1) dx 6. J (2x ,;- 3) dx
    ch
    1
    0
    2
    5
    s. J (x2 +1) dx
    te

    f (2 -x) dx
    0
    3
    m

    3
    2 :JO. J (2x1 + 1) dx
    f x2 dx
    fro

    2
    l .2
    2 12. J(x2 + ~) a,x
    d

    {(x2 -1) dx
    de

    0
    1 1 2 '
    4
    j (x2 -x) dx t~. J (3x + 5x) dx
    oa

    ,CERT, CBSE 2010, 121


    0
    1 b
    f
    nl

    2 16. e:" dx
    fexdx INC ERT]
    w

    /I
    0 11/2
    do

    b 18. J si.nxdx
    f cos x dx ()
    a 4
    1li2
    10. J
    f cosx dx 1
    0 2 [CBSl 21.lOOl

    l,
    2
    ! (3x2 - 2) dx V I
    0
    0 2 l C llS F ~005I
    4
    24, J(r-1 1 x) ,II
    2, j (x+ e2x) dx l '\JCllfl I ii
    [CUSE 20071
    2,
    0
    2
    j (x2 + 2x + 1) dx 26
    _ f1 (2x2 t J.x + 5) dx
    · [CBSF ;!.007]
    0
    0
    MATHEMAT
    19.112
    5

    27.
    b
    Jxdx [N CERT]
    28, J (x + 1) dx
    0
    a 4 I = lim h

    19.
    3
    f x. 2
    dx
    [NCERT] 30. J(x 2
    -x) dx IN Cf.RT, CBS I, ➔ O

    1
    2 3

    31.
    2
    J (.? -x) dx [CBSE20111 32. J(2x2 + Sx) dx
    1 l=limh:
    0 h-.o
    3
    33.
    3
    J (3x2 +1) dx [CBSE2014) 34. J (x 2
    + 3x+ e"') dx
    I = lim h
    1

    m
    1 lt-,O

    o
    5. -35 8. 14

    .c
    1. 33 2, 8 3. 8 4. 6 6. 14 7. -4
    2 2 3

    du
    -ll
    10. - 1L ! 12. 32 13. 27 14. -7 15. e2 - 1 16. e b -e17 17. sinb
    3 3 3 2 2
    23. 1S+e8
    oe
    18. 1 19. 1 20. 78 21. 4 22. 20 24. 14 We kr.o·v L'iat
    ch
    3 2 3 I>
    2
    27. b -a
    2 ff (x JI -:
    28. 35 29. 19 30. 38 31. 2 32. 112
    te
    a
    2 2 3 3 3 3
    ,. 62 3
    = - +e -e
    m

    3
    ----- - - --- - - --HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROB
    fro

    4
    13. I = J (x2 - x) dx
    d

    0
    de

    We know that

    h)]
    oa

    !f(x) dx = h~ h[f<a)+f(a +h)+f(a+2h)+ .. . +f (a+(n - 1)


    nl

    Here a= l,b = 4,h =~and f(x) = x 2 - x.


    "!' " '(
    w

    n , I =j (x • . - )

    ~ (1) + f (1 + h) + f (1 + 2h) + ... + f ( 1 -~ (n -1) h)


    do

    0
    I= { (x2 - x) dx = hli_!-O h \\., kn0w that
    ~
    J;
    ⇒
    d.\ •
    [\(1' -t)) ((1 -(1
    (X)

    I - ."'!', h + +h)' + h)l + [(I + 2h)' - (1 + 2/,)l + ..


    H.-re, ,1 ,. 0, /, -

    ~ {(1+(n l) 11 )2 . f4 (x t ,.~., \ ) ,Ix


    ⇒
    0

    I - )"!', h [( 1' + (I + hJ' • (I •· 2h)1 • .... ,-( 1 ' (, • 1) 1, )') = lin:t 11


    h--, 0
    l<O + e°

    = lilim
    ➔O
    1r[{o+l1
    - { 1+(1 + h) + (1 + 2/r) + .. .+(1+ (11-l)
    19.113

    I= lim
    It ➔ O

    I= lim
    h➔O

    m
    I= lim
    n ➔ OO

    o
    .c
    I = lim

    du
    n➔ oo

    oe
    ch
    te
    m
    fro
    d
    de
    oa
    nl

    4
    w

    I = f (x + /x) dx
    do

    0
    We know that
    b
    f f(x)dx = lim h[f(a)+f(a+h)+J(11+2h)+ , .. +f(a+(11 - l) 1r)]
    a h .... O
    Here' a =O, b = 4, f (x) 4
    = x +- e2x and h == -;:;

    :. f (x + e2 x) dx
    O
    = lim
    lt ➔ O
    h [1 (0) + f (h) + f (2 h) +, ..
    1
    f ( (/1 I}
    11
    J]
    " .'-'!', "[<o «'l +(h +,''i +(2h ,,'''") +(" ••""'J' · ·'(<• ll/<+ ,, ,,. _ " ' ) ]

    " Um (J }{ 2h + e2<2h) + e3(3l1) + ... 4 e2 <11 - J)l1}]


    h-.oh l0 +h+ 2h + 3h+ ... + (n - 1)h + 1+e
    11'41TE IN'TE
    19.11 4
    2/1 4/I + e611 + •·• + e
    2 (n- J) h}] 5
    1+e +e J (x +
    = Jim h [1, {1 2+ ·.. + (11 - l)} + {
    1· I 0
    h ➔O e2"'-J
    2 Ir 11 16 11(11 - 1) 1·..-. -2-h - -
    + i,.,
    . { Ir 11 (11 -1) (e l_-:!_
    = 1in1 2 x
    ---
    2 /J -> O e -1 We have,
    = hlim.
    ➔O
    lz - - - - + 21,
    2 e -1 } 11-➔"' 11 h
    8 8 Bere,a =
    8
    es _ 1 :...-1 = 15::..:_
    1) . e -l = 8 (1 - 0) + - = 8+ 2 2 3
    = "lim 81
    ( - + hlim e2'I - 1 ) 2
    ~"' 11 ➔O [
    2 --
    J ,T
    2

    Zh L
    '

    m
    b h
    f x dx = h-,
    Ii.In

    o
    li. Let I = D

    .c
    We know that = lim h

    du
    f f (x) d.t" =h~o h ~ (a) + f (a+ h) + f (a + 2h) + ... + f ( a + (n -1) h) J w h e re h =
    h--0

    oe
    •
    Here, f (x) = x
    ch
    ! = h~oh[a+ (a +h) +(a +2h) + ... +( a+(n - 1) 1r)] = ;,I.in::.
    ➔0
    .!:
    te
    xdx

    !
    b
    m

    = xdx = h~oh[n a + {h + 2h + 3 h + ... +(n-l)h}]


    fro

    1
    = J.!ll1
    j xdx hlim➔ O
    = [nha+ h2 n(n - 1)1 = fun [(nlz)a+(nh) (nh - h) ]
    n _,,. x- n
    d

    a 2 - h➔O 2
    de

    =
    ⇒
    j xdx = hJim➔ O
    a
    [(b- a) a + (b - a) (b-a ~ h) ] _ (b- a)2 b2 - al
    - (b-a)a + -- = -
    fun
    oa

    2
    2 2
    5
    2b. \tic have, I = f (x.,. l) d.x W tha t
    nl

    ,..
    · e N.10W
    0
    Eruluat,· th,:.;
    w

    b -I

    ! +f( + ( - 1) h )] , where h r
    do

    l. X -1
    f(x) dx = h~o h [!(a)+ f(a -l h) + f (a + 2h) 1 ...
    11
    \
    11 0

    Here,a = O,b ~ 5 /(x) _


    ' -x+Jand lr =- 5
    ~.sI t
    5 /1 \ ,;,
    ~.\:
    f
    (x .- 1/ dx ,
    hli:no hr
    f (O) 1 f (h) I f (2h)
    1

    0
    s
    1
    • I t ((11 l) li)J :i.
    1
    J tan
    = 0f (x + 1) dx = ,,lim>0 /, [1 ( 0
    . I l + /J/ 1 (l 121s) I (I 1 :I/)
    I I .. . I
    (
    I . (II l) /J )
    J
    5 1
    ⇒ J (x + J) dx = I tan -
    0
    Um
    II ; 0
    11 111
    l1i (1 , 213 1 ••· I (n I ) )]
    7,
    0
    ililfE INTEGRALS

    19.115
    5
    J (x i J) dx Ii m
    II , ,
    i
    n
    11 ; 5 ,. 11 (11
    n 2
    J)
    (J
    3
    ,, have, / = J x2 dx
    2

    mo
    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    te
    m
    fro
    d
    de
    oa

    ------
    nl
    w
    do

    :ialuate the foll011Jing integrals:


    2

    L
    4
    f :r. ✓4-x dx i. I x (3x --2 dx
    'I,
    1
    fl
    I
    s I 'I' 11,
    3. r ✓2x
    ' - 1 dxX
    4 J cos
    l)
    1
    I 1
    I (I : }/.I
    1 J ('( )I,
    I I t
    s. I tan - 1 x dx /j ,
    0
    {J
    u.J3 1( 3x -x; )dx
    '·I 0
    tan-1 l 2x 2
    l - x
    Jax
    jj.
    J
    0
    tan 1 - 3X
    MATHEM

    19.116
    n/3 cos__:__ dx
    1
    l-X d
    10, J 3 1• 4 sin x
    9. J --- X
    l+X
    0
    ()
    it/2 · X
    sin.:..-~ dx
    11.
    n/2 sin2 x
    JO -(J -+ - ) 2
    dx 12
    · J /1 + COS X
    0 '
    COS X
    2
    nJ sin 3 x (1 + 2 cos x) (1 + cos x) dx
    1t/ 2 COS X 14.
    13. - , dx
    J- 0
    0 1+sin"x
    it/4
    16. J siJ.1 2x s il.1 3x dx

    m
    "' x dx
    15. [ 2) 0
    tl

    o
    ll + x) (1 + X

    .c
    -2 -
    1 --. 2 1 sm
    11-.t dX lS. J2

    du
    1- .
    J() ~l+X
    --
    1 X

    oe
    4 3 /! + COS
    ,r./2. X 6 - CC-, X

    19.
    4,

    .f COS
    4
    X sin x dx 20. J ' 5/2 dx
    ch
    n/ (1- cos x)
    3
    11
    te

    -:t/2 1
    1L f x2cos2xdx 22. J log (1 + x) dx
    m

    0 0
    X d:.
    fro

    I0 x (tan -, x)2 dx
    .f;. x2+x l
    23 _ dx 24.
    ✓2x + 1
    i ..::.x
    d

    2
    de

    l 2
    2.5. J (cos 1
    x)2 dx 26. J Xx(X,
    +--
    3 d •
    .X 3 ,
    - -'
    i
    oa

    2) l
    0 1
    -:t/4 n/4
    nl

    l
    27. J e'" sin x dx 28. J tan 4 xdx 29. J I 2x - 1 I dx
    w

    0 0 0
    do

    3 ,r./2
    30. J I x2 2xl dx 31 . JI sin x - cos x I dx 32.
    1
    J I sin 2n x i ,fr
    1 0 0
    3 n/2 l/2
    Jr;/ 2 Sm. 9 X dX
    2
    33.
    f1 [x -41 dx 34,
    35, J \"OS I
    1/ ...
    a 2
    x ex n/2
    36. j ---i- dx 37. J l 7 ilx
    2H
    -a 1 +X () 1 ; cot x
    311,
    Ill l'n/ .1 d.1

    39. j fi
    .Jx + ,Ja - x x
    d
    40.
    n/2
    f 1 3 - dx
    n
    .1· s i.11 1·
    0
    o 1 + tan x
    41.
    J0 l + cos2 x dx
    19.117
    r.
    ·U . _[ ~ n/4
    11 11" co,; 2 , + 12 . 2 rlt
    > s 1n ,.
    44 J Jtan xJd%
    •II
    \
    1--.;_ en~
    = ..~ 8U1
    . -~ dx t7,
    ~12
    j X •t X co,-, X dx
    o sin x + rQ<; 4 x
    r.
    dx cos 2x log sin x dx 50. i•
    :-,in .t ~ cos x 2 X z dx, a,.,J
    o tr-cos x

    m
    n./2 . 2
    . x tan x d • J sm x
    " 3.

    o
    ·' ,,ec ., . + tan .\ X -
    sin-x+---
    cos -x dx
    0

    .c
    i- -- f x JO sm. 7 x dx
    ;r. 1
    f coC 1(l -x+x )dx 2

    du
    X
    -,----,-dx :,::,. 56.
    0 ~in- X ~ t.'OS- X -;r. 0

    oe
    ~,2 1 _
    n/2
    J cosec x c~ x dx
    58. J - - -'---- dx 59
    ch
    2 cos x + 4 sin x ;r./6 1 + cosec x
    0
    te
    . .-' dx
    i ~cosx• 2sinx
    m

    ~a,e :h.:_fo//owing definite integrals as limit of sums: (61- 69)


    fro

    4
    J (x2 + x} d.x
    2
    2
    62, J (2x + 3) dx 63.
    1
    d

    0
    3
    de

    ?
    1
    65, J e
    -x d
    3
    X
    66. f1 (2x· + Sx) dx
    J e"x dx
    oa

    2
    l 3 ?
    , 2
    J (i .,. 2) dx (>9, f (x· + 1) dx
    nl

    68.
    (x2 + 3x) dx 0
    0 ANSWERS
    w

    l
    l I ,
    do

    1t
    5 -- og-
    4 - . -1 .:.
    326
    2.135 'I, :!lo~:!- I
    1 4
    lo~ 'l
    '1t 2
    7. - Jog2
    2 R
    II I I,
    Jt 12 ,?(,.!
    II 2
    10. } 1og (I+ 2 f3 ) 2
    \ 3 ) ",.
    17
    fl IS ,.
    '
    [(, 5 [2 '
    "-7
    Js
    3
    n - lu~(~)
    p
    lJ,
    5

    20 . -2
    FINITE I
    19.118
    1
    2
    2s. 1t- 2 26. ~ log 6 27 -
    · 2 TbeV
    1
    1t
    ?4 ---+-log 2 1t
    ~ . 16 4 2
    2 (a) 0
    31, 2(J2 - l) 32. -
    1t 2 1 30. 2 'It
    28. 4-3 1Q -
    ... 2 Toev
    1t
    36. 0 37 -
    33 4 34. 0 35, 0 ' 4 (a) 0
    c,:,

    7t2
    a
    '.'IQ - 40.
    1t
    41. 2 42• 5-
    1t
    J0 1
    38. 0 . 2 4
    (a) l

    m
    2
    2 1t2/4
    7(0, 7(
    4 -Jt 44 log 2 45. 2 -.Jz 46. 47. 16

    o
    2 ab sin a 7 J

    .c
    0
    2

    du
    1 log (✓-2 + 1) 1t 1t (a) 2
    4H. ,J2 49. -2 50.
    2a ✓a 2 -1
    oe
    5.

    53. 1 2
    ch
    -, 1 1t
    .:,~. 2 log (.fi + 1) 54. 8 55. 0
    te

    ,: /2
    •=-- ~ 1 l { $+- 12) } -1(1)
    m

    J35 SB. 2$ og 2(,Js 59. tan


    3
    9. f
    0
    2
    fro

    6" - 1 Iog {$+1} (a ) ~


    $ $ -1 61. 8 62. 34 27 ~
    d

    63. -
    3 2
    de

    b"
    r 2 -e -
    -1 \e 2)
    65 e·2 -e- 3 66. 112
    10. J 1
    oa

    2
    3
    67. 62 68. 20 0 \
    ,, 12 3 ~
    .:,
    (a)~
    nl

    '>
    w

    - - - - - - - - - ~ _MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (M 7t

    Mark the cortect alternative in each of the following: t l. I0


    do

    1 11 +
    1. J .Jx (1 - x) dx equals (a)
    0
    (a) n/2 (b) it/ 4
    1 (c) rr./6
    7t (d) rr./8 It/ J
    2 f - - - dx equals
    · l +sinx
    0
    l:?,
    I
    lt / 6
    1
    (a) 0 (b) l /2
    (c:) 2 (a) 7t
    rr x-tan x (d) Cl/:1
    3. The value of J- - - dx ts
    secx+co$x 13,
    0 Give

    (a)
    1t2
    4 (b) T ·2
    (c) ~'it
    2
    (d)
    7(2
    thev-n
    2 3
    value off2"0V,I1 +sin!_--;.2"1S
    1 'it...
    19.119

    (b) 2
    1t/2 (c) 8 ·
    (d) 4
    value of the integral J -=.lP,s""'x
    o .fco~ x +~sin !· 4x is.
    ., 0 (b) rc/2 ( 1
    1 c) 11/4 (d) none of these
    :, ,.,.,,,.. --,:- dx equals
    1➔ e

    m
    ) log2-J (b) tog 2
    (d) - log2
    • '2/4

    o
    sin ,Jx
    J Jx dx equals

    .c
    0

    du
    (b) l ( (ct) i/8 I

    oe
    I
    cosx
    (2 + sin x) (1 + sin x) dx equ;al
    ch
    of:1,,rn (b) ... rn . .11,,m
    te

    f .,- + 1COSX dxequals


    m

    ' ,,,
    1,
    fro

    ~a) ~ tan - 1 ( -1- ) (b)


    3 ./3
    ~ tan - 1 [ ·
    [3 ' I
    1
    .J.itan- J3
    •
    d
    de

    "J /yl~
    ~+dx=
    x
    oa

    lO
    (a) !:. " ' (d.) it + i
    2 (b) 2-1
    nl
    w
    do

    (d) (a ~ b) re
    (a) ir (b) ~
    Ja2 -b2 ab
    11/3
    J 1 dxis
    n/61 + [cotx (J) 1t/2
    (a) n/ 3 (b) tt/6
    a, 2 ~
    • Given that J __ ----3__ 2 - ~) dx .. 2 (a 1 /!) (/, ; r) (c I a) '
    o (x2 + a2) (x2 + ti2) (x +c

    the value of J dx -
    2
    o (xi +4) (x + 9)
    ' is
    18UO .
    • "
    I
    • •

    d
    { I

    m
    (A) 4

    o
    I

    .c
    I I
    I
    J

    du
    \ In l
    2

    oe
    f 1 slnr&
    0
    ch
    J r.
    00
    te

    ta)
    2
    4
    T ,U
    m

    I I tJ""
    fro

    15
    (, I I
    d

    I I
    ,,f l
    de

    (nl
    oa

    "
    r
    nl

    Th, u1lut-•
    w

    (ll l l l la) 4
    do

    I
    t
    f l• ◄
    I cir
    11
    !l
    " 2
    r i ,
    i,l•COI t
    (l,I l 'I
    : .2
    4
    la 0
    " l
    J d:i. l j 1 :i. di • J:ti 4r ... J m.t+cos.t
    ~II\ :r ti,

    " (b
    2.Z Deneal
    a i:

    j C{)S•
    • .a lb d
    J di SUI

    1:.• a
    4
    1
    dx is equal to
    ~in 2~

    (b) log,.{'?- 1
    (~) .2 Ing r I)
    (d, log( 1

    1- J. l d) is equal to

    (b) 2 (c) 0 (dj 4


    x3
    deri,·ativc off (x) -= f t
    - - dt , (x > 0), 1s
    loge I

    m
    x2

    o
    i xr 1 x (x -1) (d) 3 -2:r

    .c
    (b) l - (c) (In ln
    3lnx 2lnx

    du
    r./2
    lio = f x10 sin x dx, then the value of I10 + 9018 is
    oe
    0
    )9 s
    ch
    9 ?
    r (d) 9 .!:
    2
    te

    x54dx =
    m

    f1 - X)
    fro

    15 3 (d) _ 16
    (c) - - 3
    16
    d

    ~: -sin 2x dx is equal to
    de

    (d) 2 (-.:!-!
    oa

    (b) 2(.fi+1) (c) 2


    (1'CERTEXE l1'1.'1l
    nl

    2
    f 11 - x2 I dx .
    15
    w

    Tr,e Hlu.e of the integral


    -2
    do

    (c) ... 2 (d) 0


    (bJ 2

    1
    , dx i!> eqm,J to
    l+crJt~ ,
    (d) 4
    (b) l
    '1/1
    J , &in x dx equali; to
    (I 1>11, :i: .. co~ x
    (d) II ii
    (c} 11/ 3
    '") It (b) 1t/2
    1
    Iv ux.,d ,fSein 1 [ 2x
    2
    J1 dx !ti equ,d to
    1 1+x J
    (c) n/2
    19.122

    n/ 2 I to
    x. Sin x dx is equa (d) 1
    34.
    I
    0
    (l,) n/2
    (a) 1t/ 4
    ,r/2 . dr i5 equal to
    sin2x Jog tan x ••
    35,
    J0 (c) 0
    (d) 2 n:
    (a) 1t
    (b) 1t/2

    nJ _!___ dxis
    3b The value of 5 + 3 cos x
    0
    (c) n/2
    (d) 0
    (b) 1t/8

    m
    (a) rr./4

    l 1) 1,
    1

    o
    3''. "°f log x+- --2 dx=

    .c
    • X X
    0 1t

    du
    (c) 0 (d) - - ln2
    (a)1tln2 (b)-1tln2 2

    oe
    2a
    38. J f (x) dxis equal to ch
    0
    a
    te

    (a) 2 JJ (x) dx (b) 0


    0
    m

    a a a 2a
    r f (x) dx + I f (2a - x) dx Jf (x) dx + f
    fro

    (c) (d) f (2a - x) dx


    0 0 Q 0
    b
    J x f (x) dx is equal to
    d

    3o If f (a Tb - x) =f (x), then
    de

    a
    b
    (a) -11.,.b J f (b -
    oa

    - x) dx a +b b
    2
    a (b)
    2 - f f (b + x) dx.
    nl

    II
    b-a
    2 -
    bJ
    {c) f (x) dx a+ b b
    w

    a (d)
    2 J f ( x) dx
    do

    n
    40. The value of J tan - 1
    (-~ - l -) dx, is
    () ] 4• X - x2
    (a) 1 (b) 0
    n/2 (c) -1
    (cl) n/ 4
    41 The value of J log [ 4 1
    3 i-.in XJ dx i
    0 4 ~ 3 f<lS X S
    (al 2 Cb) 'l
    4 (c) 0
    (u) 2

    (b) 2
    (c) it
    (d) l
    INTEGRALS
    19.123
    1
    - - - dx is equal to
    1 -,. co52X
    (b) 2 (c) 3
    (d) 4 IN( f:R I' I X~Ml'LARI
    is equal to

    b b b- t
    (b) jf (x+ c) dx (c) f,, f (.,·) dx (d) Jf(x) dx
    a C

    ~d g are continuous functions in (0, l] satisf . _ [ N ( fRT T'XEMPLAR I


    .f ,,[ dx. ymgf(x)-J(a-x)andg(x)+g(a ~x)=a

    m
    (x) .,,x) 1s equal to '
    l0

    o
    .c
    a a b
    (b) f
    ~ f(x) dx (c) f f(x) dx (d) a J f(x) dx

    du
    20 0 0
    INC~RT EXE"1PLARI

    {sm - 1 x) dxequal<;
    oe
    ch
    (c) - 1 (d) 1 {CBSE 2020!
    (b) 0
    te

    _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _....,..-"--~ - ' 1 - - - - - - ANSWERS


    . 6. (b) 7. (a) S. (d) 9. (b)
    m

    (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c)


    ~ J7.
    1s. J a) 1~. (a) 26. (c) (b) 18 (b)
    (a) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (a) 27. (b)
    11
    fro

    22 (b) 23. (c) 24. (b) ' 25. , (b)


    20. (b) 21. (b) 33, (d) 34, (c) 35. (c) 36. (a)
    30. (a) 31. (d) 32. (d) 44. (b) iS. (b)
    29 (d) 41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (a)
    36. (c} 39. (d) 40. (b)
    d
    de

    _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS {FBQs )


    oa

    1 n
    dx =-,thena=,................................... .
    -4x2 8
    nl

    ;t .,
    J sin 3 x cos- x dx is
    w

    value of ......................... ·
    do

    -:'t
    ::/2
    " value of f esill x cos x d."< is ................................ ·
    0
    f _X_ - ................................. .
    v?- +x2 dx - .......................

    The value of th(: integral


    2/tt ~m
    J
    . (1'ix J ii~
    .
    iii ·" ........... · .................
    1/n X
    l -IX ••• u•u• ' , •.. , ••

    The value of the integralf 1,3n -;- dx i5 .................... ·


    0 J+ X

    The value of the integral J/:( 1_ - _!2 Jd:r is .................,· .................. .


    l X X
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- ,m...,......,,..,

    19.124
    .,., .....
    l:' ······•"''"'"'
    ::_ (1 + logx) d~ = ................... ..

    CJ
    1 x
    11,e value of the u1 c,,. •
    . t uril f2z (ax5 +ln··'~ I
    /)
    1 where a b, c, d a re con.stan
    ex t i ':<, I

    ............ ,........... . 2 {)
    011-ly on ............. ,............. ..
    10. "f --- L
    - d.\ - .......................... ,........... .
    · 1 +:-in.,
    0

    11
    'r: gi.n --.-4
    xcos~_- d,· = ...................................
    '
    ·
    ~ l +~m .\

    m
    it ~
    ~ J tan"xscc2 xdx = .............................. ·

    o
    1

    .c
    0
    rr/41 + tanxd .

    du
    1
    Th value of
    e f0 -·- - -
    15
    1-tan.x
    X .... ........... ·

    oe
    ,-
    3✓X •
    The value of J -1-dxis ........................ .
    ch
    0
    ..,x
    2
    n/2 . o.--;. l:
    smx a .
    i
    I, .· .
    te

    The value o f J0 - - - 2- x 1s ..............,.. :··,··.. ···i •. , , '


    1 + COS X I• , •.
    m

    a a/2 • ,1 • .
    J
    Iff(a -x) =X and .f(x) dx=k ff(x) dx, thenk ,' .. :......: .................,. ........ .
    fro

    1
    0 (j .,
    2,i
    J cos7 xsin4 x dx is .................,....................... .
    d

    The value of the integral


    de

    0
    1
    Jx I x I dx is ...................................................... .
    oa

    The value of the integral


    1
    nl

    • The value of the integral J log ( ~ ::) dx is, ................... ,......,,.....,..... .


    w

    -1 .
    do

    1
    2 The value of the integral JIi -x I dx i!'i ............................,.................... . ,I -

    -1
    1t/2
    21 The valm> of the integral J l
    lJX if. .............. ,. .............. ,"''•·· .. •
    () J + ta11 3. X

    - • lf or ,,~ X dx. = kn ih1•11 k


    "2
    ......... ...... ,... ,, ........ ...... ............ .. ,........ ,.
    -n
    Va+ X ' ,
    ,

    23. lf f(x) = f(a - x) and J x f(x) dx


    u
    f
    "
    k /Ct) t/\, l'lw11 k
    0 0
    24 ·Th. e value of the intl!gral 10
    f 1-
    IU
    <Ix is ........... .................... '
    () (l(l -X) 10 ~ X 10
    19.125

    I,..'.-- - -- - ·· 'I· I·

    2. 0 ANSWERS
    a; I

    7
    e2 -e
    2. 10, 2
    12. .:!. l
    13. --2 loi>
    .,, 2 2 '2 r.
    7 14. - - (3" ~ l) 15
    log,3 4
    17. 0 18. 0 19, () 20, 2
    22. a a

    m
    23. 2 24, 5 25, 2(e-l)

    o
    ;,.-- -- -~ -- - - ~ VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQs)

    .c
    ch of the following questions in one .wore/ or.011e sentq,ice .or 11s per exa,t requirement of the

    du
    each of the fallowing integrals1 (1-30)
    , n/2
    -sin f <ms2 x·dx. 11,/2

    oe
    2 x dx. t
    2, 3. J sir? x dx
    0 :t/'l.
    ch
    2 it/2
    cos2 xdx. .Q• f x cos x dx.
    2
    te

    •-n/2
    12
    I !
    m

    ,. Jl ..::.Cdx.
    ' X
    fro

    -2
    3
    I
    12. J -y-dx.
    1
    d

    O X -~ 9
    de

    2 "
    12
    (3+ 5co,, X)
    g _ _ dx.
    ~ --,,--
    .JI - cos 2.x dx. JS. J 1 0 3+5 sin X
    oa

    e
    10
    2 . n 17. 1cos5 .r
    nl

    dx
    f . n
    sin x
    n
    dx , 11 1;; N. 0
    w

    ip sm x -;- cos x I
    J rl~I
    do

    t./2 ) J'l. d.r


    f log ( a s'.n 8 d() ., -d
    ,,.12 a+ sm 0 ri/4
    1
    !
    :?;. J Mt\~ 111 IC ll'll ZIH II
    J f (x) dY: i1. f -1 +~ dx rclJS62tll18l
    ()
    • f (x) + f (a -i. b - X) n X

    a1
    J -dx ICBSE 2tr12l Z4 j J~
    ()
    0
    \'~ 11,,
    2 X
    I I 2
    1
    j 2x [C6S'E .20l2l
    21,. JI l 11\
    --- dx
    o 1 + x2 0
    ,,2
    L 1n 1su20111
    :t/4 ,II
    j sin 2.x dx rcns11: 29141
    2!1. J x lo~
    f
    1

    0
    19.126

    29.
    rr/2
    f e·\sinx -cosx) d:x [CBSE2014
    l 30. J4 XyX+-l dx
    2
    C

    31. If f (3.i + 2x+k) d.r=O,findthevalueofk.


    0
    a
    32. If J 3.i dx = S, write the value of n.
    0

    33. If f(x) f
    = t sin t dt, then wrlte the value off' (X). INTR
    0 atio
    a ej
    fo4+x-
    - _!.__,, dx =~,8 find the value of n.

    m
    34. l£

    ii

    o
    .c
    3
    35, vVrite the coefficient a, b, c of which the value of the intes-ral f (ax2 + bx+ c)

    du
    AR
    -3 EO REM
    independent.

    oe
    == f(x), the
    3 b
    36. Evaluate f 3x dx. f
    ch
    2
    te

    lf[-] and 1-/ denote respectively the greatest integer and fraptional partfandions r_espectively,
    following integrals: · ,
    m

    2 15 1 1
    37. f [x] dx 38, J [x] dx 39: f (ai dx 40. J i"I dx
    fro

    D O o·. O
    2 l 2 .Ji
    f J 2x-[x] dx 'f' log [xJ fix. J [x2J dx
    d

    4L x[x] dx 42. 43.. 44.


    de

    8
    0
    r.J4 D 1 0
    J sin {xi dx
    oa

    45.
    0
    nl

    1
    . 2:4
    1t
    w

    2. - 3. 1t
    1ll
    4 2
    4.
    5. 0
    do

    1t 2 Ii 0
    7. 1-- 8. 7t
    4 4 9, -1 10. 1 ·11. 7!: It
    l :!.
    1,3. ✓2 14. 0 2 I:?
    1s. 0 16.
    1C

    4 17. 0 l S. (l
    19. 0 b-4
    20, ~-- 21.
    1C
    1

    25. loge2
    2
    J
    4 22. 2 Iog 2
    '.l. log,{ ~ )
    26. l
    2(e-1) 27, ~
    2 30.
    31. -2 32. a"' 2
    · 16 33. f' (x) 0 x sin :r 3,l. II = 2
    36. - -- 3'7. I 1 :l'i. b
    ' loge 3 ~8. - 19. J. IJO. <' - I 3
    2 2 ;I I
    42,' _,'__
    1 2
    _lpgi> 2 . 44. 2

    d
    AREAS OF BOUNDED REGIO~ S j

    1 INTRODUCTION . . . .
    20. . has a large number of applications m Sctence and Engineering. Jn this chapter, we
    1.ntegr~nontegration for fu1cling the areas of bounded regions. The first step in finding the areas
    snail~~ regions is to identify the region whose area is to be computed. For this, we first draw
    t
    ofboun ketches of the various cm-ves which enclose the region. ln order to draw the rough

    m
    the roug ' ;the curves, readers are ad\rised to go through the appendix prior to this chapter.
    sketc:heso

    o
    REA AS A DEFINITE INTEGRAL
    20 2
    \M

    .c
    · fr.t f(x) be a continuous function defined 0!1 (a, b}. Then, the area b.ounded by the curve
    THEOFI 1 -axis and the ordinates x =a and x =b 1s given by

    du
    y = f(x), ~,ex b
    J f(x} dx or, J y dx
    oe
    a AD be the ~urve y =f(x) between the ordinates BA (x =a) and CD (.x = b). Then,[e
    ch
    _§l.l()f Let . area of re .on ABCD. Let P(x, y) be any point on the curve an_
    requrred area is)tbhe ·crhbou;fng point on it. Draw ordmates PL andO.,M. Then,PL-y,
    Q(x + ,ir, y + !!..y ea ne1,,
    te

    QM =y + !!..y and LM = !!..x. I y D


    m
    fro

    R, .........Q
    .
    d
    de

    ' ········· N
    oa

    'RS
    A .6.A
    nl

    X
    w

    L M C
    0 B
    do

    Fig. 20.1 - rea L\1QP


    M be the Area BMQtl. Then, !!,..A - A
    Let A denote the Area BLPA, and let A + _ + f;.y) !!..x.
    Also, Area LMNP =y AX, and Area LM~~;~Area of rect,mglt> LMQR
    Clearly, Arca of rectangle LMNP :,; Area L
    ~ y 6.x $ f;. A :,; (y + !!..y) !!..x
    LlA
    Y$-$y+Ay
    Llx
    !!..A:,; lirn (y+ l:i.y)
    AX t.y ➔ O
    20.2

    dA
    -=Y
    dx

    =
    ~ dA
    J "";I;
    ,,
    7x=I•
    j. ~
    ~
    .
    ,tx = J .11 dx
    !>
    JO y dx
    [ .4 i:d

    l
    (Area A when x =b) -(Area A W'
    en X
    -a)
    -
    .,Jb ·If dx
    a
    When x == a, PL c:oincides with ~k
    b So, .ire!I ABLP = 0 when x I
    j y dx [

    m
    Area ABCD - 0 =
    • b

    o
    1,
    => ABCD ~ Jy dx = Jf(x) dx

    .c
    Arca
    a •
    f ! ~ l lf the curve y=f(x) lies beluw x-axis, then the area vornded lly the cubrve Y == f(x), tlttx

    du
    iwriZ07lta

    and the ordinates x = a and x = b is negative. So, area is given by J If(x) I dx er, JI!II dx.
    oe
    • /l
    .,,____ E-:a!wite
    The area bounded by Ilic curve x =f(y),they-a xis and tlieabscissae y ==c andy == dis mitt RE"I '\% if the
    d
    f(1
    ch o
    RE..'-L"-RK2
    d
    !iythe cu~ Y =
    JIJ(y) I dy or, J Jxl dy i ,(x)

    --
    te

    C C
    y
    ,,, '
    "
    !-..! J'
    m

    y =d
    by ihe ci~ y. = ·-
    fro

    C D
    (Q(x ~ t;.x, y + t.y)
    } f(x)
    a
    M ··:R RE' " !-. > !'.
    d

    M
    L '"-P(x;y) Ii.?> .1rere x-.u1;.
    de

    ~./ y =j{x), Xf•


    A
    = f(,y)
    .-\ = l
    X
    oa

    B y=C A
    a
    nl

    0 )(
    w

    Fig. 20.2
    do

    20.3 AREA USING VERTICAL S1'RIPS


    In ord.er to find the area of the region bounded b)• the rnrv ,
    x =a and x =II, we may use the following algorithm e !I - f(:r), ,-axis~ 'a,,d the t'\1u10,,l"
    _, ,,,

    ALGORITHM
    ~ Make a sketch of t'1e curve 1ir,tl 11/rntify Ille regm11 wlivs,• 111 . 1
    ."c-·Jfl' l l - ~ re,,,n.ont' 11 to v,'/1'
    SJ,'r•/1'" r ra 1~·1n1·1•· ,,.r,,,I . ,w 11rIII I mi .v 1,,11 ,,1I'(" \,h1/)tol\•j ,,,.,,,f
    llH lhi•
    representntiVI' strip ofwit/th dx /11wi11s 111111 ""'/• of 11-, t,11 ., "'""',111.t .. ,,1,1,1"
    ·>< "" \ "'"•It 1·••1111,( I - ,II 111 J/1
    (, •d;, 0 ] " ' fr, OJ"' "" "'"' 1•/"I "' Os fo,a· 2• '

    STEP IJ.I Con~truct an approximali11g ,n ln11gle 111/wsl' 1,,,,.,. 1 """' ,i-; /t,,,, ,,
    and /teighl eqw:ilfol y I I f(x) I f Iii. ri·i• lt:it'JlfiUH•t·
    .. • ~,, •
    20.3

    0
    (x- a;, o) (x+ '1{, o)

    m
    ii? X

    o
    Fig. 20.3

    .c
    Find the area of the approximating rectangle as I y I dx =1f (x) 1dx.
    find the values of x, sa.y, x = a.and x = b within which the approximating rectangle can move

    du
    b b
    horizontally in the given region and form the integral J1f (x) I dx or, J1y I dx.

    oe
    a a
    ;:IITl! Eva111ate the integral o!Jtained in step V. The value ofintegral so obtained is therequired area.
    ch
    by ,Dl.\RK 1 If the curve y := f (x) lies above x-axis on interval [a, b], then the.area of the region bi;mnded
    by thecu~ve !f = f(x), x-;:xis and thi ordmates x = a and x =bis given by ·
    !IM I ! !
    te

    dx • f(x) dx • Y dx [·.· f (x) >0fo,.\I, ,[,, b[ .·. lf(x) I• f (x)]


    m

    Rt.'\1ARK 1 If the curue y = f(x) lies below x-axis on intervai[a; b], then the area of the regirm oaunded
    fro

    fnt !he curve y == f(x), x-a:1-is and the ordinates x = a and x = b-is given b:y
    . b b b ·
    f lf(x)ldx=- J J(x)dx =-J y dx [ ·: f(x)~·oforallxe{a,b) :.[ f(x)1 =-f(x)1
    d
    de

    a a a
    ~F'IIARK 3 If f (x) is a continuous Junction defined on _[a, ~1 and c e (a, b) such that the cu:"e Y =f(x)
    ,:1s11bcve x-axis on [a, c] below x-axis on [c, bl as shown tn Fig. 20.4. Then, area A of the region boimded
    oa

    J,yy = f(x), x-axis,


    b
    x = a andcx = b is given bby c b
    JI f(x) \ dx = J[ f(x) I dx + J[ f(x) \ dx = Jf (x) dx + f - f (x) dx
    nl

    A=
    a a c a
    w

    c:
    do

    .teS y =- f(:t)

    ct ti \
    1rtd
    I

    l a
    dx X

    I 0

    ·riP l f'(x, y)
    Fig. 20.4
    20.4 A
    ILLUSTRATIVE E)(AMPL.ES
    --,
    ~ LEVEl.·1 .,
    c 2 d :·ts /atus rectimt. .A
    la = 4ax an ·
    . b(nmded 11y the parabo Y . __ 20 S Let S(a, 0) be the fllCl!t
    E.Xl\.,IPLF.1 Fmd the 11rea 2
    SOLl.iTION A rough sketch of the parabo~y= ;.x~~e-
    4 -·sshowrunhg- · · .
    required area is LO 1: L. Since the cun
    and L SL' be the directrix of the parabola y
    is symmetrical about x-axis.
    So, required area = 2 (Area LO ~isL into vertical strips. For the
    I
    I\

    Here we slice the area ·. r· 20 5 we have


    appr~ximal:i:ng r~tan
    l lgt~7J;n ~n
    d:g~d ~ Area= ly! dx E.,'(J\ MI' LI .

    m
    S(a 0)
    Length - Y , between x O and = 501 tJflO~
    Si.nee lhe approximating _rec!~ngle can move

    o
    x =n. So, required area A lS given by downwar

    .c
    -1.u The req_tu
    A 2 (Area LOS!,)
    "trips. l •o

    du
    4 !)
    Lengtl
    A• 2 JIYI dx Fig 205

    oe
    r(1e ,1pprl
    ii
    So, rl'(]Uif
    • (·: I/ • u ·.1 ]/ ~I
    J11 dx
    ch
    A • 2
    0
    te

    I A ,._ 2
    II
    J /4,a d, P('- y) hes on v2 1,11 I/ f4a1
    ⇒
    'I
    m

    0
    a
    Jn J J, ,/1
    fro

    A 4
    11 ..:,

    [1v2]'o'
    d

    A .. -1 r,,
    de

    v' J/2 EXAMf'U


    oa

    2 '.l/2 8 ~
    ⇒ A .. 4 ~r;,11 " - (a - 0) = a- ,q. uruts
    3 J SOU JTLO
    nl

    1 \ ,1111•11 2 U;;ing i11t,·gr,1tion, find tlu arm of the region bounded between the line x = 4 and t/11 are even
    1wr11l>0t,1 ,/ ~ l bx.
    w

    :. A rc.a
    i
    = l6x rt>prese.nts a parabola wiU) verwx at the origin and axis d
    do

    S01 UTlO\J 1 he t'quabon


    svmmetl') ,,long the po~itive d.irectmn of x-axis Hen;, w
    has its I
    as sho wn in Fig. 20.o. Clearly,.\ = -l is a line parallel
    to y-a xi,;, The re~on is the shaded portion shown in
    Fig. 20.<,. Since y~ = 16xis synunetricalaboutx-axis.
    1y
    I
    Re<luired ,uea = 2 (Area OC4O)
    Here. we slice the area abo, e x-axis into vertical :I'.= 4

    ~trips. For the approximating rectaDgle shown in X' _.,___ _ --::+ --1,--1-_ ~ _ _ _ ___..;
    Fig. 10.o, we haYe
    length =,yl, '\'idth = dx and A.rea = jyl dx.
    T11C' appro,irnating rC'Ctangle can move between
    x Oand x = -1
    So n,qulreJ area A is givt'll by
    A 1 (Are-1 OCAO)
    ,. '
    0I aouNDE0 REGIONS
    ~,1ifl.9
    ~ 4
    ,I ~ .f 111 ,h=~J )l,h
    ti (l
    4
    .2J "1(\.\ ,1.,
    \\ I

    ~ .i '
    ,.
    \
    (\
    -I

    :,
    \ '
    ~
    -' lr-
    = - (➔ .3 c -03 -)=
    ' 16 128
    L
    -
    ,, -'
    (l
    3 '8
    3 3

    m o
    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    -
    Ill; . I .II ,u· f; . :I~ 0
    te

    0
    m

    - /.
    fro

    - ,
    =~- b =~ _sq.. ~ -
    3 3 ·
    d
    de
    oa
    nl
    w
    do

    the .a.r.ez IIl ~ t cuactra.-rii " · - <ertJ(al


    er~ on r-ZX?S and the ---wer dxi ·

    \
    .r'
    MATHEMATJ~-~ F BOUNDED REG
    20.6 · 1· ,Af!eASO

    shown in Fig. 20.8 ho~"~"d II1 - , I.,·, 1,,.th -IYI


    ,i 'e,J ,ind
    • Iyl ,J.r. The approx1ma mg rectan,.,
    area area
    A is given by •6 Using integra
    ~• n
    can move between> = 0 ,md ,1 ="·So, reqt r
    1 dAl\,fl'I.E _ 2 and x =4.
    "" J'111esX-
    A = ,t ,, f 111! dx = 4 f• !! dx t·: Y ~ o :. I 1/ I il tile 1 • Clearly, 2y =1
    501.lfl ?;.;lv. Also, x = 2 al
    0 0 respeen ortion shows th~
    n 2 2 b .- ,;.1tade~Jcal strips, we fm\
    A =4 f b ✓•2 xl ,fr ·: P (x, X ·,L.ff
    y ) Iies on 42 . - -a'/112 - ,.21
    1?- -- l ... I/- iJ)tO V<. __ X + 8. So, th
    0 ,l [ theJi.neJ~ea ~lyl dx. Th
    A = 4b
    - _x 2 dx
    f" ),,2
    ,= dX an_ ·ven by
    area A is gi y

    m
    4ab rL2 1 , 22 I 2 . -1 X] a

    o
    A=~ xv'a -x ~ a sin ;
    2

    .c
    0

    A= 4
    {o+I. a2 sin - (l)J = 4a& x 2.2 a
    1 2(:.::]= nab

    du
    1> sq. units
    a 2 2

    lftheare;1above x-axis, bou11ded by the curvc>s y =2kx nnd .1· =0an,d x = 2 is -- 3 ,Ji,"'

    oe
    EXA\,JPLE .s
    find the wlue ofk. 1Oge 2 ch
    SOU.!TI0.1- The graphs of .1/ =2kx, x =Oand x =2 are shown in Fig. 20.9 and the region bounde~
    by these curves in first quad rant is s haded in Fig. 20.9. Let us s lice this region into 'certical strir.s
    The approximating rectangle shown in Fig. 20:9, has len gth =/ vi, widtft d;,; and a~ea =ly!d.r. =
    te

    Clearfy, it can move horizontally between x =Oand x 2. ·· =


    y x =O
    m

    4 ..;
    A=f
    fro

    yldx =f y
    2 2
    ➔
    -x - 8 \
    ⇒
    f l --
    d

    A= • -, I
    2 -
    de

    X'
    X
    oa

    y•
    nl

    E.\AMrn: • Orm,· a rough


    Fig, 20.9
    the line,; x °' o, .\ = 1tfl71d cl,
    w

    2 2
    Area of the shaded region = IyJ dx = y dx f f S?LUTION Ws: prepare a
    do

    gi~~_b_elo1, .
    0 -0 --------
    But, it is given that the area of the shaded region is ~ -
    2 log,.2
    f lyldx=~
    2 log, 2
    f ydx = --2_

    0
    j 2tt dx
    log, 2
    :g,: => [--2kx
    k log,, 2
    12 = 3
    fog, 2
    } 22•
    •· fol,\,, 2 '.1
    4k - 1 0 • 1111~" 2 log,, 2
    ⇒ --= 3
    k
    Clearly, k =1 satisfies this equation. Jience, k = L
    p.f!EAS OF eouNOEO REGIONS

    ~ff~E 6 UsiJ1g integration, find ti


    i:x,\ .•c, v "2 ,md x = 4. ie area 0~r 111e reg·
    ~
    t11ervrtoN
    1'" ,., Clearly, 2y = -x + 8 re ion boundrd uy ti /' 20.7
    SO. ectively, Also, x"' 2 and x == 4 r-esen':8 a strai l . '" me2y - x 8 x- . /
    re~ed portion shows the region.we straight line~ 1t llne cuttin x nd ' axis imd
    !tovei:tical strips, we find that caci,hise ~rea is to e:rrilel to y!xi:
    !f·axes at (8, OJ and /
    •• '"" 2y • _,. + &So, "" ,pp,o,;m,:'"''' s<,;p ha, ;°""'·
    Wh~ :: '.how, i,, Fig. 20.10 (~:1
    ,;(uand area c:ly_l dx. nw approxin1a~g rectangle sh ts ~ower end on\~IJC~ th(' shaded r~io!
    MC• Ais given by g rectangle ~a own in Fig. 20. 10 ;xis and upper t-nd on
    Y n move from x = z~:; ~JJtl'i ~iyl, width
    - - 4· So, required

    m
    B (0, 4)

    o
    .c
    du
    oe
    X= 4

    0 dx X
    A.(8, 0)
    ch
    ,s. 2y=-.t+8
    rx.
    te
    Fig.20.10
    4 4
    m

    ⇒ A= JIYI dx= Jy dx
    1r - x + ;) [ [·: Y ?i'. o .-. I YI = yJ
    fro

    A= i ~ 2']: ·.· p ,,, y) ""' '"2y • - . . s .. y. -.,• 8 l


    d

    , A·½(-':+,, 2·½ [(-~ l-H• "]] •5,S ~;,


    de

    + 32
    oa

    flit/mes x
    EXA,\fi>LE7 - a rough sketch of the curve y = cos2 x in[O, 1tJandfind tire area enclosed uy thecut-i-e,
    D raw
    nl

    sou.m ~ 0, x = 1ta11d the x-axis.


    w

    !li~b~~wWe prepare a table for the values of cos2 x at different points between Oand II as

    + ~
    do

    11
    yl -~osi--~o u/6 nLl-tj=2--~-2-ill~l-3J1L4-=[3- L~~
    o.7si o.s I o.
    nL4 , - rr
    ___ _x____ 1_ o _L o.s_
    25 0.25 0.1s t

    8Yplottin . - - ----- ------- y


    nilnd
    p· ' IV Obtaing these pomts and joining thell'.l
    2 with a free
    , (,, l)
    g. 20 ,11 a rough sketch of y = cos x as shown tn
    1
    ·•1 The required region is the shaded region In
    f''lg. 20.11:

    y] lo find
    ~ach verf
    the shaded region, · • 1t
    we shce • mto
    • · I s·t ri·ps·
    vernca
    ijPperen~caJ strip has its lower end on x-a)(iS and i-lie
    Shov,h • on Y"' cos2 x So the approximating rcct,rngl!!
    r/• "\yj
    ill "Inf• t
    d:r1 20.ll has, length' = Iyl, width = dx ;iil<l
    % x" o · ince the approximating rectangle can niovc
    0 1
    ,i--(
    1--..1,+
    11 0
    -'- )
    i'20 1
    (n, 0)

    10 .t :a 1t. So, required area A is given by Fig. •1


    P. Ai;;.s of sod
    [·: y d J .
    20.8 ~-.i.rt.£ 9 . 1
    4
    JIYI .fv ~ •J y dx
    • "rQUgii s}:,etcn:

    -''"-: ::
    .A = [·: P (x, yJ lies on y,.
    0 ()

    ~ . A =f co/ x ,/\
    ~ 0 •

    ~ A=-
    f
    f-<1 + cos 2x) dx = -I 1·X + ~in
    n
    -2--
    2XJ -r~,ih:~
    aeariy. ~ =x
    2 -- 2 O
    0
    =' A= ½( 1t +
    2
    sii~ : ) - O 1:~ sq, units ,, = x - Z, for :l1

    -eJ>.1\MPLE s Find the area of tire regioll /xJ11nded by tire /i11e Y = 3X + 2, the x-axis and the ~ -;-.ne equati

    -
    rr1.aJd.ng an a-

    m
    x=-1 and x=l. · . QeaI~ -' X =
    SOL~lTION T.et P (x, y) be at\)' point on the Jine .I/= 3x + 2. The approximating rectangle .

    o
    'V
    m Fig. 0.12, has lengthly! and widthdx. Clearly, it can move between(-1, 0) and q n Tr.e re:,,:;jon :::,

    .c
    2

    du
    y

    P(x, y)
    oe
    ch
    te

    [ 11
    (- 1,0) j:
    m

    x· X
    fro
    d
    de

    Y =3x + 2 y'
    oa

    Fig . 20.12
    nl

    So, required area A - given


    15 . by
    1
    f 'YI
    w

    A= dx
    -1
    do

    2/3
    f lyldx+ I ·: Y < 0 for I <l,
    I
    Y dx+ J y rlx
    - 2/l
    2/3
    [ «nd .11 > ll for - :?. ' f '
    '.\
    1
    A~ - fI (3,,t2) l/x .- J(:h,2) ,tx
    2/1

    A - - r ~ x2 f 2x] 2/'I I ['I ,2 I


    l 1
    x
    2 2xj2/ ,.1
    ~
    I ;. 25
    b 6
    13
    3 sq. tu.its.
    ~ oF soUNDEO REGIONS ~
    ,1Pt t U<it11'
    • i11tcgratio11.fiud
    ' tlie arM of t/Je rl'JslOII urllllldl'd
    •· Ill{ th~ fol/qu•,ng Cilrt'i?S ofter ....,,king
    4
    ~~gh,;ktrd1·11 = 1 ·I" +II, x =-3 ,r= 3,Y ~o. 1, run LXt '.1 PLAI': CBSE'20H
    'fl01' Wehavc,
    ~LL •
    t = , • I x ... 11 ==> Y = ~f 1 + . ...
    -~ ..., •
    .
    ,r x + i ~ o = r x + 2, ,r y <'. i
    1 - (x . 1), ti X + 1 <0 ' - X ' tf X,, I

    ,,,uations of the given curves are


    'fhU>, ti,e e.., _ _ _
    u = y-2 for x~-1, Y - xforx-c 1, x = -3,x=3 and y _ o
    ciearl)', 1/ = x ... 2 is a stra¼;ht line cutting x a~d y-axes at (- 2, O) and (0, 2) respectively. So,

    m
    v= l - 2, for x > - 1 represents that part of the !me which is on the right side ofx = - 1.

    o
    equatioi, )I :: - x for x < - 1 repr~sents that part of the line passing tluough the origin and
    • ardiruitlS

    .c
    1~ . can angle of 135° with x-axis which is on the left side of x =-1.
    [NCERn :n3j;111.,

    du
    Clearly, x ::-3 and x =' 3 are lines parallel to y-axis.
    sleshow•
    , 0). The region bounded by the given curves is shaded portion shown in fig. 20.13.

    oe
    y ch
    te

    Q(x, y)
    m

    D ( P(x,y)
    fro

    r=-3 A
    d

    E
    de

    X C (3, 0)
    0 dx
    (-3, 0) dx: B (-1, 0)
    oa

    Y'
    Fig. ;10.13
    Ih t ,•ertical strips .:hang.-
    nl

    When we slice the shaded region into vertica1 strips, we observe a


    w

    their character at A.
    do

    5o, required area = Ar<:"a CDAB + Area AllEF. __ x and \ow<!r end ,,n
    Al' CD . 1 its 1tpper end on !I - ·
    ea All: In area CDAB each vertical stnp ,as ti, =IV' wi,lth- ,J, •"'" ·''"'
    x-a • "· ' . p· 20 L3 has, Ieng v
    l(ll,..,o, the approximatin<> rectangle shown in ig. · ~
    1 _-1
    1" d · " fr◊nl x = - 3 I)., •
    ,I x. 5mce the approximating rectangle can rnove
    :?. 1 I - ·1 1.- r \', v) lt,•, ',11 ij 'l
    1<x<-3 \
    AreaCDAH _ f3\y\dx = J, ydx ~ J:1 x,
    h
    ,\xis .u,ll th\· nf!l''-lr -.•nt.1 '-'m
    _!_-.:::t<11
    r 3 , ~'<'ll till' · 1 ilH lower ,,ml '"' '
    ,.F: ln area ABEf each verlical strip ,aH
    Y~H 2 .,.,,
    0.. the approximating
    ' r,•ctaJ1gk I1,18, , 1wni I I h> 1 • · '
    I I I dx ,·,w
    As II ,.wv•
    ~ngU, :\y\, widJh = dx and ur~a
    ,> 3
    Y '.\ , · '
    J( 2) ,/1
    1.. l2 (,, vl Ji,.,; ,m ,,
    .
    < + :!l

    AreaAB[f= f\y\dx ~ Jydx• xr '


    - l I I
    Of eoUNDED REGIONS
    p.flEAS
    E. llUsinll: inte9:mtion
    20.10

    Required areas Ne•


    -l CDtw 3
    Ao•· Are• ABEF
    [X 21 - 1 +[ _.._
    ;,:2 2x
    13 cXA ~IY1.
    '
    ,1on1111 ·
    '2

    sOL.U'IJON Tte equation of ~


    '! 4
    l to thecirclex + y = at

    -- f -xdx
    · ... f (x+z)dX = - 2 _3 2 -1
    2
    x+11=4
    ·fferentiating with respect \fj

    ·:j;-l) :((l.+ll -,]) ·"" "'"" Oi d dy j


    2x... 2y.Ji.=o~ - -
    . dx dx

    m
    t rI I x + 1I ax.Wliat does this
    . I

    o
    va ue represent 0~~ So, tbe equations IJf gent
    t .a n

    EXAMPI ElO Sketchtliegraphy=lx+l. Ew11aeI I r- 1

    .c
    J . y--v3=- ,. -(x - 1)
    -3 '< 3

    du
    or, x +,.,r--
    3y --4 ai;1d y -
    graph?
    SOLtmON Tite equation of the given curve is The triangular _region~~

    oe
    [ X + 1, if X + J '2: 0 . -{ X + J, j f X ;,, - 1 shaded region tn Fig. 20.h.
    l-
    y =I r + 11 = (x + 1}, if x +1 < 0 or, y =I x + 1 1- - X - 1, if x < - 1
    ch
    Clearly, y = x.., 1 is a straight line cutting x and y-axes at ( - 1, 0} and (0, 1 ) resp ectively.~
    y = x + 1, x :a- 1 represents that portion of th e line which lies on the rig ht & i de of x=:.
    Similarly,y = -.,-1 ,x <-1 represent$ that part of the line y =- x- 1 w hich is on the left sitied
    te

    r=- 1. y
    m
    fro

    x·
    d

    D
    de
    oa

    X' X
    c (1, 0)
    nl

    A = Area of the
    w

    1 -1.
    Y' A =J YI dx ,;- )
    do

    Fig. 20 14 0 1
    A rough sketch of y =Ix + 11 is shown . p·
    y-axis.The region bounded by y =Ix:1
    . 1
    i,~~~}1· ·
    C~arly, x = -3 and x =1 are lines paraUei Ii
    ,X-1 and\'- · 1· , . . ,fl1', A=f
    l
    fixdx
    area of this region is given by f I x + l I dx. · aXJS s shaded m F,g. 20.l · 0

    A=✓3lx:I
    -3
    Now, +
    I -1 1
    J lx +ll dx = .(JJI X + ]. Idx + -f1 I X ~ ,. I dx
    -3 "' -_sl - (x e 1) dx + J (.,· + 1) rb·
    l

    3 l'XMIPL
    Eu Find the arj
    =-[(x +21)2] -1J(x + l)211 4
    -al 2
    =-
    0
    [ --]+[!-o)=4
    2
    -1 SOi..lJ'r10
    ~\g. 20.lr A rou~ ·
    Each Verti The requ,re1
    This value represents the area of the shad ed reo-i -h1 2 ilPpi-o . ~al strip h'I
    .,.on s own in F' ig. 20.14.
    appro~'ating rectangt~
    rnat1ng recta
    AREAS OF eouNOED REGIONS

    , , ,,"rif 11 Usi11s, i,:te:;>rnliou/lwi 1/tcm~ f 20.11


    , . I ,.
    '"'"""/jotl1.-,IT, e,,
    • 4
    +
    no llt<'M
    IJ = at (1, /~). ·
    I
    nng' formed b)I positive x..a .·
    ;c,LL'flO:-l
    The eqwtion of the drcle . . ·"' nnd ta,igent and
    · /+/= is tc11sr.201 s1
    4
    {liffert?-ntiabllg with respe<:t to \·, we obtain
    dv
    ix-2_v~-o=-~-=-=>
    dx
    dy
    dx y dy
    dx
    .rl ) . __"'
    1

    m
    , (l,}3) ✓3
    2
    5<1, the .quanons of1tangent and no anal I tl: circle ° '"
    /3-✓ -
    .

    o
    x 1 2_4 .
    v-,,'3 ~- (x-l)andy- ' Y - at(l,,fe)are

    .c
    • _ 1v 3 ' ' - 3 (x - 1) respcctit'ely.

    du
    or x~,l3y=4 and y=fix
    The ,ttiangular
    -• d region region
    • .,n bow,ded
    i::·1g. 20 bv Ur po.· t· 1. ten,
    ,.,,ac c • .,•rP
    r. I.et A ,be its
    .b. si ive
    . ...,.a. •=•gent and normal to the orde
    .,.1 ·x-axis, ~- . is the

    oe
    y
    ly. So Normul
    ch
    t:-1: y-i3x
    ,ideof
    te
    m

    A
    fro

    x·
    Tangent
    d
    de

    Y'
    oa

    Fig. 20.1 5
    A =fea 01 ~eregion OPLO + Area of the region LPAL
    nl

    J Jy2 dx
    w

    A = Y1 dx +

    j
    do

    Uel to A=f ,fixdxl+ 4-x dx [ ·: Q(x,y1)andR(x,yz) lieony=J3xandx +/5y=41


    4- 'fhe
    o 1 ✓3 resp~.:tively. :. Y1 = fix and x + .,f3 y2 = 4

    1 4
    "' lx22] + .J31 [4x- x22 lJi = (T13 + 2s..j3) "'2..j3 s q. units
    A =.,/3 r
    0
    EXMIPt . [ LEVEL-2 ]
    El2 A · the area bounded by tile curve y = sin x be/wee/I x =Omui x = 2.n.
    Frnd
    ~LIJT10N [NCliRT fXJ:Ml'LARl
    Eig. 20.)6. Th roug_h sketch of the curve ~
    y = siJU between x 0 ~nd ,· • 2n I~ sh,1w11 ln
    a<:h vertical e ;e<jwred region is shaded in Fig. 20.16. \Ive slice this region Into vc•rtlcal ~tl'ips.
    ~roximating trip has its lower end on .x-axiS a11d u,e upper end on !I ., sin ~-. So, the
    PPtoJ<itnatin ~ l e shOV\'n in Fig. 20.1611aS, length = IYI· w idth = 1b', ,ind ar,,a =IYl (1.\, The
    g ctangle can move horiz-0ntally between (0, 0) and (2n, 0),
    MATHEMATJ• ,, ARf;A S
    OF aoUNDED J
    1
    20.12
    slice the region I
    Let '.15 20 17 has Iengt~
    y
    iP flg~efore, area d
    x = 3- . 3
    A = f IY1I dx
    0
    X 3 2
    A = J.xdx
    0

    m
    A =rx313

    o
    (0, - 1) 3
    L o

    .c
    required. areaJ
    Y'
    Hence,

    du
    Fig. 20.16
    A..,1TF£ The graph
    So, required area A is given b)' region.

    oe
    2-:t" 1i 2,r
    A= J IYI dx =J !yl dx + JI YI dx Clearly, Required. are.
    Area of region O~M'?j
    ch
    0 0 ~
    ~ 2n: ·: y ;,: 0 for O:S x $ it and y < 0 for n < x <2c. rectangle shown m Fit
    ~ A=f ydx + f -ydx [:. lyl =y for0 :5'.x:Snand. l YI =-y forit<xd horizontally between
    te

    0 ~
    n 2~ ,
    ~ A=J sinxdx+ f - si.n xdx [·: P(x,y)lieson y~sm
    Area ofregi
    m

    J: [:as J:n
    fro

    => A =[-cos x + x =o2 + 2 = 4 sq. units

    Find t/1earea bounded by thecurue y ""XI x l,x-nxisand the ordinates x =- 3and.t "'
    d

    EXAMPLE 1,

    SOLUT!O: = x:;j ua?.n,o::: curve is


    de

    l-x
    oa

    ,x<O

    The graph of y = xlxl is shown in fig. 20.17 and the region bounded b _ . I I x-axisaJ\d'
    nl

    ordinates x =- 3 and x = 3 is shaded in Pig. 20.17. YY - x X ,


    w

    Y=xlx l Are,1 of region OALO:


    rectangle shm,·n in F
    l
    do

    between x = Oand x

    Arca of regi

    M
    y'
    Fig. R0.17
    Clearly, y =xi xj , being an odd fur1ction is • Bence o
    ' ,, equired A
    required area is t<vice of the area of the ~haded 5 ~ 111etric in op . Tl etef,i/
    region in first Posne quadrants. 1
    quadrant,
    s Of aoUNOED R':GIONS 20.13
    .AflEAA

    \,e~t
    Ill
    $ slice the region in first quadrant into vertical t .
    20.17 has )engtb =l..111 I , width =dx and area ~ lpls. The arproximati.l,g rectangle s)1own
    g.,...erefore, area of the shaded region in first Y1 dx. As it can move betv,cen x = Oand
    X"' 3, 11• quadrant
    3 3
    A = JIY1 I dx = JY1 dx
    0 0
    ~
    AceJ:<dx
    (/

    lx: I

    m
    A _ =9 ~- units.

    o
    .c
    Hence, requir('d area = 2A = 2 "- 9 18 sq. units.
    Al 111 The graph of Y = x Ix I lb !;hown in Fig. 20.17. We have to find the area of the shaded

    du
    1
    region.
    Qearly, Required ,m.'a Area of region O.BMO a Area of region OALO.

    oe
    At'.lil of rtgion OBMO; L!!l us '>licl' the region OIJMO into vertical strips. The ,1pproximating
    !<?Clangleshown in Pig. 20.17hask11gth I Y2 I, width dx and area -I 11 21dx.Clearly, it can move
    ch
    hol'i1on\ally betw(•en , -~ and x a 0.
    te

    Area of 1<'glon Ot!MO


    m

    ()

    J d\
    fro

    112
    ~
    11 ..
    d

    • J \•\·) ,/.\
    de

    ,. 0J:.2d.t r Jlo
    oa

    =1\ =0-(-9}=9sq.UI1its.
    -3 L j_3
    nl

    . . . . 0 . the vertical strips. The approxJmatirlg


    ,1m1 of Tt'gron OALO: Ld us slice the region OAL into d , =I y1 I dx.Clearly', it can move
    w

    r~ctanglc shown in Fig. 20. l '7 has length= I !11 I, width: dx an area
    do

    ~tweenx= Oand x = 3.

    Area of region DALO =

    3
    = JY1 d.i:
    0
    3 '
    = Jx~ d.>:
    0
    31:3 ~9 sq. untts
    .
    Hence R
    '
    =
    l
    !!quired Area =Area of region 081
    ~
    3 Jo

    11
    f0 .,_ A,ea of region
    • -
    . oALO"' (9 ~ 9) ~ 18 sq. units.
    AREAS OF SOUNDED RE

    20.14 unded 1;y the curve Ix I+ I y I"'l.


    d tile area-b0 · .3. find the area of th,
    r · tesrrntion Jin
    EXAMPLE 14 Usins the 111t'//J(l(/ ~ m ' .
    [Ne,,1
    4. find the area lying
    . fth'curve1s 0
    SOLUTlON Th<' =untton
    • .., o " 1 when ·x ;,: O' y ;,: Draw aroughsketc
    r+l/" 0
    . . - 1 \\I hen x < 0' y ;,: S. x = 3, Also, findt~
    -.~ -"-Y - o <0
    1x1+ 1yl=1~ x - 1/""1whenx.;: ,y 6. Mal<e a rough sk
    · - 1 when x< D, y < 0 area endosed by ti
    -x-y -
    y 7 Sketch the graph 9

    m
    curve, the x-axis aJ
    s. Find the area und1

    o
    B(O, i)
    curve also.

    .c
    9 , [)rawtherough:

    du
    x=Z.

    oe
    C(- 1, 0) lO. Draw a r-0ugh s
    _::::....:....:?--;;:;:,.-,,,:'--IO d.t A(l, 0) X
    x'
    -X-~/- region under theJ
    ch
    R(x, y3}
    11. Sket~ the re~:J
    x - y= 1
    te
    using mtegranj
    D (0, -1) t2. Draw a rough s
    m

    y' area enclosed


    fro

    Fig.20.18 13. Detennine the


    lines x + y = 1, - x y= l , x - y = 1 and - x - y =1 enclose a square shown in Fig. 20.18.
    7
    d

    The area A bounded by the square is given by 1-l. Using integratio


    de

    A = Area COBO + Area OABO + Arca CODC + Area OD.AO lines x = : andx
    0 1 0 1
    15. Using definite
    f \.1{1\ dx+ f IY2I dx+ J IY3ldx+ JI Y4 l dx
    oa

    A =
    ~ 0 -1 O lo. Using integrati
    0 I O 1 making a rough
    nl

    A= J jl +xldx + J 11-xldx+ J 1-x - l l dx+ J l x-ll dx 1~


    w

    -1 0 - l 0
    0 1 0 1
    do

    ⇒ A ~ J (1 + x) dx + f (1 - x) dx + J(x + l} dx + J (l _ x t<"p~s.mt on the


    -1 I) - l o } dx 18-. S.1-.,..t~h th,• grap

    A =2 J(x + 1) dx + 2 f ('I - x) dx"" 2 [x~ ·I x]o


    - 1 o 2
    [
    +2 x - ~
    xz l1
    the graph?

    14. Sketch the gral


    ⇒
    A=2{0 r~-1J}~2{(1-~J 0} 1 + 1 • 2lijtJ.uniL~. 0
    represent on ~
    lo. Find the area
    -~=3,x=4.
    ,set 21. Draw a roughs
    . . . . ] ~E':~L-1]
    1. Usmg mteratton, find the area of lt\<,> r .
    EXERC
    le' curve and the d
    parabola y = 8x. 1egion bottntl<'d between the line x "2 ~~( 22 · Draw a rough sl
    2
    .
    Using integration, find the area of the rem b
    . ,,,.on Otutd d b
    ,rl
    .,,, cu.rve and the
    theordmatesx= -2 and x=3. e Ytheline . . t·heX-41~ .,1:
    1
    Y - ~ x, 1cssf1v
    .AREAS OF BOUNDED REGIONS
    20.15
    Find the area of the region bounded b ti 2
    3. . Y \e pa rabola y 4ax a nd tnc line x ~ ,1.
    4· Find the area lymg above the x-axis and d
    un erthe parabola y = 4 x-x2
    _ Drawaroughsketch to indicate the region I d · · ··
    ,. x" :,. Also, find the area of this region. JOUJ\ ed between th e curve y2 ~ 4x and the line
    Make a rough sketch of the graph of the fun t' 2
    b, c ion Y "' 4 -;x , 0 $ x :s; 2 and <letermine tne
    area enclosed by the curve, the x-axis and tl,c 1· _ .
    ,;-:;,- mes x - 0 and ;x = 2
    - Sketch the graph of Y = v::-. + 1 in [O 4] and dete · th · ·
    ,. o,
    curve, the x-axis and the lines x = x = .
    4
    nnme e area of the region enclosed by the
    S Find the area under the curve y = J6x + 4 above x-aXJ·. f

    m
    · lso · · s mmx= 0 tox=2.Drawasketchof
    curve a -

    o
    9, Draw the rough sketch of y2 + l =x, x $ 2. Find U\e area e nclosed. bv the curve artd the line

    .c
    x=2 ,

    du
    x2 ,2
    10. Draw a rottgh sketch of the graph of the cm ve - + JL. =1 and evaluate the area of the
    4 9

    oe
    region Ul\der the curve and above the x-axis. [NCERT]
    2
    11. Sketch the region {(x, y) : 9x + 4/ = 36) and find the ai ea of the region en closed by it,
    ch
    using integration.
    r -
    12. Draw a rough ske tch o f the graph of the function y =2 ✓1 - x2 , x E[O, 1] and evaluate the
    te

    area enclosed between the curve and the x-axis.


    Ja2 -
    m

    2
    13. Determine the area nnder the curve y = x included between the lines x = 0 and x = a.
    fro

    [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
    H. Using integration , find the area of the region bow1dcd by the l in e 2y =5x +7, x-axis and the
    linesr =2 andx= 8.
    d

    15. ,.
    Jsing definite integrals, find the area of tl1e crrc
    . I e x 2 + Y2 =/12 •
    de

    16. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by tl1e follo·wing curves, after
    making a rough sketch: y =1 + Ix+ 11, x "'- 2, x = 3, Y = 0.
    oa

    1
    17 Sketch the graph y =I x-5 1. Evaluate JI x - 5 1ax. What does this value of the integral
    nl

    O INCl'RTI
    w

    represent on the graph. o


    lS ,,,,_.
    · """"ch the graph y ~ I r + 3 I · Evaluate
    J
    I ~ I dx What does th is integral represent on
    do

    x+" · INC ERT, CBSE ~O ll I


    the graph? -6
    19 S
    · ketch the graph y =Ix +1 I· Evaluate
    2
    J
    Ix + l I dx.• What d oes the value of this intt'fPl
    - 4
    representonthegraph? . en _ ._ 1/_ (O ae ll,.r-(1:s.is,mdthelitw~
    20· rind the area of the region bounded b y the cu , v · Y 31 2
    ·
    x~3,x=4. '2
    . •, ti,
    I fl j tlw ~r,•11 lwh~,•t>n .1-<1x1s. >l
    21 " 7t 2 sin l anc ,u1 ,
    · vraw a rough sketch of the curve Y = 1
    2
    curve and the o~dinates x = 0, x = 1t. . ti ti , ar •a l>etwcen the x-axis, the
    Zt D x 2 sin 2 ,. an(:! Ill• 1c' c
    raw a rough sketch of the cur ve Y =~ + ·
    curve and the ordinates x = 0 and x = ,r.
    MATHEMATIC~,
    20.t6

    : LEVEL-2
    . -axis and the ordinate& .'I' = 0 and x h
    I
    ::; Fmd th~ area bounded by the cun·e Y = co,x,x I r IR .Req u.ired area

    . _ sin r and y = sin 2X between x = 0 and x n:II


    :➔ Sht·m that the areas under the cunes Y - · 3 '

    in the ratio ~: 3. .2 • d y = sin 2 x between x = 0 and x =1t


    25 c .-mpare the areas under the curves y - cos x an
    2 2

    m
    ~b. Fmd the area bounded bv the ellip,e x, + Yb =1 and the orclinatesx =ae and X = 0, wher,
    ,1· 2

    o
    r~=.~(1 -e1)and e <L l"iC'EHr

    .c
    z.- .
    Find tl'le area of the minor segment ofthe circle x2 + y2 = a2 cut o ffbY th>lin
    e e x _a -1'

    du
    x =.al 2 , y =2at between the ordina!e:;
    ::.S Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
    rorrcspondini;t =1 and I= 2. [NCERl EXEMPLAR, Uris is the

    oe
    , . Findtneareacndosedbythecurvex ~ 3cost, y= 2sinl. (NCERT EXEMPLAR!
    2
    ,;. lf the area between the curves x = y and x = 4 is d ivided into two equal parts by the Jiru:
    x = a, lnen find thevalueofaby using integration. JCBSE20201
    ch
    -- - - - -- - -- - - - - --,---- _ _ ANSWERS
    32 17 .
    te
    !>CJ· units 2. - sq. tlillls , 8 2 . ,, 32 .
    1
    3 2 .. 3 a sq. ~uuts .... sq. units
    s s,.3 ~- uruts 16 . 3 1
    6. sq. uruts 7. 3_ (53/2 - l) 56 .
    J l x-5 l d:c
    m

    3 8. sq. units 17.


    ;j
    .
    ~
    sq. umts •
    111. 311 sq. units
    3 9 0
    fro

    3 11. 6 1tsq. units 12.


    1t .
    sq. uruts
    1t o-' 2
    13. - sq. units 14. 96 sq. units 2
    15. 11,a sq. units 27
    4 16. sq. units
    d

    1-, 9
    -sq. .
    uruts 18. 9 sq. units 19. 9 sq. units
    2
    de

    2 20. 3 + 16 log 2 sq. units


    :?I• .:'. ( a: - 2) sq. units 3n
    2 22. - sq. w1its
    2 23. 4 sq. tt.n.its
    oa

    25 Each equal tof;q. unit. 26. ab {r..f- ,2 + sm - 1 e} 27


    n2
    12(4n-3Jj) )sq. unib
    nl

    i,; 56 a 2 sq. units


    - 3 •
    29. 611 sq. units
    ,
    30 16113
    w

    - - - - _ HINTS TO NCERT & S


    do

    x2 2 ELECTED PROBLEMS
    1I. A rough sketch of the graph of - + .!L ~ l is shown b p·
    4 9 1 1g-. 20.19.
    y
    8(0, 3)
    As i.s evid.ent
    l'(x, y)

    X' A"(-2, 0/

    11'(0, -'i)

    Y'
    Fig. 20.1S

    , -. --- - -· -----· ......,


    OF eoUNDED REGIONS 20.17
    ,t.AEAS
    2 2
    Reqnired area =2 J IYI dx = 2 Jy dx
    -2 - 2

    = 2x 2
    32 r.-,
    J y4--x dx = 3[½x ✓4-x2 +~ sin - 1~]
    2
    2
    -2 -2

    1
    = 3{(0 + 2sin- l)-(2sin-1(- 1)} =61t sq. units.

    ,- -2 2 2 x2 y2
    12, We have, y = 2 ✓ 1-x ⇒ y = 4 - 4x :::;, + = 1.

    m
    1 4
    This is the equ ation of an ellipse. So, y = 2 ✓1 - x 2 represents the portion of the ellipse

    o
    .c
    ljillg in the first quadrant. So, required area A is given by

    du
    1 I
    A = f y d.x = J 2-✓1 - x2 dx =~sq. units

    oe
    2
    0 0

    l 1
    -(x-S)dx -[-;' +sxI-( -I•s)sq.WU• •~•~.w,;•
    ch
    17. f Ix- 5 I dx = J
    te
    0 0

    y
    m

    y = - (x-5) (x, y)
    fro
    d
    de

    X'
    0 dx (1, 0) (5, 0) X
    oa

    Y'
    nl

    Fig.20.20
    w
    do

    As is evident from Fig. 20.20, j I x -5 I d.x represents the area of the shaded region.
    0
    0 3 O -3 0
    18· f Ixt 31dx = -f Ix+ 3 I dx + f Ix + 3 I dx = f - (x + 3) dx + J
    -3
    3
    (x 1- ) dx
    ·· 6 - 6 - 3 "6

    • [ _(x +,3)'[ +[("/=I,


    = o + ~ + ~ _ o =- 9 sq. units
    2 2
    MATHEMATlcs.x,
    ,Af!f-AS 0 1 aouN O
    20.18
    y

    X b
    (/

    Y'
    Fig. 20.21 27 R•~uir~d ,

    m
    The given integral repre~e,1ts the area bound<>d by!/- Ix+ 3 I, x-axis and the ordin,1111

    o
    >=-3,mdx=O.

    .c
    ;:_, The region bounded by !I= cosx, x-axis and the ordi nates x O And x 2it iM ihC' shad~d
    region in Fig. 20.22. Its area A is given by

    du
    y

    oe
    P(x, y) ch
    te

    X' 0
    m

    Y""' cos X
    fro

    )" :'.S. Required


    Fig, 20.22
    2n rJ2 3,.12
    d

    2n
    A = J l yldx= J lyl dx+ J IYI dx+ f l yldx
    de

    0 0 n/2 3n/ 2
    ~12 3n/2
    J cos x d•·' J -cosxdx+ 2n
    oa

    .=;, A= J cos ,. dx
    o it/2
    rc/2 3n/l 3n/2 '.?o.4 ARE :I. USIN
    nl

    =;, A= J y d'X. J -y dx + 2Jnyd,-,. [sin x]•/2 In ,,rJer to find th


    O •/2 [ , ]lft/2
    1·
    '•
    w

    3n/2 1- -sin x [ 'tnp s d l ,--us;.;d


    .=;,A = 1 - () ➔ 1) + o-(- I _ O · +· aln .r Fro..:~ure for ver
    do

    26 P.li'quired area A is given by } - 4 sq. units n/2 J, :


    tn or,i<'r to tUld th
    A ~ 2 ( Area of shaded region in f' ,
    lrst quadrant)
    y • d '' ~ "'"Y lL-;e
    y ALGORITHM
    m• Ot'

    =;, A- 2

    '"" A = 2 a
    f I.vi dx
    I/

    !Vi
    /,[ ••• I
    2 J !J dx
    f)

    r2 d~
    j -
    x· Ac:m(;, - /I'
    .\f,,ke sk
    s,,.,, ti,,
    n.mstn.,c
    Coustru
    ,111,t l,•ngt
    I\ Find the
    o f eoUNDEO REGIONS 20.19
    AREA S

    o m
    .c
    y
    x=½

    du
    P(x, y)

    oe
    ch
    <,,, 0) X
    X'
    te
    m

    Y'
    fro

    Fig.20.24

    [·: x = at2, y =2at ⇒


    4a 4a:
    J y dx = 2 J✓4 ax dx y2 o:4ax]
    d

    28. Required area= 2


    de

    a a
    OR
    oa

    2 d 2 2
    Required area = 2 J y ~ dt = 2 J(2at) (2at) dt = sa2 Jt2 dt
    1 dt 1 1
    nl
    w

    20 ·4 AREA USING HORIZONTAL STRIPS


    do

    ~ rder.to find the areas of some regions, it is easier to form horizontal strips rather than vertical
    Pr!~dJ.SCussed in earlier section. The procedure for horizontal strips is analogous to the
    ure for vertical strips.
    y _., 1lld the area of the region boUI1ded by the cu.rve x = f (y), y-axis
    lnordertof . and the hoes
    . !I = c and
    -u.,, We mav
    , use th e ,,allowing algorithm,
    ALGORITHM
    Make sketch of the curve and identiftJ the region whose tJrf/1 i,; lo lw fmout.
    Slice the region in.to horizontal strips. Take a11 11rbitmty point P(x,!/) ,m tilt' curt•~ and
    0
    conStTuct a representative strip ofwidth dy and {y, 0) as tl,c mid-point 1its bas,,.
    ~ Construct an approximating rectangle whose base /s same as that of tlte represeutative strip
    a~d length equal to I x I =I f (y) I•
    Fmd the area of the approximating rectangle as I %I dy =- I f(y) I dy.
    ro:dmati11g rectangle ca11 ~
    20.20
    d wi//riJJ 1i•/ud1 t/te app d
    Find 1/1,• r'il/11t, nJ .¥, .<ay y r o11d 1/ f
    . r,t/ df I XI dy = I/ (y) I dy.
    E1 find t1
    . dfiorlll t11e ,ntrg c i;)(AMfL
    I g, t'<'n rP<>Int1 an ,
    .--,1,nulv mt,, -,, . d · the req11ired area.

    I . o~a~ m 'M'[ON
    S()LV' •
    The eq
    , V The values
    [v,zltmlt lhe ,n/egrol obMined ti! Slep · · l =211 -x
    y

    o m
    .c
    -
    du
    P(x,y)
    dy

    oe
    !{ =-C
    ch
    0 X

    Fig. 2025
    te

    il£',!ARI-.. , Iftheftmction f(y) is defined on {c, d]on y-nxis such that the curve x =j(y) lies on the./eftef Clearly, this equ
    m

    y-axis on [c, e)and 011 the right ofy-axis1m Le, dlas slwwn -it1 Fig. 20.26, then 11rea of the region /Jor11u/iil = 0 in - i - 21'-
    -
    by the curve :r =.f( y) , y-axis and lines y = c and y = d is given by
    .X

    i-::y:
    fro

    d e d
    A= j l:rldy = f l :rl dy+ Jl xl dy So, thecurn"m
    C C t
    d

    d e d and the area of th


    or, = I I/(y) I dy = j I f( y) j dy + I I/(y) I dy
    de

    A tht:> shaded regioi


    C < t we have width -
    , d

    !- !
    oa

    or, vertically from-~


    A = f(y) dy, f(y) dy [·: x = f(y) < 0 for c < y < e and x = f(y) > 0 fore< JI d] ~
    l =JI
    nl

    0
    y
    w

    2
    :;- .-I
    ' --rl-.-1
    (0, d)~l., =J
    do

    P(x, y)

    -X'
    ,I/ i:: ~-

    ()
    (tJ, r)

    y,
    rrg. 20.2a
    ~Al"tcs..
    l(11
    20.21
    re <'t11J •not,e ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMl:>LES

    [i:EVEL- 1 I
    Fi11d 111e area of the mgio11 bounded by the . 2
    1. 1:,xN11PI·E1 . . curve Y "' 2y - x and the y-axis.
    ON n,e equation or the given curve is
    501.l.ffl 2 2 -2 -- - 2
    JI ,,2y- :x ~ y Y- x ⇒ y - 2y+1=-x+1 ⇒ (y - l)2 = (x - l)
    y

    (0, 2)

    o m
    .c
    du
    X
    ,

    oe
    y2= 2.y-x
    Y'
    ch
    Fig. 20.27

    the left of Clear!)', this equation represen ts a parabola with vertex at (1, J) and opens on the left. Putting
    te

    bounded
    r~ 0 iny2 =2y-x,weget
    m

    2
    y -2y = 0 ⇒ y=0,2.
    fro

    So, the curve meets y-axis at (0, 0) and (0, 2). A rough sketch of the cmve is as shown infig. 2027
    and the area of the region bounded by the curve and y-axis is shaded in Fig. 20.27. Here, we slice
    the shaded region into horizontal strips. for the approximating rectangle shown in Fig. 20.27,
    d

    we have width = dy, length = Ixi , and area = J xi dy. The approximating rectangle can move
    de

    vertically from y == O to y= 2. So, required area A is given by


    <y <dJ
    2 2
    oa

    A == Jlxl dy = Jx dy [•: X 2:0 .'., xi =X]


    0 0
    nl

    2
    f (2y - y2) dy y2 = 2y - x :. x = 2y - / ]
    w

    A = [·: P(x, y) lies on


    0
    do

    2
    3
    A = [y2 - Y3 ] = 4_ !
    3
    = ±sq. units.
    3
    0
    £XA."1PLE 2 Sketch the region lying in the first quadrant and bo11 11 ded /Jy Y = 9x2' x = O, Y = 1 anrl
    Y~4.F·
    md the area of !he regi,on using integrntion. . . .
    SllLIJTtON Th . 2 d opening p,m1bola w,th axis as y-axJS
    and e equation y =9 x reprcsen ts an up war fir d t d
    Vertex h · . ·on ly ing in the · st qua ran an
    bo att e origin. C lear ly, the shaded region 1s t 1,e regi . .
    llndeo_ by 2 li this region into honzontal stnps. The
    approxi . y >:9x ':x = 0, y = 1 and y = 4. Let us s ce . . h = d1 and area =lxl dy.
    Clear!• ~ating rectangle shown In Fig. 20.28 has length =Ill v.riclt A _Y . b)'
    ~,it can 4 So reqUJred area 1s g-iven
    ' move vertically between y = 1 and Y = · · '
    ouNDEOREG
    ~Asof B
    )I.fl""
    20.22
    y 2• 2
    • _f LJa dy
    \ (l

    l ll 9_,l
    ~
    r- -
    0

    find the are,;.


    ~,trLE•
    -0{.l,TIO!';
    !\roughs
    Y'
    __ 1 and V = 2

    m
    Clearly,!! - slice
    Fig. 2.0.28 .. ,. _30. Wt,eri we
    F1,,. 20 . d ti'>er

    o
    4 4 d=Y-=an o

    .c
    Cfl , ,. _ x ,,:-kith= d';J
    A - JJxl dy = J x dy Iengu., - '

    du
    I 1
    ~ . 2 , ,11
    => A= f 'Y d
    ✓9 .v [
    ·: p (x, y) !Jes on y ~ 9x .. x = ~
    9

    oe
    1
    4
    A =½I .jydy
    ⇒
    ch
    : .!_ X ~
    l

    r
    te
    => A [ y3/2 = -2 (8 - 1) = -14 sq. uru'ts
    3 3 l 9 9
    m

    EXAMPLE 3 Find the area boundt<d /Jy tl1e c11rve y2 = 4ax and the lines y = 2a 11nd y-axis.
    fro

    SOLUTION Clearly, the equation,/ =4ax represents a parabola with v ertex (0, O) and axisas
    x-axis. The equation y = 2a represents a s traight line parallel to x-axis at a d istance 2a from it a;
    shown in Fig. 20.29. The required region is the shaded portion in Pig. 20.29. To find the area ol
    d

    th" shaded region shown in Pig. 20.29, we slice it into hori;,onta\ strips. We observe that each
    horizontal strip has its left end on y-axis and the right end on th e parnbola y 2 =4ax. So, the
    de

    approximating rectangle shovm in Fig. 20.29 has its length = Ixi, wid th =dy and area = IxJdy.
    S\nre the ap pro=ati;-,
    oa

    y
    J.?\'('!\ ('\'
    . '
    _'\ = j dy
    nl

    y
    I
    w

    l'
    X'
    = JI.\ I ,ty
    do

    l
    - I
    0
    l = f - i .l_v
    l
    y, 0
    Fig. 20.29 A "' f- _v3
    Since the approximahng rectangl~ n m mov,, V<'<'hc.1lly fn,,i ,, -1
    1 11 01
    is given by 2a 2• · 11 2,1 Sl l., H'1.1uired ~u·l,,
    A= .r lxldy - f xdy I
    0 ·. I 'I
    1
    0 Q (·: ,\
    C\ .\1,il'Lt 4 Filld tl,earea o.fthe region bounded by y =-1,y = 2,x=y3.ind x ~o.
    <oJt:TlON A rough sketch of the curve x = y3 a., sh9 wn in Pig. 20.30.

    O earh', 11 = _ t aDd y)"= 2 11are straight lines parallel to ~•-axis. The required region is shaded in
    ·. .o \•Vh¢1lY."€StCe ·usreg1on11\
    . · ' ' to 11or1zont
    · al stnps,weo
    · bserveth~teach stnp. has1'tsane

    m
    fij; ' 0.,, · 3

    end·-ony•axa,; and oth<?r end onx = y· .So, the approximating rectangle shown in Fig. 20.30 has,

    o
    tength --I l .1, widtll =dy and area -I xi dy.

    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    X' X
    te

    y =-1
    m

    c.is as
    fro

    . it as
    ia of
    each Y'
    d

    , the Fig. 20.30 A.


    de

    dy.
    Smee
    . the approlOJl"la
    • 11n , from y= - l to y= 2 ·So '·req uire<l area 1s
    · Jlv
    · grectangle can move verllca

    given by
    oa

    2
    A=flxldy
    nl

    -1
    0 2
    w

    A = JI xi dy +JI xi dy
    do

    1 0
    0 2
    A= j xdy + f x dy
    -1 0
    0 2 t·: I' (x, y) lie,; on .1 - .v .' ..• ·\ =•VJI
    A = f - y3 dy + f y 3
    dy
    -1 0

    sq. ~mils
    20.24
    --- _ EXERCISE 2r;;

    - -- - LEVEL·1] :r2
    - - ded bv the par,abola I/ 4 and
    . . . I f· tquad rant bou n
    1, Find the area ot the region ll1 t ,e 1-rs
    lines x = O, 11 = 1 and y = 4. 2 . _ i y = 4 a nd the y-a,c15 m t..-ie f •
    2. Find the a~ of the region bounded by x = tby ' y - '
    quadrant. , d •ts ,_ .... ,~n>cltllll •
    . bolllldedbY .t.• = 4t11/
    3. Find the ar<1a of the region ·
    an , "''" ·tum
    2 _ 0 aJ'ld its Jatusrec ·
    16
    -l, Fh1d the arN of the r<1gion bounded by X + 1/ -

    m
    I LEVEL-2 I
    thel/•axisand the lmes !j =.2.a-,:

    o
    2 _ .3
    5 Find the area of the region bollllded by the curve rlY - x , .

    .c
    -~
    y -= _211._ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ ANSi/lER; I

    du
    1 sa2 sq. uruts
    . 128
    3 .,_
    .
    ";;" sq. uruts - sq. uru·ts
    2. 56 3. - 4.. sq. uru.,,

    oe
    3 3 3
    ,"- 3 - 1) a 2 sq. uru·1s
    _ -3(,,5/
    ~-
    ch
    5
    _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _.HINTS TO NCERTAND SELECTED PROBLE/15
    te
    2a
    5 . Required area = [ x dy
    m

    a
    fro
    d

    IY
    de

    =
    dy ......... If :-...·o f-..ur--...=ic l
    oa

    a.--lli. (~. I ~xti w:: ~


    'IJ : f, r i.,.onmpo½tr.e
    I
    - -
    nl

    'I=• the C-.ln'e = :t'J O\"t-.


    0 ------~ h\"O ::u..,, es on the -~
    w

    X' X
    do

    I
    'Y'
    Fig. 20.31

    ~0-~ AREA BETWEEN TWO. CURVES BY USING VERTICAL STRIPS


    p now we h ave b een du,cusslng problems e itlwr O 1 ti ct·
    bounded by a curve y =f(x), x-axis and on the left ,md ngl \ b n tng th e Meas ul th,· n-g
    respectively o r ?" finding the areas of lhc regions houn~,.J ~ ~,- ""rh,a! !in,·, r ,1 i!nd t
    1
    betv;een the horizontal Lines !I ~c and y don bottom and t ) a run•• .t J(I/), y-a~i> .u'6
    problems, we may be interested in computing th e ,lrt'a 1.,, 1, op n·sp,·-t,v,•l) . In ,nme pra,ll'
    f •o f other. If two curves are such that
    or one on tI1e Jet
    · mw 'i ve'-'n
    b •I
    hvn Lu 1 , ~ -h t
    " ~ on,• t,,,(ow th<',..,,,
    r:
    the area of the region bounded by them and on the left ani ~~bllw other ,u1<l w,1 w1,h Ill nnJ
    X:
    we may use the foJJowing algorithm. g Y Wrhcal l111e,,. In ~uch ca-...,e.
    of eouNOED REGIONS
    fl.R~fl.S 20.25

    ,aoR~~M . .
    A• Drrlll' f(li't'II r1111>(':; Y =f(x) n11d 11 = , ·) .
    l CI ' · · ' g,.\ atirl 11<'rllcal r
    ~1 rdmli/!f 1h,• r,·g,011 111cl11de,J beluh'CII a, mc.s x =n and x = b.
    11•!1 . ' . ec11r11esa,,tve•t' 1 11·
    -1-~ , r,ik<' a11 ,1rb1trary pomt P(x,y1) on ,me O>f h ' _ ,ca mes draw11 fn Mep 1.
    '..,,-r ° ". ' "
    " JI 11irot1f<I1 pf 1e ,f 11 • 0 tiwr rnrve.s y = g(x),I al" Q(x CU/W'S say
    ' !I = f (x), and draw a vertical fin,·
    Draw a i~·rlicnl npproximately rectan •le • , !/2), Cl,1arly, !/1 =f(x) and y2 =~(x).
    O
    ,11l'll ~lf(.t) -g(,tll.suc/1/lra/ P(x,y )andQ(}y )>j ,widf/, ~ llx, heig,ht (le11gtlt)=ly 1 -y21
    .,, ,:/,own m Fig. 20.32. 1 ' 2 are imd-pomts of /1omo11tal sides AB and CD

    v l X= b
    a

    m
    X=

    o
    .c
    du
    oe
    y=g(.t )
    D
    :C
    ch
    0 X
    te

    Flg. 20.32
    m

    ,m \ Find tire area of the approximating rectangle drawn in st.ep IV. Let ~A be th,, area. Then,
    fro

    M =I f(x) - g(x) I dx.


    b
    ill.!'.)' Use tire formula A = f l f(x) - g(x) Idx to find the area of the region between y = f(x),
    d

    a
    de

    y = g(x) a11d on tl1e left and right by tlie vertical lines x =a and x = b respectively.
    Ii two function J(x) and g(x) are defined on La, bl which can be dividt-'<l into sub-intervals [a, cl
    and le,b] such that f(x) ~ g(x) for all x e [a, c] and f(x) ~g(x) for all x E [c, b]. That is the curve
    oa

    Y= f(x)1son top of thecurvey =g(x) over the sub-interval[a, c]and the curve y =g(x)1son top oi
    ttleCUJ'\•eY= f (x) over the sub-interval [c, b] as $hown in .Fig. 20.33. Then, the ru:ea A betv-:een the
    nl

    n,o curves on the interval [a, b] is given by


    w

    b C ,,

    A ~ JIf(x) - g(x) I dx = f IJ(x) - g(x) I dx + f IJ(x) - g(x)I dx


    do

    a a c
    y

    y;g(l')

    !I~ f(x)

    g(x) -/(,<)
    X
    C
    x·
    x=a
    Fig.20,33
    20.26
    c 1' t( )I dx
    A= f [((x)-s(\)}dx+J !sPl X
    • ( . " !'('
    t re proC<"-' II ..
    Following e,amplc~ will ilh1~tr.1te the a ,o\ S
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
    [ LEVEL·U 2 soi..lJl101'i Th~
    3x
    the p11rabola Y = T and the Ii~, x'J. =" 4
    · i I f / re•u1·011 ,·11c/11ded betwee/1
    l'.A.\lrtFl F,m t1e11rt1,1~ f l t . , (NCERT, NCERT EXE.Ml'l,\I{ Equation (i) re~
    3.1- :1 .. 1: =0. y-a-xis- fquat101

    m
    s,~lCTION TI,~ equations of the given curves are (O, 1/2) rcspe.
    !<' = 3~· ...(i} and, 3x - 2y + 12 == 0 ... (ii) solve (i) and (

    o
    points of inter

    .c
    Equation (il represents a parabola having vertex at the origin, axis alonf t he positive direction ci
    3x . h area is to be f
    . d I . p·

    du
    y-,n,s an opens upwards. A free hand sketch of the parabo a y =4 1s s O•Vli in 1g. 20.34.

    Equation 3x- :y +12 =0 represents a straight line. The straigh t l in e given by (ii) meets x-axis at

    oe
    \- -l 0) and y-axis at (0, 6).
    ch
    y

    ,, = -3 i2
    4
    te
    .7

    2)
    m

    ;+.1-4- (yi ... Y1l


    fro

    (-2,3)._
    (x, Y.1)
    d

    X' 0 X
    de

    3x-2y+ 12 =0
    oa

    Let us slice
    Y' {;:u-abola (i)
    nl

    In ord , . Fig. 20.34 ength =\JJ·


    w

    . er to fmd the pomts of intersection of th . h<Jrizontally


    SII!lultaneously. Given curves inters e given parabola and lh . ..
    do

    find that each vertical sbip runs ~ t


    the given curves in shaded in Fi . /!tat the po~ts (- 2, 3) and 4
    34 · Let us slice the shaded\~
    e lme, we_solvc (i) and (U)
    :he region bounded t,1
    shown in Fig. 20.34 has widtl - d0 the parabola to the line S0 g1on into vertical strips. \I~
    12). A

    a . • 1 - x, length - J !I1 · , the a·p pr · 1'


    . pproxunatmg rectangle can move h . 2 - Y1I and the oxunating wet.it\~'
    incl d d be onzon tal ly r area - I ,h, A
    u e tween curves (i) and (u") ls given
    , mm x = 2 to ·• v - YLI d., Sht,'c' ."''
    = 4 • S l,)!12,u-en
    4 1,y A of tlw t'l'g" )tl
    4
    A=J l!12-Y1ldx J(Y2 t/ 1)dx
    -2 -2 A.
    4
    A= J ( 3x r 12- -3 X 2 ) dx
    2
    l:)(Al\i{l'L]a
    -2 4
    SOttrry(lN
    y
    s o f s o UNDED REGIONS
    r,f'. l:.A
    2027
    r3 2
    + 6.\
    x· ~] {
    l
    A "' - x
    4
    - --
    4
    ,. 3
    - 2 ( 4" I(>; (\"' 4 M) (~
    4
    1
    l(
    4 + f> ( 2) l : ) 27 < unit,,

    • •'l'I r z Find Jhr ,m•,i bo11nrfcrf 1111 th, c• 2


    f \ JH•'' ' ~ (. "' l '{' _\' 4
    - !f awl t/11· straight fin,•., ,,. 411 _ 2.
    __,,, ur10N
    ::,,..;.i ~
    Tht' equations of the giv11n curv,
    es are I NC FR 1, C HS F 200 I, 2005, .1.010, 2011, 201 .,'I
    ·1.. "' 4Y ---(i) and
    ' ~ ~ iy -2
    l] uatioll (i) rep1·esents a parabola with ver'- _ {1il
    'l is. EquJtion
    .E~,, . (") ""' at the origin and axis
    11 represents a straight lin~ , . 'ch
    . along posiU,,c direction of
    1
    •-
    , ,,)respecll~ · •ely. .,.,o tm
    ·· d the points
    . of ·u1~t \• \\ . rneets the coordinate
    . axe- dt(-2 O)and
    l) l"• 1• . . ersection of th · ~ •

    m
    . ,h·e (il and (J.il smmltaneously. Solving the 1, . e given parabola and the line we
    ,, . • • !VO equations si.tn utan '
    >f P"ifllS· ofinte1-sectton of.the g1v12n parabola,_.., ti li t eouslv we obtain th.at the

    o
    •u«.-< 1e I\C are (2 1) d ( '
    area is to be found out 1s shaded in Fig. 20.3S. ' an -1, 1/4). The region whose

    .c
    y

    du
    t

    oe
    ch
    te
    m
    fro
    d

    Y'
    de

    Fig. 20.35

    Let us slice the shaded region into vertical strips. We find that each vertical strip runs m,m
    oa

    parabola (i) to the line (ii). So, the approximating rectangle shown in Fig. 20.35 has width= .l.l,
    k-'l~th =IY2 - Y1 I, and area = I y 2 - y1i dx. Sinc;e the appr?xi.1!lat(ng rectangle can mo, e
    nl

    horizontally from x = - 1 to x = 2. So, area A of the shaded region ,s given by


    0 ')

    =j ,y2 - y1 dx = j (y2 - y1) dx


    w

    A 1 [·: Y2 > Yi :. , Y: - Jil =Yz -y,1


    ,
    do

    -1 -1
    ._. p (x, •:12) ,mdQ (,·. y1) ~eon (ii) a.i,d(i) !'t'Si~
    2(X + 2 x2] r+ 2 r
    A= J 4 - - -4d x
    -1 [ _._ y2 = ~ - and 111 = "":j'

    8 ) (~ _l + 1
    A= [x1 ➔ ~ x- x3] 2 4
    -= ( 8 + 2 -
    2
    12 - S 2 t'Z )
    1 _ ')
    8
    ~'1 unit-,
    8 2 12
    t I l -1,11 ~11.i t/1,• /1 ,,. Y nn.
    X..U.O,lE 3 Find the area of tlte regin11 l'lldosed bl/ tire 111mt/i<1III v t:--.CTRTI
    __(i)
    The equations of tl1e given curves are
    :: 4ax
    OIJ o 0
    ,.
    ') ,,.J ("' rt'
    , I t,• Jr.a wr
    y d It ,, WU
    (I/ ,,

    .; fr•,rn I
    t• r,g I 411
    2

    l ,1 \
    "' , ll 1 4 l (1

    From\ ,, fin, tl, I


    /, w
    1 -. " , n11J ,

    m
    ti' tw rv~
    'in, Fi,, 21) 17

    o
    ,d\a(ied t:r

    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    te

    Y'
    m

    Fig, 20.36
    fro

    :,o thepoims of inter,,ection of the given curves are (0, 0) and ( 4a/m 2 ,
    4a/m).
    Ihe rough 5kefd, of the rv.•o curves is shown in Fig. 20.36 and the shaded portion is the regro•
    endo:,ed by the parabola and the line. Let us slice the shaded region into vertical ~trips \'
    d

    obsenc that each ,ertical stnp has lower end on the lini: y = mx and the upper end on d
    de

    parabo.a ,,2 =4ax. So, the approximating rectangle shown in Fig. 20.36 has width= dx, Ieng!!' let tc- we ~hce
    : 112 -11 and area =I !'2 - !,'1 I dx.
    endonJ\epara
    oa

    Since the approximating rectangle can move from x = 0 te x = 4a/m 2 . So, required an::J 11 rec~'!e ,hown
    gn,-a. by
    nl

    ~m-~ tht.> arpru


    ~.:n t-,
    w

    r. ,la
    do

    ~
    4. j
    4,J/,r,· 0
    A
    l (2 /ax ~ ..
    i;
    .\ e j
    4 0
    A
    3
    " X 12
    Ill (
    2
    111
    11,?
    J'
    lXA'fl'I ( 4
    O> 0.
    / md tlw 01,'11 of 1/t,• 1,g11J11111, /11drd /.l(tUw,1 /ht 1'•11111,,,1,1
    11
    2
    111 I 1111<1 \
    1
    I.I~ ,t•/ft
    ,\
    =[
    SOLUTION Th.- Pquat1ons 111 1111• g1,, 11, u, v,~ ,11, I{ ll'-l 2110.l ._,,w ' r fhe abo
    y2 = 4ax .. (i) aml, ,. 2 1,1v
    R.eq11ir
    nc.,.
    "')(11
    APeftS OF eoUNOED REGIONS
    . ··(ii)
    (i) and (ii) represent parabolas. 20.29
    ,1/ ,,, "9_. 1
    ciear1Yil, be drawn as shown in Fi · ~ ~t~ nd "'d form,. f he
    cM' e~s(·j and (ii), we solvl' them ~inf· /· .J7. ln ordt>r to find t~>~ghskekh '.'f thPse parab()Jas
    curve> J 2 t 1 taneously e ptJ1nb ,,f tnh'r~&tton of the

    "~g ,, ,, !-. from (ii) into (i), Wt' i,;et


    J'ithµ• ., 4,1

    (iJ2" ..•a."•· ⇒
    \ ,ta
    ,.4
    ~ = 64n 3 'I: ::::, x (x·3 64 ,
    a)-0=:,_v
    ·' rJc,rx-4a

    from (ii), we observe that


    x=O ⇒ y=O and x =4a = y=4a.
    So the two curves inte1~5ect at (0, 0) and (4a 4a) Th .

    m
    ~;ded in Fig. 20.37. ' · c region eI1clos;;,<l by the two parabolas 15
    y

    o
    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    X' X
    te
    m
    fro

    gion
    . We Y'
    l the Fig . 20.37
    d

    ngth Let us we slice this region into vertical strips . We observe that each vertical strip has its lower
    de

    end on the parabola x2 = 4ay and the upper end on fhe parabola/= 4ax. For the approximating
    oa

    Ais rectangle shown in Fig. 20.37, we have width -= dx, length = IY2 -Y1I and area= Y~ - !I\ .ix.
    S~ce the approximating rectangle can move between x = 0 and x = 4a. So, required area .-t is
    nl

    given by
    4/l 4a
    w

    A = f I !/2 Y1 I dx = f ()12 - Y1l dx


    do

    0 0 •
    ·: p (x, Yl) and (x, y2 ) lie on (Ii) and (1) n:specu,~h \:

    [
    :. x2 ~ 411)/) and Yi 4ax ⇒ •t~ , .ia, ,ind 111 4.1

    ,
    x3/2
    x3]4a
    - :
    4Ja. (411)
    1/2 (411),
    1211
    3211·
    1 .3
    1211 3
    0
    'J'L_ . I /'ci1w
    1 /11 //,Ill ,·,1,,',
    'ne above area can also In obtained /Jy /lonzonta ' ,,·

    .(ii) R 4a 4fn !J[__J4ay}dy


    equired area = J (x2 - x 1) dy = 411 V
    0 0
    MATHl:;"MA'll,,
    . . s.i
    -x2 + 2,y = x,x: 0 antt.t ~i
    20.ao tlte curves Y - ,,
    ·ou ba111uJed 01
    1
    y
    EXAMPLE s Find the area of
    the r~g. curves are ,.
    . fthe gl\•eri ···,11
    SOLUTION 11,e equahons o ,,,I
    2 •
    y= 1· + 2 ..,(~I
    y= x -~
    x=O ) d axls along positive directi~ .
    and x=3 texat (0,2 an • lin ~
    ' 2 arabola with ,,er . . 0 38 Clearly, y = x is a e pa,1b
    Oearlv 11 =x + 2 rcpreset\ls a P in Fig. 2 · · . d = 3 is a line par U '
    · '· wards as shoWil . _ 0 is y-ax1s an X • . ~ elt,
    11-axis. Titls parnbola opens t1~0 ,a-le with x-axis, X - th curves is s hown m Fig. 20.38 •~-
    through the origin and makes · ai 0A gh sketch of ese
    11-axis'al a dist~Ke of 3 units from it.. rou ed
    the region bolmded by these curves JS shad Y .

    o m
    .c
    du
    oe Solving Y =
    ch
    1'(.~, Yi) Here,' ·es
    te

    X' (3, O} X end on the


    fig. 20.39
    x= 3
    m

    Sirn:e the a
    fro

    Y' A.
    Fig. 20.38
    d

    Here, weslice thisregion intovertkalstrips. We observe that each vertical strip runs from the = A
    de

    2
    line y = x to the parabola y = x + 2. So, the approximating rectangle shown in Fig. 20.38 hJ.\
    width = dx, leng th = I Y2 - Yi I and area = I Y2 - Y1 I dx.
    oa

    Since the apprr ima ting rectang1e can move fromx = 0 to X .. 3. So , required area A ls g iven h A.
    nl

    A = f I Y2 - yddx = J0 (Y2 - y1) dx [·: Y2 > Yt .-. I Y2 - Yl I= Y2 -,IJJ


    0
    w

    A
    f {(x2 + 2)-x} dx
    do

    A = [ ·: p (x, Y1) and Q (x, Y'J.) lie on (ii) and (i) re$pedil ~h
    o :. Yi = x and y2 "' x 2 + 2

    ~2 sq• units·
    3
    2
    A = [~ + 2.x - x
    3 2
    l =9 t- 6- 2.2 = :,allJ1·10N
    JO
    F.X/\MJ'l.l:. 6 Fine/ theareaoj ll,e region l(x, y); x2 <; s YI ,otll R
    11
    soLUTio N Let R ={(t, y) : X 2 < y ', x). Then, · · lC us1:211os,2011,-
    R ={(x, y): x:2 $ y} n {x, y) : ,I/ ... x). R R
    2
    1 2
    r, R.
    where Ri = {(x, y): X ~ y } a11d R 2 [(~, y) ; !I - X}
    2
    Region R 1: Clearly, x = y represen ts a parabola w ith vc•rt , ~s
    · ex at (0 0) 0 . . . f wa
    as it$ axjs and it open.;; upwards . The tegion R re ' ' P sttive direction° , t!il
    t presented b , .2 . . of
    parabola. ) x $ y 1s tl,e interior
    --------------------------~~--------
    OF eouNDED REGIONS
    ,.11EA5 20.31
    Cfcarl\/, i; = xi<;aJinepassingU1rot I1 I
    R,tiOl1 RZ: gioi{R~ represented by 11 $ xis tl~g h_" origin ,mo moking an angle of 45qwith the
    ·s 50, re . ' c region lyin,, bi>I< lh 1·
    .(,11,,1 • • ,uir~'d region R. jg Lhe shaded . ' . . n . ,w c me !I - ;r.
    11e11ce, t]1e ice, 1cgwn 1'hown m Hg. 20.39
    f' y

    m
    X'
    X

    o
    .c
    du
    y•
    Fig. 20.39

    oe
    Sohing )I= x2 and y = x, we obtaln O (0, 0) i!nd A (1, 1) as., their points of intersection.
    ch
    f
    Here, we slice this region into vertical strip$. We observe .that each vertical strip has its lower
    e~d on the parabola y = x- and upper end on y:= &_. 99, the approximating rectangle shown in
    te

    Eg.20.39has, length = I !,i,2 - y1 1, width=dxand,area°=J y2 .:.y1 1dx,


    m

    Since the appr9ximating rectangle can mov.e from :i.',= ©Jo;: ,;; 1. So; required area A is givenby
    fro

    1 . . . - "
    A = I I.1/2 - Yil dx . ch •

    0
    d

    l
    = J(Y2 -y1) dx [·: .1/2 > .1/1 :. [ !/2 - Y1 I=.1/2 - Y1l
    de

    A
    0
    oa

    1
    A = J (x - x2) dx
    nl

    0
    w
    do
    20.32 O) positive direction of!!·••
    I 'th wrl<'X ,11 (0, ' -,,.
    o..,,.=,
    •-i!>~· 1
    R • Oearlv, ...2 =11n'pres,•nt.s a p,1n1bo ,l Wl'
    . t'rioroF the p,1ra
    bnl,1 iS the region R1-
    k' I
    as rts ax.is and it open, upward~. n,e n1 • . h lhC' origin and ma mg an ang e of {i
    ""'"" R · Ocarh ,1 = x, x:?: 0 is a line pass,nglh'thro~'.tgO,n Jving below the line y = x.
    R-.,~ . 2• •' . f . .. So R ,s e reg , . I
    ..,-,th °
    the po.sithe dircchon .,-axt$. ' 2 ,
    1
    the origin and ma.king an ang eof1J;
    o-wn R ·Oearly,y= -.r, .t <Dis~ line passmg ~,,~o~~~ lyi:ng below the line y =- r.
    ·-" 3 . .
    with the posihve =~"
    ~,~..on of ,-axis. So, R 3 ,s the cgi
    ·
    l'

    o m
    .c
    du
    X
    X'

    oe
    ch
    Y'
    Fig. 20.40
    te

    The required region R is the shaded region shown in Fig. 20.40. Since both the curves a:t
    symrnetrical abo:.it y-axis. So, required area A is twice the area of the shaded region in fu,t
    m

    quadrant. Let us slice this region into vertical strips. Each vertica I strip has lower €11d on y =/
    fro

    ar.d upper end on y =r. The approximating rectangle shown in Fig. 20.40 has, length = Iy2 -r
    width= dx and area= Iy2 - y1l d.x. Clearly, it can move horizontally between O (0, O) and A (1, l)
    -r
    l l
    f f
    d

    A = 2 l!J2 - Y1I dr = 2 (y2 - Y1) dx


    =
    de

    0 0
    1
    A = 2 f 2
    (x - x ) dr
    oa

    [See Example o'


    0
    A = 2 x -1 = -1 ,
    nl

    sq. uruts [See Examplefl


    6 3
    50LL-:rTOX l.e: R
    w

    EXA \.fPU t Find the nrea of /he region bounded by the curve y = x3 and the lines y =x + 6 and r-.f
    do

    I NCERT E.\'.EMP \ IJ( R =t(x,


    SOLUTION
    . The x-coorclinate of the point of interse,:tion of y -- x 3 and y=x+
    1
    • f th'
    6 ISflTOOl O ' R =R1
    equanon
    X
    3
    =x~6 R1 = (x
    [011 elimina ting y between y = ~-3 and !I ,.,t +~!
    3
    x x-6=0
    2
    fa-2)(x +2r+ 3) =0
    ::::;, x-2=0
    ::::;, X•2 ~
    3
    [·.. .1"2 + 2 x + 3; 01
    Putting x = 2 in y = x , we obtain y -8. 'rhus, the lint! y = x + 6 ru ts y =x3 a l ( , B).
    2
    FsouNDED REGIONS
    ~o -
    . n bouridecl by the curve y ~ ."\' 3 and the li
    ,.,.,o . • • nesv~x+6and · o· hdd · ·
    "fl.18 ,., We slice this region mto vertical stt·· · x = 1s s a e region m
    o.JJ. 6 s
    fill· :z · end on y =x + • o, the approxlmaf
    ' · · ips. Each vertical •t · h ·
    ' s rip as Its lower end on y = x
    3

    Jt1P urPfwidth=dxand are~=(v2 - y 1) dr.Clea~y 1-~ec tangk s hown in Fig. 20-41 has length
    ,(Y, -~J ihc 1,equired area A ts given by ' c<1n move horizontally between x =Oand
    _i::::2.SC,
    y

    y=x+6

    m
    X' X

    o
    .c
    du
    oe
    y,
    Fig. 20.41
    ch
    2
    ·es are f
    A = l!/2 - Y1) dx
    te

    n first 0
    y = x·'
    f 3
    m

    =" A = (x + _x 3)dx [ ·: P(x, Yi) and Q (x, Yz) lie on y= x and y =X + 6 re~-p1dively.-l
    2 -Yi.- 6 3
    I
    fro

    (1, 1). 0 :.y2 =x+6andy1 = x


    ? -

    r2 + 6x- 4x4]-= 10 sq. units.


    =I/
    d

    =- A
    de

    0
    2
    ple6l lXA.\fPI.E 9 Find fhe area of the region { (x, y): 0 s.y '!, x + 1, O'!,ysx+1,0 sx'!,2}-
    oa

    [NCERT, CBSE 2001C]


    nl

    ple 61
    ~'TIO~ LetR ={(x,y) :0 '!,y '!,x2 + 1, 0 sy '.:,X ~l, Osx '!,2}, Then,
    w
    do

    R ={<x,y):O '!,y:S:x2 +1} n{(x,y):O:S:ysx+1} n {(x,y):O'.:,xs2}


    ::;.
    R=R1r.RznR 3 ,where I _ l
    R1 ={(x,yJ :0 ,;y::;x2 ... 1}, Rz ={ (x, y):0-Sy '.:, '+ 1 land R3 l(x,y):ll:; \ s.!I
    P,egiqn R •
    directio I·
    oear Y, y = x 2 + 1 represents a parabola w1l• h vi,1.1ex"
    , ,1 (0 l} o,is ,1l,)1w Ult' posi,tive
    , ' "
    1
    ~:ow On of Y·a xis and il opens upwards.
    2
    So ' . -<y<- x + 1 ~ y ;;:: 0 and y :;; x2 -+ 1.
    Re~ isR· the region lyittg oulc;ide the parabola y =xi -+ 1 ,me.I abo~~~-,1xii,: t (-1 0) and (0 1)
    r 2:CJe 1 . . tting x ,uu, 11 axis a , ,
    e;~Vely ar Y, y = x + 1 represents a straight 1me ~ . fore R2·is the region lying above
    x-~ and b. 5mce O:S: y :S: x + l .:::> _t/ ;,,: 0 and y :,; x + l. u1c1 r. '
    elow the line y = x + 1.
    Q(X, .lfz)

    m
    (0, I\
    X

    o
    £(2, 0)
    (-1. O) d., / dx

    .c
    C(1,O)

    du
    Y'

    oe
    Fig. 20.42
    Sol:,'.ng · =x2 T 1 and y =x + 1, we find that these two in tersect at A (0, 1) and B (1, 2).
    ch
    Let us sJice the shaded region into vertica l strips. vVe. observe that vertical strips change th:.
    character at the point B. Draw a line BC parallel to the y-axis. whic:h d ivides the a rea 011Bi;I1
    te
    into two portions OABCO and BD£CB. For the area OABCO, the approximating rectang[eh, .~retl SCO
    length = 'y ~ ,\idth=dx and area = Iy1I dx. As ii can moveofrom x ,;;: 0 to x = l.
    1 1 1 ' y=x 3 .Sn
    m

    Area OABCO = J IYil dx = Jy1 dx and area


    fro

    0 Q
    l

    = Area OABCO = J (x 2 - 1} dx
    d

    0
    de

    :~~!1=dareadBDECB, the aprrox~ ating rectangle shown in p 1·g. 20 42 h 1 th


    ~1-u,
    - .xan -•--ly ~,ce 12t can move from x =1 to x = 2.
    ~·= - 22dvS•~ 4•
    · as eng
    v
    =i' ·
    oa

    Area BDECB = J IY2l dx =JY2 dx


    l 1
    nl

    2
    =J
    w

    Area BDECB (x + l) dx [·: Q (x, y2} lies on y=x+ 1 :. v,=\ t


    1 •• .-\it, OD-\
    do

    Required area - Area OABCD + Area B DECB thl) appro


    1 2 , ar~-i =\ th
    - J 1x2 + 1) dx + J (x + J) dx --
    0 J

    . r,: . ,i:,.r,: .. , ii
    ~\
    f
    5
    2 6
    sq. units

    EXA~E IO Find the are(I bounded /1y lite' ume~ I/ X 11111/ 1/


    SOLUTIO; =1!1e equatio)16 uf the g iv1>n cw·v,•1, ;,,,.

    and, y = x3
    o m
    X"
    •
    . /. -

    .c
    ~ ~ ' \ \ )':I
    ' ~
    .' ~ l' ' \

    du
    '-

    oe
    ::-Cl;. ~-I
    "-1 -n
    ,
    ch
    I)
    te

    F19• .?(I~
    i.e..~ .!.,;a ; Area 3C05- -~'" OD.-10
    -.."?S §,::3 • E.a,;;h =tical ~ b this ~'ion h.1s its l,,wer end <ll\ ~ = .1 ,,nd tl\tl npp,,r t'nd ,,n
    m

    :x ~ tie -?Pto'\l:nanng re."tangle sh..,wn in this ~on h.,,, lei~fu-'.•-1 - -~ ., \1 i,\th , \


    fro

    C::~l= '14 - _I(_; ~~ Sr<."e th.- i1Ff'ro~1,1ting rtx.'tantlt> t ,lll 11\<W'<' tl'l.'tl\,\' - l t\1\ I},

    !;rea 3COB ; .- Yi - !':; J..r =f -lV4 - y3) J.,· [·: ,V4 ,,. ,, ,', -~~ )I ,1 'tlJ
    d

    -1
    de

    0
    = J - (x -x3 )Jx
    oa

    -!
    nl
    w
    do

    .{i)
    ,m
    ¾JUired area
    EXAMl'LEll

    X 1/
    - t-= L re
    a b th · ven curves a
    SOLUTION The equations of e g,
    2 2
    X+L=l

    m
    2
    a
    ,.z iJ

    o
    X 1/
    and -+··= 1

    .c
    ' a b . "y ,Mand~+ 1L. =1 istheequatl<r.-
    x2 y2 - ts an ellipse as shown in Ftg. 20. a b .

    du
    1
    dearly, - 2 ~ ';:'f - represen "' "lY The smaller regi.on bound~i
    a ,, ( O) and (0 b) respec«v~ ·
    ( 2
    straight line cutting x and y-axde! at ~' n in Fig ~o.44.

    oe
    F ;: ~ :x,y): X
    these two curves is the sha e regio
    y
    ch
    te
    Region R1: aearfy :x-
    X2 -y2 - <1' so:oai<mR
    ~o- --
    m

    Regi01t.R2-: Si.ne.e_x--:1=
    respec~vely. This line 0
    fro

    X
    X' Since (0, OJ does not.
    x+ 1/ =1. Hence, reg:i
    d

    A'(-a,O)
    de

    B'(O, -b)
    oa

    Y'
    nl

    Fig. 20.44
    w

    I
    Let us slice this region into vertical strips. We observe that each vertical strip has it!- !C.>werliil-
    do

    2 2
    on the line ~ + '!f. =J and upper end on the ellipse + /L x2 1. So, the approxin"1tll'l
    a b a b2
    rectangleshowninFig.20.44haslenglli =l yz -y1 I, width =d~, and area - I y 2 yddx
    Since the approximating rectangle can move from x =0 to x =a. So, required a r!!a /\ b i;i I vn l•I
    a a I
    J
    A = IYz - Y1 I dx = (yz - Y1) dx J [·: y2 > !fl •. I y2 y I I 112 y ii · ti
    0 0

    Since point P (x, y1) lies on: + { = 1 and poinl Q (x, y2) lies on ¥: ~hen We slice the
    n ,ower end on the 1· l
    2 2 howninp· 111
    X Y1
    -+-=land -X 2 +Y2- =l :;. y1 /J
    = -(a-x)' a11Ll ,,2 "P?tO>( l~. 20.4~
    a b a b2 !I "
    by Uhating rec
    Substituting these values in (i), the required area A is given by A \
    , , r0 I Y2 -y
    A =l {~ ✓a2 -x2-;(a -x)} dx
    aouNPED REGIONS
    eAsoF

    ~~ A= ~ [1 Ji -"2 th - f (a - 'l dx]


    20.37

    l
    :2 ,1 0

    A b[rl /~2 1 l ·) J' l J"


    :::_
    ,l
    •
    -.rv,1
    2
    X + -,l
    2
    _..,\ n ] ·'
    0
    0
    11\ -
    ,.?

    +' -·:
    • 0

    ,-i[l ½,, ,.,-, ,,>J I]·;\~-', i-·: \. :li I)


    0
    • 11/J sq. units

    m
    \,M,
    _, F
    ~
    Find t/ze area of the region {<x' ,1/).'•r 2 ; y2 < < l
    - 1 - X + yr- [CBSF 2010]

    o
    2 2

    .c
    5c1lrll01' Let R ={(x,y):x + y Sl sx+ y}. Then,

    du
    R = { (x, y) : x2 + y2 51 5 ~- + y} = {(x, y ) : x 2 "" y2 :n} n { (x, y): l s .1: + y}

    oe
    2
    =- R = R1 n R2, where R1 ={(x,y) :x + y2 s1.} and, R2 ={(x,y) :lsx+ y} ch
    2 2
    Rt.iJOn R1: Clearly x + y =1 represents a circle wi.th centre at (0, 0) and radius unity. Since
    ;: _ / $1, so region R1 represents the interior of circle x 2 + y2 = 1.
    te

    i:rr.m:R,: Sinrex+y =l istheequationofastraight line cutting x andy-axesat(l,O)and (0, l)


    ~ , -ely. This line divides the xy-plane in two parts represented by x + y S 1 and x + y ~ 1.
    m

    5':nce (0, o)' does not satisfy the inequality x + y :2:.1. So, R2 is the region l ying above the line
    r-~ =!.Hence, region R is the snaded region shown i.n Fig. 20.45.
    fro

    y
    d
    de
    oa
    nl

    X
    X'
    w
    do

    X + y =1

    Y'
    Fig. 20.45 . .
    \~1.e ,. . . • 'lt ii ,•,u·h I L'l'li1".1I ~It If' h,1,- its
    101'"• nwe 8Iice the shaded regi·on into veraca
    . I 6 Ir,'ps,• Wl' os>S<'IV~'
    2 l 1/ 2 1.:
    ' l•
    tlw ., 111,rw,1 11.1,1L111g 1\'<."t,11,~'
    'et,;nd d x 1,.,o, 1 1 t' I
    Sh on the line x + y =] and the upper en on I 1/ I 1/1 Suw,• I " ' ' 'l ic.t
    •p~l'll!nFig.2045h l th-1 lf -y l widtli ,,, tJ,r,111d Ml''.\ I '{lo wt111irL·d ,tr<'<l \ is~in•n
    · , as, eng - 2 1, l f ,· - o to , •, '
    bYr,oldm atingrectanglecanmovehorizontal Y rom -
    ►

    o m
    .c
    du
    oe
    R,,gion R1 : Clearly, y2 = 4x is the equation of t11e parabola with vertex at the origin and a~;
    ch
    along.t-axis. dearly, y 2 :S. 4xnipresents the region lying inside or on the parabola _y2 ::c4x.So,f.

    r
    te

    is the region lying inside the parabola y2 =4x. ·


    For the area
    2 2
    y2 =( ~
    m

    RegumR2: TI1eequation 4x + 4y2 = 9o.r, x + represents a circle with centreat!h =dx and are
    fro

    2
    origin and radius¾- Therefore, .i:2 + y :S. ~ is the region lying inside or on the circle x2 + y2 =!
    - 4.

    =( ~ r. 4
    d

    2 2
    So, R2 is the region lying inside the circle x + y Thus, the region R is the regico
    de

    2 2
    oa

    bounded by the parabola y "'4x and the circle x 2 + y2 -_ ( 3 ) , as s11own


    -... by th e shadt'-'.
    2
    region in Fig. 20.46.
    nl

    H.ence, req
    y
    A
    w

    yi=4.x
    do

    A
    X'
    X
    A

    Y'
    Fig. 20.46
    Of aoUN[J"'') RF.GIONS
    Afle:.AS
    . ~rt,epoiritsofintcrsectionofthe.,·,
    10fjJlU 2 . c,1\t>ncurve 20,39
    y "'4., s, Wc>solv~ th -
    1\le have, 2 2- 9 ~11- etp1,1tions slrnultanctiu,J,
    4x +4y - ,
    aJld, ; f C) . t (.. .fiJ
    putting y- ~ 4x roin 1 m o u), we get .fi,
    2 1
    4 ,r2 + 16x =9 => 4-x + l.6x - 9 ~ 0 =::, (2.
    . X+9)(2.t-l}:O ⇒ x-l 9
    ·) we find that - or, x,, -
    (
    frOJ.Il I, l - 9 2 2
    t',,, _:::, y = ± ✓2 and x =- _ giv . . .
    · 2 . 2 es •magmru:y values of y.
    _ the two curves mtersect at (1/2, fi} and ( _
    ~metrical about x•al<lli. 1/2, -,./2). Clearly, boll, the curve~ are

    m
    Requued area = 2 (A.rt,,a of the shaded regio .
    ··T find t:his area, we s Jice ·t · n 1Ymg 6
    l mto vertical strips W . a ovc x-axis) ·

    o
    6
    Ja.racter at the point A. Draw a line AD parall el io y-~~s :I:;'\l~~t -~ertical strips change their

    .c
    aboi·e x-axis into two portions OADO and ADCA. c iv, es the shaded region lying
    For the area OADO, the approximating I rectangle has, 1ength ~ IY1i, width ~dx and are-d

    du
    =iy,1 dx. As it can move from x = 0 10 x = .
    2

    oe
    1/2 1/2
    AreaOADO = J IY1I dx = Jy1 dx
    ch
    0 0
    ,d a.xi< 1/2
    J2.jx dx yt = 4x = Yl = 2,'xl
    te
    So,R: Area OADO = [ ·: P (x_, Yi) lies.on y2 =4x .
    0 . J
    for the area ADCA, the ap proximating rectan~e show~ in Fig. 20.46 has, length =\y2 !, width
    m

    a t the =dxand area =ly2 j d:x. As it can move from·x = tox = .


    2 2
    fro

    3/2 3/2
    9
    2
    Area ADCA "' f IY2I dx "' ) Y2 dx ·
    d

    1/2 1/2
    de

    egion
    3/2p
    Area ADCA = J -4 -x2 dx
    oa

    aded l/2
    nl
    w
    do
    ' 20.40 2 :,:ax, x;:;:; o, Y;,: o1f.
    + / 5. 211x, Y
    .2
    ,. ., fthc regio11 { (x, y) :~ (NCERT rXLMPLAR, C~s~,.
    ~ AMPU H 1-md tl1c mill<? } s

    1
    ;)! 0 . Then,
    2 -i t/ s1ax, Y2;?:aX' x>-. 0, Y }
    SOLUTION LetR = { (\,,1/):x .} { 2<!ax} r. {(x, y) :x2= 0y :?: O
    R = {(,,)I). x2 + / S 2,1x r, (X, y): y .

    => R = R1 r.Rz r,R3' w here . 2 > ax}


    f . . .Z+ 2 s 2ax}, R2={(x, y).y -
    R1=,(x,11). l y I •·h

    m
    t · • · 2 2 resents a circ ew1t centre at\!
    2 2 . , - ,1/ -'- (y- O) "' /1 rep .
    Region R1 : Clearlv, x +Y = 211·' or, (.

    o
    and radius a as shown in Fig. 20.47. 2 a.2--

    .c
    y ::::> 3

    du
    f= aX
    f.)(;\l',lPLf. !5 Find
    2

    oe
    (x- 1/ -'-Y "' 1 ·
    ,_. The equa
    SOLIJnO·,~
    ch
    2
    xi+ y = l
    X
    te
    X: and, (x-1 }2 - (y
    ., ., 1
    Oearly, x- - Y-
    m

    ='
    .. x2+ r=2ax
    (x - 1>'2 +(y-0)2 =1
    fro

    of intersection of the
    Y'
    simultaneously we~
    d

    Fig. 20.47
    Since both the cun;
    de

    2 2 2
    we have, (x -a) + (y - 0) ~a . So, R 1 is the region lying inside the circle showr, in fig.i0J
    oa

    Region R2 : Clearly, y2 =ax represents a paral,ola with vertex at (0, 0) and its axis alongx-ali·
    is the regton lying outside the parabola y2 ,,, ax.
    nl

    It is given that y2 2 ax. So, region R2


    w

    Regi.on R 3 : It L~ given that x :?: 0 and y :?: 0. So, region R 3 is the region in the first quadrant.
    Thus, R = R1 ~, R2 r, R 3 is the shaded region shown in Fig. 20.47.
    do

    The equations of the given curves are


    x 2 + y2 - 211x .. (
    2
    an d, Y = ax
    To find the points of ~1ters~tion of these two curves we solve (i) and (ii) sinntlt,1n,~•1•;
    1
    Solving these two equations sunuitaneously, we find that the twu curves inlel"St>ct /lt (.) (ll,lll•
    A~~ .
    To £ind the area of the shaded region sho wn i11 llio . 2()47 w .. ,. ·t . a l strip>· 11'
    11Ci' , 1nto vcr1'JCc. ~
    ('::I
    observe that ead1 vertical strip has its lower end 0 11
    • , \::'. p
    rar• bo! 2 u,., d »er ~O'
    t r1' :. ~equired,
    I
    2
    x2+y =2ax. So,thc approximatingrectangle RhowninFig 20
    ' " a y - nx nn UPr
    U I yil,1~1·.Ji'
    •
    let, is 1· ·
    , ' s 1c:e the are1
    · · • 1as 1eng 1= !/2 -
    471 <.:ha racter at A (1 /
    =< dx and area =IY2 Yil dx.Since the approximating rectangle can move fromx :: OtoX ~,1-
    o m
    .c
    du
    f\A.>,ll'LE 1s Find the area of the region enclosed between the two circles x2 + y2 =1 and
    (r-lr" +Y2 = 1. LCBSE 2007, 2013]
    SOLUTION The equations of the given circles are
    oe
    ch
    ,..(i)
    x-' + y2 = 1
    te
    ...(ii)
    and, (x-1/ + (y - 0}2 =1
    a~arly, x2 + y2 = 1 represents a circle with centre at (0, 0) and radius unity. Also,
    m

    tx- 1)2+(y- 0)2 =1 represents a circle with centre at (1, 0) and radius unity. To find the points
    fro

    of intersection of the given curves, we solve (i) and (ii) simultaneo~ ly. Solving (i) and_ (ii)
    simultaneously, we find that the two curves intersect at A (1/2, ✓3/2) and D (1/2,-.,/3 / 2).
    d

    S'mce both the curves are symmetrical about x-axis.


    de

    y
    oa
    nl
    w
    do

    X
    0 dx B(1, 0)
    X'

    Y'
    :. Fig. 20.48
    ~ IUs liRequired area = 2 (Ate:a OABCO) ti vertical strips change their
    ., s ceth W 0 bserve that ,e
    '"ilracter e area OABCO into vertical strips. e
    at A (l/2, {-3 /2). So,
    20.42
    Area cABC.
    Area OABCO = Area QACO + rea c,ABC) .
    :. Required area = 2 [Area QACO + A f;nd that each strip has ltS upper eJ\d1m,
    . sliced into vertical s t rt·ps' we • . So the approxtmatmg
    · · rec tangte~h
    WI1en area OACO IS d 011 x-c1x1s. , 1

    circle(x-1)2 +(y- 0)2 = J and the lower en -1 1dx. ,As it can move fromx = 0 lox ,,
    . . - - I width= dx and area - Yl
    m Fig. 20.48 has, length -I Y1,
    112
    1/2
    f r· · y > 0 · I ,,
    . 1 . . Y1I •
    Area OACO = f IY1I dx =
    0
    Yi dx
    2
    '
    0
    _ _---,:- [·: p (x, y1) lies on (x -1) + y2 =-1
    r,-
    l ✓1-(.t-l)

    m
    1/2 [ 2
    ⇒ AreaOACO = dx :.(x-1)2+y[=l ⇒ y1=vl-(.i:-11•

    o
    .c
    · CABC has length = IY2 I, width = d:i •
    Simila,:Jy, approximating rectangle in the region ' i114

    du
    1
    area =!y2! dx. As it can move fromx = to x = 1.
    2

    oe
    1 1
    :. Area CABC = J IY2I dx = f Y2 dx
    ch
    1/2 1/2

    ⇒ AreaCABC= f1 r:---3
    V1-x 2 dx
    [ 2 2 2 2
    ·: Q(x, y2)lies onx +y =1 :.x + Y2 = 1 ⇒ y2=,!l-1
    ,-i
    te

    1/2
    m
    fro

    AreaADB: To
    has its lower end
    d

    length =1 Y'.! - Y1I


    de

    move from x = 2
    oa

    ·. Area ADB =
    nl
    w

    l
    do

    Similarly, we l
    AUTER Two curves are symmetric about x = 1/2. So, required area= 4 (Area OACO).
    EXAMl'LE 16 Using integration,find the area of triangle ABC whose ti 1- 1 . qj\(", 1' Area BDC
    B( )andC( ). ' er tees iaveroord1n11 1I!. • 111
    4' 7 6' 2 IC B'iE 200l 2010, 20
    SOLUTION Let us first find the equations of the sides of lliangle ABC by usmg
    . the' for,..,,,J,
    ..
    1

    y - y1 _Y2 -y1 (x-x1)


    X2 - X1

    The equation of AB is
    7 -5
    y-5 = _ (x-2)~ x-y+3=0
    4 2
    20.43

    ••• (iJ)

    , •1t l l

    r 8(4, 7)

    m
    nd

    o
    .c
    S(x, Y1)
    A(2, 5),

    du
    oe
    ' '
    ' '' ''
    ch
    - ' '
    0 (2, 0) dx (6, 0) X
    te
    m

    Fig. 20.49
    fro

    .4.re.i.IDB : To find area ADB, we slice it into vertical strips. We observe that each vertical strip
    ~.as its lower end on side AC and the upper end on AB. So, the approXimating rectangle has
    ·•=I Y2 - y1I, width= dx and area =Jy2 - y11dx. Since the approximating rectangle can
    d

    ::io1'efrom x = 2 to x =4.
    de

    4 4
    f
    Area ADB = I y2 -y1I dx = f
    (y2 - yi) dx [·: Y2 > Yt :. I Y2 -Y1, - Y2 - ~11
    oa

    2 2
    nl

    ll ~ Jl .,. p (x, y1) and Q (x, y2 ) lie on tiii) & li) ,


    w

    (x + 3) -[ 26 dx [ respectively : . 3x + 4Y1 - 26 = 0 & 11 ~ · -+- "


    = 3x 1
    do

    1 4
    == - f (7 x -14) dx
    4 2
    S'llllilar1Y,Wehave
    6 6
    A.rea BDc "' f IY4 - .1/31 dx - f (y4 y,) dx
    4 4

    16
    ,,, 4 f (42-7x) dx
    4
    20.44
    • I ::
    - _ 1- :I {7:1 - ~ =
    l ' ) •~ + f
    i · ..
    • -
    Area of ~ ,-\Bl - :! •
    ~ '"I
    4
    ,.

    •.

    o m
    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    te
    m

    X
    x·
    fro

    y-x = 1
    d
    de

    lY'
    oa

    Fig. 20.50
    nl

    Solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii) in pairs, we obtain that the coordinate>s of verdcc-- l'' .l.
    are; A (0, 1), B (2, 3) and C (4, - 1).
    w

    \.",Then we slice the shaded region into vertical strips, we obsen e that the ,..[rir ..:h.1nf"
    do

    character at B. The
    Required area= (Area ABDJ.,. (Area BOC) tegi
    Area ABU: When we slice the arPa ABD into vertical :.trips, W<.' iind th.,t l',Kh , ~,rti,.il ,m.' ~ · So
    its lower end on line (iJ and the uppc-~ i-nd on lme (1i). So, tlw ,tppm,imatin~ 1 e.-t,m~h• ,)'..,
    in Fig. 20.50 ha~, 11:ngth =I Yi !Iii, width - dx ,rnd a.r,•,1 i 1r2 11ii ,/\ Sll\n• lhl• ·'Pl'l"•''-'n'ar.
    rectangle can move tn.1111 x () to .x - 2.
    2 2
    Area ABU = f 1 !/2 'Iii 1/rJ J {1/2 11 1 I ,h
    (J I)

    ⇒ AieaABD~i {(x+l) (
    2
    2
    'J},1 1 I·:/J ( \, l/1 ) ,llllj V.(,·, !12) liC\.~11 (i) .lil•11.i\
    Ln•sp,·diH•l) ·. Yt _, = 1 ,lnd .\ + ~v, ";
    Area BDC: When area BDC is sliced intu vertic,,I s lrips, then each ;;t • h .. · I . dc>t11 ~:
    line (i) and the upper end on the line (iii). So, the approximatuw ~-,~tp a s ,tsh_ O\i enF;g !ll-'
    o ~-- ang1e s o,vn m , ·
    e:
    of' aouNOCD H[GIONS
    p.PfAS
    20.45
    gtli' IY4 - .tJ3I, width dx fll1d anm
    !1111h. Sinw th(" approximating recwngle can
    ~o•,Jcfr-otJ1 r 2 to x 4
    ove 4 4
    111
    Arca JJDC J
    2 IY4 v,1 ,1>: J' (!/.1 - ., ,h-
    IJ,)
    . I·: v4 > !h · I !/4 Y3 I Y4 - y3l

    j\Jra Jj{)(1. { (7 2.,) ( 2


    2
    ' )} ,fa[·: /{{:i-, y?) and S(x, y4) lie on (i)and
    1 cspccllvely.
    (ii)]
    2
    Required nrN ~rea AllD + Area DOC · · x + Ya = 2 and 2x 1- y4 =7

    -!j,,.1>-[';cJ\ '" j j~-,,> [';"]\"

    m
    =JO 3;d~+j(6-3x\dx=f3x212
    2 J l 4 + (-6x - 3.iJ4 = 6sq.units

    o
    2 4

    .c
    0 2

    - s .m x_and y = cos x as x varies from Oto ~ andfind

    du
    , ,i\H'l l IH Draw
    . 11 rough sketch of the curves y _
    ihr arfll of the reg1011 enclosed by them and x-axis. 2

    oe
    SOLUTION The A • At thof
    · tgraphs y =· sinfx· and y -- cos x are 5h own in Fig 20 51 Th
    inter50C at pom e point o 1l1te rsection, we have · · . ese two curves
    ch
    t
    sinx=cosx ⇒ x-~4
    te

    y
    m
    fro

    y = sir>x
    (0, l ) !/ = COS X
    d
    de
    oa
    nl

    B(rt/2, 0) X
    0 dx C
    (:, o)
    w
    do

    Th Fig. 20.51
    e requir!,!d . .
    region w . re~i?n 1s the shaded. region sho1,vn in Fi.g. 20.51. To find tl1e area ot. this
    . shad<'d
    So re • e shce it mto verticaJ stri ps. We observe that vertical s trips change their chan,cter ,1t -\.
    1
    ' quired· area A 18
    . given
    . by
    A Area OAC + Area ACB
    11 14 rt/2 ·1t/4 1t/2
    A = J IY1I dx + J l!Jzl dx - y dx J I J!/2 d., [•; !/1 , !h "\l :. IY1I Y, [y~I = Yzl

    l ._.
    1
    0 n/ 4 0 n/ 4
    "J
    A "' 14 . ,iJ/2 p(~,!J l)nndQ(X,!/l) l'.co.n !J ~in_x.i1~~1
    sm x dx + cos x dx y coii X respuctlvt>I)' :. Yt sm .x .ind y2 - cos x
    0

    A -_ [ - cos x ]"/4 [ +
    n/4

    sin x]n/2. ,: -~+ 1


    1
    ✓2
    jl+ l _ '1_ ) =2 -
    ,'2
    .fi sq. 1uiits
    ( 'I
    0 11/ 4
    1 eve1.,?

    m
    ,,, ¥'

    -----

    o
    .c
    (J

    du
    x·

    oe
    ch
    Ir
    Fig. 20.52
    te

    Ht·re, we bike tlw ~haded region into vertic-al ~trips. For the approximating rectangle 51:" r
    1
    Fig. 20.52, wE· haw· width dx, length =I y1 - y2 [ and. area =IY1 -Y2 dx. The approxiwz·
    m

    E - -·....-.! -
    rndangl<· can move- horir<>ntal between x =0 and x := 3. a.ni 1/ :; ::-- a ::l!.J
    fro

    50.t"TIO"S" Toe
    So, required area A b given by
    3 3 and -;c_'-,5e ,GO C'
    A JI Y1 Y2 I dx ~ J <Y1 -yzJ dx [·: Y1 ;, Y2 :. l Y1 - !12 =•;, • .• inte?-::,en. Th<!iI d
    d

    • .. • •
    Z>O"';.L.~C..00 0\: ~-t.ei
    0 0
    de

    le: u.s ,,lice tl ·


    3 { (2x-x 2J
    ·: P (x, y1} and Q (x, y 2 ) lie cm y = 2x -i r,: rect..angle sh"''
    A -= J
    oa

    [ 11 = - x te&pectively · y 1 = 2x - x2 and Y1 ,,.


    0
    :3
    nl

    r~x2 x,~l() 27 27
    =
    9 .
    '>q, umts
    w

    2 3 2
    do

    r XA"11't I. 20 Compute 1hr llfl!(I of lfw flxurl' boundJJd /11/ Jhe ,traighl line,; x o, x _ 2 and tM
    y 2 X ,,I/ 2X X, 2
    2
    SOf.lJTJON ·r he e9u.ut1on 1/ 2x x n·prr•iwnt, ,, pM<1b<>la np(•ning duwnw<1r,ls h.H 1n~ \,
    ill (1, I) and cros~ing x-axi$ al ((), OJ f1t1d (2, OJ. 1 hi· ,,r1uat1<>11 v :zt n•pn•wnb th,• ,•xpnn<"''
    curve' as i.how r, in Fl!\· 20.53. J..lnet, x fJ ,md X 2 <1r1• ~h,,w,, m I iH, 20 'i"I I lw rl').;ioo t,ou11d•
    by IJwse cur ve~ i1, 1,h,1d11d in Fig. 2i}S!.
    We s licl' the i.hadt·d rc,girm i111,, vnr11 ,11 11trip~. 1'1,1 I11,, ,1ppm~1111,1tin~ u·, t,i11i;k ,h•"'~
    J'ig. 20.53, wi• h,we J,.ni,th l!!i Y2I, wrdlh d:i; ,,rul, ,.,., .., I Vi ,r,J ,fa J lw ,lf)pn>'1rn~t
    recta ngle c.i n T(/VC hoti;t,(Jnt·nllr l/1'IW(·('II '.\' () cil ,d 1· 2. ½c ,, 1'1·qt11ri•d c\l'l',1 A i·, giVL'l1 b) 1

    A f IY-1 !121ilx f (Y i !12> ilr 1·.· Y1 y2 I 11 1 Yi I'-' 111 .~.


    n n
    oF eOUNDED REGIONS
    ~fl~1tS
    20.47
    y

    (2, 4)

    X'
    (2, 0) X

    o m
    y, y=2x-x2

    .c
    Fig. 20,53

    du
    A =J
    2 (2x-2x+x 2 )dx
    2
    [ ·: P(x,_Y1)aHci Q(x,:2)li~sony = 2xandy=2x-x ]

    o x x ] 2
    oe
    ~espectiv:y. :. y1 =2 ( an~ y 2 =)2x - x2
    ch
    3
    A=
    r
    2 2
    +3 = log2- 4 +3- lo~2 = k?:2-1
    te
    1og2-x sq. units
    0
    m

    n~\,PLlr . Sketch the cun'.es and identify the region bounded by jJ,e curves ; =.l, ;_c = 2, y = log x
    andy = 2 . Fmd the area of thzs region . · 2
    fro

    SOLUTIOK The inverse of a logarithmic .function is an exponeritia1 functjo.n and \t.ice-versa


    and these two curves arc. on the opposite sides of the lineJt =x. Thus, y =2x andy- = log x do not
    d

    intersect. Their graphs are shown in fig. 20.54. The shaded regron ID Fig. 20.54-shows the region
    de

    bounded by the given curves. . - • . .


    I.et us slice this region into vertical strips as shown i:i1 F~g. 20.54. for the approx1Jnat1ng
    lt!Clangle -shown in Fig. 20.54, we havelength c:i Y1 - Y2I, width= dxand,area =IY1 - _1121dx.
    oa
    nl

    y I
    w
    do

    y = logx

    0
    : dx
    : Q(x, y:i)

    :(2, 0)
    -
    X
    x· •
    !
    (½,o)
    l fX,.,2
    rx"'z
    Y'
    Fig. 20.54
    m~ 1
    . llv between x = -2· and x = 2. So, teq .
    t
    ·c hof17-0l1 a . ~~
    As the approxi{nating rectangle c•n n ,nov 1,

    area A is given by
    2 2
    A = f IYt - !121 d, =
    J (_II J - 1/z) r/X
    1/ 2 • X
    1/2
    ·: p ( r, !fi) and Q (x, !lz) he ony = 2 and y,. log,
    2
    = A - f (2-" - log .\') dl . y .- .,x ru,d y2 = log x
    [ n,•spr.>cllVC1y ... I - -
    1/~
    2

    = A = lrl:g\2 -x log x+ x]

    m
    1/2
    4 } { Fi 1
    - -+ log 2 ~ -2 -
    1 }_Jl(4J-fi)2 - 52 1 g 2+ 32J1sq.un..~
    0

    o
    = A= - -2 log 2 + 2 - 1

    .c
    { log 2 log 2 2 og
    2

    du
    Find tit<! ,1rea bounded by /he curves y =ox -
    L \,\Ml't .' En and Y =x - 2x. x2
    SOLL1101' The equation y =6x - x 2 represents a parabola opening downward and cuttini

    oe
    x-axis atO (0, 0) and A (6, O). Similarly, y = /i -
    2x also represent$ a Pzarabola opening upwa,,i
    and crossing x-axis al O (0, 0) and B (2, O). Solving the equations y =x - 2x and y == 6x ~~ -x1,
    ch
    find that tl1e n-vo parabolas intersect atO (0, O) and C (4, 8).
    te
    y
    m

    y= x2 2x
    fro
    d
    de

    X' X .-t1 -
    oa

    :::>

    The approxij
    nl

    atea :ty2 - _
    w

    Y'
    do

    Fig. 20.55

    The rough sketchc!'. of the two parabolas are show · }l' 1.


    region enclosed the two curves. We slicl' th.is reg1 n: ln ig. 2.0.55 i.md the shaded region >~'. Az
    The approximating .rectangle shown in Fi<> '>Q
    . ,,. - ,5·' 1as ength -I .
    ~ml
    intlo vcrucal strips a.s shown in Fig, 20::,
    111:I Jn'i
    =IY2 -y1I dx, Oearly, 1t can move horizontally betwe, 0 (O · - !J:2 -1111, width ,... dx a ' ,
    is given by en ' O) ,md C ( 4, 8). So, required arc''·'

    4 ·i
    A - f IY2 -y,1 dx · f (Y2 - 'h) dx
    0 0

    l{ 2 2
    2x)}dx ·: (x, y ) r 2
    Yi "'x2 ~ 21,
    A "' (6x -x ) -(x -
    I I ies on !J =x - 2x :.
    (t • .112) lies on y =6x - x2 :. Y2 "'6.Y ~t' j
    Of eoUNDED REGIONS
    20.49
    AR~.AS

    ,;; ,A"' j
    0
    (Sx-2.?)dx == [4x2-!x3]'1 "'64-2_2~
    3 - -
    64
    sq. units
    0 3
    2
    rtEZ3 Prove tl111t the curves y = 4l· and x2 _ 4 . .
    fX,\~\ ,,A (l'ltd_.1/ = 4111/0 three equal parts. - ydiv1de l:hem'l'n of /'liesqua~ bo11 t d ,_ _ <J
    vi
    ''" ,.,
    .!1 0 oN Let 1, 2 art
    A A d A
    3 denote areas of th
    !NCllRl (' · e "' e 1/lj X '
    . ' ·, lisr, 21109, 201,, 2016, 20191
    1
    ~~ecnvel}', We have to prove that A1 = A2 = A3,e regions OAP LO, OAPflO and OBPMO

    y
    y=O
    x2=4y

    o m
    .c
    du
    x' X

    oe
    ch
    te
    y'
    Fig. 20.56
    m

    4 4
    \ow, A1 = f I Y1I dx = JYt dx
    fro

    0 0
    2
    dX ⇒
    .x21
    Y1 =-
    -X 4
    d

    4 J
    de

    4
    A - 1
    47
    t x2 dx [x] o = 41
    4l 3
    3
    364 = 16 .
    oa

    :::,
    J - = x 3 sq. U111ts
    ;'!!proximating
    nl

    rectangle shown in the region ()A PRO has length = IY2 -Yi I, width= ,tx and
    IY2 -Y1l 1x (y -y = ) dx. Clearly, it can move horizonta lly between x =0 and x = 4.
    w

    2 1

    i(
    do

    A2 = Y2 - Y1) dx
    A _ 4J f x2} [·; Q(x,Y1) lie on x2 =4!1 :.i-4.111]
    2 - o ./4x--
    4 dx :. R (x,y2) lies on !h •\.\: !I~-' - -h

    ::,
    'l'l
    A2 = j (2,[x _
    O
    x2 )
    4
    dx = [i3
    x3!'). _ !
    3

    '12 0
    )
    4
    _ ( ; x t3 ~~)
    1
    .~' ~q. 11nit,,

    • tie al:' l I I Ith c/1/ ,rnd


    area "IVio;unating rectangle shown il1 region () /lPMO nd 1,.,a 11'~~1, , I , w1,
    1 y. Cl~arly, it can move vertically be tween Y O" J/ •
    <ltid' A _ 4 4
    3 - Area OBPMO = J 1x11dy = j X1 dy
    0 0
    ⇒

    16 1. C
    ⇒ = -3

    ~
    1 2.
    Clearly, A 1 = A2 = A 3 = : sq. units
    2
    r ' ", - 1 1 ~ 2 1
    lf tlze area enclosed between the curves y = ax and x =ay (a > O) is square unit 1~
    .3.

    find the value oja. ' 'II 4. F


    SOLUTION Clearly, y = ax 2 and x = ay intersect at O (0, 0) and (l/ a, l/ a)• The shaded rel'>'i
    2
    F ~~ 5, F
    ~g. 20.57 is the region enclosed by the tvvo parabolas. The approximating rectangle shown
    Fig._ 20.57 has length = I.Vz -y 1, width = dx and area = IY2 - Y1I dx. Clearly, it can ,
    1
    horizontally between x = o and x = 1/a. 6.

    m
    Ill"'
    y

    o
    7.

    .c
    du
    y=ax2 8.

    oe
    ch 9.
    10.
    11.
    te

    X' X
    m

    12.
    fro

    13.
    d

    Y' 1.4.
    de

    Fig. 20.57
    oa

    1.3.
    1/a
    JIY2 -y1J dx = 1
    nl

    0 le.
    w

    l
    1/a 17.
    do

    ⇒
    [Y2 -Y1)dx = 1
    18.

    ⇒
    1
    f{t - 2
    ax } dx = I 1 (),

    ⇒
    2_ x3/2
    -3x
    a 3] 1/ fl
    " 1
    [ 3.fa
    0
    2 1 a 1 20.
    ⇒
    3Ja X Q3/2 - 3 X /13 :: ]

    2 1 1 2 _ 1
    ⇒ -2 --2 = l ⇒ - 2 = 1 ==> 0 -3==>a-l
    3a 3a 3a -fi
    s Of eoUNDED REGIONS
    ,Afl!:.A
    20.51

    [ LEVEL-1 ]- - - - - - - EXERCISE 20.3


    calculate the area of the region botmded b .
    J. y U,e parabolas l -= 6:c and x2 = 6y.
    Find the area of the 1·egion comn,on to th I Nl ERT EXEMPLAR I
    2. e parabolas 4 2 _
    9 2
    find the area of the region bounded by _ c Y - x and 3x =16y.
    3, Y-vx andy-=x.
    -l find the area bounded by the curve y "' 4 _ .2
    3
    . pjnd the area of the region l(x, y): x + i__:
    2 an~t lhe/l·nes y = O,y = .
    5. 2 1 - +-
    2-:,;
    a b a b ·

    m
    Using integration, find the area of the region bounded b
    6_ (2, .

    o
    1), (3, 4) and (5, 2). Y the triangle whose vertices are

    .c
    7. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by th tr' . 1 .
    [NC;R;a::E~1PB
    LC

    du
    A,B,Care (-1, 1),(0, 5) and (3, 2) resp ectively. whose vertiCE.'S
    ,· · t ti find th f • AR, CBSl! 2008]
    s. Usmg m egra on, . e area o the triangular region1 the equationoof ,1 ·d
    = 2x + 1 y = 3x + 1 and x = 4. w 1ose s1 es are

    oe
    ,,

    Y ' [CBSE 2011, 2012I


    2 2 2
    9. Find the area of the region {(x, y): y :,; 8x, x + y :,; 9}.
    ch
    10. Find the area of the region comm on to the circle x2 +y2 =16 a.nd the p arabola y2 =6x.
    te

    2 2 2
    11. Fil.1d the area ofthe region between the circles x + y = 4 and (.x - 2)2 + y = 4.
    m

    'lNCERT, CBSE 2010, 2012, 2013.]


    2
    11. Find the area of the region included between the paE_a bola y = X and the.line x + y = 2.
    fro

    13. Draw a rough sketch of th e region {(x, y): y :,; 3x,


    2
    ·3x2 + 3y2 s-16} and find the area
    d

    endosed by the region u sing meth od of integration.


    de

    14. Draw a rough sketch of the r egion {(x, y): y2 :,;Sx, sx2 +'5y2 :,; 36} and find the area
    oa

    enclosed by the region using meth od of integration. 2 .


    3
    15· Using integration find the area of the region enclosed b y the p arabola Y = x and fue line
    ' [CBSE 1020]
    nl

    3x-y+6=O ,
    2 4
    w

    16· Find the area included between the p arabolas Y "'4ax and X- = by. rc-
    17 p d b the x-axis, the line x =✓ 3y and the
    do

    · _rove ~t the area in the first quadrant en close · Y lCBSE 20l ~ 101 ~1
    2
    ctrcle x- + y -- 4 is n/ 3. 3 . the first quadr,mt ,,nd x-axis,'
    lS. Find the area of the region bounded by Y =-fx, x =Zy+ m [NCllRT l' \ l' ~IP\ \RI

    19. . . 2 2- 6 a2 and the pan1bolA/ '"'6 ,n


    Fmd the area common to the Clrcle x + Y - 1 !CBSll'?.1104, .!012, ! t1DI
    . OR : _r2 1 y2 .,; I 6il .
    Fmct the area of the region l(x, y): Y
    2
    ~ 6 aX) " nd l(x, y)
    1
    iNCIIR1'l7'<EM1'LARI
    2 2 °,- and the
    . " le ,. r 1/ • "·"
    20 . between the cu c . . ,
    . Bllld the area, lying ab ove x-axis and included JCBSii 2001!, 2019, 20-0]

    , Parabola y2 "' 4
    x. 2 d 2X2 + 9·
    <l. Fi - 5x an y "" .
    11d the area enclosed by the parab olas y - .
    MATHEMA.,.ICo
    ->·):)
    20.52 2 . 32
    = zx 2 and 1/ ,. x + 4 15 -
    - sq 11 .
    22. Prove that the area common to the two parabolas .1/ · 3 · Q11,,
    . 1 d bv the 1-ri,mgle whose vertices
    23. Using i:ntegration, find the ru.' N1 of the rc~ion ~~ou(n~ c 1) (O 4) ;ind (2, 3) ICRSF. 1~e1
    (i) (-I. 2), (1 , 5)and(~,-!)ICHSI: ~oJ,IJ (Ji) ' ' ' 1
    (iii)(2,5), (4, 7)and(G, 2) lC'BS1!101<ll 1 nd
    _ INC l'Rfl'XEMl'fl\
    24. Find the area of the region bounded bv Y ='i" a Y - -'-db
    x axi~ the lin" y = I3 x l\j ilnd
    :?5. Fmd the area ot the region in the first quadrant et1close Y - · ' · [CBS~ 201 , !hi
    2 o . l , 2uJ"'1
    circlex +l/- =lo.
    · tl b 1 2 = 2 x + I and the line x- y J ~o
    26 Fi.n dthcareaoftheregionboundedby , epara oay · 2 4 ,
    z:i. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves .1/ = x - 1 and (y • l) ~ (x + 1).
    2 d the ~traigl1t line x + Y ➔ 2 = 0 .
    .::s. Find the area enclosed. by the curve y = -x an ~

    m
    [NCERT EXEMT'LAI\
    2 · 1 r

    o
    :!° Find the area bouilded by the parabola y = 2 - x and the straig ,t me Y + x = 0,

    .c
    30. Using the method of in tegration, find the area of the regior. bounded by th e following lines,
    (i) 3x - y - 3 = 0, 2x + y -12 = 0, x - Zy - J =- 0.

    du
    [~BSE 2lll!'
    ("i i) Jx-·2y+ 1 = 0,2x + 3y-2l "'- 0 and x-5y + 9 = 0 fCBSE20t91
    2
    31 Sketd, the region bounded by the curves y = x + 2, y = x, x = 0 and x = 1. AL'>O, find the ----
    area of this region.
    oe
    ch
    32. Find the area bow,ded by the curves x = y2 and x = 3 - 2 y2
    33. Usmg integration, find the area of the b·iangle llBC coordinates of whose vertices a:e
    te

    A(4, 1), B(6,6)andC(8,4).


    34. Using integration find theareaoftberegion: { (x, y) :IX -1 1sy s. . .Js-x2 } ·
    m

    [CBSE2010l
    fro

    35. Find the area of the region bound.e d by y = I x -1 I and y = 1.


    36. Find 1.he area of the region in B-1e first quadrant enclosed by t..11e x -axis, the line y = x and ihE
    drciex2 o1- /=-32. · ICBSE2014,2lYtf
    d

    ~ y2 = 16 which is exterior to the parabola y2 = 6x.


    de

    37. Find the area of tbe circle x 2


    [CBSE ,OO'JJ
    oa

    38. Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabola ./ =y and the line y = x + 2 .
    [NCERT, CB::,E!0tl5i
    nl

    39. Make a sketch of the region { (x, y): 0 ::; y s .t2 ~ 3; 0 sys 2x ., 3; Os x s 3} and find its
    w
    do

    are" using integration.


    40. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y • F x2 , JinP. JI = x mld tlw l'Mittre
    x-axis. [L tt~ I ~,1\l;J
    41. Findtheareaboundedbythellncsy 4x+5,y=5 xanct 41{-=X ~5. IL'~~l'1lll'"I :!. 1::__,
    42. Find the ,irea of th1: region enclosed lwtwe1, 11 ti,"
    ,._ .. · . l\ltVPS
    t WO . _,2
    ., 1 11 2 ,1 , ,1J
    1 2 1 / 6,
    2 2 • ~ 16
    (x - 3) + Y = 9· It 'HSI· 2tl\l'l 2M11 ' •. - s
    3
    43. Findtheareaoftheregion{(x,y)·x-21 i/ •4,,, 1/ 2}, [('HSf1tllZ' 9
    18. -sq
    2 .

    44. Using integration, find the area of the following l'l'gion: {(x •).
    , !, . 9
    1'
    2
    f J/ :,_., 1 _< _\' ,. !fl21 · 30. 11 s
    4 3
    32.. 4Rq
    ICBSE 2010, 2014,2()1YI
    C-~~~~ l
    ie area i.?ilclosed by the curve~ y ~Ix -11 and" - I . 11 I
    find t l 2 ,, ., ' •
    •~. fnd 1 area enclosed by the curves 3x ~ sy = 32 and y ~i
    tie _
    1 x 21.
    ◄'·. finat,.,
    ,
    • 1 , area enclosed by the parabolas y =4,x _ :r:2 and y = v2
    • . ·. . . ·• x.
    l~- ,,,hat ratio does ~he cX-aXll, dwide the area of the region bounded by the parabol;is
    "" In--lx-x2 and .t/ = .x- - x ?
    1 area of the figure bounded by the cm-ves y =Ix -11 and y ~ 3 -14
    y- i tie
    Fin< 2

    m
    ;' 1fthe area bounded by the patabola y2 = 4ax and the line y a:mx is E_
    12 sq. units, then using

    o
    t . n find the v:.ilue ofm.

    .c
    integra io ' b l 2 2 1024 ·1s find
    ,, ~ -
    a enclosedby the para o as y =16axand x =16ay, a> Ois -squareum ,
    3

    du
    the \·alue of a.
    - - - - - -A· ~wERS

    oe
    ---
    J . 28 't
    Usq. w1its ~ 4 sq. units 3. sq. uruts 4. ~sq.urn
    6
    ch
    15 .
    • - ?) ab sq. units b. 4 sq. units 7. i sq. u.ru.ts !!. 8 s9.: unit
    (11 - 4

    ~J
    te
    J,

    4
    r.fi 941t -~sin
    g_ 2l-3+ -l sq. units 10• 3 ( 4i'l + ..[3) sq. units
    m

    2 3
    fro

    .1. f 8: _ 2 ,{3 I sq_. Ul1its p- · 76- sq. uni·t·s

    l~ l Jwhere a= _ 9 ... "\tm


    d

    J r:···
    3a
    ..±...a3/2+~~-a✓163 -a2 -- sin
    3
    16
    de

    -1 "
    •
    J. .'j 3 4 , 6

    '- ( /5]
    oa

    a.,--~- -25 + .jf345


    4~'5 3/2 18n ✓ 36 -
    -a2 36 . - 1 '1.._
    ___ sin - ' 10
    •· 3a 5-a 6
    nl

    + 5 5
    w

    27 . .1B. 9 sq. lmits


    16 ab sq units
    15. sq. units. 3 ' .
    do

    2 16.
    , ~\sq. units
    19.
    4/ ~ 't
    3 (4n -+- ✓ 3) sq. um s
    20. 4n-

    •1
    l 3)
    (i) 14sq , nnlll,
    (ii) 4 ~q. u11ik

    21. 12'13 sq. units - 8n/3. sq. 1111.its


    'J.',.
    24, 1/6 sq. unil~
    64 sq. ui1its
    26, 16
    · sq. units
    '),7 3
    3 9 sq 1111ll~
    28• 9 sq. units ?' I 2
    2 ! l sq, unitB
    30. 11 s-q_. units H 6
    J~. 7 sq. units
    32. 4sq. units
    20.54

    _;~ . l sq. uJlits

    ,- (I~ 3
    rr -
    4
    -./3]
    3
    sq. units

    lJ . - sq. Ul11'ts
    ~•). 50
    ,., :; sq. unit,; 3
    15 .
    't • J - sq. U[Hts
    ... 8 '~.,
    -i
    uruts 2
    4c'. (rr-2) sq. units

    m
    l '":! - 3')] sq. .15. ( ~rr - .,/3Jsq. units

    o
    +.I .
    uml\-

    .c
    1 . 33 .
    47 . sq. uruts

    du
    41>. , sq. umt:s 2
    125 . ,49. 121:4
    4~ sq. trmts

    oe
    24
    'iO 4 sq uni ts 51 Ill= 2 57.. 2.[3
    ch
    _ _ I-/INTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PRCBt.OIS
    te

    Cl earl, , gi 1·en circles intersect at (1, ./3) and (1 , - ,/3).


    m

    y
    fro

    B(l,$)
    ~" Required
    d
    de

    A
    oa

    X 0 dx • dx (2,0) X
    nl

    \ C(l. -,G)
    w
    do

    Y'
    Fig. 20.58

    Required area "" 2 ( Area OABO}

    •:tl Y, d» j,,dx] • ,[! ;•-,' ''" !✓• ~2)' d,j


    -
    -
    x '4
    \ -
    x2 , -! . 1
    - sm 2
    x121- [(x-2)-y-1-(x-2)2
    I -
    +4sin-J x;2Jo
    -,I

    = 4 sin- I 1-(./3"'-! xi j. ~ -,;3 - 4 sin -1 (-½)}-{ 0 - 4 sin -1( _1)}


    2

    f
    = -1 (y1-Y2)dx [-: Y2<Y1<0:::;,y2-Y1<0:::;, \y2-Y1l=Y1-Y2I

    3 2 2
    2
    =J
    2 (- x + x+ 2)dx == [ - x + x + 2x]
    3 2
    I( J
    ( - 8 + 6 )-\ 1 + 1 -2) = 9 sq.untts
    ,.\ ·
    -1 -1 3 3 2 2

    m
    lY

    o
    x+y+2=0

    .c
    du
    oe
    X' (-1, -1) ch X
    te
    m
    fro
    d
    de

    ii. Required area


    oa
    nl
    w
    do

    X'

    Y'
    Fig. 20.60
    20.56 1121 lf\11 Al '; J tllP• •
    t1<ilfll( '-1 ] • t I\
    -,c ~F.A'-'I FTW ... C:N l' 1
    ,1 :1 r
    )and x= \Ji ((/)on t1emerva C,d]<)J\
    t,, -~ (
    I o fin: th~ a~ea betv11ee11t\11'0 curves of the foJrxne\; ;xp!llained in the following a lgorithn,, 1f
    : . ,..... Toeproceur,
    y-axis, we torm honzonta1s"ips.
    , .., iF!'P , . - II ( ) and 1torizm1tal lines y candy . d.
    ·tL , Draw given c1mws x == 4>(!f) ,md ·' I Y . , rmd hmizrmtal tr11es drawn m step 1.
    ,, '"l- t JdentiflJ the l'<'<;;io11 i11cl11dcd /wt wc£'/1 Ill<' cu,, vr., . 1 , ··at; x J. (y), and draw a horizontal/
    - ., ~ ) ()Ill' elf/ ,e cu, 11£ s , • •r ( ) d 'llf
    !11' " 1:
    T,1ke ,111 arl>itmry point P(., .1/ ,011• _ ( i) l1t Q (x2 ,y): Cirar/y, x 1 1V 1j an X2 111( 1/J
    throu~ll P to med tire oilier 11111 c ' \Ji .I . 'dth _ •y Jr1wlh I X2 xd I -1,v( If) "
    < • 1· ·•c/ 1110/e o' wt -,., , " C "1
    ..,_ i: [' Draw l10nzo11/11/ nppro, 111u1 1118 1t ' 1111 ,, 'd 1oiut of lwrizo11lal sides /\Ban Das shf1(J,n 1i
    such that P(,1,y) and Q(x2,Y) r1rc ·/1 - ~

    Fig. 20.61. 0(/'?,,i I'


    y
    s,01.,(Jfl
    cieatlY
    ,egion

    o m
    .c
    du
    oe
    y =c ch
    X
    X 0
    X = $(y) X = l~{y)
    te
    y
    Fig. 20.61
    m

    Find the area of the approximating rectangle draw.n in step TV. Let L\A be its area. Th~n
    fro

    AA =I w{y) - <!>(y) I t.y


    11
    Use the fomrula A = JI 'V(y) - q,(y) I dy to find tile area of the region between x = o(yl.
    d

    C
    x ='V(Y) and on the bottom and top by the horizonl:a/ lines y = c andy = d respectively.
    de

    If two functions q,(y) and\\f(Y) arc defined on [c, d] on y-axis which can be divided 1.11tt '\'h
    sub-intervals [c, e) and [e, d] such that <!>(y) :?! 1v(y) for ally e (c, e] and (j)(y) $ 'V (y) for ally <= l~ ,n
    oa

    !t>tt
    That is the curve x = q,(y) 1s on the nght of the curve x = \JI (y) over the sub-interval Le, e] and the
    curve x = y (y) is on the right of the curve x = q, (y) as shown in Fig. 20.62.
    nl

    y
    w
    do

    ,,
    ~
    Jo,
    ~

    y =d--- JI' • 111 01) - <l1(y)


    ►

    ((!, e) "
    .... -....
    ~•(11) ljl(.'f)

    - ----
    ((), Cl 1/
    '
    ►

    (} -►
    X' '<
    y, t C ll/ 0/)
    X <J,(y)

    Fig, 20.62
    sof' soUNDED REGIONS
    ~(!~~
    tJie area A between the curv('S 20.57
    f11e11, d · on U,e int,
    A := f I <Ji(y) -'V (y) I dy = ·s l "(
    ~• y)
    lc!l"Vnl k, d ] on ,ll•axj~ i~ '
    _ ~• ( ) I ,t g1VC'n by
    C
    e d
    C Yr/11. 1[•
    • I <I> (y) ~, (y) l d

    ,;)
    A := I,. j$(y)-'V (y) } dy+ I, 1111 (1)y - <ii(y)l dy ,. y

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    [ LEVEL-1 J
    rx.~~If Fi11d tlie area bounded by l-h e Clll'Ve y 2 4 2
    rr,tUTION • The equation . 2 = 2a (x- 1) and th~ lines x - l d
    of the given Ctlrve 1s
    :ic• • • y = 4a (x - 1111 y = 4a

    m
    Clearly, t[us equation 1cpresents a parabol . - 1) or, (y-0)2 =4a\ l)
    db 2 4 2( a wifu vertex at (1 0) x .

    o
    n'Sion enclose y y = a x-1 ), x =1 and. 1/ "" 4 . ' ., as shown in Fig. 20 63 Th
    · a \S the area of 5h d · 20.63.
    · e

    .c
    y a ed portion in Fig.

    du
    x=l

    oe
    y= 4a (0,4a)
    ch
    dy
    te

    X' 0 (0, 0) X
    m
    fro
    d
    de

    . Y'
    Fig. 20.63
    oa

    When we slice the area of the shaded portion in horizontal strips, we observe that each strip ha~
    lfflend on the line x = 1 and the right end on the parabola y2 = 4i(x- l). So, the approximating
    nl

    :ectan~e shown in fig. 20.63 has, length = x - l, width = dy and area =(~ - '.) ,ly. Since, the
    w

    •pproxunating rectangle can mo\1e from y = o toy = 4/1. So, required area A 1s given by
    do

    4a
    A = J (x -1) dy
    0
    4a 2
    A= f Lay

    t~A._~
    A=
    O 4a2

    _1_ [y3
    4a23
    l 4a

    0
    = J_ ( 641r3]
    4a2 3
    = !6a sq. L1nits
    3
    2 2 - 16 1111d //If' 1711r11l>1J/II I
    ,
    ~ oy. A/~o, Jmd
    ..

    fhear/LE 2 Sketch the region common to th/? cifcle x ~ !I -


    :a of
    - tl1e regwn.
    • using integration.
    6 }
    [CBSE 20101
    llSing·
    inteo-,, •
    {OR 2 2<1611r1rf,is Y·
    ( ) · x + r/ -
    ,.,,at,on, fi11d the aren of the region :t, Y · ·
    20.58

    o m
    .c
    du
    oe
    ch E'{.'L'\.U'L.E 3

    SOLL,10~
    t,)
    X parabola_L
    te

    r- " -~G.65~
    r 1·o· .

    ' .. ~. im_x-~
    m

    x =y--oy
    fro

    y,
    d

    Fig. 20.64
    de

    Required area = 2 (Area of the shaded region lying in first quadrant)


    oa

    To find this area, we slice it into horizontal strips. We observe that the horizontal strips chart,;,
    their character at the point A. Draw a line AD parallel to x-axis which divides the region OJ.St
    into two portions OADO and ADBA.
    nl

    For the region OADO, the approximating rectangle has, length =I x 1, width= dy ,,nd .1reJ
    w

    =jx1J di{. As it can move from y = 0 to y = 2. 1


    . 2 2
    do

    ·. AreaOADO =flx11dy=fx1 dy f·:x >o ·j\ 1~ 1il


    0 0 1 1
    2

    ~ Area OADO = l ,,{6y dy [-.- (~·1, y1) lies on t2 = 6!' :. ,- 2 - /.>_I/-:> .1


    1 1
    \ ~•

    F<?r the area DABD, the appr~ximating t\!ctangJe il~ ~hmvn


    width= dy and area= X2 dy. As 1f can Jl\OV<• from y 2 tot/ - -\. .Ill l'·•1~. "l()
    _ .,3"
    .> 1H\s, I1'ngth
    4 4 .
    Area DABD = f lx2I dy = f x2 dy
    ::::, Area DABO = l 2 r---

    ~16 -
    2
    y2 dy [·: 1
    r 1'~~{15
    of' eouND U-REGIOr-JS

    . ed area =2 [Area DADO + Area D,1B


    . J{eqtJll'
    ,.
    [24
    =2f,/6ydy+J ~
    0
    DJ
    2 ,jll:>-y4 dy
    l 20 .59

    = 2 _2 ..j6 [ y3/2 ]
    [3
    2
    0
    +[1 r.;;:---:,
    2Y-..Jl6-y2+1isin- lf]2
    4]

    . ,['f .,,-12 -~ •!,,.,-,,-,," -.-,,.,-,½Jl


    = 2{!ffe+sxi-$2-sx~}

    m
    =2(!?._fi+41t- 2...{3-~)= (4..j3 + l61tj) sq. uruts.

    o
    3 3 3 3

    .c
    I LEVEL-2 I

    du
    L\A:\IPLE 3 Find the nrea of the region between the parabola x = / - 6y and the line x =-y.

    oe
    . 26
    SOLLilON The equation X = Y - Y can b .
    e wntten as (y - 3}
    2
    =x + 9. Clear]y, it represents the
    ch
    parabola having vert:x at (-9, 3) and opens rightwa~d. The sketch of t~e ;parabo_la is shown in
    -:x
    Fig. 20.65. The equation y = represents a line passJ.ng through the ongm making 135° angle
    te

    1,•ith x-axis. To find the p omts of mtersection of these two curves, we solve the equations
    m

    x=/ -6y and x = -y sim ultaneously.


    y
    fro
    d
    de
    oa
    nl
    w

    X
    do

    x'

    y= - X
    y'
    Fig. 20.65

    ~Ultin
    gx "-yin x == y 2 - 6y, we get
    2- - = 0 and y = 5 . - -5 res cctivcly. 11lus, ~ e
    Putnn y 6y = -y ⇒ y (y -5) - 0 =::: y ,e obtain x == 0 and x - osed t y the two curves is
    Pat ~Y"0and y =5 in y =-x respectively, v, 5 5) The regjon encl proximatingrectangle
    s_ha; di~ and the line in tersect at O (0, O) an~ (- h'ori~ontal strips. Thlexap_ Xt I dy. Clearly, it can
    e inp· . ·on into d ea ::= • 2
    •hoivrii ig.20.65. Letus sliceth1Sregi ,·dth=dY an ,ar . giVenbY
    1 15
    !J\ove Ven '. g 20.65 has length =I x2 - X1 I, ""~e required area .A
    rticaUy between y =0 and y == 5. So, t
    20.60

    5
    A = I I X2 -Xi I dy
    0
    5
    = fo (x2 -
    2
    ⇒ A x1) dy
    5

    ⇒ A = 0I .{ -y-(y
    2
    - 6y) dy
    1 . [ .. Q (X 1/) aJ:ld p (XJ' Y)I'ie ony --
    ·2'·
    - x& x-

    := y2- 6y
    - y - 6y to.
    ,.~\,
    . X2"'- 1/ a n d Xl
    .• ~ ~

    ~ A • ! (Sy-,'),, ·l~y' -':1>~ ,q. ""'"


    2
    ~
    nd st
    fXAMl'LI: 4 Find the area of the region bowi(ied l y the parabola Y =ix a
    1 raight line x- y i
    . INCERT EXEMP[
    2
    d h 1· · ~.
    . w
    SOLL'TION The region botU1ded by the parabola y == zx an t e me x - y =4 1s the sh
    b

    m
    drj,.

    region in Fig. 20.66. We slice this region into horizontal strips. e o serve that the left ~

    o
    each horizontal stdp is 011 the parabola y2 "" 2x and the right end is on the line x-y ~4- r

    .c
    ~pprox~ ating rectang~e shown in Fig. Z0.66 is of length (X2 -x1), width = dy and •1

    du
    -_(x2 -xi) dy. Clearly, it can move vel'tically from y =-2 toy== 4. So, the required are "
    grven by ""

    oe
    y ch
    te

    B(S, 4)
    m
    fro

    X
    X'
    -\ =
    d
    de

    y2=2x

    = .-\ =
    oa
    nl

    Y'
    w

    Fig. 20.66
    do

    ·: P(x1, y) and Q (x2, y) lie o


    . 2 n Y2 -- 2x. and .\ l F
    [ · ·Y
    .,.. F
    =2X1 and,.
    ·'·2 Y=4
    y
    .3. F
    (
    8
    1
    12 3)} - L8 sq units.
    oUNDED REGIONS
    ,At1E.AS Of 8
    20.61
    ,)(.A>tPIJl 5
    find the area of the region bo1111dt>d l>y Ni,• crm,e y 1
    -x; mtci t/w lint•;; 1.1 x 6 nird 11 =0.
    INC F.RT T.XI .MPL,\RJ
    The region bounded by thl' curve y _, x 3 ,md the lines !I x, 6 ,111cl IJ O is the
    g1~urroN
    , ed egion . :n u, Fig.
    ' 20.67. Let \ls slice lhis region
    . 3 strips We find that "ad,
    into hori1:ontal
    ,11ad r . has its left end ony = x + 6 and nghtend ony =x . the npproximatingrectangle
    . ntalstnp . , . . .
    honzo. 'Fi 20.67has its left end ony "'x; 6,nghtandony = x·. fherdorl', lheapprox1matmg
    1 1
    ,1101~ .uL shown ~
    g. 11-1 Fig. 20.67 has length= (x2 - x 1), width dy and area =(x - x ) d11. .
    2 1
    rectaog . . rectangle can move vertically between y =0 and y = 8.So, the Mea A
    l , ethe approximati.ng
    dear ), d d region lS given by Y
    of the sha e

    m
    y=~-1

    o
    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    te

    X
    m
    fro
    d
    de

    Y'
    Fig . 20.67
    oa
    nl
    w
    do

    EXERCISE 20.4

    ' I lltL' 11111' I '\


    ,JI/ 1/ ,Ull 1111,• 111\l'~ V 1,md
    l
    If·• 'xv•: ~11,1.
    1/2.' Lill' .
    ,.~f_P.5
    20.62
    Jl1<'
    fl-
    4 18 1-,q. unit"
    l 9 :,.q. units (a)
    92 sq. tU11·1·0
    ,
    3 MUL TIPL £ CHOICE QUESTIONS {Mer:; '
    1 1,1. ,-he
    . ndcd b . the curves .11
    If lht' area itbove the x-axis, bou y
    (a)
    1\wn the value of k is (c) (d) 2
    I .
    (a) 1/2 (b) l 2 .2 ,,_ b(insqu.ircun1t~)
    4x and x 411
    .
    . l d db tw°''''
    The are,1 me t1 e e ~~ ' lhe paraboh1s t/ {d) 8/3
    (c) 16/3 . .
    (a) -1/ 3 (b) I / •3 d . ·sand th<.' ~traight 1ml' x - e 11;
    l . e1/ - log xan .1-aXl ' I

    m
    Th<• area bounded by t W nu v • - '' · 1 _ nits (d) 1 1 sq. units 16. Th
    \a) r sq. units (b) 1 sq unin- (c) I I! sq. u t' giv

    o
    .c
    Th~ area bounde•d by 11 = 2 - _/ a nd X + Y - O is (a)

    du
    ('·o) 9 sq. um·ts (c) 9 sq. units (d) none of these
    (a) 7 sq. urnbl
    . 17 Th
    2 2
    X

    oe
    The ai\'a bounded by Lhe parabola x = 4 - !I 2 a nd ii-axis, in square units, ifl (a
    33 16
    (a) 3 (b) 32 (c) _ (d) 18. T
    ch
    u 3 2 3 . (a
    Ii A,, be the are.;i bounded by the curve y-( tan x)" and the lir\CS x -0, Y =0 and x=n/l.
    te

    19.
    lhen for r .., 2
    l
    m

    1
    (a)A11 +A,,_2 = -- (b) A11 + A,, - 2 < - -
    11 - l 11 - l 20.
    fro

    1
    (c) A11 -A.,-2 = - - (d) none of these
    n- 1
    d

    The ,uea of the region formed by x2 + l - 6x - 4y + 12 ~ 0, y ~ x and x ~ 5/2 is 21 .


    de

    (a) ~ _ / .,. (b) ~ + .f3 +


    3 1 1
    (c) 2: - j3 - l (d) none of these
    oa

    6 8 6 8 6 8
    22. Th
    Ly Jand the x-axis..1s
    nl

    The area enclosed between the- curves y = log~ (x + e), x = loge ( l


    (a)
    w

    23.
    (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) none of these
    do

    (b
    2
    The area of the region boW\ded by the parabola (y - 2) = x - 1, the tangent to it at the poillt
    (a
    with the ordinate 3 and the x-axis is
    (c
    (a) 3 (b) 6 . (c) 7 (d) none of these -_i, 24. Th
    The area bounded by the curves y - sm x between the ordina Les x = (), ;c = rr and the x-a,\l!
    (a) 2 sq. tmits (b) 4 sq. units (c) 3 sq. units (d) 1 sq. units (a
    2 2
    The area botmded by the parabola y == 4ax and x = 4ny is
    3 25_ Th
    ( ) Sa (b) l6a2 32a2 '--'a2
    a 3 3 (c) 3 (d) _,,.._
    3 {a
    ·n1e area b ound ed by th e curve y = x 4 - 2.x 3 + x-? + 3 with x-axis and ord'"~1e,
    ,,.
    corresponding to the minima of y is 26. ,\x:
    (a) 1 (b) ~ (c) 30
    30 (d) 4 (a
    9
    Of aoUNDED REGIONS
    ~A~S
    The area boUflded by the parabola y2 20.63
    j3, "" 4nx, latusr~ctum
    (b) ! 112 and x-axih is
    (a) O 3 (c) ~ a2 2
    J (d) ll

    n,e area of the region (x, y): x2 + ,/ } 3


    14, { • $ l !> X + y j~

    1t (b) ~
    (a) 5 4 (c) .'.: - ]
    2 2
    _The area colI\IDOn to the parabola y = h2 and y = 2 ~ . y
    15 3 ., . 4 1S
    (a) -~sq. units (b) sq. units (c) E_ .
    3 2 j sq. wuts (d) J2 sq. units

    m
    b- The area of the region boundt!d by the parab0 1
    a Y -_ x.2 + 1 and lh tr

    o
    l given by cs aight line x .. y =3 is

    .c
    45 (b) 25
    7 ~2

    du
    ra) 4 (c) 1~ (d)
    The ratio• of the areas between the curves y = cos x and Y -_ cos 2x and x-axis
    . from x= oto
    17

    oe
    X = it/ 3 JS
    (a) J • 2 (b). 2 : 1 '3 · 1
    (c) v"· (d) noneof these
    ch
    1s. The ar~ between X·aX!S and curve y =cos x when os x s 2 n is
    (a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 . (d) 4
    te

    2
    19. Area boUJ1ded by parabola y = x and straight line 2y = xis
    m

    (a) 43 (b) 1 (e) 23 (d) 13


    2
    fro

    20. The area bounded by the curve y = 4x - x and the x-axi,s is


    la) ~sq.units (b) ~l sq. units (c)
    3
    sq. units J
    (q) ~sq.units
    d

    2 3 d tin 2 bo· 1. .
    21. Area enclosed between the curve y (2a - x) = x an the ex= a a ve x-ax s is
    de

    (a):ta2 (b)~1ta2 (c)2ita2 (d)3na2


    oa

    "' Th 2 d1.. th urv -2-4ylinex =2andx-axisis


    - · eareaofthe region(insquareUI1its)bounde uy ec ex - ' ·
    nl

    (a) l (b / (c) 4/3 (d) 8/3 .


    23 ) 2 3 . d th. ordinates t =1 and x = t, 15
    w

    · The area bounded by the curve y == f (x), x-axis, an e ·


    do

    ~ -l) sin (3b + 4). Then,/ (x) is (b) sin (3.t + -t)
    3) (x -1) cos (3x + 4) (d) not'IL! of these
    k) sin (3x + 4) + 3 (x -1) cos (3x + 4)
    24. Th 2 d _'.! - By L~
    5 e area bounded by the curve y "' 8x an ~ - :i ~-1·t.
    14 (dl - sq. I"' •
    ( 16 3 units 14
    ao) sq units (b) - sq. units (c) sq. 3 ' .
    2· 3 16 . d the lah.L~rt)C'tum is
    ). The 2 the .x-a::os an
    area bounded by the parabola Y "' 8X, t6J'l
    (a)~ 23 (c) E, (J) J
    3 (b) - 3 ~ ,,1nJ., ,. tis
    26. A.r 3 . d the ordinates,
    ea.bounded by the curve y ""x3, the .t-aXL-~ an (d) ~7
    t 15 -1
    a1 -9 -15 (c) -
    (b) 4
    4
    sof'ao
    p.fl. e,f>.
    20.64
    .t d th<· ,,rdinates x
    ;.- '1an
    '27. 11-•e area b<,undc'<I by the curvl' y 2
    l (c} 3
    (a) 0 (b) .,, 1t •
    . ,:wh1:n O.,, x.,, is
    --·s cos.rand Y ,;m 2
    28. Th~ area i><,unded by lhe l!•olXl , 1/ ( l) Fz INt ERl f:XtM,,
    ( ) '2 +- I c. 'V.. l.•
    /a) 2 (.{2 1) (b) v2 2 1 ~ ~h,. parabola y2 ,. (,xis
    29. The area oi the circl"? + I/ •st 6 enl<'nor n 4 (B JJ-
    4 r, (c 4 CBn [..1) (d) n+ )
    la} 4 (-fa- ✓3) (b) 3 (411 t ..; ,3J .} 3 3 .
    3 }. (b)
    .
    r
    ;i, 2 - 4 and the line X + .1/ -=- 2 15
    30. SmalleT area <.'Jlcloscd by the ci cle + Y ( :l) 2 (rt+ 2) JO, (a)
    {a) 2(- 2) (b) ;;.-2 2 (c:) 2n-1. , 19- (a)
    31 Area lying betwe(n the curves Y == 4:r a nd Y "' X ll>2 28- (b)
    3

    m
    ? 1 ( ) l (d) - ;7. (b)
    (a} - (b) - C 4 4

    o
    3 3 . 2 ·
    2
    d --'bythccirdex ➔ y ::4andthelmesx=(J, ...
    ---

    .c
    32. Area lying in first qua d rant andb oun .,.,, •.

    du
    ,r:2, lS J. The ar
    -
    (b) .'.:
    n
    (c) -
    la) ..

    oe
    2 3
    .3J. Area of the regJon boW1ded by the curve y2 = 4x, y~a.xi$ and the line y == 3, is
    ch '!. Thear
    9 9 9 equal
    la) 2 (bJ - (c) - (d) -
    4 3 2 3. The
    te

    2 2
    3-1. The area enclosed by the circle x T y = 2 is equal to
    -1. The
    m

    (a) 4;:sq. units (b) z...i'i n sq. units (c) 4n2 sq. units (d) 2nsq. uni.ts
    [NCERT E:XE'v1PL.\K is .....
    fro

    ~ ~h.e
    35. The area enclosed by the ellipse x:a + -~b = 1 is equal to = -
    d
    de

    la) ..Zab (b) ;r ab (C) na¾ (d} 1t ab


    2 (). If th
    [NCERT EXE'tl-U'L~ :r=O
    oa

    36. The area of thE: region bounded by the curve y = x2 and the line y = 16 is The
    nl

    ""l\:
    (aJ 32 (bJ 256 (c) 64 (d) 128 -
    3 3 3 3 s.
    w

    [NCERT EXl'\tPl.~R The


    do

    37. The area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the x-.:tXis the line 11 = r .ind r, 9. The
    circle.r.2 + y2 - 32 is (NClR r E:\EMPl ,:: 1U. If th
    la) 161t ~· units (bJ 41t sq. units (c) 321t ,;q, units (J) 24 sq. umt~ 1'
    INCl:R I l \t I\H'L 1' 11. 1'he
    3-'j. The area of the J'(;gion b0u~1d 1,d by the c urvc x 2y t 3, 11 axi~ ,ind th(· li1w _v I ,111.l ~ - 1•
    an,d
    /a) 4 sq. units (bJ ',q. units fr) 6 B<I- unit., (d) ~ s,1, units l>~.
    2
    I(
    (NCl IU l'Xlf\ll'L \ ,
    13,
    39. The- area of the region bounditd by the curv1• x2 411 and tlw 11 tr,,ij.\ht line 1 = 4y '.'."
    3 . (b 5. . 7 . y .
    (a} sq. unit:; ) - !;CJ, urnts (cJ ~9 1m1b (d) sq. umts
    8 8 8 8 4 il
    INCERT EXEMPI.·
    r- .Afli,/\5
    OF aoUNDED REGIONS

    area of the region bounded b 20. 65


    40. r1ie . y- the curve - [,
    (a) Ssq. uruts . (b) 20n sq. unit:;
    (c) ~6- 7r,_t2 and 1-.lxis i~
    Theareaoftheregionboundedbyp b ltsq.,u,its (d) <, .
    41. .:ira ola 1/2 _ . 25 111 !KJ. un,t-;
    4 · , (b) · x and O th , . .
    (a) -sq. units 1 sq. units 2 c straight l111c 2y 1' is
    3 (c) sq. tinits (d) I
    3

    1. (b)
    2. (c) 3. (b)
    -- ~--
    4. (b)
    '
    3
    s,1 unHs

    ANSWERS
    12. (b) 5. (b) 6. (a)
    }1. (b) 13. (b) 7. (c)
    10. (a) 14. (c) 8. (a) 'l. (c}
    2(). (c) 21. (b) 22. (b) 15. (C') 16. (dJ
    19 (a) 23. (c::) 17. {b) H!. /di
    15. (b}
    zq_ (c) .30. (b) 31. (b)
    24. (a) 25. (c) 26. (d) 27. /c)
    32. (a)

    m
    39. (d) 33. (b) :34. (d)
    37. (b) 38. (c) 40. (a) 35. (b} 36. /b)
    41. (a)

    o
    .c
    - - - - - - - - - - - - . FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)

    du
    1. The area of the region bounded by the curve x "'y2 .. d h .
    ,y-ax1san t elinesy=3andy=4is

    oe
    ···•·· ·········•·· ··-·······
    ! The area of the region bounded by thecu.rvey ":; x2 + x, x-axis and the lines x =2 and x =5 is
    ch
    equal to ..................................... .
    te

    , The area of the region bow1ded by the c::urve :J:Y ·=ci x-axis and between the lines x =1 and
    x=4,is........................... .,
    m

    f The area of the region bounded by the curve y ~ins<, x-m<ls and between x = Oand x =2.t
    fro

    b ................... u .. ••·········· •

    5 The area of the region. bounded ~1 tlie , curve y = tan x, x-axis and the lines
    d

    rr
    X = - - an X
    d
    = -7r.1$ .................................. •
    de

    3 3
    <
    0 If the area of the region bound edb · · :eve . y-a
    · Y th.e cu - v"r;+bx· ' x-axis and the lines
    oa

    x =0 and x = 4 is 8 sq. units, then the value of 2a,+ 3b 1s ................................... ·


    _ _ kx and r =0 and x .=2 is 31og2 e, then
    nl

    '· The area above x-axfa, bounded by the curve Y - 2 ·


    w

    2k
    2 -3k = ................................ .
    do

    8. The area bounded by the curve y2 =x, li110 y = 4 and y-axis is ···:·····... ,................... ..
    9 2 • d its Jatusrectum 19 ........................ •
    · The area bounded by the parabola Y "' 4ax an Its then 11 ..................... .
    10. If the b 2 d :x - ay;i a > 0, is l sq. un " rt
    area ounded by y =ax an .- . ' tlie nnll11.1tl'" ' ll , ~
    11· • , t,etwt•t•n ..
    Thearea of the region bounded by t h e curve ·I/ == SJll, JNl L,li1 l \. IJl\ll'I
    RI
    .
    ll .md x 1\ is
    l2. anct thex-ax·
    • .
    1s1s........................... t/ ,·0,1 1,' •tWl'l'II ..,1,cnni\1\11'1. \ l{J
    Area f d d b)' the curve 1·~
    o the region boun c. IN(lllfl' l•Xl:l\ll'I AR I
    13 ....................., ....... · 2 2 =- l IS .... ,........
    . Thei\rea of theregio:n boundedby the citcle x ;· y :2 [NCfRT fX!lMl'Lt\RI
    14 X l,. .,,1 J5........ , '
    · lbe area of the region bounded bJ the elJip.s~ + 16 25
    ]
    1. J' ...q,111111,-. ' '•I;' f••I will~
    ,. ), I
    "ii,· ', "'I 111111•,
    •I ,I ,~q, IUIJtt,

    '1 (I ()<I
    ll. ~ti, IIJ1it•1
    ~. J h1~ "~<t, 11nll~ ! •, ,I
    7. :1

    ~
    ~,, ..' ,q,11111(~ ltl, ll. 1 "'I· 111111
    12. 2 M), 111111

    m
    '~ \ I~;
    ME DEFINITION
    Iii. 7 ~<1, 1,111t,

    o
    u. !t ~q. ,11til$ l ~. ''On ~q, 111111;. 21 SO flAL EOUATION
    FfCREtr . ,~
    ~

    .c
    01 • 1 coefjic,ent~ O;
    differentta -JJ
    eqw1tfrm.

    du
    for instance,
    ( i) dy =2xy

    oe
    ch dx

    (iv) dx
    dy 1- 2xy = x 3
    te

    (vij) I/ : :!l!. 1 _ (:
    m

    X T

    • dx '\ ,
    fro

    are examples of different!,


    ORDER OF A OIFFERENTIA
    order daii•ative appenriug 1
    d

    ILL.Us, R.\ TIO:-. l In the


    de

    2. Sn, it is a differential e 1
    oa

    because the t>rder of hig


    nl

    '\.<'1 Th• ord,..,. of a di


    w

    tlEGRee OF A DtFFEREN
    higlr<'<I Or,ter drrit~rtive, w
    do

    In uthllr Words. the deb'l'


    <',\:,trrinf:in a differentia
    Ill( ~IR \T iON 2

    Consi
    ---------=:.: -
    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

    soME DEFINITIONS
    1
    zt, etin AL eaUATION An equ11tion containing an . d
    "'fF
    •• ER . 1coeffic1ents
    · 0,fdependen t vnna . respect 111
    · ble with to .ependent
    .d variable, dependent variable and
    ,!iffi•r,71t1t1 . 111 ependmt variable is called a differenti,1/

    m
    {Y/Ji1fIOrf,
    f.,r i)1Stance, 2

    o
    ~! =2xy (ii) d Y: = 4-x
    (... ) dy

    .c
    (i)
    dx2 Ut ---=sin X + COS X
    dx

    du
    3/2

    l !
    2
    2
    1 +((!}/_) =k d y

    oe
    (vi)
    ch dx dxl
    2
    dy + 11 + -d
    lriil y=x --,- I (dyJ 2 2
    (viii) (x + y ) dx -2rtJ dy =0 . (ix) d'' y
    , )2+( l .. dy \)3=O
    ~ (i:lx3 I\ ax
    te
    dx X •

    are examples of differential equations. .


    m

    oqoER OF ADIFFERENTIAL EQUATION The order of a differential eqt1ation is the order of the highest
    fro

    &Ider deriwtfoe appearing in the equation.


    . 2
    lUCSTRATION 1 In the equation d Y + 3 dy + 2y >= ex, the order of highest order derivative is
    dx2 dx . ..

    r
    d
    de

    l.S-J, it~ a differential equation of order 2. The equation ::~ - 6 ( :~ - 4y = 0 is of orcler 3,


    oa

    !>,,,:use the order of highest order deriva tive i~ !tis 3.


    = The order ofa diff~ential equation is a pos1t1ve integer. . . d . >f tfr
    nl

    ~E~~EE OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION The degree of a difflrential edq~ 111 10


    \ :nIf~:;li:;;i
    1 O 1
    w

    "111<.e.1 ord d • • '(ft · t e madefree from m ica s • ·


    1n• er envative, when differential coe11 c1e11 s ar · f th highest order derivative
    do

    , O!herwords, the degree of a differential equation is the power 0 . 11~ differential coeifo:knt:>.
    r~g II\
    · a d'ifferential equation when it 1.s wr1
    ·...
    ..en as• a polyncrmta 2
    lLLt,,STR • d3 y - 6 ( dy_) - 4y =0.
    ATIOr,, 2 Consider the differential equation di dx . .
    ]
    ~lhise
    .
    .
    .
    is 1 So,
    , . . , fifl'tt'l1li,1l l'<l\l,lhl>n
    it i, al I
    ,,f
    rj•,g,.~ :Uation the power of highest order derivative ·

    ri
    1
    2
    1 1
    lLlJs1 1
    RA ior-.r 3 Consider the differential equation :c ;1/Vl
    [ 1
    1
    1 ('"'
    11"'
    f ll
    ..
    b, t .
    ' l\i, .
    ,
    .
    ., Its 1wwel' is 2. So, it
    !•0 3 ,ll1C!
    ,s"
    ~ • ~quati derJva l1V€
    e~ntiaJ on, the order of the highest order
    equation of order 3 ana d egree 2.
    /l,tl ,II I
    11lf I I
    ., if ,!Ill

    Ii
    \ I
    I I I11
    lh
    , Ii 11 I II " · I
    fl 1'' ~II' "
    I• ,I j JJ Ill I 1

    - ' ' ..,


    ,,,,, 111, 11 1 I I I, I qi I I I I II
    \ \\' , \,11' "'"'' 11 I
    jlt 11 JI I ltl•II' Ji 1111
    II I,,JI I I I
    l ·J
    I

    ' ' 11
    1I
    I It It 11 I 11 11, I, 111 ill •11 ,, ,.,,1,
    11 I 11 J / , I 1
    , .. , "'~ '" ',,'\'\, ,,t\., '"' h ,,~,,\,~ \' II ,I I II I ;, I 111
    111
    1111
    I I' ,, ,; ' I
    11 111 I
    II I I t I II I

    m
    II I I •
    Ii I I

    o
    II I ' I" 11 ••• l,11
    dlffl l' 11 '

    .c
    .

    du
    I ll I fl '

    :,.~'' -~••'I" ,._ilt\""\:llh,1\ ,,,•t\1>'\\'\\l \!< ' } ,,, 1,~ ,h')\I<''' \~ '
    oe II "''''
    ch
    I I 1
    , 111 II
    •"lY. \ '' " lll\' ,hfl>.•wnl1.1\ ,,111,1\\\111 ~I 11' \1/.1 '.\1/tfll 11111111' 11 1Villl11 ,1111, .. 111 1 ,1 1 !' '"'' I •I"
    I,,, 1/
    te
    1,11ul11, ,ri,1
    I 1/
    m

    '1') 11111 111 Jj I


    j 1,\ I
    J ti 1
    fro

    1lillvro ,.p ,I 'I" ,1 1, 1 1,I ,1


    oc,i« tl><' h:,~_-h<,-..t ,,[\{\'r ,i~tt, ,1t11 ,, 1~ 1 ~, ,l~,"'\t-1· \11 1 '\\, th •Ii •1'111h 11• h~ , h'II',., w• ,, 1'11•
    """' P'"'= iial m-iilk1,•ntMl ,,,,ftk1,•nt,s ,1i, t,,H11wr,:
    .
    d

    ,
    + \ ··1• I·
    de

    t i.

    ::::,
    oa

    ,, '
    nl

    II
    w

    \II
    the-jXl""er,•fhit:h'-'-'l nr,.kt 1ltll,•n•11ll,1I t\>l'l l kh•11t '" ' 1 ) ,11 H11 ,1,, 111,•1• IM '
    do

    ~.l.d 1/ I

    tu SlllATIO~ C,1re;1,1<>r thl' d1l1'•r,•nll,1l ,,111,1lh•11l /~I'


    ·" l
    1 slu l' l 111
    1
    1 \I \V,• 111t n•I 11•lh
    11
    j
    III
    I
    1/11 / 1/\
    l,', •1111" ,1 ~ (I I I I It
    I ,,, \\1 "

    Jl//1'11111
    1
    \ 1/1//, 11·1111111 ,·,,11,1//,111 ,~ 1/ /1111,11
    I TIAL EQUATIONS
    c~-~11 pifFER~N
    differential equation when ex ,
    I. <'htJS, if a .nd dependent variable in the ff>tessed tn lhe f 21.3
    "' (ives ,._., · ll'St po · orm of
    detiV~ noent of the v11.r101;1s term~ are either consWer and th<'rt'at<> n~ pnlynnmiu l h,v11Jvi•~ llu
    ~s. • tantsorfunct1 1 Prl><11u 1,,r 11i,.,,,
    1I,ecoef ·tis saJ.
    ·dtobeh.neard1fferential=uat1o
    b d fi -, n . O therw· on~ of tl,p I I . , .,,,,1,,1 ,,
    o,en1 • frorn the a ove e nition thaL a d' ff t$C-, it ls ~ 1101111 · ' 1"·P1 •nd1•11t var1.,f,J,.
    foJloWSif I erential cqua (io
    Jl II Wil l11,•,1rt1;f(,.l'l•11tial,,,l"•'ti'1r1 ,
    eqtiatiOO . d "r,:,e 1.s more than one. h,, n,,n )J 111•,1r rI',ff,,,,,,,1,.,1
    (1') its eb'-. . 1
    of the differentia coefficient has ex
    (P") Afl\l th d d
    , ' 011ent of e epen ent variable is mo. ,
    ponent more 1han one.
    (··i)
    11
    exp - • d d
    '()(iucts contauung epen ent variable d . , . ·
    re t11an one
    (i11) P 1 an its differential ff·
    3 COi' icl,-nts on• pw,l•nt

    11 LUST
    RATION g The differential equation d
    ( dx
    3
    y_1
    3
    (i·u)
    - 6 - .;,_
    dx2
    2
    4
    Y 0, i~ ,1 nr,n-hnear

    m
    dj/ierential equation, because its degree is 3, more than one.
    2

    o
    l The differential equation
    2
    d y+ 2(dy)

    .c
    i;sTRATlON l!)
    r of" II · d X2 d + 9y = x, ls a non-lin,-ar
    "'~ X

    du
    differential equation, because differential coefficient:: has exponent 2.

    oe
    1ttUSTRATIOJ\ 11 The clifferential equation
    · (x 2 + y2 ) dx - 2xy dy = 0 is a non-linear
    ten as
    differential equa~on, because the exponent of dependent variable y is 2 and it involves the
    ch
    product of y and d~ • (
    te

    2
    1_ The ruUSTRATlO'.11 Jl Consider the differential equation d ~ -5 dy + 6y "' sin x. This is a linear
    m

    x dx dx
    press~ differential equation of order 2 and degree l .
    fro

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    I LEVEL-1 I _ _
    d
    de

    EXAMPLE 1 Determine the order and degree of each of the following differential equations. Slate also if
    li-.ey ruelinear or non-linear.
    oa

    J•[tl')"'
    nl

    aK i §I
    d) "'l + {dx
    w

    (ii)
    iy
    do

    2
    dx
    (iii) y = dy .,. C
    d11 1 d
    (jv) y + _.__ "'4 y X . . '
    J
    dx d Id d;r: lynoll\l,1l in .l,•r11,1hH'
    S0LL'T! . y x . . when written as a po
    blc(orn~N {1) The given differential equation

    [2dx212 :: \l+ ( -d,x J2) 3


    1(2 dy dy
    2 l 2 J lwn'for,•, till'
    . rf y nd It, pm,•rr "
    'l'hehigh · uation 15 2 a ,nd , ecc111d
    . est Order differential coefficient in thlS eq dx . ( be,ond ord~r • .
    &!ven . I equa tton o
    (! differ . . . differenoa
    e&lte. ential equation is a non-Linear
    . s a polynomi11l in derivatives beco
    (ii) The given differential cqualion,wlmn wnltf'n a, '11~

    rl a2y i
    2 r ,-
    ~ dy ::. i/2y j
    2
    2 ,, -¾ - d![ + i = o
    ,i,,Z ) ,11 I. di dx" d.\
    • · f nd order and second degree.
    Cle.arty, it is a non-linear differential equMion o seco ( ~2

    (ill) 17"~ given differential equation w he11 wdttcn as a polyn oinial in t is ~~J Yi+'. og

    Clearly, it is a non-linear difft'rential e<jttation of ord<."r 1 and d egree 2,


    (h') We h.wc,

    m
    dyI ·
    111 ~=- j ydx=>-dy -a2y - = -y
    1 ( On differentiating w ith respectto,

    o
    · dx 4 dx dx 2 4

    .c
    Clearly, Uus fa a d iffe rential equation of order 2 ru:,d d egree 1. Also, it is a linear differenlij
    <'<J.Uation.

    du
    I LEVEL-2 I

    oe
    r\AM.l'LE 2 lit each of the followi11g differential equations indicate its degree, wherever possible. A/,
    1
    give the order ofeach of them.
    I
    ch
    (i) dy - sin( dy = 0 (ii) ,ff+ iy!rlx + y2 = 0
    b ~~; b
    te
    2
    d 4y '
    "') --+Sill
    (111
    4
    lddx J
    (
    -
    3 !I
    3
    = 0 fNCERTl (iv)
    d2
    r Id
    1
    + cos I -1l = o
    ,L,
    m

    dx ( ) ldx/ ,
    fro

    SOLUTION (i) The h ighest order derivative p-resentin the differential equation is dy .So, itisd
    dx H. y ~ F'X + ~ ' ' - .-'
    a-v-
    order 1. Oearly, LHS of the d ifferential equation cannot be expressed
    . as, a pol'V · dy
    • 1 m-;
    , nornia
    d

    . degree 'IS not d·"-


    So, its .,.,ucd. d,
    de

    (ii) The highest order differential C<)efficient present in the differe ti . . rfv S - ·.
    ,
    n a 1equation 1s' -"··, o,11ti
    oa

    of order 5. We observe that the LHS of the differential e


    dy
    t' .
    gua Lon 1s not expressible
    ,fr <1' '·
    nl

    polynomial in dx. So, its degree is not defined.


    w

    (iii) The highest order derivative present in the given differ l" . ·I
    the given differential equation i~ 4. As it is not cxpressib~n ion equation is 4, s o tlw 01Jer~
    do

    coefficients. So, its degree is not d e fined. e as a p o\ynomi,11 in c-titfett'nt


    (iv) fhe order of Ute highest o rder derivative present in the . , .
    its order is 2. The given differential equation is not
    1
    <'Xpresst;'en
    differe ntia l e quation z. ':'
    1
    1, 1
    coefficients. So, its degree is not defined . e as a poly nomia l in d itt,,1\'1111•

    EXERCISE. 2/,I
    Order
    ..
    ,.
    3
    2
    3,
    l
    ·I.
    ~. 2
    2
    6.
    2
    ?.
    4
    8.
    1
    1:NTIAL EQUATIONS
    p1ffEf1

    21.5

    I12:r: _,,~-'-
    ' l
    4. V- , - ·' .

    m
    ·.2(/11~)"+ y l( dyJ4+ y 4=0

    o
    Jl. 1 2 dx
    l dx

    .c
    D. \l'y2 + x) dx +(y- .iy) dy = 0

    du
    a·u dy , ( )2/3
    oe
    1s.-t= -~
    dx· dx ch
    i;. s ?v ==Ji +( au)2)3; 2
    te

    di dx
    l ~ - --'
    1 dy
    m

    2 2 2
    19. y = px + ,:a p + b , where p =-

    :i·l rr
    dx
    fro

    [CBSE2019]
    ll ; 1 ,[ :~
    d
    de
    oa

    23_ (y")z + (y'i3 + sill y = 0


    nl
    w
    do

    tN CI:.Rll

    ANSWE:ffS

    r, .111ear/Non-lin,•ar
    Order Degree Non-llni;ar
    1. 3 l u,,ear
    2. 2 1 Nori-lin~M
    3. 1 3 No11-lint>~I'
    4. 2 2 r,Jon-1Jneo•·
    5. 2 l Non-linear
    6. 2 2 Non-linear
    7, 4 Linear
    2
    8. 1
    2
    eolJATIONS
    MATHEM1111e; ff' fN'f 1Al.
    p1ff' d B from equatio
    21.6 Llncar ·gflan
    , rJlinatJJ1 a·2 ll
    ~- 2 1 Nowlinear !ill ly_ "' _4y = ~
    -:;- dx
    1 4
    2 l Non-linear
    Ill.
    ~ Non-linear ti-~~ u,at by eliminatin
    11, 2
    12. 3 1 Non-lillear
    1
    rere, _we ~~::ed. lJ't ot~er words,
    1 Non-li!lear -•er ,sob "~l equation.
    13. I o ("' differen•- .
    1 Non-linear rdet can see that by eh
    ,~.
    H, I
    2
    2
    3
    2
    Non-linear
    Non-linear
    0
    Sitnilarly, one obtained or, three
    . d order 15 .
    11,. ti:>J! t;illJ eqLLi3 tiOI\-
    17. 2 2 Non-linear dlffetcJ1 he eXllmples cited ab

    m
    18. 2 Non-linear ·[hiiS, from t differential equation
    JQ_ I 2 co,~~ctants, aln other word.s, an
    N on-Ii.near

    o
    ~o. I l iants. .
    Non-linear c~05 . ntial equaaon.

    .c
    21 2 1 d1llef'-' . a differential eq
    Non-linear
    ll 2 Undefined fortJ\tllattng a dil:fererrtial e

    du
    Non-linear
    2..l. 2 2 (l\eans finding '
    Non-linear ting a family o, curves,
    14 . 2 t represen obtain
    Linear e uation n times to n .

    oe
    ~.5. 3 l
    Undefined Non-linear c~nstants. The equation so obtau
    2b. 2
    3 Non-linear curve~.
    ch
    27
    In order to fonnulate a differ
    HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROBJ.£1. variable (x) dependent variable
    te

    2 2 algorithm:
    24. The differential equation d y + Sx ( dy) - 6y = log x has highest order diff-Jit
    l ALGORITH~JI
    m

    dx2 dx
    2
    • TEP I Write the given equation
    coefficien t d ~ which is of order 2 and its exponent is "I. Hence,-it is ef order 2, degree lat the ar!Jitn.m: cur.stams.
    fro

    dx Obtain the T'!i "'th.T v_:, .


    it is non-linear. SI El'!!' Dijferentiat.! the rela;i
    d

    27. The order of the highest order differential coefficient in the differential equation is onear, 51Er rv Elimi1zat,· arbitrarv ,:a
    is
    its highest exponent is 3. So, the given differential equation of order 1, degree 3andrt,
    de

    obtained ir. step Ill.ind


    non-linear. equation.
    The following e,amrles will .
    oa

    21 .2 FORMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS


    CoMider the family of curves given by y = A ex, where A is the parameter. For differeillvalli'
    nl

    of A, we obtain different members of the family.


    y = Aex with respect to x, we get Ji = Ae"'.
    w

    Oj fferentiat:J.r,g
    do

    On eliminating the parameter A betvveen y =A ex and dy =Aex, we get dy = Y· ThiS i> t(,c
    dx dx
    difler1mtiaJ equation of the family of curves repre~ented by the equation y =Ae"·.
    Thu&, by eliminating one arbitrary - constant,
    f •a differential equ•t!on 01- fi.ts t ord en,
    ·• obtnine•l.r
    « 11,,,
    other word.h' o,,e pa ram<- fer fam 11yo. curves 1s represe,\tccl by a first order differentialt'<JU"
    Now, con&1dcr ii lwo parameter family o f curves givco by I
    y - A cos 2x 1 /J oin 2x ...,
    where A an<l /! are arbitrary constant'I.
    Dj(ferentfoting (i) wilh r<'spect to x, we gel
    //y ~ 2i1 Rirl 2x 1 2B cos 2x
    dx
    Differentiating (ii) with respect to x, we get
    2
    d !I ., - 4A cos 2 x - 413 sin 2x
    -.-2
    tf."(
    OIFfEFIENTIAL EQUATIONS
    21 7
    ,2
    u l/
    ,:i
    Eliminating A ,,nd R from <'q\1atimi<. (i) ( _
    r
    1 nnd (111), ,,e ""t
    I/
    •,, "~
    , 411....:- , l 41/ ()
    d\ ~ •h·· ·
    l-lcrc, W<' noh.' th,1t b, d11nin.11inr, l~n Arbitr,ir
    c,rJcr i,, 0bt amc_•d In ,,tht•1 ,, md~. a h, ., , Y on hn a d,ff ,
    l .,_ 1 ,)t4UnPtt r '" 1 '
    ,,rdcr dith:renti,1l ,'q11:llt1)n, rn, Y• c,
    ..,inul.HI\", ,,,,,, ,.,n H'<' that t>, d11n,11n1, n., th l
    ,. t d I ,.. HX' llr i1tr,1ry <:onst
    third ,,rdt.>r 1::- 0,, am,· nr, l 1n't' p,11',l"1dt•t f•nmt·ty O f (Un, i'.'.an r
    diltercnti.i l equ,1ltnn. epr-c <n
    Thus, fl'\,m tlw e,amples cited .1lxwe it ,an hl! cone! d - 1 h f
    "·t . I . u n t at t an =uah "II\ I
    '~>Jistants, a uittlerentia eq,1ation
    __,_ - 1 by-.,
    of 11th order can be 0 btamt'( chmmatm<> t1
    C\~n~taII~- ln o 1~r wor=, an 11-pal'amcter family of curve,; is re ··esentel

    m
    Jitterenba1 equation. J'
    F,irmulating a difforential equation from a given equation repr=-11 ti , f tl·

    o
    -- ~'- dill ti I . ~= ng a am
    ml'iins tmUJJ.,g a eren a equalmn whose solution is the j/;lven equatiC'n I

    .c
    representing a family of curves, contains n arbitrary constants, then w·e differenti:~

    du
    ea~uation n times. to obtain n more equations. Using all these equ itions we e e
    c,~nstants The equation so obtained is the differential equation of order n fm the iUilll

    oe
    .:u...es.
    In order to formulate a differential equation from a given relaticm contau:ung mdellli~crtt
    ch
    '°ariable (x) dependent variable (y) and some arbitrary constants, we ITu\Y follow the
    algorithm:
    fferer.:;;
    te

    ALGORITHM
    _
    Write the given equation involving independen I t>artable x (s1y) J,paulml 1.-ur
    m

    · - the arbitrary constants.


    fro

    __:_!J Obtain the number of arbitrary constants in Step /. Let tllt'Tt bt- 11 arbilmy
    Differentiate the rel.atio11 in step 1n times wit/1 n,spect I~ t . .
    Elimintite 11 rbitrary constants wi/11 the flelp of II eq:111 tro11 , mo,•li'';j"t JJ::,,,,...,rru .•'-"-=,•
    d

    - - - obtained in step III and an equation In Step/. T/11' ,•q11allo11 ,o (lbta111 is


    de

    equation. ed
    oa

    The following examples will illustrate the above proc me.


    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    nl

    1-iiveG ]
    w

    . '/ ,I . fl'~ r,7 n.-;i:1 ttd \


    do

    XAMl'Lll form tli,•di_fferential eq11ationoftl1t•Ja111111(~ '" '

    a parameter f b
    !:iOUT110N Tl,et•ciualion of the family tl cUJ\l,,,
    2 1
    l ( !f -t l) X h.1U 11,d ,hlh ,, 11
    ' ,. I 'oh Ul \'( ~. s<I ,,,,,
    Cle.,rly 1t is one pan111w1£1 c1ut1 '
    ' l l > X Wt' rt:t
    Diffen--r,tialing (i) with mi,p< t ' , '
    d!f It
    2, (y + c) dA
    I/ I/
    Oivid.i.ng (i) by /ii), Wt' g1•t
    2 l ~ J
    C (y f C) J

    3., 2
    2c (!f I c) ( ~~ j
    MATHEMl\lic
    s.,
    21.8

    Substituting thi~ value of c in (i), we get·

    ( 2X d.1{ - / X ,f/L
    I. 3 dx • ) , 3 dx 1
    1
    3 I2
    = \'3

    2
    __.. (2x
    4(d11) d!f- y) -
    - -- - X.
    9,dx 3dx

    ⇒
    _!! x[dy
    27 d~J
    "\3 -~(dyj'2 y - -~ ⇒ sx(d!f)' -12y(d~)2 ~ 27x
    9 dx dx dx

    m
    This is the required differenUa 1equation o f the family of curves represented by (i).
    Form the differential ,•q11ati011 ~f t/1efa111fly ofcurves represented by y =c (X - cl, w!~,

    o
    EXAM.l'Lil
    ~pLE. 4 Fomt t

    .c
    is a parameter. · parameters.
    SOLUTION The equations of the family of curves is

    du
    SOL1.J710N The eq
    .lj1
    y-c(.t-ci2 y=asiri~
    This equation contains only one parameter. So, we diffe,rentiate it only o nce. Diliere.ntiatingi ocarly, it contains ~

    oe 1
    with respect to x, we get '· equation of second I
    dy
    - = 2c(x-c) Differentiating (i)
    ch
    dx
    dy = ab c
    From (i) and (ii), we get /U
    te

    yc(x-c>2
    dy = 2c (x-c)
    m

    dx
    =- JL = x-c
    fro

    dy 2
    dx
    2
    ⇒
    d

    x-c = Y
    dy
    de

    dx
    ⇒ = X- 2
    !/
    oa

    C
    dy E.\AMPLE S Fom1

    r dx paramett>n;,. and b
    nl

    SOll:tION The~
    -•ru: ·,:'le[:,lt we get (i), ,i/ =a (b 2 l
    w

    ~lcarlv, there are ~


    1
    do

    dy dy o get a differen ti'


    ~ dx dx
    Du
    £erentiating (i)

    ⇒ y(:~r = 4y2 (x~-2y) 2y-


    Differennating
    dy

    dx (ii)]
    =

    ⇒ (dy)3
    dx = 4y(x dxdy - 2y) , •h'ch.
    I ,sthe required differentia l equation.
    \>\
    a2
    y ---1{. + (
    dx 2
    ~~;;pa~::i!~. differential equationrepresenling /lie fnmi/y of rrll,,cs y "'A cos(., t BJ..1:;' Sub$ t·ttunn
    SOLLl'ION The equation of the family of c urves is (CllSt • gthev
    y=Acos (x+ B)
    This equation contains two arbitrary constants So 1
    differential equation of second order.
    . .
    · ' ct us differentiate it two ti mes to ob
    .,:ii1
    1# x\y6 dx2
    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

    Differentiating (i) with respect t . 21.9


    dy . O X, We get
    dx =-A sm (x + B)

    Differentiating (ii) with respectl ... (ii)


    2 x, we get °
    dy
    - = -A cos(x+ B)
    dx2
    d2y
    - = -y
    dx2
    d 2y . [Using Ii}]
    - 2 + y = 0, wluch is the required diffe.1 .
    dx ential equation of th c, given
    · . of
    fam1ly
    £XAMPLL .J. form the differen.J.ial equat· ,t curves.

    m
    parameters. ion O; t'1.e family of curves y =a sin (bX + C)' II and C being
    .

    o
    SQLl.jTlON The . equation
    (b of the family of curves 1s
    . [NCE.RT.

    .c
    y=a s111 x + c)
    □early, it contains hNo arbitrary constants· 5o, we differentiate

    du
    . . . ... (i)
    equation of second order. it two times to get a differential

    oe
    Differen~;m,g (i) with respect to x, we get
    - = ab cos {bx + c)
    ch
    ... (ii)
    dx
    Differentiating (ii) with respect to x, we get
    ,
    te

    a-y 2 •
    - 1 = - ab sm (bx + c)
    m

    dx
    2
    fro

    d y = -b2 y [Using (i)]


    2
    dx
    2
    d

    -d y + b2 y = 0, w hi·chis the required differential equation.


    de

    2
    dx
    EXAMPLE s Form the differential equation corresponding to y2 = a (b -x) (b + x) l,y eli.mirmting
    oa

    parametersaandb. [CBSE 1004]


    nl

    SOLUIION The equation of the family of curves is


    y2 = a (bl - x2) ...(i)
    w

    Clearly, there are two arbitrary constants in this equation. So, we shall differentiate it two time;
    do

    to get a differential equation of second order.


    Differentiating (i) with respect to x, we get ... (ii)

    2y dy

    y
    dx

    ddx +(dy)
    2
    [
    = - .2ax ⇒
    Differentiating (ii) with respect to x, we get
    2
    =
    y dy = - ax
    dx

    -a ⇒ n = -!Yd~1 ~ (t)
    l 2 ... \ tii)

    dx x
    (•") 111
    · (ll)1 WI' get
    Substituting the value of a obtained from iu
    . ,d differential equation.
    2
    x\y d2y
    dx2
    +(dy)
    dx
    dy h'ch is the reqtt1re
    ] =y-,W l
    dx
    MA

    d' to l-=m(a2 -x2) by eliminar


    21.10
    Form t/te differe11ti11/ eq11atio11 correspoll mg ll1g

    £XAMJ>LE6
    parameters 111 arrd a, . f ti family of curves is
    $OLUTlON0 The equation2 2 o ,e ' ,.,(!).
    •'v· ,c 111 (t1 - .\ ) · te I·uwo times
    "shall di ffercntu1
    _ .s · to ge t a ct·1ffetenti 1
    0
    Tiu,sequation contains two paran1 cters. • "'c a
    equation of second order• _ t
    Differentiating both l>ic\es oi (i) with respect to x, we ge
    dy
    d = m (- 2x) ⇒ y -d. =- mx
    211-}L
    • dx X 'fhi.S eqt1atio
    Differentiating both sides of (ii) with respect to x, we gel that
    X 50
    to-,
    2 ... (iii) 2X
    1/d2y_ + (dy) = -m
    · ,t/ dx

    m
    y-utt:irtg the
    xz

    o
    .c
    du
    or,
    EX!"- ~1..ES

    oe
    ruMPLF ; Find the differential equation of all circles touching the
    (i) x-axL~at the origin [NCERT, CBSE 2005, 08, 10) (ji) y-axis at the origin [NCERT] coordinate
    SOLUTION
    50LL'TION (i) The equation of the family of circles touchlng x-axis at the origin i.:;
    ch
    coordinate
    (x-oJ2..:.(y-a) 2 = a.2 .i+y2 - 2ay -= 0 ⇒ ...(i) (x
    te

    where a is a parameter. y where a is


    This equa
    m

    dillerenti
    Differenti~
    fro

    2
    d

    ⇒ X
    de

    X' 0 X
    oa

    ⇒
    nl

    'Y'
    w

    Fig. 21. 1
    so that
    This ~quation contains onlv- one arbitrary co nstant ·'So, we d'ff
    J crentmte
    · 1t
    · once with respect tP-'
    do

    Substitu
    2x+2ydy 2 4Y=o~a=X+]!(dy/tlx) \
    dx 17 dx dv/dx ..Lt1
    Putting the value of a from OiJ in (i), we get ·
    x2+y2 ~ 2y\x+y(dy/dx))
    dy/dx

    ==>.. (x2 -y2) dy


    dx 2xy' w11c
    ) · ll l!,
    · the rt•c1uirt>d clifferenli'i
    u t:'"-llttl l'IOI\.

    (u) The equation


    x - )2 of
    ' the famil
    1 - f circles
    - y;. y-nxis al llw origin ls
    louchmg
    wh (. 4 +,y 0) : a==> x2+1/2 • - 2 ax O 1·J')
    ere a 1s a parameter ,..
    p
    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
    21.,,
    y

    x· X

    Fig. 21.2
    This equation contains only one arbitrary constant So w diff . .
    . s that · · , e e ren ti ate 1t only once with respect
    tox, o d

    m
    2x+2y.J!.-2a = 0==> a= x+ydy
    dx dx ...(ii)

    o
    Putting the va lue of n from (ii) in (i), we get

    .c
    x + /· - 2x (x + y dyd.x)1= O
    2

    du
    2 2

    oe
    or, y - x = 2xy -dy
    1
    tX
    , w h 1'ch 1s
    · the requ ired differential equation.

    EX.AMPLE 8 Find the differmtial equation of all the circles in the first quadrant which too.ch the
    ch
    coordinate oxes. , (NCERT, CBSE 20101
    SOLUTION The equation of the family of circles in the first ·quadrant which touch the
    te

    coordinate axes is
    2 2 2
    ( x - a) + (y - a) = (I ••• (i)
    m

    wl1ere ,1 is a parameter.
    fro

    This equation contains one arbitrary constant1 so we shall differentiate-it once only to get a
    differen tial equation of first order.
    Differentiating (i) w ith respect to x, w e get
    d

    2 (x - a) + 2 (y - a) dy =0
    de

    dx
    y
    x - a + (y - a) dy = 0
    oa

    dx
    dy
    x+y-·
    nl

    a = dx
    w

    1 +~Y
    dx
    do

    X' 0 X
    x+py dy
    a= - - , where p = -
    1 +p dx
    Substituting the value of a in (i)t we get \'

    (,-",:;]' +-~:':J' ·[~:;)'


    (xp- py) 2 + (y - x) 2 = ( x + PY)
    2
    Fig , 21.3

    2
    (x - y) 2 p2 + (x-y) 2 = (x+py)

    .( l (
    ⇒
    2
    (x - y)2 (p2 + 1) = (x + T?Y)

    l
    d1 .)2 ~)2' which is the required di ffercn tia I equation.
    (x - y/ 1+ 1dx ~ X +Yd
    x
    MATHEMAT
    ~
    tcai,
    21,12
    . ,, /(/rabofas having vertex at the origin 4110
    EXAMl'l.ll q
    I ·H· ·
    Form the dif.frrential ,•q11t1lio11 of family 01 1 INCERT, CBS£, ql
    11 011gposi vey-axis. . vertex at the origin and a <Olo
    1. '
    SOLV'TION The equation of the fomily of parahc>la~ hovJng · '~ •d\
    positive y-axis is

    .
    .i = 4ay , wl1cre a is a parnmeter.
    • d' ffcrntiate it oricc only.
    This is a one raranwtcr bamily of curves. So, we 1 "
    Differentiatil1g wtih respect to x, we get
    2x = 4a .fy
    •· ~a -
    X
    frotn (i:i), we g
    dx - 2~
    dx
    Substituting the value of a in (i), we get

    m
    .v 2 = 4 x _ x _" y ~ x ~if. = 2y, w hich is the required differentia1equation.
    lay)

    o
    1
    dx

    .c
    2 f.XA:,,ff'~-t. 12
    dx
    (;t2 - y~) "' C lx1

    du
    EXAMPLE 10 Fonn the differential equation of the family of ellipses having f oci on y-axis and ceijf~,
    SOLL'TJOS
    tire origin. INTERJ ~
    x-

    oe
    - 1/
    SOLUTION The equation of the family of ellipses having centre a t the origin and foci on y-ax~i
    x2 112 I)jfferentiatin
    ch
    +, = 1, where b > a J
    2a b
    2 2x -
    te
    This is two parameter family of ellip ses. So, we d.iffer.e ntiate (l) twice with respect to x toobtik,,
    differential equation of ord er 2.
    m

    Differentiating with respect to x, we get


    '
    fro

    2x . 2y dy = o~ x , y dy _ O On subiltltu ·
    a2 b2 dx a2 b2 dx
    Differentiating (ii) with resp ect to x, we get x-
    d

    \
    de

    2
    11 (dy)
    a2 - b dx 2
    "' _J_ d y =
    i, 2 ai
    2
    0 ...(ill
    = (X-
    '
    oa

    Tvfultiplying throughou t by x, we get ==> \x(-


    nl

    ~ + ~ (dy 1
    2 2
    + xy d y =0
    =
    w

    a2 112 dx) b2 dx2 (3xy


    do

    Subtractil'lg (ii) from (iv), we get ~ tx·~


    _lb2 \xl(dxdy)2 1-xyf2f-YJ(
    dx
    dy)~ =0 ~ x(dy)2
    , dx If dx
    ·1 cl2!f
    • dx2
    x 11 - 1
    Y dx
    d1; = )
    l,
    t\..\M\'l.E 13
    ''Cf1uHi,ms ( t1 ,
    {i) ~ + }!_
    which is the required differential equation. cl b
    EXAMPLE 11 rorm 1
    the differential rq11r1Jio11 not confl1it1i11J? th1• 11rbitmn; ,.011 ~t,mt,; 11 ml ,'1lti~f1,,t ~- (iii) (y -b)
    equation y = ae ", a and I·, are 11rbitmry constnnls. SOl lfTlON
    X
    SOLUTION The gi.ven equation i1; ,11 -+
    a
    y =aix '·,jJ Where ct b
    Clearly, i t contains n,vo arbitrary ccmst11 nls. So, we !>hall differentia te il two tinW" o,,d t l. t \·S 11 .._ ' a
    , wo p
    differential eq uation of second order.
    OlfFt:FIENTIAL EQUATIONS
    21.13
    l)ifferCPtiating (i) with respect to x, we get
    dy_ __ (1ebx •.b
    _

    clx
    dy
    -- = 1>11
    dx . .. (i I)

    J)ifferentiating
    ., (ii) with rcspt>ct to x , we gc'l
    d~!~ = b dy
    .../iii)
    ,t/ dx
    .. 1 dy
    from (ll), we get b =-y dx
    ·- . Substituting thi5 v alue of Ii in (iii), ,vc get

    dy ⇒
    d~J dx
    //2~ = (~Y dx d2dx y = (l~dx )2 'which
    . .•s tne required differential equation

    m
    !I
    dx 2

    o
    .c
    o.AMl'L'f
    , ? 12 Show
    2 2that
    2 the
    3 differential eq,
    - · ;a1ton
    . .
    represenlmg
    \X- -y~) =c (x + y ) is (X - 3xy2) dx _ ( 3 .2 · one parameter f11mity of curves
    . - y - 3 X y) dy

    du
    50LUTION The given equation of one parameter family· of 'U t' . . [NCERT, CBSE 20171
    2 2 ? c ves 1s

    oe
    2
    X -y = c(_.- + y }2 ...(i)

    Differentiating (i) with respect to x, we get


    ch
    2x - 2y dy = 2c (x2 + y 2 ) ( 2x + 2y dy
    l lJ
    te

    dx dx

    ~ (x-y ~!J=2c(x +/)[x+y~;J ...(ii)


    m

    2
    fro

    On substituting the value of c obtained from (i)In (ii), ,Ne get


    (lx-y- du\
    dy) -_ 2 (x2 -y2) (x2, + y.2) ( x+ y -~
    d

    (x2 + y2)- dx 1
    de

    \ dx

    (x 2 + y2/l y dyj 2
    == 2 (x - / ) (x y dy'J
    oa

    x- T
    dx ' dx

    (x - l) -;- !f (i + l) \
    2
    Ifx (x2 + /) - y2 )}. = ft fl2y
    nl

    2x (x 2 -
    dx • J
    w

    (3xy2 - x3) = y3) EJL (3x2y -


    do

    ::;,
    dx
    ::;, (x 3 - 3xy 2) dx == (y 3 - 3x2y) dy, which is the given differential equation.
    1
    EXAMPLE 13 Represttnt the followil'1g family of curws by forming tile cvnc~pt 11.l111s ,/1/l,•ft'ttti.il

    equations ( a, bare parameters); 2 2


    (i) ~ + Jt. == 1 (ii) \ 1 I/ , lNl'¥R I Cll~t-iltl07l
    a b a h
    (iii) (y - b) 2 =4(x -a)
    ...(i)
    S0LU'110N TI1e equation of the family of curvl'q ifl
    X y
    + - == l
    a b
    Jt·
    where a, bare parameters. 'JI jiff . ntlal<' it twi.:cwilh respect to.\.
    15
    a two parameter family of curves. So, we wi c !!I e <
    21.14
    "RENTIAl-
    p1ff<-
    Differentiating (i) with respect to x, we get
    Nll'J.,Jll4 ~

    J~
    1 1 dtf
    -+-~ =0 ~"t{r-noN
    a b dx s0 (X -a)
    Differentiating (ii) with 1·espect to x, we get
    2 w
    11ere a and
    Jv equatl
    b·J
    d y
    1- - d2 · f . l a·
    2 = 0 ⇒ - ..I = 0, which is the required dif erenha equa on.
    ctearctJ tux.
    b dx dx 2 respe . ..:ng
    ()ifferenhaw' ,
    (ii} The equation of the family of curves is 2(X -
    x2 2
    2+\
    a b
    =l
    ~

    lt is a _two parameter family of cu rves. So, we will differentiate it twice to obtain the differen, vifferentiatillg

    m
    equation.
    Differentiating with respect to x, we get l 4 (y

    o
    ~+_JI_ dy - 0

    .c
    a2 b 2 dx - y-b .
    with resp ect to x, we get

    du
    Differentiating (ii)
    2 Putting this v
    _l ~ ~ ( dyJ y a2y
    oe
    + _O
    a2 · 1/ dx i,2 d:c2 -

    MuJtipl~'lg b:th(:;)e~ by; : ~get


    ch
    x-a
    te

    -+- - + - 0 .
    a2 b2 dx b2 dx2 - -•.! Substituting t

    (
    m

    :v:y:::~ydy! = \"
    fro

    Subtracti.J;g!(:)(£;:mJ2
    0
    b2 dx dx 2 dx
    d

    This is the
    de

    ⇒
    dy)2 + xy -x2y - Y -dy
    x (- d = O, w hich.1s the reqt11red
    . differential equation.
    dx dx 2 x
    oa

    (iii) The equation of th e family of curves is


    (y-b) 2 = 4(x-a)
    nl

    ~Lt.TION
    coincident wi
    w

    It is a n-vo parameter family of curves. So, we will diffe rentiate it twice with resp1Kt to.t
    Differentiati.J'lg (i) with respect to x, we get l/~ ' =
    do

    dy dy Wherea~nd /
    2(y-b)- = 4 ⇒ (y - b)- = 2 J"Ns. eqt1atio
    dx dx differentiate ,
    Differentiating with respect to x, we get equnnon

    d2y (dyJ2 Differ.-,ntiatin


    (y-b)--+ - =0 d
    2y
    d:r:2 dx d
    2 du
    l/ -if..
    From (ii), we get y-b = dy · 1--.., ' dx
    '-"ttfurentiatJn
    dx
    Substituting th.is value of.y-b in (iii), we get
    3
    d2 + ( _Jf.
    _2.. x _!{ d J2=0 ⇒ 2 d--y
    2y + ( -;r
    dy ) = 0, which
    . . IS
    .
    the required clifferen M 1eq
    u~vt'.i'·
    dy dx2 dx dx x
    dx
    E;:Nf fAL i;:auATIONS
    ulff f f1 . .
    , Obt111.n the differential en" .
    i~~~-l flJON
    El• u· f h -~ K/lt/.on ot II
    The equa on o t e family f .'l a circles
    21.15
    sO~IJf (:t _,,)2 + (y -b/ = ,2 o Ctrc.les of radi~fus,.
    radius
    is r, lC BSE 2010, 2015]
    aand /J are aparameters.
    Cl¢ 4to .t.
    ~pe~, equation (i) contains t\.vo arbitr
    ary constants So ...(i)
    Jt'e11tiatinS (i) with respect to x, we get . , let us differentiate it .
    0 2 (X - a)+ 2 (y -b) dy = 0 two tunes with
    dx

    ..-(i)
    (x- a) + (y -b) dy = o
    :!) dx
    ... (ii)
    Oifferentiat:i.ng (ii) wi;h respect}o x, we get

    +(d''] = 0

    m
    J +(y-b) d
    d1
    K dx •.. (111)

    o
    1 +(dy/dx)
    2

    .c
    ,(ii)
    :::> y- b = d2y/dx2 ... (iv)

    du
    rutting this value of 0/- b) in (ii), we obtain

    \l+riJ_l :: oe
    ch
    X -II "' - - - - - ' - - - ... (v)
    d2y/ dx2
    te

    (iv) Substituting the values of (x-a) and 0/ b), O


    m

    ⇒
    fro

    i /d 2)2
    ( Y x
    2
    (d y/ dx2 ) 2
    - r 1 + ( -)
    dx l IJ
    = ,.- ( ---1
    dxl
    d
    de

    This is the required differential equation.


    .-----
    LEVEL-2 I1
    ~~ef
    oa

    PLE IS Slww that the differential equation tliat represents tlte family afall parabolas having their
    IS symmetry coincident with the axis of xis yy2 + y/ =O.
    nl

    .(i)
    ~JON The equation that represents a family of parabolas having their axis of sywmetry
    w

    en~ with the axis of x is


    do

    i'liei y = 4a (x - Ii) ...(i) Y


    (ii) Thi; ea an~ Ii are parameters.
    diffe~%~on con~ins two parameters a and I!, s_o we '''.ill
    ~Uation e it twice to obtain a second order differential
    Differentiatin . with respect to x, we get X'
    ii.i) d g {i) 0 (h, O}

    2y3.. = 4.a
    dx
    dy
    bi££ y dx "' 2a ...(ii)
    erentiatin .. Y'
    g (u) with respect to x, we get Flg. 21.4
    2
    Y~+(dyj
    <b;2 \ dx =0
    Yy , 2 t'al '
    1 equat1on,
    2 ,. Y1 -- O, w hich is · ed differelt
    · the reqwr
    "RfNilAL r
    21.16 o1ff"'irid the_ diff
    . . ' 11aJio11 of n-verticai lines in a plane 9. f tres he ori
    EXAMPLE 16 Find the differe11t1a} eq l (ii) all no IN CERT Ext: ce!l ci... di'~
    111 0 filld u.•e -
    (i) al/ 11on-horizo11tal line, Pnize _ 1 If it is parallel to x-ax.M~l4 1'l· 0 enttes )le o~
    , 1·s11x+by- · . 1S,tl), · t'ha1
    . f Unein a plane -. . by =.J represents a lu,e par '· ,A.ssitr:ne .al e
    SOLUTI01'1 The general eqi1ation; 0~nd n =O. Also, i1 ax ~ b =O. Thus, ax + by = 1 repr~1l11 I 11 · differ.eriti . ,i
    is of'the torm y = co115tant. So, Ii . _ 1Stant.So,n I O~ · n-vertical lines, ifb ~,,, . d thed1f!j
    -COi 'f ~ oand a family Ol no
    Y-axi·s'' then its.houldbe ofthofomH
    •
    farnilyofno11-horizontallines1nap · '. Jane I a.,.
    J"-esinaplane1snx · + by - I
    -d,bw
    h
    ere 11
    1 0.
    i<0ani
    1Z- ~aUel to xl
    (i) The equation of the ftm11·1yot· 110n-horu:onta '"' .
    • fanlily of curves '
    ,vith n"'
    0 an e: R.
    13-
    ShOW that
    can take any real value. lI .ts a two parameter
    Now
    '
    ax+by=l
    Differentiating

    dv
    dx
    . respec t to .l/, ,vc obtain
    both sides with
    a-+b=O
    .
    .

    14,
    !,:·::
    a:rbitra:ry c .I
    d
    Ol

    Form thed~

    m
    • . . t t
    Differentiating both sides with respec o .11, we obtam 15. the parame

    o
    d 2x J 2x ..
    [ • !,' :r, (i) (2x + a)

    .c
    a-=0 ⇒ -J= 0
    dy2 dy- 16
    Represent

    du
    · equations
    This is the required differentia1equation. . . b 0 2
    • · f ·ti
    (ii) The equation of the family o non-ve.r ca l linesinplaneJsax+b!,'
    · · . · =1, 1
    w1ere * and,1s . (i) x -'--

    oe
    It is a two parameter family of curves with b ,. 0 and a e: R·
    (v) (x -
    Now, ax+by=l .
    ch
    Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain_ '?
    (ix) x- +
    te
    a+b dy = 0
    dx 17 Form the
    and foci
    Differentiating both sides with respect to x, w e ob tain
    m

    2 18. Form the


    b d y =0⇒ if-y =0 attheori -
    fro

    dx2 d:l- l9. Form the


    Thi.sis the required differential equation. thecoor ·
    d

    :?I' Find the


    21J
    de

    - -,====;---- - - - - - -EXERCISE
    LEVEL-1
    oa

    fonn the differential equation of the family of cun ~es represented by y2 ::c(x-cl'·
    l-.
    nl

    2. Form the differential equation corresponding to y = e'nx by eliminating m.


    3• Fonn the differential equations from the following primitives where constants ' 11
    w

    arbitrary:
    do

    (i) y2 =4ax '( BSE 2017] (ii) y = ex + 2c 2 + c 3


    (ill) xy =a2 (iv) y = nx2 + bx + .: ~- (i) 2x dy
    ~
    4_ Find the differential equation of the family of curves y = Ac 2 x + Be - 2x, where A Jnd l;t, dx
    arbitrary constants. 11
    S. Find t1:e differential equation of the family of curves, x = A cos 111 1 B sin 11 t, whl't"-' .l •~1
    are arbitrary constants. ((tU,1· .I1
    >
    6 _ Form the differential equation corresponding lo y2 n (/, x2) by Plirnin,,ling 11 and 1'
    2 2ny ..2 _ n2 by eliminating ii,
    7 Form the differential equation corresponding to y 1 7. p2 (x2 -
    . ~
    ((;lJ~f.;' t
    S. Form the differential equation corresponding to (x - a}2 + (y - b}2 =r2 ·-i(latl S 9, (x2 _ y2
    byelJu~
    andb.
    fRfNTIAL EQUAT IONS
    pit! ·
    ",d the diffl'rential equation 0 f
    11. ~ 1\trt'S .lie on y-axis. a11 the <:itdt!s wl . , 21.17
    c~l i"ff, t' I · " t h Pass t·h ·
    Ftnd the c 1 cren 1a eq,mtion of 11 , ough llw < 1 ,
    1tl- ,ntres lie on ,-a>-is. n the <:il'c(~'ii Wh\ I ir gm nnd whose
    ,~ 1 · , c I pass th
    ;\s~umc _t 1at a r~m ~,rop evapor..tes ro11gh thl' origin nnd who11e
    I1, ~iffe!'eJ'lttal equation nwolving the • at a tnt(' 1,1•0 p .1.
    ,,Find the d "ff f I tatc of ch
    l eren 1<1 equation of nU th
    o1 inn:il to it f
    ange of the rn<li Of II Kllr nc(' area. florm a
    11 , ralld to x-axis. e parnbolas with Int us lh~ J"ai,1 urop
    pa •
    llS fl'C' l LI ni ',, 11, , I
    ' ,l l1< WnOSf' ,1xe~ "t(•
    ShoW that the d1fforential equatlo11 f . .
    13- o wluch y 2 ( 2 2
    "' x l) + ce x
    .'./11
    ..-.- + 2.1~/ = 4.t 3 • 1•5
    a ~olution, is
    ,I.,
    Fom1 the differential equation having - ( . _, 2
    tt. . Y- sm x) + A - 1
    Jrbitraryconstants, as its general solution cos x + B, where A and B are

    m
    _ Form the differ_ential equation of the family of ctu·v . IN<.l'RT F.X•· M"I. /\ 11 1
    15 the parameter). ei; 1.epresented by th.e equation (a being

    o
    2 2 2
    (i) (2.t + a}2 + Y = n (ii) (2x - a) - y 2 = a2 ("·) ( .

    .c
    2 2 2
    • . 111 X -a) + 2y = a [NCEl{T \
    Represent the followmg fatnilies of curves b f • . th ·

    du
    lb.
    equations (a, b being parruneters): Y oxmmg e corresponding differential
    ') 2
    + y2 = n2 (")
    u x 2 - y2 = a2 (iii) y2 = 4ax

    oe
    (I x
    2 2
    2 2 x y
    -y = 1 =1 y2 = 4a (x -b) (viii) y = ax 3
    ch
    (v) (x - a) (vi) - - - (vii)
    11 2 b2
    te
    . ) 2 2
    (1xx+y =ax 3 (x) Y = eax
    1• Form the differential equation representing the family ofellipses having centre at the origin
    m

    and foci on x-axis. {NCERT, CBSE 2007]


    18. Form the differential equation of the family of hyperbolas having foci on x-axis and centre
    fro

    at the origin. lNCERT'


    19. Form the differential equation of the family of circles in the second quadrant and touching
    d

    the coordinate axes. [NCERT, CBSE 10161


    de

    ~O. Find the differential equation representing the family of curves Y =a/x+s, where aand b
    arearbitraryconstants. 2x JCBSE201SI
    oa

    21. Form the differential equation representing the family of curves Y =e (a + bx), where a and
    ICBSE .!019]
    nl

    bare arbitrary constants.


    --- ANSWERS
    w
    do

    d \3
    1. 8 ;(;
    (
    j =27y

    9. (x2 -y2) dy
    -=2xy
    dx
    21.18
    p1FfEREN
    2 a2y -X dy -2 =0
    12. 2ay2 +y13 = 0 14. (1 - X ) dx2 · dx (ii)
    2 2
    dy ,2 + y2 (iii) 2y - x =4xy~
    15. (i) y2 - 4x2 - 2xy dy = 0 (ii) 2x dx = 4x d.t
    dx S-ubst!
    dy _ o (iii) y - 2x dy ,., o
    16. (i) x + y dy =0 (ii) x - Y dx - dx

    n.(:r
    . dx (iii)
    2 Diffe

    ,,v) x' II+ (: (v) y2 ( !!) - y2 =1


    I
    2 (iv)
    I (vi) x ly d2 i + ( dy)2) = ydy J2
    (vii) y dxi + (dvJ
    dx =
    dy
    0 (vm x dx
    ...)
    = y 3
    lax

    m
    I dx dx
    4• Diffej

    o
    ~ 2
    ( .LX ) 2
    = 2 xy =du

    .c
    X +;,y (x) x dy = y log y
    dx dx ~ Diffe

    du
    2
    d2 d1 dy :,. equa~
    18. xy 2 + X [_J!... -y - =0
    d.-.:2

    oe
    dx ) dx 7. Thee
    Dillel
    ch
    2 (dy J2
    d y
    20. y dxi = dx
    te
    2
    _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ ___ HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROBLEMS
    m

    1. The equation of the family of curves is y2 =(x - c) 3 . Subs


    fro

    Differentiating with respect to x, we get


    2y y1 = 3 (x - c) 2 12.
    ~jl
    d

    const
    ⇒ (2y y 1)
    3
    = 27 (x -c)6
    de

    Diffej

    (.1
    ⇒ 8y y/
    3 2
    = 27 (y }2 15. (iii)
    [·: (x-c) 3 "Y 'I
    oa

    ⇒ Sy/= 27y, which is the required differential equation.


    i
    Diff
    nl

    2. The equation of the family of curves is y = e",x_


    w

    Differentiating with respect to x, we get


    do

    111.X
    Yi =me ⇒ Y1 =my.
    Now, y = emr ⇒ log y = mx ⇒ m = ~ logy
    X
    Substituting this_value of min Yt = my, we get xy1 = ylo , which is the requir,>& This·
    differential equation. g .!/.1
    17. Theeq
    3. (i) The equation of the family of primitives is y2 = 4ax. xj
    Differentiating with respect to x
    1 dy
    ;
    dy
    2y dx = 4a ⇒ a =2 y dx It is a
    Diffel
    Substituting this value of a in y2 =4 ax, we get 2 "'4 y (.!.y -dy) or Y= 2 duLas tl1erequired 21
    2 dx dx a
    differential equation.
    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

    (ii) The equation of the family of . . . 21.19


    . 2 3 d Pnmitives is
    y = ex + 2c + c ~ -1!. = c
    dx
    Substitute this value of c in y = ex + 2r2 ,
    . ff . + c ' to ~et lhE> r<,q . d d.
    (iii) The equat ions o anuly •
    of prim•t· .
    1 1ves 1s xy 2 · tnre 1ffer,•ntial e<Juation
    • •
    Differe1~tiating with respect to x, we get a·
    x__y_
    dx
    + y = 0, which is the required dif' .
    ,etential equation.
    3
    (iv) Differentiate y three times to get d Y _ 0 .
    dx3 - as the tequ1red differential equation
    2
    4 Differentiate y two times to get d Y
    dx2 "' 4Y as the required differential equation.

    m
    ·

    o
    2
    :,. Differentiate x two times with respect to t to obtain d x _ ..112 .

    .c
    dt2 - - x as thcTeqwred differential

    du
    equation.
    - The equation of one parameter family of curves is y2 _ 2ay + x2 =a2.

    oe
    Differentiating with respect to x, we get ch
    d d X + y dy
    2y-1!. - 2a-1!.+2x= O ⇒ a dx
    te
    dx dx dy
    dx
    m

    Substituting the value of a in y - 2ay +·x2


    2
    = a2, we obtain the required differential
    fro

    equation.
    12. Toe equation of the family of parabolas is (y - k)1 = 4a (x - h), where hand k are arbitrary
    d

    constants.
    de

    Differentiate this relation twice and eliminate hand k to get the differential equation.
    15. (iii) The equation of the one parameter family of curves is
    oa

    (x -al+ 2y2 = a2 ...(i)


    nl

    Differentiating with respect to x, we get


    dy dy dy
    2(x-a)+4y- = 0 ~ x-a = -2y-_ ⇒ a = x+2y-
    w

    dx dx
    dx
    do

    Substituting the value of a in (i), we get


    2
    4y2 I(:~ )2 + 2y2 =(
    X + 2y dJ
    d~ ⇒ 2 2= 4xy &,ix
    2y - X

    This is the required differential equation. . \ .,..-1,iit 1 ·'"~ 1,


    · t1·eat tht• or1All 1 •11 ' 11'
    17. Th e equation of the family of ellipsei:; havmg nm ·
    ~ 2 , \ll
    -+1L = 1
    a2 b2
    It is a two parameter family of curvei:;.
    Differentiating (i) twice with respect to x, we gel
    2 2 1,2}/_
    2x 2y dy 2 2 dy + J! i O
    2 + - 2 - = O and 2 + 2 ( dx ) b2 dx
    a b dx a b
    01ffi:aRENilj
    21.20
    consider~I
    d y
    --2
    dx
    ,I\JSO, CO ]
    where A ari1
    Differeritiai
    dy -
    dx ·

    This is the required d ifferential equation. . .


    D.ifforentiati
    . of the fannly
    18. The equation . of hype1·bo Ias hav.iJ.,g foci on x-axis and centre at the ongio , dzy_
    2 2 2
    dx

    m
    ! -L = 1
    a2 12 I This shows

    o
    Differentiating this twice with respect to x, we get solution of

    .c
    2
    2x _ 2y !!J!. "' .3_ _2(dy f_ 2.y d y =0 It can be ea~~-

    du
    0 and of differenti
    az b2 dx a2 bz dx) b2 dx2 We find that

    oe
    ⇒ _::.,_Jf_dy =0 ...(ii) _!__ _ _!__ (dyJ2 _Jf_d2f = 0 ...iiii1
    solutions Y
    ~ Bsinxcon
    a2 v2 dx a2 b2 d:x b2 dx
    ch
    other soluti
    ~
    Multiplying (iii) by x and subtracting from (ii), we get GENER,... S
    te

    yl = 0 ⇒ xy d2dx2y + xl' dxdy ]2 - y dxl}_!f = 0


    d(fferential
    _!__ [-y dy + x(dyJ2 + xy d2 For
    .., exampl
    m

    2
    b dx dx dx2 a-11
    ? - y = 0.
    fro

    This is the required differential equation. dx -


    19. The equation of the farnily of circles in second quadrant and touch ing-the coordinates a:<\',
    d

    2( 2 2 h 2 2 2
    is (x + a) + y - a) = a , w ere a > 0 or, x + y + 2ax - 2ay + a = O --\..11
    de

    generoJ scl u ti
    Differentiating (i) with respect to x, we get
    For e,ample
    2x + 2y dy + 2a - 2a dy =O
    oa

    dx dx
    (1 -dxdy_J = () ~
    nl

    =;, X + Y dy + "n ~ a X + PY , where


    = --- p = _d y1
    dx p- I dx
    w

    l:\..\:).1p1 E 1
    Substituting the value of a in (x + a) + (y - 2
    11) 2 ~ n2 , we get
    do

    2
    py) - (x-+-
    2

    (
    x+-x + - pyJ + Y ( _ X •
    -- pyJ _
    2

    p-1 p- 1 p- ] :-OLtrnoN

    ⇒ (x + y/ p2. + ( y x)2 = (x t- py)2 ⇒ (x ~ y)2 (l • ,,2) -(x ~ 1•,11}2 wlwa'/' :::


    This is the required differential equation.

    21.3 SOLUTION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION ,


    1
    SOLUTION The solution. of a diffPrent/11/ eq1111tion iR t1 1,,loliu,1 Ii •tr ti . ivo/r-td ,;tu
    • . _ , 4 J fS 1,
    (Jft'JI tt• Vl1rl1l11
    satisfies the differential equation. ·,I
    Sud, a relation and the derivatives ()b tained Uierefrorri wh,, b . . h difje1,·~11'
    equation, makes left ha nd , and ng · I1t l1and sid
    · es 1dcmtkc1
    .. ily ell su s hlutcd m t £'
    ,. 1 egHa.
    For example, y = e" is a solution of the differentia l eqiia lion iJ.,,, y.
    cl.,
    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

    21 .21
    Consider the differential equation
    iy
    --z+Y = O
    dx ... (i)
    Also, consider the 1:elation y = A cos x + B sin x
    where A and Bare arbitrary constan.ts. ...(ii)
    Differentiating (ii), with respect to x, we get
    ~ =-Asinx+Bcosx
    dx
    Differentiating this w ith respect to x, we get
    i = - A cos x - B sin x
    -1l d2
    => ....JI.. = d2
    dx
    2
    ax2 K+ y=O
    -y =>
    dx

    m
    TJ1is shows that Y ~ A cos x _+ B sh1 x ~atisfies the differentia I equation (i) and hence it is a
    solution of differential equ a t10n given m (i).

    o
    It can be<:"asily verified that Y "' 3 cos x + 2 sin :r, y =A cos x, y = B sin x etc., are also solutions

    .c
    of differential equ ation given in (i).

    du
    We firid that tl1e solution Y = 3 cos x + 2 sin x d oes not contain an y arbitrary constant whereas
    solutions y = A cos x, y = B sin x contain only one arbi trary constant. The solution y = A cosx

    oe
    + Bsinxcontains two arbitrary constants, so it is known as the general solution of (i) whereas aU
    other solutions are p ar ticular solu tions.
    ch
    GENERAL SOLUTION The solution which contains as many as arbitrary constants as the order of the
    differential equation is called the general solution of the differential equation.
    te

    For example, y = A cos x + B sin x is the general solut~on of ·the differen tial equation
    a-'
    m

    ~.1.y=D.
    dx-
    fro

    But, y =A cos xis not the general solution as it contains on e.arbitrnry constant.
    PARTICULAR SOLUTION Solution obtained by giving particular values to the arbitrary constants in the
    d

    general solution of a differential equation is called a particular solution. . . . . .


    For example, y =3 cosx + 2 sin x is a particu la r solution of the differ.ennal equatiOl\ (,).
    de
    oa

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

    I LEVEL-1 I
    nl

    EXA\1l'LP, 1 Show that y =Ax+ !!. , x * o is a solution of the differential equation


    w

    X:
    2
    do

    ? d y dy
    x- - 2 + X - - y =0
    dx dx
    S0L1JTION We have,
    ...(i)
    B
    y =Ax•-, x * 0
    X
    Differentiating both sides wi th respect to x, we get
    ... (iD
    dy = A-~
    dx x2
    Differentiating w ith respect to x, we get
    ... (iii)
    _61_ 28
    2
    dx = x 3
    =
    ►
    21.22

    d d2y . 2 dzy + x !!1L - Yi we get


    Substituting the values of y, .J!. and - 111 x d 2 • dx
    2
    X
    2d2y2+
    -
    dx
    dy y
    X -- -
    ii:\
    ~
    2(2:·J
    .r - + , [dx
    x3
    A 2B)
    X
    (:x+ BJ= 28
    X X
    +Ax - B
    X
    - Ax-~
    X
    "0
    . 2
    zd y dy
    Thus, the function y =Ax+!!. satisfies the differential equation x dx2 + x dx - Y = 0.
    X
    [)iifere
    Hence, y = A~·+ ~ is a solution of the given differential equation.
    X 2
    f
    EXAMPt£2 Slwwthatthefunctiony =(A+ Bx)e 3x isasolutionof theequation~-6 ~ + 91/•·,
    I
    I

    m
    SOLUTION \Ve have,
    y = {A+ Bx) e 3 x

    o
    .c
    Differentiating (i) with. respect to x1 we get
    !~ 3

    du
    = Be x + 3e 3 x (A + Bx)
    Hence,

    oe
    Differentiating (ii) with respect to x, we get
    I 2 EXA
    + 9e 3,; (A + Bx)
    3
    I d { = 6Be ...(;ii.
    ch
    I x
    dx
    2
    te
    d y dy 3 3 · '3 .. S 3..:
    -
    dx 2 - 6-
    dx
    + 9y = {6Be x + 9e x (A+ Bx)) - ,6J Se' x +..,,,.31:' x_{;A + B~)} + {9 (A+ B.x)e ·,.,,
    m

    3
    Thus, y =(A + Bx)e x satisfies the given dHferential eq~a tion. Hence: i:t is a solu tion of the gi,e'.
    fro

    differential equation.
    2 ;,;:,, ' - 2
    Show that y = ae x +be-xis a solzttion of the differential equation d Y - dy - 2y=C.
    d

    EXA.MPLEJ
    · · dx
    dx2
    de

    SOLUTION We have.,
    y=ae 2x + be- x
    oa

    =
    Differentiating (i) w ith respect to x, we get
    nl

    dy =: 2ae 2x - be-x Thi.-. s


    w

    dx
    do

    Differentiating (ii) with respect to x, w e get


    2
    d y = 4ae 2x + be-x
    ---·
    dx2
    2
    d Y _ dy 2y = (4ae 2 x +be-x)-(2ae2x - be
    dx2 dx
    Diffe
    So, y =ae 2x + be x sati/lfJes the given diffcrentidl Pqtmtlon.
    Hence, it is a solution of the given differf'ntial eq ual!on,
    EXAMPLE 4 Show that y = a cos (log x) 1 b sin (log :r) is a 1whllio11 of the differential eqw11ioll Differe
    2
    d dy
    X2 _}f_ + X - +y = Q
    dx2 dx
    ,,
    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

    21.23
    entU110N We have, y = a cos (log x) + b . (l ·
    ,~ . . su, og x)
    Differentiating with respect to x, we get
    dy = _ a sin (log x) + b cos (log x)
    dx x x -
    x ~~ = - a sil1 (log x) ~- b cos (log x)

    J)iffere.ntiating
    2
    both sides with respect to x, we obt,-in
    ........... ,
    x d y + dy = _ a cos (log x) b sin (log x)
    dx2dx x x
    2
    2 d y dy
    x dx2 + x dx = -[a cos (log x) + b sin (log x)]

    m
    =>

    o
    x2 diy + x dy = -y

    .c
    dx2 dx

    du
    d2 d
    => r2 .1/ + x ....J!..
    . dx 2 dx
    +y = 0, which is same as the given differential equation.

    oe
    Hence, y =a cos (log x) + b sin (log x) is a solution of the given differential equation.
    ch
    EXAMPLE s Show that y = ex + !!. is a solution of the iiifjerentiai equMiim y = x dy ... da .
    c dx Y
    te
    d..~
    SOLUTION We have,
    a
    m

    y = ex+ ... (i)


    C
    fro

    Differentiating with respect to x, we $e~ + ·,'

    __(ii)
    01J = C
    dx
    d
    de

    dy a
    x-+- = xc+-a
    dx dy C
    oa

    dx
    dy a [Using (i)]
    x- +-=y
    nl

    dx dy
    dx .
    w

    a . · en differential equation.
    This shows that y = ex + - is a solution of the giv
    do

    c x b - x + x2 is a solution of the diff~rentitll eq11atio11


    LXAMPLE 6 Show that xy =ae + e •
    \NClRf!
    X il·y + 2 dy - xy + xz - 2 = o.
    dx2 dx
    SOLUTION We have, ... l i)

    xy=aeX +be- X
    +x2
    Differentiating with respect to X, we get
    x dy + y = aex -be x 4 2x
    d.x t
    Differentiating this with respect to x, we ge
    x d2y + dy + dy = aex + be-x + 2
    dx2 dx dx
    21.24 ""flfN'fl.AL EO
    C)Jf'r""
    2 w tbat th
    x d y +2-·-
    d11 = ae x + be-x + 2 ('
    ..,1i1 5, 510
    l
    2 r. 2
    d.x dx d--,U. ·r 4y = o.
    . d2
    y dy ( x b -x ) ( x - x 2) 2 2 •Usmgr.,,
    2 _ ae + be + x + x - · = 01' ax-
    x- + 2 ..... -xy + x 2 -2 = ae + e ~ and r··
    dx2 dx 'J 6, Show that y =
    Thus, xy = aex + be- x + .i is a solution of the given differential equation.
    EXA..\lP1 E • Verify that the Junction y =Ci i·' cos bx ·r C2 eo.' sin bx, C1, C2 are arbi'-,.
    ""'r,· 7. Verify that y
    2 2 2
    constants is a $0/ution of the differential equation d { - 2a ddy + (a + b ) Y = 0. 1t\CE1i!] 2
    dx x 8. Verify that Y

    m
    SOLL"TION We have,
    ax ax

    o
    y = C1 e cos bx+ C2 e sin bx ..(11 9. Showtlu:ltAx

    .c
    Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
    !~ =

    du
    C 1 { a eax cosbx-b ea.' sin bx}+ C2 {a e°x sin bx + b eaxcos bx} 10. Show !hat Y =

    1= c
    oe
    ~ a { 1 eax cos bx+ C2 e•x sin bx}+ b {-c e•·'sin bx+
    1
    ch C2 eax cos bx}
    11. S"now thaty

    12.
    ~ dy = a y +b {-c 1 eax sin bx+ C2 ·eax cos bx} ...!ii; .,
    .7'J .,
    te
    dx
    Differentiating with respect to x, we get ix-
    .,
    -"--
    -
    , .
    l
    m

    .
    ,.
    -d-y • J.. - b C1e:ax cos b.x+a
    -=a -dy + b { - aC1e ax smv.x · C eax cosbx-bC eax smu,>
    2 2
    . L..,
    ·"· Ver.n th.at II
    fro

    dx2 dx ·,,,,
    14. Veri..:,. :..>iat II
    d
    2
    ; =a dy + ab {-c eaxsin bx+ C eax
    1 2 cos bx} _;1{c 1eax cos bx+ C2eax smlrx ',
    d

    dx- fi,x -
    15~ \ eri..>y tr.at
    .-
    de

    - - ayl[-b2 y
    2
    -i y du
    = a.::i'..+a {dy [Using (i) and 1iill
    oa

    dx2 dx dx 16. \ erih th..1t I/

    d2 y dy 22
    '
    nl

    :::;, - - 2a - + (a + b ) y =0 (1- 1-)


    dx2 dx J
    w

    Hence, the given function is a solution of the give,1 differential equ ation. i-
    \ <'nt\ th.:lt 11
    do

    EXERCISE .zt.3
    \S.
    I LEVEL-1 I \ eni, th,tt 11
    .,
    1 Show that y =bex + ce 2 x is a solution of the differential 0 , 1m1tion, ,( 11 _ 1 di/ ., ;:v 11 ( .- + .\'!) '
    ,1, 2 • d\ . I'l.
    ) ::,h,,,, th,11 the
    2. Verify thaty =4 sin 3x is a Holution C)f lhe difforr11tial 1,,111,1111,n ,t·{ 1 ,1 11 n. riy
    1/1'" ,fy
    t· 2 ,·1,
    •
    1 ~u.
    3. Show that y =ae2x + be xis a solution of ihll diJ/ere11ti.il t'LJtM I Ion 11' .~ ,ly 2,11 (), ::iho,, that y ,,,
    •'-' ,fa ,,,,,, ' l
    1
    4. Show that the function lj = A cos X + U sin x b d solution of lhe ,lilfrrl/nti,11 L-q1" Fllr t•a
    • c11 of th
    . I solution:
    d 211 (f'l I I!
    -"'- + y =' o.
    dx2
    ~ p1FFE:RENTIAL EOU_A_T-IO
    _N
    _S
    _ ~- - --=ia:c::::::::;:'f:~==:E~

    A co9 2, 21.25
    5. SJww tbal lht- function y /lsin2,·
    2 ,, ,, sol111i0t1 of th ., 1·
    ,t !I + 411 ().
    ? •
    !' ul ft'f<'r'tli,,l ('<jll,1hon
    dx- l II I :!1Kl7 I
    41,lh . . I . 2
    i,. Show t1,at Y , a ~o ut1011 of llw diflt't<'nl' 1
    '" . tf 11 2
    in l''1l10hon
    dx 2
    I[c/11 )
    y ,ty
    7, Verit\ ti
    1· . l
    ,,,t 1/ - aI + , i:s il so ution ot the, difforcnlia l cquRtion ti 2
    II • 2. ( 1/11
    2
    I n.
    , dx x dx 1
    s. Veri1Y th.~t y· 4111 is a :.olution of the d iffoi\'nlial equation y v dy + dx
    11
    dx dy

    +[ £!1!.) ~ =y~.
    2 2
    lis a soh.1tion of thediffarentialequatlonx Jy'IJL

    m
    •. Show that Ai + Fly
    1 dx
    2
    , dx I dx

    o
    .c
    3 2
    10 Show that JI= 11x + bx + c is a solution of the differentia l equation !!.:Jt. =6a.
    dx 3

    du
    .1 Show that y =
    1
    c- x
    + ex is a solution o f the differential equa tion (1 + x2) t + (1 + y2) =o.
    ' Show that y = ex (A cos x + B s in x) is th e solution of the differential equation
    oe
    ch
    2
    d
    _JI_ dy + 2y =0
    - 2 -· [:'.CERT[
    d/
    te
    dx
    2
    2
    13. Verif}' that y =ex+ 2c is a solution of the differential equation 2 ( : ~) + x !~ -y = 0.
    m
    fro

    :·.:;~: :.:::::~::::::::: :~-:\:'_(~fr::2'


    1
    d

    : : : :::::.-: ;,
    de

    -1 .
    oa

    16 Verify that y _ cetan xis a solution of the differential equabon


    d2 dy
    (} + x 2 ) J = o.
    nl

    + ( 2x - J) -
    dx2 dx 2
    ,ly -rn2 V: ll
    w

    17. Verify that y = em cos


    1 •
    x satisfies the d iffere ntial equation .
    • (1 - r2) £!J_
    . di
    X -
    d.\
    do

    18. Verify that y = log (x + ,jx2 + a2)2 satisfies Lhe differen tial equation
    2
    2 2 d y du
    (a +X ) · +X ~- = 0.
    dx2 dx
    19· Show th.at the.differential equation of w hic,j Y 2(x2
    dy 3
    - +2xy=4x ,
    dx t' .,,1·11 1.
    . f th. di ffer<•ntlal ,•,1u,1 ion 1 ,,,.,
    29· Sh owthat y=e-x+ax+bissolu\Jono ~ .· dunct!onls,\
    . f thf\t tlw n,-coinp,rn> u,g
    21 . . t' l equations ver1 y
    · For each of th e following d,ffercn 1a
    solution:
    j
    21.26
    fu11cfio11
    C)lffE:R
    i::N1'1AL- fQU
    l
    le the clif
    Differential equ/ltion for eJCaJ1.~P ,
    (i) dy = y
    _z +C, whe
    X
    if_t . r.!'~z,,.;
    1
    i,y _.,1y we ~
    of t]:\iS fan= ,
    (ii) + Y~ = 0
    X
    dx . y ::Swh
    (t) --5 i.e.
    ( "') dy
    lllXdx..i-y=y
    2
    y . thC diffe
    l sirriilarl)',
    (iv) x 3 d Y
    2
    =1 • -t- b
    Y -- ax -1 -
    2x
    •vef1 by y == 3X
    2

    d.x2 gi
    ·f we warit t
    y = 1-(x±a>2 NoW, t
    (v) y = (dyJ2 4

    m
    dx .
    requtre the differ]

    o
    _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROBlE•
    y' (0) , = - 2.

    .c
    4. v.re have, It follows b"on:1 the~•

    du
    y = A cos x B sin x l.lile the differ
    .L
    req . b
    2 dependent varia

    oe
    ⇒ dy = -Asinx+Bcosx and d Y == - A cos x - B sin x These values are
    dx dx2
    independent varia
    ch
    d2; =-y or, d2y + y =0 The differential e
    ⇒
    ax- dx 2 initial value probl
    te

    This is the given dilierential equation. So, y =A cos x + B sin x satisfies the ~\,
    differential equation. Hence, y = A cos x + B sin x is the solution of the given differ{!r_
    m

    equation.
    fro

    12. We have, y = ex (A cos x + B sin x) EX..\\IPLE l Veri


    d11
    ⇒ -~ = eX (A cos x + B cos x) + eX (- A sin x + B cos x) value prob/mi - - -
    dx
    d

    dx
    ⇒
    SOLUTLO:--;- \Ve
    de

    dy = y + ex (- A sin x + B cos x)
    dx ~ =sin .t
    d_i,
    oa

    d2y dy X ( A . X - =:: C
    ⇒ dx2 = dx + e - sin x + B cos x) + e ( - A cos x - B sin x) dx
    Thus.•.~ == sin x -
    nl

    2
    d y dy x( . Als,), wh<:>n x =O,
    ⇒ dx2 = dx + e - A sin x + B cos x) - y
    w

    Rt:'n.:;e .~ = sin 1:
    do

    Subtracting (ii) from (iii), we get


    E\A\trt t :! Shoi
    d2!f.. - dy = dy - 2y ⇒ d2.¥_ - 2 dy + 2 - 0
    dx2 dx dx dx2 dx y - -~' lO),,, '.l. 11 ,, (O)
    ~.1l 1.JTION. We
    This is the given differential equation. So' y -- ex (A co
    . s X + 8 sm . f'\CS tht"1rtt,•l"'''
    . X) Sil tis '
    equation. Hence, it is the solution of the o•
    <riven diffe ren lia I equat10n
    • Y=::i+
    21 .4 INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS dy
    11111 X "' 2 .
    ~d
    In section 21.2, we have seen that a first order different'1<1 l c•qw,tion
    . represents il on ul' e-fl<lr, \
    family of curves, a secon d order differcntial equation re ,r,. 1 · . net er f1111 1 .
    curves, and so on. Therefore, if we wish to s . } . esei ts a two-par.u 101,111
    · dd' · th d' -f . pecify a particular member of sud' a Mir
    curves, th enm a 1tion to e it erenhal equation w . . d'tion:' ''11·'
    specificationofthepararneter(s). Theseconditi e require some othe1 con _ 1 ·11~•·•''1 E\lso
    to the unknown function (dependent variable)
    the domain of definition of independent variable.
    :n:i 51
    ~\g~erally prescri_bed_ by aS ~ /p<ti0 '
    a ous order denvattves at
    5
    '
    ► plf f l.
    • ·Rf NTIALi,;QUATIONS

    I l·• lilt• dlirt•1'('11li11 I t',111,,tion dy


    1t•X,ll l111 ~, 4 ~,v fl•pi't'l.i.11 l11
    I ll · , ,• th ' 0111 · p.tr,mwti•, (;;rnily ,,f r11rvt••i !¥'t<:,;
    , 2 1C, when•{ 11< ,, pur,1m,.1,•1·. 111 onk•i 1 .
    LiY !I 2· . "Hp<•<•tf Yii ('Ml 1< ular rn<-rnbi•r, •,~y I/ 2-x-·2 ♦ ~, ,
    this f,1n1i1y, w<• rc•c1t111·l• ti1c , li(fc•n•111 i,1) t'llt1,1fi,,11 rIIf
    ,lf d~ 4x ,ind Onr• mor" ,·1,nd1Hr,n, n-:1rn••I,
    y( I) 5 i.,•.y Swhcn ·'" I.
    2
    , 'Jirly lht' differential l'qu,1licm d !I
    S111tl' ' dx2
    6 o rn prt•tt<in 1H two paramel<•r f,imily of c,1 rv~

    given by !I ;1x2 l- ax+ Ii where II and l1 arc porainl'lcrs.

    Now, if we· w,111l lo $pecify a piirlicul:r member, say y sx2 -2x + 1, of this famlly. 'I hen, wv.

    , '1•n, the diffeJ'ential equation d _}/_2 - 6; 0 -•


    l'"qltl and two cond htons,
    .,. namely y (01 =1 and

    m
    dx

    o
    11' (0) = 2.

    .c
    it follows fr(1m the above discussion lha t to specify a particular member of a family of curves, we
    require the differential equation representing the given family of curves and the values of

    du
    dependent variable and its various order de rivatives at some point of the donwn of definition.
    111ese values are generally prescnbed a t only o ne point of the domain of definition of

    oe
    independent variable and are generally referred to as initial values or initial conditions.
    The differential equation with these ini tial values or initial condmons is generally known as an
    ch
    mitial rnlue problem.
    te

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

    I I
    m

    LEVEL-1
    Verify that the fu nction defined by y "' sin x - cos x, x eR _is a solution of the imtial
    fro

    EXAMPLE 1

    11{/lue prol>lem dy = sin x + cos x, y (0) = - 1.


    dx
    d

    SOLUTION We have,
    de

    y=sin x-cosx
    '!JI. = cos x 1- sin x, which is the given differential equation.
    oa

    ~ .. 1~~
    Thus, y = sin x - co& x satisfies the differential given equation and hence it 15 a sou
    nl

    Also, when x =0, y =sin O - cos O=0 - l = - 1 i.e. Y (0) =- l.


    w

    •
    Hence, y "' sin x - cos x is a solution of the given ·ID!·tia Lva11e
    t
    problem · d'~
    do

    . h · · · / a/11e problemJ =0, Y (O) = 1


    EXAMPLE 2 Show that y = x2 + 2x + 1 is t:he solu/ion oft e untra v . dx3

    Y'(0)= 2, y"(0)aa2.
    SOLUTION We have
    2
    y=x +2x+ 1
    '
    2 d 3y . diffl•n•nliJl t'cllt.ltt,,n.
    d!f_ d y 0, ,.vhich is the given
    - "' 2x + 2 - = 2 and - 3 =
    dx , dx2 dx 3
    d' I/ o.
    Thus, y=.r2 + 2x + 1 satisfic5 the differential equation d:x3

    Also,
    d2y
    y = x2 + 2x + 1, dy = 2x + 2 and d:x2 ,. 2
    dx
    21.28

    ⇒ - 2 and 1/" (0) = 2·


    ·,
    y (0) = l 'y
    (0) - I . . t' al value problem.
    2 . 1 · ti s Jlution oft ,c rm 1'
    Hence, y = x ·• 2x + 1s w • t , ( e R) •satisfies the initial va/
    I ,111 :I &11 ,1,(x) = cos x x 1 /Jep, ~
    EXAMPLE3 Shou>that lhefunctioll ell ~f <'' .~ ~'
    1 1-111
    2
    d Y + y = O , y (0) = 1, y ' (0) = 0.
    2
    dx
    SOLUTION We have,
    <i>(x) "' COS X
    = cp' (x) = -Sill X and <I>" (X) = -cos X
    ⇒

    m
    <l>'(x) = -sinx and <l>"(x) = -<!>(.\'.) .
    Clearly, if we rl:'place <I> by y in q,' · (x) = - <I> ( x), we obtam

    o
    2 2

    .c
    d y ., _ y or d y + y = o, which is the given differential equation.
    dx 2 'dx 2

    du
    Thus, <I> (x) satisfies the given differential equation for all x ER•
    forms:

    oe
    Also, <l>(0) = cos 0 = 1 and <I>' (0) = - sin 0 = 0
    ⇒ y(0) =1 and y'(0) = 0
    ch
    So, <!>satisfies the initial conditions. Hence, <J>satisfics the initial value problem.
    te
    m

    For each of tlze foll.owing initial value problems .verify that the accompanying function is II solttiwn:
    fro

    Differential equation "'


    Functfon
    dv
    1. =1 y (1) =0
    d

    X -·
    dx
    1
    y = logx
    de

    2.!!J/. =y,y(O)=l
    dx
    oa

    d2 ir.tegral Cl.
    3. 2+y = 0 ,y(0) = 0,y'(0) = 1 ctmesfor
    dx2
    nl

    All th~ ..-,_1


    w

    4. dzy - dy = 0, y (0) = 2, y' (0) - 1 ;littert'nti


    do

    dx2 dx oi ru:,;t <.>rd

    5. dy + y = 2, y(0) = 3 :? s.2 so
    dx · !}=e
    - x ~2 .-\,- di$ct1<:
    dz
    -"
    6. _J_ +y 0,y(0) 1,y' (0) = 1 f
    2
    dx
    2
    7. d Y
    2
    y = O, y (OJ =- 2, J/' (0) ()
    dx
    d2 y dy
    8. - - 3 - + 2y = (), 1/ (O) 2, !J' (0) 1
    dx2 dx , !I
    2
    9. d y - 2 dy + 1/ =0, I/ ( 0) 'J , .I/ ' ( 0) - 2
    d.i dx ,
    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

    .5 GENERAL FORM OF A FIRST-ORDER 21.29


    21 FIRST-DEGREE
    A differential equation 0£ first ol'der and f , DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
    . dy rrsl degn•c involv,. ti .
    dependentvanable Y and - . So, it cai, b . €~ ie mdcpendent variable x
    dx . fnrms:
    e put in «ny mw of tlw foll<> wmi:; ,

    ~ = f (1·, y)
    dX
    du . $(x, y) ...(i)

    or,;[; == ~ (x 'y() J .. (ii)

    or, Jngeneral f :y
    x,y, x =0,wheref(x,y)andg{x'y)·.we obviously
    . the function~ of x and I/·

    In the d1apter on differentials and approximatio


    ' ns,. we h ave proved that if dx and d d
    differentialsofvariablesxandy,thendy=dy · · Th eref.
    dx dx . Y enote

    m
    ore, equations (i) & (ii) can be written as

    o
    dy = f (x, y) d.x and, dy = $(x, y) dx or A.(x 11) dx _ 1 ( , ) d
    \JI (X I y) ' 'I' I I' XI y y

    .c
    V • -

    du
    torms: a first-order first-degree differential equation is expreS8ible in on e o f th e followmg
    ~ence, •

    oe
    dy _ .(
    dx - f x,y) or, dy _ 4>(x,y)
    dx - ~(x,y) or, dy=f(x,y)dx or, f(x,y)dx+ g(x,y)dy~O
    ch
    21.5.1 GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST
    te

    ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE


    The general form of a first order and first degree differential equation is
    m

    .r(x, y, ~~ }=o ..(i)


    fro

    We know that the tangent of the direction of a ctirve in cartes.ian rectangular coordinates at any
    d

    point is given by dy, so the equation in (i) can be known as an eguation which establishes the
    de

    dx
    relation.ship between the coordinates of a point and the s.lope of the tangent i.e., dx
    dy to the
    oa

    integral curve at that point. Solving the differential equation given by (i) means finding thost.>
    nl

    cur,,es for which the d irection of tangent at each po1nt coincides with th~ di.r:dion of the tield
    ~ the curves represented by the general soltttion when taken together will gffe the locust._,t 1 t~e11
    w

    diff~rential equation. Si.nee there is one arbitra ry constant in the ge1wr~l solt'.no.n ~f the :'1 )' ~'-
    do

    of first order, the locus of the equation ca11 be said to be made up of single mflnit) ot cur-<~-
    21 •5-2 SOLUTION OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
    t 1
    As discussed earlier a first order and first degree diffcren ~ial t'qut1tion can be'' n b:'n • "
    dy f(x, y) . Jy •( 11)
    f(x,y)dx + g(x,y)dy = O or, -dx == 8 -- --
    (x, !f) 01, -
    ,/., '" .,,

    where/
    It . (x, y) and g (x, y) are obviously the f11ndil)n!i . ,if x'l'Iand. I/, ,., . t'ia1
    ,l111lun ,,1 lhu, tVf"' ,,t ""t,•tt•n
    not always possible to solve this lypc ,1{ t'<Jl.1<1 lwm,. w si 111. , 11 , l ,r l t,irms ln th<'
    15
    efqlluations is possible only when il fa lli, undPr tlw r,, lt.'(gury
    11 1 11 111
    iit,~~~•tl\:,~1~
    :,;,,bt,,111i;,l-\ tlWi1'
    0 owing section we will discuss some of tlw titand• '< t • H tim ·
    solutions.
    21 -6 METHODS OF SOLVING A FIRST ORDER FIRST ~ EGREEl1itlons 1,i (olll>wing typc•s of
    In th' • · • O f ob t untng so •
    d' 1s se_ction, we shall discuss several tee11n1queh '
    ifferent1al equations.
    21.30

    e
    (i) Differential equations of the foim ddy = f (:x). J,1
    ., "' -e
    X
    :?
    (ii) Differential equations of the forn1 _dd!f. =- f (y). ]J'.ltegrating bot
    .t
    (ill) Differential equations in variable separable fortn.
    (iv) Differential equations reducible to variable separable form.
    J dy "'

    (v) Homogeneous differential equations.


    (vi) Linear differential equations. ::>
    riv ==> y = 1o.
    21 .6., DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF THE TYPE J'x ~ f (x) = lo
    11
    To solve this type of differential equations we integt·ate both sides to obtain the general soh11.
    ~rlf, = ~ Jog1

    m
    as discussed below.
    \Ive have, Hence, y =log

    o
    dv EX,\.Mrl..E 2 Sa

    .c
    a: =f(x) ~ dy = f(x) dx dy
    (i) (;r - 2) dx

    du
    Integrating both sides, we obtain .
    J dy = Jf(x) dx + C or, y = f f (x) dx + C , which gives the general solution of tbe SOf.vlION (i)

    oe
    diffei·ential equation. (:c -2)
    Following examples will illu.$1:):ate the p rocedure.
    ch
    ILLU~TRATIY.E !;XA . -~
    te

    f LEVEL-1 j ........
    m

    EXAMJ'LE 1 Solve:
    fro

    (i) dy =-x- {NCERfr lnt.,gratini; bo~


    dx x2 + 1
    SOLUTIO"l (i) 1/1/e have, .i "'.• =
    d

    dy X
    de

    dx = x2 +1
    = j Jv =
    oa

    X
    ;:;, dy = 2
    dx
    X +1 X
    y =
    nl

    integrating both sides, w-e get


    Cl~,'\rh, it is d;
    '
    w

    fdy = f 2x dx
    X +1
    do

    Idy = l- J 2x dX
    2 x2 +l
    1 2
    ⇒ y - Jog I x + l f + C
    2
    Clearly, y = i log I :r2 + 1 I I C is defined for al l x < R.
    1 2
    y =2 log Ix
    Hence, 1 11 + C, x f? I{ is lhl! sol ution
    °r II'"' !-\l\, 1t'n d 1.1fc,n•ntial 1-·qlwt1,,n.
    (ii) The given differential eq uallons is
    X -x dy X X
    (e + e ) - = (e - e )
    dx

    :::;,
    01FFERENTIAI-EQUA~T~IO
    ~N: S~ - - - - - - -- -- - -- - -- - - - -- -

    21.31
    1/ - e-x
    dv
    • = -X --- , . dx
    e +e ·
    Lntegrating both sides, we get
    X - l•

    Jdy = f e ~ dx
    ex + e- ·'

    =:!> Jdy = f ~t , where I!'- + r- x = 1


    ::::} y = iog I t I + C
    ~ y = log I e" + e- x I + c.
    Clearly, y = log I ex + e- x I + C is defined f or a ll x e R.
    Hence, y = log I e-''< + e- "' I + C , x E R is the so Iution
    . of lhe given d.ff

    m
    1 ·a1
    E\AMr LE 2 Solve the following differential t. erenti equation.

    o
    . dy equa 10ns:
    2
    * _2 =sm. 3 x cos2 x + x e"

    .c
    (1) (x + 2) i,,_
    u
    = X + 4x - 9, x n ) dy
    (.. dx

    du
    SOLUTION (i) We have,
    (x + 2) d!f_ = xz + 4x - 9

    oe
    dx
    dy x 2 +4x-9
    ch
    -= [·; xst- - 2]
    dx x+2
    te

    ⇒ dY - -rx2 +4x - 9 ]
    ~
    --- dx
    m

    x+ 2
    fro

    T Integrating both sides, we get


    2
    x+4x-9
    Id
    y = - -- d x
    x+2 J
    d
    de

    ⇒ Jdy = J(x+2-~)dx
    x+2
    oa

    x2
    Y =- + 2x - 13 log I x + 2 I + C
    nl

    2
    Oearly, it J.S defined for all x e R, except x = - 2.
    w

    is the solution of the given diffort'nttJ!


    do

    x2
    Hence, y + 2x -13 Jog I x + 2 I + C, x e. R - f2i
    2
    equation.
    3 2
    (ii) We have,!~ = sin x cos x + x ex

    ⇒ dy = (sin 3 x cos2 x + x l'x) dx


    Integrating both sides, we get
    Jdy = J' (sin 3 x cos2 x + x l'x ) dx
    1
    Jdy = J sin 3 x cos2 x dx I Jx 1' dX
    J dy = Jcos2 x (1 - cos2 x) sin x dx + J 1f r'If dr
    y = - Jt2 {] - t2) di + { x ex - J / dx}' where I"' cos\
    21.32

    1
    ⇒ y = -{ : -~} +(xe~· -c') +C

    y = - -l cos 3 x + -I cos·~ x + r <' ' - " ·' + C


    3 5
    1 ~ l s ,. x c · defined fo1· al I ' 1 N ·
    Clearly, - - cos· x + co.s· , + x c - c • 15 y ""
    5
    3
    Hence, 11 = - J cos 3 .\ 1- 1 s . .t ,x C, 1 • N is a solution o f the g1vc11
    - cos ,. + x <' - t ~
    .
    di/l(•r.,,
    -.,,1
    " 3 5 JhiS i~ the re
    equation. We have,
    EXAMPlF 3 $1Jlt1r· {ii)
    , 4x
    l d, 31''".r + 3c
    (i) dy (ii) ,[ = -
    . 4 T tfr i +e x

    m
    ti:t Sm X + COS X

    o
    SOLUTION (i) \Ale l1ave,
    dy =

    .c
    1 ily
    dx . 4 4
    sm x+ cos x dx

    du
    l d11
    = dy = -
    4
    - -4- dx

    oe
    sin x+ cos x f dy
    Integrating both sides, we get
    ch
    J dy = f .4 Slll
    1
    X+ COS
    4 - dx
    X
    If =
    te

    se; 4 x d.,y
    [
    Dividing numerator and denominator on RHS by cos••
    = If=
    m

    tan x+I EXA:I.U'LE4


    fro

    2 2 :--Oll TIOX \
    = Jdy = J sec x -sec x dx t'J,
    tan 4 x+l
    d

    2 2
    f dy = J (1 + tan
    de

    ⇒ x) sec x dx
    tan 4 x+ l ::::. :iy
    oa

    2 U\tt>gn.t!~~
    l+t d
    ⇒
    r
    . dy = J --
    4
    t I where t =tanx J l
    1 +t
    nl

    1
    w

    1 +2
    r t dt
    •r y = . ,2 + _1_
    d
    do

    [ Divid ing 1unncrat()r and de1wmin,1tN l•\ '.


    t2
    ] + 1- y :::;
    ⇒ I dy =f - t2
    -i di

    (,-;J +2

    ⇒ II

    1 - J
    ⇒ y = 7 ta n
    -v2
    onr I !ll:NTIAL l "QUATIONS

    ,:,'"' 'lJ} l'


    21.33

    .II I C

    V1 l,111
    I ( 1,111 '
    /?. ~Ill I ) ,. (

    2
    i·'') ;3(, :l., ( l e2~°)
    .,,
    ,Iv 3c r ( I I
    l'2.r I I ( I I ix)
    I

    m
    \'
    ('

    o
    d11

    .c
    "--
    ,/\
    11

    du
    d_11 - 3,•· dx
    J dy J e:tr rlx
    l
    ⇒ = 3 [In tegrating both sides]

    => y=3e :l,-+c


    oe
    ch
    ( 3

    ⇒ 3 + C, which is the required so lutio n.


    te
    _11 = ,, x

    E.\A\IPlE ~ Solve the initial value problem /dy/ dx ) = x + 1.; y(O) =5.
    m

    :,(>U,TION We are giyen that


    fro

    lYtd-'=x+l

    ⇒ dy = log (x + 1)
    d

    dx
    de

    ⇒ cfy = log (x + 1) dx
    Integrating both sides, we get
    J
    oa

    1 - ciy = log (x + 1) · ] dx
    J . I II

    f
    nl

    y = x log (x + 1) - _x_ dx
    · x+ l
    w

    x+ l - 1
    ⇒ y = x Jog (x + 1) - J x+ l - - - dx
    do

    ~ y = x log (x + 1) f [1 - x: l) dx
    •.. ( i)
    ~ y - x log (x 1) - x + log (x + l) + C
    1
    It is given that y(O) = 5 i.e., when x = 0, we have .I/ - 5 · iSubslitutin~ 1 0, ,ll 5 in (!)l
    5 "' log 1 - 0 + log 1 I· C
    ~ C = 5
    Substituting the value of C in (i), w1.; gel
    y = xlog(~ + 1)- x 1 log(x I l) 1 5 r· I l'(>t ," [I ·••· e( I ,<X>).
    we observe that x log (x + 1) - x + log (x ·I 1) 1 "·. J e tnL'< - -r I
    > ts · . ,o) is th,! ~ol.itio11 of the given mt 1"
    Hence,y =x log (x + 1) x + log (x + 1) 1 5, whe re.I 1" ( - ' 1
    Value p roblem.
    21 .34
    i;:~eN·nAL
    01FF
    r ,.EVEL-1 i l l. Y
    ~ 10g Is
    2.
    Solw tire followin~ diffm•1il inf rqll/lli,111~ ( 1-21): X
    dy 2 . I dy ../' 1 ., 2 2 ,xtl! 12, I/ 4
    l. - =X L\ , .\ :; 0 l, rfv ~-
    ~ X •
    dy p . y "' 6I (/'
    4. (r ~ I) ,x
    2
    3 ddy + 2.-,, _ .3., I
    •. ., J ?• I/ cs jlfl .2
    11
    s. !!- = i - ,,,s -~ ICBSE 20021 6· (., + 2) ~!/_ Jf,. y "' 2 SJJ1
    ,fr 1 + COti ,\' X

    ,~• ...-..
    di/ ==tan - I X
    B. d!f. =- log X Jl\. If..,, 21 log
    dx dx

    m
    ldy_tar-1· d fl - X
    X, X * 0
    9, - - - - 3 2
    1 10. .If CC)$. X sin X ·I X V2X + 1 20. y ~xe
    A dx

    o
    dx
    11. (sin x + cos x) dy + (cos x - sin x) dx =0 I

    .c
    dy . 2 l - . 1/ "' -2 log
    "1
    12. - - .\ S111 X =- - - dy= .'\.5 tan - J (x3)
    13. -

    du
    dx x log x dx 22. 1/-1 =X

    14. sin 4 x dy =cosx

    oe
    15. cos x dy - ,os 2x = cos 3x 24. C (x) =2
    dx dx
    16. ✓1 - x 4 dy=xdx
    ch
    17. .Ja + x dy + x dx = 0
    18. (1 T x 2)dy
    - - x = 2 tan - 1
    x
    te

    dx [NCE.RT, CBSF.lf. 15. \Ve :have,


    19. dy = x log x dlf x 5 2
    20. .....,_ = X e - - +
    m

    dx COS X
    dx 2
    3 2
    fro

    21. (x + x + x + J) r!Y.. = 2x2 + x


    dx [NCERT, CBSE ~
    Solve the follmoing initial value problems: (22-26)
    d

    ~!J= k; y(O) =1
    =- '!,"==s-
    de

    22. sin ( tlv/ d x


    23. e · =x + l; y(0)=3 1- . \\"e h.:n-e,
    oa

    24. C'(x)=2, 0.15 x ; C(0)=100 dy


    25, X -- +1 =: 0; ·y ( - ] ) = 0
    dx
    ) dy
    nl

    2
    26. x ( x -1 dx = l; y (2) =0
    iC!lSf ~
    w

    - - - --------- - - - ---- --
    do

    ANSWEill
    x3 x2
    1. y=-+3 ---
    2 log Jx J+C 2 • X x" 3
    · Y =-~- 2 k,g J ., I I L"
    2 1 3x 6 3
    3. y +x " r +C
    3 4. I/ tn11 J ,\' l ( '

    X ?
    s. y = 2 tan -x+-C \'-
    2 "· .I/ 2 f ' 1 /, log I 1 I .!I H • :;::., c!JL"'
    1 2
    7. y = x tan x ½log I 1 1 x I I C II. II
    <i.Y
    \ (log ' I) I t'
    l 1 C Integ,.-,,ti.n
    9. y =2J (x. z+)l tan X 2 X I
    !J "'
    1 . 3 1 . 5 J .,/)
    10. y= sm x - sm x I (2x + l) l (2x + l) ~/2 r C
    3 5 10 (,
    OlFFERENTIAt. EQUATIONS
    21,35
    11. y+ Jog I sin x or cos x i =C
    x2 x si n 2x cos 2x
    12, y= - - 8 + log I log xi+ c
    4 4
    1 3 1 3
    13, y=!. (.-r61an- x -xJ+ tan x )+c 14. .v~ 1
    coscc 3 x-1 C
    6 3
    15. y =sin 2x - x + 2 sin x - log I sec x + tan x I + c
    . 1 ( X2) + C·
    16, I/= -1 Su'I l7 2(
    · 2 · .1/ 1 a + x)'3/2 2a fa , x =C
    3
    18. •11 = !2 log I 1 + x2 I + (tan - 1 x/ + C 1...·,. Y _- 1 x 2 1ogx- -+C x2
    X X ]
    2 4
    20. y =x I' e - 2x + - sin 2x + C
    4

    m
    21. y = i log Ix + 113
    + log (x2 + 1) - itan,
    - x +c
    4

    o
    2 2

    .c
    1
    22. y -1 = x sin - (k) 23. y = (x + 1) log (x + 1) - x + 3

    du
    14. C (x) = 2x + (0- 15) -
    x2
    2
    + 100 25. y = -log I xi 26. y =log~r3 1 x-1) x2
    1

    oe
    \
    _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROBLEMS
    ch
    SF.2PO';'j "' I dy cos3x+cos2x
    15. ne 1ave,-
    te
    dx cosx
    3 2
    dy 4 cos x - 3 cos x + 2 cos x - l
    :::;.- =
    m

    dx cosx
    rn :rn10 ⇒ dy
    fro

    =4 cos2 x - 3 + 2 cos x - secx = 2 +-2cos2x- 3+ 2cosx-secx


    dx
    ⇒ y -=sin 2x-x+ 2sin x - log(secx+ tanx) + C
    d

    ~ dy - - '']ii/ -[./a+X rf+x\


    17

    w,:::~
    de

    ,2_ "' dx. + dx


    ✓a + x a+x ' 'Ii a + x •
    oa

    Now, integrate both sides to obtain the general solution.


    nl

    18. We have,
    2 dy
    w

    -1
    (1+x)~-x=2 tan x
    dx
    do

    ⇒ (1 + x ) dy = x + 2 tan - 1 X
    2
    dx
    - 1
    ~ dy = _x_+z tan
    dx l + x2 1 + x'J·

    :::::. dy = .!_ ( 2x-) + 2 tap - 1 x. ~


    ~ 2 1+ x2 1 +x

    lntegratinf both sides, we get I


    y = 1og (1 + ;r2) + 2 tan -
    2
    J 1
    x d (tan r)
    - 1 )2
    1 2 (tan x C
    or, y = log (1 + x ) + 2
    2
    +
    2
    21.36

    2
    or, y =] log (1 + r2} + (Ian l x) ·I C
    2
    21. Wehave,
    (.r3 + .\2 + X + 1) dy c 2i + x
    dx
    ⇒ (x + 1) (.i ·, l) 0J 2/ + ,
    d.,·
    dy 2.i +x
    ⇒ dx = (x + 1) (.i:2 ~ 1)
    Integrating both sides with respect to x, we get
    2
    2x + x d

    m
    •
    V ~
    I ---=c-- 2
    (x + 1) (x + 1)
    X
    (ii} vve have

    o
    3 1

    .c
    - x -- dx

    ⇒ y
    I 1 2· 2
    = 2 (x + 1) + :i:2 + 1- dx
    [Using partialfrac;:.. dy

    du
    -::::,. dx
    ⇒ = !_ J-1- dx+~ f 3x-1 dx

    oe
    y 1nte--,;ratil"lg
    2 x+l 2 x 2 +1 ch jd:c
    ⇒ y = l J-l- dx + -lf3x
    -?
    - dx - 1
    - f l dx
    -=--- X
    . 2 X +] 2 x- + 1 2 x2 + 1
    te
    EXA.,U't.E ~
    ⇒ y = 1- loglx + JI + -3 J 22x 1
    dx - - J 1
    +l dx
    x2
    m

    2 4 x Tl 2

    = 1 3 2 1 - 1
    fro

    y = log I x -"- 1 I+ log I x + 1 I - 2 t.1n x ,.. C ~!x


    2 4 dy
    = dx
    d

    21 .6.2 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF THE TYPE dy = f (!f)


    dx · d.x
    de

    To solve this type of differential equations we integrate both sides to obtain the general so:ua; = d11
    as d iscussed under:
    oa

    -:::- d,
    dJ = f(y)
    dx
    nl

    dx = 1- , provided that f (y) ., 0


    w

    ⇒
    dy f(y) s
    do

    1
    ⇒ dx = f(y) dy '
    Integrating both sides, we obtain

    J dx =
    1
    f(y)
    f-
    dy l C or, x = f -f(y)1 di/+
    .
    C St.1/ 1~r 1011 f l

    :'\OLuno..
    Following examples wi ll illu1;trate the pnw,,clum.
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

    l LEVEL- 1 j
    EXAMPLE 1 Solve:
    d
    (i) _Jf_ = --2 ---
    I (..11) dy
    - ~sec 11
    dx y + sin y dx •
    ,,....-:A
    ~L
    ~:Q
    ~U
    :A:Tl:O
    :N
    :S-----~---2iiac::::~~5~
    ~It 01fff:flE••
    21.37
    (i) We have,
    \)110"' 1
    S(JL dy - - - ~ -
    d; - y4 +siny
    , 2 .
    d = y + S111 y
    :_::
    ~ dy
    ,ix "' (/ + sin y) dy
    ~ tu'" both sides, we obtain
    f f
    ,~1egra odx = (y2 4 sin y) dy
    3
    ;:) ·x = L-
    3 - cos y + C, which is the requue
    • . d solution.

    m
    dy
    ") We have, -d = secy

    o
    ()1 X

    .c
    '!!:..,_!._=cosy
    -::> dy secy

    du
    -==> dx = cos y dy

    oe
    Integrating both sides, we obtain
    Jdx = Icos y dy ch
    -::> x = sin y + C, which is the required solution.
    te

    1:XAMPLE2 Solve: !!}I + y "'l


    dx
    m

    SOlt.'TION 1
    Ne have,
    fro

    dy+y==l
    dx
    ~ = 1-y
    d

    dx
    de

    d.x 1
    -=--
    tion dy 1-y
    oa

    1
    dx = - - dy
    1-y
    nl

    Integrating both sides, we get


    w

    j dx = f _!:.._..dy
    do

    1-y • • ,i-. uired solt.1lion. . •


    x = log l 1 - y l + C' which is ,..,e req I Jind th,' fot r<':-1•,•1r.ht1~
    ~ 2 - 0 y (l) = l ,mt
    2
    l'XA\trtE 3 Solve the initial value prob/em dx- + !1 - '

    ·so!·"·1·ion curve.
    SOLUTION Wehave dX
    dy 2 ' qy_ ,= -2!}2 ~ dy '°
    --+ 2y = 0 ⇒
    dx dx
    lnte<»- • e gel .. (il
    .,,al:ing both sides w ith respect to !f, w

    Jdx :: J- ~ dy
    2y2
    1
    X"" -+C
    2y
    -1 ~

    m
    > J

    o
    ~,':y ~:t.· ri:Jllv;....r.sJ:·a;•.,.enta:, t'"tf.1~:-4.~ns~ =:> k•ffl
    ■

    .c
    '
    ■ a:> lo-=

    du
    I• -

    oe
    ::::,

    ------- ---------- - - - ------ -ANS~E~


    1. :r - -,1 Jo,: I I - .11-1
    - =C
    ch
    ~
    . -' 1 '
    3. x- coty=C -'. X=L--!0'!!11;-
    ~ l o . -lf-C a
    te

    .;. X - c.-oty - _11=C :::..xa10." l


    21.6 3 EOUAT O S ,~ VARIABLE SEPARABLE FORM '
    ,;ec-x
    m

    If the diiierenlial <:-quation can be put in the furn\}l.l") dx = gi._11) .i.J we sa~- that 'ihe, arfaNe,.:.,.,
    :, x-....:- .t:
    fro

    sep<1rabJe and such e-qualion.s can b.? $01\"ed by intiegratmg Wt bQth side. The Muti<)n i, ,:-:, .;;
    ' f J
    b~· 'lr) dx = .l-'lc Jy- C, where C is an arbitrary constant. =:-
    $..~-:r
    tan %

    J ~-
    ,,., Tlu-n· is no n,~ ~,.. i11troduci11g ,trNtrary ro11Slimts of intt>gnlff1111 011 fotlt ~'i.its .:.., "'! cc, 1" '
    d

    ,-Ombfr.d t=,·tlrer
    ~·~· to ~~ •1is: one ar/>itr,m,
    ~ constm11. =:o,
    -
    de

    Followin~ e,amples will illustrate the procedure. tan


    ~
    k~
    oa

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ::::- i..-..~ (


    II I ~ --
    LEVEL-1 ~-'
    nl

    1 li \\\:' «re ~iv


    E\MtPLL
    w

    lij (X+ L .... 1

    .,, '
    do

    SOLVTJo., (i) We ha,-..,


    ""
    lX+l)
    dv
    = 2ry '1
    .fl
    (:r+JJ,ilf ~ .'.',vd,
    "" :\ t." \.
    dx
    ⇒ dv
    --"
    2x •I t ~

    ."'I x+I j .\" t't


    I ll
    ⇒
    J I dv .'.' f ., ,t, ~
    !! . ·' + I •'{"" \·

    = f y-J dy = 2 J l+l-1(, l
    -f
    ~
    ' +l
    \",,' -~•l

    f .!. Jy = .'.' J l( I -
    }I
    I )
    ,1 <- I
    cl,
    "" ·\'t""'
    :::,. -., c•.\

    \',•·'
    -.. - '
    i,auATIONS

    1
    ,f~~
    N'fli\~
    ~?
    {
    x-log x+
    I ii} ~-C,whichis ll, 21 .:Jn
    toS .~ - ~ 'IOluli1>11 of II 11, 1, 1 , 11 •
    l(
    ,, (l +cosy) dx sin I/ (l , • v, d,tr,•11•11tl,1I 1·q11.1111111
    , C[>6X • • • 1-sm ~·)rt,1 (l
    8in .'I
    'e 1,a~e, . · ,
    .,111 co,,1 dr- - - - -dy = O
    11 ~-; • I ~cosy
    ~
    ,~•»'· . J-- . 51.11 y
    • CO-S·1 - dx+ - dy =0
    , J -;;(;x 1 + cos y '
    1
    \l>!\ ll + sin x l + log I 1 + cos y I = Jog c

    Io~
    1-'· sin X 11 + cos y
    {I l·= log C I}
    ,~sin.rlll+cosyl = C

    m
    : (1 + siJi x) (1 +cosy) = C, which is the required soluliun.

    o
    • t£Z Solve:

    .c
    111' 1~: tall 1/ dx + sec•y tan x dy = 0 11'.(TRl ', Cli',I 20071
    1
    ti ;_~ y

    du
    ,r 1 _/ dx+-dy=O ltDSl. 2012, 201 q
    I•• V1 • X

    oe
    ,it1JllON (i) We have,
    sec2 x tan y dx + s...-c2y tan x dy = O
    0 ?
    " sec· x tan y dx = -sec- y tan., dy
    ch
    2 2
    les a.re " ~-=-dx = - sec y dy
    te

    given tan x tan y


    2 2
    ~ dx = - J ~ dy
    m

    llntegrating both siJes I


    .,, [
    can b,: ·tanx tany
    fro

    =- log' tan xi = -log1 tan yl + log C


    ⇒ logl(tan x) (tan y)] = log C
    d

    =- Jian x tan y I= C, which is the solution of the given differential equation.


    de

    :u., Weare given that


    r ,--2 Y
    oa

    e vl-y dx +-dy = 0
    X
    ·• e'-'1 2 y
    nl

    ~ -y dx = - - dy
    X
    w

    xldX -- Y dy
    do

    - '
    ✓1-y2
    fxidx=-f Y dy
    1n J c-- 2
    ,11 y
    ,jdesJ il -J ex dx -- l_- J dt where I =·I - !J.J.

    :te'

    X
    -e• = ! [t1/2
    2 1/2 +C
    2

    l j'

    Xe - ex r;,
    "' vt + C
    x~X
    · -e "' ✓l -y2 + C is the required solution,
    X
    21.40

    2x d + (I + y1 ) ex ,fr= 0 gnvn tiu:


    E'<AMl'LE ,J Soh•e thediffat'lltiol Pqrllllion (l + e ) I/ fj1,;CE:RT, CB5£
    y=l.
    SOLUTIO.\J Wear~ given that u~-~"'' en t
    (1 , e 2 ') dy + (1 + i) r-' d, - (1 l

    = (l + l'l,·) dy = -(1 + .1/) ,.x dx


    l

    l rx . puttif\SC
    ⇒ --,dy=- hd.x 1
    l + y- 1+ e
    J
    - -2 dv• = -f
    X
    ⇒
    J. l+y 2X
    1+e·
    e ,ix (lnt~ratin~ b.

    m
    ⇒ --1- 2 dy = - f ~
    f J.i.y , where/ =et V

    o
    1+1

    .c
    tan -1 y - - tan -1 (t) + C

    du
    = = - tan -1(e·,.) + C
    tan - 1 y
    lt is given that y = l , when x =O. So, putting x = 0, y =l in (i), we get

    oe
    = - 1t + C ⇒ C
    1
    tan 1 = - tan - 1 0
    (e ) - C ⇒
    -it
    =
    :r
    4 4
    ch
    2
    Putting C =~in (i), we obtain
    =
    te
    2 1
    1
    tan - v =- tan-\ex)+~
    m

    - 2
    l
    tan -1 y+tan -l(x)
    fro

    e = 1r

    2
    tan - 1 -tan 1 (e X)
    y= 11:
    2 J
    d
    de

    ⇒ tan- 1 y=cot -l(x)


    e ,:::. I,
    -1(1]
    oa

    = tan
    -1
    y = tan l ex . ⇒ y = -~, which is the required solution.
    e ..;,
    l..
    nl

    EXAM'l-'LE 4 Solve the differential equation: (I -; y 2) {l + log .r) .ix+ x dy = Og:,, .


    w

    tu:
    y= 1. -, l
    do

    ,('l.l"~-
    SOI UTIOI\ The g1Ven differential equation is l
    (l + .i/) (1 + log X) dx + x dy - 0 >
    (
    (J T log x) (1 + r/J dx x dy
    (l + lc,g x) dx =- I - d11
    2 .,
    X 1 I _I/

    ~t
    f I l \ \.\ll'l r

    ⇒ f t dt = - f -I+y
    1
    2 dy, wl1er1• I I In>\ 1 \i) ·~
    d\'
    ...
    ~\'\ti_ l'l )
    t2 - ] 'N
    ⇒ - = -tan y+C ,t
    2
    ~ rieNflA
    LEQUATIONS

    p1ff~ 2 - 1
    ! (1 + log x) = - tan y+C 21.41

    ::, Z I when x = 1, y = 1. So, putting x == l, y "" in (') .


    . eJl tha
    · >II' )2 -1 l 1 1 , we ()bta1n ... (i)
    ftJSo 1 r
    -ll ~ ~
    logl = -tan l+C::::, _ "'- ~+C C _ 1 n
    + 2 4 - -
    2 1 .i: in (i), we obtain 2 4
    c--- +4
    f",tliog -2 -1 I 71'
    l 2
    - (1+ Jog .x) = -tan y +- 2 + 4-

    ~
    2
    1
    _ 1 y = + . - .:!:. (1 + log x) 2
    tan. 422

    y= tan { ~+

    m
    4 _!
    2 _ .!_(1
    2 + log x)}, which is the solution of the given differential equation.

    o
    £XA_\lPLf 5 Solve the differential equation. x (I + y2) d:i: - y (1 + x 2) dy"' O, given that y = O, whrn

    .c
    du
    ... (j) r~t.
    50rn11ol\. The given differential
    2 equation
    _ is [CBSE2014J
    2
    x(l + y } dx - y (1 + x )? dy - 0

    oe
    x(l+y2)dx = y(l+x-)dy
    ch
    _ x_ dx = y 2 dy
    i+l 1-'-y
    te

    -3::._dx = 2Y dy
    ~ J-x2 1+y2
    m

    Integrating both sides, we get


    fro

    f -2x
    dx = f 2Y
    2 dy
    . l+x2 l+y
    d
    de

    log I 1 + x2 I = log I 1 + y2 I + log C

    I l +x2
    oa

    Iogl - = loge
    1 + y2
    nl

    l,
    l) l+x2
    w

    --i
    l,. y == C
    do

    ...(i)
    ~
    It . (l + x2) "' (1 + y2) C 1
    . x = , an
    d !/ = 0 in (i), we get
    JS given = =
    that when x l, y 0. So, pulting
    Cl+ 1) == (1 + 0) C =;, C = 2
    Puttingc == 2 in (i), we get . d solution.
    J (] 1- x ) =2 (1 + y ), which is
    2 2 · the require ...
    • 1equa/Ion,.
    D;""'iPLE 6 Solve the following differen 1111 d)I
    (') dy (ii) !/ X tfi
    ,l i"'l + X + y + xy [CBSE2014)
    Soll'11o1'; .
    dy (t} We are given that
    d;==I+x+y+xy
    21.42

    dy
    -
    dx
    = (1 + x) + y (1 + x)
    dv = (l
    -,_ ~ x) (1 + 1/)
    dx ·
    ]
    -
    1+y .
    -d11 = (l +x) dx

    f --l +1 -y dy = J (1 +x) dx
    ⇒ Jog I1 + yj = x + -:~ + c, which is the general solu tion of the givim Ji ffot<•ntial Cqu, ,
    ~

    (ii) The given differential equation is


    ,Jl·J/ + dy)

    m
    y-x d!{_ =
    dx dx ;;

    o
    2 dy 3 log e
    y - ay = -(a+x)

    .c
    dx IC
    2

    du
    = (y - ay ) dx = (a + x) dy log
    ta
    dx dy
    w
    oe
    = y - ay'i (? -1) 3
    I ---
    = j- :;-:_-x-
    1 1 tan y
    ch
    dx = - - 2 dy [Integrating both sid,
    " , y - ay (ex - 1) 3

    [!+_a Jay
    te

    Sclr:
    = f _a+x
    I dx = f
    y 1- ay [By using partial fractions on RJ~
    EXA~LE Ii
    3 dx =
    m

    (i) Sl!l X -

    = log x+ al = log I y l-log ll - ayj + log C dy


    fro

    (x -
    +-a) (1 - ay)I = og C
    = Io g
    y
    1 SOLL'TION (1)
    d

    (x -'- a) (1 - ay) =C
    =
    de

    ::,.
    y
    ⇒ • 3x
    (x + a) (1 ay) =Cy, w hich is the general solution of the·given differential equ;1u,lfl ::,.
    j ,-m
    oa

    EXAMPLE . Solve; 3 ,-in


    -::,:,
    2 2 2 2 2 J
    nl

    (i) (x -yx ) dy + (y + x y ) dx = 0 [CBSE20I2, lO


    2 ::,. 3
    w

    (ii) 3ex tan y dx + (1- ex) scc y dy = 0 [CBSE 2011, 2012, NCE~ - 4 cus .
    do

    SOLUTION (i) 'The given differential eq ua tions is


    ' <.:v,-. y -
    x 2 (1 - y) dy + y (1 + x ) dx = 0
    2 2

    2
    x (1 - y) dy = - y2 (1 + x 2) dx H~nc-e•
    2 {h}
    ⇒ l ; / dy - [ ~; Jdx, if x, !f ¢ 0
    dy
    ""- I
    ,h-
    1
    ⇒
    [~ - : 2 J1y [;2 + l Jdx
    '!1L :, -
    f [t -!;2 Jdy = f (_:2 ~ lJdx
    dx
    ⇒
    l.'ilt l iO N11 ~\ I ll\ 11\llllNR

    I
    l,1f I I I ' V
    I \ ! \

    (l\l \\\·,,,,•~\\\'~' ,h.,1


    I •
    ,\1 ' t,H\ ti ,h ~ tl • ) "'•' ~ ,1.v 11
    .t,~' ,.m J ,II \I ,· ') ,_.,,' ,v ,(11
    ' .,..

    m
    \
    ,II "'' V ,v
    I
    I ,. I \,Ill V

    o
    ,. '
    ,\ f

    .c
    ,h
    I ·'
    , ' ,,,

    du
    ,\
    J I'
    I
    l

    oe
    ., i.,!ll•·' 11 ch
    l,,,;ll ,.' 'I 1
    ' I 1,111 ," I I
    I
    te

    \I'' 1)'\
    m
    fro

    ' ' \Ml'l I l"- ~tlh\"


    '
    l'l ,m \
    , ,/\
    :-.h\ V
    ]Nt' l "R I 1
    d

    ,lu
    de

    ,>,'I\ 11, >N (i\ l'h,• !\'"'II dil (1•1'l'lll l,1hwmtl111\ ,~


    I ,I I
    ,In' 1· ,h1 11
    oa

    ,ly .
    nl
    w
    do

    ,Iv
    . I .~ (l
    ,I\
    J: ,.i
    ,Iv J1 Vl

    '" p
    '
    21.44
    otffe~E:

    ⇒
    ~ fLl1
    f.~ dy_ ~
    ⇒ (i) d-"
    s01.,u110
    f lnh•gral ing both .
    ⇒ Slrjp t

    I
    ,1, - sin I .
    '+ ~tn J l"'

    !'-in ! + ~in I ., - si.n lC

    sin
    I I
    lJI ..Jl
    I
    '
    y-+.YVl
    I
    -i} gjJl IC :::::,

    m
    p ~r1 - x 2 + ., [t -y2 =C, which gives tlw general solu tion o f t he given differenti"l

    o
    equation.

    .c
    (ii)
    E\:A..\tru; q Solve:

    du
    .) dv 1-~ , _., ..) dy "I + y2
    (l ' =t· .. + X- e :~
    dx
    (II - - -
    dx 1 + x2
    {1'iCERT .
    oe
    $()UJTION (i) V\'e ha1·e,
    ch
    171/
    -- =c .r - ·11 +x 2 e .II
    ,t,
    te

    i
    ,y = (,,·Y-1'·'+x2-y
    c )dx
    = (e·:r + ,-)
    ') =
    m

    'f
    ⇒ ,,: dy dx
    ⇒

    J eY dy = f
    fro

    (ex+ x2) dx [Tntegrating both sides ⇒

    3
    11
    e· = e x+x
    - + C , whil'
    c 1 1s th e reqmred
    · -r:'lis is
    d

    solution.
    3
    de

    {ii) The gh·en differential equation is


    d11 i
    oa

    1 ;-
    d~ = --·-'> sou.;
    1 • .C
    nl

    ⇒
    2
    (1 + x ) dv = (1 + 1/) 1h
    w

    l 1
    .,- d11. - - ih
    do

    J + y- J +"2

    Lein
    I I IC
    ⇒ y la11 .1 + l,Hl

    ⇒ tan )y hUl J.\ l ,lll I{

    ⇒ tan J( I/ \ ) l,rn JC lt is gi
    l I- xy

    ⇒
    y-x = C
    1 + xy
    y x = C (I ➔ ry), which is Llw ......quired ~ol11tion.
    ---
    01FF Flf."11AL [OVATIONS
    21.45
    ,,~ 1rll 1
    ti~
    , I) I
    1/ l " ) 11 (ii) lo" ( d.yl
    "'l)ll Ill ll W f lH'!'ldiffPrcnti " dxJ.,ax 1-1.,
    I ,/11 t' " a 1 equation is ":t

    ,f l
    ,J., '• ,.u
    i/1
    dv
    ,, ,, dv ,.x ,h
    J' 11
    ,(~ J t'x dx lfnrecn,
    o·- ting both sidcsl
    I/

    m
    ,. ,. J 1 C • whkh ~ n·qu,rcd
    1<,th« . J ·
    ->
    , , ,111• >;iv,·n that so ution

    o
    (ii) W

    .c
    h11;rdl/J ,11+/'I/

    du
    ~ 1/ I

    ,/11

    oe
    ch
    f
    te
    I >.. ' ( ''" J \

    ,. I
    h1
    "''
    m

    l•u 1 t '" .. { ~
    r ,,
    fro

    II
    'lhl~ ts lh1• ,.._1111i,•d slllutlllll
    V rol 2.J II l
    m \/
    d

    ..,,,/,~ l/1, 111111,1/ 11,1/111 I 11 /•I 4


    I \ \~I\'! I 11
    de

    ~(11\ 1I( )!SJ \\, h,l\ ,.


    oa

    11' I/"'' l1
    du
    nl

    ,h
    w

    I
    .tv
    do

    .:! t.,~ l "' h•~ :-in 2, -. 2 l,~f. ,.


    ... (i)
    1,,~ /
    I I
    \,1 "-' :-in l, + k~ C~ .
    '!I c- ~Ill l1
    h " ~l\<'11 th,ll 1 .. l ,, ht'll l ;: 4 ruttiflf, I = ..., ... and 11 = 2 in {1), we get
    1

    4
    4 in {1) '"' i:;,•t v'· ,. --bll12 r a;. the required ..oluoon- " I.
    , 11 lt ut rroNf11l' t {J. dV - Y.ul = vJx 'y (l)
    21.48

    '-,( ll ltJ Jr IN 1111 f\1w•11 d1//,-1l'nli1tf, ,,11,,1,,,,


    \ (X r/i/ I/ 1h) I/ d r
    2
    ~ d,; 1/(X I l)dt
    I I + I -;::,
    dv dr
    l/ r2 .::;,

    J J liv J( I I
    I/ lx i x2 )dx
    :::;
    .,
    ,:;..

    m
    log/ yl lngf xj l +(
    X
    :

    o
    :::,.
    log I .1/ I lr,g I x' - I +C

    .c
    X

    = ii

    du
    log { I y C
    lxlf x

    oe
    log / !t. / = - 1 + c
    I X' X
    ch
    ll/ =e-Ilx~c
    I xi
    te

    • It is given that y = 1 whm x = L Puttingx-= 1 and y =1 in (iJ, wegc-t


    m

    1 = e - l, C ::::, e 0 = e- l + C :::;, C = l
    - Jc,g
    fro

    PuttingC =1 in (i), we get


    = 11n
    I Jli = e-1/x +l
    IX I -
    d

    :
    = :r;;.,
    de

    Ji.= ±el-lfx 15~~


    X

    =
    oa

    y = xe1 1/x or y =- xel-1/x 1 =


    1 §;C =
    nl

    But, y =- x e - 'if x isnotsatisfiedbyy (1) =1. Hence, y = re 1 - 11z, r ;o Ois die-:eq::::i.-d · r-,
    w

    EXAMPLE 13 Solve: dx
    !f,'!!__ = .y sin 2x, ii being given that y (OJ = I.
    do

    SOLUTION We have,
    dy = y sin 2x
    dx
    ~dy=sin2xdx
    y
    ⇒ J !..y dy = J sin 'l.r dx
    ⇒ log J y I cos 2x ➔ C
    = !..
    2
    It is given thaty(O) = l i.e. y =l wJwnx -0.1'11lhng l
    1 - I
    0 = -21-C ⇒ C - 2

    Putting c =!..in (i), we get


    2 1 J
    log I y/ = - 2 cos 2x + 2
    ,....
    OfffeRENTIAL EQUATIONS

    l 21.47
    IoglYI = (1-cos2xJ
    2
    Jogly = sin 2 x
    2
    IYI = e9 "' r
    2
    ::::>
    t{ = ± e"" X

    . 2r
    c;m . 2
    Y = e or. y = _ e"" r
    . 2
    t estn r.
    Bu. , m IY =- 5 I he. IS not satisfied b ,
    .• } y(O) = 1. Heru: ,rn2
    L'XA '11, L • 14 0 ve t m,twl vau e, y =e r i th
    cnuJITON We h.3vo le prob/.em: x dy + y dx - s e required :;,:,luti,,n.
    """ , , - x11 dx (l .
    :i;dy "' ydx = xy dx , y J- t

    m
    :i;dy = (x - l)ydx

    o
    ~dy =(1 - ~ ) dx

    .c
    du
    ::::, J .!.y dy = J (\.l_!_ ldx X )

    oe
    =- loglyl = x -logl x l +C
    ch
    => log lyl -loglx l = x+C
    :::, log lxyl = .r+ C
    te

    => lrJI = ex~ c _(i)


    Itis grren - ty (1) = lLe. when x = 1. P uttmg
    . x = l andy=1 in (i), we get
    m

    · l tha 1~c ·O y=l


    I TC
    - e = e = e ~ C = -1
    fro

    Putting C = -1 in (i), we get


    xy l = ex-1
    d

    xy = ::: er - 1
    de

    y = ±.!_ ex-1
    oa

    X
    1 x-1 1 r 1
    :::;> Y =- e or,y = --e
    nl

    X X
    Y =-!_ ex - 1 is not satisfied by y (1) =J. Also, y =~ex - is defined for all x ~ 0.
    1
    w

    But, X X
    do

    Hence, y = !_ ex- 1, x e R - {O} is the required sol ution.


    X
    EXA.'v!Pl~ 15 Find the equt1tion of the curve passing through the point (0, n/ -l) wh,,;.·
    equatwn IS sin x cos y d;x + cos x sin y dy = O.
    SOUJTION We have,
    s~ x cos y dx + cos x sin y dy =o
    sm x sin y
    - - dx+--dy = 0
    COS X COS y

    :::;> tan xdx+tanydy = 0


    J tan x dx + f tan y dy =0
    - log I cos xi - log I cos y I = log C
    21.48

    -log(l cos xi I cos yl_) =- log C otF

    log I cos x cos y I = log ( t·]


    ⇒
    /cos x cosy/ =~
    I
    ⇒ cosxcosy = C1 whereC1 =±c··
    It is given that the curve passes through (0, n/4). Pulling x 0 and !I n'/4 in (i), we'll'
    1
    cos0cos- =Ci ⇒ C1 = r,::;
    1t

    4 ...;2
    ft

    m
    Putting Cl = in (i), we get

    o
    .c
    ~ ⇒ cosy= ~secx ⇒ (J...
    !f =cos- 1 =

    du
    cosxcosy= secxj
    ,v2 ...;2 · ✓2

    fi
    oe
    Hence, y = cos - (
    1
    sec x] is the required curve..ch
    EX \MPlE 1,; Solve the initial value-problem: dy = .e 2 x + Y dx, y (0) = O.
    te

    SOLUTION We have,
    dy = e2 x+ Y dx
    m

    ⇒ dy = 2
    e x . eY dx
    fro

    ⇒ e
    - y
    dy=e
    2x
    dx
    =
    (On separating the van.ll'-
    d

    e2x
    ⇒ Je-Ydy=f dx
    de

    2x
    -e-Y = _e_ +C
    oa

    2
    It is given that y (0) = 0 i.e. y = 0 When x = 0. Putting x = 0 and y = oin (i), we get
    nl

    -1 =.!.+c ⇒ C =-~
    w

    2 2
    i
    do

    lu)
    PuttingC = - in (i), we get

    2x
    e
    -e Y = - 3
    -- ⇒ e
    -y 3 -e 2x
    = - ⇒ p!I
    2 2 2 :::,

    This is the required solution.


    DCAMPI.F 17 Solve lite foLlowing inilinl value pmt,/('111.~: :::::,
    (i) (x+l) dy =2e-Y - t,y(O) 0
    dx
    2
    (ii) y _ x :~ = 2 ( 1 + x :~), y (1) = l
    SOLUTJON (i) We have,
    (x + 1) dy = 2e - Y -1
    dx
    olffEAENTIAL EQUATIONS

    f I dx .:. f - l tiv
    \+l 2,·--"-t'
    1 J -,,.•- dv
    J r+l dx =
    2. - r-" ·
    J

    m
    - l r-"- ,ty
    f
    · \·+ l
    dx = - -
    ,,Y_2

    o
    loidx+ll = -logleY-2 l +logC

    .c
    1t,gJ.1+1J, logJeY 21 = logC

    du
    l<>id \.I+ l}(t'y - 2) I = los C

    oe
    I(\+ I)(,•" -2)1 = C ...(I)

    (tis given that y \0) = 0 i.e. y = 0 when ., · = O. Putting .t =() m\d !I • Oin (i), we g~t
    ch
    l(0+l\(l-2)1 = C::- C =1
    rutting C = I in (i}, we get
    te

    I (.1 + l)(~y - 2)1 = 1


    m

    ( r + l)(,.Y - 2) = ± 1
    • ·-2=--
    l-
    fro

    e
    x+l

    eY = (2-~IJ
    d

    ::::,
    X +1
    de

    v = log ( 2 _~I, which is the required solution.


    · l x+ l J
    oa

    (ii) 11-x ix=


    d (
    2 l+X
    dy) 2
    dx
    nl

    2 dy_ dy
    w

    y- 2 -- 2•·
    ·' - +x-
    dx · dx
    do

    ::::, v-2 = x(2x+ 1) ~


    •
    dX
    (y _ 2) d:i. = x (2x + 1) dy
    =>
    1 dx = _2._dy_
    x(2r + 1) y- 2
    _...!:__ax =
    J x(2x + 1) J zy-1d y

    r (_!:x _ _3_.)dx
    2x+ l
    = J ~2 dy
    1/
    - 2 J;- logC
    log J x I - log I 2x + 1 I = log I Y
    ,,.

    21.50

    log,~= logly 21 + loge


    2x+ tl 2 tan
    ✓'1
    => log1~~-1- logjy - 2j = logC (
    2x + l
    tan

    log I-.::_ - 1-1 = log C


    2l+l y - 2
    x- I
    tan J'

    I X
    (2x+l)(y-2) - 1-C 2x""

    m
    2 -2x-
    1t is given that y (1) = 1 i.e. y = 1 when x = I. Putting x = I and y = 1 in (i), we get

    o
    /_iJ=C=> C= l

    .c
    I 11 3

    du
    Putting C = ~ in (i), we get nus 15 me requir
    3
    E,XA:WPLE. 1~ Fm

    I I~3
    oe
    x 1 'I =Owlumx =0.
    (2x+l)(y-2)1 SOLL'TIO:-. We
    ch
    I
    I tJ,_-1
    =>
    X
    -----=+ -1 og dx
    (2x + I)(y - 2) - 3
    te

    • => y-2 = : t :3x


    - - => y
    3x
    = 2±- -
    2x+l 2x +1
    m

    tr✓ = e3x
    But, y =2 + ~ i s not satisfied byy (1) =1 dx
    fro

    2x + 1
    3
    = i'- ..!! dy =
    =
    n.ence, y =2 - - x- , w h ere x ., - -1 .rs the requrrc
    2x-'-1
    . d soIution.
    2
    . On integ:ratin;;, we
    d

    1 ---;r,
    2 --e
    de

    EXAM1'LE 18 Show that the general solutwn ofthe differential equation dy + Y +!I+ 1 =Oi<;j:rfll 4
    ~ ,,.3.z .... -
    x-,-y+l = A(1-x-y-2xy),whereAisa parameter. dx x 2 +x t1 ,,._rr, ... - .)(!

    ft i:. gi\ t'n th.at y ~


    oa

    SOLUTIOI\' We have,
    2
    dy+y +y+l "' O
    nl

    2
    dx x +X +1
    w
    do

    [On separ:itini;- thr \Jr•lt •


    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
    21.51

    ''
    ~ tan l ( 2y; 1)
    \I
    =- ~
    ,13
    tan - l (2x + ·1)
    £3- +C

    1 2 1
    tan - [ x ;_ ) + tan - 1( ~ } ;;
    V3 1-
    ,3 = J'..:'.. C
    2

    tan 1 { ~ : + 1 I· 2y + 1 } 13
    3-(2x + 1) (2y + l) "'TC
    ⇒
    2x + 2y + 2 =tan ( v13 )
    2 - 2x - 2y-4xy 2 c

    m
    ⇒ x + y + 1 = A (1 - X- rg C)
    y - 2xty) , where A "' tan ( _v_"
    2

    o
    This is the required solution.

    .c
    yllXAMPLE
    = Owhen19 Find tlie pnrtic11/ar solution of the
    x = 0. . diffi' . . (d1 )
    t erent'lal equation: log .J}_ = 3:x + 4y given that

    du
    SOLUTION We have, dx
    dy] [NCERT,CBSE2014l

    oe
    Iog -
    ( dx
    = 3:x + 4y ch
    dy = e3x+ 4y
    dx
    te
    dy = e 3x e..• y
    ⇒
    dx
    m

    ⇒ e- 4Y dy = e3 ~· dx
    fro

    On integrating, we get
    - le- 4.y = 2. e3x + C
    4 3
    ...(i)
    d

    3x - 41/
    ⇒ 4e · + 3e · + 12C = 0
    de

    It is given that y = 0 when x = 0. Substituting x = 0 and y = 0 in (i), we get


    7
    4+ 3+12C =0::::> C = -12
    -
    oa

    4
    Substituting the value of C in (i), we get 4 e 3x + 3 e- Y - 7 = 0 as·a particular solution of the
    nl

    given differential equation.


    EXAMPLE 20 Find tire equation of the curve passing through the point(1, l) whose differential equation
    w

    is: x dy = (2x2 + 1) dx.


    do

    "''""°: :;,~·~1)
    dy d; ~ dy • ( , , ' ;
    1
    l"~ ,,-(,,. ~l d,

    On integrating both sides, we get

    Jdy =J(2x + ~) dx ...{i)

    ⇒. y=x2 +loglx l +C . f the Jven differenuol


    . ,,quatton., We
    O
    Tlus equation represents the family of solu t1~n curv'~S • gthro,tgh the point ('I, I).
    1
    have to find a particular member of this fanuly wh ch pas,es
    21.52
    "f:fti;tfflAL I:
    p tf'r
    Substituting x =J, y 1 in (i), we g<'I • th q
    t,stftutui,,
    J = 1 0+C :>C •0 su zOOO =l
    Putti.ngC = o in (i), we gl;'t y .i
    + log I )' I as the equa lion o( th<.' r,,,,uirc •tl c11rw,.
    11/2JJ -
    e -
    liXAMl'LE 21 Find the cquntiou qt,hrc.1rve pas~i11g through the poi11f ( 2, 3) xivn, lh,1t thes/,,p,<JI
    2x , '"'eprinc·
    tm,gent to 1/,e rnrve at ,my point (x, y) is i • J:-{ef!Ce, t'' ,
    y t,,1PLf. 23 Ft
    Ff.A the curv
    SOLUTI0"1 \•\Te ·know that the slope ()f the t11ngenttoa cur ve al any points(x, y) i~giv,"lb-/i ti:. YJ drJ11nateo/ the
    . . du 2x d i-coor t
    lt 1s given that -'-"- =- s<JLlITfo~: We
    dx y2

    m
    AcC<Jrditlg to the
    2 dy_
    ⇒ y dy=2xdx

    o
    y --
    d.x

    .c
    On integrating both sides, we get ~ y dy=
    j• y 2 dy = f 2x dx

    du
    On int~ating b
    3 J ydy=
    ⇒ }!_ = x2 ~ C

    oe
    3 y2 = ;x2
    This equation represents the family of solution cw-ves of given ctifferential equation. Wehal'! 2 2
    ch
    find a particular member of this family w hich passes through the point(- 2, 3). This is the equati
    Substituting x =- 2 and y = 3 in (i), we get particular '
    te

    9=4+C ⇒ C=5
    Substiruting x =
    't
    3 -=')-
    m

    2 2
    Putting C = 5 in (i), we get L = x + 5 as the equation of the required curve.
    3 Putting C =1 fa (
    fro

    ~ ~
    EXAMPLE 22 In a b,lnk principal increases al· the rate of 5.% per year. In how many years i I~ x-
    daubleitseif. [NCEJr
    SOLUTIOJ\: Let P be the principal a t any time t. Then,
    d

    dP SP
    de

    =-
    dt 100
    oa

    ::;,
    dP P
    -=-
    dt 20
    nl

    ⇒ .!_ dP =J:.._ dt
    P 20
    w

    integrating both sides, we get


    do

    l dP J p =f1
    - dt
    20
    1
    ::::;> tog P = - t + log C
    20
    p 1
    ⇒ log C = 20 t
    = p =C / I W
    Ttis given that P =1000 w hen I =0.
    Substituting these values in (i), we get
    JOOO =C
    Substituting C =1000 in (i), we get
    P =l000 ;no
    Let ti years be the time required to double the principa l i.e. at/ = Ii, p = 2000.
    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

    Substituting these values in (l·i·) , we get 21.53


    2000 = 1000 /1/ 20
    ⇒ /1120 =2 => !i. -
    20 - log, 2 ⇒ 11 =20 log 2
    fte11ce, tbe principal doubles in 20 l '
    F d og, 2 years
    EXAMPLE 23 m the equation of the cur .·
    55111
    (x, y) o'.1 fire curve t~e product of the slo ve P? _ 8 lhrouih the point O _ 2 .
    :r-coonfuurteoft/w pomt. pe of •ts tangent and •1/ coord·mate
    ( ' of )thegroen that· at any
    point I
    point
    18
    SOLUTION We know th t th I . equa to tile
    - . . a es ope of the tan INCER J
    Accordmg dll to the given statement, ,,,e 1ave gent at any point(x, y) on th e curve .,s given . tJ'

    m
    1 by~-
    y •-- =X dx

    o
    dx ...(i)

    .c
    ⇒ y dy = xdx

    du
    On integrating both sides, we get
    J J
    ydy = xdx

    oe
    2 2
    ⇒ L=~+C ...(ii)
    2 2
    ch
    This is the equation of the fam.ily o f solu tion curves of diff ·-• • ,.
    particular member of the famil 'ch · erenti,u equahon l,). We have to find a
    . . y w 1u - passes through (0, -2).
    te

    Substih.tt_f'g x = 0 and y = - 2 in (ii), we get


    -=O+C ⇒ C = 2
    m

    2
    Putting C = 2 in (ii), we get
    fro

    2 2 .
    y =\ ➔• 2 => y2 =.-? + 4, w hicb is the equation.of the required curve.
    2
    d

    ~A.M!'LE 24 At any point (x, y) ofa curve the slope of the tangent is twi.ce the slope of the line segment
    de

    1ommg the point of contact to the point (- 4, - 3). Find the equation of the curve given that it pa,ses
    through ( - 2, 1 ). [NCERTl
    oa

    SOLUTION Toe slope of the tangent a t any point P (~·, y) is given by dy


    dx . The slope of the line
    y+3
    nl

    segment joining P (.X, y) and A (- 4, - 3) is -x + 4 .


    w

    According to the given condition, we have


    ... (i)
    do

    dy _
    dx
    2(y+3)
    x+4
    1 d =2_ d
    ⇒
    y+3 y x ~4 X
    On integrating both sides, we get
    J ___!__
    y+3
    dy = 2 J _!..__
    x+4
    dx

    ⇒ log (y + 3) = 2 log (x + 4) + log C ..(Ii)


    ⇒ (y + 3) =C (x + 4)2 I (l) W<: h1W<' to iu1<l ,1 I'•" tk11l,ll'
    . f d'ffcrential ,,q11at on .
    O
    This represents the family of solu ttons ' , _ 2, l).
    member of this farnilv which passes tluougl ( 2 C _1
    , · ("') ,, get· 4 = C (- 2 + 4) ⇒ ,
    Su_b stituti.ng x =- 2, y =1 ,n ll , "'e . . d ec uation of tlW curv,•,
    4) 2 as the require I
    PuttingC =lin (ii), we gety+ 3 =(x+
    MATHl:tiA•
    ~M •~
    h the point (1 1 OJ if lhe slape ef the lano
    ffad tlte equation of /he curve Ihroug,
    EXAMPLE 25
    curveatanypoinl(x, y)is \
    -1
    ··
    x + .\' ,
    .
    (NCERT F.XE~
    · -,€1!t

    th urve Then 1 the ,;lope of the tan•


    lPJ.i
    z.... x:,
    --;;-
    .
    1 - ;
    f/-
    SOLU110N Let P(.,, y) be an arbitrary poll1t on e c · w,rt,,
    dy .
    d.'I:' 9 (y _ :cy1d
    '.! ·

    ~-Jc!... ,1. ,i/ -1J


    dx - x2 +x
    1 1 d:./ :. (1
    ⇒ -2- d x =- d y J1. ;;;
    x +x y-1
    ~:; dy_ := CT
    1- 1 -) dx =-1-dy ,;,- ix

    m
    ⇒
    (x x+l y-1
    '
    ~

    \ J ~. (i/ ( .ry-

    o
    lntegrati.ng, we obtain

    .c
    logx - log (x+ 1) = log (y-1) + log C

    du
    => log(~) = logC (y-1)
    x+l

    oe
    X
    ⇒ x+l =C(y-1)
    It is given that the curve passes through the p oint{l , O).So, putting x = 1, y = Oin(i), weat'"°= S:J-re the_i;77
    ch
    1 1 till
    • 2
    =C(O - I)=>C =
    2 3- . ~ =!i
    Jr
    te
    •
    PuttingC = - 1/2 in (i), we obta in (x + 1) (y - 1) + 2x = Oas the~guation ofthecUITe.
    - - - - - - - - - - - --;:::====-----;..,_ _ _ _,EXERCISE7'
    m

    I LEVEL-f I
    fro

    Solve the following differential equations:


    . '2.
    1. (x - 1) dy =2 xy 2. (1 + x ) dy = xy dx
    dx
    d

    3. dy =(ex +1) y 4. (x-1) dy = 2x 3 y


    de

    dx dx
    y-x dy _
    5, xy (y + 1) dy =(x + 1) dx
    2
    6. e =~ ~,
    oa

    - -1 tv)
    dx :!.r -
    7. x cosy dy = (xe"' log x + ex) dx [CBSE 2007] 8. !: = ex TY + x 2 e·v ay ~
    nl

    (Vi)
    .i.T
    dy 2
    w

    9, x - + y=y 10. (e!f + 1) cos x dx + e-v sin x dv ~ 11 (\ii) ty 1~


    dx
    - d.r
    do

    11. x cal y dx =y cos2 x dy 12. xy dy = (y -1) (x + 1) .tx


    (\iii)~= l
    13. x dy + cot y = 0 14. dy = x r·' log x -t rx d.t
    dx dx , cosy (1\.) 1 {y~
    15. dy =ex• Y e11 :c3 16• Y ,/1
    r 2
    t X t- \ , / I
    r , dv
    + 11• • [1
    dx ' ' . ,I\ (\.) l ' l tan
    17. Fx 2
    dy + J1 + y2 dx =0 llJ • ✓ 1 1, 2 .,,2 -t1·v·+w
    , '
    .
    d11
    • ,h
    111n1,tt le, "-·
    . ""'h·,,the
    2
    dy el< (sin x + sin 2x) 1·(:.? lug\ 1 I)
    19. - =- ..;.__ --. 20• t/11
    dx y (2 logy+ l) ,h ,,In 1/ i- I/ rns y
    21. (1 - x 2) dy + xy dx =x/ dx 22. Ian !I dx ➔ ;;cc2 y tan x ,iy = 0
    2
    23, (1 T x) (1 + /) dx + (J + y) (1 + x ) dy = 0 l4. tan y ~
    ,Ix
    ~ sin (.1 + .1/) + sin (.r - yl
    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
    21.55
    .dy .
    25_ cos xcos Y--,J; ~-sin x s1t1 y 26 _ dy -1 cos x sin y ()
    r,- r-2
    d.t (.'()Sy

    27. xv,-/ dx+ y\/1 - x dy=O


    28 · ,1/ (I + <'x) dy (y t I) ex dx ICKM 21120)
    29. (y ~ xy)dx ~ (x xyA)dy = 0 IC13SE 20021 Jo. '!2!. 1 - x+ y - xy IC BSE 2002( I
    dx
    31 .(y2+l)dx-(.v2+l)cly = O 32. dy + (x •I· 1) (y + 1) d.'( ~ 0
    di/' 2 2
    1 ..,.
    3-· = (l + X ) (1 +Y )
    34. (x -1) - ~
    dy
    = 2x 3 If
    dx
    dx ·
    '5 d.u = e·' + .,, + e - :x + )I dy 2 2 2
    .,. ' dx 36. - ~ (cos x - sin x) coo !J
    dx

    m
    3i. (i) (xy2 + 2x) dx + (x2 y + 2y) dy = o (ii) cosec x logy !!/L J., x
    2 y2 = 0 [CBSE 2014]

    :! dx

    o
    3S. (i} xy ~ xy
    = 1 +X +y 2
    = x(l + /)

    .c
    (ii) y(l -x ) dy [CBSE2007l
    dx
    yex/ydx =(xexly + y2) dy, y'F 0

    du
    (iii)
    [NCERl EXEM1'LARl
    2 -I 2
    (iv) (1 ~ y ) tan X dx + 2y {l + x } dy =0 INCE.RT EXEMPLAR]

    oe
    Solve the folJowing inilial value problems: (39-45)
    39. dy = v tan 2x, y(0} =2 40. 2x dy = 3y, y(l) = 2
    ch
    d:r: . dx

    41. xyt =y+2, y(2)=0


    dy x 3
    42. -d =2e y , y{O) =
    1
    te
    7
    X 2
    dr
    -13 =-rt, r(O) =ro 44. dy = v sin 2x, y(O) =1
    m

    d1 dx ·

    ~~ = y tan x, y(0) = l [CBSE 2010] ~ 5y , y (1) = 1


    fro

    45. (i) (ii) 2x dy


    dx
    dy
    (iii) dy = 2e2x y2 , y (0) = -1 (iv) cosy-=ex
    ,y ( 0)= -rr
    dx 2
    d

    dx
    de

    (v) dy = 2xy, y(O) =1


    dx
    (vi) dy =1 ~x2 +y2 +x 2 y2, y(O) =1
    oa

    [CBSE 2012, 20191


    dx
    nl

    (vii) xy dy =(x+ 2) (y+2), y(l) =-1 ICBSE2012)


    dx
    w

    2 [NCliRT EXEM l'l \ RI


    (viii) dy =l+x1-i/ +xy wheny=O,x=<O
    dx .
    do

    INCfR'I EXliMl'l \ RJ
    (ix) 2(y+3)-xy dy =0,y(l) =-2
    dx 11 ICllS t' WI~)
    2
    (x} ex tan y dx + (2 - e") sL'<' y dy = 0, y(O) =· 4 J:?
    dy - o riven that Y ~ ", whl'!I Y
    46. Solve the differential equation x d--; + col Y - 'g 4
    2) 0 ••v~n that y ~ I, wht'l\ I ll.
    2) dy_ ,. () I .' ' - , 1-\' •
    47. Solve the differential equation (1 -1 x d; ' '
    . dy _ ~x (loi X I I} , l\iven that !I O, wlwi, ,I' I.
    48. Solve the differential equation dx sJn y ~ y cos Y
    21 .56
    TIAL EOUATIONS
    01FF1:F1EN
    . the particular
    49. Find . • of r dv/ax
    solution ·
    _ . + 1' given that y = .3, when x = .0.
    - .\
    50. Find the solution of the differential equation cosY dy + cos x smY dx = Og"''-'n Iha• , ..
    when x = ;,:/2 . . . dy _ _ 2
    51. Find the particul;u- solution of the differential equation dx - 4 xy given that y ~ 1,,. ,
    1
    x=O.
    2I y = ex sin
    . 2
    x+ C
    52. Find the e<:juation of a curve passing through the point (O, O) and Whose differeiii,,, J9. Y og 1
    • . 'dx
    e<:juation,s !JI_ = e:c. sin
    .
    x.
    (••r,- .
    "'tit; 21_ log y-ll-logly l =- 2 1

    !!

    m
    53. For the clliferential equation xy = (x + 2) (y + 2). Find the solution curve Pas\:, 22. sin.i:tany =C
    24- 2cosr-secy=C

    o
    through the point(l, -1). ICBSE 2012, NctRt;
    log Jsinyl = - sin x-C

    .c
    26,
    54. The volume of a spherical balloon being inflated changes at a constant rate. ff initiaijv
    radius is 3 units and after 3 seconds it is 6 wuts. Find the radius of the baUoon ar:

    du
    28. y-logjy+ll = log lTe
    seconds. CN<:tRr
    l:2
    55. In a bank principal increases at the rate of r% per year. Find th e value of r if< 100 dat,h~ = >'-2

    oe
    30. log(l + y) -C
    it..seifi.n lOyears(Jog, 2 = 0.6931). INCER~
    2
    56. Tn a bank principal increases at the rate of 5% per year. All arootmt of s!' 1000 is depo~k,j X
    32. logfy+ll ~ -x = C
    ch
    with this bank, how much will it worth after 10 years (e0.5 = 1.648). rNCERl 2
    3
    57. 1n a culture the bacteria count i~ l 00000. The number 'is increased by 10% in 2 hours.farm 34.y = CI x - 1 12 e(2/3Jx -
    te

    many hours will the count reach 200000, if the rate of growth "Of bac-teria is proportionalr.
    the number present. _ . INCERn 36. tan y = !.sin 2x ~ C
    2
    m

    2
    56. If y (x) is a solution of the differenteguation( + sinxJ _dy = - cos x and .!l(O)' = 1, t½ienfin:
    (.u)- (1-+-=
    logy 'I -x~ cosx~-., (
    fro

    l+ y d.x.
    IJ
    the value of y ( ir/2). ICBSE 2014;~CERTEXEMPLAIII
    59. Find the particular solution of the differential eq uation (1 -_
    y2) O+ lop:) d..,.· + 2.'1/ d,•l 38. {i) y =x T log x (1 + y} -
    d

    given thaty=-Owhenx =1. [CBSE211t,. · = Y"'"C


    de

    (ill) e-"'Y
    _ _ _ ____ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ ANSWEP!
    39. y- i 2=
    oa

    1. 2x + 2 log Ix -1 I=logy+ C r--;- \ cos 2.r


    2. y =C ✓l + x-
    1
    nl

    3. logly l =ex +x+C 3


    4. log j y]=~x ~-:x-2+2;l'+2logjx - 1j+C
    -.ll. Y-.2 los {WT
    ~
    2) -=lo.,;l~
    ... s I
    3
    w

    y3 2 x2
    5. - + l- =-+log]xj+C
    do

    3 2 2
    3
    7. siny=eX logx+C 8. -e - Y=e
    I X
    +x- ·I c
    3
    9.y-l=Cxy 10.(eY+J)sinrQC
    11. x tan x-y tan y=logJsec xj-log / seo yJ +C
    12. y - x = log) x j - log f Y -1 I + C I 3. x = C cosy

    14. siny=exlogx+C 15. eX +e-Y 1 x4 ('


    4

    l
    +- log
    ✓1 l - I.
    1
    2
    Ti "!/2 ·I 1
    OIFFEAEtlTIIIL EQUATIONS

    a~o;illg

    m
    24. 2cosx+ sec Y =C
    TRl 25, ✓inY= Ccosr.
    Z6. 1oglsin YI = -sin x+C 2

    o
    !lly,t 27. 1-x +Jl-y' =C

    .c
    aft~ 28. y-logJy + 11 = log I l + e'I +C 29. log x+x + log y- l y2 = C
    ~ER 2

    du
    inub~ 3o. log (J + Yl
    x2
    = x -2 Tc 31. tan - 1 r - tan -l Y = C
    CER1]

    oe
    2 x-g
    >OSiltd 32. tog!y+ll+ x2 +x =C 33. tan- 1 y = x+ +C
    C[Jlf: 3
    ch
    2 (2/3)r3 + x2+:2.t 35. e- x _ e-y = e' + C
    lnhow 34 !I= Clx-11 e
    A
    onal!ll !I = ½sin 2x + C y2 + 2 = x2 ~
    te
    36_ tan 37. (i)
    CERTi 2

    .. (1 +logy)-x2cosx+2(xsinx+cosx)
    m

    en find =C
    (u) - y 2 i -C
    fro

    PtAll (ii) (1 +y )(1-x ) -


    38. (i) !I= x ;, logx(l+y)+C {iv) ~ (tan-lx,2 +Iog (l +!{) =C
    Id~=
    (iii) e•/y = y+C 2, 3
    d

    E201i
    de

    2 40. !/ =4X
    ;W~RS
    oa

    42. !I2 (8-4<,X) =l

    .c
    nl

    -1 2 12
    -U. r=roe )
    w

    4, . (i) y = sec x, x e (- n/2, n/2


    do

    (iii) y = -e-2x
    ,2
    (v) y = e

    (viii)y=tan (x+ x:)


    46. x~2cosy 2 1
    46. 2ysin y=Zx2 Jogx+x -
    . -1
    50. log sin y+ SU\.X-
    Ill'·
    21,l'AI
    - 1,, 1 ' l
    2 2v r ( r 71
    7 hr,?
    ,J 11
    , ,, 1¥.
    ' JI} , rct/
    1 J I,

    21 ,-f:{I 1/'I 7 l•,-,-;r, (I,,,,,.~/ 11


    , bl'.
    !I Cl i, 2 or/ 2, 11/'l'./'11 J/'l ~
    UJNTl, ffJIICI fl/ P.. ';(I f (, flfiPrv, #
    • y, '
    di
    '\II /111J We hav ,
    1 d'
    111 ~dr re /y d'f ,/ rfy ,J ~

    (If dT :r dy1 ,riv r/ dy , dl 1

    m
    11d:r xdy 1l1/sdy
    2 ('

    o
    y )
    ,

    .c
    (
    ,,. ez/>1 d x =dy

    du
    Y;
    lntegrabng both sides, we obtain

    oe
    cr/y = y +C, which is the required sohition.

    !~ = e'x
    ch
    52. The differential equation of the curve is sln x
    ... ,
    te

    Integrating both sides wi.th re,pect to x, we get ;:;:r


    ;
    y=f e"sinx dx

    -l._ J
    m

    [t IS also -
    :,: 288-.: -
    ⇒
    fro

    y =~ (sin x-cos x) .,.c ...(i) eax sin bx dx = eax (a sin Irr -b er~
    Puttr.,. -
    2 a2 +b2
    3 ::r
    d

    It is given that fhe curve given by equation (i) passes through (0, 0).
    1
    de

    J 55. Let P ht! the


    · 0 = <0-l)+C = C = (Puttingx=O,y=O
    2 2 dP
    =
    oa

    Putting C =!. in Ii), we get d•


    2 fnihall) LC
    ~ { ex(sin x - cos x) + 1} as the equation of the curve.
    nl

    y - logP0
    PuttingC =
    w

    53. We have, xy dy = (x + 2) (y + 2) log p


    do

    dx
    = y+y 2 dy=--dx
    X+ 2
    X
    Sub~titutin
    lug 2

    ⇒ (1 Y: 2Jdy=(1+!)ax >a. let at any


    lt.,. given t
    ,tp

    = f [1 y: 2jdy - f rl + !j dx lnitiaJJy .
    it "'
    i.e.
    ⇒ y - 2 log (y + 2) = x + 2 Jog x + C S log1
    Ubsti.ti.ttin
    "~1:NTIAL EOUATIONS
    OffF,_ 21.59
    Jt is given that the solution curve given b .
    y-_ -1 in (i), we get Y (i) pas~es through (1 , _ .I). p uingx=land
    tt'

    -1 - 2 log 1 = 1 + 2 log 1 + C ==> C "' _ 2


    putting C = - 2 in (i), we get
    y-x + 2 = 2 log Ix (y + 2)) as the sol•·1t·
    ' ' 1011 CU1'V,:'.

    . Letr be the radius and V bu the volume of thi' balloon at any 111Rtant
    , 'I'. Thcn, V 4 3
    54 3 nr
    It is given that
    ~ = -A, whe-re A>0
    df

    ~ :f (½m·~) = -,.

    m
    2 dr
    => -lirr - =- 'J.,
    dt

    o
    1
    ~ 4rrr- dr = - '}, dt

    .c
    On integrating, we get

    du
    -¼
    -itr 3
    = - i,t + C ...(i)

    oe
    3
    It is given that at t = 0, r = 3. Putting t = 0 and r = 3 in (i), we get
    ch
    C = 36it
    PuttingC = 36r.in (i), we get
    te

    -4 nr 3 =-At~361t
    3
    m

    It is also given that at t = 3, r = 6. Puttipg t. = 3 anct r. ~ 6 i.i, ~i), ~'(C get:..,. (given)
    fro

    288it = - 3}, + 361t ⇒ ). = - 841t '°-··

    Putting A.:: - 841t in (ii), we get _ _


    ~ nr 3 ⇒ ⇒
    113
    d

    = 84itt + 36it r 3 = 63t + 27 r = (63t + 27)


    de

    3
    ;s.Let P be the principal at any instant t. It is given that ...(i)
    oa

    dP r dP r rt
    - = - P ⇒ - = - dt ⇒ log P = - + C
    dt 100 P 100 100
    nl

    Initially i .e. att = 0, let p = p0 _Putting t =0 and P = Po in (i), we get


    w

    log P0 = C
    do

    Putting C :: log Po in (i), we obtain ... \ii)


    rt P rt
    log P = - - + log Ro ⇒ log - = -
    100 Po 100
    Substituting r "' 1oo, p = 2Po = 200 and t =- 10 in (ii), we ger
    0
    log 2 :: ~ ⇒ r = 10 log 2 = 10 x 0.693'1 =- 6.931
    10
    -
    56 · Let at anv
    ' point of time t ' the principal beI P. t 0 l' 5'1/i r,c>r y<'lll", ,.. (i)
    ] t LS given that the principal increai;es al 1,e ra I! " ·

    dP = SP ⇒ dP = 1 _ di ⇒ log p ~ t I loi; C
    dt 100 p 20 20
    Initially i.e. at t = 0, it is given th.at P = t JOOO
    :. log 1000 = log C
    Substituting the value of log C ln (i), we get
    WI 1111

    ,,o, ' ,.,,,,i,1


    111 \\ I ,,, I //1
    I,,, I I' 11 ,I
    11,.,,. 111,111
    I I' 111,111 II "' If1 I11 if, ii
    I d .11 WI 11111, lh, 1, I• Ii 11 I ·••11111 ,,, II I 1 11 t I I 11 I II
    \ \ \ I I 1 1Ir I I IU I
    \
    I /// I
    \\\\I\\(,,\~\ \\ll\1
    t.,,. \
    '\ ' \ ,,1
    \ . t. 'l '
    I I j
    It I • 1\1 II ll\,11 ,1 11 \ I
    ' Ill

    In,, d
    (,,, I 1111 1\1.~llitl
    ,I J
    I/

    1'11111111• lh, \ lhh ••I h•i,• 111\11 \\I, ... ,


    II I I •'

    m
    I'
    I,,,; \ \ I I,., 11~11~~1
    t ilf I ,, I ,
    h I• .ii ,. II ,·11 lh.11 •I I

    o
    I \'
    1111111111 1•1111111n 1 ' I\J 11 I11111\I Ii I Ill I\ I 1\111 I '" I I I/ I

    .c
    l,•1• 111\lt~• 'I 1.,,i 11\1111111 I II
    l"i' Iti 1111 IV• lfl , 1 I II,,, I

    du
    "••l•• l1ll1l111i; 011•, ,1111•• ,,t 11•1; 1 11111 I 1\1 tP \\1 1 111•1 ,/II " I I 1/1
    ,/ I
    I h•, [ 11 ), I 1,,,, 111111111,1

    oe
    ' ' h' II Iii 'I I I """
    /11 1I
    \\h,·11 \ 1 I I
    ch
    ,I
    'l~\\1\ 11'1 I
    ,,,,d,
    1
    ' '•111 •,IIIHIHI~ lh1•~1• I ,111 111~ 111 \Ill II •• /\1 11 'I
    1,•,·•• [ 11) 11•,11 1111111p11 II I't I 111 Ii ' I j/ !II I
    ' "'ll
    te
    ' Ill 11111 /' I jI ,/
    ' Ill 1,11, I I 'I
    ' 111 1/1 "
    m

    l'I 114 l ~lll'll1(11'j9 IU l•lt, 11 11 I 11> \ \ IIIA\11 11 ?)t f'l\111\tll t I \IIIM

    I '1ll,•f\•11t111l ,,,,,..11,111,,•11111• h 11111 "' '"


    fro

    I 11, \ I h I I 1.-..,11,,. h 11h•1•1•d I, , I i1tl, d1l1•N•'l'•il ,il•l1l1 II II


    1/ I
    h th,• ~111--.11111111 111 I\ I t•11 t • I ,I> ""' .......d hi 1111' 1t11i11,1•l11H 11 \111111,111,,, ;. I
    I,
    I '
    ., ,.
    d

    I
    11 l ll~1'1ll~I IVl I \AMl•l t 11
    de

    r"
    ""'I
    l '.\ \ \ll 11 I
    Vt , 1 1
    f •. ,I
    oa

    J
    I
    (1) ;;.11\ I ,/11 l ll \
    \ II I ' I
    nl

    I
    II ( l\ l l f l l l
    11) 1,,.111,• 1>" ,·11
    w

    th,11
    I t I
    I JI/ \
    do

    II

    \l111,1+11 •
    I I'! ~ I
    V
    I ,. I h,"
    11, I\
    l ' .ft,

    .~
    l J11
    ,i, I, I\ I 1 /1 • I '
    •I ' •'t I 1 I \
    l'utth,,: , • V , ,111.t I
    ,Iv I I 1\lh t I
    • I \ I\ ,II
    •
    ",,
    '
    •
    t•

    I I
    plffERENTIAL EQUATIONS
    21.81
    di- = l +,in,,
    dx
    1
    ----UL.
    ,.. =
    d,·
    .\_
    1 +sin,,
    f 1_ d,• = dx f llntegr,,t1n11 hoth ~1.ic~J
    · 1 ~ SJ.J1 • 1
    . [ 1 - sin v
    dx = - -2 dv
    J · 1 -sin v
    • 1-sint•
    f dx = j
    cos
    2 dv
    1'

    m
    f d:t: =f (sec2 !1 - tan !> ~ v) dv

    o
    x = tan-v-sect•+C

    .c
    :::>
    :::> x = tan (x + y) - ~ (x + y) + C, which is the required solution.

    du
    (ii) We are given that
    dy = cos (x - y)

    oe
    dx
    Le! x .,. II= v. Then,
    ch
    ~ + dy = dv ⇒ dy = dv _ l
    dx dx dx dx
    te

    d dy dv 1 . h . differentia
    · 1equation,
    Putting x + y =l' an - =- - ll\ t e given
    · · we get
    dx dx
    m

    dr
    --1 = cosv
    fro

    dx
    -dv = l+cosv
    dx
    d

    1
    ⇒ - - - d v = dx
    de

    l + cos V
    1 2 -t' dv = dx.
    -sec
    oa

    2 2
    =f
    [1ntegrating both sides)
    1 sec 2 v dv
    f 2
    l · dx
    nl

    2
    V
    w

    tan-=x+C
    2
    x; Y) = x+ c, which is the requi red solL1tion,
    do

    ~ tan (

    (iii) We are given that


    dy 2
    dx=(4x+y+1)
    Let4x + y + 1 =-V, Then,
    4 + dy = dv ⇒ dy = ~ 4
    dx dx dx dx 1 , , f\<.'l
    Putting 4x "'y + 1 =v and dy = dv - 4 in the given differ~1,tinl Pqt111 l on, " c
    dx dx
    du 2
    - - 4 =v
    d~'.
    ⇒
    dv 2
    - = V ~4
    dx
    21.62

    ::::::,

    =
    = i J
    ' +4
    z:,~
    d
    JI I

    J
    .., tan
    ... I(.

    1
    ::::::,
    tan 1 4l + I 1
    ➔
    2 2
    ( · hteh the r, q ur ·d <

    t\ " <::o/, (1-, 111 2 dy i


    d,

    m
    SOLt:Iro_,, Let i " 11 =v Then,
    d! _ dr• => d11 =d1. - l

    o
    l -o.
    d:,. ,fr dx dx

    .c
    n l+in~ d11 dv . .

    du
    i u._'6 :r+ v =r• and--"-
    d:i.
    =d:x
    - -1 the gn-cn differential equation, wege
    l~-l "'
    oe
    ,,:z 02
    dx
    av
    ch
    = V
    2
    -
    d, = Q
    2
    •V
    2

    ~ 2 2
    te
    => t
    4
    dv "' (a + v ) dx
    v2
    m

    2 dt•-=dx
    V + Q2
    fro

    2
    1- -3:. -) dv Jx
    V' -,.a2
    d
    de

    :::;.
    f1 dv -a
    2
    f r,2 +1 a2 d,• - f di + C
    oa

    v-atan -I ( Tl J .1.+<..
    nl

    II

    J(l a
    w

    + II
    tx + '!I) a tan I C , , hid, ti , , , ulrcd :,;.,1:ut1100
    do

    lXA ,,, , th I Jl//,J/ (. ( .


    !iOLIJTI TI, t:11d f,,,
    dj J
    d.r
    Let .r + !I .. nu
    J ,t tfy tf JI
    d1 dx .I d
    Ir
    Putting .l + y v and d,
    dz, 1
    1
    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
    Z1.63
    dP 1 ~ c:osv
    :::>
    -
    tlX
    - ---
    (X>~ 7'

    ~~ t ~ dr, = d.,
    :::> l+Cost•
    l!ti cos l' (1 - cost')
    - - · - 0 --d1• = 1h
    :::>
    l - cos .. l'

    =>
    (cot t' coscc n - cot2 ·u) dr, '= dx
    (cot, 1 cosccu coscc 1• ➔ 1) ,fr,
    2 = ,fr
    "" -cosccz, .. cot P + ,. :. x + c
    :::> [On integrating)
    -coscc (.\ y) + cot (x + y) • x + y = .x + c

    m
    :::>
    :::> cosec (x + y) , cot (x + y) ➔ y = c

    o
    l cos (x + 1/)
    => - --·-+y=C

    .c
    sin (x + 11)

    -raJ\r\, x+2. Y)+ y

    du
    => = C ... (i)

    oe
    !l is gin:!ll lhat: y (0) = 0 i.e. Y = 0 when x = 0. Putting ., · = 0 and y = 0 in (i), we get C = o.
    rutting C = 0 in (i), we get

    x: j y),which is the
    ch
    - tan ( 1/ + Y = 0 => y = tan (x; requited solution.
    te

    EXAMPLE 4 Solt'<': dy = cos (x + y) + sin (x + y).


    dx
    m

    e;J !'i()LUTION · Lei x + 1/ = v. Then,


    1 + dy ~ ,ti>·= !!JL=~-1
    fro

    dx dx dx dx
    Putting x + y =v and d!!_ = dv -1 in the given differential equation, we get
    dx dx
    d

    di.' .
    --1 = cosv+smt•
    de

    onl d.,
    d,•
    =- = l +cosv+sinu
    oa

    dx
    [By separaling the variables]
    1 - - d v = dx
    -
    1 + C05I'~ sin u
    nl

    (On integrating]
    f- _I_ - d v = J 1 -dx +C
    w

    1> COSV- Sill V


    f l _ _ _ _ dv = ~·+C
    do

    J tan 2
    (v/.;;-2 tan (v/2)
    1+ + 2.
    2
    1 + tan (v/2) I + tan (v/2}

    ,,. J scc2 (v/2) dv = x +C


    2 !('I ~ tan (v/2)1
    "" log! l + tan (,,/2)1 - x+C
    "> log 1 ' tan ( x: y) !- x➔ C, whicl1 iB ih<• rnq ulre<l ,mlution.
    21.64

    EXAMPl1!5 So/vetliefat(aw111gmz ltl


    . ·1. I va/w• pm/1kt1Vi:(·' '¥)
    . , 2 0 (ii) (r y) r,J f
    (i) (x+y+11 tf_l/ dx,1/( 1) ,- ,
    SOLUTION I en,n tr'a) equation
    (i) 'I he giwn ti '(( . 1s
    (r+ya-1/dy c dx
    dv I
    ~=- 2
    dx (x + y + 1)

    mo
    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    But, y(OJ =-1 does
    te

    Hence, x-y=ex-
    m

    EXA/1.fi':..E 6 Find th
    = atrmypaint(x, y) ise
    fro

    V-lan -1 V = X+ C SOLL TIO'! The slo


    d

    (x Ty T 1) - tan - 1 (x + y + 1)
    de

    = x+c is given tba t the slo


    1 . du ~
    yT1-tan- (x+y+l) = C .. -- =(-'t-1/11
    oa

    dx -
    Itis given that y (-1) =0 i.e. y = 0 when x = - 1. Putting x =1 and y = 0 in (ii), we get This is aA'.""ldifterenti
    ~I
    1-tan-l O = C=> C "'1
    nl

    1 - __,__ = ::..:.. Substi tu


    dx d.1:
    Putting C "'1 in (ii), we get
    w

    dv ,
    1 1--- -=z,-
    = x + y + 1 "' tan y, which is the required solution.
    do

    y = tan - (x + y + 1) dx
    lnie,,,. ..,_
    (ii} 1he given differential equations is .,,,'lung, ·we Obt

    =
    =
    ( x - y) ( dx + dy) = dx - dy
    (x- y-1) dx = - (x y i 1/ dy
    -
    dy x -y 1
    = ---- - , ,I
    1
    -
    :;- log l+v

    logJ~.J'=
    1 -l/

    dx x-y+l
    I 1-v
    dy
    Let x-y=V. Th.en, 1-- =-=
    du d]J_ "" l dr,
    dx dx dx dx
    P utting x -y =v and dy =l - du in (i), we get
    dx dx
    .dv v-1
    1 -- = - -
    dx V+l
    OiFFEflENTfAI.. EQUATIONS

    dv=v-1+ 1 21.85
    dx v+ l
    dv 2v
    - = --
    dx v+ 1

    ~dv = 2dx
    V

    ( l + ; ) dv = 2 dx

    m
    !) =2f

    o
    J (\ 1 + V dv
    •
    dx

    .c
    :::) v + log Iv I = 2x + C

    du
    :::, x - y + log l x - y I = 2x + C
    loglx -y l = x+y+C

    oe
    :::,
    ...(ii)
    It is given that y (0) =-1 i.e. when x = 0, y = - 1. Putting x = o and y =-1 in (ii), we get
    ch
    logl = -l+C ⇒ C = 1
    Putting C = 1 in (ii), we get
    te

    log I x - y I = X .,_ y + 1 ⇒ l x - y I = ex+ Y + 1 ⇒ x _ y = ± ex-+ Y + 1


    m

    But, y(O) =-1 does not satisfy x - y = - e-' + y + 1


    Hence, x - y =ex+ y- 1 gives the required solution.
    fro

    EXAMPLE 6 Find the equation of the curve passing through origin if the slope of the tangent to the ci.rue
    al anypoint(x, y) is equal to the. square of the difference ()f the abscissa and ordinate of the pont.
    d
    de

    (NCERT EXEMPLAR)
    SOLUTION The slope of the tangent at any point (x, y) on the curve y = f(x) is given by~- lt
    oa

    . • 2
    15 given that the slope is equal to (x-y) .
    dy 2
    nl

    -=(x-y) ... (i)


    .. (ii) dx
    w

    This is a differential equation in red ucible to variable separable fonn. Let x - y = v. Then,
    l dy dv . . .
    do

    --d =-.Substituting these values ,n (1), we obtam


    x dx
    1 -dv
    - =v2 ~ -dv =1 - v2 :::;, - 1 - dv = d.
    x
    dx dx 1 - v2
    Integrating, we obtain
    1 J1 +vi
    - log - - =x +C
    2 1-v
    or, Iog 11-+vi
    - = 2x + 2C
    11 - v
    ... (ii)
    or, log .!_+ x-y =2x + 2C
    1-x+y -Owhenx=O.Putting~·=O,
    lt 15
    · • · · Therefore, Y -
    ~iven that the curve passes through the origm-
    y OIn (ii), we obtain C =O.
    O

    Putting C = 0 in (ii), we obtain


    'I, tf!J (X .'f) I '."\
    tlx 2 (X y) 1 'i
    h, mi (x 2y) t 2 tlj

    m
    rlr

    o
    9. (~· , y) (dx dy) c/,t I d}
    t1or;100ENEOUS OIFF

    .c
    lN(' ERT EX FMPli\RI ,,,pres,,iblf /n the form

    du
    . dv f(X, ':I
    ANswe, dx = g(x,

    oe
    X-Y\ 1vl1tre J(x, YI and g(x
    2. cot ·
    ( 2 ) = y ·I C differerrtial equaticm.
    ch
    4. x + y = tan (x + C) such type of equati
    .1. 2 (., JI) + log (x !I + 2) = x ., C explained below:
    te

    5. y - tan
    1
    ( .\ + y) = C
    6. x = tan (x - 2y) -~ C
    The given differen ·

    x; y) 8. y - x + log I sin (x + y) + cos (x+ yll•C d11 l' f


    m

    ';• .'f = t,m ( +C --


    dx
    "'
    fro

    1 1
    (y - x)+
    9.
    2 2 loglx+yl=C Let y=vx.
    d

    21 .6.5 HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS


    A f1111ction f(x, y) is called n homogeneous function of degree 11, 11
    de

    HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTION
    f ()..x, ).y) = i..' f(x, y) tf:,
    v+:c-
    oa

    ,L-c:
    For example, f (x, y) = x2 - y2 + 3xy is a homogeneous function degree 2, because =::) 1 d
    (11. x, 'A,y) = ,...2x2 - i.2y2 + 3 ?,x · i,y = ,.2(x -l + 3xy) = '>. f(x, y)
    2 2
    nl

    / F tv) -v
    On inh.'gration, w
    w

    Consider the following functions:


    =sin(~) and, H (x, =sin x + cosy J f(v)1 -v
    do

    f(x,y)c2x-3y,G(x,y) y)
    ,\Her integral°
    We have, F I ' ion,
    " lowing a lgoct
    F (A.X, )..y) =2'J,,x - 3),y = ,_l (2x- 3y) = ').} F (x, y)
    ~LGORITHM
    F (x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree 1. I' I
    Put the di
    G(A.X, 'J,,y) =sin(i)=i,0 sin (~)=x
    1
    G (x, y) ~ - $(x
    d.,. - 'V (
    G (x, y) is a homogeneous funclion of zero dei;n•e. "r,:.,1, II

    H (?.x, ,._y) = sin ?..x + cos '>.y"' x' £-I (x, y) for any 11
    H (:r, y) is not a homogeneous function. ~r· !lt 111
    Let A (x, y) = x2 + 2xybe a function of x, y. Then, 5J['p IV Shift V 0
    --- Integrate
    Fi ('>.x, ,,y) = ,;z 2 ,
    "- x + 2A.X ,.y =,.,,2 ( x 2 + 2xy) =),2 Fi_ (x, y)
    m
    ,,-,r••(''Li$ DI> I I H N1 IAL llO\IA 1 l~)N II 1 /11 'I /
    ., ·" -~ " ' ~ ••h ,·i '''"' ,,...~,..,, ,li/fo'lt'll/111/ 1'1/lhl/11111 ,.
    .... ..1,~,.. n
    ,~:.

    o
    1: I\~ ,
    ,, ,h. '\.\ L)

    .c
    S ,h S\1 ~)

    du
    "t '\.i _) ,. ,:,t ,,\ 1 1 l ,it,• Ji,,1111\,'<' 11 <'' '~ ,1l111i'IM11~ ,,f 1111• 1<.t11h' ,,,:~,,... tlim ,t ;, ,,,11,•,l ,, 11,,,.,,,:(1'11,1•11•

    oe
    f :l l°l':11~fhH'

    1
    ,,t
    ,,1,h 1, .,., ,,11,,11i,,ns ,·,\n b,• t\',hw,'<i. 1,, \ ' ,\t'l,11'11' l\\'l'"'\1\1l1• f1W111 by t I,., ~ull:,t It 1111\111 )I • 1·1 .,,
    ch
    ,•,r:,1111t,1 t-"11'\\:
    Th< ~h\'n dillt'1,•nh,1I ..-,11i.1lhm ,-.,n t,., \\'l'ith•11 <\t\
    rli' 'il
    te

    ,.q _ ," 1(y/1\ r{y .1) (,:~i·l


    .h ," ~\v/.1) S (y , ) ,1
    m

    ilv ,It•
    ~-,.
    fro

    lt>t _I l h1'n, ' I' t \°


    tf1 ,h

    ~.,t-,tih.thl~ lht~t' ' ,\hit'$ in


    ,Iv
    ' rl~1 \\ I' f,l'l
    d

    d'
    de
    oa
    nl
    w
    do
    21.68
    I/ . .•n/i,li·o,, o/,tai11ed in Step IV lo obfain f/te solution in term, ,r
    SThJ>V Repacev
    I l,y'X m 11ir,., · o1 xq.•~
    Following examples will illusb·ate the procedure.
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    I LEVEL-1 I
    EXAMPLE 1 Solve /lie differential equation x 2 dy + y(x + y) dx = 0, given that .If =1 when~ •I
    SOLUTION The given differential equation is IC~S!

    m
    x dy - y (x ~ y) dx = 0
    2
    2

    o
    x dy = - y (x + y) dx

    .c
    dy y(x+y)
    = i; = x2

    du
    ⇒
    dy = -(xy+y2)
    oe
    dx xi 2
    I,ut, 3X Y = - (y - 2
    Since each of the functions xy + y2 and x 2 is a homogeneous function of degree 2. Theriie., 3x2 y = y~
    ch
    equation (i) is a homogeneous differential equation.
    d d11 dv . .)
    te
    .
    Pu tting y = vxan --"- =V+x-m(i,wegct r. • ,'!'lE: Solre the
    dx dx
    2 2
    = -(vx :~2 x)
    SOLUTIO-:-: The giv
    m

    (x-y) dy ..-(x
    v+x ::
    dy =
    fro

    dx
    dv 2
    v+x - = -(v +v) .iy =
    dx
    d

    dv 2 dx
    x - = -2v -v
    de

    dx Sin~ ea,h of the ·


    x dv = - (u2
    + 2v) dx <'quation 1.i' is a hom
    !
    oa

    I dx
    Puttin,_ ,. = .'X a.'1d
    - - - d v = -- [By separating the vill'k,1;:.e-
    v2 + 2v x
    nl

    ,fr
    J 1
    dv = !.dx -f r-..- x - =
    2 ,tx
    w

    V +2V X
    1
    J
    do

    ⇒
    J dv !. d x
    ·u2 + 2v+J - 1 =- X
    1
    J (v+1) 2 2
    dv=- f !.dx
    -1
    V
    ••

    - 1 log - -
    2xJ
    - v+l-11 = - log x + log C

    -l
    v+l-+l

    1 lo,. v = - log x + log C .\ ~'.'. '=


    ,tx
    ⇒
    i !, v+2
    v ~l
    ~dv"'
    log v + 2 Jog x = 2 log C v +l
    v+2
    J "-z--d
    V+]

    ~
    2
    log + log x2 = log k, wherek -=- c V +]

    v+ 2
    tJTIAl EQUATIONS
    p1ffERE
    ,2 21.69
    .:..:- = logk
    log V +2

    = k

    Jti~given that y = 1, when x = 1, Putting x"' 1, y = 1 in(")

    m
    Pu~k =1/3 in (ii)' weget u, we getk =1/3.

    o
    Ii y 1 2

    .c
    - =- ⇒ 3x y = ± (y + 2x)
    1y+ 2x 3

    du
    But. 3i y = - (y + 2x) is not satisfied by y (1) =1.

    oe
    ? 2x
    3x- y = Y + 2x ⇒ Y = , which gives the required solution.
    3x2 -1
    ch
    f\A\fl'L E ~
    Solve tile differential equation (x + y) dy + (x -y) dx = 0, given that y = 1 when x = 1.
    te

    SOLUTIOJI: The given differential equation is


    (x+y)dy+(x-y) dx=O
    m

    dy x-y
    ~=----
    x+ y
    fro

    dx
    ...(i)
    dy y-x
    -=--
    dx x+y
    d

    Since each of the functions y- X and x + y is a homogeneous function of degree 1. Therefore,


    de

    equation (i) is a homogeneous differential equahon.


    oa

    Putting y = vx and dy = v + x dv in (i), we get


    dx dx
    dv vx-x
    nl

    v+x- = - -
    dx x+vx
    w

    v+xdv = v-1
    do

    v +1dx
    dv v-1
    "' X- :c---V
    dx v+ t
    2
    dv v-J-v -v
    X- = -----
    dx v+ 1
    I "' x:: -(v::,1) =

    I !_+ 1 dx
    2-dv= - -
    t> +1 X
    . ll+ l dx
    l --y--dv
    ll + l
    =- f
    J X
    21:70

    ___.!!_ du +
    1
    J --:r- dv = -
    f dx
    X
    J v2+1 V +1 dx
    !_ J ~ dv + f ~ dv = - J x
    2 v2 + l v2 + l
    !_ log (v2 + 1) + tan -l v = - log 1x I + C
    2
    ::::, logcv2 + 1) + 2 log I xi + 2 tan-l V = zc 1_}!!.-dv
    v2: -1-1
    =
    ::::, log (v2 + 1) ➔• log x 2 + 2 tan -l v = k, where k = 2C .::::,
    log,v2 -;-1) =

    m
    ::::, log {(v2 + 1) x2} + 2 tan -l v = k ~
    [•: V log (v2 -1J -1- J

    o
    ::::, log ((y2 tx2) + 1) x2) + 2 tan - l (y/x) = k :;:::,

    .c
    (vz ...-1( x\ =
    (x2
    + y2) + 2 tan-l (yx) = k
    ::::, log ~

    1}

    du
    It is given that y = 1, when x = 1. Putting x = 1, y = 1 in (ii), we get :;:::,
    {<y1 tl> . .
    log2+2ta:n-1 (1) = k::::, k = \og2+2(1t/4) = (rr,/2)+log2

    oe
    :;:::,
    (x1 - ,/) =C
    Substituting the value of kin (ii), we get
    It is given that y =1 w
    ch
    1
    log(x2 + y2) + 2 tan- (;) = ~+ log2 Substituting C = 2 in (
    te

    But, x =1 , y =1 do no
    Hence, log (x2 + y2) + 2 tan- t (;) = %+ log 2, x st O is tbe required solution ot the gP-
    m

    EXA...'-1PLE 4 Solve: X

    differential equation. The giv:


    fro

    SOLu-UON;
    EXAM.Pl E 3 Solve the differential. equation (x'l· - l) dx + 2xy dy = O; given t/ult. y =J whenx=1- x- y dx-t.r
    3

    [NCERT, CB5£;:
    ⇒
    2
    dy_ x
    d

    dx - x3-+ ~
    de

    SOLUTION We are given that


    (x2 - y2)
    dx + 2xy dy = 0 Since each of the nrnJ
    oa

    ::::, (x2 - / ) dx = - 2 xy dy difft-rential equatio


    Puttingy =t'X and
    nl

    2 2
    dy x -y
    ::::, -dx =
    w

    2xy dv
    2 2
    V+x- =
    do

    dyy -x dx
    ::::, -dx =
    2xy v+xdv =
    Since each of the functions/ - x2 and 2xy is a homogeneous function o f degree~- th•' ~iii! dx
    differential equation is therefore homogeneous. x dv _
    . d dy dv. (.)
    4x -
    1
    Putting y = vx an dx = v + x dx U\ 1 , we get

    dv v
    2
    x2 -x2
    v+x-
    dx
    = 2x -vx
    2
    dv v -1
    v+x- = -
    dx 2v
    2
    dv v -1
    x- ~ - - v
    dx 2v
    DIFFERENTIAL EOUA'flOl~S

    dv v2 -1 -2v 2 21.71
    =
    ·r ,-tx 2ti

    <!;. = -ll'\;,
    2i• dx
    J l
    - dt1 = - -
    i+l X I By separating the variables J

    J V2~ dv = f dx
    +1 X (fotegrating both sidesJ
    ?
    :::) log (ii- + 1) = - log I x I + C
    L!

    m
    ~
    log (i + 1) + log I x I = log C

    o
    IJi1
    2
    (v + 1) I x I = C

    .c
    :::)

    {(y2/.x2) + l} lxl

    du
    :::) = C [·; V = y/x]
    2 2

    oe
    :::) (.r+y)=Clxl ...(ii)

    It is given thaty = 1 when x = 1. So, putting·"°= 1, y = 1 in (ii), we get: C = 2.


    ch
    2 2
    Substituting C = 2 in (ii), we obtain x + y2 = 2 1x I => x + y2 = ± 2x
    te

    Bui, x = l , y = 1 do not satisfy x2 + y 2 = - 2x. Hence, x2 + y2 = 2x is the required solution.


    E>..AMl'LE4 Solve: x 2 y dx -(x 3 + y 3) dy = 0 [CBSt _ -,_J
    m

    SOLUTION The given differential equation is


    fro

    x2 ydx-(x 3 + y 3) dy = 0
    ... (i)
    d

    !!1f. - x2 y
    =>
    de

    dx - x3 + y3
    Since each of the functions x2 y and x 3 + y3 is a homogeneous function of degree J, so the given
    oa

    differential equation is homogeneous.


    nl

    Putting y = vx and dy =v + x di, in (i), we get


    dx dx
    w

    3
    dv vx
    do

    ...til v+x-= 3 3
    dx x 3 +v x
    dv v
    v+x- - -
    dx - 1+V3
    dv V
    X- =- ---V
    dx 1 +v3
    4
    dv v-v-v
    x- =
    dx 1 + v3
    4
    dv v
    X- = - -·
    dx 1 +v3
    4
    x(l+v 3) dv=-v dx
    21.72

    1 +v 3 d.r I By separating !:he


    = -
    v4
    dti =-
    X V~t',.,
    1,

    ⇒ 1_ + 1 ) dv = _ dx
    ( V4 11 X

    v-3
    ⇒ _ + logl v l = - loglxl+C
    3
    ⇒ - _J - + log I v I + log I x I = C c I xi (l
    3!13
    J x3 u
    CI xi (l
    - - - +log .... . x = C [•: l'
    C (X - y)

    m
    3 y3 X \,
    ::;;,.
    3 lt .Ls given that Y

    o
    - 2- + log IYI = C, which is the requi.J:ed solution. C (1-0)

    .c
    3y3
    (l

    du
    LXAMl'Ll s
    2
    Find the particular solution of the differential equation: (x + xy) dy =(x2 -y2) dx~, Putting C =1 in
    fhilt y = 0 when x = l. LNCERT, CBSI:2005,l:r. differential equa

    oe
    SOLUTION n,e given differential equation is EXAMPLE6 fi
    2 2
    (x +xy) dy = (x + y2) dx for x-:= 1 Y =1.
    ch
    dy - x2 + y2 SOLUTT01'. We
    ⇒
    te

    dx - .i+ xy (3xy +
    2
    Since each of the functions x + y and x 2 + xy is a homogeneous function of degree 2. so~
    2 dy
    m

    - =
    given differential equation is homogeneous. dx
    fro

    Putting y = vx and dy =V + x dv in (i), we get Since each of th


    dx dx
    giYen equation ·
    d

    2
    x 2 +v x
    2
    dv
    v+x- = 2
    de

    Putting ,1, = ;:,x


    dx x +vx2
    2
    oa

    dv 1 +v
    ⇒ v+x- =
    dx l+v
    nl

    2 2
    dv 1 +v -v-v
    x- =
    w

    dx l +v
    do

    dv I -v
    ⇒ x- =--
    dx 1 +v
    ⇒ x (1 + v) dv = (1 -v) dx
    1 + n dv = dx
    1-v X

    ⇒
    2-(1 -v) dv = dx
    1-V X

    2 (v + 1)
    - -l)dv = dx
    ( 1-V
    Integrating both sides, we get
    X
    -----
    tJ + 1
    2v2 + 4
    ,8?-1- 2
    f [1=v -lJdv = f d: ?12 +
    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

    :::> J 1 ~v dv - J l.dv = J dx 21.73


    X
    => -2logll-vl-v=1oglxl l
    • 1 og C
    :::> log I x I + log C + 2 Jog I 1 1, I l'

    ⇒ log{Clxj(l -v/} = - ,,

    ⇒ Clxl(l - if = e-v
    :::> C I x I (1 - !I Ix/ = ,.- !II,.

    :::> C(x - y) 2 = lxle-yh


    Tt is given that y = 0 when x
    2 0
    =1. Putting these. va1ues .m (11),
    ..
    we get

    m
    C (1 - 0) =e ⇒C =1

    o
    PuttingC = 1 in (ii), we obtain (x-y) 2 =I xi e yl.r whi 11 l .

    .c
    .,,,, n· l .., ' c s the particular solution of the .,;vbn
    wneren . a equa .,on. ,,,. '

    du
    EXAMPLE o Find the particular solution of the differential equation (Jxy + 2) dx ( 2
    for X =1, = 1. . y + X- + X!f) cly = 0;

    oe
    · y [CBSE 2008 20131
    SOLUTJON We are given that '
    2
    (3XtJ + y2) dx + (x + xy) dy =O
    ch
    2
    l
    te

    dy = -[ 3xy + y ... (i)


    dx x2+xy
    m

    Since each of the functions ( 3rtJ + y 2) and (x + xy) is a homogeneous funetion of degree 2, the
    2
    fro

    given equation is, therefore, a homogeneous differential equation.


    Putting y = vx and dy =v + x dv in (i), we get
    dx dx
    d

    · x2 2
    de

    . dv -3v + :l v }
    v,-x- =-
    dx
    1 2
    x +vx
    2
    oa

    2
    dv J
    = - l 1+v -
    3v +v }
    nl

    v + x dx
    w

    2
    = _ J311 + v
    do

    x dv + v}
    .
    dx l 1 +v

    x dv = _ J 2V2+ 4v}
    ax l v+1
    ⇒
    (v + J) x dv = -(2v2 + 4v) dx
    v+J dx
    ⇒ - - - d v = ---
    2v2 + 4v x
    (2v + 2) dv = _ 4 dx
    ⇒
    v 2 + 2v x
    ' 21.74
    EAEN'flAL EOU
    f 2ir + 2 dv = - 4
    v2 ➔ 2v
    f d:
    ·
    (Tntegratin~
    ~... p1F F

    _ _!_ Jog 11 -
    log I t>2 + 2v I - - 4 log I x I I Joi'\ C 4

    2
    log I,, + 21•! = log(.~] _tJogll -
    4
    C
    ⇒ Iv 2 + 2v l = -:r
    X -Iogl(l -
    ⇒ 1ih2+ 2y/ x/ = 5 I.

    m
    2 C 4
    ⇒ ly+2xyl = 2 log (1-v

    o
    X
    It is given that y = I when x =L Putting these vali1e.s in (ii), we get: C = 3.

    .c
    PuttingC = 3 u, (ii), we obtam ll + 2xyj =} as the required solution.

    du
    3
    3xy2) dx = (y 3 - 3x2y) dy.

    oe
    EXAMI'LE 7 Solve: (x
    SOLtiTION We are given that
    ch
    3 2
    (x - 3xy ) dx "' (y 3 - 3..2y) dy
    3
    dy = x -3xy2
    te

    = dx y3 -3x2y
    m

    d =
    Clearly, the given equation is a homogeneous equation. Putting y == v., and _J t> ~,
    + x -~
    fro

    we get dx J.1 SOU.710:S.. Tne 3iv


    3 '
    dv x - 3v2 x 3 iv = \'c
    d

    V+X-= --
    v 3 x 3 - 3vx 3 dx
    de

    dx
    Clearlv, il 1:- a nvm
    dy 1-3v2
    v+x - = - - = t'X and d
    oa

    Putt~ y
    dx v 3 -3v
    1-3v2 J - v4
    nl

    dv
    x- - - 3 -- - v - - - - ~
    dx v - 3v v 3 - 3v
    t'-x- =
    w

    Jx
    3 dt·
    x (v - 3v) dv = (1 v4 ) dx t+_,·- =
    do

    d.,
    ⇒
    v3 - 3v dv ~ dx m,
    J -V4 X ',T,..=,l
    Lit1
    !v dv = f dx =
    f v3 -
    1-V X
    --=:;:-.~

    \' I + ..,-'
    3 liitegr,Hing both sid
    ⇒ f 1-v
    ~ dv - 3 f
    7/
    d11 f ,/,J,'
    l)
    4
    r I ~, !.= d
    ~ I + ,,2
    -4v 3
    --4 f -1-v
    1
    - 4 dv
    3
    2 f I -
    21,
    2 2 tlo
    (v ) J "' logj v + ~1
    \'

    - 4v 3
    ⇒ _.!,
    4
    f --
    4
    dv
    3
    2 f
    di
    /2 I
    ti.,·
    \<\1 ht-~rl· I 2
    V,
    Iv+ {i+v2 J

    1-v ] X
    cnl N 11AI. EOUA llONS
    1111 1~

    3 1
    '.! ' 2 x l log l 1 I
    1 - I
    I 21.75

    t +v2 I
    1 -J I"' 4 log lCxl

    l )
    -3
    4 L 1 + v2
    1,,~ (1v) -
    ' 1 - v2

    o m
    3
    2

    .c
    J "(
    7" 1
    7., }
    =(Cx)4

    du
    1-l' I+,'
    24 4
    (1-v2/ - ( I 1 v ) (Cx)

    oe
    2
    1 -1• 2 = (1 + i, )2 (C.,)2
    1-i?tx2 = (l+/; x 2) 2 C 2 x2
    ch
    ,.:! - y2 = (x2 + y 2)2 c2, w,uc
    ._, I11s. the reqw.red
    . solution
    te

    I 2 2 [NC:ERT, CBSE 2005, 2011, 20191


    1\~~ll'lf ~ Solt•e: x dy - y dx = ✓ x + y dx
    m

    !OWTIO"< The given differential equation cai., be written as


    fro

    d1/ Jx2 + y2 + y
    ~ = ,2...----- ,x "' O
    dx x
    d

    Clearly, it is a homogeneous differential equation.


    de

    Putting v = vx and dy = v + x dv in it, we get


    · dx dx
    oa

    du ✓x2 + v2 x2 + vx
    v-x- =
    nl

    dx
    p X
    w

    dv
    v+x- = l+V +v
    dx
    do

    dv [---;;
    X = \/1 + v- \By separating the variables\
    dx
    dv dx
    ✓1 +v2 = ;
    Integrating both sides, we gel
    f 1 dv = ~ dx J
    J, .,_V2 X

    + Iog C
    log Iv + ✓1 + v
    2
    I "' log I XI

    Iv + ✓i + v 2 I = 1ex I
    fHE~lflAI..
    (Jtf'f •
    We
    I . <I ,O, ff' J,. dy
    J: d:t
    dV
    , dx
    F\ \Ml'I I ~ .~r>/,•,•;

    y{ 1,•p~ ( ~) 1 ,II "In l•~) } ,II \' {I/sir 1 ( ~) ,\ m:, ( ':J} r/r/ IJ INC IHI , < P. ,
    1J + ;,:

    m
    ~tit Lrt'l\.lN f tw gil•1•11 dilf,•n•111l,1I ,•1111u1li111rn111 ,,, wl'llb·u n11
    dr.,

    o
    x d:x

    .c
    !f { \ ,11"( .~ ) II/ :,iii ( •; )}
    cotvd
    ,

    du
    J}
    oe
    ,/,\ • ,\' { !/ Hitt ( '~ ) ,\' I li!l ( :;
    ch
    lt ,-.,n h1•, lwl'l,,•d 1h,111,1IS do..~ 11111 r h,111gt· whm x iM 1·1•11hl('('(I by ?,X r111cJ yby i.y,t:;,,,n
    .::,
    d iflt'N.'11 Ii, ,1 <'\JI,,, ( IPII Is honmg,·11, '(}11/l,
    te

    ,/11 tlr, .
    1'11ll111g.l/ l'I .111d 71 I ,l Ir\ (1), W(l/(C' I
    rf r rlr
    m

    ,/11 11 1· f~ ,·o~ 11 I r, ,\ ~In 11} lJ fc'OM ll 1 11 i;in ti} Hence,


    l' l \ •
    ,h I (11.\ ~J 11 IJ ,Y' ('()I, 11 f
    fro

    fv sin v c<111n1 I
    dr• 2 , 2 J
    ,, ru~ II I II H111 TJ V Y 11 I/ I V Cot, (J
    ' ,/..\ sl ,1
    d

    V !> v sin v
    I
    de

    I' SIil !I l'(IS I'


    I 11
    2 1/,1'
    Pnn-.u ,\"
    oa

    => 2 I d't'
    X
    f(111l•gt,1li11i; bolh
    ht u,h a tuat
    nl

    log It' rn~ 11 j 2 log I r I I lc,g c' EXAMPLE 11


    w

    I
    log log Ir2 I I Ing (' <iOlt'T!ON
    11,rnsllj
    do

    2yt"''

    ctr
    I II(

    l..:l,•,u ly , 1hr
    h , 111.i s ,d,• of C
    J
    / .11/ I"'' (y,J I
    I c· l
    1.1/ rnh (,11/,1') I A, wl,,.111,\ t> y

    y
    dv
    dy

    .I',o/•rr,,,,
    t/11 If 1v
    11X/\Ml'I II JO
    ••
    ~
    ~
    I
    ,I
    !I . dy
    nu r I Al NII/IL I 011/\ flON' 1

    ,,, a,J, r d,1 1/,,


    ,t, llty JJ,I,
    ,/ C. }1

    ti/I
    \ li\11 11
    ,h
    col v t/11 ..
    '"

    m
    , i( \ ./ ()
    \

    f col

    o
    dlf d.,
    .r
    11

    .c
    \
    log I sin 11 I log I ,1 Inge

    du
    ⇒
    le
    I ., ,
    I ~in (y/.1) 1 • IC/xi
    oe
    l. l
    ch
    Hence, I/ C .
    sm ; = x gives the rcg uiYccf sol.uti on.
    te

    ID1A..fil<. Sometimes !1 ho111og,,111•011s differential equn/-irm is exriressible /11 lhefcrm


    m

    d.r _ f (x, y)
    dy - g(x,y)
    fro

    wht·re f (x, y) and g (x, y) arc homogeneous f1mctions of same degree.


    d

    fo such a sifuntion, we substitute x =vy and dx =v + y dv to solve the differential equation


    de

    dy xy
    0CA.MPL E11 Solve: 2y exfy dx + (y - 2x ex111) dy = 0 fCM,l 2012, zou, ,cl:Rll
    oa

    SOLUTION We have,
    nl

    2yexly dx+(y-2xex/y) dy - 0
    w

    dx 2x exl.v - y Ill
    do

    dy = 2y1/1!!-
    . . , us diffc1 cnlit1l t•1pi.llli>n i\s Iii~ rt~ht
    Clearly, the giv<m differen tial ,s a hoJT1ogcn<>o ' eq1,121tion 11, tit> l 1
    •
    X
    f . S< W(' pt1 I· x
    hand side of (i) is expressible /IS a funchon y" >, ° •'I/ an,I ,ly • ,.,,, 'YI ,,,.,.
    ..,

    V
    dv 2VI' 1
    v+y 11
    dy 2e
    dv 2vev - J
    ⇒ y- =
    dy
    -2/'- V

    dv :1
    ⇒ y- =
    dy 2/'
    21.78

    ,,
    2ye J,, du
    2c" d;, I
    rl1/
    .II
    . ,.
    2) c ,tr, -
    f
    , I/ " ·''
    1
    11
    2r = log l 111 t l,1g l

    ⇒ 2 r" = log C : I
    , .11 I
    , ;., C
    = 2,· · = log. -
    y
    I/ ii -:u

    m
    :11
    :r
    Hence, 2e-'1" - log I~ -----

    o
    gives the genera l ~olutio11 of 1'11e g iven differential equation.
    !I "r

    .c
    Solve the following mitial value problems:

    du
    !\ • fr t,omoge.-::l'OUS
    15 d

    (i) x dy sin (r) + x-y su, ( =0, y (1) :=~ IL) [CBSE20U,
    d
    i'ut'.ll"~ I/ = .x a:-.i b:

    oe
    dx r lX 2

    (ii) xeYlx - y sin (}L) + x dy sin (i 'J = O, y (1) = 0.


    ch .. - r -
    .
    d
    b
    - -= -
    = - ~::-
    x dx x
    SOLUTION (i) We have,
    te

    dy
    X·· (y)
    · - +x -ysm -
    ~m · (y) = 0
    m

    dx x x

    x-y sin ( !l1


    fro

    dy \_ x)
    = dx = -~(~J
    d
    de

    nus is a homogeneous duferenl'ial equation.


    dy dv
    oa

    Putting y = vx and - = v · x - , it reduces to


    dxdx
    dv 1-vsinv
    nl

    v+x-= - 2
    dx sin v
    w

    dv 1-vsin v
    = X - -' - -v
    do

    dx sin v r
    du ]
    ⇒ x- = - - - \
    dx bin 'O
    1 \
    ⇒ sin v dv - dx , i( x t- O
    X h S I \ l'I\ lholt y ( I)
    O ~ k,!,;,· ~
    ⇒ f sinvdv = f : ,b [()ll 1111,•~r l l

    I .
    = - log l xl+C
    = - cosv -
    ~
    l

    ⇒ -cos[~)+loglxl = C ' V ' { • r 1/) 1 c


    sin\;.
    II ,
    It is given that y (1) "'~ i.e. when x =1 , ,I/ . l't1ttmg, I .incl I/ II i l1 (i), WC' g 1•t
    2 2
    01FFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

    lt 21.79
    _ coi; + log 1 ., C ⇒ c = O.
    2
    puttingC = 0 in (i), we gel

    -cos(~)+log I xi = O= log l xi "' cos(!l.)


    Hence, log I ., I = cos '": . (1/1
    x , is the requ~d
    . X
    solution.

    (ii) We have, xey/x -y sin (}LI+ x dydx ..


    X )
    (y)
    ~tn - = 0

    y sin(Y.)-xeYlx x
    dv x
    => d~ = --x-'s~in....:....,(_~...,J--

    o m
    This is a homogeneous differential equ a t·10n.

    .c
    . d
    di/ dv
    dx = v + x _dx , it red uces to
    Pul:tlng y =ilX an -·

    du
    dv
    p+X-;;. - - - -
    v sin v - ev

    oe
    dx sin t'
    dL1
    ch
    ::::, x- =
    dx
    te
    dt' ev
    ::::, \- = - - -
    rlx sin v
    m

    -t•
    ::;, e
    .
    ~in v dv = - -dx
    fro

    => Je-,, sin,, dv = - J :!:. dx


    X
    =+ 1
    d

    -D ·: Je'u sin bx dx ax
    (a sin bx -b cos bx)
    de

    2
    => e ( - sin
    . v - cos v) =- log Ix I + log C [ a +b
    2
    oa

    ⇒ -i,-'1' { ·•{;l· =(;l) •-Jogl ,1 + iogC


    nl
    w

    ⇒ •in (; )«os(;)) <2 l<>gl xl-21ogC


    do

    , yl• \
    ...(ii)

    ⇒ ,-,1, \•in(;),=(;)) • Jog I xi' -2 logC


    . ·1 p tf g these value, in (ii), we get
    It IS given that y (1) == Oi.e. y = 0 when X = · u lJ\
    1
    1 = 0 - 2 log C ⇒ log C = - 2

    Putting log C == - ~ in (ii), we get


    2 · e I ,olulitll\,
    e-y/x sin(;)+cosl; ( ) }
    = logl x\ 2
    +1asthe reqv1r l.

    {
    21.80
    . , 'tia/ value problems:
    -u\.l ru 13 Solve each of the jo/lowing 1111
    (i) 2x 2 ~y_ -2xy + y 2 = 0, y(e) = e
    2..2 dv =
    V
    dx 1
    (ii) 2xy + y 2 - 2x2 dy = 0, y (1)
    dx
    =2 2J v2
    2
    SOUJrION (i) We have, -- = J
    2 V
    2 du dy 2xy - Y
    dx ·
    2
    2x --""--2.w+y = 0
    dx 2x
    =- = 2 --ix_
    y
    -
    This is a homogeneous differential equation. It 6 given that Y
    Putting 11 =vx and dy =V + x dv, it reduces to -1 =
    • dx dx =-1

    m
    Putting C
    lx
    dv 2v-v 2 =

    o
    'P ...L.X- =- y
    dx

    .c
    2
    dt• 2
    => l x - = - v i _l

    du
    .Hence, Y =
    dx
    2 dx E._XA.""' [ 1,1 5

    oe
    = --dv2
    = ,.- 2 ..
    V "- (i) (x + y~)

    = r -- 2 dv = J -1 dx
    ch
    ? ,
    [On integra~ (iii) (x- - 2y- )
    • 2 ,.
    l} .....
    te
    SOLL'TIO~ (i)
    = = log Ix +C
    2
    l'
    ex-' -
    m

    = -2xy = logJxl+C =>


    fro

    j:,:

    It is given that y (e) = e i.e. y = e when x = e. Tl-jsisa hom


    d

    Putting x = e and y = e in (i), we get Putting y =r·x


    de

    2 = 1 +C => C = 1
    Putting C =1 in {i), w e get
    oa

    2x
    - = log l xl+l
    y
    lx
    y = - - --
    l +log l x l
    =
    nl

    2x
    Hence, y = - gives the required solution.
    w

    1 + log I xi l' di•


    --,-
    do

    (ii) We have, 2xy + y 2 - 2x2 dy = o ~.p -+


    dx
    2
    dy _ 2,xy + y
    dx - - 2x2
    This is a homogeneous differential equation.
    dy
    Puttingy=vx and -=v+x -dv ,1·t red ucesto log (2
    dx dx
    2
    dv 2v +v
    v + xdx= 2
    :::, (2y2
    dv 2 lt is given th
    l v + 2x - = 2 v + v
    = dx P
    lltting I C I :,
    a

    l x dv = v 2
    dx
    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

    2 1 21.81
    -dv = -dx
    V2 X
    •

    2 fl V
    -
    2
    dv = fl X
    dx

    - -2 = log I x I + C
    V

    - 2x
    - = loglxl+C
    y ••. (1)
    It is given that y (1) =2 l.e. y =2 whenx =1. Ptttting , -1 d . .
    -1 = O+C ⇒ C = -1 · - an !f= 2 m(,),weget
    Putting C = -1 in (i), we get
    2x = loglxl-1 ⇒ y = 2x

    m
    Y 1 -loglx l

    o
    2x
    Hence, y = - log Ix I gives the solution of the given differential equation.

    .c
    1

    du
    EXA..'1-!Pl · 1;. Solve each of the following initial value problems:
    2 2
    (i) (x + y ) dx + xy dy = 0 , y (1) = 1 (ii) (xe!f/x + y) dx = x dy, y (1) = 1 • J'., 2012

    oe
    2
    (iii) (x2 - 2y ) dx + 2xy dy = 0 , y (1) = 1
    ch
    SOLUTION (i) We have,
    2 2
    (x + y ) dx + :xy dy = 0
    te

    2 ..,
    dy X +y-
    m

    ⇒ - = -
    dx xy
    fro

    This is a homogeneous differential equation.


    Puttingy =vx and -dy = v + x -dv , 1·t red uc.,s
    -" t o-
    d.x dx
    d

    2
    de

    dv 1 +v
    v+x- =-
    dx v

    -l'\"'l
    oa

    ⇒
    nl

    ,: e
    w

    vdv 1
    = --dx
    do

    2
    2v + 1 X

    ⇒ 4v dv = -~ dx
    zv2 +1 X

    J 2v4v
    2 +1
    dv=-fid.x
    X

    log (2v2 + 1) = -4 log Ix I+ log C


    2
    2v +1 = 1c1
    4
    X ~
    :::> (2y2 + x2) x2 = IC I
    . x - I ' I/ I in (i), W\' g,,t:1 c I 2' 3
    hen x = 1. Puttrng · I tion
    It is given that y (1) = 1 i.e. Y = 1 w 2 2 s the re<-iuired so u ·
    2 ) X .=·a 3
    Putting IC I = 3 in (i), we get (2y + x ·
    21.82

    ~d\ w,, h,1\ l'. (.\1"vi, x dy

    "''
    ,I\ ox and i!Jf
    e •o//OlVI
    5,]lt't th 1
    dx 1 1:-:. di/ +- I/

    .,,, du _!F
    ~

    l I t \
    d, '-- dr .,
    rfr• r•
    '" d, r ,; x2 -y2)
    - ;• 1 ,fl .. 0
    t ' (' , 11 \' 'I:

    m
    \

    _f r ,. dv f I d.t

    o
    .\

    .c
    - r r· . Ing I ' I + C 2
    f
    ~=

    du
    V/ X b:
    = l<~glxl+C
    t
    1 2.x Jy ~
    It 1~ h1n'n that!' (1) = l i.e. when x = 1, y =1. Putting x = 1, y = 1 in (i), we get: - e- = ,:
    Putt mg C -
    1
    in (i), we p;ct
    oe ..--
    ch
    ..
    ('

    - e- ,r, = log I x I - I =-
    te

    e
    ~ e y/x= :- loglx l ⇒ - ~ = log(1-elog lx l) - 1 ⇒ y = x-xlog(l-dog
    m

    T
    fro

    Ji•"!flC<', u :t -x log (1 -e log I x I), is the solution of tl'le given equation.


    (ui) W,, have,
    d

    2 2
    2 dy 2y -x
    = --"----
    2y ) dx ~ 2xy dy =0 ⇒ -- ..
    de

    dx 2xy
    lnb is a homogem•ous differential E.1quation.
    oa

    dv dv .
    Putting 11 - ,,x c1nd · v J , 1t reduces to
    dx dx
    nl

    2
    2v
    w

    lv ~
    do

    du 1
    X V •
    dA' 211 '
    r
    do .. (\ ' .
    d:, 2:o
    ,b
    -:, 2v ,Iv •t
    X
    ~q \: ,/11
    ~ J 2u tla \

    0
    "? V
    2 101,
    2
    11 I I (
    l
    \: "'"·'l
    •
    x logl, l 1ix l (:t-~ -
    ~

    ll i~ given that y ( I) 1 ;,,. wht·n 1 1 ' I/ 1 l'L11lit1g I I , 11 I in (1), we );\L'l ; 32 • \.\ - 11)
    I ()1l , C I
    2 1
    l'ultin); ("' I in (i), we gd: !/2 .r log I I I 1 .l ,ii, Iii,• n·tJIIHc•d solullon.
    o tFfERENTIAL EQUATIONS
    21.83

    EXERCISE 2 1.9

    Solve tile followi11g d/fferenl ial equatiom:


    t . r ' d!f -+ y(.,·+ y) dx =0 llRSF'>(llOl , dy 1/ - X
    dx = ~ + x IC
    2 2
    J11 II - .\
    3. ..,_ "-'- -
    dx 2xy /4 x:;=x+y
    5. (i - /) d;< - 2. xy dy =O r, dy _ x + y
    , dx --;-y
    di/ 2 2
    ;. 2.w
    , X
    -a· =.,· + y 8. x2 dy
    dx =x
    2 2
    - 2y + xy l"'fCFRf
    d11 2 2

    m
    9. XI/ -'- = X - !f l(l. Y e~iy dx =(xex/y + y) dy
    • dx

    o
    1 dy 2 2
    11. X - -=X +Xy+y 1 2, (y2 - 2xy) dx = (x2 - 2xy) dy

    .c
    dx
    2
    13. 2xydx+(x2 +2y ) dy= O 14. 3.i dy =(3X1J + / ) dx

    du
    dy X 16. ( X + 2 y) dx - (2x - y) dy =0
    15.-=--

    oe
    ,h 2y+ x

    1s; dy = )Ljllog y - logx + 1}


    ch
    1,. dy='!!_-/l - ] dx x
    dx " ~-·r2
    (tI
    te

    19. dy = }l_ + sin [NCERT]


    dx x x)
    2l1J
    m

    22. x -dy ,=, y-xcos


    ·.
    fro

    .dx ' x
    d
    de

    \Cl\SE ;0t0]
    oa

    [NC'fRf]
    nl
    w
    do

    1c.·r,s1 zon
    21.84

    g.xz Y +
    y dx + { x log ( ~)} dy - 2., dy = 0
    t,; (;t'. + y ) (
    • ., Solve each of the following initial value problems: 2
    2 2
    (i) (.r + y ) dx = 2xy dy , y (1) = 0 17 y+ y
    (ii) :a•Ylx y + x dd_y_ 0 , y (e) = 0 ( JL
    X t' tan 2X
    (iii) dy - 'i + cosec Y. = O, y (1) = 0 IN< E.RT, ca
    dx x x x2 ~,
    2 Z1 \
    (iv) (xy 1•/ ) dx - x dy = 0, !J (1) = I

    m
    (\) •'Ji
    - ysin(
    = y (x + 2y) , y (1) = 2

    o
    d, x(2x+y) ~

    .c
    (vi) (/ - 2x 3 y) dx + (x 4 -2xy 3) dy = 0, y (1) = I

    du
    2 2
    (vii) x(x + 3y ) dx+ y(y2 + 3x2 ) dy = 0 ,y(l) = 1 .z.:; (i) X ~

    oe
    2 Z&. C 1l x -
    (viii){Ysin (~)-y} dx+xdy=O,y(l)=~ fCBSE20'.
    2- y_ ~ log
    ch
    X
    (ix) xdy_y+xsin ( }!..J= O,y(2) =x [CB, ,
    te
    dx x 2 y-,y-
    Find the particular solution of the differential equation xcos (i) dy =ycos ( t)+x,gr.. ,
    m

    ':17
    x dx \x -X- -
    x-y
    fro

    thatwhenx=l,y=~. rCBSE'.!.lr..
    4 n .. log I x-'
    Find the particular solution of the differential equation (x -y) E;L = x + 2y, given that1iL
    d

    dx
    de

    x =l,y =O. [CBSE:!01 ,. '~ l\ C ~ '-


    ~"' find the particular solution of the differential eqt1ation dy = xy , given that y = l ¼'
    oa

    dx x 2 +y- 3.:; Cy == 1
    x =0. [CBSF- ~vi• ·
    nl

    2 2
    =~ + Y , is given by x 2 - y2 = Cx.
    ) (i) (x.::
    4 Show that the family of curves for which dy
    w

    dx 2xy
    (iii) log j
    do

    (\' ) \Y
    t, ii) x,i,
    •,, log (x 2 + !/ 2) 1 2 tan I (I/\
    •, / ,,
    x2 + y2 =Cx 4 y , log I .\ I I C,
    2
    \
    2
    ,. x (x - 3y ) =C fl l:111 I (Y)
    ' ,\'
    I I,>i' (,\ l r
    2 '
    ,?) + C
    •
    '7 x=C(x - y )
    2 2
    fl.
    .t I J2 .I/ (c,·-)'
    ~ {:z
    y ✓2 y
    " x2 (x2 - 2y2) =C 10
    e;,:/1/
    =
    j
    <,g y I C " ,..,_ .
    ' -ne g1v,

    J
    tan - l ( : = C + log I x I 12· X
    2
    Y- i:y =C
    2
    ·rhis is ah
    I\ 111 nt Nll/\1 I llll \ll(IN
    H llh
    1,
    , '"t\ I 11 , 1

    JI' 1 V' , '1,111 I ,, '

    "I , Y \
    ' '"r, l': I r'

    '·'" l:\) II II I ,. l,111 I IV I\

    \ ,\ t ,v
    \

    \ h'!'I I\I
    I ~u, l!: )\ ('
    t,

    o m
    .c
    du
    V
    • i lo!\ 1 (' ' H 1,111 l~) In~\\\
    oe
    I

    [!l ' ~,•1-l ::.1t 'l',v


    ("" ' l')
    ch
    1· .It\.
    !' '
    te
    \
    I h>~ \ C
    \ I 11
    m
    fro
    d

    "'~ \·: I
    de

    Cl/
    oa

    (i) (.\ 2 I/ ) ' r

    \(\~(·~)
    nl

    \\V) ,II
    (iii) lof!. I XI
    w

    ('.
    ,. 1111
    (v) 1y 2\ ,II
    do

    ,'/IE
    (vii) X
    4
    I c,i !l I 1/ l ■ f{

    ' y lo~.I I I
    17 :;,n
    X J2

    •.< loi;y
    /
    ?.v
    2 11N 1 . ,oN 111,, u,u' ',n
    1
    . i/11 \ Ill
    h. The 1~lwn clll11 •tt•11ll11I 1•1p1111t1111 IH ,ii 1, 11
    11
    This iR ,, hrn ,H>fll'l\l'lllll'i tl il f1•1'1•11ll11 I ,,q, 11ilh • ·
    21.SS

    vx
    1'1tllif1~ I/
    dll
    ,, I ,: dx
    .t.-
    .r-
    ,:i:r
    l+~
    =, - - - ,
    1-rw
    :, \'
    ""
    dx
    C<lsCC \1 11V
    s

    0
    = =--
    ~
    J Cl)hCC.: t)
    1-" ~
    = -- . d::1 = -

    m
    i•
    1 - :-- .l ;::, lng t,i.n
    2

    o
    i -:- · 1
    =I

    .c
    - - . d:- -.fa 2,;. We have,
    1 - -- X
    (1 .. e"1 ~

    du
    ..,,_ 1 · · 1
    = - -,~ ..-:- - - I ~ J;: = J - dx
    1 - :-- ~ l - :-- . x

    oe
    tan- i. 1 log (1 - ;---'
    :- - -:; = log x - C
    ch
    - ta~ - • ~ = ~- le>j; x-' - J, '- ) - C. which :is the !'€'quired solu tion.
    .x :
    te

    :lie gtt·e.1 differential equation is


    Puttmg:rc=tll/
    m

    dv
    fro

    v+y-
    dy
    dv
    y dlf =
    =>
    d
    de

    = dx
    ~
    d::,
    !I·
    dy -
    oa

    = - -~ ,dr =-
    1-2.J- X dv
    ~
    ydy =
    nl

    1 dx
    ::;> - -- dt• =-2 -
    2 1 :t I+/' d
    w

    V - =:-
    2
    + t•
    do

    V
    = -
    l
    - - dv = -2 J I_ dx
    J l ++ l',,
    2 .\
    2 I 1 ~

    r,
    V - '\2 / t'

    ~ k)~ (l• ,.
    1
    v- -- > ,, t ,.t~
    1 log .Fi 2 log x
    = ..fi
    - - 1 "'
    v ~ Ji.
    lof-:l
    '" (i ii) w._. h,w
    Jv
    ..,_ )I
    ,fy \
    1 ..fiy - ;\' l' u tt'11, gy =v.
    -e
    ,._•2 log ',fi2y + X
    v+y d
    We have, d.
    dy = 'ff. + sin (; )
    dx x
    DIFFERENTIAL ~QUATIONS
    21.87
    · y
    Putt1J'\g dy
    = vx and dx
    · = V
    dV
    + X ,;: , we ~cl
    dv ""
    v+x - = v+sinv
    dx
    dv .
    => x -- = sm v
    dx
    1
    => cosec v dv "' - dx
    X

    => f cosccv dv = f : dx
    V
    :::::, log tan
    2 = log x + log C ⇒

    m
    2s. Wehave,
    (1 +ex/y)dx+ex/y(1 - ~Jdy = 0

    o
    -~J

    .c
    ex/y(1

    du
    l+ex/y dx
    =
    !!Y.
    dx --
    x/y(l - XJ ⇒
    oe
    dy
    e
    y
    ch
    . dx dv
    Puttillgx =vy and -dy = v + y-, we get
    dy
    te

    dv / (1-v)
    v+y- = -
    1 + ev
    m

    dy
    dv e'° (1 -v) - v
    fro

    => y- =
    dy J+e'°
    dv -e'° +ve'°-v-ve'1'
    d

    => y- =
    1 + eu
    dy
    de

    dv v+ e'°
    y- = - - -
    oa

    dy 1+/
    l + ev l
    nl

    ⇒ - - d v = - - dy
    v+/ y
    w

    ⇒ 1 + ev J -l
    do

    ~ dv=- dy
    J V +e Y
    ⇒ log (v + l) = - Jog y + log C
    _ v C x x/y C x + y ex/y =C
    - v+e = -y ⇒ -y + e =- =>
    y
    36. (iii) We have,
    dy - l+cosec.!l = 0, y(1) = O
    dx x ~:
    dy dv , l
    Puttingy =vxand-- =V + x--, we ge
    dx dx

    v + x -dv -v + cosec v = o
    dx
    21.88

    ⇒ .,· i/fl
    rt,
    - ~10:,;ct.~f l

    l ,Ir
    ⇒ sin tJ dtJ •
    ' I /ii,/ 1111,,:,.mtlll½/ 11, t
    ⇒ j sin 11 dt• JI ,I\'
    Nf11ll 1r1!11 f,,,1/, ,/tii•• 1

    ⇒ CO.~ V
    '
    log 1., I 1011C 1111 ,•:,ifllll /1111/1 ~lt/1•• I

    m
    ⇒ - cos -~ - - lo~ I -1·1 + log C ,, (I I ! r~( II
    .,·

    o
    When x =1, !J = O. Substilt1tlng the~~ vol11cs In (I), wt• fll'I ··'I"",
    PoII,>v.. .,,rflplt.•,o will Ill

    .c
    n
    - 1 = - log 1 + log C log(" ~ - I ⇒

    du
    Substin.,ting these v.ilues in (i), we get

    ~ th, dtfJ'

    oe
    cos ll = - log l ~·l - 1 cos (ll.) - 1 log l x l 11Jl1•1•
    ol(A'l<IP I I I
    X ,\ '
    2.2
    ''" 1/
    ch
    ,Ix K
    166 I w· l DIFFlR[NTIAL i;QUATIONS
    A d/ffem1tinl equntio11 is /i1U'ar if t/1,, def)endml varin(1/e (y) mui it, ,frrlv,1/.1111' tt/)J1ear 011/y Illflr,1 d,~, SOI UI f<>N We"''-' gl1lt"fl
    T/w general fon11 ofa linear differe11ti11I equation of first order is
    te

    ,I~ + ( I " • 2
    ~+~ - Q i, ,I X X)
    dx
    m

    ., wllere P and Qare functions ofx (01· co11simits)


    Cl,wly, ii ,, a hnc~r d,ff,
    fro

    ► \I Q,
    For example, "''
    ,Ir r
    •

    • (i) dy + xy =x 3 , (ji) x dy + 2y = x 3 , (iii)


    dx dx
    d

    dy + 2y =sin x e tc. are li near diffcr<!ntial equations.


    de

    dx
    Mu1tiplymg b,,1th
    This type of differential equations a,·e solved w hen they an: multiplied by a foclor, whkh•
    1111
    oa

    called integrating factor, because by multiplication of l·his facto r Lhc le ft "'"" I Nldc e1t l ,/11
    differential equation (i) becomes exact differential of som e ftmction . I J,
    J Pdx, w e get
    nl

    Multiplying both sides of (i) by e lt1ki,;r,1hni; \><1th


    J .,l~) r1,
    w

    J
    e PdX(-dy + Py) = Q e Pdx
    do

    dx
    , .' t C
    ⇒
    J
    -d { ye Pdx} = Qe Pdx f
    dx

    On integrating both sides wil'h respe<:t lo x, w e g«t


    I
    y e Pdx = f Q eJrdx dx ,,, C
    This is the required solution, w he/'e C i~ llw ,·m 1~ltml of l11t<•gr,itinn ,

    Here, ) Pdx is called tlte i11tegmtl11g f11dor.


    The solution (ii) in short m a y AlRo be wrltt,m ,1R
    f
    y (I.F.) = Q (J. F.) d~• I C
    FoUowirlg algorithm may be used to solve a li11C!n1· cliff,•r<•n linl l' <Jll,11iun .
    o m
    .c
    -v.Jllf' r 1 Solt'<! the d1ffercntia1 equation

    du
    lCBSE 211m, lllll", ;t1
    dy _)L = 2x~
    dx l

    tr~ oe
    ;)Jlt1!0N We are given that
    ...(i)
    ch
    a;v '\J y = 2x2
    1U' \. 1
    te
    Oearlv, it is a linear differential equation of the form
    dy ~ Pl/ = Q, whereP = -~ andQ = 2x2
    ~ • X
    m

    \.F.=) =) -: dx = e-logx = elog x- 1 =X


    -1
    =-1X
    fro

    \OW, Pdx

    \lllltiplying both sides of (i) by I.F. = !. , we get


    d

    X
    de

    1 dy l
    ----y=2X
    xdx x2
    oa

    '.ntegrating both sides with respect to x, we get {Using: y (J.F,) " JQ (l F.) 1/1 •CI
    1\
    f = j 2xdx+C
    \;J
    nl
    w

    "' )L=J+c
    X
    do

    "' Y = x 3 + Cx. which is the required solution.

    LUYl'LE i Solve the differential equation:


    ~ ... .J!... = 3x2
    dx 2x
    IOLLTION The given differential eljualion is
    ~ 1 2
    dx + 2x. !I - 3x
    11\i~ isarmear differential equation ,,f tlw frn m
    1 1
    ddl/_ + Py = Q where P - and Q /
    X ' 21
    21.90

    . 1/2 TfAL EOUATIO:


    f1'.r, f1112x)d., c'( 1/2)1<><\>
    \ -{,lo>:-• =tl/2
    •
    o rFF'EflEN
    l.F, r f
    Solve the di
    1'1ulliphing both ~i,ks of (i) l>v 1.F. - j,·, wr get MPt.E • d
    f;~ /\ 2 1) J_ + 2,
    ,111 l Y2 (X - dx
    ,r.\ \ + - I/ - -..lr
    dx 2 ,,,.r ·
    ln~·ating both sides with l'cspect tc, x, we get
    S()LLtflON The rven:
    1) J.. ~ 2
    - f 2
    dx

    -,,
    ,v ..;.1 =. J.,.5/2 d.,. + C [Using: !I (1.F.) = JQ (J f.) x (:r -
    1
    - .,.~' ... J~c dy ~ _]X -y -

    m
    11,.1=3 -- 2
    . 7/2 "" dx x -1

    o
    I . n "~
    ThUi ,s .,, ,ear differen
    •v ,G: = 7~ .l + c ⇒ y =~x
    j 2

    .c
    7
    3
    +C.1·- 112, w h ich is the requi red solu tion. '!JI_ ~ Py. = Q,
    dx

    du
    • F\A\lru J Soh,.- 11,., differ<'nfinl eq11ntion:
    xlog.t~--1 I/=
    d11 2
    logx LF. = e I Pdx

    oe
    ,Ix ' X [ CBSE 2010, lITT
    SOl.Ll'ION The given d.iffetential equation is Multiplying both ,ides
    ,t11 2 (x2 - 1) dy - 2.
    ch
    xlogx~+v = logx dx
    rfr . X
    dv 1 2
    te
    ⇒ ~ ➔ ---v=- Integrating both sides '
    dx x log .t · x2 ••h y(x2 -1) ~ J
    m

    This is a linear ciiffez:ential equation of the form


    d11 1 2
    ~+Py= Q, IA•here P = - - and Q -
    fro

    dx .1 log x - :;:2 =
    I. ..-".= ef PdJ. -- •) xl~g., dx J 1ldt EXAMPLE;
    d

    =e , where I = log x
    log I
    de

    ⇒ 1.F. = e = t = log x
    Multiplying both sides of (i) by I.F. = log x, we get
    oa

    1111 l 2
    loe X -"- ... I/ = - - log X
    "dxx· x2
    nl

    Integrating both sides with respect to x, we get


    2
    w

    y log x = J X2 log x dx + C f
    !Using: y( I. F.) = Q( I.F.):h• ' IF.= "j !\ix
    do

    ~ hiltipl~ing r,,)th sides


    y log x = 2 f log x ~--2 dx + C
    (s-~ ., + bn x)
    ' JI
    lnt~~r,,ting both sid~s ~
    ⇒
    Y~• • lllog{'. ,' )- j : ( ~-n,,1 'C
    ""'
    .V (,x,c , + tan x

    Y(sec x + tan x
    ⇒ y log x - 2 { lo~
    1
    I f\ 2 ,,, } I C
    Y (sec., ➔ tan -~
    Y(secx+ tan x
    Jog .r f\J\~11>1.1: 6
    ⇒ ylogx=2 { - ., Salv<': cos 2
    SQllrrto
    2 N Wea:regi v
    ⇒ y log x = - x (1 1 Jog x) t C, whld1 i;;lves llw requi red M>lution. c 2 dy
    OS X--- + t/
    d.,· •
    21 II I

    ! I I
    , The given differentfal equation i~
    ~Jl l:fi01' i l
    · 2 1) '!I ~ 2x11 =
    (.r - 1/x ' x2 =-1
    J

    { IJ
    .. Jjnear differential equation of the form
    ·1u~ 1!' a
    '.f.!'.+Py = Q, where P = -;x_
    and Q = __ I _

    m
    iix x -1 (x2 _ l/
    f Pdx -_ ef 2x/(./ - 1) dx = eIog (.,.2 _ 1) =(x2 -1)

    o
    I.F. = e

    .c
    \!ultipl)ing both sides of (i) by LF. =(.-2 -1), we get

    du
    , dtt l
    (x· -1) -"-: + 2xy =
    2x --1

    oe
    d.t

    +
    Integrating both sides with respect to x, we get
    ch
    y(.t" -1) =J dx + C f
    !Using: y( I.F.) = Q ·(I.~.) d, • Ci
    X -l
    te

    ::,
    2
    11(x - 1) = ~ log x- I
    1
    + C, which is the required solution.
    m

    2 x+ll
    fro

    IA\lrLES = tan X
    Solve: dy + y sec X ICDSE 200~
    dx
    SJl.l110:>: The given differential equation is
    d

    dy
    - + (sec x) y = tan x ... (il
    de

    dx
    fr<JS is a linear differential equation of the form
    oa

    ~ .
    h + Py = Q, where p =sea x and Q =tan X

    f
    nl

    CJ J
    I·F-_e Pdx =e sec x dx -e _ log ( sec x ➔ fan :<) = (sec x + tm1 I)
    w

    '·blnplying both sides of {i) by I.F. = ( sec x 4 tan x), we gel


    do

    (sec x .; tan x) dy t y sec x (se,c x + tan x) = tai1 •x (sec


    ·
    x + ta n 1)
    .m,...ar
    dx
    -.,. mg both ;,ides with respect to x, we get [U~inf;' V(I J )
    f lJ \I I .) J • 1 l.. I
    Y1'1ecx ➔ tan x) f
    tan x (sec x I tan x) d.i· t· C

    Y(sec x t tan x) f (tan x sec ,1 -t- lan Zx)d


    • 1 1C

    ::,
    Y(secxttanx) J<tan x sec .111>Cc2,\ t)tfx t(
    J l ,·, II"' ,.,,pm,•.! ,,halt.111
    Y(st!Cx + Ian X) = ~cc X I
    (,WI ( 1I
    litn X '
    i');A~lr'lr, 6 di
    Solve: cos2 x l
    +v tart ,I'
    j 'l/1 I l\1 l '
    S0t.L'l'io:-.; d;x: .
    ' We are given thal
    cos2 dy
    X'J;4 )I : tan X
    L eaUATIONS
    21.92 EfleNTIP.
    01Ff
    2 d!f.
    __ -1. Py Q, w
    =.'> dy + (sec2 x) y = tait x scc .,· :=
    dx dx
    This is a linear diffcreotial equMion of the form
    2
    ..N.2 x and Q = tan x sec x r.P- ~
    e =e f Pdx
    • + A r= Q, ,v1ere
    dv _1 1, _-= ·
    dx ' ·· . "both sides of (
    2 vrutttpl)'1nn
    1 = I.F. = e
    sc<: xdx
    f
    ~ e
    t~n x
    · - 2.< !!JI_ -2ye -2" -
    f dx
    Multiplying both sides of (i) by I.F. = e tan x • ' ' •e get
    . both s ides w itli
    etanx dy_ +sec2 xetanx 1/ = etanx tall xs;;c2 X tntcgta!Jflg,,.
    __._, - e-2x C f
    dx . ye -

    m
    Integrating both sides with 1·espect to x, we get
    ve - 2 x =I __. C ,
    f f

    o
    ye tanx = e tanx - tanxsec2 x dx+ C (Using: y (f.F.) = Q (l.F.J d:.-, ::::,
    - • -Zr

    .c
    where I =J e
    I I•
    = yetan., =f ,e' dt+C, where t = tal'.1 x

    du
    - - Z:< 3
    l II Now, r~ J e I c~
    = yetonr=ti - f lat+C lIntegrating by par~ ,' e-2.r sin .

    oe
    ( = -1
    = y/anx =t/ -/ +C =>

    = = /-'0 X(tai1 x -1) +C, 1 - 2% .


    ch
    yetanx which is thereq~1ired solution.
    ~ I = - e SII'I 3
    3
    ~xAMPLE 7 Solve: (x 2 + 1) dy /2+ 4.
    dx + 2xy = yx [C.BSElOll
    = .!. ..-:.,. ;;in
    te

    d I
    SOLUTION We are given that 3
    H
    ,...,-
    m

    ✓·i·- +4
    2 dy ~ dy 2x
    {:r -1) - ~+2xy = ,/x-+4 ::;, -~ + - - y =~;c-- I = .!.3 t -:.r sin
    fro

    dx ' dx .i+l x2 + 1

    This is a linear dillerential equation of the form dy + Py = Q , where


    dx
    d

    ~
    de

    2x ~x + 4
    p = --andQ---'----
    2
    x2 + 1 x +1
    oa

    .. - 2..x

    LP. = e
    f Pdx = e
    f 2x/(x2 + l)dx = e lo>(,:2
    ~
    _ I)
    = (x2 + l) 1
    ~ ' = ' --• 3-sin
    13 '
    th.-, altlo? .;,f
    nl

    Substituting
    Multiplying both sides of (i) by LP.= (:l ~- 1), we get
    r2- - .!>.
    w

    2 d ~' -~, = e_ _ (
    (x + 1) Y + 2:ry = ,1x - 4
    dx
    do

    13
    Integrating both sides with respect to x, we obta in b\ ~':',11•1 f '> S.,,J-.,.,. 11 -+ .\
    y(x +l) -
    2
    J ✓x +4dx+C2
    !Using: y(J. /',) = J Q (JJ.),/1'' t-\)t .trno:-x Th.. given, ·
    2 1 f2 l 2 d~ 2.t
    ~ y(x +1) = -x,1x • 4 + - (2) loglx 1
    2 2 d.{ + l - -.., y =
    + t-
    ⇒ y(x + 1)
    2
    = ~ X Jx + 4 •
    2
    2 log l \' • J~2
    i 4 I 1, (', wh,,·h is 1lw r,•quin>d ,,,Jut,,•n This; , .
    ~" 1me,1r diffetenti
    6XAMl'LE 8 Solve: dy • ,,,~.
    - - 2y ~co:,. I-' _ 2x
    dx - - -.. an
    SOLUTION We are given that l +- y~

    dy + (- 2) y "' cos 3x 1.F. "' .,J Ah =


    dx
    TI-us is a linear differential equation of the form
    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

    ,j}{. ., Py = Q, where p _ 21 .9-3


    d.r - - 2 and Q = cos 3x

    l. F. - e
    - f Pdx -- ef -2,1\ ,,, e-2x
    :Multiplying both sides of (i) by J.F. = - h
    e ,wcget
    d1/
    e-2r· ~ - 211e -2,•
    · - - 2x
    dx · - e cos 3x
    Integrating both sides with respect to
    - 2x -2x .x, we get
    Y<' f
    = e · cos 3x dx + c
    [Using: y (I.F,) = f Q (l.F.) dx .,_ CJ

    m
    t:y --q ~ ye 2x = I+ C,

    =J e ·2x cos 3x dx ... (ii)

    o
    where I

    .c
    ?\ow, I = J e-ix cos 3x dx

    du
    Part,J I ll

    => I = -1 e-2.t sm
    . 3x - J -(- 2)- e- }.x sin 3x dx

    oe
    3 3
    => I =3 I e -2.r sm
    .
    3x ~ 2 f e- 2 x sin 31· dx
    3
    ch
    ; 2010
    I
    ::::,
    -- 31 e -2.>. sin
    • 3 2 { 1 -2x
    x + 3 -3 e cos 3x - J (- 2) e - 2.t x - 1 cos3x dx}
    te

    3
    l = .!_ e-2x stn
    . 3 2 { - 1 e- 2x cos 3x - 2 J e- 2.'· cos 3x dx}
    m

    ' .(i) X +
    3 3 3 3
    fro

    I = .!. e-2x sm
    . .3 x - 2 e- 2x cos 3x - -4 I
    3 9 9
    4 )
    T
    d

    - 2x
    I.,. I = (3 sin 3x - 2 cos 3x)
    ( 9
    de

    e-2x
    ::; I = (3 sin 3x - 2 cos 3x)
    oa

    13
    Substituting the value of I in (ii), we get
    nl

    -2x
    ye -l, = e__ ( 3 sin 3x - 2 cos 3x) + C, which is the required solution.
    w

    13
    do

    EXA"1.PLE9 Solve: (1 + x 2) dy + 2xy - 4x 2 = O s,.1bject to the i11itia/ conditio11 y(O) = O.


    dx
    (CBS l 201~1
    ..,cl SOLUTION The given differential equation can be written as
    ~ +- -
    2x 4x
    y = --
    2

    dx 1 + x2 1 + x2

    This is a linear differential equation of the form !!1f


    dl'
    4 P!f = Q, where

    2
    2x 4x
    P ~ -,andQ = - -2
    1 + x- 1 +X

    f Pdx - ef log(! ♦
    2
    2x/('J " x Jdx
    2
    )/ ) = J + X2
    I.F. _ e = e
    .i 1
    21.94
    2
    Multiplying both sides of (i) by J.F. ., ( I I r ), we gt'I

    (l + x 2) dy_ + 2xy = 4x 2
    dx
    Integrating both sides wi th respect to x, we gel
    y (1 + x } "'
    2
    f 4x2 dx ~ C tUsing : y(I.I'.) J"(I
    >< ' I''.Jd-, J 2.na:u rt
    I 'I
    3 I/ ;r2 ,-,;c'
    = -4x+ C
    l<;f.', , .
    y(l +x2 )
    3 1/I/ I/

    m
    It is given that y =O, when x =O. Pu tting x "' 0 and y = 0 in (i), we gel 1;x,1Ml'JJ' 12 ~11/tll'' "' I r

    o
    D=0+C=>C=0 I lw "iven d1ffcn
    SI Ji.ti II< JN ,.
    3

    .c
    4 1
    SubstitutingC =Oin(ii), we get y = x , w hic h is the requ ired soluti on. i/t/ /l ) 1/ ni,, l
    2 1

    du
    3 (1 + X ) th
    '!hi,,,,, linl'M JiHcrl•nti,111"
    rx ..- rpu Solve: dy + y = cos x - sin x
    10
    ' 1'1 t l'y Q, wh,·re

    oe
    dx
    ,/ I
    SOLLTION The given differential equation is
    J r,1r )
    ch
    dv . I....
    - ·- +y = cosx -smx t'
    dx Mull:ipljiinµ buth ,-,de, o( (i)
    te

    This is a linear differential equation of the form dy + l'y =Q, where l' = l and Q = cou -sb d11• t- u
    \ X CfJIS t
    dx ,It
    m

    Pdx f1dx x lnt.<grolting both Sldl''- with


    l.F. = eJ =e
    =e f
    (1 co-.\..-.,·
    fro

    1/1 -
    Multiplying both ;,ides of (i) by LF. =e", we get ::::,. xy = J _, Cl':-.. t .It' +
    X dy X
    1 II
    e - +y = e (cos x -sin x) \ ~in x J St
    d

    .\I/
    dx
    de

    Integrating both sides with respect to x, wo get


    yex "' Jex (cos x - sin x) dx + C LUsing: y (l.F.) = J Q (1.F.) dt Cl
    oa

    => yex = f ex11 cosI x dx - f ex sin x dx + C ,t~ . \'


    nl

    d\
    => yex = ex cos x - f - sin X ex dx - J1!" s in x + C [Integrating ·1st i)'ltt'gr,,l b) 1'' '
    1
    l'h~ ~!\\ '='" diftv
    w

    " ,~~ sin ~IJ


    => ye X=X
    e cosx+ J e."·smx dx- f e"·smx dx+C V..'-..· I t \ ·
    do

    "/\ \'OS.! V
    = ex cos x + C, which is the required solution. ,'. l'h,•n ,._,.-' ~ ,I
    . ,/.
    [XAMPU 11 Solve: =
    du 2
    dx + y tan X = 2x + ~,. tan •,.. \ \ ,\nd ~x~ ...' !I
    SOLUTION The given differ<mtial equation is
    dy + y tan x - 2x + x 2 tan x
    dx
    This is a linear differen tial equation of tlw fonn
    1
    !1I I l't/ ,) wlwn• /'
    ,h · "'
    2
    Q =2x + x tan x

    .. 1.F. = ej
    Multiplying both sides of (i) by LF. ~ sec x, we get
    2
    sec x dy + y sec x tat'I x ; 2x sec x + x sec~- tan x
    dx .
    , I NllAI I 1WA IIONll
    1111 I 11

    hth\}~h\
    IJ~'\' \
    I '
    . 111,r 1,..1h ,,1.1, .., ,1 ''" ,. .. ,,,,.,, 111 ' "'' )II'!
    ~
    . ( \ ,,l,\' \ \
    I •
    tJ1,,,• \ l,111 ,\ ,'1 1 C
    11 11111111 1/( I I ) f " II l ' ,I I C I
    I 'o\'l \ J '\ "1'\' \ d \ I
    •
    f \ ,l "tl'I
    I
    ' 11111 \
    It
    "I. I t

    J _! \ ~'\ \t/\ \,:",I\ I J 11\f,t't Ii/\ ,r


    \ J.\'l' ' 1 1 whi\ h Ir 11,,. 11·1p1!11·d r1oh,110 1,
    ./11 II Hh1 .\
    l \\ XII'! I I ' I n,,, \ I
    ,I I I \ I• ll',i 111171
    ""'-''' 11 H'N l'lw ~,, 1·11 ditl,••~·•ll li,l 1•1 11111tltu, 1M

    1/1, ' I ' I I/ '·1 '" \ I


    Nill \

    ·"

    m
    \ \

    o
    .c
    du
    ,I

    oe
    ch
    )nh•~r,1li11t,: li<>ll1 "d,·, with r,•sp"·t lu 1, Wl' ~l'l
    v.1 J
    (.\,~,_I I sh1 1) d1 i (' IIJ• lllf\ : y (f.1',) f Q ( I. F,) ,1.r I Ci
    te

    1 I/ J I Cll', .I ,/\' +
    I 11
    f si11 ,\ ,/\ i C
    m

    II/ I Nill I f Nin \' rh ◄ f SIii .I' r/.\' I ('


    fro

    ,y X Sill ,- +C
    v si11 t, (." , which ),\IV\'~ the r1•9uir(•d solu tion,
    ' dv
    d

    ·1 2
    I XAMl'l r 13 21/ x· t'(~ !I·
    <;nfi•I':
    de

    I X Rll1
    ' 1/.r
    S('\lUJIO\J Jlw giwn diU1·n·11tl,1I t'tflli1llrn1 <\In lw wrlth•n nH
    oa

    2 ,Iv ,in 211 ~ 2 d11 ... (i)


    sc:<: 1/ • \ :X ::, "'-'C 1/ ' I 2)1 l, JJ I ,If
    1/X <·os2 I/ ' tf,r
    nl

    l, •t tdJl 1/ .. 2 d11 r./1 1


    V. 11WJI, '/JI..: 1/ '
    w

    · 1fa tlx
    O ,,,, ff/) ( f
    Pu11u,Jl tan I/
    do

    r• ~11d '>Ct· 1v ill J), WI' II''


    · r/)( dx
    du (h)
    1(2.1)1>
    I
    1k'

    2
    Multiplyini; ho1h Aid,•~ of (ii/ 1,y ,,1 , w•• 11l1t,1111

    I'
    'z rlij
    ' I ('
    12
    (2'.l') ll X
    ·1
    I'
    .7
    th
    AL EOUATLONS
    21.96 p1Ffl;\flE:f111'I
    o+C="' C
    Integrating bo th sides w ith respect to x, we get C1 __"'1 in (il), we get
    vex.2 = J x J e·,.2 rix + C !Using : v (1. F.) = f Q (IF' .)1/t J'llttiJ1ll -_" _ x + 1 ~ y
    • ye -
    => ve
    12
    =!
    2
    J/e' dt +C, wheret = ./ i-ten'e, y
    ,,(x + 1) ex is the
    d
    y_ ... y .-
    2 (ii) -We have, x ;;; -
    ve x = 1 (t - 1) et + C
    2 ~y_.,.!..y "'Jog.x
    2
    ex tan y = !. (x2 -1) ex2 + c, which gives the required solution. .c:, ,ix X

    m
    2 . "-ear differential e
    x+ycosx Thi.S JS

    o
    LU'
    EXAMPLE 14 Solve: '!J_
    1 + sin x
    . '

    .c
    dx .:.dx
    Ij J.f. = eJ .r =
    I We have,

    du
    SOLUTION
    ,. dJl. _ x + ycosx ⇒
    = cosx y = !!J.. + X ;fultiplying both sides of
    dx 1 + sin X dx l + sin x J + sin x xdy~y=xlog

    oe
    .1s a linear d.,, . V.'l.th P = - cosx and ·Q
    . I equation -x dx
    This merentia l + sinx lntegrati.ng witl:; respect t
    1 + sin X
    ch
    cosx yx = J ~log x
    - - d,: I
    l.f.=e J 1- sinx = elog(H· sinx) = (l + sin x) ,
    te

    yx = x· (log .x1
    Multiplyin_g both sides of (i) by LF. = l + sin.x, we get 2
    m

    x)]
    7
    (1 + sin x) dy + y cos x = - x
    dx ~ xy = ~,- (log
    fro

    h1tegrating with respect to x, we get


    JQ(l.F.}dl', lt is given that 11 (1' =_! :.
    • y(l+ sin x) = - xdx+C J [Using:y(l.F'.) =
    1 . • c-1 J
    d

    x2 = 0- ~
    ~ =-- -1 4
    de

    y (1 .,.. sin x) +C
    2
    Putting c = ~
    ~
    in (ii) w e ;:,
    2C -x2
    oa

    :::;, Y = (l . ) , which gives the required solution.


    2 +SJn X
    nl

    EXA..~PLE 15 Solve each of the following initial value problems:


    !~-y ex x~: +y = xlogx,y(l) = -1
    w

    (i) = ,y(O)=l (ii)


    4
    do

    SOLUTION (i) We have,


    dy X
    - -y = e
    dx
    This is a linear differential equation with P =- 1 and Q =e'.
    = eJ
    -1 dx
    T.F. = e· x
    Multiplying both sides of (i) bye x, we get
    -dtJ e- x -ye -X =e X ,e X

    dx
    Integrating both sides with respect to x, we gl't
    j ' f.)"' .
    ye -x = ex .e-xdx + C f
    IUslng:y(l.1·.)= Q(l . ...,
    ⇒
    - x =x+ C
    ye·
    It is given that y (0) =1 i.e. y = 1 when x = 0. Putting x = o, y = l in (ii), we gel
    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

    1 = O+C ⇒ C = l 21.97
    J'UltingC =1 in (ii), we get
    y,,-x =X+1 ⇒ y = (x ~l)ex
    }-!enct', .11 = (x + 1) e-' is the requi.J:ed solution,
    !111
    iii) We ha,e, -' d.~ + Y = x log x
    d11 1
    ~+-1/ = I ogx
    =, ,fr X.
    ... (i)
    This is linear differential equation of the fol"m dy + p - Q . 1
    1
    dx Y - wifu P = and Q x =log x.
    = <'f
    ,fx I
    l.F. x = e og x = x

    m
    (-: x > OJ
    ~!ultiphing both sides of (i) by LP. = x, we get

    o
    rf11

    .c
    r ... + 11 = x log x
    dx ·

    du
    lnte;,'tating \\ith respect to x, we get
    }/ x = fJ
    log x dx
    [Using: y (l.F.) = J Q (I.F.) dx + CJ

    oe
    1
    0

    = vx = -x- (loo-x) - -1
    °
    f xdx
    ch
    , 2 2
    2 2
    X X
    te
    1.11 = - (Jog x) - - + C .•. (ii)
    • 2 4-
    )d.i-: lt is given that y (1) =.!.i.e. y =.!.when x = 1. Putting x = 1 and y =.!.in
    m

    (ii), we get
    4 4 4
    ⇒ c = !.
    fro

    .!. = o-l+c
    4 4 2
    Putting C =.!.in (ii), we get
    d

    2
    de

    2 2
    x x J 1 x 1
    4
    xy =
    2
    (log x) - +
    2⇒ y =
    2 x log x - 4 + 2x
    oa

    Hence, 11 =.!. x log x _ !_ + 2.. is the solution of the given differential equation.
    • 2 4 2x
    nl

    EXAMPLE 16 Solve each of tlte following initial value problems:


    1
    w

    (i) dy + ~ y = ,y(O) = 0
    dx x2
    -1 1 (x2 + 1)2
    do

    {ii) (x2 ... 1) y' - 2xy = (x4 + 2x 2 + 1) cos x, Y (0) = 0


    SOllTION (i) We have,
    dy 2x 1 ... (i)
    -+--11 = ----
    dx x2 + 1 (x2 + 1)2

    This is a linear differential equation with P -;;: and Q = (.i 2 ~- 1)2 ·


    1

    f. F, = I'
    J x2z,·+ I dx = ~Jog (,.2 ' 1) ~ x2 I I

    2
    Multiplying both sides of (i) by J.F. =x + 1, we gd
    21.98

    2 dv I
    (x + 1)-·' I 2:rt/ = - 2
    dx · x 1

    Integrating botl, sides wjth respect to x, we get


    2
    .1/ (x + 1) = f .r2
    --- ·1
    dx + C
    J
    [Us ing:y(I.F.}~ Q(lf-,)t,
    +1
    =- 11 (./ + 1) = tan - l x + C
    It is given that y (0) = O i.e. y = O when x = O. Putting x =- 0, Y Oin (ii}, we get

    m
    O=O~C ⇒ C=O .

    o
    PuttingC =0 in (H), we get ~u!tiplying both

    .c
    1 • . • dJ
    y (x 2 ... J) tan - l x ⇒ y = tan
    ~ -x , w Iuc
    · h gives
    · tl,c require
    . d sou
    l t·ton. x sm _x d~

    du
    =
    2
    x +1 )tttegra ting w:ith ~
    2

    oe
    2 4 y(x sin
    (ii) We have, (x + 1) y' - 2xy = (x + 2x + 1) cos x

    = -·
    dv
    ---2x 2
    xy sin X
    ch
    y=(x +l)cosx ::::>
    dx :ic2 + 1 (ii) We have,
    2
    .,
    x and Q =(x2 + 1) cos x.
    te

    This is a linear differential equation with P = ; (1 - x - )


    X +1
    => dy .,..]2
    m

    -2.x dx 1-
    J -., dx 2
    fro

    J. F. = c x- + l = e-log(x + 1) = (:r2 + l)- J


    Th.is is a linear ·
    1
    Multiplying (i) by 2 , we get
    d

    X +1

    ~ ,1
    de

    l dy 2x
    x2 + 1 dx (x2 + 1)2 y = cos x ~l•ltipl):,:;
    oa

    Integralit,g both s ides with respecl to x, we get


    1 n-c~
    J cos x dx + C
    nl

    yx 2
    x +l ln~>-rating both ~
    w

    Y(l + -/·
    sin x + C
    do

    It is giwn lhill t/ (0) 0 i.l'. y O wlwn x ()


    Pullin~ x .. o,y 0 111 (1i),wc•ge1: r o
    Put ling C Oin (ii), WI! !4l'I
    1/ 1/
    r2 f I
    EXAMPl.1- 17 t>ohie:
    (i) x dy 11 \ l .\I/ rnl r 0
    ,fa
    (ii) ( I f :r 2) dy + 2 xy tl r l'OI I i/.1

    ... ) y+ d ( ,\y) , (sin .r I log .r)


    (Ill
    di'
    i;;()(.LJTION (I) Wf' h,1ve,
    .r d11
    ' •y \ I ;ry c:ol .I 0
    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

    x dy + (1 + x cot x) y = x
    dx
    21.99
    ~+(.!.+cot
    dx X
    x)y "' l
    This is a linear differential equation With p (1)
    - 1
    - :;_:+cot xandQ ,, I.

    I.F. = e I Pdx = e
    f (i+coix)dx
    x
    _ logx+ logs·
    Multiplying both sides of (i) by I.F. = x sin x ,.,
    - e - e log(xsln x) " x sin x
    In:< -
    . dy. ·,neget

    m
    X sm X dx + (sm X + X cos x) y = X Sin X

    Integrating with respect to x, we get

    o
    = J xsin xdx+c

    .c
    y(xsinx)
    1 IT

    du
    ⇒ xy sin x = -x cos x + sin x + C, Which is the required solution.
    (ii) We have,

    oe
    2
    (1 + x ) dy + 2xy dx = cot x dx
    dy 2x cot x
    ch
    ⇒ -+-y--
    dx 1 + x2 - 1 + x2
    ... (i)
    te

    This 1sa
    . 1inearu.merentia
    _.,,, • 1equation
    . w,t
    . h P =-
    2x- and Q =cot
    ~ x -
    2
    1 +x· l +x
    m

    f 2x d
    l ➔-x2
    fro

    l.F. = ef Pdx = e x = elog(l ,-x2)= l+x2

    Multiplying both sides of {i) by l.F. = 1 + x 2, we get


    d

    (1 + x 2) dy + 2 xy = cot x
    de

    dx
    lntegrating both sides with .respect to x, we get
    = f cot x dx + C
    oa

    2
    y (1 + x )
    :::; y (1 + x2) = log I sin x I+ C, which is the required solution.
    nl

    (iii) We have,
    w

    y + !!_ (xy) = x (sinx+ logx)


    do

    dx
    :::; dy
    x-+2y=,10(sinx+Jogx)<=> ~+3.y=(sin,1:+
    dx x
    logx)

    dx
    This a linear • wi·111 p = x2- and Q = (sin x+ logx)
    differential equation

    f.F. =ef
    p dx f dx 2logx
    =e x =e
    2 2 2
    =e21og.r ~x
    2

    . by I. F'· "' x'). ' we obtain


    Multiplying both sides of (1)
    .,,2 dy + 2xy = x2 (sin x+ logx)
    dx we obtain
    lntegrating both sides with respect to x,
    f
    yx2. ,. x2 (sin x + Jog x) dx + C
    n.100

    2
    lj.1

    rlufl 1~ llw n·,111in·,l ~111111!011. ,Ii/


    t I r1111J !J(O) I, !lu'tl •i/ww that y(I J
    I l:AMl'Lf IR I/ lf(I) ,~ n ~n/11/frlll Cl/ (1 I I} di y i.'
    (N( f:R'I fiXI .AMPr 1
    Solve;
    SOI L.:TI\ ir,J \,\1,• h,w1•, 1:.x;t.Ml'L£ l .

    m
    (!+I)
    d11
    II/ sot.c•rro~
    · The gi:v

    o
    di y dx -(x +

    .c
    d11 +( t \,,. I !!1!. = y
    \1+1)

    du
    di l+I =:::> dx x~2
    - I l
    1his is~ lin.,~r diff1•1entii1l cqu,,Lion with p - t-1 I and Q "'i + J . dx x-2

    oe
    =
    [ I -J (/11) 1 -J f1 1 ~'.i) dy y
    ch
    dx ( 1
    •
    I. l • C
    . I ' 1 di r. I , I di = e ~ dt --~
    d11
    - -
    te
    1
    =, (1-Jc,p.(l+ l)) -.e 1/ig(Hl) = (t+l) e-
    This is a linear · ··
    -t t
    m

    Multirlying both <.ides of (i) by J.F. =(t +1) e , we ge dx


    --Ri: =
    dy
    fro

    t dy t t
    (1·1)1' -le y=e
    dt .
    Integratmg both sides with respect I, we get l.F
    d

    1
    Je
    de

    ylltl)e' dt+C ~lulttrlying both si


    1 1 I dx
    y(t+l)r e +C .i
    oa

    l C I
    or, 11-- .,. e
    • t..-1 f•- l
    nl

    lntegr,1lin~ t,,,th ..:;i,


    JI u, gi\ "11 that y(O) l i.e. y ~ 1 wh@n t - 0. Putting I -, Oand y == -1 in (ii), we get 1
    f
    w

    ,\ .... - ==
    1 -1 +C =;,C-D y •
    do

    I I
    Putting C Oin (iiJ, WP ubtain y
    I I I
    . Hence, y(1) , - .
    2 'I/ = 211
    •
    +

    21 .6.7 LINEAR DlFFERF.NrlAL EOUAJ'IONS OF rHE FOAM di I R,


    ,/,11
    Sometimes a li,w,,r diff<·w11tial •·•111alion C"al1 lw pu l ill Il l\' IOl'l11 ii.I l /{I
    .,,,
    function~ of y or cq11st:1n1h.
    Nott• th~l lwre y is iJ1dq,,•1Hk11t v,111,,bl,, o111e l , j,., ' 1,1,, ,,,, 1l1,t I11 Vdl'\d •
    1 1\ 1l" ,
    The followmg .1l~nrithm ii, 11~,•d lo H(>lv1· 11,, ..,.. tvi>i•~ ,,f ' 1•, \ 11~1 110111;,

    ALGORITHM

    Write /lw iliJ.f1·1·mt1t1/ n11wlum 1111/w /i1Jm ti~ 1


    Ki
    . i/1/
    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

    grrJl Fi11d J.F. by using 1.F. = ,.I R rty 21.101- -

    ,ffl' lll Multiply both shies of th,· di~, . .


    ~ . ·'-'' ie11f1{1/ cquat ·o .
    ~Tfl' l.Y 111/egrnte /10th sides 0 , thi• dq . ·' 11 111 Step r by l.F
    --
    give11 bl/ x (l F.) =
    •
    ~
    S (IF) t f < un 11011 ol•t ·
    nme,t is Slep f1J with res
    · · 'Y "C , W'1ere C is tlw co115 r•~ct To!! 10 obtain thr solution.
    Following examples will illustrate ti b Innt Of mti>grntion.
    1e a ove pi:ocedui·e.
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

    [ LEVEL-1 ]
    [\AMPLE 1 Solve: )/ dx -(x + 2.1/ ) dy =0

    m
    SOLUTION The given~d ifferential equa tion is (NCERT]

    o
    y dx - (x + 2y~) dy = o

    .c
    dlf y
    ⇒ -· = --"-----

    du
    dJ x+ 2y2
    2

    oe
    dx = x+2y
    dy y

    1)
    ch
    dx [
    dy+yx =2y
    te
    ... (i)

    This is a linear differential equation of the form


    m

    dx 1
    - + Rx = S, where R =- - and S = 2y
    fro

    dy y

    _ f Rdy _ f -~
    y
    dy
    _ - logy _ 10•0,y-
    l
    -1
    T.F . -e =e -e - e = y
    d
    de

    ~ulliplying both sides of (i) by I.F. = y- 1, we obtain


    1 dx 1
    ----x = 2
    oa

    y dy y2
    nl

    Integrating both sides with respect toy, we get


    f f S(I.F.) dy +CI
    w

    xx.!. = 2 dy+ C [Using : x ( 1.F.) =


    y
    do

    ~ = 2y + C, which is the required solution.


    y
    EXAMPLE 2 Solve: y dx + (x - y 3) dy = 0
    SOLUTION The given differentia l equa tion is
    y dx + (x - y 3) dy =0
    dx x
    -+- = y
    z
    dy y
    • • . ~➔~-
    This is a linear differential equation of the form dy
    '
    Multiplying both sides ot. (1') b.
    ) rF
    • · -- •II· \\'t' obtain
    dx ,
    •1/-+X=l/
    rly .
    ''
    Integrating both ~ides with resp~'<'.! to Y· w~ get
    xy = f _i/-' dy+C' [U~mt: . \ ( I F ) J. r

    ⇒ xy =L
    4
    4
    + C' whid1 is the reqrnr1:.xi ~oluta,n.
    •
    .'
    1'\.Al\:l'tE, Solve: (x + 2y 3 ) d_l/ = y d.'t.
    SOUiTTON The given differentidl equation can be written as
    3
    dx x~2y => dx _!J'x= 2/ ~f '

    m
    dy y ,tyly
    I l

    o
    This is a linear differential equation of the form

    .c
    dx 1 . 2
    - + Rx =S, whereR = - - and5=2y
    dy y

    du
    We have, I.F. = e Rt!v· f
    oe
    =-
    Multi.plying both sides of (i) bv I.F. =! , we get
    ch
    , y
    I dx 1
    te
    - - - - x = 2y
    ydy l
    •
    m

    Integrating both sides with respect toy, we get

    x(}J = f
    fro

    2ydy+C [lis.ing:x(l.f.) = ,
    X 2 3
    d

    y
    =y +C ⇒ x =y + Cy, whid1 is the ~uired solution,.
    de

    (e- II, )dx


    2
    EXAMPI f 4 Solve: - -./x -
    ~- - = 1.
    oa

    ,jx ✓x dy
    \
    nl

    SOLUTION We have,

    re-;'x -}x ):; =


    w

    1
    do

    ~ - /! 2.,Jr y
    dx
    - ~-,,,.
    ,.x -JX IS '
    d1_ .. JL e 2.fi
    dx jx Tx
    This is a linear dif.ferentfal equation '-'1th I'
    DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

    t,1ultiplying both sides of (i) by 1.F. ""e2 ✓x 21.103

    !!!i e2fi + y e2 fa_ - l ' we get


    dx .jx --F
    Jntegratil1g both sides with respect t
    , ,..... ox, we get
    ye '2,/x
    = f ,· e- 2 ✓ x
    2 /-
    e , . . _ - /~- dx +C
    ,x [Using: y (I. fl ) = f Q (LF,) dx • CJ
    ~ ye 2,/x = f l
    -dx+C
    /x
    2 fx
    ::::> ye' 2,Jx+C =

    ⇒ Y = (2 .Jx + C)e- 2 4X' which gwes


    ·
    the required solution
    EXAMPLE 5 Solve each of the following initi l I .

    m
    (i) (x - sin y) dy + (tan y) dx = 0, y (O) a~v~ ue problt~m5:

    o
    2 1
    (ii) (1 + y ) dx = (tan - y -x) dy, y (0) =0

    .c
    [NCERT]
    SOLL'l ION (i) We have,

    du
    (x - sin !{) dy + (tan y) d.x =O
    ⇒ -[x~1~yJ
    oe
    ~: = ch
    dx
    ⇒ - ➔ (col 11) x = cosy ...(i)
    dy .
    te

    This is a linear differential equation w ith R = cot y and S =cosy.

    .. -- ef coty -- eloo-" sin y =smy


    m

    ... IF .
    fro

    Multiply'.ng both sides of (i) by sin y, we get


    dx . .
    smy+xcosy = cosystn y
    dy
    d

    Integrating both sides with respect toy, we get


    de

    J
    x sin y = cosy sin y dy + C
    f
    [Using: x(I.F.)= S (LF. )dy +C]
    oa

    x sin y = ½J (sin 2y) dy + C


    nl

    ... (ii)
    xsi.ny = _]..cos2y+C
    w

    4
    It is given that y (0) = O i.e. ·y = O when x == O. Putting x = 0, y "' 0 in (ii), we get
    do

    ·1 1
    0 = -- +C ⇒ C == -
    4 4
    Putting C = ].. in (ii), we get
    4
    l 1 . = J sin 2 y ⇒ 2x = sin .1/ -> Y = $in
    x sin y = - - cos 2y + - ==> x sin Y 2
    4 4
    Hence, y = sin 1 2x gives the required solu lion·
    1
    (ti) We have, (1 + y2 ) dx = (tan y - ~-) dy

    ~ dx = tan 1
    y -x
    dy l+y~
    21.1(4
    r1tlff l
    ,h I/ r, fJ
    J.11
    +
    I + II~' l I I "1/ .,,,y, , ,
    (
    I.Ill I 1/
    l
    I I I_/
    • I
    J 1 v•' .t_v ,
    l.F ,. ~
    .
    r,_
    ,,
    tl"1
    t,\I\
    I jr J
    )htltirhing t-.,th sidl's ,,/ lil by l.F. r' .'/, W1 1 )-\l' I

    dx 1.m I v ., ,l,11, 1v ll1n I ,I/ ,. l.111 I 1/

    m
    .:y (' . + " ' . 1 I' ff 1'/
    I l .V~ I I .If .,

    o
    ✓

    .c
    llJ;il11g , r'(l,l',J J ,II ,

    du
    1-k
    -1 I J 'Nit
    : Jt .l di+ C, wher<' I =- t11n
    oe
    x,.1a1, '!I I
    ~ y
    dx
    -I
    ch
    I
    = Xt~ran Y =e (t -1) + C
    -I
    di/
    tan- 1 v I/
    +C
    te

    = .,·t' .. = i: tan
    • • (lan - I y - 1)
    lt is gh·en that _v (D) =0 i.e. y =0 w h en x = 0. Putting x = 0, !I "" 0 in (ii), WI' ljl'I
    m

    • 0 = .,0 (0 -1) + C ⇒ C =1
    fro

    Putting C = 1 in (ii), we get


    -1 tan-1 1
    xetan Y =e Y (tai, - y -1) + 1
    d
    de

    - 1
    = (x - tan - l y + 1) etan !I = l, ,vhich gives the required sol ution.
    oa

    EXA.'-tPLE., Soh't' each of tire following initial value problems:


    3
    (i) y/' dx = (y + 2x eY) dy, y (0) = l ✓1 - y 2 dx (sin 1 y
    nl

    (ii) x)dy Y
    w

    SOlt.'TJOX (i) Vi'e have,


    ~ 3 y
    ye· dx = (y + 2x e ) dy
    do

    dx 2 -y 2x
    = -;- ='!f e
    "If y
    +-

    dx _ 3_ x = y2 e y
    dy y
    This is a linear differential equation with R , 2/y and <; y2 ,, '1
    ~
    hw., 2
    ,, ,'f
    ~
    y 2 It l!i giv

    1
    Multi.plying both sides of (i) by , we gel Putting
    2
    !I
    l dx 2 - y
    , -- -x=e
    y- dy !/3
    AEN TIAL EQUATIONS
    oiff'"-

    1 .
    . tinlc\ bvth silks of (ii) with resp1.·ct t
    111tcg• a () ,I/, W(• ~l'l
    21.105

    r(
    . I2 .[ t' y c/11
    . ~C
    !I IUsing:~· (I , £1.) • J S(1 f ) dy l Cl
    -,
    ,. - _,.-.v +C
    .v- ...(iii)
    1ti• givct1 that ,I/ (0) = 1 i.e. !I= l whe.i, x = o. Putti . 0
    • o = - t' - 1 + C ::::;> C = !. ng ·' "' ' Y = lin (iii), we get
    e

    o m
    .c
    q

    du
    oe
    ch
    te
    i) ... (i)
    m

    -1
    This is a linear differential equation wi th R = ✓
    1
    = 2 '"Id S - sin Y
    fro

    2
    1- y ✓1 - y

    J ~dy
    d

    =e
    de

    1.F. Vl-y
    . - 1
    5
    Multiplying both sides of (i) by 1.F. =e we get
    oa

    m Y,
    1 1
    sln- 1 y dx X sin- 1 y sin- y SU'\ - Y
    e - +-r;-:J'e =e ·1
    nl

    2
    dy ;jl-y2 , 1 -y
    w

    Integrating both sides with respect toy, we get


    do

    J
    xe•m -1 Y = J esil.1-1 Y s/-1; dy + C
    (Using:x(I.F.) = S(l.F.)dy+C]

    Vl-y
    i) · -1 , - 1
    xe6"' Y = J te' dt + C, where t "'S).1'1 Y
    . -1
    Xe s1n y = et ( t - l) + C ... (ii)
    ~
    Y = e 6·m- 1. !I (sin -1 Y - 1) + C
    x es"'
    · - 1
    !J oill (ii), we g~t
    It · . X"' 0 ..
    IS given that y (0) = 0 i.e. y =0 wb.en X = 0. Pu ttiflg ,
    0 = e 0 (0 -1) + C ⇒ C = l
    Putnn .
    g C = l m (ii), we get
    j) --1 -1 1 ) l
    x esm Y = esin !/ (sin - y -1 +
    21.106
    NflALEO
    I
    01FFE:AE
    ,,sin 11 (.l ~tn 1 11+1/ I.
    fi.Jld one-p
    •In I~ , wlm ·v<'s• llw rc,p1lrcd !>olution.
    . 11 g1 ~r, Solve the
    x - sin I 1/ + I • (or d
    (1') .J:'.
    dx
    +3
    dy -
    (iii) \' /U
    Soh•,· the ft,l/(1,WI,'< d!fii'l't11lio/ cqu,iliotts. (v) (x log
    dy -3x
    11
    1. ~ + 2y=c·'
    1
    ICBSE 20171 2. 4 dx + 8y =5 e .
    a,
    dy -2x "} ~
    (Vl• dx ~y
    1
    .,.. ltf
    dy + 2,..11 =6 e'° [ClJSE 2007C) 4. - •· y=e
    dx

    m
    5. x dy =x + I! [CBSE 2020] 6. dy + 2y=4X
    (i;<) ~ cos

    o
    dx . dx
    (:<l) .t log

    .c
    7. x dy + 1/=Xex :!}j_ 4x 1
    dx
    8. + 2 JI + - -=-2---=2
    (x + 1)

    du
    dx .x .,_ 1 ,- Sol,e each
    q_ x dy + y = x log x dy X (i) y' - y
    10. x - - y = (x -1)e

    oe
    dx dx dv
    (n1 x~
    11. Jy + f. =x 3 dy
    12. -+ y = sm x
    .
    d:t.
    dx
    ch
    X dx
    (iii) dy -
    1.3. dy .,_ y =cos X dy dx
    dx 14. - + 2y = sin x
    te
    dx du
    (jv} :c dz
    15. dy=ytanx-2sinx 2 dy -1
    dx 16. (l +x )-+y = tan x (CBSE :D
    m

    dx
    (v) (l - y
    1;. dy.,.utanr=cosx
    fro

    dx -
    dy 2
    ('\i) 1Y
    d.T
    -
    18. - ' .,_ I/ cot x
    .dx .
    =x cot x + 2x
    [NCERT, CBSE 2005]
    (~) dy -
    d

    dy 2 2 d.T
    de

    19. dx T ytan x =x cos x


    20. (J + X 2) -dy + y =e tan 1 -' [CBS"
    - " .-'OO.:.;:,
    dx \'< u") d11
    ,'I: - ·
    2L xdi!-(2y~2x 4 Tx2)dx d.,:
    oa

    2 t - I dy ••
    22. (l +y )+(x-ean Y)-=0 [C6~-
    2 dx 1 d.t (,'iii) dy +
    nl

    23. y -. - x---0 d.,:


    ay y 24. (2x - lOy 3 ) dy + l/ · O
    w

    dx · (h) dy +
    25. (x T tan y) dy - sin 2y dx .i,
    26. dx + xdy = ,. - V sec-" !' d!I
    do

    27. dy = y tan x - 2 si.n x d11 t,) dy -


    dx 28. ~ f y cos y = s m , cos 1 d.,
    d.t
    29. (1 T r2} dx
    dlf_ - 2xy (r2 ; 2) (x 2 ... IJ t,1\ ~ +
    IC BSI: 2005) ,tx
    du
    . ,in
    30 ( X) -"'- + y
    dx
    CO'> X 2
    .
    6JJ]
    2
    X co, 1· \'\ii) dy"'
    (,iii) tan
    32. X dy + 21{ X f f, X
    dx
    ~,;. Find the g
    " .dy
    .,..., T.y
    J
    - x e.;,
    dx - (CUSI· 2002CI J•l Piud the gE
    35. Solve the diffen,ntial rquatJon f x + 2l) di, y, h'1h•n J.h:it w twn l 2 ..I/ I
    rlx ~o. Solve the
    ,..,.IAL 1:QUATIONS
    .-cE~E",
    ~:r, . . 21.107
    e-parameter fanuhes of solutioi, c
    _filld on . d" . urvcs of th f0 11 . .
    _;r corScJlvethe following dforential equations) C' o\vmg differential equations:
    dy_ mx . .
    (il d.~ + 3y = e , m IS a given real numb,ir (ii) d!f
    i"'- Y "' cos 2x
    ix
    dy
    ···1 x--Y = (x -'-1)
    . c ,- x
    (!U d.t (iv) x dy + y ,1
    dx x
    dy + y
    (\") (x Iog x) dx
    = log x
    (\") dy __2xy _
    .• - x 2 .,_ 2 I< ll<;E20l'il
    rh l+x2 -
    dv sin x
    (\"ii) d.~+ !f COS X = e C05 X (viii) (x + y) ~!f. =I
    dx
    . -dYcos2 x = tanx-y.
    •i.xl ( x) e- y sec2 ydy = dx, xdy
    ' dx

    m
    (,.-il x x: + y =
    log 2 log x ICBSE 200'lj dy
    (Xl·1·) x--+2y=x 2 log x

    o
    dx

    .c
    5 • Sol\"e eadl of the follmv:ing initial value problems:
    ;r 1
    (i) y' - y = e , y (0) = 2

    du
    =

    oe
    (ii) :r : - y log x , y (1) = 0

    tiii) dy + 2y = e · 2x sin x, y (0) = 0


    ch
    dx
    r
    o'i,) x dy -y = (x + 1) e- x , y (1) =0
    te

    dx
    -1
    M (1 - y 2) dx - =0
    m

    (x - e - tan Y) dy = 0 ! iJ (0)
    = 2x+x2
    fro

    M) dy_ytanx tanx,y(O) :: 1
    dx .
    'xi) : - ycotx= 2cosx,y( ~}=0
    d

    .
    de

    • ...)
    l111 dv
    xi~y 2 =1
    = xcosx + ,sm· X· , y (~)
    oa

    i1 [CBSF. 2012, NCERTl


    ... l
    ( vw, dy ycot x
    dx.,. = 4 x cosec x , y (~) =0
    nl

    2
    1t
    w

    (ix1 dy + 2y tan x = sin x; Y = O when x = 3


    do

    dx 1t

    (x.) '!]!_ - 3y cot x = sin 2x i Y = 2 when x = 2


    dx [C 11:-..£~1\HI

    <xiJ :~ +ycotx=2cosx,y(i)= 0 , ,-iRt t\ll\ll'I \!{\


    1
    ( d II fl 11-.l lll l I
    Xii) dy=cosx(2-ycosecx) x . h· ti/ owlw1ll ,,
    ( • d 2 x·1"0g1vcnta •
    Xiii) tan :,; .JI.. ., 2x tan x + x - Yi tan , ('\tHHl
    dx r ,/y , , I/ 1•
    3S "' diff ential equa l1 un ,/1
    · nnd the general sohi tlon of the er !NCLIH1
    C1I/ I/ ell' I
    , u·11 I equa tion .
    "~- Find the general sol ution
    , ofthe difforen ,1.1

    41) 2 ~ e=X,
    · Solvethedifferentialequation(!f + 3x ) di;
    21.108

    n I( ll~f
    given that x = 0 when Y = 2 -
    1
    . di'f'-i·entialeq11ation(cot y+x)dy-(l +y2)dx. k 11\i
    42. Solve the followmg "'
    ---- - - - -- - - - - - - 5-3xc2x
    ANsw,
    ] ',y - 2:t 2. _11 = -- e t e
    I, y=-e· +Ce 4
    5 -2r C -x
    21 3x c 4. y = - e . I (!
    3. ye = 2e ~
    6. y = (2x -1) + C e- 2x· ve2x = 1-cosx

    m
    5• •'( =logl xi +C - I -
    X tan Y = tan

    o
    x-1 \I x C 2
    8. y(x + 1) ~- x + C
    2 (v/ xe
    =( - X e --

    .c
    ';. l/
    • ) X
    (vii) '!/ = stn. X

    du
    X
    4xy =2x log lxl
    2
    - .i +C 10. y =e· +Cx
    Q.
    (iJ<) '!/ = COS X -2 C
    5 12. y =Ce-x· + 1 (.
    sm :-r - cos x)
    2
    oe
    11. 5xy=x + C (xi} y ~ - cot r cos:r
    - 2x 1( .
    13. v = Ce-1 + 1- (cosx+sm
    . x) 14. y =Ce + - 2 s111 x - cos x)
    ch
    •' 2 5
    -1
    - tax,-l ,
    15. 2y cos X =cos 2x + C 16. y = ta n x-l +Ce ·
    te

    17. y sec x =x + C
    .
    18. ysmx =x 2 smx+
    . C 4 o. ;l =3r ♦ C
    X
    m

    .-, -1
    19 . y sec x = _/ sin x + 2x cos x - 2 sin x ~ C 20.2ye tan X=e2 tan. l'+ C 42. .t =1-cot-1 !(-l.- e
    fro

    -1 -1
    21. y=x 4 + x2 log x + Cx2 22. 2x e'M\· Y = e2 ta.n Y + C
    ,TII
    U . We have, .t:r - Y =
    y=[k'.; J-ce Y
    d

    1 11 3 -2
    23. 24. x=2y + Cy
    de

    This is a !i.'1car · · · -
    25. x=tany +C ✓tany 26. xeY = t,m y + C J l-d.,
    oa

    2 . C -sin .r l.F. - e
    27. y =secx (-sin x +C) 8 y = sm x-1 + e
    2.
    Multiph"inl! ti\ b, 1.
    nl

    1 2
    29. y = (x + tan - x + C) (x + 1} 30. y ~in x = I sin 3 x + C -~ jl/ ~
    3 e -~ ""'"yr:
    w

    1h
    2 (.x + 1) { 2
    31.y=- - 3 _x -6x+8log(x+J)f+C
    1 32. x2y =x-sinx
    ?
    + 2x cos x - 2 stn
    · ,.
    ·'
    l
    do

    lntegr-1ting \:,oth $id


    (x - 1/
    y~' = f ~~'s·
    33. y -rx: +C Jex 34. y ~
    2
    X
    ( s.

    35. x =2l U. We h,we, •~ + 2y


    mr
    dx
    36. (1') 1/ e
    = - - +ce , - 3x
    ,ifm + 1 t 0;y (x I C') {' i x , ii' Ill 1 ~ 0
    m+ 3 This is a linear diff
    ~ (-
    (ii) y =
    1 4 C
    :,
    cos 2x ~- 2 sin 2x) + C / ' (i ii} .If I' .Y I· C.1
    l. F. "' J 2 dx

    (iv) y = - X + - I C. Multiplying (i) by


    5 X (v} y - - log .r;
    2 logx
    21.109

    (,ii) !/ = ~ (~:n T -C t'-~::ll


    (i"\) Y = tan t-1 +Cc-I.Ant

    {"\i) Y = log t • C
    log t
    C '

    lii) Y =t - 1 - log x

    {iY) _y = _u-1 -t'-:r


    .,

    m
    = x' +CO&X
    .,

    o
    l'ii) y = sin x (,iii) y sin x= 2x~ - -:·
    .,

    .c
    2
    ,t,l y = x -2 cos x (x) Y =4 sin l x - 2 su? :r.

    du
    ,:OS

    ··) YSJnX
    (Xll .· =- -cos2:c-
    l -3

    oe
    2 2
    :r.-' _ 1_sin_:r _- ;;os .r \
    . '
    .~, .v=---ex--
    39. y - ...;._ - Ce:x
    ch
    ., ~ 2
    te
    m

    -1
    -1 Ian 11
    ~1=1 -cot y-,.Ce •
    fro

    _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _HINTS TO NCEERT & SELECTE.D PROB;..£ S

    •\"'-· Jv
    _,e....,,e,-··-v=sinx - -
    d

    .ix •
    de

    :bis i;. a linear differential equation of the foon : -"- Py = Q, where P =1 .md Q = ~- r..
    oa

    ..F = e·
    f 1-dx = er
    nl

    Mul.oplying (i) by LF. =er, we get


    w

    t
    d-.t
    r
    ~-11e" = i'· sin x
    do

    ir ·
    &-ttegrating both sides .,..'i.th respect to r, we get
    ,
    J
    yez = e:r sin xdz -C
    t.., .......
    GX m· L:rJ~--- (a,mh-b.o:-,·••
    :r
    [ •: Je ,; L' A - a2 t- i,2
    ~
    ' = e- (sin I -
    yo:r CO:, I) +C
    2

    il W
    e have, -dy + 211 = sin I
    dx •
    This. 1 ''" Pl/ "'Q ,, hi'h' p
    · IS a linear differential equation of the fom ,~ "' '

    LF - j. 2 .tx
    ,- e = e2x
    MultiPl}ing (i) by l.F. "" e2x, we get
    21 .110

    .2, .
    (' SHl .\
    eNTIAL eau
    01f'f£fl
    Integrating with respect to~, we get
    ye=2..- t'
    . t
    2, ~lf1Xt,\'I I Usin g , y (f r I f rutting c ~ - 2
    l
    it

    ' l· C
    2,· I O•1,t I .
    (j)<) we have,
    :=- y ,,-· ~ -
    5
    (2 sin x - cos x) + C ⇒ y =Ce 2
    x ~ 1 (2 sin ~~ C<Y.X) dy - 211 tan
    5 dx ~
    18. Weha,·e,
    dv
    dx
    .,__ -'- t/ cot x
    ·
    = x 2 cot x + 2x Thi!; is a linea

    :~+Py =Q,

    m
    This is a linear differential equation of the for m where f> ·;i
    l.f. =

    o
    2 Multiplying
    Q =x cot x+ 2x.

    .c
    = ef P d~ = eJ cot.t dx =e log sin x = sinx
    ,;ec:
    2 d11 -
    x-~

    du
    LF. dx
    Multiplying (i) by l.F. =sin x, w e get I.nte,?"a.;nf both

    oe
    "'./~- -y-=-
    . dy 2 .
    Sm X -
    dx
    + 1/ COS X
    ·
    =X COS X + 2 X Sill X ,,
    =>- ysa:- X =
    ch
    Integrating both sides with respect to x, we get
    - hen.r =-,
    f 2
    y sin x = (x cot x + 2x) sin x ·+ ·C 3
    te

    O = 2 -C
    ⇒ y sin x = f x cos·x + 2x sin x dx·+ C
    2
    Pa:ttin ~ C =- :. -
    m

    ⇒ y sin x = f x 2 cos x dx+ J' 2xsin


    . x dx -f!C (x) Wehavc.
    fro

    ff J d11 ,
    -- - ;:,'1/\o.

    y sin x = x sin x - f 2x.sin x dx + f 2x sin x dx + C


    2
    ⇒ d."t -
    d

    ⇒ ysin x = x2 sin x+C This is a li:ne.ar


    de

    3i.. Wehave, ~ =:5m 2..x.

    = 4xcosecx,y(f] = 0 =)
    oa

    -F
    ~~+ ycotx
    nl

    This i-; a linear dU:feren tial equation of the form rly + PIJ =Q when• P =,,--:
    w

    dx .
    Q= 4x cosec x.
    do

    LI·. = eI
    Pdx
    e
    f cot x dx = elog sin x . •
    = sm x

    Multiplying both sides of dy + !I cot x = 4x co~ec x, we g<'t


    '
    lntt.~r-..1.t ing '"-it
    dx • '.} t.\A,~3 .l
    . x -dy ..-ycosx
    sm = 4x
    dx =
    Integrating both sides wilh re&pect lo x, w,, g<'I \\1,cru =! ,
    =f
    2
    y sin x 4x dx + C 1 = -2+
    Putti~ C = J i
    ⇒ y sin x = 2
    2x + C y ~ -2s·
    It is given that y =0 when x = 1C
    . Pulling'\' 1L -ls. \\I"' have,
    2, ,II 0 111 (i), I\ t 1 f\L'I dv
    2 X -'- + 21/
    2 2 tlx •
    0 = 1t- + C ⇒ C = 1t
    2 2
    ·Jc1,
    ~ "RfNTIAL EQUATIONS
    olfF'"
    2 21.111
    ••tting C = - 1t in (i), we get y
    P" 2 ,
    -
    5 in X = 2x2 - 1t
    2
    - - as the requi•red solu li(>n.
    2
    •·x) We 1:iave,
    \l•
    ~+2ytanx =
    dx
    nus is a linear differential equation of the fonn -""-+
    dy p Q
    2tanxdx
    dX Y "' , where P -- 2 tanxand Q=sinx.

    ,(i)
    J.f. = e J = e2 log sec.t - 2
    - sec x
    Multiplying both sides of dy + 2y tan x _ · . b 2
    l\d dx -sm x ysec x, we get
    2 dy 2
    d;

    m
    sec x + 2y tan x sec x = tan x sec x

    o
    Integrating both sides w ith respect to x, we get
    J tan x sec x dx + c

    .c
    y sec2 x =

    du
    ~ y ~c2 x = sec x + C ...(i)

    oe
    ;t
    When x = -3 , we h ave ··I/ = O. Putti.J.1g ·•,. = ~ ar'd
    ·' y -- om
    · (')
    l , we get
    3
    O = 2+C =:. C= -2
    ch
    2 2
    Putting C =- 2 in (i), we get: y sec x =sec x - 2 or, y =<:0s x - 2 cos x
    te

    (x) We have,
    = sin2x, y(~) = 2
    m

    dy _ 3yc0tx
    dx 2
    fro

    This is a linear differential equ ation of the form dy + Py = Q, whe.re P =- 3 cot x and
    dx
    Q =sin 2x.
    d

    _ J - 3 cot x tlx- - 3 Jog sin x _ l = cosec3 x


    de

    I..
    F - e .. e - Sin g X

    3
    oa

    Multiplying both sides of : ~ - 3y cot x = sin 2x by cosec x, we get


    nd
    3
    nl

    3 dy 3 = sin 2x cosec x
    cosec x - - 3y co t x cosec x
    w

    dx
    ~ eosec 3 x dy_ - 3y cot x cosec3 x = 2 cot x coscc x
    do

    dx
    Integrating w ith respect to x, we ge t
    ycosec 3 x "' 2 Jcosec x cot x dx + C 2 C . 3 r
    ... (ii

    ==> yeosec3x = -2cosecx+C ~ y ~ -2sin x+ sln .

    When x = ~
    y - 2 Put tin g x"' ~ , y "'2 in (i), we gcil
    c] 2'
    2 ~ -2+C ⇒ C = 4
    ' 2

    .(i) Putting C =4 in (i), we get


    3
    Y ~ - 2 sin 2 x + 4 sin x. ,.. (i)
    38, We have,
    dy 2 d:y 2 x
    X - + 2y = X ⇒ - + - 1J ::
    dx dx x
    21.112

    • f tht· form dY., ,. T'lf • Q, Wht're p


    This is n Jine,,r differential cquntion d,Y • °
    . I. F. C l'
    f 2 tf,
    l :s ,·
    log '2 I2

    Multipl} ini; both ~ides of (i) by x2, we get


    ,) dy + 2 _,,, = -~·l
    ., d1 ·.•
    Integrating with respect to x, we get
    4 2
    yx 1 =f x"dx+C ⇒ yx2
    3
    = X
    -+ C ⇒ y =x - .&..
    CX -2
    4 2

    m
    :;<1. ·we have,

    o
    dy -y = cos~

    .c
    tx

    du
    This~ a lmear differential equation of the form!!+ Py =Q, where P = -1 ar.d:;
    L.'V!
    = eJ
    oe
    -l·d.t -.r J-
    l. F. =e =1
    •
    Multiplying (i) by I.F., we get
    ch
    il J?
    dy -•·
    - e -ye-x = e-x cosx = = ..=
    te
    dx
    4!'
    Integrating both sides with respect to x, we get = p = --
    f
    m

    ye-x = e-.r cosx dx


    = J - ....
    - r::,
    fro

    ax ..
    ⇒ y e- x
    e X (- cos x + sin x} + C
    = -- [·: J eax cos bx dx e (a cos;x-.
    .. ,.:
    2 2
    a - b 2 c::> e,P =
    d

    (Sin X-COSXJ + C ex
    de

    ⇒ y =
    l 2
    oa

    21 .7 APPLl- t IONS OF DIF ERENTJAL EQUATIONS


    In this ~on, we shaJJ discuss some problems on the app lications of differenn:tl e,:;-.:a-
    nl

    Sci.ence and Engineering. We shall also discuss problems on applications to othe~ ,:h.. -a, loc ;
    w
    do

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

    I LEVEL-1 I
    lype J AP ict. ON" Of ' GROWTH t ND Dl'C A V
    EXA'Vf :•u The .$urface area ofa balloon being inflated cha11xes 11/ fl co11sta11t mlr 11 111 Thu.,,
    is 3 units and after 2 seconds, it is 'i units, find th1• rt1di11s aft,,, t s1•rn11d,
    SOLUTION Let r be th~ radiuy and S be tlw &urfacp a11'" of th~ b.1110,,n 111 am llm<' ~lPLEJ 5..
    " colony doub'
    S = 4nr 2
    SOl.uno~ le
    ⇒ dS = Bnr dr
    dP
    dt dt -rr.P
    d•
    . g1ven
    rt 1s . that dS C k . dS
    dt = onst = (say). Putting di -k in (iJ, we gl.!I dP
    ;f'
    =
    dr
    k = 81tr-
    dt
    o m
    .c
    du
    dF SP
    -=-

    oe
    100 ch
    te
    IBr separating the ,·ariablesJ
    . .,
    m

    j ~P "P = :_ j l.Ji [Integrating both sides]


    = . - .:.::,. .;
    fro

    "'
    == ~P
    ... = -=-
    ,; r-C
    :._ai;-y :.e. at r = 0we haYe p = Po . Putting t = 0 and P = Po in (i), we get
    d
    de

    ., >< 0 P.
    !ogP0 = - -C ⇒ C =logo
    25
    oa

    ~...---,--:::r.amg C = log Po in (i), we get


    2 2 25 (p)
    = log Pop
    nl

    = -r ⇒ t =2logPo
    !ogP = '.!3 r ~ log Po 25
    w

    \',~ P ~ 2P , we get
    do

    t = 25 log( 2Po) = 25 log 2


    2 \ Po 2
    fr.us the . 25 I g., years.
    • population is doubled m 2 ° -
    • ,ro >t1TIUllli11/0thtt1UIII T/' 1
    1-.- m:,:ul lfthl'J'<'f 11/.llr.:n
    ~"'1>1.£ 3 Suppose the growth of a popu/at1oll 15 I I :,,e >01•11L1ti.111 t,e. vlllt' tnpk ' 'th.,t
    ~ ac1/ony doubles in 25 days in lrou• mnnl( ,l11ys w1I I I ,t11>n ,,1 .im t,md It b !';IH,
    SO{_r ' . d Pl>•• tl11q11,p1t'
    ~i!o'.I: Let P0 be the initial populahofl .in
    dP
    -. ,:p
    dt
    ~ dP
    dt = ,, P, :i.. is a constant
    21. 114

    Aft~TIAL fQUA
    di' ), di otffE
    ~
    I' . p =Po in {i),
    ~ f l ,IP
    I'
    Ji. f di y,.,tttng ,., - C
    log ro -
    .,
    0
    .,.c = log Po·
    log f' "A.I 1 (' f'UI" n rt
    /\t I o, w<' 11,w._. /1 !'0. l't1tting I Oamf f' = Po in (i), we get
    log p =100
    log 1\i O~C => C fog l'n
    ~
    tog(!:.Po ) =
    Pul ting C '"'fog Tb in (i), Wl' get
    I log I' "' i.t ➔ log Po (i) ln -this case, we
    r = 5, Po ~
    ~ ~)
    I

    m
    I log ( = ,. I Sl.lb5tituting these"
    Jog2 =f

    o
    It is ~iven that 1'
    21'0 when I = 25 days. Putting I 25 and P = 2Pa in (ii), we get

    .c
    log 2 - 25 A ~ ,, = J log 2 (ii) 11" this case, ,-:~

    du
    25 PG ""~lUI
    1 substituting these
    Putting i, - Jog 2 in (ii), we get
    ~
    oe
    25 log2 =

    P) = (_l log 2)t =


    ch
    log( Hence, r 6.931%
    1 P0 L25 (iii) 1n this case,'
    Po = t l
    te

    Suppose the population is h·ipled in 11 day&. i.e. P =3 P0 when I= 11.


    Substitllting. ,
    Pulling P =3P0 and I = t1 in (iii), we get p
    m

    log
    1
    ⇒ 2s[log 3 - 1
    fro

    log 3 = (- Iog2)11 t1 = Jdays


    25 log 2 Hence
    EX.-\..'-IPll5 ~~ b

    J
    d

    3 nu~ »rt"St~. ~
    Hence, the population is tripled in 25 [ log days.
    de

    log 2 time'
    SOLl TIO., l.et
    It is gi,·en that
    oa

    I XA MPLE ~ ft is known that, if /he interest is compounded continuously, the principal dmnf' i.;._'""\1
    rate equal to the product ofthe rate of bank interest per annum and the principal. X:
    nl

    (i) If the i11ferest is eom.pou11ded continuously al 5% per nnnum, in how many years h'~1il.· .-L--:
    double ilself? = =
    w

    Jr
    (ii) Al what interesl rate will? 'JOO double if.~elf in 10 years? (loge 2 =0.6931) .t:-:
    do

    (iii) How much will'( l 000 /Je worth at 5% interest after 1 O years? (e 05 =1.648}.
    = ;-.· =

    SOLUTION If P d<!.notes the principal at any time t and the rate of intl'rest he 1 ° 1'''1 0
    = J -d
    N
    1

    compounded continuously, then according tu the law given m the problem. we g,•t = log N ·
    dP Pr vVeha,e,N =
    =
    dt 100 log N 0
    dP
    ⇒ = r di Pt\tting C = log
    P 100 log N
    1
    f
    J P dP = 100
    rt
    r
    ·
    dt
    = logl ~
    ⇒ logP = --"C 1t.
    100 lS given that
    I.et P0 be the in itia I principal i.e. at t =0 , P = Po .
    RENTI.AL EQUATIONS
    01FFE
    . p =Po in (i), we get
    p,,ttJJl!; r. - C
    log o -
    21.115

    . ,,C ::log Po in (i), we get


    pultlrt,, rt
    log P = + log Po
    100

    ::>
    log
    li!._)
    Po
    = _!!_
    100
    ...(ii)
    (i) In thi:- case, we have
    r " 5, Po =,100 and P =t200 = r,
    2
    Substituting these values in (ii), we have O
    5

    m
    log2 " - t => f - 20log 2
    100 - e = 2.0 x 0.6931 years
    = 13.862 years.

    o
    (u) ln this case, we have
    =,

    .c
    P0 " ~ 100, P 200 = 2P0 and t = 10. years.

    du
    Sub5tituting these values in (ii), we get
    lOr
    log 2 = 100 => r "' 10 log 2 :: 10 x 0.6931 = 6.93:L

    oe
    Hence, r = 6.931% per annum.
    ch
    (iii) In this case, we have
    P0 = ,1000,r=S and 1=10
    te

    Substituting these values in (ii), we get -


    (_!_) "' 5 x 10 - .!. -
    m

    lo P - 05 -
    g 1000 100 - 2 - 05 ⇒ 1000 - e ⇒ p " J,QQQ X 1.648 = J64S
    =,1648.
    fro

    Hence, P
    EXAMPLE s ft is given that the rate at which some bacteria multiply is proporctional to the instantane.ous
    number present. ff the original number of bacteria doubles in two hours, in how many !tours will it be fwe
    d

    times?
    de

    SClllJIJON Let the original count of bacteria beN0 aJ1d at any timet the count of bacteria be N.
    It is given that
    oa

    dN
    - cc N
    di
    nl

    dN
    di = ,. N, where"- is a constant
    w

    dN
    do

    N = A.dt
    f :dN = J. f dt
    ... (i)
    ~ logN=i.t+C
    W h N · (.) we obtain
    . e ave,N=N att=O.Puttingt=Oan.dN -= om 1 '
    0
    .. log N0 = O+ C ⇒ C = log No
    Putting(= log N0 in (i), we get
    log(NN=)1..t + log No ... (ii)
    log "f;j- = A.I
    It· . . -O . ubles in2 hrs.
    ts given that the original ntiIDber of bacteria do
    21 .116 f!eN11AL EQU
    otff'E
    That is when I = 2hours, N = 2Nn . Putting I - 2 and N - 2No in (ii), we get
    . 1 "" 21in (iii)
    1
    log ( 2
    No
    Nol = 2A _::, A 2
    log 2
    r,,tttril~ l- , t '\
    Ing Ao J
    Putting i.. = !. lug 2 in (ii), we get
    2
    -:::>
    --
    A - (l
    Ao
    -
    l No JI ~ (1..2~log 2)t
    1
    log ..:..""
    ~- " 100
    Ao
    => t = -log -2
    2
    log ( N
    No
    J J_ "100
    Ao

    m
    Suppoi-e the count of bacteria bccomes 5 times i.e.5 No in l1 hours. Putting I t1 and N ;

    o
    (iii), we get

    .c
    l__J
    t1 = - 2- log ( 5 N o = - 2 - (log 5) = -2 log---5 hours.

    du
    log 2 No log 2 log 2

    oe
    LXAMPLE6 It is given thal radiwr1 decomposes at a mte proportional to the amount present Ifp
    original amount of radium disappears in 1years, what percentage of it will remain rrfter 21 y~a":
    ch
    SOIL710N Let Ao be the original amount of radium and A be the amount of rad1um.
    30u,;-na.-,.
    time t. Then, the rate of decompose of radium is dA . It is given that Jet •¼ bs- the uu
    te

    dt
    l t IS ;:;iv en that
    dA oc A - :i...\
    m

    - a \
    dt dt
    • dA
    fro

    = - ;.,, A, w here '). is a positive constant


    dt
    -dA = -).dt
    d

    A
    de

    ⇒ log A = - 1. t + C
    At t =0, we have A = Ao . P utting t = 0 and A = Ao in (i), we get
    oa

    log Ao= U+C ⇒ C = log A0 =


    Putting C = log Ao in (i), we get
    nl

    log A = - 1.t + log Ao


    w

    ⇒ j !0~
    do

    log; ~ = - i,. I Putr. n,; 1....... ....=-


    1,,g \
    It is given that p % of the original amount of radium disintegrate» in I yt•:.us l'hi, 111~.u1> ·• •
    log
    amountofrad111mpresentatt /i s[A 0 - 6 x A0 J ( 1
    1 0
    l;;
    0
    Jf\u Puttin~ , I l1•l' IL~'
    lt b gh «.'t\ tl'-\
    \

    t =I in (ii), we get
    Jog(1 p )
    100
    I'
    JtJ()
    1 kl); l
    Suh,.tihlting
    Substituting the value of,. iJ1 (ii), w,- gPt
    logl
    log (~J Ao
    =t
    I
    log(·1 100
    P )

    Let A be the amount of radium a va ilable after 21years.


    21.117

    [Multiplying both sides by 1001

    o m
    .c
    £\~tPLE ; A radi.oacth•e substance dfsfntegr.ates at a Mle proportional to the amount of substance
    :yt::r;(:~::ou:~i ~IB~n:::::is in years. What percentage of

    du
    :;::~:: 1600 the subslance
    1

    oe
    ~.r•...c.c
    ch
    ~:LlJ<»: Let A denote the amount of the radioactive substance present at any i.nstantt and
    lei 'lf be the initial amount of the substance.
    te

    " i, giventhat
    dA dA ...(i)
    -aA ==> - = -},A
    m

    dt dt
    ·-here; is the constant of proportfo11ality such that ,. > 0. Here, negative sign indicates that A
    fro

    aecreases witb the increase in t.


    d

    dA = -i.A
    de

    dt
    ~dA = -,.dt
    A
    oa

    J 2:_ dA = - 'VI l. dt
    A .. ,(ii)
    nl

    :,;_ . log A = - ?, t + C _ A · (ii) we get


    w

    lmfially i.e. at t = O, we have A == A0. Putting I = 0 a 11d A - Otn '


    log Ao = 0 + C ⇒ C = log Ao
    do

    Putting( = log P'<l in (ii), we get


    log A "' i. t + Jog Ao ,..(iii\
    ~ log r:~) = . AI
    /\o aml/ [l,ll() ]I\ (iii), \\'l' g<'I
    ltisgiventhatA = AQ att=1600y<!ars. Putting A 2
    2
    log (l ) = - 1600 "' ⇒ ,._
    2 J log 2
    L600
    5ttbsti
    tutm,g the value of i,.. i11 (iii), we gel

    log(..i_J
    Ao
    "' -(-!_
    1600
    log 2)1
    21.118

    =
    A
    :lo
    -,. log 2
    1600
    I

    l<>i\ 2 1
    -::;- A = J\o ,. lhO(l
    • t t • tic "mount of the rndioartive subHt,mce present after 10 y Rt,
    P\lthng I = l 0, WI.' o' alll 1 a ~nti

    given by [ log 2
    ·: e l ~O
    A ,<\o (0.9957) 0,'lr~

    7
    Amount that di::;in legrate5 i.n 10 years = Ao - A = Ao - 0.995 Ao = 0.0043
    , 0.0043Ao N
    1,:,s--- = log

    m
    Hence. percentage of the alnow,t disintegrated 1l1 10 yea rs - Ao x 100 = 0.43 ,::, No
    ,o
    9

    o
    N --
    Hence, 0.43% of the origincll amount disintegrates in 10 years. ~

    10

    .c
    -;:;, N,
    P,AMrtr s The rate at whiclt mdioaclive s11bslances decay i,$ known to be proportional totlie nijmi-,,

    du
    suc/1 nuclei tlwt arc prns,11I nf t/ie lime in a given sample. -
    (i) Ju n certain sample I 0% of the origi1111/ number of radioactive nuclei have under, ==> .
    ~-" 100
    ,·

    oe
    disi11tcgT11tio11 i11 a p,wiod ofl00 years. Find what percentage of the original radioactive nijcJet'
    rt"mnin after 1000 years.
    ch
    (ii) /flOO gram.~ ofa radioacl-ive substance is present 1 year after the subst@ce was prod11ced , 1·
    75 grams is present 2 ye11rs after the substance was produced, how mrich radioactive substance··, 9
    Hence,--
    te

    produced? 10"
    SOLUTION (i} Let there be N radioactive nuclei in a sample at any time t and let No be ~, \iil Suppose ,· ~ tr'
    m

    initial number of radioactive nuclei. Then, the rate of decay of the radioactive substance iswll!
    m . substance is -r-~
    fro

    bv-. 1-1\
    · dt lt is gi,·en faat J
    It is given that dN oc N J\.
    d

    di
    = dt
    = - ;.. .
    de

    dN = - A. N , where i. > 0 is a constant .I):


    dt = '\
    = -l.
    oa

    dN = -A. dt .!_ d.'\


    N ""' I );
    nl

    ⇒ J ~ dN = - 1c f dt ~ k>g::-,; =
    w

    \ tt = \.l \\l' ha,.-,


    ⇒ logN = -,. t +C k'g ~o -=
    do

    A t I= 0, we have N = No . Putting f = 0 and N = No in (i}, we get 1'1.ittin~ C ; l,,.," ',,•


    logN0 = O+C ⇒ C = logN0 lni;: \J - -
    ;--.;
    Putting C = Jog No in (i), we get lt,g
    log N = - A.t + Jog No No
    ,.(II
    \t Is gi\·en thzot a(
    ⇒ log !i_=-J.. I c.. -100
    No 11
    ' . 0 ' • . 1I , 1·,11 '"
    11
    ~t 1s given that 10 Yo o~ th~ ongrnal
    number of rad(oactlve nuck•i hnve ,111drrt1,ll11<' d,_~ : :;.,,l'i logllOO
    ma penodof100 yeru s.1herefore, nHmber(if radmactlvc nucli•l availabk 111 t • 100 ,,i;' No
    10 9N
    N = N 0 - -xN0 = - Q.
    100 10
    11rrAL ,OUATJONS
    orFfefll:
    9No and I -- 1001·n ("·
    . \.,, ___ uJ, We get 21,119
    put!U'II JO
    9 -- -
    Jog-- too -
    I, :::, i. = -
    I I_ 9-
    10 100 og 10
    . the value ofi.in (ii), we get
    J'tltflllg >J ( 1 9 )
    log __ = I - log - /
    ,0 , H)o 10
    l !iii I
    S;, I , 11~,-e to find the value of N at t ~ 1000 yei\J"s. Pu .
    N'
    - 10 Jog ( _9 ) tfing I~ 1000 vears i 1···
    I
    J
    \\e
    log--
    ,\'o JO
    · n u11,wcget

    10
    l\' 9

    m
    log-- = log ( - )
    No 10

    o
    ro

    .c
    N ( 9 I
    N-;; = 10)

    du
    of
    IO
    N
    100 = ( -9 910
    100 = -

    oe
    _'_ X X
    No \ 10) 108 ch
    10
    Percentage of radioactive nuclei thatremain after H}O0 years = N x
    100
    =9 .
    d
    Nc1 108
    te
    JU
    Hence,;% of radioactive nuclei will remain after 1000 years.
    10
    m

    (iii Suppose N0 grams of radioactive ~ubstance was produced and a t any time I, N grams of
    fro

    substance is present Then, the rate of decay of the r adioactive substance is given h) •:

    li 15. given
    . th at -dN cc ,.
    .,
    d
    de

    di
    dt
    dN =-AN,w
    • • o·isacons tat
    h ere 1.> n
    oa

    ::;. dN
    - = -A.dt
    N
    nl

    ~ J ! dN = -). f dt
    w

    ... (i)
    ~
    do

    log~ -1.t + C
    Mt= 0, we have N =N . Putting t =0 and N =No in (i), we get
    0
    log N0 = 0 + C =;, C = log No
    Puffing C = log N0 in (i), we get
    log N =-i.t + log No
    log_ N = - J.t
    (ii)

    It is . No . active suhhliln•t' was p1e"•11t. u•


    given that after 1 yean, 100 grams of radio _ in (ii), w,• got
    1 nd 100
    N '-"100 grams at I~ I. Putting t = a N
    ".(iii)

    log(~)~ -A
    MAlH~t.1
    21.120 . ~l1~l
    . f d'oactive substances was present 1.e. at t = 2, N -:75""
    After 2 vcars, 75 grams o ra 1 o•nlll~ ~
    N =75 grams and t = 2 in (ii), we get ~
    Jog(~)= -2A
    Eliminating Afron, {iii) and {iv), we get

    log(~)= ~Jog(:)
    l
    log 75
    No
    J= log (10012
    No)
    ⇒~
    No
    = (~00)2 ⇒
    No
    100
    No = -75
    2
    - ⇒ No=
    • .- _l_ log

    m
    ~ ,. - 4000
    Hence .WO grams of radioactive substance was produced.
    ti

    o
    ' 3 puttJ.l'lg the -value

    .c
    D.A'.\{PLE 9 In a college hostel accommodating 1000 students, one of them came in carrying afl , __
    1 Jog
    tlu'11 the h01;tel was isolated. Tf the rate at which the virus spreads is assumed to be proportio::- ''

    du
    1000 1
    product of the number N of infected students and the number of non-infected students, and if /he :.:t
    of irifected students is SO after 4 years, then show that more than 95% of the students will be infeck,''l" 999

    oe
    10 iitiys. => ! l~ 1000
    SOLUTION At any time t, we h ave
    ch
    Number of infected s tud ents = N
    we nave to find th<' n
    Number of non-infected s tudents = 1000 - N 999
    ~ log
    te

    It is given thal at any time t, the rate at which the v irus ~reads i.~. a; is prop ortional rutt
    1000
    m

    product of number of infected and the number of µon-infectea students. log


    fro

    dN cc N (1000 - N)
    ~ - log
    :~ = i, N(lOOO - 'N), where lis.the constant of proportional ity.
    d

    '-
    de

    1 1CI.Xl - '.\
    dN = X.dt =- ----
    N (1000-J\f)
    oa

    ⇒ J N(l~-N) dN = i, J dt
    nl

    1r100; _ N + ~] dN = I dt
    w

    .(1()(\
    1;00 -N4\.
    do

    ltX10
    ~llogN - log(1000-N)} = ,.t+C
    1 '\
    1
    1 N ';,,J =
    = -logl
    1000
    J
    = tt +C
    1000-N t
    1hu~ . percentag
    It is given that initially one student was carrying a flu virus. ·11,,1t i,-, ,\l / N
    Puttingt =0and N =1 in Ci), WP gel 1000 xl

    ⇒C
    lug lJ<)()
    1~00 log 9~9 = 0 + C I(;00 log ( (J~LJ J LOOO
    llt>nc.,, more th
    F\ \Ml'L£ lO A
    raditt"0 0 rtgrnally
    • .
    Substituting the value of C in 0), we got ti, . '
    r ram drop at
    _1_ log ( N J = l 1 _ log 999
    1000 1000- N 1000
    T oifFtcfl!:N
    r iAL eauATIONS

    21.121
    _-1--tog[100:- N)+ 10~0 log 999 '° At
    "' 1000

    "'
    1 (~N-) =
    i@1og 1000-N
    At
    ... (ii)
    .,.. the number of infected students is so Th t .
    4}'e"'" · a 1sat I :4 N-50
    ,\ftef_t ting these values in (ii), we get ' - ·
    St1b;t:t t1 l ( 49950)
    log - - = 4}.
    1000 950

    ~ i. :: ~ log ( 4:;5 J= 40~0 log ( 9~9 J


    th; vaJuel7t ~;~i ),Jw: g{e~1-

    m
    Putting ( ) l

    o
    999 1
    1000 log 1000- N
    1
    19 ~ I

    .c
    4000 og

    du
    ~ 4log(1;;;~NJ = (log2::Jt .. (lll)

    oe
    \\'eh.we to find the number of infected students after 10 years. So, putti.ngt =10 in (iii), we get
    ch
    4 log ( 999N
    \ 1000-N
    J= 10 X log (999]
    19
    - .
    te

    lo (999]
    m

    l ( 999N ] _ .?_
    og\1000 -N - 2 g 19
    fro

    51
    ::,
    log{ 1000 -N) = - ~ log ( 999) = log C999 )""' ~
    \. 999N 19 l
    d

    2 19
    de

    ::;. 1000-N = ( 999)-sti


    999N 19
    oa

    ::;. 1
    1000 (999)-S/ 2
    nl

    mN-999 = 19
    w

    1000 1 (999)- 512


    do

    999N = 999 + 19
    ~
    N
    1: 1 + (999) ~ '!,/ 2 X 19512

    N "' 1000 _ "" 952 approximately


    1 + (999) - S/ 2 X 19512
    '!bus'percentage of infected students after 1.Oyear6 js' gi vcn by
    N 952
    x100 "'-><100 =95.2.
    1000
    1-fenc 1000 d fte.r IO J.iy~. f..
    e, lnore than 95% students w ill be ;nfecte ~ , f •. /'0/107 I io1111l lo its ~wfi,.-~ lll'c'tl. I /Is
    ex...:\o>lEio Assume that a spherical ram
    rQa· , drop evaporates < P.
    d 11/ 2a /II,n,Jmd • . ,. · fior the md111s oJ
    11n expll ,s,on
    111
    .ong·mally 1s. 3 mm and 1 hour later has been
    tire i11s
    ral/Jdr0
    , reduce 10
    Pat any time.
    21.122
    . . Vb<'lhc\olume.1nd Sbethesurfaceareaofther~· • <TIAL EOUATI
    SOLUTION I-et,. b etI,e rad UIS, • Jr, l. ...,.,RE"
    01r----
    time I. Then, r -S - _Jct
    2 ---- -e
    F = 4 3
    ltT and S ~ 4rrr 150- S
    3
    We are given that the rate of change o(vnhnne of the rain drop is proporhonal tn~urfa • r- 5,,,(150-
    i.e.
    dV
    - "S ,tr1.r 12 WottT at '
    dt
    f,nJ •':£ ..,.,puawre
    !!V _ kS, kb the corn,tanl of proportionality (11 .,. 1
    di /ill tit£ :,me u,fl('I !

    = !...(-l
    dt 3
    1tr 3
    ) = k(4rrr2)
    j I
    iI

    m
    -lrrr2 dr = k(4rrr2)
    df

    o
    I• •

    .c
    dr = k
    dt

    du
    = d, = k dt
    Integrating both sides, we get

    oe
    f
    dr = k dt ⇒ r - kt + C f
    =
    ch
    Weare given thatr=3atl =Oand r =2atl = l ios:. --::s
    3 = k(O) + C and 2 = k + C Att =0, wen.n~T
    te

    ⇒ C=3andk= - 1
    Putting the values of C and kin (i), we get r = 3 -t, wh ete O ::; t::; 3.
    PutmigC =leg '"3
    m

    Type II ON NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING log T -:...


    fro

    The Newton·~ law of roofing $fates tltat the temperature of a body changes ata rate which ISM't;~ T :
    to the difference in temperature between that of tile surrounding medium and that uf tl1e body i:x log--=-
    ...
    d

    EXAMPLE 11 The temperaiure T of a cooling object drops at a rate proportional fa the d(ff<TW-'. •
    de

    where Sis constant temperature of surrounding medium. If initially T = 150°C, find the temiu
    ihe roofing object at any time t.
    oa

    SOLUTION Let T be the temperature of the cooling object at any time t. Then,
    Pumng th.-~ alue
    nl

    dT = - k (T - S), where k > 0 is a constant.


    dt r-
    w

    ::::;, -
    1
    -dT = -kdt
    1'-.s-
    ;s
    do

    T S
    (,) \\e h.\,e 10 ii
    Integrating both sides, we get
    1
    I '/ -S-dT= kfdt

    ::::;, log T SI= -kl+ logC


    It is given thatatl=O, T= 1')()Y. Putting I U ,md I 1:,0111 (i), w,• ~l'I
    log 150-SJ ()+ tugr T-25
    Putting the value of log C in (i), w<· gc•I
    75
    log IT - I = - kt + log I 1so s I s
    ⇒ log ~ = - k l
    LEOUATIONS
    1;11et•rflA
    p1Ff
    21.123
    r -5
    ~=
    - kl
    e
    iso- 5
    -k-1 ti . .
    T -S =(150 - S) e ' us gwes the tempt'1·ature rat ""Y tirne I.
    "'t•A•\ lfl E12 water r1l tempt'mlllre l00° C cools in 10 minutes lo 80"C in ,1 room oftemwmture 25° C.
    ,1PTi1tJ1re
    fiflt1(i) t/:C lt'lllr- ·
    of wafer nfter 20 minutes
    •pheu tile temperature is 40°C.
    \11"l th<'t1111e • [ Give.n:\oge ~! =- 0.3L01, log5= 1.6094]
    _ ,
    9...1Ll!iiON Let T be t11e temperature of water at any tin,e t. Then, by Newton's law of cooling
    . ;fI cc(T - 25)

    m
    dt

    o
    ilT = _ }.(T - 25), where A> 0 is a constn11t.

    .c
    r!t
    _!_ar = -1. dt

    du
    T-25
    = - A J df

    oe
    I _l_dT
    T-25
    ch
    ~ Jog lT-25 1 = -,..t+C .. _ ... (i)
    te
    Mf=O,wehave T -_ 100 0 C · Substituting these values m (1), we get
    , log 75 = 0 +C ⇒ C = log 75
    m

    Putting(= log 75 in (i), we get


    fro

    loglT -251 = -Al+log75


    ,lr-2s1I = - At ...(ii)
    d

    log[ 75
    de

    Itisa!sogiven thatT =80°C att =lO.


    "' =-10-1 log15
    11
    oa

    11 = -10 ,,, ⇒
    log =- ,-
    lo ,,__ log-
    15
    7s I
    nl

    Putting the \'alue of ,_ in (ii), we get


    w

    ...(iii)
    1

    r-2s1 ( !.!_Jt
    do

    1
    log I 75 = 10 log 15 . Putting f = 20 in (iii), we g<'t
    romutes.
    (i) We have to find the temperature 0 f water a fter 20

    1
    og 7s
    r-1I =(..:!.._1og11)x20
    rn 1s

    logllT ;525 = log ( i~ r


    ~ -= (11)- = T-25
    T-25
    75 15
    So' ,tsie. temperature of water after
    2 12J x 75 ~ T -- 65.3'.l" C
    "'-25
    2
    20 minutes
    iS 65.33° C
    MAl t1~1,4
    ~l~
    21 .124
    .. :I th ti. ,ken so that the teinperati.11·e becomes 40°C. Putt·
    (ii) We ha,·e to Jmc e me 1' . tng T
    in (iii), we get
    40-
    log - --
    1 75
    251 _- l_l 1 11)1
    10 og J ~,

    ' 5 10
    l
    log ; - log - 1
    15
    ll 11 )
    10 logl~) - 10 log 5 _ - 10 x 1.6094 aN 1,etT be the
    = 53.46 50t.t.rt1
    = t = =- l- 11 - - 0.3101
    og- i,a"e T x
    !!,_ (T - 70)
    15
    dt

    m
    Heilce, the tell'\pcrature becomes 40°C af ter 53.46 minutes. ~ = - i,(T-

    o
    F.A\II'LE 13 A lhmriometer reading 80° f is taken outside. Five minutes later the thernwm,t.e, ~ dt
    After mwther 5 minutes the thermometer reads 50° F. What is the temperature outside> ~

    .c
    t,(1• F. _!_dT = -
    ~ T-70

    du
    SCJLlH10N Let at any time I the thimnometer reading be T° F an d the outside tempera,,,, ,
    1 dT -
    5°f . Then, by Newton's law of coo g lin -;> f T-70 -

    oe
    dT <x: (T-S) log l T-70 =
    -;>
    dt
    .Att ""0, we have T""
    ch
    dT = -i..(f- 5) log (94.6 - i'O)
    dt
    log2.to = C
    te
    1
    - - dT =- 1. dt
    T- 5
    m

    f -T-5
    -dT = - A f dt
    1
    fro

    Substituting these~
    log (I - S) = - 11, t ~ C
    It is given that T = 80° F _at t = 0. Substituting these values in (i), we get
    d
    de

    log (80 - S) = 0 + C ~ C = log (80 - S) Let t1 be the time ta'-ta


    Putting the value of C in (i), we get Substituting th<?Ss? v
    oa

    log {T - SJ = - 1d + Jog (80 - S)

    log[:o~
    ~] = -),/
    nl

    =>
    w
    do

    Itisgiventhat: T = 60°Fatl -5 and, T = 50° Fatt = 10


    Substituting these values in (ii), we get

    logl(60 -Sj = - 5,, and log


    805
    (50-S) =
    80
    _
    5
    -101..
    143
    log - =
    => 2log(
    l 80 - S
    60-SJ = logf~) 80 S
    123

    l-1.ence, estimated

    => (:~ -~r =(:~-iJ I .•11,,• TU


    I'
    ·\,\l\!p1 E
    c11rve
    15
    APPLIC

    The
    Passes throug
    => (60-s>2 = (S0-S)(S0-S)
    nAL EQUATIONS
    u1fff~1:N 2
    21.125
    3600 _ J20S + S = 4000 - 130S + 5 2 ~ I OS _
    :, ut side tempera ture 1s 40° F 400 ;, S 4()• F
    ~,e o ·
    Jll?l'ce' 14 The doctor took the tempemt /I re 0, 1 d
    11'Lf d · ,,. ~ a ~ad llotfy I I
    r1,, -~111reoftire 110 yngam ~{'er o11e lwur, Which Wns 93.4•n, . I,:\~ l'M whirh um.s</4.6~r.lie took tlte
    r1.r.1":_, the firne of dca/11. Takmg normal lempei-nt lire ot I 1. If tit< temper1111m ofthf room um 70'' F
    ,,:1,111••· ~ iumm1 hody as 98.6" r. ,

    [ Given : log ili =0.1S066 , log 123 ., O.OS l

    :11,unOJ\
    LetTbethetemperatureofthebody tt·1
    a me t. 111en b N ,
    117
    J
    ' Y ewton sla\vofcooling,we
    .< 1 .

    J>a'"'
    !!I_ oc (T -70)
    di

    m
    ~ = - A(T- 70),whereA.>0isaconstant

    o
    di
    _2_ dT = - Adt

    .c
    r-70

    du
    f -2-ar = - A f at
    . T -70

    oe
    => Jog lT - 701 = - },t+ C (
    ... i)
    Ati =O,we have T = 94.6° F and at l = 1, T = 93.4° F
    ch
    log (94.6 - 70) = O+ C andlog(93.4 -70) = -1c+C
    te

    => log 24.6 = C and log 23.4 = - l + C


    24 6 123
    m

    => C = log 24.6 and A = log 24.6 - log 23,4 =. 16g ( · ) = Jog ( )
    23.4 117
    fro

    Suhslituling these values in (i), we get

    log IT - 70 I J
    = - ( log 123 t + log 24.6 ...(ri)
    d

    117
    de

    tat! be the time that has elapsed after the deiith. Then, at t = t1 we have T =98.6.
    Substituting these values in (ii), we have
    oa

    log (98.6 -70) = - ( log


    123
    Jt + log 24.6
    nl

    1
    117
    w

    log28.6 = - ( log
    123
    Jt1 + log 24.6
    do

    117

    Iog (28.
    24.66 ) = - (log 117
    U3) ti.
    (143)
    log l 2., 0.15066
    log 143 = -(log 123 11
    123 117
    J ~ 11 =
    log
    123 -:-:, t1 ., 0,Ll5
    117
    Bence . 8 30 pm (approx.)
    ' estimated time of d eath is 11.30 - 3.01 = · '
    ~w
    t~ APPLICATIONS ON CO-ORDINATE oeoMETFI , ,
    v
    , ., I/Wtlrtlirwt1•nl t/UII Jlllillt, r,,.,
    1!1\jplE 15 t any /JOI/ti ,~ (WU (
    cu'lie The slope ofthe tangent to the CU7:'I' a .
    Pnsses through the point (4, 3). Determine its equattms.
    MAt11~,_,
    21.126 ~l1,
    . t 11 the curve. Then, slope of the tangent at P . d
    SOLUTION Let p (x, .I/} be any pom O Is ~
    tat p (x, y) is nvice the ordinate i.e. 2y. 4~·
    Tt is given that the slope of the tangen
    dv = 2 y
    -·
    dx .
    ⇒
    .!_ dy = 2 ,fr
    l/
    ⇒ Jog y = 2.\ + log C
    - 2.T
    ⇒ 1/ =(<'
    Since fu; cun e pa~ses through (4, 3). Therefore, Y = 3 for X =4. _,,, e 111
    pt t,.r,,.
    ,f(ollt(lct tot
    he
    The ,1

    Putting x =4 and y = 3 in (i), we get por11 I O~


    ~10'"' Let p (
    3=Ce 8 ⇒ C=3e- 8 c.01..u' ,...
    .. Slope of th

    m
    2x-8
    Putting the value of C in (i), we get: y = 3e _(y
    dy -- ,. -

    o
    This is the required equation of the curve. dx •

    .c
    EXAMPLE 16 The nonnal lines to a given curve at each point pass through (2, 0). The cun;
    ~E ~ !:I

    du
    through (2, 3). Fonnu/ate tlte d~fferential equati.on and hence firtd out the equation of the curo/F
    ="' dx x
    SOLUTION Let P (x, y) be any point on the curve. The equation of the normal atP (x, Vib:

    oe
    gi,en curve is ' · Ib.s i5 the require
    dy i.y
    1 --..ow, d:r "" ~
    Y - y = - dy (X - x)
    ch
    dx dy = i.
    te
    y
    11 is given that the normal at each.point passes through (2, O). Therefore, (i) also passes!hrn:
    (2, 0). Putting Y = 0 and X = 2 in {i), we get _ ⇒
    m

    !ogy=
    0 - •1/ = - 2..
    dy (2 - x)
    fro

    ).,
    ⇒ y = Cr,
    dx
    yiiy=2-x EXA,'\fPl.£ l 'I TTk
    d

    ⇒
    dx
    de

    \X>l' 11 >0),w.d t
    ⇒ y dy = (2-x) dx
    y2 (2-x)2
    oa

    S0Lt.''t!Clc">: L et
    = = - ..:..___:._ + C [On integrating botltsi,l•·
    2 2
    the ,;l~~ ~,f the t
    nl

    2 2
    y = -(2-x) + 2C
    w

    This passes through (2, 3). Therefore, J11 - I';:~


    y
    d\ \
    do

    - 9
    9 -0+2C:::)C=-
    2 Puttu,~ y - P\" a
    PuttingC 9.m C')
    11, we get
    2 ,t_l T \"
    ,fr
    2 2 ,fr
    Y = 12 -x) ' 9, which is the required equation of tlw curve.
    ~ iit•
    11 \
    E~MPlE 17 The slor,e of the tangent to a Clll'VI' al a1111 point;~ ri>dpronil of /u•ii•,• tlrr ,11d111• ', ,Ix "'
    Pthomt. The curve passes f liro11j<h (4, 3). Formulnle Ow tiiffrre11/i11/ e111111tio11 ,111;1 !tc11c,· Ji11.I f/lc' •'•/1'' ~
    . ecuroe. · ~'-" l 1 lat
    ..::,
    SOLUTION Let P (x, Y) be any point on the curv(•. Then tlw s lope ot Lhe tflngent at I' (.1 vl;',, sec v =
    II is givend that the slope Of tlle tangent at 11 IS
    . y 1
    . rel'ipr.oca I of twice the ordinate of thC ,,11il1
    t
    1 .>
    secl~)
    " - = -
    dx 2y
    ~ LEQUATIONS
    11 ffflEN
    plf 21.127
    2vilY " dx
    ::> • ting both sides, we obtain
    •p1egra
    (Jll ' 2 _ x+C
    ti -
    '. irve passes through (4, 3). Therefo re, puttu,g
    . x_ ... (i)
    . d! Ll1e ct
    SJfl 9 ,= 4 + C ~ C = 5 - 4 and y = 3 in {i), we get
    • C "5 in (i), we get
    fttiUl1g
    :]
    '?
    "-
    1
    = x + 5, w hi.ch 1$
    . th e requir-ed equat' f
    =o~cu~
    ) . ,f!'LE 1s Tire slope of the tangent at any point 01 • , , • ·
    fxA· I . . F I I . , a u11·ve ,s A time
    . I ,ico11factto t ,eongm. ornm ate t iedifferentiale t'
    ti· • l .
    . s I( s ope of the /me Joinit1g the
    l''m 01 qua ion and hencefi'nd ti .
    tON Let P (x, y) be any point on the give ieequation of the curve.
    9JLUl n curve. Then,
    Slope of the tangent at P = ,. (Slope of the line OP)

    m
    ).r~J y

    o
    ~J. =

    .c
    ::, 't X- 0
    "· '

    du
    !J. = 'J,,y P(x, y)
    dx x

    oe
    This IS the required differentia l equation. X' X
    dy. ~y
    ch
    NO\\',
    dx x
    dy= 1,dx
    te

    !/ X
    Y'
    m

    On integrnting] Fig. 21.5


    ⇒ log y = Alog x + log C
    [ both sides
    fro

    )I =ex", which is the required equation of the curve.


    d

    £XA.\!Pl'E t9 The$lopeof t/ze tangent toa curve at any point (x, y)on it is given by IX - cot Y. cos Y,
    de

    X X
    (nO, y> 0) and the rnrve passes through the point (J, 1t/4). Find the equation of the curve.
    oa

    ffJLU'rlON Let y = f (x) be the given curve. Then, the slope of the tangent at P (x, y) is!· But,
    nl

    !he s10re of the tangent at p is given as}!_ -cot Y cos Y. Therefore,


    w

    X X X
    dy y y y ...(\)
    do

    -d == --cot -cos -
    X X X X

    l'uttingy--v~and-=v+x-
    . dy dv in(i),weget
    dx dx
    v+ x-
    dv =v-cotvcosv
    dx
    ::) x!v
    ix = -~ot V COS V

    $ecv tan v dv = dx
    [On integrating]
    X
    scc(v = - log Ix I+ log C ,.. (ii)

    sec~)== -log l xlTC


    21.128
    TtAL t,OUATIONS
    Since the curve passes through (1, n/ 4). Therefore, ptffEflEl'l
    sec1t/ 4 - -logl+C ⇒ ,,/2 =C r,etP (:>:, y)beanyp
    tJflON
    Putting C = Ji in (ii), we get 50t. at (X, y) is
    sec(;) = - log I x J + .ft, which is the required equation of the curve.
    ,:orve __ ]_ (X _ x)
    Y-Y - f/L
    dx
    EXAMPLE 20 ff the tangent at any point P ofa curve meets the axis of X in T. Find lht ., that the normal at ev
    OP= PT, 0 being the origin. C~ti,'fc, It i5 19-v en dx
    SOLlJTION Let y =f (x) be the given curve and let P (x, y) be a point on it. Thee
    b_y = - dy (a - x)
    tangent at P is q~•liQr
    d I -IY -17) dy = (x -a)
    Y - y = _..i!. (X - x) (x-a1dx+(y-b)dy l

    m
    dx
    This meets X-axis at T. So, the x-<;oordinate o f Tis o btained by putting Y =o in (i). (x -al ~ (y -b) 2
    =
    2

    o
    2
    Putting Y = 0 in (i), we get 2 (
    y- b.2

    .c
    (x-a) - J =
    dy , dx
    =- = X =x-y- (x - al ..c (y -bi2 =

    du
    0 - .1/ (X - x)
    dx dy ::::>
    Clearly, this equation repr

    l dy o)
    oe
    Thus, the coordinates of T are ( x - y dx , EXA~PLE Z2 Find the curve ir.
    tangent drawn to the curoe , •
    ch
    so1.u-rioN Let P (x , y) be
    Y-y = dy (X-X)
    te
    dx

    It cuts X-axis and Y-a-os at .


    m

    Now,
    fro

    PT= OP y It is given that A is the mid-

    ⇒ y2+y2[:;J = ✓x2 +y2 -x2 = x-11-


    dx
    d

    and

    r
    • dy
    de

    d_y
    x-~v- = 0 an
    y2 + y2 [ :; = x2 + y2 - dy
    oa

    x· 211-xdy=O
    0 .. J:c
    nl

    y2 (dx )2 = x2 .tr
    ~ -
    .X dx - ~\J
    -.
    w

    dy )
    l ~
    do

    dx -dv
    'I ,. = =-dx
    'I:
    y dy = ±x Y'
    Fig. 21.6
    dx = ± dy Jl,ly=2jl
    ⇒ ~ X
    X y
    log y = '2 log x +
    ⇒ log x = :r logy+Jog C
    I/ -- CX2
    ⇒ log x = log (C y) or, logx · .,.ven tl:~at the ,;urve
    !tis.,;
    l'\1tting C = I .111 (')
    1 , we ge
    ⇒ -
    x-Cy or, x = -C l'\Al\11'1 t >1 J
    y i1-0· ·- Find the equ
    1111 p (x, Y) on the curve
    Hence, the equations of the curve are x = Cy or, XlJ = C. .11.>I"
    . ·MP' ·E -~1
    D'.A · the normn/ al every point pas$es through" fi'/)·t1il-'' ·
    Show that the curve for whzch
    circle.
    ~ IALEQUATIONS
    rfEAf:N'f
    1
    0 • 21 ·129
    N 1.etP (x, y)beanypomt on the given
    [J1JO• cu1ve. The eq .
    so•. at(X, y) is--~(X-x)
    cttJ"'e
    , Uation of the normal to the given
    Y-!J - dy
    dx ... (i)
    . that the normal at every point passes thr h .
    Jt is give; = _ dx (a _ x) · oug a f1Xed point (a, b) (say). Therefore,
    -y dy [Putting X =n and Y =b m (1))
    -(y-b) dy == (x - a) dx
    (x-a);-t:+(y-b1 dy = 0
    (x-a)+ (y-b) = C
    2 2 [On integrating]

    m
    2
    (x-a/ +(y-b) = 2C
    ~

    o
    2 2 2 2
    ('r-11) +(y-b) = r, where r '= 2C

    .c
    ::;

    Clearly, this equation represents


    . a circle.

    du
    \A.MPLLU Find the curve m the xy-pla,ze, passing through the point (1, 1), so that tlie segment ofany

    oe
    m••
    1011g.,
    E .. drawn to the curve between its point of tangency and tile y-axis is bisected at the x-axis.
    SOLIJI10N Let P (x, y) be the point of tangency. The equation of the tangent at P (x , y) is
    ch
    y -y = dy (X - x)
    dx
    te

    dy)
    dx , 0) and B ( O, y - x dx respectively.
    It cuts X-axis arid Y-axis at A x -y dy
    (
    .
    m
    fro

    It is given that A is the mid-point of BP.


    y =f(x)
    dy
    2y-x --
    -x =x-y -an dx d dx -_ o
    d

    2 dy 2
    de

    x - 2y-dx = 0 and 2y - x -dy = 0


    oa

    dy dx
    X' X
    2y-x dy = 0
    nl

    0
    dx
    w

    xdy = 2y
    dx ai
    dx
    do

    B (O,y-.t
    1 2
    -dy = - dx Y'
    y X Fig. 21.7

    Jldy=2J!ax
    y X )·: X > () , JI ... Ol
    ~ logy = 2 log x + loge ... (i)

    ~ y = Cx2 . - 1 !/ 1 in (i), we get C ~ I.


    Q

    ltis · ( 1) Putting x - '


    given that the curve passes through l, · f the curve.
    Puttin C - . .
    txA. g -1 Ill (1), we get, y = x as
    2 the required equation o
    . through the point (l,
    . Ml>t~ 23 Find the equation o• a curve passing t A and B such 1h11
    :t'{
    the taitgenl drawn at 1111y
    the mid-poi11t of AB.
    INCER1 EXrMPLARI
    /i0111t p · '1 d · te axes a ,
    (x, Y) on the curve meets the coor, ma
    21.130
    . . h n<' 11<' II J(Y). th<•ri the t'<lllalion llf the 1
    o:s I.et the equ.1hon ol l c cu •~)\
    SOUJTl ·
    ,
    ,i_L ("' ·) 1t
    1/ - - ., .\ ·
    ,s ,,;,
    en th,1\ the l,111g,•nt ,II f' nits Uw COOrd
    o II)~
    [' )
    ~urr<'at (x,y ,s, - - ,tx ( d, ) ( ""
    ._ - O and 0,11-x n·s ect' .
    .4 and B The coordinate of .4 ,,nd B arc , y d11, d,) p IVtly

    . . .._ _t I' ( 1 v) ;~ the 011d-point AB.


    I1,-gi,enmo , · d
    ,,t
    d• . ti
    r-li ~o O+ !I-X dx
    dll \ ,nJ----
    - ~ - - ==. cu•
    = !/ dx
    2 B (U,y- x dy)
    j_, . dy 2
    .x _ 11- -J1,1 ~ 2:i. and ~II - ' -dX = Y

    m
    • ib: d11
    x = -v- andy=-xd·x x·

    o
    · du 0

    .c
    tJ = -x au ~

    du
    ltt
    l 1
    -du= --dx
    !f •'

    oe
    X Y'
    Fig. 21 .8
    'I_ dy = f _.!_dx [On integrating)
    fy •
    ch
    X

    loglyl = -logjxj +logjCI


    te

    = loglryl = loglCI
    = jxyl = IC
    m

    ~ xy=C.
    fro

    This passes through (I, 1). Putting x = 1, y = 1 in (i), we obtain C = 1. =


    Putting C = 1 in xy = C, we obtain xy = 1 as the equation of the required curve.
    D'.AMPLL n Find the eiiuati.an of the curve passing through (2, 1), if the slope of the trrngrn' ·
    d

    2 2 =
    de

    CUTl!fafanypoinl(x, y}is :t_!Jf__ [NCERTEX£MP'..


    2xy
    oa

    SOLL'TION We know that the slope of the tangent at any point on a curve is dy .
    2 2 rlx dv = .v--
    -,-,,· ' '
    dJj_ : ~ - L [G111 -::- --
    nl

    d., ~W
    dx 2xy ,I
    w

    111 Puttin~ V = t•.1 ,lnd -~ =,


    Oearly, it u; a homogeru."OUS differential equation. Substituting y "'vx and d!j_ = l' + .1 di,'1 · ' , • Jx
    do

    dx '
    2 J-:.· '{)'... - 1
    dv 1 +v i· l- \
    .t,
    = ~,,
    v-x
    dx 2v ,ic.' -:,,-' T 1
    2 ' ,h =- '.!.t<
    dv 1 -v
    X
    dx 2v ~i• ti
    ' tit> =
    2v l v- + l X
    2 dv"' -dx u,teF,tanng, we obtain
    1 -V X
    2,,,
    J V221.J l dv =- JIX dx f tJ--,; +-dv=
    1
    log (v2 + 1) =
    = logl v2 -II "'-loglxl + log ICl
    LEQUATIONS
    r,1ffER1:N11A C
    21.131
    _2_ 1 1 = log l -1
    Jog Iv Ix
    C
    2 1 : -
    U - X

    y2 -~.2 : Cx
    -::>_• .se5fh(OUgh (2 I 1). Therefore, 1-4 =2C ~ c =-~2
    [tr-· . 2 2

    ('tlttillg C _-~in . 2x -2y = 3x as .the equation of the required curve.


    - 2 (i) we obtain

    1
    _ 5 Find the equation. of the curve passmg l'hrough the point (1, 1) , if the perpendicular
    , AMrll :iie uormal at P(x, y) to the curvefrom the origin is equal to thedistanceofp from the.x-axis.
    Jistaiiceof [NCERTEXEMPLARI

    m
    The equation of normal to the curve y = f(x) at any pojnt P(x, y) is
    I.a:

    o
    ~IJT[ON - _ _!_ (X - x) or, X + y dy -(x + y dy 0
    Y -y - dy dx)

    .c
    dx ... (i)

    du
    lt is given that th:~istance of (i) from the originO (0, 0) is equal to thecListance of P from the

    -(x
    oe
    x-axis. 0 + 0 dy + y ddy)
    dx
    ch
    X
    y
    L...-.====;:-~ :I YI
    2

    !~)
    te

    1+( L

    [..,::r.,, l rl
    Nonna!
    m

    .(i) P(x, YJ
    fro

    1 • (::
    X
    d

    d 2(dy)2 2 2(dy)2 . Tangent


    de

    .Rl x2 + 2xy d~ + Y dx -= Y + Y dx Fig. 21.9


    oa

    2
    x2+2xy! =y .
    nl

    dy = y2 - x2 'which is a homogeneous differential equation.


    w

    dx 2xy
    do

    . y =vx and-
    Putting dy =v + x-d,
    dv w e obtain
    dx x
    2
    dv v -1
    V+X-:--
    dx 2v
    dv
    X-=---
    v2+1
    dx 2v
    "} 2v dv=-dx
    2
    V +l X
    lnteg1'ating, we obtain
    J~ dv= - f dx+logC
    V2 +-1 X

    2
    log (v +1) = - logx+ logC
    21.132 11AL- eoUA.TION
    ffE~f.l'I
    x("i+l)=C 01 td vl'<'the<=
    ,.. ,1 i.;
    ti''' , th.1t
    .
    = x(•::+1J=c JI/ 111~ g•' •
    JI 1ft1 ~
    0

    y
    , , C dt
    e;, x-+!r = ·'
    It is given that (tl) pas.~es through (1, 1). :!11 ., kll
    JI
    · 1 +1-C=-C= 2
    Putting C = 2 in (ii\, we obtain ired curve.
    du _ - k di
    ,. 2 ~ ~ = 2:c as the cqualio11 of the requ . ~ "
    ' y . , passiug through (1, ;r/4), 1f 1111.' slope oJ tht , log II = - Ir! ..
    EXAMPLE 26 Find the eq1111t1011 of a c11n e .
    curoeat1111ypoi11tP(x,y)is ~ -L"OS2 -~ • (v) (YJ lNCl:llTJ:\T

    o m
    ' tP( x,y)·-Y
    is--cos211
    -t
    The slope of the tangenttO thecurveatanypoin ~c===-zm

    .c
    SOLUTlOK X i,,..
    ructir. n kt -
    iog,Y-= -

    du
    dy =1!_ cos21!_ ','-,{le[\ t =10 1t 15 p'1
    dx x x

    oe
    Tlus is a homogeneous differential equation. 1
    1~300=-
    dy dv . (') , et
    Puttingy =VX and dx =v +x dx 01. 1 eg-
    , VI
    ch
    -log ?,00 =
    _ kn: 3-kra:
    v - xdv =v-cos2v
    te
    4

    dx
    :::,
    dv
    x-= - cos o
    2
    m

    dx
    dx
    fro

    2
    sec v dv= - -
    x tcgy -" (-1
    Jntegratir,g, we get
    d

    1 ~ eq•
    J sec- v dv = - j
    ? •
    ~ dx + C
    !c'\_\,lPLE :::'
    de

    ==> tan v =-logx +C l, Ille l't~,rn.t ~


    oa

    ...
    ( \
    ==> tan JLJ = - logx + C (\) ~ =l'
    I. X
    nl

    SCIL t.-:1(', \ \ <" :m.'

    =1, y = ~ i:n (iii), w~ ~ 1


    w

    It is given that the curve (ii) passes through (1, rc/ 4,). Putting x
    d
    do

    tan it= - log 1 +C ~ C =l


    4
    Pu tting C =1 in (ii), we obtain Ih,s is ,, lin""ar ditt

    tan rfJ= -logx+ 1 or, tan ( ~) + logx =·1I w hich is th!' required t'<\l1•1tl,nl I. I'
    Multtph in)?, both ,,
    '
    Type TV MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS
    11
    ,· )t -,t1
    {R

    EXAMPLE27 Experiments show lhr:,t lhl' rn/-p of /11-vrrsirm uf c1111,' ,wsill 111 ,Ir·1' 1tt " . I dt
    ' y (t ) o,rthe 111111//l'red so/11tir!II. s ppos,• //mt /ht· ,·v,ru,•11/nl ,,
    • / 1' 11 "11 hitegt.\ting both si
    proportional lo the concentratum 1 11
    1 c<RI L)t
    t =0and2-at t=10 hours. Findy(t) .
    300
    ~ - -~ ~--:-~

    -~11 .:flt:NTIAL EQUATIONS


    otfF'<-
    'JI/°1,JI[)1iS.10r,;oivenLetthaty be the concentration at tin,e I.. Th~,,,. lhe 21.133
    ~
    d/ . V
    dy ~~~-
    rs1on of the cane sugar is

    -- "'Y
    dt
    ;!I = -ky
    -::> dt

    -;:>
    f1 = -kdt
    y
    logy= -kt+C
    -;:>
    . . . h 1 ... (i)
    When I .,o, it JS given t at y = -300. So' p u tt·ing t "' 0 and _ l . .

    m
    1 y - 100 m (1), we get
    log -100 == C ⇒ C = log 10- 2 -_ -2 logl0

    o
    .c
    PuttingC =-2 in (i), we get

    du
    log y == - kt - 2 log 10 ... (ii)
    1
    ,(i) ,\/hen t = 10, it is given that y =-300
    - .-Putting y = _I_ and t = .10 m
    . (n),
    .. we get

    oe
    300
    1
    log = - l0k - 2 log 10
    ch
    300
    ~ -log 300 = - 10 k -2 logl0
    te

    ~ -(log 3 + log 100) = -lOk - 2 log 10


    -(log 3 + 2 log 10) = - 10 k - 2 log 10 ⇒ - log 3 = ~ tok· ~ k = ..!_ Jo,, 3
    m

    · 10 °
    fro

    Putting the value of kin (ii), we get 0

    - J. ;og 3\ -2
    1 ( lO I
    logy = (- -1 log 3) t - 2 log 10 ⇒ y
    =-e ,
    d

    10 ·100
    de

    EXAMPLE 28 The equation of electromotive forces for an


    electric circuit. containing resistnnce and s~lf
    inductance is E = R i + L di , where Eis the. electromotive force giv1m to the circuit, R, Ille resistance and
    oa

    dt
    l, the coefficient of induction. Find the current i at lime t wlien
    nl

    (i) E = 0 and (ii) E = a non-zero constant.


    w

    SOLUTIOK We are given that


    a·
    do

    L....!..+Ri=E
    ⇒ didt R . E ... \i)
    -+ - ! = -
    dt L L
    This is a linear differential equation in i and t.

    I.F, =) ~ dt = e<R!L)t
    Multi I• (R/L) t weget
    P ymg both sides of (i) by l.F. == e '
    di e(R!L)t _R ,. __ ; e<R!L)t
    /R!L)I -+
    lnt dt /... L t
    egraJing both sides w ith respect to I, we ge
    ilR!L) t =I ~/RIL)t dt+C
    21.134

    ;e<RIL\t = C{r(Rl~} +C
    L R/T
    . (Rll .)t
    It' =-
    E f (RII 11 ,, C
    R
    i = E _cJ-R I L)t
    R
    (i) When E =0, from (ii), we get' 1
    _ Ct• Rt/I ,

    (ii) Vvnen E =a non-zero constant, from (ii), we ge t:• 1. = !:_+Ce'


    R RII )1

    LEVEL-1
    1. The surface area of a balloon beil1g il1flated, ch'.11'ges ~t a _rate propo:tioruit to

    m
    1
    initially its radius is 1 tmit and after 3 seconds 1t is 2 units, fin~ the radius after~
    ' A population grows at the i-ate of 5% per year. How long does it take for the PoPu·

    o
    double?

    .c
    3. The rate of growth of a population is proportional to the numb~r P:esent. If the por,

    du
    of a cit) doubled in the past 25 years, and the present population ts 100000, when
    cit) have a population of 500000? [Given loge 5 =
    1.609, log, 2 ,,

    oe
    ... In a culture, the bacteria count is 100000. The nwnber is increased by 10% in 2hour,.Jn
    many hotu'S will the count reach 200000, if the ra te of growth of bacteria is proport~ 20. Find th, equa
    the number present?
    ch
    1
    5-. If the interest is compounded continuously at 6% per annum,ho w much worth~ J
    beafterl0years?Howlongwillittake to double~lOOO? :1 Fmd .he equa
    te
    [Givene .&= _
    6. The rate of increase in the number of bacteria in a certain bacteria culture is propor::- .ita.n'i point
    the number present. Given the n umber triples rn 5 hrs, find how m any bacteru
    m

    :?1. Fmd theequa


    present after 10 hours. Also find the time necessary for the number of bacteria fobe Ii)
    atan~ pou.t
    fro

    the number of initial present. [Given log, 3 =:l.0986, l·'-:


    !3. At .c'lierv •
    7. The population of a city increases a t a rate propor tional to the number of .inhe- ordinak-: and
    present at any time t. If the population of the city was 200000 in 1990 and 250000 i:- rune
    d

    what will be the population in 201 0? [\ , 2,1. A .:une , -..u


    de

    6. If the :marginal cost of manufacturing a certain item is given by C' (x) =~ = 2 - O.L;
    dx
    pc = r ot tm·
    oa

    Find the total cost function C (x), given tha t C(0) = 100.
    9. A bank pays interest by continuous compoundin g, that is, by treating the interestuti: ~ Fmd~t?qU
    nl

    instantaneous rate of change of principal. Suppose in an account interest accrut-,;Jt'


    ~-~~... t
    w

    year, compounded continuously. Calculate the percen tage increase in such an a,f0 un bn~~nt \\ ith
    oneyear. [ Take, M~ ~ I '
    do

    ib. lb~ n"rm" l t


    10. Ina simple circuit of resistance R, self inductance Land voltage£, tht> ,·L1mmt1 11 JOI lf tht> cun t' c
    is given by L :: + R i =E. If Eis constant and initially no current passt'::; th111u"h the• The r.J.tt> '-'tin
    and it i.-, foun
    Prove that i = F.
    R
    {1 e IR/ L>t fI at th,• ,•nd of
    R,1diun\ dt.>c'-
    11. The decay rate of radium al any lime I is prnpt>rtional to Hs 111,,sh ,it tit.it tilllt' fl•"1t • th.1t 111 2:=, y
    when the mass will be hal ved of it~ i11itial m,1i;~. 1'\•krmint' a
    12. Experimenls show that radiurn dis111t;,gr.1t◄';. ,11ii ,',l ll· prnpurtion,11t,1 th,• ,uu,11 1111 ''1 ,11 r,1Jium l0d
    present at the momen!. Jts h,1lf,lif1• is I'>90 yc'MH. Wha t wrn•nt,1i4,• will d1 4,1Pt"'11 ;iq
    1 1,,s l .-,r-' Sh,,\, that all
    I<i-lll LI
    year? Iu~l•: I' hvperbola.
    ~~er411,4LeouAT!ONS
    ~ ·l peofthetangentatapointP(x 21.135
    n,e, (o3 - J), find the equation of the , y) on a curve is~ 1·1
    1J ..oil't • . curve. · the curv .
    r· .v1uation ot the curve ~,•h· !1 e passes through the
    1
    fi1'd t1te '" . d11 ~tc, pa· SSt.'s throu I1
    . tial equation !I - x -·
    1• Jiffe¢ dx = •11~ + .ty
    ,t:r' g thl' point ('>-· 2) ,in d sattsfies
    . . the
    1

    . d the equation of the curn• passing th


    i) ti.
    ·
    fiJl
    (
    rough the point ( I ' 4n) and !<1-ngent at any point of

    ,hJL
    :-h p1ake5 an angle tan
    ·1 1/
    .,_
    , J
    x _ cos - J!.
    x _ . x-axis.
    with
    .
    1

    . d the C\JJ'\·e for which the intercept Olt• 0 ff b ,


    10. : ordinate of the point of contact. ) a tangent on x-axis is equal to four times
    1
    u,w that the equation of the curve ·whose sl
    • ope at any poi.I11 •

    m
    pil>-~ wough the origin is y + 2 (x + 1) = 2 e2x.
    Sh is equal to _y + 2x and which
    [I

    o
    -n.e
    JJ• tan,zent at any point (x, •If) of a curve makn.
    "'s an an gle tan - 1(2 . 3 .

    .c
    ,- "
    0 theequation of the curve ii it passes through (l , 2). x + y) w1thx-axis. Find

    du
    •,,. find the equation of the• curve
    • sud, that the portion° f the x-aXIS
    . . cut off beh • th · ·
    0
    and the tangent. at a point 1s h'vice the abscissa and
    ' _1:u.cl'passes tbrough the
    w pomte (1.
    'een ongm2).

    oe
    :o, fmd the equation to the curve satisfying x (x + 1) dy
    dx _ •y _- x( .t. + l) and passmg
    . through
    ch
    11 0). 2
    te

    ~ :1. Find the equation of the curve w hich passes through thepomt (3, - 4) and has the slope Y
    , X
    I
    m

    J
    at anv point (x, y) on it.
    e
    !:. Find the equation of the curve which passes through the origin and l1as the slope x + 3y - 1
    fro

    5 at any point (x, y) on it.


    1 11 Al every point on a curve the slope is the sum of the abscissa and the product of the
    ordinate and the abscissa, and the curve passes through (0, 1). Find the equation of the
    d

    s
    de

    , curve.
    lt Acurve is such that the length of the perpendicular from the ori~ on the ta11g~nt at _any
    point P of the curve is equal to the abscissa of P. Prove that the d1fferential equation ot the
    oa

    cun•e is ,/ - 2xy dy _ x2 = o, and hence find the curve.


    nl

    e ~. Find the equati0:xof the curve which passes through the point _( I, 2). and the_ dist~~e
    w

    r between the foot of the o rdinate of the point of contact ai.1d the pomt ot intersection ot e
    do

    r
    2t ::ent with x-axis is twice the abscis~a o(f _the)p~~~eo!i:.~:;:t~ses through the point\,,. O).
    O
    normal to a given curve at e ach pomt x, Y . ·
    2 • If the curve contams
    . the pomt. (,3, 4), find its
    . equation.
    • . al to the number of baderi,, prt·~•'nt
    7 'Iherateof increase of bacteria in a culture LS proport:Jon ti I the bwteri,, t,,,nmw;i 8 tinW$
    and it is found that themunb e r doubles in 6 hours. Prove " ' . '
    28 at the end of 18 hou1·s. anti! , <-)I md\11\l\ pr<'~t•nt lt ls fo,md
    . Radium decom oscs a t a rate p rop ortion al to the qu ,ti~ of L·;i,fo1n1 h,1~ ,1,,,,ompns,'1t.
    e that in 25 p , . l 11% of a certai n 9~1<,1 ly If if tlw orl):\inal •'""11u1t ot
    D years, approx:un ate Y • k, for 0 1ll'" ' " ' .., u 9::11 1
    etertnine approxim tcly hoW long it wil 1 ta e OlJil') 0.01 tllb ,111d loft,· .t, ,
    tadiurn ·a [Glwn log,, · .2 1 ?
    to decompose? .. ·' .V ~n• rectangular
    i9 ( 1 I/) on it 1~
    · Sho, l any point i , 2~Y
    v th at all curves for which the s lope a

    hyperbola.
    ~Allitl1~, I.AL eOUATIONS
    • , 1:\<' ~loi~ <'i the t,ut,:eut ate.ich ~x>mt<•f a cur..-e is equal to the sum of the.......,_
    -~ • ~
    "'-'im Fi.'ld the ,un e th.it}'-'= uu<'ug
    ~l F:ud the ~U.ltlOll \)~~cur\-~'
    •'-~· h th . .
    e ongm.
    r-•~ms
    .,",rd,!\
    through the point (0. l} if the slope of 111.
    alt-i p~
    f E;fl E r-(f

    puttiftS , . "'
    1
    10 log I_5
    ,.J
    .,t
    th'<' ;:un .:- ~1..:h ,,t 11:- p..>mt 1, equ.11 to the sum e>f the absassa and the · I·
    -'~""-' .ui-i t.'t.! ,,rilinare of tht>point. PtQcj~I IOS z()()()OO = 1990
    : ::._ TI\<' ""'t-.: ,,fa ,urn? .,teach of its p,:,ints is equa l to the square of the abseissa.
    Ftt"ht ~ }W"tkul,u ,.m~ t:lu·NJ.f;h the point (- 1, 1}. r,f U-
    •. f~i :."l'< •"iu3ti,,n ot the curw- ~at passes through the po~t (0, a) and is such ,
    f'--=t \r J l on ,t fu.> r"-x!uct ~, t 1ts ;;!ope and the ordinate IS equal to the abSCi.,'.h.a ~
    -:::, iOSzOO()OO = 1991
    ~ ~ 1~:-:1.>!A't'f't ,,t the t.m~=t line to a cwYe is equal to the ordinate of the poll\ >o1
    1
    -:;:, Jog C = log 2
    Fh,: the partkular cUI...-e t.hn,ugh the point (1 1). Of 1 4
    putti,lg ;.. = 10 log 5 ,

    m
    3. 58 years Jog p =( :o log

    o
    .c
    ,.;_ . Slog JC
    6. 9 uuleS,--=.....;.
    log 3

    du
    oe
    9. 8.33% '4 201
    =P=-=:
    u. 0.04% ;;, ,
    ch
    :n. LetP'x,y,beany
    ~-L ~ - 2x -y - 2=-0 15. tan ( ~ ) = log 1
    1
    dt;
    te
    ~ = x-;ry
    dx
    • .- 3r r 2 2 \ e- 3.T L -26 :(! - 3 = dyax = x ' l - y)
    m

    '!~ J/ e, = - - X - -
    . , 3 9; 9
    fro

    r.1 = .: 20. _:I = x~ 1 (x-1 - log x) 21. 9y-,- 4x2 = 0 = .- ~~ = X -~

    Integrari.Ttg bofa ;;id


    d

    2/1 ? ~

    .
    23. y - l = 2 er - 24. x-.,.y- = CT
    . - '- - = 1·
    de

    ') J,..
    26. x· - y - - 6-x-7 = 0 28. 1567 years. . l • y .
    oa

    2 J
    31. l - y = 2 ex - 32. 3 y = x 3 ~4
    .i: - - - = - ,..- ~ . I - !,I _og_y = y
    nl

    Dus pas..--es mrough


    Putting C = log~ in \
    w

    ;J/NTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROS·'


    do

    - !..e t ?-~ thr ?(lpul.atio:.1 ar any timer It is given that l~~ \1 - y) = X


    ::l.1-
    - ,r_ D
    ;;t .

    = -·
    . .:,
    d~ = i. P, where i . i.s a consta..11t of pro_portionalitv 1 Det~rnune the ord
    ~
    a?
    p
    = i. i1.:- (.) [ds),1 + 3s i·
    I -
    dt • dt1
    = '-- •Ve '-D -- ~C
    ,·~ •• - ,PJO
    (iii) (y"')2 + (y")3 J
    ,..,. n.
    1:-= : '. ""·- ....
    -- • = •,.,,,.
    "·--Q, P = .:.UUV\N
    ..,1\/VVV\
    and att = 2000, P =25CXJOO
    (v) y" + (y' )2 + 2
    kig 2ilXO': = 1990 i. - log C ...(1) and, log 250000 = 2000 i. ,. log C
    . .,..-.,-,.nnn --
    = ...og - "'-'.A.L - !og 25<mJ = l Oi. 1·1~
    [On subtracting 11 ("1.ii) y"' + y2 + eY,
    .
    => ,. = - lw ..
    1
    ·"
    - ~ 0
    ;;,
    ~ fAL 1:QUATIO_N_S- - - - - - --=---=a;;:::::s;::::s

    c1r-fe11fNg1?. " ]._o log


    J'tlttJJl 1
    (iJ in (i), we get 21.137

    tog 200000 == 1990 x _!__


    10
    log ( 54) -t- 1ogc
    4
    :::> Jog zoOOOO "' l 99 log
    5
    + log c

    ~ tog C == log 200000 -199 log 4


    1 4 S
    r~ttillg A. " 10 log 5 = log 200000 - 199 lo
    I 4)' log C g
    4
    5 and I= 2010 in (i), we get
    Jog p = 10 log ( 5 2010 + log 200000 - 199 log '.!:

    m
    r• rl
    5

    o
    .c
    e log P .tog ( ¾ log [ 200000 , (

    du
    ~ ±
    201 ( 199
    (2) 2

    oe
    p= 5 X 200000 X ~)
    4 :
    4 X 200000 = 25 X 200000 = 312500
    ( )
    16
    ch
    11 I.et P(x, y) be any point on the curve y =f (x) . It is given th t
    b a
    te
    dx=x+xy
    m

    "' dy = x(I + y)
    dr
    fro

    1
    ::> --dy=xdx
    1-y
    d

    lnregrating both sides, we get


    de

    J _l_ dy =
    l+y
    f x dx
    oa

    2
    :::) log (l + y) = !_ + C ...(i)
    nl

    2
    !:,Passes through (0, 1). Therefore, putting x o: O, y =1 in (i), we get: log 2 C.
    w

    o:

    ttingC = log2 in (i), we get


    do

    2
    lo(J x x212

    -----
    g + y) = - + log 2 ⇒ 1 + y == 2 e
    2
    REVISION -.: -RC/SE

    !. Deternun th - - -:- fin --


    - - d) f the following differential equations:
    e e order and degree (1f de e o
    (i) (~)4 d2s (ii) 1 2y" + o ,r .
    Il'\ll IR n v'.
    dt + 3s - = 0 INCEltl'J ,
    2
    (ill) ( "')2 dt (iv) y'" 1 2,t/' ~ !J' 0 (Nl I R 11
    Y
    (v) , ,
    + (y'')3 + (y')4 + ys == o INCER'J'I (vi) y" + 2i/ ~ sln y -0 iNCl:R 11
    ~1 + (y + 2y = O
    1
    )
    2 [NC ERTi
    ('iii) Y'" + y2 + eY' = O [NCERTl
    MA Tl1El.lf\llti
    21.138 2
    . ~, . . ·olulionoflhediffcrenti,,INJIH1hon d Y 2 t dlf
    2. Vcrifythatthehmctton)t ~.- ,,,,s .tx dx
    . . II . . •rv lint till' giv<>n functions (e)(plicit or imphnt) ha ,01
    3, In each ot the to owmg H'l'I • . ~•
    the correspondil\~ ditl'erentfo\ cquallon:
    l "-y'=O
    (i)y=,· +1 y
    (ii\ 1/ = x1 ,.. lx + C y' - 2x - 2 "' 0
    (ilil 11
    . - -+·C
    = cos ,

    (iv) y=.,i l + x2

    o m
    .c
    du
    ~- Form the differe11tial equation represen ting the family of curves Y =mx, where m

    oe
    arbitrary constant.
    5. Form the differential equation representing the family of curves y =Cl sin (x + b), whm
    ch
    are arbitrary constallt.
    6. Form the differential equation representin-g the family of parabolas having vertex at ct_
    te

    and axis along po~itive direction of x-axis. 36. cos (x - y) dy


    7. Form the differential equation of the family of d.rcleshavingcentreony•axisandra<f
    m

    3unit. ~ - dy y(x-y)
    fro

    s . Fow the differential equation of the family of paral:!olas having vertex at ()rigin ad dx x{x- y)
    along positive y-axis. Jv
    40. -·--vcotx=
    9. Form the differential equation of the fam ily of ellipses havillg .foci on y-axis and ,,m;:. d."C -
    d
    de

    the origin.
    10. Form the differential e<Juation of the family o f hyperbolas having foci on x-axi~ a,'IJ,tlll!
    oa

    at the origin.
    11. V~rify that xy =a ex +be- x + x2 is a sol ution of the differential ct!'"
    nl

    d2 d
    x _Jf. .; 2 If - xy ➔ x2 - 2 =O.
    w

    dx 2 dx · ~ ~. (T'> "' 1 dx
    --y-)
    do

    2
    12.. Show that Y -C x + 2C is a ,,o\ution of the diff,mm lial equ ation 2 ( dit)-
    11.Y
    , .Y-\~=b( d.\'

    2 ;~ .tv
    u. Show that i/ x xy 11is a solution of tho d1 fforentia l t'cpialion( \ 71.~ 'I- y - ·t:i
    111 111 "ii. ,. ,ty
    l4. Verify lbal Y A cc,:; x + i,in x sa liijflP~ Uw diff,·n•ntial t•,1u,1t1,111 1-ns 1 ' , 1 (,111
    r/1 ~ + .\·~OS

    15. Tind the diffen,ntial oqual11,r1 ,·otn•,;pondiHf\ lo I/ 11,.'1 I />c .II 1 , 1,1 wh•'''' .1 L·'
    arbitrary constants.
    d3 that the differential eciu'1 tion n f ,I II p,u·«L>ol,rn wh1d1
    16. Show . li,1v1• \111•!1 ,p,,•~ 11,u,111,, Ill'' ''

    is-{ =o.
    dx
    ,vm x2 + Y2 + 2nx
    17· F- ~ 211y, c • O' d cnve
    . · .1 . , .
    ' d iff,•rnn lml equation not cont.:iJJ11nJ;'''
    ,,,,,,J
    ~.L 1:0UATIONS
    ff~~frffl
    ~ . MI/DWing differential equati<ms:
    21.139

    J:tl/lC/"' -1 ~
    · ~,,siJ,3 X COS X + X VX + 1 19. !!_!!, _ I
    ,~ .Ir dx - :r--
    x + 4x +5
    ..o. !i-~l + 2y + 2 21. ddy ·I 4x = ex
    - ax X

    .. i,, ::X2 t X
    :t dy
    23· --xsin
    dx 2 ;,.•-__l _
    .. dt
    dy x log x
    2 r-1· 2 tan x + 5) - "' 2 (l + tan x) •=2 .
    Hrt - --
    2:,, dy =Sin•3
    :; \""' · dx - x 2 X
    dx xcos x+xe

    m
    Wt ~dx+ tan x dy =- 0
    •• . 2 27. (1 + x) y dx + (1 + y) x dy =0

    o
    ;,. xcci y dx :: y cos x dy

    .c
    J
    :,. cosy log (sec x + tan dx =cos x log (sec y + tan y) dy

    du
    1·• ,~ec x (logy) dy + x y dx = 0 31· (1 -x2) dy+xydx = xy2 dx

    oe
    , ay _;;.;:sin:__x_+_x_c_os_·_x
    a- dr y(2logy+ 1) 33. x(e2Y - 1) dy+( x2 - 1) eY dx = O
    ch
    origin
    te

    radius lb. cos(r +y) dy = dx


    m

    ll ~=y(x - y) -
    d ax:S
    fro

    39: (x f j[-1) fly =(x+ y) dx


    dx x (x Ty)
    1tre at 'j dy
    dr -y cot x =cosec x 41. ~~ - y. tan x = - 2 sin x
    d

    T
    dx
    de

    cefltre dy X
    43, - - )/ tan x = e
    dx
    oa

    45. (x2 +1) dy + (2y-1) dx= O


    2 di/ 2
    nl

    47. (211X + x ) -d· = fl + 2,1X


    X
    w

    49. x 2 dy + (x 2 - xy + /) dx =0
    do

    51. ~t 2y ·r = sin 3x

    53. <!.//_ + Sy = cos J;r


    r/x
    1,
    1 d1/ 1tin 1•
    r .'f
    55•• ' 'Ll.~- I •
    ti.\'
    2 1,111 I ,v) dv ., O
    S7, ( I ~ .V ) 1(1 •• rl.1
    eouATIONS
    21.140 1:;N11Al-
    01f'ftfl 2
    59. 2 cos x ddy + 4y sin x =sin 2x, given thnt Y = 0 when x =3 ·
    It
    .. J- dy (xy + y )
    -t-

    60. (1 + y2) dx =(Ian -1 .1/ - Y} dy <, I. t + y tan X = j' cos x, n,. -1 1,~ fifl
    ou)
    . d thee
    ·s:tdY -
    quation of tt
    _ (Z·i
    l) dx,
    tion of a
    -i-

    . . . '!J_ x+1
    2
    1
    . d theequa
    62. find the general solution of the differential equation dx =
    2 _ y , Y '>" " fW
    ~ · t to the curv eat
    tangen
    · ·, · I equa ti on dit = - 4 xy2 giventhaty.
    63. findtheparticularsolutionofthed1herenha ' J; 1, \Ii~, . d the equ:ation of
    x=O. 10 J'i!I du x ·
    ·nis==e s
    64. For each of the following differential equations, find the general solution: equat!O dx
    dl/ = -
    (i\ ~
    dx
    -- x
    J -cos
    l+cosx
    (")
    u -dy
    dx
    = p2
    - y , - z <y < 2
    11
    At an}' point (x, y) of
    oi1UIIS the pmnt of c

    m
    J wough (- 2, 1
    (iii) d!f = (l ~ x2 ) (1 + /) (iv) y logy dx - x dy = 0 passes .

    o
    dx Show that the family

    .c
    du . - l
    n. z z i
    (v==sJJl
    ) x ~ i s given by x

    du
    dx 2xy
    65. For each of the following differential equations, find a particular solution satisfvino Find the equation of
    • -~ :J> 73- •

    oe
    given oondition: [NCEJ\' the curve at any pom
    2 r-<:oordinate and .Y-C<j
    (i) x{x - 1) dy = l, y =O when x=2 (ii) cos(dy) = a, y = l when x =aO
    ch
    dx dx H . find the equation of~
    to the curve at any~
    te
    c·) dy
    lll dx = y tan x, y =1 when x = 0
    75. Fmd the equation o=fl
    coordinates of any •
    m

    66. Sol,e the each of the following differential equations: [NCEJI:


    to the curve at that
    (Y..)
    fro

    (i) (x - y) dy = x + 2y (ii) x cos dy = ; cos (lf.xl) + x 76. The slope of the ta."10
    dx x dx
    thatpoint. IhecurveJ
    !~-y cosx 77. Thedecayrateoiracli
    d

    (iii) ydx - x]og(~)dy - 2xdy = 0 (iv) =


    bl
    when the mass will
    de

    (v) x 1 2
    + 2y = x ,x .= O (vi) dy + 2y = sin x
    ,s. Experiments show uJ
    present at the mom•
    oa

    dx
    (vii) dy + 3y = e- 2x ( ...) dy y
    Vlll - +- = X2 year?
    -dx
    nl

    dx x
    --i. A
    (ix) dy ;- /sec x) y = tan x dy 2 Wet porous subst
    w

    dx (X ) X- + 2y =X log X
    moh,ture content. If a
    dx
    do

    (xi) x log x dy + y = ~ log x (xii) (1 + :l) dy ;- 2xy rlx = cot x dx


    wh<'n \\ill i.t have los
    dx x
    (xiii) (r + y) dy - J
    dx (xiv) y dx ~- (x - y2) dy = 0 l
    (i)
    --
    (ti)
    (xv) (x + 3/) .dJ!. = y Order 2 3
    dx ~gt-ee
    67- Find a particularsolutiun ofoach of the following differential e, a tlons: 1 1
    111 ~ . .t ~
    (i) (1 ~ x2) :!Y + 2xy = _I ,. y 0, wht•n .r 1
    d.~-Y= O 5
    dX • l + :,:2 • 2

    (ii) (x + y) dy + (x - y) dx = 0; I/ = ·1 when X~
    (x - 9) (y ')2 -+ x2 =
    n AL eoUATIONS
    ffEREN
    pl 2
    21.1 41
    ···i /dy+ (xy + y )dx = O; y "'lwh
    (111 , en X =, ]
    . d tile equation of the curve passing ti
    • FIii 2 ,rough the o·
    b)• dy ,= (Zx + 1) dx, x.,. 0. p int (l, I) Whose difforcnti I .
    is x a equation
    find t1,e equation of a curve passing tl1rough the . I 1. , 1
    b9•
    tangent to the curve at any point(x, y) is
    2
    7_ point(-2 3) •
    '
    ' g:tven th.:tt the slope of the
    y J I( 11 I
    . Find the equation of a curve passing tlu·ougl ., .
    <J. d ' .,,e pomt (0 Q\ d
    equation 1st - · ·
    . • au - e x 5 ;" x
    ~
    ' 1 an whose difforenti' , 1
    Ii ,,
    "

    m
    :1 Atanypoint (x,y)ofacurve, theslopeof thetan c . .·
    11
    ERtJ ' · joining the point of contact to the point£_-4 _ S) ;. ~ : twice the slope of the line segment

    o
    assesthrough (-2, 1). ' · m eequationofthecurvegiventhatit

    .c
    r .
    ., Show tl1at the family of curves for Which the slope of th 1 ,
    (Nl'F Ir

    du
    •·
    2 2
    e a.ngent at any pomt (l', y) on it is
    2
    ~ isgiven byx -y 2 = Cx.

    oe
    2xy Jl\,CER t
    ; the a Find the equation o_f a curve_ passing thought the point (0, 1). If the slope of the tangent to
    ch
    iRTJ the curve at any point (x, y) 1s equal to the sum of the x-coordinate and the product of the
    r-<00rdinate and y-coordina te of that point. [NCERT
    te

    '4, Find the equation of the curve passing through the origin given that the slope of the tangent
    to the curve at any point ( x, y) is equal to the sum of the coordinates of ilie point. fNC. !,RT'
    m

    ii Find the equation of the curve passing through the poi.ot (0, 2) given that the sum ofthe
    fro

    coordinates of any point on the curve exceeds the magnitude of the slope of the tangent
    to the curve at that point by 5. [NCERl.
    :,. The slope of the tangent to the curve at any point is the reciprocal of twice the ordinate at
    d

    · The curve passes through the pom · t(43)


    , · Determineitsequation. . (NCERf,
    de

    that point. . .
    "" Th . · al t6 its mass at that tune. Fmd the ttme
    11
    • edecay rate of radium at any tiroe t IS proportion
    oa

    when the mass will be halved of its initial mass. f ct·


    i8 te roportionalto the amount o ra nun
    ' · Experiments show that radium disintegrates~! a raw~at percentage will disappear in one
    nl

    Presmt at the moment. Its half-life 1s 1590) ears. _ log 2


    w

    (Use e 1590 = 0.9996]


    yeat?
    do

    • · . . ture at a rate pl'Oportional to the


    '~ A · 1oeses ,ts mois ti fi t 1
    · Wet porous substance jn the open air alf 0 f i ts moisture duru,g , e u s ,our,
    II\018
    · • d loses h
    lutecon.ten.t. Tf a sheet hung in the win d' • ns rema ining the ~,11m'.
    wh h tl,er con itJo
    en Will it have lost 95% moisture, w ea I \/SI, iR

    ------------ ----
    1.
    (ii) (iii) (iv)
    (v)
    2
    (vl)
    2
    (vii)
    3
    3 N1>t spe<ifk<I
    3 3 J
    'l
    1
    l - 2:rl/ !!Ji1.,·
    1 2 ()
    6
    "' 0
    8. .
    xv' - 2Y "' o
    Ml\ Tk1 IAI\
    21.1 42
    10 1yy" f I (!f')l 1/1/ () t r t,1n x

    , ,,., r11' 1 +I
    1

    \' ,(''' l'\"'v


    r/1 tlr '.l ,h
    y 1
    ,h' J C
    (
    I
    •1

    ,, tan
    I
    1
    C

    0 ~ 1>1" I ( 1/ t 1) I ( ·,
    19. !f = t.m I ( \ -I 2) + l
    1 22 y (x2 2r 1 2)1'
    7
    1r
    21 V .. 2.\
    2
    t ➔ , Z t.;lfl
    2

    I .U, I
    5 1
    CO$ X cos x (

    m
    C
    • !f - 1 X I) e' +C
    ' 5 1

    o
    2b , in,smv=C 27. x+y+log (xy) "'C

    .c
    ~ \ tan x - 11 tan y = log Isec x I - log I sec y l + C

    du
    2 2
    2.9 tJog lsec x + tan x)] =[log (secy -+ tan y)] + C

    oe
    I 2 2 . 2 2 2 2
    ~ (loglyl) --(2 - x )cosx+2xsm x= C 31. (y - 1} 11 - x ch 1=C y

    33. e!I + e- y _!x2 + log lx l = C


    2
    te

    -1 =(x+C} ex+ Y 35. x + y = tan (x + C)


    m

    2
    36 -C=tan( x;y) 37. y - 2:r=CX y z
    11
    fro

    3& C xy ex/v 39. 2 (y - x) - log (2x + 2y -1) = C

    ..
    d

    yoosecx=-cotx - C 41. y sin x= C - :!:.cos2x


    7
    2
    de

    ex
    43. y cos x =- (cos x + sin x) + C '
    oa

    7; rv = - tan
    -1
    1
    45. y=Ce-2 tan x +
    I
    '
    nl

    x ... C 2
    =; { '.!~)}
    \\
    w

    \
    17 y + C log x + 3 log (x t
    do

    '
    -t~ C -x e'•n I (v/x)
    h
    3(2 . , '
    y S Ii i . , \
    IJ :1 ' l <i\

    -l
    52 y =4 (X I) +C ,, '
    I; l
    " '
    54. tan ( k'. ]- kig x t C 11, 1111 ' ( t••••.. •'(l,1111 l)
    lx;
    21.143

    -l -1
    .•1,11 !1 = C + /•n .I/ (ta -1
    ~o. i, n Y-1)
    .
    61, YSCcx -C - __
    iH_1 ;..

    »+ 1
    , ,.2+i+Zx-4y+C
    h1o, . :J
    =O 63. y '< _1__
    2.t2 +1

    m
    X
    1,4. (i) y = 2 tan
    2- x +C (ii) Y = 2 sin (x + C)

    o
    3
    x

    .c
    1
    (in) tan- y = x + +C
    3 (iv) y = /x

    du
    [v) y = x sin - x + ✓l - x 2 + c
    1

    bi. (i) Y = .!. log ( .t2 ~ l ]-.!. log~ u cos I(-


    (··i y-- = a 2) oe
    ch
    2 x- 2 4 (iii) y = sec x
    :,.·
    '-

    x: x.)
    te

    66. (i) log' _r2 + xy + li = 2-J} tan · J ( Zy \ .('


    \ \•3
    m

    (tj' = log I Cx I II Ixi1-.l


    fro

    (ii) sin (iii) Cy ,. log


    x
    )
    X· C _,
    Y = .!. (sin x - cos x) + C ex T ·+ X
    d

    (iv) (y } y = -
    2
    de

    . .) -ix C - 3x
    (l'i) Y = ~ (2 sin x - cos x) + Ce -
    2
    " (vny~e. +e
    :,
    oa

    (ix) y(sec .t + tan x} =secx+ tan x-x +C


    nl

    2
    (xi) !l log x ,,. - ; (1 + log x) , C
    w
    do

    ,l j'l

    I 2 ,·'

    . 4 ~
    21"'
    15, !l
    21.144 llilATfif:l.!A
    l1c1
    77 . k_l log 2, k i$ the constant of propon·
    76. y 2 =X + ::>- IOr)l li
    Jog 2~ I,
    78. 0.04% 79
    log2

    MUL TIP/ F CHOICE: OUESilON.s (l,fc

    1\fnrk tire correct t1lt,>111at ivc in 1J11ch of1/Jefollowing: di/ (a) 1


    l, The integrating factor of the differential equation (.r log x) d;.
    ~ Y = 2 log x, iR&ivtii b, 14,
    'fhe solution oft
    C2

    (a) log (log x) (b) ex (c) log X (d) x


    (a) X = Ci e C
    Cl e 2
    I I z. The genera l solution of the differ ential equation:~ = ~ is
    (c) 2X ~

    I = kx =~ = klogx
    15 Thegeneralsolul

    m
    (a) logy= kx (b) y (c) ,t y (d) y
    3. Integrating factor of the differentiaJ equation cos x d: I Ys h, x = 1, is giVert function o

    o
    (aJ g (x) + log {1

    .c
    (a) sm x (b) sec x (c) tan x (d) cos x (C) g (X) - log {1

    du
    4. The degreeof thedifferentialequa tion[ ;~f r-(!!) = 3
    y , is
    16, The solution of

    exp(
    oe
    (a) / =

    rr•,'[::r], ;,
    (a) 1/2 (b) 2 (c) 3· (,;!) 4
    ch
    I (c) y = tan (C
    te
    5. Th, ' '" " of"' dilfureotial ""'""" 5 • ( :;
    m

    (a) 4 {b) 2 (c) 3 (dJ 10 l7. The differential

    ., ~of ·.i; = cosec x,


    fro

    6. The general solution of the differential equation ·ddy ,+ y is


    y" 11' 1
    (a)-+ "- - -
    (a) x +ysmx = C (b} x+ycosi = C y' y X
    d

    (c) y + x (sin x + cos x) =C (d) y sh, x ·= x + C , y" v' 1


    (c) - -=- - -
    de

    7. Thedifferentialequationobtained on eliminating A and Bfrom y = A cos rot -B sinrol.,ii .ti .," X

    (a) y" + y' = 0 {b) y" - oi2 y = 0 (c) y'' = - ,i y (d) y" + y =0 lS. Solution of the
    oa

    8. The equation of the curve whose slope is given by :!Ji.= 2Y; x > O, y > Oand ,_.hich pa.'!<! (a) X (y + COS X
    dx x
    nl

    through the point (1, 1} is \C) X (y - ros X


    l ~. The equ.atio_:1 o£
    w

    2
    (a) x =y (b) y2 = x (c) X
    2
    = 2y = 2x (d.) y2
    ,· lx + y ") .
    do

    9 The order of the differential equation whose general solution is given by


    y = c1 cos (2x.,. c2 ) - (c3 T c4) ax + c5 + c6 sin (x - c,) is (a) y3 - '.!x + 3

    (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 2 (c) y3 + 2x -


    ~0 -,..L
    10. The solution of the differential equation r:/y - ax + g represents a circle wh,•n <,ie solution o
    dx ~If+ f
    {a) circles
    (a) a= b (b) a" -b (c) r1 = - 2b (d) a ;?t•
    21 l'h
    11. The solution of the d:iffer~,tial equation :U! 1 Y = o with y ('I) 1 ts lllv,,n by
    2 · e solution, 0
    dx .t
    Y =~ ~ (a) Sin ;:'..
    (a) (b) X = _!_ (q) X - J (d) !/ I y
    :::;:: X
    y2 y X
    do
    w
    nl
    oa
    de
    d
    fro
    m
    te
    ch
    oe
    du
    .c
    o m
    21.146 EGJUA'fl0!1$
    " N-r1/\L-
    2 0 1FF .
    . satis
    22. The differential equation · +by
    · f're.,, b Y11i =lis
    ifferential equatJ.
    2
    (a) ·'<Y!l2 + Y1 + YY1 =0 2 (b) .eyy2 + XI/. 1 YI/ l =0 ·r.he d
    3 ,,. zcx (b)
    (c) xyyz _ X!fi 2 ~ YYi = 0 (d) none of these (a) y- X

    23. The differential equation which i-epresents the family of curves JI "' ~Cx is '['he soJu tio.n of the di]
    (a) !h = ,2 y (b) xy 1 In y = 0 (c) x In y = YY·1 (d) .1/ In y = xy1 .-)' t:n, H
    ~a) k "' O (b
    24. Which of the following transfonnationsd reduce the d ifferential
    dz+:: fog z = 3,. (log :i/
    mto the form~+ P (.~) 11 =Q (x) •fhe solution of the .
    rl.~ .,· x' d.\
    1 - J - 1
    (a) 11 = log x (b) u = l (c) II = (log z )- (d) 11 = (logz)2 (a) tan x- tan y

    m
    I -1

    q,( ~) (c) tllfl - y±tan X

    o
    = }!_ + - ( ·). is The solution of the di

    .c
    25. TI1e solution of the- diffore\ltial equation ddy
    X X <J>,,Y,

    du
    X
    (a) tan
    _i(lYxJ= log
    q,(;}•h xq,(~J=k <l>(;J=kt}' y~{~)=k
    oe
    (a) (b) (c) (d)
    ch . 3 (c) tan
    xJ = Iog
    - 1(LY
    26. lim and n;rre the order and d.egree of the diff~;·enti~l equa6on.(y0~ +j (Y,2) "- y ~/ -l
    1/3 , 3.
    • i
    The differential equati1
    te

    then
    (a) m = 3, n = 3 (b) rn = 3,n = 2 (a) 2 = ljn - 1 "'
    \Y
    m

    (c) m = 3, n = 5 (d} Ill ,; ;'\,n = 1. ,, If p and q are theord'.


    27. The solution of the differential equation ~ + 1 = i' + is Y, I
    fro

    A., d2 y
    dx · · . . y2+x 3 - - +
    dx dx2
    (a) (x+ y) er" Y = 0 (&J (x + a::) •e" +U =.'6'.,
    . . (a) p<q (lj
    d

    (c} (x-C)ex+y = l (d) (xJ.,C),("'t M+l; ~ :0


    de

    N Which of the followinl


    28. The solution oi x2 + y~ :!Jt. =~ is (a) X
    ax
    oa

    2
    (a) x +y2 = 12x+ C (b) ,t2 +·y2 = 3x+G- ~ What is integrating fa
    nl

    3 3
    {c) x +y = 3x +C (d) x +1? = 12x+C
    3
    (a) sccx+tan x
    w

    29. The family of =es in.which the subtangentatanyp,oi~t of a c\1rve is double the abs.:~
    is given by li\tegta ting factor of
    do

    (a) x » Cy
    2 •
    (b) y = Cx
    2
    (c) ,i- 4 = CJ/ (d) y=Cr (<1) COR ,\' :I
    30. l'he solution of the diffenmt:ial equation x dx + y dy = x 2 y rfy - y2 ,r dx, js ·rne degree of the dif
    ('\) .i -1 = G:: (l +/) (b) x2 + 1 = C ('I. y2)
    3 (a) 3 (I
    (c) x -1 " C (1 + y3) (d) x 3 • 'I = C (1 ../)

    31. . The solutio/1 of the dffferential equation (x 2 + 1) d!J 1, (y2 1-l) = o Lq


    1'he Order of the diffJ
    , dx '
    (a) 2.
    1) · ,, 2 u) 1 +x j r ~ 1h (
    ' la Y ~ "'T x: {o • )/•" ' - (c) y c. X (x - 1) (d) y "" - ::,r_ e number of arbitr
    ' • • I J ..,jl'. I I + ~· Order is
    • • I
    N' IALEOIJA TIONS
    (l!fff~~

    dif/erential equation x ~-y., x2 h 21.147


    ;' 1he dx . . , as the general . l .
    3
    ,, _ x = 2a
    (a) , ·
    . . )
    (b 2y - x - ex
    3
    -
    (c) 2y 2 so Uhon J

    . rX ~ 2 cx (d) 2
    .,, e solution of the differential equatio du Y + x = 2 ex
    ·J ,,1 n -i!.. - ky :cO
    l' -t.,,,
    'f
    l dx ' y (O) = 1 approaches to zero when
    . ,. O (b) k > O
    (a) • = (c) k < o
    ·
    llie solution o ef th cliff 'al
    erenti. equation (1 + xi) ~ + + y 2 (d) notie of these
    1 = O,is
    -l -1 -1 dX

    m
    (a) tan x - tan !f = tan C (b) tan - 1 _1
    -1 -1 . Y- ta11 x =tan - l e

    o
    (c) tan y ± tan x = tan C (d) tan - l tan- j _ 1
    -Y+ x = tan c

    .c
    2
    The solution of the differential equation dy = x + xy + y2 .

    du
    dx 2 , . is
    X
    1

    oe
    (a) tan - [;) = log Y + C (b) tan- 1 ( ~) = log x +C ch
    1
    (c) tan- (~) = logx+C (d) tan- 1 ( ~) =J ogy+ e
    te

    The differential equation dy + Py = Qy', n > 2 can be red u'c ed to.lineatform bv substituting
    m

    dx '
    1
    (a) z = y"- (b) z = y11 (c) z ,,,_y1z ·l'l (d) ; = y ! -,;
    fro

    lf pand q are the order and degree of the differenti_al_equa~on


    d
    t
    Y + x3
    d2
    --f
    + xy = cos x, then
    d

    dx _
    de

    {a) < (b) _ (c) p > q (d) none of these


    p q p- q . dy
    Which of the following is tile integrating factor of(x log x) dx + Y = 2 10g x ?
    oa

    (a) r (b) ex (c) log x (d) log (log .r)


    nl

    '""'.tls.integrating factor o f -dy + !! secx -- tan x?


    un.
    w

    dx ,ec:r (d) rec ,t


    do

    la) sec x + tan x (b) log (sec x + tan x) (c) e .


    :!il+ysm x = 1, 1s
    '· lnt<trating factor of the differen tial equation coo x dx .
    (d) sm x

    {a) cos x (b) tan x [d(:) Js~cx(dy)2 in (liy_) I 1 ~ 0, Is


    4J 'T'L . • J + -- +5 dx
    "le degree of the differential equa tion d:x2 dx ..
    . (d) not dt!1111ed
    ~3
    (b) 2
    wJ
    tf211 3 rfJ.. , y 0, ls
    ~<- 1Ji 2Z~ - I
    eorder of the clliferenti/Jl equation ;r di 'x (cl) nol ct,•li11i>d. h
    ( ) (c) 0 . / diffen•ntlul ,,qu,,tum ot fomt
    , 1}ia 2 (b) 1
    . the general solution o
    el'llllnber of arbitrary constants 1Jl
    Or<!er is
    MA Tlifi.1,1
    21.148 Al 1t,
    b) 2 (,:) .1 ( d) ·I
    (a) O f rb' ( ,stants 111 Uw p,1rticnlM ~oluhcm 111 ,, d,H,'rt•nllol ,,
    44_ fhe numb<'r o a 1trary c0 ' • 'lll.\11,t
    second order 1$ (are) ) (d} n
    (a) 3 (b\ 1 (.: .1 1 it ns1
    Which of the follo~"ing differential rqu,1hons h.1s !I C 1 <' ~ C~ ,, ,. tts lh,,
    1. (b)
    2 \h/
    6 ~ 1, (, ) 11 ,,
    ( ) 12. (a)
    solution? , 10 (1-1) 2 1. (bJ
    Ill {d) ,o
    if v
    (a)-.+!'= ll (b) 2-y = o
    ,1- 11 I O 1 (d 2" / ,1 J
    (,l)
    :ill 1,11 ,, , (al
    dx- dx 31! (c)
    1· (,1) ,48, (CJ
    '6. i'\lhlch of the following difforential equations ha~ y = ,. as one of tts p>1rlkul~r Soh t· 4~ (,1)
    -t ...., 2 l1r1~• 4h (Cl
    ,2 , d d y dy ,'J,
    (a) ~-x- ..JI.., .111 = x (b) c,-+ 1 '. +xy = x (d)
    dx2 dx · d.~
    dx-

    m
    (c)
    dli; 2 dl/
    ~-x -· +xy =0
    d2y dy
    (d) ~~ l-.+xy =
    0 n,e or d er ot the ctiffere
    1

    o
    dx2 dx ax d.x i5 ...... · ........•..

    .c
    .. . l . dy x+ y .
    , ~ The oveneral solution of the
    ..., .
    d1ffercnba equation -d.1· =e , JS
    2.. The degree of the differen

    du
    (a) ex+ c-y =C (b) e X + e y = C (c} e - ·:r + c·I/ = C (d) e-x· + e y "'C
    :; The number of a.b1tra.7

    oe
    ~6. A homogeneous differential equation of the form dx
    d-y
    = h ( .::)
    y
    can be solved by making,;
    ch ., tanX dx- tan y dy- Ois

    substitution
    (a) y = vx (b) v = yx (c) x = vy (d) X =v 4, An appropriate s=tir.i
    te

    ~9. Which of the following is a homogeneous di££e~ential equntioh?


    3 3
    {a) (4x + 6y - 5) dy-(3y +2x + 4) dx =O (b) xy a~· - (x + y ). d)I ~ 0
    m

    (c) (x 3 ,;- 2y2) dx + lxy dy = O (d ) y2 dx + (l -xy - y1),dy = 0 is........................ ~


    fro

    50. The integrating factor of the diiferential equation x k-y = 2 x4


    5. The integrating iacte>r at

    (a) e-x e Y
    d

    (b) (c) 1/x (d) x


    "· Toe gene:ral5oluti0n cr ,
    de

    51. The integrating factor of the differenti11l equation(! - y2) dx + yx = ay (- l < y < l) is
    dy
    1 l 1 1 7 The.generalsoluttoodth
    oa

    (a) - 2- (b) ~ (c)


    2 (d) r=--
    y -1 ✓l -1 1- y ✓1 -l ~- The differential equation
    nl

    52. The general soiu.tiQn of the di££erential equalion Y rfx - x dy = O,is ~ Tht> lin<',tr diiien>ntfal
    w

    y
    cl y = Cx
    do

    2
    (a) X'f = C (b) X = (c) (d) 1J ~ Cx
    53. The general so!uti.on of a differential equation of the type dx I p1 .I' = Q 1 is
    dy

    (a) y) P1d11 = J {Q1 ef /'1 dy~ dy~ C (b) yef l'trf~ = J {Q1,Jl'1dl} "' .c

    (c) xef P1dy = J {Q1 ef Pt dy} dy; C (d) xef 1'1 r/,1 J j Q1 ,.f l'J'h ~ .I• ti"
    I1
    54. The genf)~al solution of the differential equation px cly (y "' ., ,.r) cl, , 0 H rhc, I
    1 ' egree of the differe
    (a}, ;; eY + x
    2
    = {; (p) x eY + y2 ~ C (c) !I e'' + ,/ c (d} ,v e.11 1 .? · ('
    ----------
    - t' .;. (b) . (b)
    ~
    :;. (cJ ANSWERS
    11.. (a) u. ra, 14. (b)
    & (dJ 7. {C) ~. la) 9 (cJ
    " 11 (bl ~ (b) :z..,. (d ) 15. (bJ lb. (d) 1,. (a) l&, (a)
    ; (a) 2.;. (c}
    -- l l . (d) 32 (b) 33. (c)
    25. (a) u,. (bJ 27. (d)
    ,9 {a) 4~. k) 34 (d) 35. {b)
    41 (d l 36. (d)
    42. (a)
    .ca ~,;. (C) 49. (d ) ~l. (d) H. fd)

    m
    50. (C) 15. (b)
    51. (dJ 52. (c) ,;.3. (c) 54. le)
    ,.. "'

    o
    .c
    - - - - - - - - - - - FIL L IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)
    ':;s ,r;:;r m the differential equation representing the family of parabolas y2 ~ 4ax

    du
    • f 2

    oe
    . . -''-'-' ..
    ---"~~ o.tt-.e u.1....-erentia1 equation -~
    - •-"""'="'- dx
    . ( d11)" +.dr2
    d2yJ
    - -- Ors
    · ........................................... .
    ch
    ·:e =.!,er o:: ....~~ constants in a particular solution of the differential equation
    =~-= :I uy: 015 ·····-····-··......_ ............. .
    te

    dx x2log(;)-x2
    m

    ~ .-.: ???l'OJ'nare substitution to solve the diflerential equation dy


    xy 1og ( ~)
    fro

    .. [NCERTEXEMPLARI
    d

    ..;.... - · · · · /1'
    ti.al equationx!!ll-y='sinxis
    de

    · -. 'i: -~!:Ing
    · ·a
    factor of the d1neren dx ............... •
    [NCERT EXEMPLAR I
    oa

    _._,_, equ.ation -dy


    r:E ~,=:-.era] sclution of the dffferer>.wu. dx
    "'e :r-y · 15 ....... .
    [NCERTEXF.Ml'LAR]
    nl

    _ . •on dy +ll%1is ...................... ,................. .


    rc~! >Olution of the differential equati dx x .
    w

    -A sinx+ 8cos;,: is .............


    -. .. ' . •'-~ family of curves y -
    do

    • ·E c.Hc:-~,irial equation representing u.u:-


    / e-i...,x y J---1,X
    dy _ ,t, 0 when written in the forn,
    f.'Y""
    .r,e ~'!-~ differential equation -,;- -7x dx
    "' JNCLIU L'~l"J\11'1 \ RI
    Ji~
    ;;-P.:i"'Q,thenP ;..................................... f ·ty ,,J ,•llip•i•• pr\\'lnt11<"1tlt1' ,ll
    :r~
    ~
    ?trier c,f the differential equation rep~~~n
    8
    :ndfocion x -axi&JS
    ....................... J. . 2.,
    f II th•· an11
    Ill
    / ...........
    11 !T If)! -t .l j!) ,, • ,.,,.., "''
    1':i.:c~of the differential equation l-t ,1/ dx
    . rd.I/ V ,co'il:\ i::i- ,.. ... , .... , ...... ,
    It t . ·a] e_quahun. tlx
    <ls llllegraliordactor of the differentt (NCI tfl' I Xl'lltl'I.ARI
    JI} ....... ,
    2 d> ., [Jj6 .,, .. ,........
    , ·, 11 +e
    ~rl- · n d -~
    · -;sr"eofthedifferentiaLequati0 'j,?
    r
    21.150
    1-1:0UATIO
    1::tfflA
    ➔ J; 01ffl::fl
    The degrceofthedifferentialequation J .l ( =x l~ .............. · tin.,. factor
    1't-.e ·~tegra o
    .~ p • l»
    _t _____ _
    I
    The number of arbitrary constants in the gene,·al solution of the differe11Ual e(Jua' 2. 2
    order •'-- . ••.••.•..••..•..•• ,,. •.....•••...• •
    uu~e JS d.,· I Un,, ''. t. I
    The o-eneral solution of the differential equation of the type d + Rx = S, where f< ans 7 X
    " y "Sib
    .functions of y, is .................................... .
    . . . dy l +y.1s ............... .
    1.2. .£
    The integrating factor of the differential equation - · + y = 1) 1 X
    . b X
    p / /i.dY =f (SefRdy
    •kf l•'H I 16. Xe
    I The solution of the differential equation coty dx =x dy is. .......... NLl'J! Xtr-h,

    m
    The 0"''"eral
    -·
    solution of the differential equationx~l+
    dx
    2y :c.l is................ '

    o
    ,, n r ~t1ff.'\,r, ,,, .
    26. 4

    .c
    The solution of the differential equ;1tion y dx + (x + xy) dy = 0 is ...... .
    •·P r •..,.,:t , , 31- d
    The order of the differential equation representing the

    du
    2 family of ciJdt, 30 3, 2
    x -(y-a}2 =a2 is ............................. . d

    The numb~ of arbitrary constants in the particular solution of a differential equatior ~


    34 ordes

    oe
    " (~
    order two 1s ................................. .
    The differential equation of all non-horizontal lines in.a plane is ..................................
    ch
    The differential equation <if all non-'1ertical lines in a pla!).e is.............................,..... . A~er each of tire folluu:in~
    questum:
    2xy;;, x2 -1 is .................... ..
    te
    The integrating factor of all differentialequation(.:l + 1)/f + •. Defi.ne a differential ~

    [a~
    ay)f'. . . 2. Define order oi a diliel
    m

    Th d fth ' . I ti ( ·dy]2 3. Define degree of a ;


    e egree O e dif
    · ,erentia equa on!(':' X dx .+ 15. c.:................. . ..................... .
    4. Write the differamat
    fro

    is an.arbitrary cons
    The order of the differential equation representing ~:Uck~J~ o'£.taditi; r.is ........................... :; Write the differential
    .., ...
    equationx- - y- -c-.
    ~

    The degree of the •differt!lltial equafion i;_epresenting the .family of cu;rves y = Ax+ 11 1
    where A is arbitrary constant, is
    d

    ~. Wtite the diffc,..-en .


    de

    The general solution of the differential equation dx + dy = o.is.................. ······················" . equationxy=C~.


    X y
    oa

    The order and degree of the differential equation dy3 - 3 df + 2 (d~)


    3 2 4
    = y' ,ll':
    ~. Write the degrne oi th
    dx dx dx
    nl

    ..,............... and .............. respectively. ·• · t If


    s. writE- the on;l-er of the
    w

    The differential equation for which y =acosx +bsinx is a solution, is ........................... '
    do

    The cu~e for which the slope of the tangent at any point is equa l to the ra tio ofthe,i~P
    and ordinate of the point, is ..........,..................... .
    3
    Family Y =Ax+ A of curves will correspond to a differentia I equation of ord.-r ········"
    and degree ............... . ,
    .., The differential x dy + y dy =Oequal"ion represents a family of ..............................., ,,,
    The differential equation of the family of curves ,c;2;, 2
    1111
    y2
    o, w lwre ,, H •111"1''
    constant, is ...........,,................... . '

    The order and degree of the differ(,ntial equ,1lion d ( tly]'l .........,,.


    ............... respectively,
    '" "'
    f lAl- EOUA TIONS
    (ff~~EN
    . _ ating factorofthedifferential"" . . du 21.151
    )lelll1<b· - -,Uation d .I!.
    ;:. r dX - .11 = logxis ..............
    (CBS.I, Zll20J

    2 2
    -------
    3. zero
    -- ----.;___ - ANS WERS
    f 2 5. I
    ~ .l'
    xy =- +c 1
    X
    2 9, _

    )1, l
    n
    •. -l X
    13 · not defined 14,
    2
    .fx 10. 2

    ts. 3
    j Jt,iy "'f (Sej Rdy) dy+C

    m
    \1. r,
    18,x=Csecy 19. y = ~x 2 t Cx-2

    o
    4
    22. zero dl,. 2
    23. ~- =O

    .c
    24. d { =0
    dg2 dx

    du
    26. 4 27. 2 28. 3

    r+ = 29. xy=C
    2
    - ~ 'I ,,
    J+J, J, - 31· d Y O 3 2. a .rectangu
    · lai hyperbola

    oe
    dx ·· 33. One, Three
    2 2
    ~ circles 35. (x - y )dy =2xydx 36, i, i 37. !_
    ch
    X
    _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ VERY~ HORT,~N$WE8!}UESTIONS {VSAOs)
    te

    1
    ·.;.i:,,,. eacJ1 /Jf the following questions in one word-or oiie ,sen~nce of'a§p.n- exact requitenienl of the
    ~"1:: . . ~-,·· . . - . '?'
    m

    ~ ~;.•~ l'
    Define a differential equation. ~• I' ... ,
    - Define order of a differential equation. ·
    fro

    A Mine degree of a differential equation. .


    Writ~ !he differential equation representing the family .of'sb:a,ight lliiesy = Cx + 5, whereC
    1sanaroitrarv constant .
    d

    ; Write the differential equation obtained by eliminating lli~ ar):,it(itiy' constant C in the
    de

    2
    ilqilation x -y2 =C 2 . · . .
    '· lfrite the differential equa tion obtaiJ1ed elimil:tatin~ the ar)?itrary coru.tant C m the
    oa

    : tionxy=C2. 2d2Y-/1+(ity)2)!N
    nl

    nre the degree of the differential equation a di - ldx


    w

    3
    do

    (!i) =7 (~'J r _
    2
    WIlle
    · the order of the differential
    • equation J + dx ,/x •
    2
    . dy + ii d1 I ( ''~)
    9, Write the order and degree of the differential equation y = A dx y , ,h

    lo,
    Wtjtet1-t . tion i11 .r (•'Y)l
    .ii. dt
    ·
    ;ii l, i-:l"·~)-
    di
    1

    e degree of the differential equiil · di? 1


    ., ((•udwii. \.,,,._,sot th,·
    11, \1/ri of fl,c 1~111ily (,( c,n •.
    1~ oti~ the Order of the diffe.rential equation ,11•171,.,t,1! 1111,,~ hi •I pl,,iw
    Wr«e
    ll, fl 6.
    th
    e Otdet of the di fferenttal eq
    .
    uatio/1 of ~u now_11 dit t l'V Q, lh<'l) writ.• !hi' V<1h1e
    . .", equatiOr'I //·,, ·
    1llx·18 d·ffere11
    1
    0 "' ·•
    of J>. an integrating factor of the
    21.152

    14. Write the order of the differential equation of the family of circles of radius r
    1 5_ Write the order of the differential equation whose solution is y = ll cos x ~ b sin t
    16. Write the order of the differential equation associated with the Pri:_ A XJ.r.
    qj..-1/_,,5==0
    y =C + c ex+ c e-2x+ C4, where C1, C2 , C3, C4 are arbitrary constants. ..,..
    1 2 3

    li. Wh:: is(;e)2d:~~ :f:e ~o~:g7g differential equation? IC'Bsr


    o 1. 2
    t4 2

    dx dx2 1 3

    . . . ("Y]4 . d2y
    16. Write the degree oftl1e differential equlltibn ·dx _ + 3.l d;<2 = 0. ICB5Eic

    ::ir r

    m
    19 Wri<e;,, dogree of lhodif~conti'1 ,q~tionx ( +Y( :: +x' • 0. ICBSEa

    o
    . h ofIhe follourmg ques

    .c
    :!G Write the differential equation repr(iSenting family of curves y =mx, wheremlsan,·
    111 ~h ,~b-parl itas four cha
    ICB~l !u

    r r•
    constant. em:• - f

    du
    1 Toe volume o a
    volu:rr.e of the ball

    oe
    2' . Wri<e<ho degree of <h• differen<iaJ oq~tionx•(:r >< ( : 0. IC8'E~· 1.1 The relatior
    dV ,
    (a) - = -~., i.
    ch
    2 d!
    ,,
    · :·)3 (' ·2 '}
    Write the degree of the differential equation i +.dy I to i,;l ¾ . (c} -
    cfV
    =-}.,,.
    •
    (
    te
    4.x J ·dx, dt
    : . 1
    1.1 Ifr is me rad
    ~ !Ir
    m

    (a) ➔11T- =
    ,_. I' I
    d!
    fro

    . :dr
    ()
    C -..:r - =
    Ji
    2 1 ; The diffe...--enb.
    d

    2
    2
    !f] +(.,Ldx.d--"-'y'] = x sin (dy) (a)
    de

    24. Write the degree of the differential ·e quation ( d


    d:i dx . (b)
    (c) First orde
    +(·~)
    oa

    2 114
    5 (d) First ord<'
    25· Write the order and degree of the differ.ential'equatio~ d y +x'l/ =0.
    dx 2
    dx .
    ~ Hinitia!h- th~
    nl

    2
    w

    215. The degree of the differ11ntial equation d Y + iY1dx = o.


    dx 2
    do

    27 How many arbitrary constants are there in the general solution of the differential Nl,,;,,
    of order 3.
    28. Write the order of the diff<'!rential equation representing the family of curve:; .V "•'
    1
    (i/
    l

    29 · F'm d th e sumof•L..
    u"" otder and degree of !he diffPrenlia l e<iu,ition '.I ,I 11 )' I ,q_
    ii\ 1n1~1
    "' .,

    30. Find the solution of tl\e diffetential eqµ1\liq11


    x✓I +y2 dx+'y [1':x2 dy -0
    :u . Form t?e diffetential equation representing t.h<, family of tQtves y
    the arb1hary constant A,.
    21 .1SJ

    -
    .'Y _v-. S=O
    ., '\ J,, .
    ~ x ,l\ - y dy = 0
    f,, I di( -+ I/ di·,. o
    '1• ••
    ANSWERS

    ~ 1, ; ' l\'.ot defined 8 2


    I 1. I
    "· 3
    Jr,, 3 1:!. 2 11. Cul r
    ;
    .W 11 :q; dy__ 17, !
    O} • dx !J. 2 18, I

    • :,.,,t defined Not defined •


    ,-
    V 2
    :S.-:>t denned • 3 25. order 2 degree not defined
    .3) 28. one

    m
    29. 3
    -, ~ C
    I -l - - l + ll = \ .

    o
    -

    .c
    3
    - - - - -- - --- ~ - ~ CASE STUDY BASED OUESTIONS (CSBQa)

    du
    :rv ;.ief :t·_follo.ring ques~ions is ba..<ed on somf. case study. TT1ereare jn>e s11b-parts (?leadi queshon ,md
    , s:l;."-;l.lrl iulsfrm~ c/w1ces fll), (b). (c) and (d). Mark the ctmect choice.

    oe
    The volume ot a sphencal balloon bemg d~flated changes at a constant rate. U V is the
    1·
    , ,;iume of the balloon at any time I, then ai:-.swer the following questions:
    ch
    The relation between V and t can be described as
    di' dV
    (a) _ =-,., ,. > 0 is a constant (b) -d = J.., ,. > 0 is a constant
    te
    di 1
    ,._) _di' = -],, ,. is
    dt
    . a constant at -
    (d) dV -0
    m

    i.: !fr is the radius of the balloon at any instant t, then

    ..
    fro

    dr= - A,
    la) ~17 2 - . •A> 0 dt = )., i. > 0
    (b) 47lT2 dr
    ~
    d

    , 2 -dr = ,,.__
    . ~rrr
    IC\ (d) 4rrr- dt =0
    dt
    de

    Th.e differential equation in rand tis a.


    (a) First order linear differential equatton ti
    oa

    lbi First order homogeneous differential eqti_t: ;nvariable separable lorm


    . . variable separable fO rn,.
    ,,,, cntial equa O
    nl

    lq First order non-linear Wiler _ . t, .


    Id) Fixst order linear differential e~uati~t~ntJ,enatany time I, itsradmsr1;~1en ,
    Jl/ :i~t)
    w

    1.4 lfiniliallytheradiusoftheballoonis 3 u ' , 3


    1/ 3 3,.1
    do

    ( (d) 31>
    3?t ' 1/3
    r ( 4irt (c) 27+ 4,r
    b . l
    '•J
    27 - - •
    4.t )
    (b) 27 - 3,. ) .
    . uru!S then Its ra
    din, at an; tund"
    •.,• lfafl€J-3seconds, the radius O ft]1eballon IS 6 ,

    113
    given by (b) , = (27 +631)

    ~
    I 1/3 Ji.'
    ai r "'(27 + 36t) (d) r ., /.b 27 /) . , "·'"Ii''' 11 th,•
    (c) r ~(63.,. 271) 1/ 3 . t th, 1' 1 11111
    I
    ~ly JI nwnns ih'\ tlu l''h" tpal. tlJ,,,! "" t" °''
    l 1In d continuou . 1J1flllll' '"'
    •bank, interest is compouri<l.<! nk interr•sl I."'' un\ th, n
    ~~Ual to the product oi th~ ~J~wing <JU''~""'~:.1
    . ,

    '-1 ;~01111ation answer the f~ et and th,-, i:1" JOU


    l'rt
    !lth'I ,•,t 1 1 • r
    1,1) 'Jt
    1 111 1

    Ir/
    1
    ,

    P IS the principal at anypt,m (c) 1


    ( dP dP r di
    a) ·-=Pr
    z.i dt
    (b) -
    dt
    =100
    if Pois the initial principal, i,he.n
    M~TliEt.1.4,

    l
    21.154
    rl (d) l<,g ( r rl
    p r
    (a) p
    Po100
    rl (b)
    Po
    rl (c) log
    Po 100 l Pc
    2.3 ll.f intcre-1 j, compo,u'iJc., l"tmtlnuottsly Ill r;"., per ,inn urn, then the nurnbe.,-
    "h ch t 10(\\foublCS it cit I!.
    (c) 20 (dJ 10
    a :o log, 2 (b) 20 log 2 log 2
    2.4 U ~ 100 , ub1,s 1t'>clf in JO year'-, thPn the rate per c.ent, 1c;
    al 2 logr 2. , (b) 1 log, 2 'Yo (c) 10 log,.2 % (d) 100 log 2
    2.S The\\ orth ot f 4000 at 51-, mk1 est after 10 vears, is
    a ~tJOO os (b) lOO0e- 05 (c) 1000<':! (dJ 1000e

    o m
    .c
    11 a 1.2 (a) 1.3 (c) 1.4 (a) 15 (bJ

    du
    2.1 b 2.2 (c) 2.3 (a) 2.4 (c) 2.5 (a)

    oe
    ch
    te
    m
    fro
    d
    de
    oa
    nl
    w
    do
    ALGEBRA OF VECTORS
    _ INTRODUCTION
    22 1
    Pl1 rsical quantities are divided into two categories _ al . ..
    o)sequantities which have only magnitude and whichsc a.r quantili. es and vector quantities.
    Th arc not related toanyf dd. • •
    ace are called scalar quantities, or briefly scalars. Exampl f cal i.xe 1rect1on m
    sp cs o s ars are mass volume de ' ty
    <1ork teinperature etc. To represent a scalar quantity wo ass· · ' . ' nsi
    1gn area1number to it which gives

    m
    , , . . ,.
    its!Illl""itude ut terms of a certain basic unit of the quantity Thro gh tthi h
    o·- . • u ou s c apter by scalars

    o
    we sh~ m:an reaJ numbers .. ~econd kind of quantities are those which have both magnitude

    .c
    and direction. . Such quantities are called vectors. Displacement, velOC1'ty, aceeleration,

    du
    momentum, weight, force etc. are examples of vector quantities.
    !\OH lt is to note Itere that in addition to magnitude and direction, two vector quantities of tile same kind

    oe
    sho11.ld be capable of bei11g compounded according to the parallelogram law of addition, Quantities having
    magnitude and direction but not obei;ing the parallelogrmn iaw of addition will not be treated as vectors.
    ch
    For example, Oie rotations of a rigid body through finite angles)zave both
    •
    magnitudes
    C
    and directions but
    do not satisfi; the parallelogram law of addition. ·
    te

    22.2 REPRESENTATION OF VECTORS


    m

    Vectors are represented by directed Une segments such that the length of the·line.segmentis the
    fro

    magnitude of the vector and the direction of attow marked at one endemphaslzes the direction
    of the vector. A vector, denoted by PQ, is determined by·.two points P, Q such that the
    d

    magnitude of the vector is the length of the straight line PQ and its direction is that from P to Q.
    de

    The point P is called the initial point of vector PQ and Q is czalled the terminal point or tip.
    oa

    V ➔➔➔
    ectors are generally denoted by a b , c etc.
    I

    1 is the positive m1mber which is the


    nl

    The modul us, or module, or magru•tude of a vector


    ➔ ➔' •
    w

    measure of its length and is denoted by I ti 1. The modulus I a I of a vector a is somettmes


    do

    Written as a.

    Every vector PQ has the foJlowing three characteri5 tlcs:

    LENGTH The length of PQ will be denoted byl PQ I or PQ.


    . PQ 1.9 segmenl is called tlw srtpporl of flt,' 11,·ctor PQ.
    SUPPORT The line of unlimited length ofW hIC11 •

    -------p-----Q::;--·--·-
    Fig. 22.1

    Seti .r. QW i..~ frot11 Q top, Tlius, the sense of n directed line
    SE The sense ofPQ is from p to Q arid that~
    segnrent is from its initial point to the tenninal point.
    MATHEMAl'lc
    S-X11
    ➔ ➔
    22.2 ➔ ·ato be equal written as a = b ' if they have(i)tL
    ➔
    id b are sa1 ' •~
    E ' nc;"""RS Two vectors a m d (iii) the same sense.
    san;e length (ii) tl1e same or parallel s11ppart, an

    ""'" ~ =s JI· VECTORS ... dtennirlalpointsarecoincidentiscal/edthezet0


    1
    zr-RO OR NULL VECTOR A Vt'c/01' whose ,,ut,a all c,
    thr null vector. . . l tit can be thought of as having any line as its Ii
    Thus the modulus of the null vector is zero ,u n1
    I ➔

    of support. The mill vector is denoted by O·


    Vectors other than the null vector are called proper vectors. . . .
    • uiiitty is called11umt vector. Tlte unit vector tn thedirectio•
    "IR A vector wIzose 11101lulus rs , "
    A , ,

    m
    ~

    of a t>«tor a is dC'ltored by a.. read as a cap •


    .,

    o
    Thus,lal :cJ .

    .c
    LJ K~ A~ Veciors are said to be like when they have the same sense afdirectwnanJ
    111. ': VECTORS

    du
    1mlike when they have opposite directions.
    co ~ "'"' PA~ALLEL Vl:Cl ORS Vectors having the same or parallel supports are calla:

    oe
    collinear vectors.
    CO- TIAL VECTORS Vectors having the same initial point are called co-initial vectors.
    ch
    co-.¾..ANAR VECTORS A system of vectors is said to b~ coplanar, if their supports are parallel to tile
    same plane.
    te

    ~ote that two vectors are always coplanar. li•·) 30


    m

    CO lNC s EC TORS Vectors having the same tenninal point are called caterminaus vectors. SOLL'1O~
    ->
    fro

    Tl E 0"' ECTOR The vector which has the same magnitude as the vector a but apposi~
    EXA,'\IPLE .3
    dfrect?on, is called thenegativeofd and is denoted btJ - d.
    a, thenQP =- °il.
    d

    Thus, ;f PQ = SOU,710.N
    de

    - F ..,.._,..._ v" -=c


    A vector h.ivmg
    ·oR · the same direction as that of a given vector ... (i_) 4
    !? ,
    a /nil
    oa

    , the given vector is·. known as the reciprocal


    magnitude eqwl to the reciprocal o• . of ➔
    a and is. denof,,J "'•
    0
    nl

    --=-1
    a •
    w

    a- 1I = 1 .
    Thus, ii I -a I =a, I-,
    do

    (l

    ~ :>. At. D FRI: t .., uP' A vector wh,ch is drawn


    .. . , t! ,., •~
    spedfted point lit ,pace is called a localized vector. pam11"1 to a gi,•e11 r•,•dN ''' · •'
    Forexamp!P,a f,,rreactingona rivid body is a le l' ,.
    action of the fotCI! n ,ca ILi;'(1vector R ·t rt· J th' hll"' ·
    · ' " 1 ~ (' t•c:t ,!<-pen s ,,n '

    If the value of a vector di:pmds onlv on it, 1,,11 ,,,1i a,, 1 1- 1


    space, it. ,s
    . called a jrtp_ vetfor . , ' , m•, m11 a,r '1 ,·.'w, I,.,,,.,,, I011 ,,, ,1., ,,.,.,1. I ,"' i11 1
    1n this chapter, we wil l b,-d,,,. Jn, g with J,. .1, v,•, t .. I
    OL1, llll l'!"\S n(lt
    can be taken anywh,-re in ~p.ir1• by du,ohtni• 111 , 1 .1 . · · . 1·1w1"' .,,t,\lt•d
    , • ' i H • .i1 V outh1i point

    ILLUSTRATIVF. EXAMPLES

    r LEVEL·1 l
    P • ' Represent graphical/11 (i) a d1.,p/auwwnt of
    40
    ellStofnorth(iii) 50 km south-east.
    ,AI.GEBRA OF VECTORS
    22.3
    ,,oLVTION In Fig. 22.2

    -(') The vector


    1
    OP represents the required displacement vecto•
    ➔ •.
    (ii) The vector OQ represents the required vector.

    (iii) 6R represents the required vector.

    o m
    w

    .c
    du
    s

    oe
    Fig. 22.2
    ch
    EXAMPLE? Class[fy the following measures as scalars and vectors
    (i) 10 kg {ii) 10 meters north-west (iii} 10 Newton
    te

    (iv) 30km/hr (v) 50m/sectowardsnorth (vi) 10- 19~oloumb. [NCERTJ


    m

    SOLLi'!ON (i) Mass-scalar (ii) Directed distance-vector (iii) Force-vector


    (iv) Speed-scalar (v) Velocity-vector (vi} Electric charge-scalar.
    fro

    EXAMPLE 3In Fig. 22.3, which of the·vectors are:


    (i) collinear (ii) Equal (iii) Co-initial [!'\CERT!
    d

    SOWnON Clearly,
    de

    (1') ➔ ➔ ➔
    a, c and d are collinear vectors.
    oa

    u ➔
    1--) a and ➔c are equal vectors each of magnitud e 2 uru·is·
    b, c and 1 are co-initial vectors.
    nl

    (iii)
    w
    do

    a C

    /I
    .scaj!,,,
    J 111ul

    Hg n.:l
    ~Pl.J:.4 . . 1,., lfu, .(o/luw111g
    (i) C .. _ In Fig, 22.4 (a squt1re) 1 1dnil~.•
    llffltn•:
    ("'} Col/im•t1rl1t1t ,,,,1 ,·q11,1/. INtllUI
    om1tial (.11') E ual u1
    SOtu-n ·q
    ON Clearly,
    (i) ➔ ➔
    4
    ' d a.re co-initial vectors
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -m...,Tt....,CJrl'>=,--~ - - ~,.~ - -
    -~ r
    22.4
    -a

    b
    d

    C
    Flg.22.4

    I ➔ ....
    JI (ii) d and b are equal vectors.
    11
    ii and c! are collinear but not equal vectors.

    m
    (iii)
    2. (i)

    o
    - -- - -- - -;:::::===::::, _ _ _ _ _ __ EXERCJSc:22,1

    ~
    (i:V)

    .c
    I LEVEL-1 3, (i )

    du
    (•·)
    Represent the following graphically:
    [~CERT -
    (i) adisplacementof40 km, 30°castofnorth 4. (i)

    oe
    (ii) a displacement of 50 km south-east
    (iii)
    ch
    (iii) a displacement of 70 km, 40° north of west.
    2. Classify the following measures as scalars and vectors; ;, (i )
    te

    (i) 15 kg (ii) 20 kg weight [NCTRT


    (iv) 10 meters south-east (v) 50 m/sec2
    m

    3. Oassify the following as scalars and vec1:or quantities: .


    fro

    (i) Time period (ii) Distance (iii) D isplacem ent ".Ylraiielo


    (iv) Force (v) Work (vi) Velocity With. the
    d

    (vii) Acceleration Syntbol


    de

    4. In Pig. 22.5 ABCD is a regular hexagon, which vecto~ arc:


    (i) Collinear (ii) Equal (iii) Coinitial
    oa

    (iv) Collinear but not equal. From Fig.


    E D p
    nl

    ti
    - lhereforz,
    w

    X
    C
    do

    F
    z C

    A n B
    Fig. 22,5
    5. Answer the following JS true ur falb1•:
    ➔ ➔
    (i) a and a are collinear. <1.t1c1.
    (ii) Two collinear vectors arf:' always t•q , tal 111 lll,tp.,1iludl•
    (iii) Zero vector is unique. ~Qlr-
    ~
    (iv) Two vectors having same mag-nitudc are collinear. 1
    q lcf £.
    (v) Two collinear vectors having the same magnitude are .
    equal.
    "BR.A oF VECTORS
    fi~Gi::

    --
    22.5

    _ _ ANSWERS
    [.
    N

    E
    50km

    m
    Fig. 22.6

    o
    2. (i) M~ss-sca~ar (ii) Weight (Fo rce) -vector(iii) Angle -scalar

    .c
    (iv) Drrected Distance - vector (v) Magnitude of acceleration_ scalar.

    du
    3. (i) Scalar (ii) Scalar (iii) Vector (i v) Vector
    (v) Scalar (vi) Vector (vii) Vector.

    oe
    -4 ➔➔➔➔➔➔ -> ➔➔ ➔ ➔➔
    4. (i) a, d; b , x, z ; c, y (ii) b , x; a, d; c, y
    ch
    ➔~ ➔➔➔
    (iv) ➔➔ >'
    (iii) a , y, z; x, d b I z ; x, ··,
    z
    te
    5. (i) T (ii) F (iii) F (iv) F (v) F
    m

    22.4 PARALLELOGRAM L AW OF ADDITION OF VECTORS

    If two vectors "ii and b are represented in magnitude a:nd direct.ion by the f:wo adjacent sides of a
    fro

    rarallelogram, then their sum 1 is represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram whicli is coinitial
    d

    w.tlr the given vectors. Q R


    de

    Symbolically, we have
    ➔➔ ::-t._ ➔➔➔
    OP + OQ =OK or, a + b = c
    oa

    From Fig. 22.7, we obtain


    nl

    PR =OQ =b
    -a
    w

    p
    fnerefore, in triangle OPR, we obtain 0
    do

    Flg.22.7
    OP. PR =OR.
    It fo!lows from this result that if two vectors are represented ill magnitude 1111d directiOl_t /1y th<' tw..> sid,.,: ,>f
    :w'.igle t.aken in the same order, th.en their sum is representei/ In; the //urd srcle taken 111 tltr mw~,· .,,-d,•r.
    ts is called the triangle /awofaddition of11ectors. ,\

    -, -
    U·&1ng triangle law of addition ofvcdorb in 6 ABC, we obtain
    AB+ BC
    ~+a=~
    = AC
    /I
    L
    /

    ----~C
    ~ ft+~=~ Flg.6B

    ~Is It shott Id be noted t wt the 111agn1·ti•de ,-;:+ b' is not rqmr/ to the ,s11111 of tile mag11itudes of ti
    I , · 0~ ·
    4nct -►
    b,
    22.6
    NOFVECTORS
    22 5 PROPERTIES OF ADDITIO . f addition of vectors.
    · ome properttes o
    111 this section, we shall leam 5 ➔ ➔_ ➔ b ➔
    ➔ d 1 rove that a + b -
    Com11111tativity: For any two vectors a an 'p
    I + a·
    ➔ b o"'.t. and respectively. Complet AB 1
    ➔ d b b represented Y n etf
    Pl~QQJ ' Let the vector::. ll an e t fle!lce, '.-,
    parallelogram OABC. ➔ (W) BxiS
    We have, CB =OA = 7f and OC =AB= b C a
    , - - - - _ , ; :_ _ _ I
    tfu1I
    In 6.0AB, we have

    6A+XB =DB [By triangle law l ,z>Qf 1


    ➔ -• ::-t. ... (i)

    m
    a + b =013 ..
    In t,. OCB, we have
    .•· and, J

    o
    .c
    OC+CB = OB [By triaitgle law )
    -

    du
    0 il A
    Fig. 22.9
    22.6 SU
    ...(ii)

    From (i) and (ii), we obtain


    oe
    ch
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    a+b=b+a
    te

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔. ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    (ii) Associativity: For any three vectors a, b , c, we prove that (a + be) + c
    . .
    =a + (b T c)
    m

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ -~ ~ ➔ -
    Let the vectors a , b , c be represented by OA I Al;l. ahd"'BC respectively. Join 0, B· 0 •
    J F 1.·• 1
    fro

    and A, C.
    In triangle OAB, we have
    d

    [By triangle law]


    de

    -, -, ➔

    ⇒ a+ b = OB ...(i)
    oa

    In 60BC,
    oc
    nl

    6B+BC = [By triangle law J


    w

    ~ ➔ ➔ ➔
    ⇒ ( a + b) + c = OC [Using (i)l ... (ii)
    do

    In MBC, we have 0 /I

    AB T BC - AC Fig. 22. 10
    -,, ....., ➔

    b + C "' AC .,\
    In t.OAC, we hav<"

    OA -1 AC. ot·

    From (ii) and (lv), we obtai11


    -+ ➔ ·-7 ➔ ~.
    (a+ IJ) + c =a +(b + c)
    (iii) Existence of additive identity: for every 1,eaor J, f'Y!!Vt' tlwt:
    ►
    ,li.GEBAA OF VE Ci ORS

    ..,-;t ➔ o ➔ 7i 22.7
    a+ u = a = + a, where u is the null vector.
    ""
    tetOA =➔a. Then,
    ➔ ':1~ ➔,... -;t
    a -t v =OA + AA = OA and u + ;t =OO ~ ~ ➔
    ➔ -;t ➔ -;t ➔ +OA =OA : II.
    ttence, a-'-u=a =U+ a.
    r,•) Existence of additive inverse: Prove that for every vect ➔
    M or a, there corresp,mds a vecler _ ""!,' S'.ah
    ➔ ➔ 7 ➔ ➔
    a--(-a) = U=(-a)+ a
    ~ ➔ ➔ ➔
    LetOA = a Then, AO=- a

    m
    ➔ ➔ ,-t ➔ ~ ➔
    a ... (-a) = OA + AO =00 = a [By triangle la-H}

    o
    -t-+ ➔ ~ ➔ 7
    and, (-a)+ a = AO+OA =AA= u

    .c
    fBy triangle law.
    ➔ ➔ -t ➔ ~

    du
    Hence, a~(-a) =(-a)+a =U

    22.6 SUcTRACT',..I I or VECTORS


    U'i and b are two vectors, then the subtraction of b from 1 is defined as the vector surr. ;:;!
    oe
    ch
    ... -, ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    • a::ri - b and itis denoted by a - b i.e., a - b = a + (- b).
    te
    ➔ ➔ ➔ .
    Tb, to subtract vector b from vector a , we reverse the direction of vector b and add 1. :.:>
    ...
    m

    !:Clo: a as shown in Fig. 22.11.


    fro

    B
    d
    de

    a+II
    oa

    A
    nl

    0
    w
    do

    Fig. ~2.1 1
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    [ LEV~L-1 ]
    ,ra 1rit111,•/1•, 1~
    d /JII I ie s11I e~ 0~ • ,, 1,,k.-11 111 cmJ,' f
    ff a b
    I I C be the vectors r<•preeen tr . ' I
    1!11U~ •> -, K"
    a+ b c = v.
    • •A' 1,► ,md ·l/1
    l
    .. c•• I1wn.
    a, C
    'r .i!J~"rl{y,-._ Let ABC be a triangle such that BC
    ,,, ➔➔ ~--t.
    a + b+t-BC+CA+AB [·.- iit + c:\ =-BAJ
    a F+7=M+AB !By triangl~ fawl
    22.8
    [By definition of null v
    ➔ -> ➔ ➔
    ⇒ a ➔ b+c"'O !!cte:1
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    Hence, a+b+c=O.
    A

    -C
    b J
    ~
    -- C

    m
    B n ~

    Fig. 22.12 Thu&,! a

    o
    rec.tangle

    .c
    EXA.\lrLE2
    · 1 !·n a plane
    If Pi, P2, P3, P~are poll~.} - ~ or_space and O is the origin of vectors, sh<r<i! that~
    O.

    du
    coincides with O if! OP1 + Pi P2 + P2 Pg+ P3 P4 =
    SOLUTION 1,Ve have,

    oe
    -t.. ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    OP1 + P1 P2 + P2 P3 .,_ P3 P4 = 0
    -t..
    ch
    ➔ -l. ➔ ➔
    (OP1 + P1 1'2) + P2 1'3 + P3 P4 = 0 [By associativity of vector additicr
    :ct.. ➔ ➔ ➔
    1fh =OF.
    te
    (Oe2 ~ P2 P3) + P3 1'4 =0 [By triangle law: OP1 +
    :-7: ➔ ➔ ~. .i.4.BC, ]
    ⇒ O.t'3 + P3 P4 =0 [Byiriangle law: OP2 + P2P3 =OP
    m

    = OP4 =0 [Bytriai{gle law : OP3 - P3-,P4 =DP,


    fro

    = P4 coincides with O [By definition of null V€\.i,


    ::::,

    ifPO + OQ = QO + OR, show that the paints P, Q, R are collinear.


    r.xA MPLf 3
    d

    SOLlff!ON We have,
    de

    -> ➔ ➔ :ct.
    PO + OQ = QO + 01<
    oa

    ::::;, PQ = Q°"k (By h:ianglc law of addition of' ~cilll'


    nl

    Thus, PQ ruid QR are either parallel or collinear. But, Q is a point common to tht'm.
    w

    So, PQ and QR are collinear. Hence, points P, Q, R are collinear.


    do

    ➔ ➔

    EXA:.1. L!.1 lf a, b are any two vectors, then give the geometrical inti>rpretatiun ot /h,· 1,•/,11.. 11
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    la+bl =111-b l
    SOLUTION Let OA a and A.B ► •
    b . Curnpletc• the p.1rallt>logram () \t 'H lh,•n Ol 'l
    a= 1. -
    ,1
    In AOAB, we I1ave
    OA + AB = ()/J
    ⇒ 1~t=& .{i)
    In t.OCA, we have
    -➔ ➔ -,
    OC +CA=OA
    -> ➔ ➔
    ⇒ b +CA= a 0
    Fig. 22.13
    ...- " CA -
    ~CA
    :;;

    :;;
    i)i,ig-x.a.1-s of parallelogram OACB are equ"I
    -~-isare..4:anfe
    :;;
    .ex

    m
    :;;

    o
    = ,. ~ b

    .c
    _ = Q- b i.e. if the dlilgonah. of a parallelogram are equal then t

    du
    = t 11 .,..,_J f; fl!'£the vectors determmed by twoadJawtl <wJcr;ofo regularhcra

    oe
    --...,..D.ttnr.;·;ed q, the O:her sides taken in order? ch
    'Le: t.BCDEF be a regular hexagon such that AB=; and OC b
    ...:? 1:.-o11· fua•
    -
    AD 1~ parallel to BC such that AD = 2 BC.
    te

    £- .... r
    =2BC::t".:
    m

    fBy triangle law of addition)


    fro

    - ... =- fl
    -.
    AC
    -u
    d

    E,
    ,
    de

    ~ .. d, = ,ID
    r7:) = Af) AC
    ...
    -- -
    oa

    ~----------:
    r ➔ ➔
    A a
    2 ll+b) = b 0
    nl

    Ag 2214

    •
    w

    AB {j ,
    --.
    do

    • b
    ,,
    • • •
    II)
    ..
    II
    •

    •
    0
    b • b
    " An on 1
    AOAB1 an equilat 1bl tmn
    2~10 A
    A d - b are also unit vectors.
    " I\ . . ' Therefore, a an
    Since a and b are umt vectors. B
    I\ I\

    J ; J =1 and I - b I =IIi I =1
    I\ I\
    I al =1- 1, I /\ /\
    a +b
    ⇒ 0A =AB'
    A 0AB' is an isosceles triangle
    LA R'0 = LA0B' ::. 30°
    :::) LB0B' = L B0A + LA0B' == 600 + 300 = 900
    ln 4808', we have
    BB' 2 = OB 2 + 0B' 2
    2 /\ "2 A /\2
    = Ia + b I +Ia - b I

    m
    ⇒ 2
    I\ I\
    2 2
    In - bl2

    o
    ⇒ 2 =1 .i. r

    .c
    I\ I\ Fig. 2215
    ⇒ la - 111 = Ji

    du
    C\AM PLE , if d rmd b represenI two adjacent sides AB and respectiveiy ofa parallelogramABCV BC

    oe
    ➔ ± ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ In A
    tlzen show f11t1I its diagonals AC and Dl:l are equal to a + b and a - b respectively.
    SOLUTIOK It is given thatABCD is a parallelogram.
    ch
    II AB "" DC and AD = BC
    te
    ::t. -:i.. ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    ⇒ De = fl..J:l = a and AD = BC = b
    In a ABC, we have D
    m

    -:i.. ➔ ➔
    Ali+ BC = AC Fro
    fro

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    ⇒ a+ b = AC Bene
    Jn a ABD, we have
    d

    AD T[)B = AB
    de

    ➔ :± ➔
    A
    b + Dl:l = a Fig. 22.16
    oa

    :± ➔ ➔
    Dli = a- b
    nl

    =--
    ,u:nce, A
    ➔
    C=➔
    a + b➔ and Dli
    ::t.
    =➔
    a _➔
    b.
    w

    EXA MPIE 8 Vectors drawn from the origin o to the .. ➔ f


    do

    ➔ .... . ,..._ :ct. pomts A, Band C are rt'SJ!t'dit•dv u '


    4 a - 3 b. Fmd AC and Re . <ll'\q
    SOLl.J'JTON It is given that ➔ ➔ :::t.. ➔
    '
    ➔ ; ➔ OA = II , OH = b and
    0C = 4a 3b.
    In t.OAC, we hav<!
    OA +AC - OC
    ➔ ➔ ~

    ⇒ Ac ot 01
    ⇒
    ➔
    AC = 4 a
    ),
    3b
    ·➔ - >
    a ..
    1 I) ► •
    3(11 /1)
    In aOBC, we have
    ,,., -~ ➔
    OB+ Be = OC
    C
    Fig. 22.17
    ,.....-----~~-
    .:<>RA OF VECTORS
    /l~G.,.,

    §t: ., oc-oo
    =-L ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    Be "' 4 a - 3 b - b == 4 ( a _ b)

    [ LEVEL-2 ]
    ➔➔➔ ➔
    r,~At,,U'LC q If a, b ,
    c -and d are disti1tct 1ton-zero vectors represented b1 f' . .,
    -
    eoricrin to the points A, B, C and D resnectiv .➔ ➔ y, irected /me segments frofo
    t11 o· r· e1y, a11d if b _ a _ ➔ ➔
    parallelogram. - c - d, then prove that /IBCD is a
    sOLUTI0N LetO be the origin. It is given thatO~A -_ ➔ ~- ➔
    n OtJ b OC
    :-)c
    ➔ ~ -,
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ' - ' :candOV=dsuchthat
    b-a=c-d

    m
    QB-OA = OC-OD ... (i)

    o
    ⇒ D C

    .c
    In 60AB, we have
    6A+AB=c5B

    du
    QB-OA = AB ...(ii)

    oe
    In AOCD, we have
    ch
    OC+CD = OD
    ⇒ OC-OD = -CD
    te

    ⇒ 6c - OD == DC ...(iii)
    m

    From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get: AB = DC


    fro

    Hence,ABCD is a parallelogram.
    EXAMPLElO AB, P, Q and Rarefive points ina plane. Shaw that the sum of the vectors
    AP,AQ, AR,
    d
    de

    PB, QB a11d RB is 3 AB. R


    SOLUJ'ION Applying triangle law of addition of vectors in
    oa

    As, APB, AQB and ARB, we obtain

    Ai> ... n = AB
    nl
    w

    AQ +QB= AB
    do

    and, AR + RB = AB
    Add"mg all these, we get p
    Fig. 22.19

    AP+PB+AQ+QB+AR+RB = 3.A.B
    d 3
    Renee, the sum of the vectors Af', AQ, AR, PB, QB ao RB is AB.
    l:XAMI>Lt: L if Iar /••xagon ABCDEF. rinti llw s11111 of t/i(' vectors OA, OB,
    11 et O be the centre o a regu w
    o'C,ou,OEandOF
    :;-t_
    SOtunoN W · f regular hexaong bisects all the diagonals passing
    throu h . e know thc!t the centre o a
    g 1t.
    O;,\ = -6b,ob =' -OE and OC = -OF
    ~ 22.12
    D

    -;::;,
    B
    A
    Fig. 22.20 -;::;,

    => QA +OD = o , 6B +OE = oand oc +OF = 0 22 .1

    m
    OA +OB+OC +OD +OE +OF 01:FJNI
    Now,

    o
    :=t. ~ ➔ :ct

    .c
    = (OA +OD) + (01:1 + 01:-1 + (OC + OF) sttpPOf

    ➔ 7 [Using
    +➔ ➔

    du
    =0+u 0=0 orapp
    ➔ ➔
    For any two vectors a and b, prove that From

    oe
    FX.\MPL E 12

    (i) I ➔a + ➔b I s I ➔a I+I ➔
    bI (jj) I ➔a - ➔b I s I ➔a I+ I ➔
    b I
    (iii) I➔ ➔
    a- bI ~ I➔ , ➔
    a -IbI
    ch
    SOLtmON (i) We have following cases:
    te
    ➔➔
    '"~ASEJ When a, b are non-collinear vectors: It is a]
    scalar.
    m

    Let the vectors-; and b be represented by sidesOA and AB of a triangle DAB. Then,
    Foran
    fro

    0A + AB = OB [By triangle law of addition of vecw.<


    ::::;>
    d

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    de

    Oearly, I a I = OA, I b I = AB and I a + b I = OB. B


    S~ce ~e s_um of two_ sides of a triangle is always greater than the
    oa

    third SJde. Therefore, m tiOAB, we obtain


    OA + AB > OB
    nl

    1
    0Bl <IOAl+I Afl l
    w

    ::::;>
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    do

    => a + b l <l al+l b l


    ➔ -,
    r 1: ,t 11
    ~
    When
    ....,,.
    4,
    ...,.
    b are cnllinear vectors:
    -,
    0 -..
    Let OA =a , AB = b . Then, Fig. 22 ;:!l
    -,. ~ ~ :-t. ,.
    a + b - OA + ALJ CJB

    Clearly, OA 171, AH = I bl,u1d, OH :!<.1.,


    Now, OB = OA + AB
    "ti-f Ii: 0 l=t
    ::::;> !OBI = IOAl+IABI
    ➔ -, ➔ + (t)
    => la+ b l= l al +lb l
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    -; j_/1 (iii)
    Hence, in general, I a+ b I s I a I +I b I 0:::-------•-+J i--
    Fig. 22.22 (")
    l ~,~
    /ll.GEBRA OF VECTORS

    (ii) We have, 22.13


    ➔ ➔ ➔ -►
    Ia- b I = I a + <- i,) I :;; I 1 I+ I- 1" I
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ [Using OJI
    la - bl !> Jal +lbl
    (ili) We know that r.. I - b' I = I If 11
    -> ➔ ➔ -►
    a =(a-b)+b
    ➔ ➔➔ --> ➔➔
    la l = Ja - b+b l $la - bl+lb l
    lUsing (iJ]
    ➔ ➔I ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    I a 1- 1b ~ Ia- b I or, I a - b I ~ I 'ii I -I b I

    m
    ··•(ii 22.7 MULTIPLICATION OF A VECTOR BY A ~C~ LAA

    o
    ➔
    DEANITION Lct➔m be a scal.ar and a be a vector, tI len m➔a lJi• defi,ied
    . as a vector having the same

    .c
    · the ,nag111·tude 01.,➔
    support as that of a sud1 that its magnitude isl 111I times a and I,1s d'1rectian
    , rs• same as

    du
    g(ij
    ur a-ppos1te to the direction of "'t according a.~ m is positive or negative.

    oe
    From the above definition it is evident that.
    ➔ ➔ A A 1 ➔
    ch
    a=I al a~ a =-a
    111
    te

    Itisalsoevidentthattwo vectors 1 and b ·are collinear orpai-alleliff 1 =m b forsomenon-zero


    m

    scalarm.
    For any vector d, we also define
    fro

    tor.: ➔ ➔ ~ ➔ ➔ ➔
    1 a "' a, (-1) a =- a- and O a = u ➔
    d

    "£,,lARK rfJ is a vector, then 3 ti -i.~. a vector whose magnitude is 3 times the magnitude of a ,md
    de

    whose direction is same as that of1.Also, - J d is avector w1iose magnitude is 3 times the magnitude of
    oa

    ~ ➔
    a. and whose direction is opposite to that of a· . . • F., ..,,, ,,,,
    A geometric visualiza.tion of multiplication of a vectar by a sea1ar is given iri t15 , -·--·
    nl
    w

    ii,
    do

    1 2l -1
    a

    Fig. ;!2.23
    -2A

    LA VH' IOR flY A SCAlAH


    22,7,1 PROPERTlfS OF' MULTIPLICATIOI~ O,
    THEOREM For vectors 1, band Rt11/ar,s m, 11, ,111• /uuw > •
    ➔ ➔ -, (Ii) ( 111) ( ,1) Ill ,1
    (i) m (-a) = ( - m) a "' - (m 11) , • ,
    ➔ --➔ (iv) (Ill +11) /I • 111 ti -\ 11 ti
    (iii) m(n d) = (mn) a =n(m a)
    ➔ -➔ ➔ -;)
    (v) m ( a + b) = rn a + m b
    22.14
    ual i( their magnitudes are equal and they h.ii
    (i) Recall th~t two n>Ctors are eq '
    ~ame direction. flll,JS,
    ( Whmm>O.
    In thi~ case, ➔ Si(l'ltla
    (·; m > 0 •• '1~
    lm!-;li"'lml 1- a'i=lml 1'i!1=ml ,,1 J-lence
    ... ... 1... 1 [·: m >O (1V) f
    1(-m)a° 1=1-ml lal=lml I 0 1= 111 a 'J:
    c;
    (·: m > 0 .
    and, 1(-mn... )I= ma..... l=lml I ...
    a I =m 1...
    a1 111

    Thu•, m(- ;), (-m)--; and-(m ii') are vectors of equal magnitude.

    m
    ➔
    Also, they have the same direction which is opposite to that of a·

    o
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    , Hence, m(-a) = (-m)a = -(ma) .

    .c
    CAM. n V.'hen m < O.

    du
    in this case,
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    m(-a) =lml 1-«l=lml l al=-ml al {·: m < 0 •

    oe
    m =-
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    1(-m) al=l-ml I al=lml I a l=- ml a l [·.- m<O 'Im=
    ch
    -+ ➔ ➔ ➔
    and, 1-(ma) =lmal=lml I «l =- ml a l [·: m < 0 :. m -
    te

    Thus, m(-d),(-m) d and - (md) c1revectorsofequalmagnitude. &nee


    m

    The direction of m(- 1) is opposite to that of -1 and therefore, itissameasthatoi•


    fro

    Similarly, (- m) 1 and -(m d) have the same direction as that of 1. Let


    ➔ ➔ ➔
    Hence, m(-a)=(-m)11 = - (ma). Fallow
    d

    tiiJ Clearly,
    de

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    (- m)(-a) =(-m)b , where b =- ➔a
    oa

    (-m)(- a)
    ➔
    = -(mb)
    ➔
    ....
    [·: (-m) •' ..
    ..., ➔ ➔
    ....
    nl

    (-m)(-a) =-!m(-a)) =-1-(m a))


    [·: m(-a)s
    w

    (-m) (-a) =m-;


    [·; \
    a) =ma
    do

    Hence, 1-m)(
    (ill) Following cases arise:
    Ch: Wlien mn < 0.
    rn 111·r• r.ase, m /n a)' is
    · a VPC'tor u f mag,utude
    • III I 1111• I• mtt j II• I ,md its ,llr~, thlll is ,;,tnl a,, ll

    a Al1,o, (mn) J i8 d v•'ci<,t oJ THdKf 11lud1u,tt1 I ,: !,md a,. dti-•, th , 11 is ,,1111,, , 1, th.ti ~,t J
    m(n a) (11111i rl
    t /1',j; J.! When m11 .- 0.
    ' f
    Inthlbcat;e,m(nn) ib .. vo•ltuo 111111;11i1t1d,1,11! 1,1,11• 1111 1!Ill i ,i'j lmnl ,.:, ,u,hl•~..,
    •
    direction is oppositl:' to that of 11.
    Also, (mil) 11 is a vedor who:-.1' c!irt>1tlo1, i,; opp1»itt• tu that ut ;t ,111-t ,1-,, m.ihn itude i~l "''rl I
    ALGEBRA OF VECTORS

    ➔ ➔
    22.15
    m(na) = (mn) a
    ➔ ➔•
    Thus, 111 (n a) =(nm) a m both the cases.

    Similarly, we obtain n (m ti) =(mn)-;


    ➔ ➔ ➔
    Hence, m(na) =n(m a) =(nm) a
    (iv) Following cases arise:
    ~ASfl When(m+n) >0
    ➔•
    In thiscase,(m + n) a IS a vector of magnitude (m + 11) I ti I and its direction is sameasthatofli.

    m
    Since 111 ➔
    a and n➔
    a are coHinear vectors, therefore the magnitude of III ➔ a + n➔ a is (m + n) times

    o
    that of ➔
    a. Thdi.
    e rection o f m ➔
    a + n ➔•
    a 1s clearly same as that of ➔

    .c
    a.
    ➔ ➔ ➔

    du
    (111 + n) a = m a +n a
    ~ lNl1en (m + n) < 0

    oe
    In this case, (!n + n) d is a vector of magnitude I m + n 11 "t I and the direction is opposite to that of
    ml ->
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    ch ➔ 4
    a. Also, m a and n a being collinear vectors, the magnitude of 111 a + n a is I m + n 11 a I and the
    m] ➔
    direction is opposite to that o f a.
    te

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    ml (m~n)a = ma +na
    m

    Hence, in both the cases, we obtain


    fro

    ➔ .... ➔
    (m + n) a =ma + n a
    :t. -> ➔
    (v)LetOA =7iand&3 =b.Then,OB =DA +Al:/ = a +b.
    d

    Following cases arise:


    de

    ~ When m >1
    ProduceOA to c such that oc =m. QA and draw CD parallel to AB, meeting OBproduced atD.
    oa

    Clearly triangles OAB and OCD are similar. D


    OD CD OC
    nl

    OB =
    AB = OA
    w

    OD CD [·: OC =mOA]
    OB = AB = m
    do

    F
    OD = mOB, CD = mAB and OC = mOA
    ➔ .... 0
    ::. 6b =m(OB), cr, =m(AB) andOC =m(OA)
    L.,.._ _,__ __,___

    /l A
    __,

    C
    lniiOCD, using triangle law of ad.ditinn of vectors, we obtain Flg.22.24
    01:> = oc +c1J
    m(OB) = m(OA) +m(AB)
    ~ ➔ ➔ ~ ➔
    m(a + b) =ma+mb.
    ~e,~ WhenO<m<l. , ,
    l'ak . OE 111 (O;\) Md dmw r:I p,1ruikl to AB, meeting OB at F.
    ea pomt Eon OA such that ""
    C:learJy,-triangles OAB and OEF ru·e similar.
    OE EF OF
    0A =AB = OB
    p.L..
    22.16

    OF EF
    - = - = m
    OB AB
    ⇒ OF= mOB EF = mAB and OE = mOA

    ⇒ OF = m (ob), iJ: = 111 (AB) and 61: m (QA)


    Now, OF = OE + EF [B)' triangle law of addition of lr
    CT.ors!
    111(00) - 111(0A) +m(AB)
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    ⇒ m(a + b) -= ma +mb
    CA~[ ITT < 0.
    Wizen 111
    Iakea poi.ntConAOproduced such that OC= I m I OA. From C draw CD parallel toABbu, N01
    direction opposite to that of AB. Now, produce BO to meet CD at D. Be~

    m
    Clearly, triangles OAB and OCD are similar. (ii)

    o
    .c
    OD CD OC
    -=- =-

    du
    OR AB OA
    C ma
    =lml
    oe
    = OD =CD =QC
    OB AB OA
    [·: OC =mOA] ch 0
    This

    1001 JCDI 1oc1 and,


    = --=-_ - = - - : lmJ
    te

    IOBI IABI IOAI D


    Fig. 22.25
    m

    ⇒
    ODI =lml I OBI, ICD I =lml I ABI and; I OCJ-=l ml IDA I
    fro

    6b mOB, CD = = mAB and OC =1110A 1


    d

    OD= oc +CD 2.
    de

    [By triangle Jaw of add1tt


    ➔ -➔ ➔

    = m (OB) = m (OA) + m (AB)


    oa

    = m(a+b)-ma+mb
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    nl

    C ASf TV When m = O. 4 lf
    In this case,
    w

    ➔ ➔ (~ , -::, ► ➔
    ~

    ' . lf
    1-()/,•= o.
    do

    111 ( a + b) = 0 a + b) = u ,md ma + m 1., ➔


    Oa ->
    -;, ➔ ➔ + (i)
    m(a+b ma+mb

    Hence, mall lhe ca;,es, WP obtain 111 ( 1i I b) I


    rn111111b.
    -,

    ILLW,, ltA 110 ' Jf ,! 3 rf ; 4 1/ 11nd 2 / >


    11 :1 (, , Silll<P f/111/
    ( . -,
    i) can
    d --,
    11 haveihes1unedirectio111111rll ,.
    •
    I j II
    ►
    I
    ➔ -,
    (ii) c and b have opposite direC'l,m11111111 ,: I I 1: I
    SOLUTION We have,
    ➔ ~ ➔ , ~ ,
    c=3a+4b and2r ,1 JI,
    -► ➔ -? ➔
    ⇒ 2(3a+4b) a-311
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ,
    ⇒ 6a+Sb=a-3b
    ALGEBRA OF VECTORS

    -t ➔ 22.17
    sa=-Ilb
    ➔ l} ➔ ➔ s
    11 =- - li and b -= -~ ;:-
    5 11
    . ,; 5 ' · ➔ ➔ •➔
    SuhstituMg = -11
    a m c = 3 11 + 4 I! ' w~ get

    * 1 =31 +4(- ~n :t) = 3";; _ 3~1- 13 ....


    11 - ffa
    ➔ •
    Thi$ shows that c and II
    ,~n1onandl ➔
    have the same di=.;,• 13 I di
    cl-=-'
    ➔ 13 ➔ -+ ➔ 11
    \/OW, I CI = 11 1/l I ⇒ I Cl >I II l

    m
    ... -4
    Hence. c and II have the same direction and I c'1 > ➔
    I al.

    o
    (ii) We have,

    .c
    ... ➔ ➔ ➔ 11 ➔
    c= 3a+4band a=- - b
    5

    du
    1 = - 33 z: + 4 t = - is b
    5 5

    oe
    ➔ ➔
    This shows that c and 11 have opposite directions.

    I- 5 bl
    ch
    13 13 13
    and, I 11 = = 1 I >I 5
    b bl [
    ·.-
    5
    1bl >l bl l
    j
    te

    - -- -- - -- - - -, = = ==;: - - ------EXERCISE 22.2


    I.
    m

    LEVEL-1
    fro

    1 IfP, Q andR arethreecollinearpointssuchthatPQ = d andQR =b.Find the vector PR.


    2. Give a condition that three vectors 1, 1
    band form the three sides of a triangle. ½bat are
    d

    the other possibilities ?


    de

    3 1f II.. and ➔
    b are two non-collinear vectors having the same i11i tial point. What are the vectors
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    oa

    represented by a + b and a - b.
    • · If-;isavectorandmisa scalar such t:b:atm d =0, thenwhata:re the alternatives formandd:
    nl

    5. lft!, bare two vectors, then write the truth value of the followinr; statement:;:
    w

    . -, ;t ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ -4 .. ➔ ➔ ➔ _.
    (1) a =-Ii ⇒ I a I =I b I (ii) I II I= I b I ⇒ 11 =± b (u) I al= I bl ⇒ a = I>
    do

    I LEVEL-2]
    i;, ABCD is a quadrilateral. Find lhe sum of lhe vectors BC, ,:tnu o\. HA, CD
    7 ABCDE is a pentagon, prove lhat
    (iJ Ali
    +BC tCU +o1; +EA (hJAB+Al' 111c·+1x·+LD to ic- - J.\t
    8 Prove that the sum of all vectors dniwu frolll th<' c•·11h,· uf ,1 r,•i;ul,11 oc t.1i;1>11 t,, 1N ,·,•rh,'<'s 1,
    the zero vector
    9. lf Pis a point and AHCU i<, acJUAJ11JatHil l ,1mlllf• I /'}I I l'D l'l , ah,111· th.It . \ll(D is ,1
    parallelogram.
    10. Five forces Ab, AC, ;,b, At ~nd Al dll .it 1l11• v,-11,,, of ,1 r,·suhu ht>•..1son ABCDEF.

    Prove that the resultant is 6 AO, where CJ is the n•l\ln' ol hl•i.,1gun.


    22.18 MATHEMtl'tl
    C~Xi!

    - - -- - -ANswe~
    -► ➔ ➔➔ ➔ ➔ ,I
    1. J +b ?. 1 + b + 1- d, Other possibilities arc a -I b = c, b + c == a and ?+; ~
    ➔ ➔
    .3. Diagonals of the parallelogram whose adiacent sides are a and b•
    ➔ ➔ ~
    • Either 111 = 0 or, a = <1 ,. (i) T (ii) F (iU) F 6 . 2 Bl\

    22.8 POSITION VE"CTOR OF A PO INT


    POSITION VECTOR ifa point O 1s fixed as the origin in space (or plane) and Pis any point, theno),
    cnlkd the pos1tion vector of P with respect to 0. '
    It we say that P 1s the point 7', then we mean that the position vector of P is 1 with resp~ci i:

    m
    ~aml' origin 0.
    p

    o
    .c
    -r

    du
    ~

    oe
    Let d
    0 Since
    ch
    Fig. 22.26
    te
    22.8.1 A v ec-roA IN TERMS OF POSITION VECTORS OF ITS END POINTS
    ·• ➔ Hence
    Let and b be the position vectors of points A and B respectively. Then,
    a OA =d, 6B = ~
    m

    In L>OAB, we have
    fro

    OA +AB =OB
    •➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    ⇒ A B = OB - OA =b - a
    d
    de

    ⇒ AB = (Position vector of B) - (Position vector of A)


    .•,
    = (l'osition vector of head) - (Position vector of tail)
    oa

    AB
    B
    nl
    w
    do

    .'l
    Fig. :n 2 1

    IL LUS'fq A TJC I
    > i I
    respectively. Show tlwt OTJ :1/J (/ 111,rl /1( '
    SOJ.trTIOJ\.' Clearly,
    DB '- Position Vl!ctur of B Position VP<:lor uf I)

    and, AC = Pos.ition vector o( C Posi tion vet:101 of A ( ·• -> ➔ ➔ ..,


    = 2 11 + 3 b) - a = a + 3b
    Al.GEBRA OF VECTORS

    22.19
    JLLUSTRATION 2 Let ABCD be ii para/le/o,<> ➔ --.
    . . <>ram. If a b ➔
    respectively with reference to the origin 0, find the o . . ' ' c be the position vectors of A B C
    SOLUTION We have, p sztzon vector of D With reference to 0. , ,
    ➔ ➔ ::::t.. ➔ ➔ ➔
    QA = a, OJ:J == b and OC ~ c

    D(d)

    .
    IS

    lo

    o m
    A(a)
    B(b)

    .c
    Fig. 22.28

    du
    Let d be the position vector of point D.

    oe
    Since opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel and equal.
    -:-t. ➔ ➔➔ ➔ ➔ ➔➔➔➔
    Al:l = DC ⇒ b - a = c - d ⇒ d = c + a - b
    ch
    . . v ector ofD is ➔
    Hence, the position c +➔
    a- ➔
    b.
    te

    22.9 SECTION FORMULAE


    m

    THEOREM 1 (Internal Division) Let A and B be tUJO points with position vectors -; and b
    respectively, arni let C be a point dividing AB internally int~ ration m: n. Then the position vector af C is
    fro

    ➔ ➔
    . 1,,,
    gmen ,:, o➔C = - + n-
    m b-- a
    m +n
    d

    ➔ ➔ ~ ➔
    de

    PROQF Let O be the Origin. Then, OA = ii and 013 = b.


    Let -; be the position vector of C wfuch divides AB internally in the ratio m : n . Then,
    oa

    AC m
    -=-
    CB n
    nl

    ::::, n • AC = m-CB
    w

    nA""t = mCB B
    .
    do

    ➔ ➔
    n(c -a) =m(b -c)
    ➔ ➔ .\
    b \"
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    nc +me =mb +na \,
    \
    (m + n) c
    ➔
    =m b
    ➔ ➔
    + n t1 u•••••••"•••• •• -
    r
    ••••n•••\{_
    \.
    ➔ , \
    ... ➔
    mb +n11 \m
    7=mb+nt1 ⇒ 0C
    m+n
    =--m+11 ➔
    \
    1 A
    111b ➔ nt1
    Fig. 22.29
    Bence, the position vector of point C is - ;; .1 n
    2~W - ~
    . id . t ,FAB then it divides AB in the ratio 1 : 1. Therefore, position v ~
    J<.J'JyfA RK 1 If C 1s the m poirz 0 , ector
    Cisgivenby ➔ ➔ ➔
    t•ti+l·b a+b
    ---~--
    1+l 2
    . 1 ➔ ➔
    Thus, the position vector of t/w mid point of AB is 2 (a + b ).
    ➔ ➔

    Rl;!vl AR1'. ~ The position vector i oft/le point dividing segmenf joining A ( a) and B ( b) in tl1e rqfio
    m :n is given by
    7= mb -i-n1 = (_!!!__)b +(_!!_)1 = 11.ti
    m+1t m+11 m +n
    ➔ n
    +µb, where).- - - ,µ: 111
    m +n rn ,,
    ➔ ➔ ➔ •
    Thus. position t•ector of any point Con AB can always be taken as c = A.a + µ b, where"+µ= 1

    m
    "- , ,; K 111 Fig. 22.30, the posit-ion vector of C is given by o

    o
    ,:•;•a
    .. '

    .c
    -} ➔
    .!....- • ••
    ➔

    du
    mb+na SOL
    C = m+n
    res

    oe
    r
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    (m + n) c = m b + 11 a
    ch
    m
    te
    ➔ ~ ~ A(a) C(c)
    nOA +mOB = (n+m)OC
    Fig. 22.30
    m

    Thus, /he sum of vectors n OA and m OB is (fl + m) oc, where, C ~ a point on AB dividing it m~~
    fro

    ratio m: n.
    , • ~- It follows from the above remark that, if C is the mid point of AB, then m =n
    d

    ⇒ mOA +mOB 2tn.OC ⇒


    de

    nOA +mOB = (m+n)OC = OA +OB= 20c


    Thus, if A and Bare Lwo points a?Zd O is the origin, then DA + OB = 2 6c where
    oa

    I C is thf mid-pc'
    AB.
    nl

    · ~ .. (External Division) Let A and B be two points with position vectors-; and b ff:';'t'- ,,
    w

    and let C be a pain/ dividing AB externally in the ratio m: 11,. Then, the position ve,'tor t>f L',; s:,, ·
    do

    -, -➔

    6t =~b -n a _.
    m -n
    f'"rJr r Let O be the origin. Then, OA = ti and OB = b.
    ➔
    Le~ c be t~c position vector of a point C dividing Al:l ,•xtern.llly ·11 ti ,
    ratio m: n. Then, 1 ,,
    AC m
    =
    BC n
    ⇒ n-AC= m-HC
    ➔ '
    ⇒ nAC = mBC
    ➔ -+ ➔ ➔
    ⇒ n(c-a)=m(c b)
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ 0
    ⇒ mc-nc = mb-na a
    Fig. 22.31
    RA OF VECTORS
    Al-G ES
    22.21
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    (Ill - 11) c= 111 b - 11 a
    ➔ ➔
    -4 mb - 11a
    c= - -
    111 - II
    ➔ ➔
    OC = 111 b-11 a
    :::> Ill - ll

    ➔ ➔
    Hence, the post•ti'on vector ofpomt
    . c·llll>-11a
    s ___ . 1
    m-n
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    I LEVEL-1 I

    m
    Find fhe position vectors of fl1e points which divide the join of the point;

    o
    ,:xA\1rLE I
    ➔ ➔ . ➔ ➔, .

    .c
    1 a - 3 Ii and 3 a - 2 b mternally a11d externally in the ratio 2 : 3.

    du
    SOLL noN Let A and B be the given points w ith position vectors 2 and 31-2 a- 3b b
    respectively. Let P and Q be the points di.vi.ding AB in the ratio 2: 3 internally and externally

    oe
    respectively. Then,
    2 3
    ch
    Q A(2a - '.lbJ B(3 a- 2bi
    te
    Fig. 22.32

    ➔➔ ➔ -> ➔ ➔
    m

    3 (2 a - 3 b) + 2 (3 a - 2 b) _ 12 a _ 13 b
    Position vector of P = + - 5 5
    3 2
    fro

    ➔ ➔ ,..... ➔
    .. 3 (2a - 3b)-2(3a - 2b) __ ➔
    Position vector of Q = _ - 5b
    d

    3 2
    de

    EXAMPLE 2 If--; and b are position vectors ofpoints A and B rrspectively, thenfi11d thepositicm vectur
    oa

    of points oftrisection of AB. _ _ , _ /,., sav)


    SOLUTION Let p and Q be points of trisection of AB. Then, A P - PQ - QB - ( . ·
    nl

    p Q B(bi
    A(a)
    w

    Fig. 22.33
    do

    PB " PQ -;- QB - ,. + 1,, = 2 ).


    Thus we have
    AP =,.and PB= 21.

    .
    AP: PB = 1-; 21,
    AP; l'B-1. 2 i.e. p dividPa AH ln the ratio I 2.
    )
    ) I
    /J t '! ,,
    1 /1 l 2 II
    PosHion vector of P 2 1

    Clearly, PQ ~QB; A.So, polntQ b tlie rn id poi11t ol l'/J.


    -► ► > •
    b r 2 II i ,; ,1 ,: ' 1 ,,' ll I 2, l,
    3 ,.
    Position vector of Q "' ---- 2 ''
    22.22 MATHEMA'l'tc,
    I
    li.' \AMl'I 11, /'i11d the /'<1,oi/101111,·ct,111{1111m11f I< w/iiclt dmiil,•s th" lim• Hl'g menf Joining f 1 IInd 0
    1
    1•0~1·r·,,,,, i,,.._.1or:-; ,ir1• 'J.. ,,' 11• ,111,1 ,1' 'l Ii , ,,•11,•mfll/11
    .'J
    in lilt' rn/irt I : 2. /\/so, ~/,ow llta/ f> is lltr »lld •\ 1

    ,ifl/1d111c"':-.:mo1/ RQ.
    :-,\11 llTIL1N
    , ,
    It b ~~tH'l1 lh,11 N d ,vidt•~ l'Q rxll'r1111lly 1111111' r,ilm 2
    _ lc.Rsr t''
    '
    J
    .
    I' ('.'a I/,} Q(,1 l/;,
    f·lg. :'2 .34

    ) ) > '
    1 X ( <I - ~) /,) 2 (2 // t /1)
    1 -2

    ) > > •
    t\,s1lilin 1·t'do1 ot R ➔ l'o::;1lion vechir of q 1a 1 '5 /1 + a - 3 /J

    m
    2 2
    > >

    o
    2o ➔ /J Posi bon vector nf P

    .c
    HenCL', J1 ,~ 1lw mid•point of RQ. wen
    cli~

    du
    F\A'\1PLE 4 /( ,; and z,' nrc lhl' posil ion veclors of A and B respectively, find the pasitwn vect r
    p.:imt Con RA 111od11ced sue/I 1/iat BC= 1.5 BA. (NC'ER1 EXE~PL.\'

    oe
    ➔
    "'~l l'TTON Lt't the position vector of point C be c.
    ch
    It i" ~i. en that BC - 1.5 BA
    => RA -CA= 1.5 BA
    te
    C(c)
    ~ CA= ~BA Fig. 22.35
    2
    m

    CB=CA+AB Cor.
    fro

    CB =CA+ 2CA = 3CA A.3


    CB 3 po.,,i
    -=-
    CA 1
    d

    ~ CA : CB =1 : 3
    de

    = C divides AB externally in the ratio CA : CB= 1 : 3.


    ➔
    oa

    So, the position vector c of pointC is given by


    ... ➔
    ➔ 1"b-3a 1 ➔ ➔ 1 ➔ ➔
    nl

    c- _ - (b-3 a )= (3a-b)
    1 3 2 2
    w

    ALlJtR In Fig. 22.35,CA c.. ~ BA or, BA~ 2 CA.


    do

    AB AC =2CA :AC-2:1
    • •
    So, A divides HC rntP.111ally in llw ratio 2 • J• Tht>rdl>I'n•, fll>Sl,. 11011
    . . , .:. , ~ b ",tit 'I<
    \'l'dHl' ,lt 1 IS ,,
    .:, t I
    position vertw uf A 1~ ti,'
    I , ,
    (:lu h)
    2
    I LEVEL-2 j
    EXAMPLE 5 Four points A, /J, L', 11 willt Jmsi/11111 wet, /'. • 1' > • ·/1 th,,r
    '~ ", ', ,·, d n·s,,,•,·/il'('/11 1m· ·'"' l
    ➔➔ ➔ ➔-,:; • • .
    3 a - b + 2 c - 4 d = u. Show that 11,e fiwr /JOlll/s me co,,1, 111 1 Al ,rt/1 ,1,01111
    • ,rt · t AC d Jll) " · sv,.fcm/ llw /111//ifiou vectvrt~ '
    of i11tersectwn o1 me segmen s 11n
    ,....--- - - - - ~- ----
    22.23

    A a)
    4
    2

    p
    1
    3
    D(d)

    m
    C(c)
    Fig. 22.36

    o
    .c
    We note that the_ sum of the coefficients on both sides of the above result is 5 We therefore
    divide both the sides by 5 to get · ,

    du
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ~
    3a +2c b+4d
    =

    oe
    5 5
    ➔ ➔
    ➔ ➔
    ch
    3 a...- 2 C b+4d
    ⇒
    =
    3+2 1+4
    te

    Position vector of a point P dividing AC in the ratio 2 : 3


    = Position-vector, i.=,f a p @int P dividing BD in the ratio 4: 1
    m

    Consequently, point Pis common to AC and BD. Theref<ire, AC and BD intersect. Hence, points
    A. B ,C and D are coplanar. Since P 1s the point ·of int~rsection of AC and BD. Therefore, the
    fro

    position vector of the point of intersection ~f ACana BD is


    ➔ ➔ ➔
    b+_4 ➔
    d
    d

    3 a+ 2 C
    or,
    de

    5 5
    EXAMPL~ & Let-;, b, 1be the position vectors of three distinct pointsA,B,C. If there exist scalars x, y.
    oa

    z(notallzeroJsuchthatx-; + y b + z 1 = Oand x + y + z = 0, then show that A, BandC lie on a line.


    nl

    SJLUTION It is given that x, y, z are not all zero. So, let z be non-zero. Then,
    w

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    xa.,.yb+zc=U
    do

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    zc=-(xa+yb)
    ➔ -r ➔ -+ {X+ y}I
    1 =_(x a + y b) ⇒ 1 _x a + y b (·; x 1-1/f z =- 0 :.
    z x+y
    This shows that the point c divides the line joining the points A 11nd Bin th.- ratio~ · \ . Hen~ ·\..
    B and C lie on the same line.
    EXERCISE22.3

    l ':_EVEL-1 j
    1 Fi,nd the position vector of a point R which div1d<'s th" lbw J0\11mg the two points P and Q
    ➔ _. ➔ ➔
    -), t,

    with p osition vectors OP= 2 a+ b andOQ"' a 1 b, respec~~ely tht? ratlo 1: 2intemaUy


    and externally .
    m
    INCl:Rl I XI MPL \R CHSl 201t, \
    22.24
    -) ➔ ➔ ➔

    x and y are two poinfs with position vectors 3 o + b and o - 3 b respectively. Writt d~
    the posilion V('Ctor of a point 7 which divides the line segment XY in the ration i ·-
    externally. ICB~t
    Let d, Ii, 1,
    ilbeU,epO$itionvertorso(thcfourd1:;tindpointsA,B,C,D.lfb•-ii "'-l ,
    then show lhat AHCD 1s a parall!'logram.
    «
    4 U d, bare the position vectors of A, B respectively, find the po!?ition vector of a P()Uifr
    AB produced such that AC ~3AH and that a point Din BA produced such thatBD~2Bt
    -,-,➔"""''
    Show that the four points A, B, C, Dwilh position vectors a, b, c, d respectivelysu(h
    ➔ ,) -> ➔ ➔ •
    3 ,1 2 t, + 5 c - 6 d - 0, are copl.;mar. Also, find the position vector of the Jl<J1t:t
    intersection of the line segments AC and BD.

    m
    ➔ ➔ ➔ •
    Show that U1e four points P, Q, R, S with position vectors p, q, r, s respective!}' ;.uch

    o
    5 ~:-2 ,f+ 6 -9; = ! 0,
    are coplanar. Also, find the position vector of the?,:~

    .c
    intersection of the line segments PR and QS.

    du
    I LEVEL-2 I

    oe
    The Yertices A, B, C of triangle ABC have respectively position vectors t!, b, 7 ch
    respect to a given origin O. Show that the point D where the bisector of LA meets EC
    ➔ ➔
    . . ➔ J3b~
    ➔ -> yC ➔ ->
    position vector d = ' - - - ' - , where J3 =j c - a I and, y = I a - b I .
    te

    ]3+ y
    m

    ➔ ➔ ➔

    Hence, deduce that the incentre I ha.~ position vector a a+ J3 b + Y c, where u =


    fro

    a +j3+y
    d

    5 ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ -> ->
    de

    -a 3a-4b ➔ ➔ ➔ -> 3 a +5 C
    -a-7 b 4. 3b-2a,2a-b 5. or, - - -
    3 '
    8
    '
    oa

    - -· ~
    ::,p+6q ➔
    2q+9s➔
    - - - or - - - -
    11 I 11
    nl

    l-1
    22 •o LINr•- --·· ••11- - , c · "-rTJ , ,
    w

    D F ->
    do

    A vector r is s,~id to be a /in.ear com/,inatio,, o"v~ctu,·s a-➔, -b► , >


    ~ •· c ... l.'tci{th.-rt,•t,'"
    ,. > • -,. ►
    x, y, z elc., sueh iria/ r x a + y /J + z c + .,.
    Note that a linear co!""bination of vectors involve l ,0 l" . .. • •
    vectors and th<! multiplication of vectors will1,,en ,1n,. 1> "' llle,1r t 01np11,1h, 111-.. ,>t th,• .1,i.!11 ,~
    1
    In the following sl·< tio11ij, the Jin<>.ir cornbin.ilium, 0 1 th ► > • • /t•
    will be of special u ,lcJ<•st lo u~ · t'
    1onn 1 '', \ " f 11 I• .rnd 1 ,1 • ~

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    I LEVEL- 1 I
    F.Jr" . _ "vJP'
    ►,
    r.
    lf Dis the 111ui-poi11/ uj llw s11II' /JC of ,1 Irit,11 .,1 , 1 I l'C , __ , [1
    · '' ' ' , /1ro1w that /\H'.! 1 · f 11C
    SOLUTION Let A be the origin and lt•t lhe pu,i, ti, 111 vector~ . , -► , , ·tiv~h· s·
    , · <>11> ,md L bt' I, .ind c respc<
    Then, the position vector of the mid-point of AC l /, ~ /
    s -
    2
    ~
    ,ALGEBRA OF VECTORS

    ➔ -> 22.25
    Position vector of D = .!1_.+ c
    2- !\(Origin)

    AB+AC B(b) o(o;,, C{c)

    EXAMPLE2 Poitrts L M Nd"· ·1 . Fig.22.37


    , ' zv11 e the sides BC CA AB

    m
    ~ ' • ef6ABC~~ ·
    res1iectively. Proz,e that /IL + BM + CN . e ratios 1 : 4, 3. 2, 3: 7

    o
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    is a vector parallel tock,whereKdividesABintheratio1·3
    . .

    .c
    SOLUTION Let a, b and c be the pos'ti
    l on vectors of the vertices A, B and C of 6 ABC Th
    ' ·

    du
    ➔ . en,

    the position vectors of L, M and N are 4 b + 1 3 d + 21 71 + 3b

    oe
    5 ' 5 and respectively. The
    10
    ➔ ➔
    3
    ch
    position vector of K is b + a
    4
    te

    Now,
    AL +BM +CN
    m

    ➔-.;. ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    fro

    4b+c ➔ 3a+2c ➔ 7a+ 3 b ➔


    = 5 a+ 5 -b + 10 -c
    d

    = 31+Ti-41 =_!_[ 3'"ii+b- 41]=~ck.


    de

    10 10 4 10 L(4b; c) cw
    oa

    Fig.22.38
    Hence, AL + BM + CN is parallel to ck
    nl

    EXAMPLE 3 Prove using vectors: Medians of a triangle are concurrent.


    w

    SOLUflON Let ABC be a triangle and let O, E, F be the .mid-points of its sides BC, CA and AB
    do

    respectively. Let 1, b, 1 be the position vectors of A, Band C1espectively. Then, the position
    ➔ ... ➔ ➔ ➔ t
    Vectors of D, E and Fare~ c + a and f1 + respectively.
    2 ' 2 2
    The position vect:r.:: :o[; :i;dling AD in the ratio 2: 1 is

    2 -, ➔ ➔
    a+-b ➔ C
    1~2 = 3 -
    Similarly p .ti f m·ts dividing BE and Cf in the ratio 2 :1 are each equal to
    , ost on vectors o po
    a+ -:tb ➔
    +c
    3
    MATH(MJJ.)Jr-,.,

    FU• 223"1
    ,hr-,nt1f.:-'I d Id g AV In the r«tw 2: I aho ,hvi<l!...'S Bl- and CJ in tht? sam•• ratio. Her.-..#,

    m
    ... .. >
    . . a•b4c

    o
    ar, COll('Urrent ,md tt, pir.itfon ved<;r of tt,e .centro1d 1s .
    3

    .c
    . ., • art posuwn r;ector5 of the vertius tJf a triangle, then the position vector ef ,.

    du
    ( l',t
    ,

    oe
    ar-
    3
    .c U , lbt w-;•r?id r/ a trian3,/e ABC, pr{.f/)£ that Cfi .,. Q3 CC = 0 From (i) j
    ch
    4-

    Let i, band, bE 11« pry,iti.r.m vectors of the vertices .A, Band C respec:,eJ
    te
    e:,.:~'dl'L
    -,,-
    a b..,c
    ·? ~ rrord ;ide
    w.rH of ~,1; ce:ntroidCis
    m

    n-- · pc ;-,r
    3
    (~Example 3). 50LL'"110,

    ~ ~
    :esueeth
    fro

    ,s.f
    r~
    -,.,r, •CC - a
    ...,. r a"- b + 7 t...,.
    v
    _(a+ b + 7 ~
    _, (
    c-
    a- b - C
    3 3 3
    J
    d

    /
    de
    oa

    )
    f .I 1f 7 "" t<.ei'.'Z:d-p,,~nt, r,j ,idP.,ABand AC ofa triangle ABCres,,..ctfrdy,, .
    nl

    ..., ,,,..J. r~·

    2
    w

    *, lei uie ~,tirm •l'Ct<,rs r,f Band C be b and respec " c


    do

    N: rx.
    1
    , --pr, • ,;f AB " nd AC Therdore, the position \ ectors of D and f
    Now,
    , ,t
    2 2
    ,
    • .
    /!
    •
    • , '
    ~\,\_\11•
    ,{, 2 Sldes Of
    J
    SOtl.Trr
    , -.c • • • rei;Pecti
    L
    ,
    ,
    ~

    x 2
    (
    I ' vectors
    F,g 22 40
    RA OF VECTOR$
    ALGES
    22.27
    EX.Al\fl'Lli 6 IfABC and A, B' C, are two triangles and G C, b .
    AA'+ BB' +CC'= 3 GG' ' e lheir centroids, prove that

    SOLlJfJON Let the


    ➔
    position vectors of A B C d
    , , an A' B' C' . h
    --> 4b
    0 f I
    t
    and d', b', ?i respectively. Then ' ' w it reference to some origin be
    I

    AA' +BB' +CC' = C~-1)+(iJ-b) (-;j ➔ -:l ➔


    + c - c)= (a +b' +C) - (d + 6+ 7) ...(i)
    The position vectors of the centroids G and G, of tr·iangesABCandA'B'C'are
    1
    --, _,b .,
    a+ + c and
    ➔ ➔ 3
    .,., b' +c'
    « + respectively,

    m
    3
    ➔. ➔ ... ➔ ➔ ➔

    o
    a' + b' + c' a+ b + c
    GG'

    .c
    3 3
    s
    cc· = ~ {<at +b' +c➔, )-(a➔ +b-► + ➔}

    du
    c)

    oe
    ::-i.. ➔➔➔ ➔ ➔➔
    3GV = (a' + b' +c')-(a + b + c) ch ... (ii)
    From (i) and (ii), we have
    AA' +B]• +CC'=3GG'
    te

    F.xAMl'LE 7 Prove that the line segment joining the mid points of lwo sides ofa triangle is -parallel to the
    third side and equal to half of it. ·
    m

    SOLUTION Let ABC be a triangle and let D and E be the mid points of its sides AB and AC
    fro

    respectively. Let 1, b, 1 be the position vectors of vertices A, B and C respectively. Then,


    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    .. a+b a+ c .
    respectwe1v.
    d

    position vectors of D and E are - - wd - -


    2 2 .
    de

    Now, A (a)
    oa
    nl
    w

    DE= .!.<1-t)
    2
    =.!.Be
    2
    do

    DE II oc C(c)

    Now, DE= IDE I =I½ BC I= }IBe l = iBC Fig. 22.41

    B.ence, DE II BC and D£ = l BC
    i;x ..~
    2
    h t directrd from the vertices to 1/w mid p11i11ts of ,,pposite
    . =•u·LE 8 Prove tltnt the sum off e vec ors .
    Sides of a triangle is zero. , , ➔
    SOl UT <l l , the position vectors of vt>rtlccs A, ll, C be 11, b and c
    ' ION Let ABC be a triang1e ru, e, " . ..
    res • . f 'des BC CA ~nd AB respt.?chve!y. Then, position
    pectively. Let D E F be mid points o Sl
    I I
    '
    ~ -}

    ➔ -•►➔-' n+b
    Vectors of D E d F b + c c + a and - respectively.
    , an are-- , 2
    2 2
    we have to prove that AD + BE + CF =->O· ->
    p
    22,28

    Fig. 22.42

    l[ l

    m
    [t [t

    o
    - - ➔1
    -+-; 1 - ->b + + TJ _➔c

    .c
    Now AD + 81: + Cf = ;:::t.
    a + -+- -;
    2
    2 2

    du
    1-► .... ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔➔➔ -► ➔
    o
    = -(b + c- 2 a+ c + a-2b + a+ b - 2 c ) =

    oe
    2
    EXAMPLE, Prove using vecto1:~: The diagonals of ·a qundril:atera.L bisect each other if! it is a
    ch
    paralleloKf'am.
    and, ·
    te
    SOLUTION First, let us assume thatABCD is a parallelogram. Then, we hav e to prove that its
    - - -
    ➔ ➔ -►
    diagonals bisect each o ther. Let the position vectors ·of ,1., B~C andD 'be a , b ,candd
    -
    m

    respectively. Since ABCD is a parallelogram.


    fro

    I
    d

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    Co
    de

    b-a=c-d

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    oa

    b-d = a+c
    nl

    1-- ➔ 1. ➔
    (b - d) =-(a-+ c)
    A(I!)
    w

    2 2
    Flg. 22.43
    do

    =;, P V of the mid-point of BD =p v of th .d . .


    · · e mi ·po int ot AC
    ~us, the point which bisects AC al\,o bisects RD . . ,.,
    blS!..'Ct each other · H ence, cl1agon aJs of p.ualld,ii;r,un tit:< 1
    Conver5ely, let ARCO be a quadrilateral 8 1 t h .
    . .,s a paraJIPlograrn.
    to prove that 1t ' uc 1 a t Its dia<>
    ,..(ina Is ,.L,,s,•,
    • t e,1d, pflw, , nwn. ,, ,,.,,
    " 11 t
    . -,-,,-,
    Let a, b, c, d be Uw position vecto rs of ,·tH v 1·
    . . _ ' {-'ll( (•:,;11,H,(
    1t h
    Smee diagonals AC 1,nd /J{) biM•d <·a<'i 1 , ,thi•r ' l [) r,•sl'•'l'li\ l'l,
    P.V. of the m id•p<Jin l of 1\ 1 , I' V o l II .
    1 ➔ > 1 .. / •t• ' t)h l p oi nt o l /!/ l
    (a+ c) = ( b +, )
    2 2
    ➔ -> ➔ ➔
    ~ a +c=b~ cl
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    ...<i/
    ⇒ b- a = c d ⇒ AB = DC
    . .fro01 (i), we have 22.29
    /lgi))J'l,
    ➔ -> ➔➔ ~ ➔
    d- a = c- b ⇒ Au = BC
    e ABCD is a parallelognun.
    lfe!lC , ,
    , • ••fl'LE JO Usmg vector method, prot!e th t ti .
    'des ofaquadn'/ateraI tak·en m
    tX,w . order form a paa te hne 'segments joinitig tire 'd .
    11 1 .
    s1 . N LetABCDbcaqtad ·1 ra.eognm1. m, -pomtsofthe11d1r1cent
    501,(J'f!O • i n a leral and let p Q
    C CD and DA respectively. TI,en, the positio rt vectors
    ' 'R,of
    S pbeQtheR mid-points of the s'd All,
    B ,_,.➔➔➔-.. d -> "-> ,,,Sare
    1 es

    a+b b+c c+ d+a


    2 ' ~ ' - 2- and 2 respective ly. R/c +
    2 d)
    In order to prove that PQRS__ is a parallelogram, 1·t 1s
    . , - - - ~ \i:._!._ __JC(c)
    4

    m
    sufficient to show that PQ = SR.

    o
    Now,

    .c
    PQ = Position Vector of Q - Position Vector of p

    du
    ~ [t t] [1 bl 2+
    1 ➔➔
    oe
    ⇒ P1.t = +
    -2- - =2(c -a)
    A(a)
    r(" f i;)
    ch
    and, SR = Position vector of R - Position vector of S Fig.22.44
    te

    ·[';']-(";']·½<i-11
    m

    0 ''
    fro

    Clearly, PQ = SR .
    d

    Consequently, PQII SR and PQ =SR.Hence, PQRS is a parallelogram.


    de

    D ,\JI ru 11 Prove that the segment joinirtg the middle points of t:-.vo 1ron~parallel sides ofa trapezit1m is
    parallel to the parallel sides and half of their sum.
    oa

    S0Lu110N Let ABCD b e the given trap,ezium. Let the position vectors of A, B, C and D with
    nl

    reference to some origin o be 1, b, 1 and d respective!y. Let P and Q be the mid-points of AD


    w

    ~ ➔ ➔ ➔
    a+ d db+c . I
    do

    and BC respectively. Then, the position vectors of P and Q arc ~ an - 2-rcspech.\'e v.

    :-t. ➔➔ ➔ -> ➔
    ell
    ear Y, AH = b - a and DC =c - d

    _ _ _ _ __, Q,fu2
    1 -)
    (a; d)r L 1

    fl(b)
    A(a)
    Fig . 22.45
    a
    f..!i
    22.30

    ~ is parallel to A~. . ts a scalar ).. such that


    -:-t. Therefore, there ex1s
    Since DC
    ➔➔ ➔➔)
    ix = ). AB ⇒ ( c - d) = "' ( b - a
    Now, fp
    PQ = Position vector of Q - Position vector 0

    ~ ,11 -[ ..;, l-[,;,l. H<•-1) <'-')}. ½fot- + 1) + '(•- •)l ru•.,(r,J


    1 + 1) ( ➔
    => PQ = -(1 b - --+
    a)= 1 (Jc+ 1) Ali
    .,.t,. .. r·11,
    2 2
    . shows that PQ'1s para lleltoAB . But, AB isparalleltoCD.Consequently,PQispara1Je!to
    This

    m
    CD.
    Now, _froJil C

    o
    .

    .c
    ' ABl+IDCI = IABl+l1cABI [': DC = A. AB from Ii

    du
    ⇒ .-011+ oc1 = 1.4Bl+%1 ABJ

    oe
    => I Alli +1 oc1 = (1 + ,._>I .-011 ch
    => ½r1AB1
    L
    . . 1oc1l = ½<?.+1>1Xil1
    J .
    te

    From (ii) and (iii), we get . .


    =
    m

    .!.2 rl All I + I DC IJ, = I PQ I or, .PQ· = -~(AB+ DC).


    2 _ Sim.Jar
    -
    fro

    -
    -
    Prove by vector method that the line 'seg,i:umt joining the mid-points of the diagonals o';
    F ...:
    rrapezium is parallel to the parallel sides and equatto·half ojtheir difference.
    d

    SOLUTION Let ABCD be a trapezium and let the position vectors of A, B, C and D v.~cli
    de

    . ' ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ . . .
    reference to some ongm O be a, b, c and d respectively,. Let p and Q be the rmd-pomts or
    oa

    b+d
    diagonals BD and AC respectively. Then, the position vectors of p and Q are - - and--;-
    ➔ ➔
    ,,+.
    ~ ~
    nl

    respectively. 2 -
    ,...
    w

    PQ = Position vector of Q - Position vector of p

    j -1
    :
    do

    ⇒ PQ =
    (➔
    '!:;.....c _ r ➔b ~ d J
    1

    ~ 1f ➔ ~ , ➔)
    ⇒ Pl,,l : ( c - d I + ( a- b ) >
    2 I J

    ⇒ PQ ½{c, -JJ <b' a,}


    =

    ⇒ PQ = ~(oc -As)
    Now,
    D'"tll.-01
    Fig, 22.46
    ~ TORS
    ALOES
    22.31
    DC = ;...AB for some scalar ,.
    1 ( :-t. -;-t..) 1 ... (i)
    PQ = - ).. Al:i - Al:i = - (i-1) AB
    2 \. 2 ...(ii)
    11 • shows that PQ is parallel to AB. But, AB is parallel lo DC C
    JJus · onsequently, PQ is parallel to
    oc.
    !',[oW,
    1oc1-IABI = 1-IABI-IABI
    [Using (i}]
    ::> 1ocl-lABI = (1.-l)IABI
    ==> i {1 oc 1-1 XB1} = ½ 0.-1) I XB1 ... (iii)

    m
    From (ii) and (iii), we get

    o
    1PQ1=½{1vc1-lABI} or, PQ=½(DC-AB)

    .c
    Hence, PQ is half of the difference of parallel sides.

    du
    rXAMPLE 13IfABCD is quadrilateral and E and Fare the mid-points ofAC and BD respectively, prove
    thalAB +AD +03 +CD = 4EF.

    oe
    SOLlJTION Since Fis the mid-point of BD. Therefore, in triangle ABD, we get
    ch
    1 . Af3 + 1 · AD = (1 + 1) .AF . ~·
    '
    te

    Afl + Ab = 2 AF ...(i) !
    Similarly, in triangle BCD, we get ''
    m

    1-a -m = (t + cr
    +1 1) • '''
    fro

    ' ' '''


    ca +rn = 2cr ... (ii) ' ,, F
    Adding (i) and (ii), we obtain ,,,,,/'
    d
    de

    AB +AD +CB +CD = 2Af' + 2CT /


    /

    A B
    AB +AD +CB +CD = -2 FA -2FC
    oa

    Fig. 22.47

    AB +AD +CB +CD = -2(FA +FC)


    nl

    AB + AD + CB + CD = - 2 (2 FE) [·: Eis the mid-point of AC]


    w
    do

    "" AB +AD +CB +CD = 4EF


    I LEVEL-2 I
    ~MPLE 14 Shaw that the line joining one vertex ofa parallelogram~ tile mid-point 0{1111 opposi'.,' ,id~
    trisects the diagonal and is trisected thereat. C(b) 8 \•• + 1\
    SOLulloN LetOABCbea parallelogram. TakingO as
    ~o·· ➔
    ngin let the position vectors of A andC be a a n
    dt
    tespecth•ely.
    ln ·~OA G,wehav.e

    6.1 +Ah= 6B
    ➔ ~ ➔
    011 +oc = 6B [·: AB =OC I
    -
    o@ A(aj
    ~ -~ ➔
    Ou "'a+ b Fig. 22.48
    22.32

    Position \·ector of B is n + b .
    -• ~

    = ➔

    Let:> be the mid-point of OA Then, the position vector of D is ; ·


    ➔ --, , ..,
    . 2 • ( a I 2) + 1 • b a +b
    Position \ector of a point di\idingCD in the raho 2 : 1 15 2+1 3
    .
    • >
    l •(a+b)~2 u
    ;f
    a+ b
    , .
    Poo;tion vector of a point di\'iding OB in the ratio l : 2 is .,.
    1 2 3
    TI-ui_- the position vectors of poIDts trisecting OB and DC are ~ame.
    Hence DC trL-ect; OB and DC 1:, trisected thereat.

    m
    F\.AM LE u ABCD is a parallelogram. £, Fare mid-pomts of BC, CD respectively. AE, AF l11.f4
    ii .-Jl'Jd BD a; pan=~ Q ,11;.;i P respectwely. Show that points P and Q trisect DB.

    o
    .c
    -, -1'
    • SOU..T!O:\: Let A be the origin and let the position vectors of Band D be b and d rC5pecti .•

    du
    - - ➔
    Then, ."1B = b , .AD - ,1.

    oe
    - -
    .....
    •41! + BC = AC
    ch
    •
    .4B -AD
    -
    = AC
    -+
    ...
    [·: BC =A.
    -
    te

    'i,' - ,;;, =AC


    d
    m

    Position ; ector of C is b -
    fro

    Since= .r.id Fare !he mid-points of BC and CD respectively. Therefore, position vectorsoii..:._-,.: fatrian
    -,--,.~ ➔ ➔~

    Fa.re b - fb+d)=b-d (b.,.d) - d


    and--_;_-=-+ d
    b ~
    d

    2 2 2 2
    de

    D(d)
    S;nce A 1s .:.'le origin and Plies on AF.
    oa

    .,4]> ;_ i.F tor some ,;cawr i.


    (
    nl

    = >
    1-,P=,. .. +d
    b -y,
    Since z.
    2 ..Ji)
    w
    do

    5'--1ppose P CU\oi,jes DB m the ratioµ • J. I hPn, p

    Pr,., t..or vect,,r of P rs µ b .. l .£


    µ +l rig 2.2 49
    AP µ,; J
    µ ... 1
    From /1) and I 1J, we ~et
    ( 7
    ...
    i. b J µ b+ J
    2 µ I

    I
    I.

    2
    ri
    22.33
    ~-_J:_ = 0 and A.- 1 ➔
    :! µ+l µ7i"'0 [·:band 1 arenon-collinear vectors)
    1 2
    µ = - and A. = -
    ~ 2 3

    1
    ....., p dhides DB in the ratio!.., l 1.c.
    """ ~
    · 1 .• '> -·
    si.Jnilarh· Q divides DB in the ratio 2 . 1 H
    • \.~, .,.1 •r o ABC D is a p,1rallelcgram. ·If~ a ence, p and Q trisect DB.
    _. ... . ndMaretliemid .
    ,.rpr,~ :\L .md .-\.Min ltT111S of .1R ,m,f Ab ,,,so, prove thaJ Al.·pomts:-t.0! BC3and DC re<pectilld
    .11
    • y, then
    +AM= AC
    2
    :>,'.'LL110~
    ... Taking
    _. ➔ ori~in
    A_.as the o • let the position
    . . vectors of B and D be-> -,
    Then, W= 1' and AD= ti. b and d respectively.

    o m
    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    te

    A B(b)
    Fig. 22.50
    m

    b• tnang
    . 1e i\.BC v·e have
    fro

    Ah --sc = .~
    [·: BC =.fil}
    :: .-u:: = Ah - .-tb
    d
    de

    ➔ - _.
    AC= b - d
    oa

    Posmon vector of c is -C - 1
    Si.'ICE -r ana• Mare mid-points
    • of BC and CD respectively. Therefore,
    nl

    ~ 4-) .-,.-+~-"
    ~ (b - d) ~ ➔b• --1 .....d , Pos1u.un
    w

    Posaion vector of L -_ b--'--...:. ·..:~ vec tor o1· i\l -


    _ (b - 'd)
    - -- -- d -b- . - ...
    -~ d
    2 2 '.! .::
    do

    &-p-- ... 1 ... - - - 1 - • - - 1:-t..


    - 05rt10n vectm of L - Position vector of A = Ir .,. -,, d - 0 = b + -., d = AB T - ' J\LJ
    - - -
    l AH +AD
    and, Af.f -- Pos1.tio.n vKtor of M - Position vector of A =-;;b + J• o· '"' b2 .. d. 2
    3
    AL -AM=(b +2
    1 +( 3
    -1 ; 21 b+d)= 23 !+ 2
    3
    J .. 2 (b+d)• 2 AC
    ~ t l 1; lf P and Qare tJlt!1tt1d•pom1sof tl1ts1dt'5AB and CDo{a1112r11/ltfogrJm /\BCV pror.!'11'.z
    llQ t~~~ diago11al AC in its po,nt;;CJ 1rfSl'(H01I 1d11marra!sotl1t' J)(llffl-s l'f Ir ,«fltlfl of DP.rnd

    SOt.t~-
    ::,; Taking O as the origin, let the pasi11on v,>Ctor ff ,md D re b.. and d• n.,,pectivel).

    1nen. r~,t·ti·on vector of C is ...b + -d.


    nn.,
    MATHe11,1A
    22.34 "'l'ics.1
    1
    . . f AB and CD respectively. Therefore, position vectors
    SinceP and Qare them1d-pomts o Of pit\
    ➔ ➔

    Q are -b and -b + ➔ · 1
    d respective Y·
    2 2 .
    . d'
    The position vector of a pomt 1V1 n'di gAC u1 the ratio
    ➔ ➔
    1 ·(1'+rtH2·0
    ➔ ➔
    b+
    J
    1 : 2 is + - - =- 3 ·
    1 2
    Also, the position vector of the point dividit1g DP it1
    the ratio 2 : l i,s
    I l
    I I A p
    11~ I
    2(t12}+1-1 =t+1 Fig. 22.51

    m
    I I 2 +1 3

    o
    Thus, tbe point of trisection of AC corncides with the point of trisection of DP.

    .c
    Hence, DP cuts the diagonal AC in its point of trisection, which is also the pomt of trisect;.1

    du
    DP. Similarly, BQ cuts the diagonal AC in its pornt of trisection, which is also the poiri
    trisection of BQ.

    oe
    lrian'-7'
    EXAMPLE 1s "The mid-points of two opposite sides ofa.quadrilateral and the mid-points of the diagar.
    are the-uertices of a parallelogram''. .Prove using vectors.
    ch
    SOLUTIOK Let ABCD be a quadrilateral and let P, R be the mid-points of the sides AB and.:;,
    respectively. Let Q and S be the mid-points of diagonals AC and BD respectively.
    te

    With reference to some origin 0, let the position vectors of A, B, C and D be d, 1 and· b
    m

    ....t respectively
    =
    fro

    Since, P, Q, R and Sare the mid-points of_AB, AC, CD and BD respectively. Therefore, FOS!tia:
    ➔➔ ➔ ➔➔➔ ➔ ➔
    a+ b a c c d b· d +
    vectors of P, Q, Rand Sare - -, - - - - -- and - - - respectively
    + +
    d

    2 2 ' 2 2 .
    de

    Now,
    ➔ (ii)
    =-P[os;i:;,,ecto[r;:~-]Po:i:n:ector of p
    oa

    PP~Q
    - -- - - =-(c- b) .::-11
    R(L ~.
    nl

    2
    1 2 2 ~
    w

    ""
    l-l l
    and, SR ; Position vector of R - Position vector of S
    do

    {ill \\'
    ,,.
    ⇒ SR = 7+ J rl 2
    rb+ 1
    2
    = 2 (1 - b)
    2

    Clearly, PQ - SR
    Hence, PQllS is a par,1Jldo•,,ra/J1
    ' Fl\l !!;?.:ii
    bK!MPLf.1<;
    ➔
    lf0i6 //wc,murr,n,11/11'1111,lc I' /111•111 l/m , I
    ;::;t. 11 it rt• u
    (
    .it, 1,111'\h- i ll~ ("" I I
    11r, 1t't-,. t h1 ~
    (i) SA + S/j S{ 1 .',(; w/11•11· ', 1s 11111, · I II ' , / '•Jt<
    ' I / 11111 Ill ,,. ,,1,111,•ot /n,111st.· ,\HC (('/l(l/,c'L1'IIII''''' 1•

    (ii) OA +OB +OC Q()'


    (iii) o7 A + alB , o7 c 2 O'<J
    (iv) AO' + 07 B + O'C' = Al>, TQilert' A}• IS 1/11• ,lu1tnd,,,- oft/
    .
    . /
    JC (.'ltt"lllflc'U-C e.
    ,.....--
    /\LGEBAA OF VECTORS

    ,r.L' mON Let G be the centroid of triai 22.35


    "-' v•• d . ig1e ABC I"
    or tl,ocentre 0' an centroid Gare collin ea1 . and 0'·G·irst we will ·sh ,iw that thE' ·
    L AL and BM be perpendiculars on ti . • ~ 20G circumcentre o,
    I 1
    ~ectively. Let AD be the median and 00 ~ sides BC and CA A
    ;roJil o on side BC. If R is the circum radit: ~;e ~crpe11dicular :,
    AAflC, then OB:: OC = R. circtundrd!' of i\
    In aOBD, we have '. \ M
    OD '" R cos A ... (i)
    i: '}, //
    011.-'t} 0
    ln AABM, we have ,:,,f- ~~,
    / ~ ,,,,,,%.L/' ..
    AM = AB cos A = c cos A ... (ii) / ,-'[ Al'iA ,
    /4/" II 1\1
    1.nAAO'M, we have ¥" 11

    m
    AO' = AM sec LO' AM R L D C
    Frg. 22.53

    o
    ;;:) AO' :: ccosA sec(90° - C) [Using (ii)I

    .c
    AO' = c cos A cosec C

    du
    AO' =-.-'-cosA=2RcosA .. a b C ]
    smC [ · sin A = sin B =sin c = 2R

    oe
    AO' = 20D ... (iii) [Using (i)l
    Triangles AGO' and OGD are similar
    ch
    OG GD OD 1 [Using (iii])
    -=-=--=-
    O'G GA AO' 2
    te

    ⇒ 2-0G = O'G ...(h)


    (i) Clearly,
    m

    SA + SB + SC = SA + (SB + SC)
    fro

    S + $.lj + SC = SA + 2 SD
    ➔A ;;-t. ➔ ➔ _, [·: D is the mid-point of BCj

    SA + sf; + st = (1 + 2J sc;
    d

    [·: G divides AD in the ratio 2: 11


    de

    ~ SA+SB+SC=3SG
    oa

    (ii) Replacing S by O in (i), we have


    ,-+ :ct. ➔ -)
    0 A +OH +OC = 30G
    nl

    ➔ [·: 2OG ~ GO'l


    OA +OB +6c = 20G +OG == GO' +OG
    w

    ==>

    ~
    do

    OA +OB +OC = OG +GO' = 00'


    (iii) We have,
    7 1 7
    O7 A +O7B +o7 c = '.3O G == 26 G +0 G

    07 A +01B +O7 C = 207G + 2GO

    ":> o7 A + 6 1B + 0 1c = 20'0
    (iv) We have, r •
    I
    AO• + o>a + o7 c - 2 AO' + (O''A I O' tJ O'C)
    lFrom (iii)J
    AO' + o7 B + o7 c = 2AO' + 2 6-CJ
    AO' + a-t8 + 0 tc =
    z (AO' •~ o-;b> • [·; AO is the circum-radius of L\ABCI
    AO' +o7 R + o7 c -= 2..w = AP
    22.36 1:flfl.A 0
    p.t..G
    . ,f a tetrahedron to the centroids of apposite ~
    EXAMPU: 20 The lines joining the vertices 01 ,aces a,, ;ivco is
    _;. jt1 0
    concurrent. k' 0 s the origin, le t the position vecto
    SOLUTION LetOABC be a tetra hed ron . Ta mg a rs of~ 0 ri!i

    -> ➔ ➔ . Let G c 1,c2 , G 3 be thecentroids ofthefaces ' s1to'\N'


    vertices A , B, C be a , b , and c respective1Y· ' ' Aec,
    OAB, OBC and OCA respectively. Tiwn,
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    a+ b + c , . JU3CD
    Position vector of G = -
    3 - Jl)ld·P~

    Position vector of G1 =~
    ➔
    a+b
    ➔
    \ a11yPO
    prove
    t,.
    ➔ ➔
    b +C zz,1' coivl

    m
    Position vector of G2 = [..et p ( X, y)
    3

    o
    ➔ ➔ f ig.22.55-
    ,,

    .c
    C +a
    Position vector of G3 = - -- Fig. 22.54 Let i, 1 be
    3

    du
    . ...3l~:.']·, ,
    Now,

    oe
    ch Now

    P.V. of a point dividing QC in the ratlO 3 : J = . 3


    +
    1 -
    OP
    te

    s("fJ, ,· -+
    :.~i OP = .,.
    m

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    a+ b+ c
    fro

    P. V. of a point dividing AG2 in the ralio 3 ~ 1 =


    3.+1

    ➔a- l 4
    d

    ~C + -t
    3 + l· b
    de

    [ 3 ➔

    a.,.l,+c
    ➔ _,.

    P.V. of a point d ividing BG3 in the ratio 3: 1 =

    l
    oa

    3 +1 4

    [ ~ -- __ =
    ➔ ➔
    nl

    a+ b ➔
    3 - - -~1-c
    w

    ➔ ➔ ...
    P.V. of a point dividing CG1 in the ratio 3 ; 1 = - a+ b+ c
    ---
    do

    3+ 1 ,l
    ➔ -; )
    . havmgpos1honvector
    Thus, thepomt . .. n- + b -~ c iscommonto OG, AG~ HG ,mlll..~
    t 1·
    tk1'-''
    4 • .1
    the line joining the vertices of a tetnihedrun of the centroids of oppl>silt' t.lc,•s ,m' .-,,n,ul'f''''1
    !(£RC/SE 2:'
    r LEVEL- 1 I
    1. If o is a point in space, A/JC is,, tnnng ll! ,u 11I I i, I :, I .,,.,. uw ,iud l'<'inb tll lht' ~idt'' /<L
    ' .l \
    and AB respectively of the trianglt·, prow tha t I JA • l iii , l )(' ( >b t- lit -t- < j}•
    I r,,,11•
    2. Show that the sum of three vectors d eter111 111t•d hy lht> medians tl! il lrlanglt• dir«t<'<
    the vertices is zero.
    AOF VECTORS
    ALGEBfl 22.37
    CD is a parallelogram and p is lhe point of inters, t' . .
    ~- AB
    m~n
    ,-t
    . . of reference, show that OA + OD + + O~J
    H - 4 0 r.
    , oc
    , cc ion of •ts diagonals. JfO is the

    , ti1at the line segments joining the mid • f


    J. Show ch other. -pomts O oppositt• sidc•s of a quadrilateral
    bisects ea
    I LEVEL-2 J

    ,. ABCD are four points in a plane a nd Q is the point of intersection of the line8 j,llning the
    nud-pointS of AB and CD; BC and AD. Show that PA ~ PB + fie+ PD = 4 PQ, where p is
    anv point.
    o. Pr~vc by vector method that the internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle are concurr(!llt.

    m
    ~z , 1 COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR IN TWO DIMENSION

    o
    ~t p (x, y) be a point in a plane with reference to OX and OY as the coordinate axes as show in

    .c
    fig. 22.55 Then,OM =x and PM =y.

    du
    Let ~. j be unit vectors along OX and OY respec tively. Then, OM =xi and /v.(p -y/.

    oe
    \'ectors OA1 and MP are kno-wn as the components of OP along x-axis and y-axis respectively.
    Now,
    ch
    6P = OM +MP
    te
    ➔ fl;, ': y
    ~ OP =XI+ Yl
    ➔ ➔ ~ 0
    m

    Let ill' = r . Then, r = x 1 + y J. P(x,y)


    fro

    Applying Pythagoras Theore m in .AOMP, we get


    OP 2 = OM2 .,. MP2
    d

    :::; OP2 = x2 + y2
    de

    0 X
    :::; OP = .Jx 2 +y 2
    oa

    Fig. 22.55
    =::. lr1 = ✓x2+y2
    nl

    Tliur.,if apoint Pin a plane has coordinafes (x, y), llten


    w

    (' ~ I A
    I) OP =Xi+ yj
    do

    Iii) 6j, = ✓x2 + y2 , . .


    whose 111ag111·1ude ;,· I ·,. I 1111tl wh,1~1• dirt\ t,,m ~'
    1'
    r--·
    111} The components ofOP along x--ax1s . 16. a ve ' •
    ctor xi
    '-· • .. ' . is positive or negal/Vi', •
    awngOX or OX accordmg as x " . 1, ; , I awl rt•/1<>,,· i/m, l1t111 .~
    11,1>1 The component of of• along y-l1X1B
    . , t 1 1 11
    j W/t051' //111.'{III II< •' •
    rs a vec or Y ' ..
    1 . sitfve or negul ,ve.
    15 0
    aong OY or OY' according as Y P "Arr: or IT eND POIN I S
    ~2 1 rl IIMf Ol· COOHUJ,. ' '
    • 11 C0Mi>our N $ O~ /; 1/l C roR IN I I ·1 lll<i J b,• 111\il 1,•,kllt' ,\kll1~
    Let oinl1> i11 XI >YI' ,,n,•. ' 1 '
    0 A (x, 'Y1) and B(xi ' J/2) be any two p
    X and OY respectively
    From Fig. 22.56, we get
    AF = X2 -X1 , BF = Y2 - Y1 ,..
    AF ,. (x2 - x ) and
    1
    i
    = (Yz PB Ytl I
    MATliEMA li"
    22.38
    y
    ., ,Al-
    oeeR
    8(.t2, J/>J
    Now, AB=AF+iB
    ⇒

    ⇒
    AB= (x2 - x1)i+(yz -,h ) J
    Component of AB along x-axis = (Xz - X1):
    /\
    1
    I\
    '

    I\
    (x1, !/1):
    AIJ, I
    I
    i / Y,
    : Yi I
    ,:::,

    !3tJ.t1

    and, Component of AB a1ong y-axis • - ·v1) i


    · • - (v2 l !f I . A 1\.'IPL
    t;X
    0 x 1-L M .. saL-UTl
    Also, I ABI = AB= .jAFl + FB2 _ _ . . X2 ~
    y

    ⇒ 1ABl= ,l(x2 -x1)2 +(yz - Yt>


    2 Fig. 22,56

    22 11 2 ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION OF A VECTOR BY A SCALAR ANO

    m
    . . EQUAL -.,, I~ TERMS OF COMPONENTS oearly,

    o
    ➔
    For anv two vectors ➔
    I\ I\ I\ '
    a =a1 "1 ➔ a2 J and b -_ 111 i + b2 ;·' we define

    .c
    ~ ➔ ';' ~ c{J(JTdina
    (i) a+ b = (a1 + b1) 1 + (a2 + b2) J

    du
    ➔ I\ I\ SOLL'"TI
    (ii} d- b =(a1 -bi) i + (a2 -b2) i

    oe
    ➔
    (iii) m a = (ma1) ~1 .L
    ~
    (ma2 ) ; , where m IS a s.calar
    ' ch
    ➔ ➔
    (h-) a = b ~ a1 =b1 anda2 =b2
    .
    te

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ar..d,


    j I
    m

    LEVEL-1
    Itis g:h-
    A
    + 3 i and :xi + y j are equal.
    A. /\ I\:.
    fro

    EXAMPLE 1 Find tire values of x and y so that the vectors Zi


    SOU.TIIO:'\ We know that
    I\ A A /\

    a1 i .,. bij = a2 i + b2 j a1 = a2 and b = 'b


    d

    ¢:}
    1 2
    de

    I\ I\ I\ I\

    · 2i + 3 j = x i+ y j ⇒ x =2 and y = 3.
    oa

    EXAMP~L 2 J_-et O be the origi.n and let P(- 4, 3) be a point in the xy- ,zane. E:xpress OP in ft•rm'
    vectors i
    and j.Also,find!OPI. 1
    nl

    SOLL'TJOJ The position vector of point Pis - 4 i ~ 3j


    w

    A I
    6P = -4i +3j
    do

    :::;,
    OT> I = ~4)2 :---,2 5
    _,. I /, ➔ A I\.
    Le ~ . . .. ➔ '), _. .,
    E ~"PLl.'l WeI have,
    50LC1101, «=1,Zjand h=2i+i,fsjal =j l>j?Are thrt•,•cfor,,11111dl•:,71111,
    :::,.
    ► I I -, I A
    « ; -1- 2; and b 2i 1 J

    I aI /1 l- 4 .Ji, and f ,/ I J,1 1 I ✓s


    So, al =, t,•1
    But, given vectors are not •·qu;il m, llw1r ,•o, n··'I ",11d ,, n>on t
    111
    t,f101't'll .S d rt• Ht..lt 4.il.JU,l1•
    f.XAMl'LL4 lf the position vector ,f oj a 1111111// J'l, 1t)i ,s//<'lillmq }j l1,jlndthe z•a/t1<' 11f 11•
    SOLUTION The position vector of the poinJ ( l 2, 11) i, 12 ~ , /.
    ➔ / ·. A 11
    a ·12 i + n j
    22.39

    [Given]
    11=±5.
    fx,,MPLE5 If A= (O, l) B =(l, O), C = (l, 2), D = (2, 1), prove that AB =CD.
    '°LU'fl0N Clearly,
    " AiJ = (Position vector of B - Positive vector of A) = (0
    I
    0) 0 ~ 0 ~
    + 0 ] -(0 ! + J) = I - }
    an,
    d
    CD = (Position vector of D - Position vector of C) -_ (2 01 + 0) (0 0) =t-J,
    1-1+27 0 0

    m
    Clearly, AB = CD.

    o
    Find the coordinates of the tip of the positi.on vector which is equivalent to AB, where the

    .c
    E\AMPLE b
    coordinates of.A and Bare (3, 1) and (5, 0) respectively.

    du
    SOLUTION Let O be the origin and let P(x, y) be the required point. Then, Pis the tip of the

    oe
    position vector OP of point P.
    We have,
    ch
    ::i.. /\ /\
    01' =xi+ yj
    te
    ~ A t,.. t,.. /\ /\ /\

    and, AB = (Position vector of B - Position vector of A) = (5 i + 0 j) ~ (3 i + j) = 2i - J


    m

    lt is given that OP = AB.


    fro

    A A A A
    ~ xi + y j = 2 i - j ~ x = 2 and y = - 1
    Hence, the coordinates of the required point are (2, - 1).
    d
    de

    EXA\!PLE If -;; is a position vector whose tip is (1, -3). Find the coordinates of the point B such that
    7

    AB= "i:. If A has coordinates (-1, 5).


    oa

    S0LL1JON Let O be the origin and let P(l, -3) be the tip of the _position vector a. Then,
    nl

    ➔ ~t\ I\
    Q =OJ' = i - 3 j.
    w

    let the coordinates of B be (x, y) and A ha:s coordinates (-1., 5).


    do

    AB = Position vector of B - Position vector of A


    :-t~ A.A AA
    ~ A1.1 = (xi + y j) -(- i + 5 j)
    ~ ~ /\ A
    At1 = (x + 1) i + (y -5) j
    1':ow A~ ->
    ' ~li "' a
    :-:) A A /\ A
    (x+J)i +(y-5) j = i-3j 2
    ~ x + 1 = 1 arid y - 5 "' -- 3 ⇒ X- 0 and _l/
    2
    "'e~ce, the coordinates of B are (0, 2). _. ates of A, fl, C ore (2, 3), (I, 4) ,md (O, - )
    d111
    '""-!\11'1.£ a ABCQ is a parallelogram. Tf Lile cooY
    SO rveIy,fl· nd the
    respect· . coordinates
    ' of D , . ce ABCD i5 a pJralleIogram
    5
    f.1.JTloN Let the coordinates of D be (x, y). in

    AB= 6c
    22.40
    I\
    A A /\ /\;
    ') /\ /\

    ( i + 4 j) - (2 i + 3 I)
    = (Oi-2})-(ti+ YJ
    I\ I\ I\ ":
    ⇒ - i + j = - :d - (y + 2) l
    ⇒ -1=-xandl= (Y~ 2)
    => x = 1 and y - - 3 scalar
    Hence, the coordinates of narc ( I, - 3 )- ": ": 50,
    - ;\ i + 4 .I ·
    E,AMPL E Q Find a rmit ,,t·cto, p,iro IIeI tO 1/te vector
    ___
    ,orttPO' rie6j
    I = v~f- 3)2+(4)
    I\ I\ ➔ 2 =5 ~l',l[f'L
    SOLUTION let -; =- 3 i + 4 i. Then, I II
    ➔ 1 /\ /\ 3": 4':- 50Lf.JTJON
    ➔ /\ _ _ ~ =- (- 3 i + 4 j) = --1 +- J
    Unit vector parallel to a =a - -) 5 5 5 I
    IaI I\ I\
    aearly,P

    m
    LXAMrL£ 10
    . a vector'?f magm.1ude 5 units which is parallel to the vector 2 1
    Fmd - j.
    an a,:tgle

    o
    sou;noN let ➔ t: ": ➔ i <-1)2 = .Js
    11 = 2 1 - J. Then, I a I = , 2 +
    I

    .c
    ➔

    du
    ➔. /\ II
    A unit vector parallel to a is a =- - -
    11 1
    =
    '1 ":":
    a =r.=:' (21-1) =-r.=°
    2":
    1 -
    l ":
    ( J
    oe
    ch
    ✓5 v5 " "5( 2 0 1 ":J " ":
    .Js i - .Js J •
    te
    Hence, required vector = 5 a = 5 7r{ 1 - r,;; f = 2
    ,5 . v5 .
    l
    m

    LEVEL-~:i l
    fro

    EXAll.fi'LF 11 Find tlte components along the coordinate axes of the position vector of eaclr ef f/f
    following points:
    (i) P (5, 4) (ii) Q(-4, 3) (iii) R (S, - 7) (iv) S (- 4,-5).
    d

    -► ..,5 "! - •'


    de

    SOLUTION (i) Let O be the orlgin. Then, the positi.on vector of point P (5, 4) is OP Oea:rly,
    OP along x-axis is a vector of magnitude 5 having its direction alor.; !!Ii
    oa

    So, component of
    ~~"-e an
    po,;tive direction of x-axis. Also, the comp onent of OP along y-axis is a vector of mag1u11td< ;,
    nl

    along the p(}f,itive direction of y-axis. ••<'nee, r

    (1(> - J 1" " ... rx "


    w

    (ii) II O is the origin, then the position vector of point Q (- 4, 3) is given b)


    ofX~l.'Q;;
    do

    Su, its component along x-axih is a vector of magnitude 4, having its direction al011i:: th,· 11,')!·" 1 ~l.L "'1:0,
    direction of x-axis. Also, th(! component of O°'b along y-axis is a V<'CtLlr Df 11\,\~nitu,k 3 "'1'
    its directior al(,ng the positive direction of y-axh, ,
    (iii) LetO be the origin. Ther,, the posihon vector of puin t /{ ('- . •··1 is /,\l\ 1, 11 t, 1 l ik ' '
    So, its compon('Tlf a IOH)!; x-ax,~
    · ·1:,; a v1•t101 ,,1· nlilg11i 1ud,· \ J1,
    11 111
    /.\ its d ir,•,·t ,II, 1n~; tlw f••,,.1~1•
    11111
    direction of x-axis. Aho, t lu·, omJ >t,1w111 Ol l >1t<.,lo"►', 11 .ixis ts ,
    1
    "•'< 1,,1 111 ni.,i,;nitud,• "' 11J1 ,.,,_, 1,""

    direction along the ( ) uc·g.i1ivr· din•,'h<,11 oJ t/ . , ~' "·


    (iv) lfOistheorigin, llten llit• fH,,1li1111 v1·tl1111,t I""" '"( ·I JI' '11<' '•)i.,~;l\l'Hhv ll~
    Clearly, its component along x .ixb W ,1 v,·,·hw of 111,1g111 1ud,, -I h,tvmg itt> din•<:1kn1 ,1h 111i; 1,
    negative direction of x-axis, Also, Uw c.:on1pu:w111 o l Us ,tlu 11g lhixi1, ,, ,, \'L't lt>r t>I
    111
    ,1i;111lt1'
    !,'

    having its clirection along the negative din•thrn1 of .ti ,ixis.


    Find the scalar and vector
    ,fPLE 12
    1\\_ B (- 5, 7).
    °lit components o• th 22.41
    h1111111al p<JI
    l 7 e vector with . . .
    ~it,110~ dear y, imtllll point A (2, 1) and

    · Xii "' Position Vector7t..of B _ Position vector of A -(-


    - ,-: '
    5147") 21I A

    . scalar components of Alj along OX d 1 -( + j) =<-7i +6}


    '.-0, an O Y are 7
    :-t. 0 " - and6
    niP°nents of M are - 7 1 and 6 j along ox• respectively. The vector
    co and OY resp ti 1
    E\.~~1PlE 13 Write all the unit vectors m XY- la cc ve y.
    _.
    " " P ne.
    '()Ll..i!ON
    · Let r = Xi+ y j be a unit vectorm
    ......--- · XY-plane. Th
    -> 2 2 •
    I r = 1 ⇒ v x + y = 1 ~ x2 + y2 = 1

    m
    (!early, p {x, y) lies on fue cixcle x2 + y2 = 1 whose centre is at the orioin O S
    an angle 0 ¼'ith OX. Then, .,.... · uppose OP makes

    o
    .c
    x = OL = cos 8 and y = LP = sin e ·.- c e OL LP,
    [ os = OP and sin 8 = OP j

    du
    ~ I\ A
    r = (cos 8) 1 + (sin 8) j

    oe
    y ch
    te

    x' X: .
    m
    fro

    y'
    d

    Fig. 22 .57
    de

    2
    Clearly, as e varies from Oto 2 n, the point P traces the circle x + y2 = 1 in counter clockwise
    oa

    ~ and this covers all possible directions of 1.


    nl

    Hence, 1 = (cos 6) i + (sin 8) j gives every unit vector inXY-plane.


    w

    rtEi.•-'-lPLE
    . '•i WntedownaunitvectorinXY-plane,ma
    · k'mganangle o•'30°
    1 . . a·1tt,;IWn
    w 1.t I1 the pos1tlt't .
    do

    x-a:rrs. 1-.:CERTI
    S0ll1JON Let P (x, y) be a point inXY-plane such that OP = 1 and LXOP = 30°. Then.
    y

    1/
    j
    L X
    \
    x'

    y'
    Fig, 22.58
    22.42
    G~13~J\
    _.11,.
    or sin :10° ftBC
    "· re5f'e
    1 ff thC
    ✓ '1 : 1 "'J is lh<' rcquin•d uni! vector.
    1
    , 2
    E\A\L 1 E 1, A ~ / ,mlb -4 km 101,,,11.f.s 1l't'~I , //ten ,ht' walks .1 k111 i11 ff direction 30° P!lst 0if
    11
    ,Iv}'' fl!'t, .,,,•ill,- s1rl ., d,, ,1,11 o'.1n1t (rm,'. /1c1 i111'.ir,l poi:11 ofcfc17arl un•. . . .
    1
    f~~,~~
    s,X L ! l("'\ I l'l /l (.1 , !') bt' thC' final po!-1l1011 ot Lhe gll'I and O be the mitrnl point of d fR
    Tiwn epart~

    Al ~ .-\B cos 00° - ~2 ,md, BL - AB sin 60" = 3 J2 3

    m
    OL - 0 .4 - c\L l -1 1- - am,"BL-3✓3
    3_1_5 - -

    o
    2 2 . 2

    .c
    C!earh , B \.\, 1:\ lie in second quadrant.

    du
    S..,, .:,)oI<linates oi Barer -%- , 3 '2(3 ) Hence, position vector of Bis - ~2 i -,- _3J2 3 J-: 12- Find
    foll

    oe
    ' (1)
    ch
    N
    te

    -l.
    m

    B(x, y)
    5 -1
    fro

    ,30• .3km
    1 :
    'L
    1 ,. "'
    w
    d

    I::
    de

    2212 C
    I.a P ~r
    oa

    '.-;cn,~n ll
    s I
    -d r' '
    nl

    Fig. 22.59
    w
    do

    . [ LEVEL-1]
    1 if the pos IJ<,n VPdor of a point (- 4 3 ➔
    ' I ;i I
    ) bP a , linu
    2 If thP p<,~i!J<',JL V• tor "> ol a poi" t ( 12 •
    , ") is ~ull1 lit.ii I 11• .
    . H

    ;, f-rnd" vc·c\i,, ,,/ nr.;i,,, lwl, . I


    l \ lllld tit,·, ,du,•(,) ,,1
    ' 11 1 111111., wl111 I
    4 , I I!, p,1r,1ll1•I tu ti ' 11 '
    · F.xpre~s Al! in t,,r 111 ~, , " 'd111 , l, • /
    J1 lHU 1 \11't tun, I I I
    (i) A 14, I), (:/1, 3) /11) 1\ ( h, I) ;/1<( ~- wli,•11 th .. 1•111111•; ''"''
    10· d I ~- , ~, ,,)
    rtn AIJ I in E-ad, ca .1 •

    J Find tht~ coordinalc-~ of tlw lil) oJ Iii• .


    coor d"ma tes. ot. A and IJ an• ( J
    ' J, >ll',1111111 \' •·• I tor \\'hid, 1 • ,11,•nt !t>
    1' 1· anu ( :.! I J r, . s •'q1111
    ' '"J ><·c·t11 ,•I).
    "AOFVECTORS
    6
    GE"
    ~ ~M
    AllCD is a P~:allelogram. the coordinates of 4 !i
    respectively tmd the coordinates of o. · ' B, C are (- 2, - 1), (3, 0) and (1, _ 2)

    • If the position ni<tors of the points A (3,4), B (5,- 6) and C ➔ ➔ ....,


    ➔ ➔ ~ (4,- 1) are a, l>, c respectively,
    ,ompute a- 2 b-3 c.
    lf ~ b.§ the position ,;ector whose tip is (5 _ 3) fu d 1h . .
    '· ,Th"' 11 , the coordinates of A being (4, - 1). ' ' e coordmates of a poinl B such that
    . "':': ') ""-
    q_ Show that the pomts 2 1 , -
    1
    - 4 J and - i + 4 .i form an isosceles triangle.
    /\ /\
    iO. Find a unit vector parallel to the vector ; + "3;.

    m
    U. The pasition vectors of points A, B and C are i, + 3 i J,12/ + µ Jand 11 / - 3 j respectively. If

    o
    c dindes the line segment joining A and Bin the ratio 3: 1, find the values of is.andµ.

    .c
    lCBSE 20171

    du
    I LEVEL-2 I

    oe
    iz find the components along the coordinate axes of the position v ector of each of the
    tollm,ing points:
    (i) p (3. 2) (ii) Q (- 5, 1) (iii) R (-11 , - 9) (iv) S (4, - 3)
    ch
    _ _ __ ___ANSWERS
    te

    /\ /\

    L5 2. ±5 3. 2./3 i + 2 /
    m

    ;""t-.. 7t.. /\ /\ 7t..


    (ii) Ats=4i - 8j, I Atsl = 4/5
    4 A "-
    ;. (i) AB =- 3 i - 4.,, l ,w I =5
    fro

    /\ /\

    5 (-1,-2) 6. (- 4, -3) 7 i-5 / s. (9,-4)


    AA A /\ '; ';
    d

    i. = 8, µ = -5 ll. (i) Ji, Zj (ii) - 5 i , j (iii) - 11 i, - 9 j (iv) 4 1, - 3 J


    de

    22.12 COMPONENTS OF A VECT_ O R IN THREE DIMENSIONS


    OX OY and OZ as the coordinate axes as
    oa

    la P (x, y, :) be a point in sp ace with reference to _ ,


    shown in Fig. 22.60. Then, OA = x, OB = Y and OC - z.
    nl

    •- " ~ "
    = 1, J, k be unit vectors along
    OX OY d OZ respecti vel)'. 'Then,
    , an -
    2
    w

    :--+ I\ A ➔ /\
    OA =xi, OB=yj andOC= zk.
    do

    From Fig. 22.60, we have


    ~ ➔ ➔
    BC• "
    =OA =xi,C'P =DC =z k
    A
    ~ - - --~
    C A'

    !\ow, 6P = o"c• + c7 P
    ::, 7 B'
    OP = (IB + BC' +C P
    i:
    ::,
    6P =6B +6A +OC
    ::,
    6P = OA dB t-OC
    ➔
    a·
    ~ ;t,. ,__ A I·
    0 1• = xi + y j +z k
    lfap ➔
    "'r. Then , r = xi
    ➔ "
    + yJ +zk
    A ,._ A C'

    Thus, the position vector of a point P(x, y, z) x


    Fig. 22.60
    ll1 'Paee is given by 7~ xi + y j + zk. I\ "
    22.44 13ftA O
    ~ 1.,Gt;

    Now, 2 s0t-V'f\O~ :
    OP1 = OC' 2 + C' P /I -+-

    OP2 = (0B2 + BC'2) + C' p2 -➔


    a
    OP2 = (OB2 + OA2) + oc2
    ⇒
    OP2 = OA2 +OB2 + oc2

    ⇒ OP2 = x2 + y2 + z2
    OP = ✓x 2 +y2 +z2
    ⇒ l ➔,1 = vx/2 +y2 +z2 4
    . '.l' ➔ i a
    71ms, if a point P in space has coordi11ates (x, y, z), tI1en its pos11w11 vector r s

    m
    111 =✓x2+y2 +z2. ~E3

    o
    .c
    A A A ➔ 50Lu-UON
    The vectors xi, y j and z k are known as the component vectors of r along x, y and z axes respec/ioef¥,

    du
    22.12.1 ADDITION. SUBTRACTION AND MULTIPLICATION OF A VECTOR BY A SCALAR AND

    oe
    EQUALITY IN TERMS OF COMPONENTS
    ➔ A A A ➔ A /\ I\.
    For any two vectors a =111 i + a2 j + 113 k and b =b1 i + b2 j + b3 k, we define
    ch
    ➔ ➔ ;.. A /\
    (i) a + b = (a1 + b1) i + (n2 + b2) j + (a 3 + b3) k
    te

    ➔➔ I\ A t,..
    (ii) a-b =(111 - b1)i +(a2 -b2 )j +(a3 - b3)k
    m

    ➔ /\ I\ A
    (iii) ma = (ma1) i + (nm2) j + (ma3) k, where mis a scalar .
    fro

    -+ -+
    (iv) a =b <=!> a1 =b1, a2 =b2 anda 3 =bg.
    Let P (x1, Y1 , z1) and Q (x2, Y2 , Zz) be two points. Tl:ien,
    d
    de

    PQ = Position vector ofQ - Position vector of p


    :;j:._ '). ';
    oa

    I\ A /\ A
    P1.t =(,½t +Y2J +z2k) -(x1 i +Y1i +z1k)
    t'L\..\IPU
    ➔ ~ A A
    nl

    PQ =(x2 -xi) + (Y2 -y1) j + (Zz -z1) k


    1 'SvLL'TIO,

    PQ =I PQI = ✓(x2 -x1)2 +(Y2 -y1)2 +(42 -zi.>2


    w

    1
    do

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    I LEVEL-1 I

    /\ " "
    2; + y j ➔ k are equ11l Hf x = 2, y =2 and z - 1
    ➔ /tt. A /\ ,'I
    ,, 7/;
    EXAMPLE 2 Find the sum of vectors a= 1.•- 2 • -+ /\
    J ➔ k ' b= -2 1'"4·
    A A
    " J + 5k· an d-+
    c =
    A
    .
    1-
    6/-.
    RA OF VECTORS
    A~GE S
    22.45
    l)'liON We have,
    501, --> ➔ ➔➔ ➔
    i{+b+c =(n+b)+c

    a+ ➔-➔
    -> '>" {0 /\ /\ "}
    b+ c = (t - 2J+k)+(-2i+4J'+Sk)
    +
    (01 0
    -6 J -7 k)
    "

    ➔a + ➔b + ➔c ={<l - 2) 01 + (- 2 + 4) 1/\· + (1 + S) '/\}


    ,_ (': ": "
    ➔ 1 -6 J-7 k)

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ": ":- ./\ I\ I\ I\


    a+ b+ r =(-1 + 2] + 6k) +(i -6j -7k)
    ➔ -t -t "; A /\

    m
    a + b + c =(-1 + 1) 1 + (2 - 6) j + (6 - 7) k
    -,.--+ ➔ I\ /\A

    o
    -a+ b+ c = Oi - 4j - k

    .c
    E.\A.\fl'LE3 ' dhe
    F!II t magm'td t :e vector ➔
    u eoj.h a =3 "
    i - 2"
    j+"
    6k. [;-.CERT]

    du
    4 A /\ /\
    :-OLLTION Wchave, a =3i -2j+6k.

    oe
    lil = ✓ 32 +(-2) 2 +6 =,/49 =7
    2 ch
    EXA.\IPLE 4 Find tile dista.nce between the points A (2, 3, 1) and B(-1, 2, -3), using vector method.
    SOLL'ITON We have,
    te

    AB = Position vector of B - Position vector of A


    m

    -:t_ /\ A I\ A A /\ A /\ A
    AH =(-i+2j - 3k) - (2i+3j+k) =- 3i - j - 4k
    fro

    AB= I.Aili= ✓(-3) 2 +(- 1) 2 +(-4)2 = $


    Hence, the distance betv.•een A and Bis -ff{,.
    d

    ),AAA ➔ AAA ➔➔
    EXAMPLE 5 If a =3 j - 2 j + k ana b =2 i - 4 j - 3 k, find I a - '2 b I ·
    de

    SOLUTION We have,
    a- 2 ➔b = (3 i - 2 j + k) - 2 (2 i -4 j - 3k) = - ! + 6 J + 7 k
    · A/\/\ AAA/\~/\
    oa

    11-2bl =1-i +6j' +7kl = ✓<-1) 2 +6 + 72


    2
    :.
    nl

    = ,/86.
    ~A\ll'lE O ff A, B, c have position vectors (2, o, O) (0, 1, 0), (0, O, 2), show that l!. ABC is isoscdt!S.
    w

    50ttmoi- We have,
    do

    iill = Position vector of B - Position vector of A


    I\ I\ I\ /\ I\ I\ ~ I': I\
    Afl = (0; + j + Ok) -(2 i .; O j .;- Ok) "' - 21 + / + Ok

    AB '=IAfll = ,/<2>2 +12 +02 = Js


    BC " Position vector of C - Position vector of 8
    I\ "' /\ ,..
    ~ ,... A /\ /\ A / k) 0 . ' + 2k
    BC=(Oi+Oj12k)-(Oi+j+O· = 1 -1

    BC "l BC I = ✓02 + (-1)2~22 -.J5


    CiearJy, AR"' BC. Hence1 I!. ABC is isosceles. " " " _. " " ,
    llXAf.U>u;; Sh ti • ts A and Ctult/1 position vectors if - 3 i - 4j -4k, I> = 21 - j + k
    7 vw ,a.1111epom ,8
    Q11{·• ~ " " . ,f right angled triangle. [NCERT]
    c = 1 - 3 j -5k respective/y,form tltevertrce5 '?, 11
    22.46

    /\ /\ /\
    SOLUTION We have, /\ /\ /\ _ i + 3 j + 5k
    -:t. ➔ ➔ -(2~-/\,· +k) - (3i - 4j - 4k) =
    At1 = [, - II - I
    11
    /\ /\ /\
    2· 6k
    ~ ➔ ➔l -(~- './1'
    " /\ •
    5k) - (2i - j+k) ,: _ , - I
    BL = C - ) - , ' /\ /\ /\ /\ /\ /\

    -t ➔ ,; - ( 11 4/ 4k) (i 3j Sk) 2i - j + k
    and, CA= a -, - '
    . :i. ➔ ➔ • t A and c form a trfongle.
    Clearly, Jh + Be t CA = 0 So, pom s ' 8
    Now
    I,-rn I - / ~ --
    + 32 + 52 = [35 :t.
    , I Be I=
    f- (-1) + -
    2 ( 2) 2 + ( 6) 2 - Jiff
    •

    I
    and, j CA.1= ✓22+(-1)2+(1)2 =.ft

    m
    I
    I
    I BC 12 =I AB 12 + ICA 12.

    o
    Clt>arly Hence, t:, ABC is a right-angled triangle.

    .c
    - A /\ /\
    •
    E\Al\.WLE 1.1 Find !lie unit vector in the direction of 3 i- 6 j + 2k.

    du
    ➔ A A A
    SOLUTIOJ\ Let a = 3 i-6 j + 2k. Then,

    1 I = ✓32 + (-6}2 + 22 =7
    oe
    ch
    ➔
    So, a unit vector in the direction of a is gi ,;,en by
    te
    ➔

    ~ a 1 " " " 3-" 6" 2 "


    a=- =- (3i - 6j +2k)=-i--j +-=:k.
    7 7
    m

    7 7 7
    1 1
    fro

    ➔- ➔ ➔ /\/\ /\ -> ,.
    EXA'11'LE 9 Find the unit vector in: the direction of a+ b, if a :, 2 i - j + 2k and b =- r+ - SOl'
    d

    ➔ /\/\ /\ ➔ AA/\
    SOLL'T!ON We have, a =2 i- j + 2k and b :, - i + j-k.
    de

    ➔ ➔ ": 0- I\ '; ": /\ /\ A i\ ,\ \ '\


    a + b =(21 - 7 + 2k) T(-1+ J-k) = (2-1) i + (-1 +l)j + (2-l)k = i ~ o;~,
    oa

    -, ➔ 12 2 2
    =:- j a-t-bl= ✓ l +O Tl =../2
    nl

    ➔ ➔
    w

    R.equ1re
    . dumtvector=
    . afb➔ = - 1 "
    -;-- "" -
    (i+Ojf.1.) I " + l ,',
    1
    do

    l11+bl fi J2 ,2
    CXA.'VIPI I 10 Find fhe unit vector m the directio11 f
    11 p/) ,,1 ~ , ) , , 11
    . " ' ' 1< 1C 1t' 1 1/1/t 1I..,: m• t1/(' , , ~ 1
    ( 4, 5, 6) respe( lively ,~
    SOLUl JON (.Je.,rl y,

    PQ P,,~1ti1,n v,•1 101 of W l'u~.1t10H ,·,•d,u ol p


    ,. , /I I'- ,. ,..

    = P(.J 14 , + '5 J + r, Jr J Ii , 2 ; , '.H)


    I
    '
    I I
    \
    I/ I 1k
    \

    The unit V<'dor in the di11•, 11<,11 uf 1•t.J 1~


    1 7-, I A ,. I
    />v, 3J:\ (1, + ,, '11.J h (i I/ 1A'i
    I PQI ,.
    "SR.A OF VECTORS
    ,ALGic
    22.47
    \ \\!1'' f ll Findn vectorofmagnitudel I in the direction ,
    c oiuts(l, 3, 2)and(-1, 0, 8)respect:ively. oppoSiteto/liatof PQ,wlrerePandQare
    //ou.'£UTJON Clearly, INCl'RT EXE:VTPLARI
    s--) ':":/\~A.I\ /\
    PQ =(-r+O J+8k)-(1 + 3 j+ 2k) = -2 i-3 j+
    ➔ ➔ /\ A /\
    6k
    QP=-PQ=2i+3j-6k

    ~
    ➔ I 2 +32 +(-6)2
    IQPl=,2 = ✓4+9+36=.fif§ = 7

    So, the unit vedor m · o fQ


    · the d'irection · ➔P 1s " = 1 = (2;" + 3 "j-6k).
    · QP "
    7

    m
    Hence, the required vector of magnitude 11 in the direction of QP is 11 QP = 11 (2 / + 3 j-6k).

    o
    7
    I-; 0 ~ ~ /\ ➔ -►

    .c
    f\.\\ll'll 12 The two vectors J+ 1 nnd 3 1 - J+ 4k represent the sides AB ,md AC respectively of
    triangl~ ABC. Find the lenglli of the 1!1edia11 ~lirough A. [CBSE 201 S, 2016]

    du
    SOLllTION Let D be the Inld-point of side BC of triangle ABC. Then,
    AB + AC = 2Af) [See Remark 4 on page 22.20]

    oe
    ➔ /\I\/\->
    ::;, (7 + 1)+(3i-j+4k)=2AD ch
    ➔ -t ➔ I\
    ::;, AD = 2 J + 0 J + 2k
    te
    ➔

    IADl= ✓4+0+4 =2fi


    LEVEL-2 I
    m

    E\'\IPLEJ, If->= I\1·+2 I\·+ ~kand


    " ➔
    b =2i" +47·A.- skreprese1ittwoa
    A d' ,(apara111
    ..1ncen.t.s1'deso1 e ogram,
    fro

    ~ • a 1 ".
    fmd imitvectors parallelto the diagonals of the parallelogram . . ..,
    ·-
    ➔ _,
    [CBSE 2020]

    90LL'TION Let ABCD be a paralletogranumch that AB = a and BG: = b · Then,


    d

    11
    AB+BC=AC
    de

    ➔ ➔ ➔ /\,/\/\
    ::::,
    AC = a ~ b = 3 i + 6 j - 2k
    oa

    and, AB + Bl, = AD
    nl

    ::::,
    EID= AD -AB
    :-i. ➔➔ A /\ A
    w

    BU=b-a=i+2j-8k
    N10 ➔
    do

    /\ /\ A
    w, AC= 3i + 6j-2k
    A ii
    I AC I = ,/9 + 36 + I! =7 flg.2.2.61
    d
    an, ,;ct_
    Bu "
    --=i+ 2jI\ - 8k
    "

    IEIDI = .,Ji+ 4 + 64 = ./69


    ➔
    " I\ "

    Unit vector along AL- = --➔


    -1-. AC = !.(31 + 6J-2k)
    7
    IACI
    =-J:... /\ I\ I\
    Bu = -~ U +2j -B k),
    and, Unit vector along BD = - - J69
    I lfb I . poiut and !heir directio11s are alo11g /lie
    l:X,\_11; It d a 2a 3a /llf<'1 " 1 11
    ¾ U't:E.14 Three vectors of magt? u e ' .;1e their n,sr1/lanf.
    gona/s of the adjqcen t faces of a cube. Deterrrit
    22.48 '-11\Tiicl,J
    . th . ' ~iic:
    ,t,I..
    oeeP.A
    SOLUTION Consider a unit cube whose one vertex IS at e ortgm and three Cote . •

    " OC along the coordinate exes OX. OY and OZ respectively. Then, ~ A., I ;l".
    OA, OB and 'rl.
    4.
    and Ot = k. Let OD, OE and OF be the diagonals of three adjacent faces of th ·Qi -"
    b ""-
    through O along which act the vectors ot magnitude 11, 2a and 3a respectively. e cube Ptt.:.
    W-ehave, . -..., If a~
    ....
    5.
    OD =OB +BD ,. oo +OA ·1 +;
    6. IfPQ
    OD I = Ji + 1 = , 'J
    Thus. the unit, cctor along (lD is ~ ( / + j). -,.
    ,2
    L 1i
    b1 "i -

    m
    j

    o
    Find

    .c
    C q Find
    ,t-- ------~ E
    (1, --::1

    du
    ;11'.lU
    "·

    oe
    _..·· p P (i -
    (i)
    ch
    11. :ind
    B y
    te

    andQ
    m

    A D l2 :=t.-:d
    fro

    :Ir.d (
    X
    Fig. 22 .62 13. Sr.ow
    d

    :mg!
    Similarly, unit vccto~ along OE and OF are__!_ ~ and .fi
    .fi ( 1 + k) 1 "' "
    (1 + k) respccti,eh'
    de

    1...., F!!1.d
    A \·ector of magnitude 'n' along OD is <riven by r1➔ - - 1 2"' "' a " '
    Q (4
    oa

    .. o· a x --(1+1)- (i ·1
    l '- 'Fi.:d
    Similarly, vectors of magru·tude .,_ d 3 a1
    ~ 1 , ,, ""an a ong OE and OF
    .fi · - ' '2 - I
    nl

    , =2a ,, _ ( k 2a "' " are given b,


    2 'i J+ ) = --(J+k) and ➔ _ 3a A1 A
    -, ✓ ,ff. ' r3 · .fi ( + k) respectivelv
    '

    --
    w

    Let r be the resultant of 71 , ~


    '- a-
    2 73· "Th en, •
    do

    11

    ➔ ➔
    ,) ->'
    r =-- '1 + r2 + r3
    I Ii;=
    T = 2a A A 3
    °:?
    ii fl (/'
    I ~ J) + 0 ( j ; k)
    f_

    ..,2
    i
    .Ji 11
    A
    (k + i) -•· ii A
    t.,(41 +1/+SA)
    ' ~ \\·hich
    171 I!.
    2 J16 ◄ 9 + 25
    ,/.!. Fm~a
    ✓
    fl
    5a.
    -lnd /,
    EH '
    . [ LEVEL• l ] 11},
    Then,
    1. Fmd the magnitude of thl' Vl'<to, ,: ,,
    •• I
    "
    •1 I hA -tsc.
    2. Find the unit vector in 11,., din'< 110,, 01 ( 1

    3 . /\Find aI\ unit


    /\
    vector in lhe di.recliW, of ll 1,· HM
    , 1Jl.tntu1thl'\'l't..11 ,
    1
    II
    ' ,
    I .! A
    '
    ; , :u, .! i
    '\ '\
    •
    \
    1
    ;~ ,it-
    '
    1.
    ---
    ~

    I
    'l ~ 2 J-. 2k , ' '"
    SRA OF VECTORS
    At.GE
    22.49
    "'"e adjacent sides of a parallelogram a
    4 " ' re represented b h ➔ " " ,.
    · __, " 0 " •. . Y t e vectors a= i + · - k ,ind
    b == _ 2 i + J+ 2 k. Find umt vectors parallel t0 th dia /
    gonals ofth e
    --+ 0 0 " ➔ 0 0 " -eparallelogram. INCER TJ
    s. lfa:=31 - J - 4k,b =-21+4J-3kand / = i+2J - k f dl3➔ ➔ ➔
    • " " " , m a - 2 /J + 4 , I-
    If pQ := 3 i + 2j - k and the coordinates of pare (1 _1 ) fin .
    6. /\ A A AA.
    ' , 2 , d the coordmates of Q•
    • Prove that the points i - j, 4 i - 3 j + k and 2
    ,.
    i _4 ",· + Sk are the vertices
    . .
    of a right-angled
    triangle.

    m
    s. If the vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC are the points With p osition vectorsa / + a
    1 2
    j + a3 ~
    /\ A /\A./\/\

    o
    b1 i + b2 j + b3 k, Ci i + C2 j + C3 k respectively, what are the vectors determinedbyitssides?

    .c
    Find the length of these vectors.

    du
    'I. Find the vector from the origin O to the centroid of the triangle wh ose vertices are
    (1, -1,2), (2,1, 3)and(-l,2,-1).

    oe
    IO. Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line segment joining points
    AAA A/\/\ ·
    P (i + 2 j + k) and Q (- i + j + k) in the ratio 2:1.
    ch
    (i) internally (ii) externally INCERT)
    A A A
    te

    l l. Find the position vector of the mid-point of the vector joining the points P (2 i - 3 j + 4 k)
    A A A
    m

    andQ(4i + j - 2k).
    fro

    1~. Find the unit vector in the direction of vector PQ, where P aJ}d Q are the points (1, 2, 3)
    and (4, 5, 6).
    f "gh
    • r k) c (3i-4 J--4k)aretheverllceso an
    A A A A A •
    d

    t
    B Showthatthepoi.nts A (2 Af-j/\. + "k), B(z":- 3J- 0 ,
    de

    · [NCERTJ
    angkd triangle. . . vector •oining the points P (2, 3, 4) and
    1 ~ Find the position vector of the mid-point of !he J [NCE.R.,.,1
    oa

    Q (4, 1, -2).
    " ': A . - ·t ector. [NCERTl
    15. Findthevalueofxfor which x (1 + J + k)isa urn v
    nl

    ➔ (\ /\ /\ ➔ " d ➔ I + "kI find a unit vector parallel to


    C = "l - 2 ':
    w

    I\ A
    16. ff a = i .,__ j + k, b = 2 i - j + 3k an
    ('\C.ERTl
    do

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    2a-b+3c .
    . " ~ 0 ': k
    fuld a vector of magnitude 6 uruts
    Ji, lf-; i Ak b - 4i - 2 ",· + 3k aI)d C =I - 2' + ,
    = + "1· '
    ... I - ➔ --> ll ll ~l !(Hill
    .
    Which 1Sparalle l to th to
    · evec r 21 - /J + 3 c. _-> 2i " + :,. ., -k'
    . allel to the resultant of the vectors ,1 "' ' 1
    18• p·ind a vector of magru•tud e of 5 units par IC 11'>1 ~011'
    ➔ /\ A A

    and b =i -2 j + k. . -1 ti AC r.•spl'ctively ot triangle


    " " " I the s1tl1?s /\ 8 an
    19• 1'he two vectors 0J+ ':
    i an
    d3i-j+4krepresen hA
    · It B..,1 ~ut, ~tllt-1
    ABC..Find the length of the mediall th roug . ANSWERS
    A A A

    3
    -b(4i+2j-k)
    • ✓21
    22,60

    6. (4, 1, 1)

    CJ@rj
    4-"
    NoW:1
    3 "i + k"
    "\ I\ "\'\
    q -,--- j+ - k (ii) -
    .3 3 3 c1eari
    /\ A A
    'f{c.n
    J.1. 3i + 2j +k
    I 1. The
    I

    m
    II
    .. p (2,

    o
    , ,., ,.,
    rl

    .c
    • - . 21 -4.j - 4.k 19. 2/i I 5. Jt is

    du
    _ _ HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROBLEI,/$ v

    oe
    -
    ~ Let PQR~ be a parallelogram such that Pi,.t =. a = i + j - k and QK = a = - 2 i +j - 2k.
    ~➔ AA
    ch A ~-) /,/\ le. \.Veh
    ➔
    ln~PQR a
    PQ+QR = PR
    te
    .. 2
    _, - --J. I\/\ A/\/\/\ AA
    =· PR = a - b = (i - j + k) + {- 2 i + j + 2k) = - i + 2j + k
    m

    btiPSQ
    fro

    ~ ...... ➔
    PS-SQ = PQ
    = SQ = PQ - f?s
    d
    de
    oa

    ""' ,. \ p ➔ Q
    - SQ = 3 i .. 0; - 3k a
    Fig. 22.6$
    nl

    The unit vector along PR is PR


    w

    fit{
    do

    The urut vectQr along SQ i~ J'°g


    let ·;; and
    ISQI
    1 Trepositiornect,.;rof point R divid ing PQ. • . ltrtit Vector .
    ': . , ' i ,. - tn 1~rn~1 1ly u1 tht, r,ltiu 2: J I ~
    2 (_± +_1 + I] ~ 1 Ii t 2 / + k) J , ,.
    v~' tors. So
    '
    2 J l ( I • •I j ♦ lA ) ➔

    Tf R divules PQ ••xr.-rn.~lly ,,. 11 11 • r u


    PR: RQ = 2 · l, lho:n Ito poslt1on vec tur is ' "' -
    , ~;.
    ,

    t
    I i.,,
    rr
    '.\Jow
    ~
    ;J
    2( i-j-k) lil-2/;•I) ➔
    - ----- ll •
    2 1

    Fig. 22 64
    ,11LG1::BRA OF VECTORS
    22.51
    . TJ,e position vectors of A, Band C ar ,:- ': /\ /\
    13 respectively. e 2 r- J+ k, i- 3?-Sk and 3 /\i- 4 ':
    Ati=-i-2;'-6kB➔C
    -~ /\ A /\ . r,
    · 0 /\" J-4k
    "
    :-t. ➔ ➔ = 2J -J+kaudCA
    • I
    _ ': /\ /\
    Clearly,Au+BC+CA =0 H
    ~- 4 --i+3j+Sk
    W ence, AH, BC and CA f
    r:;-----:--- .
    ,Ji
    Now, I A I= + 4 + 36 ::
    ➔
    ✓4f
    I --> r.--c-- orm a triangle.
    . , BC I= .J4 + 1 + 1 = 16
    ,ICA!= ✓l
    c4 c - - --

    Clearly, I.ABf = I BCj 2 +JCAl2 2 'I +9+25 =../35


    . . ⇒ AB : BC2 + 2
    Hence, A ABC 1s aught triangle - l CA ·
    14. The position vector of the ng ~t an?led alC.
    ,:- nu ·point" of th,e 1me- segment joining the points

    m
    /\
    P(2, 34) andQ (4, l, -2)is <21 + 3j + 4k) +(4i +j- 2 k) /\ /\ /\

    o
    2
    = 3i +2j +-k.

    .c
    ., /\A/\
    15. It IS given that x (i + 1· + k) is a uni·t vector .

    du
    . r2--2--2
    = 1 ⇒ "'31 xi = 1 ⇒ \ X I = ,.j3 ⇒ x=± j3
    1
    .. \}X + X + X l

    lb. We have,
    oe
    ch
    a = t + J+ k, b = 2 i - ,· + 3 k and ➔
    ➔ ~':"-+/\/\.I\
    c = 01 - 2J': +k/\
    te
    --,-·)➔ /\Al\
    2.a-b +3c 2(i+j+k)-{2i-/+3k)+3(i-2j+k) =3i - 3j+2k
    I\ I\ 1\
    m

    A unil vector para llel to the vector 2 ti- b+ 3 t .J


    is 3 i - +3 j + 2k =
    9 9 4
    ~ -:tf3_
    1 (3 "i - 3j+
    " 2 k}
    /\
    fro

    We have ➔ '> ': A ➔


    a=t+J+k, /\ /\ "
    b=4i-2j+3k ➔ " -2j" + k/\
    andc=i
    d

    2➔ b ➔ /\ /\ A /\ /\ A A A A ' /\ 7 A
    de

    a- +3c=21+2j+2k- 4 i+2j-3k+ 3 i -6j + 3k = ·i -2 j 2k


    /\ A /\
    2 2
    b+ 3 1 i - 2 j + 2k)
    oa

    So, a unit vector parallel to 21- is i - j + k = _!_ (


    ,/1 +4 +4 3
    ~ z"j + 2 "k) =2 ~1 -
    nl

    Hen • 1 ') /\
    ce, requrred vector :c 6 x - (1 - 4 J + 4k
    w

    3
    22 13 COLLINEARITY
    do

    ln ·lhlssection, we will discuss collin earity of vectors and points i.n a plane and in space as well.

    22'13·1 COi.LiNEARiTY Of VECTORS


    let 1 <1nd ->
    b be two colfu1ear or parallel vectors. Then thell'
    . supports are parallel. Let AII be the

    unit vector in the direction of 1. As 1 and b may be either Jike parallel vectors or unlikepnrallel
    Vector · So, the unit
    8
    . vector in the direction
    . of b 1S
    . e1lher
    • -►
    "11 or· "fl,

    ➔➔ A -t ➔/\
    a,,jaja andb=±lbla
    Now' ➔ ➔ "
    a:)a!a
    22.52
    ➔

    IaI
    ⇒ where A. = ± - ➔
    IbI
    ➔ ➔ {\
    Also,

    ⇒ b l
    b = ± I b Ia

    ➔ = ±lblj1
    - ➔1{\
    a a
    111
    ➔
    ::::>

    ➔
    b =µ a,
    ➔ Ib I
    whereµ=±-
    ThiS is a

    111 sun:Uarl

    m
    Hence,
    Thus, if ➔ b are hvo collinear or parallel vectors, th en tl1ere exists
    a and ➔ . a scalar .l,. such !f~

    o
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

    .c
    a = ').. b or, b = 1>. a.
    In the following theorem, we prove the general criterion for the coplanarity of two vecton.

    du
    TI-IEOREM Two non-zero vectors 1 and bare collinear if! there exist scalars x, y not bolhzero l'.!l'

    oe
    ➔ ➔ 7
    tllat x a + y b = u.
    ch
    ➔ ➔ .
    FROL1! First, let a and b be two collinear vectors. Then, there exists a scalar 'J,., such that
    te

    ➔ ➔

    •. a= 'J,.,b
    m

    ➔ ➔ ~
    =u
    .• 1 · a + ( - 1) b =·
    fro

    ➔ ➔ -;t
    xa+yb =U, wherex=lamiy = - A. =
    £X\.MPl.
    ➔ ➔
    Conversely, let a and b be two non-zero vectors ·s uch that x 1.+ y b = ofor some sl-a.Iars r.
    d

    a ='r-
    de

    not both zero. Then, we have to prove that 1 and bare collinear vectors.
    Let x ,;,. 0. Then, SOLt.Tl\..
    oa

    ➔ ➔ 7
    xa+yb=u
    nl

    ➔ ➔
    x a = -yb
    w

    1=(-;)t
    do

    ~ ➔ y
    ⇒ a = i.b, where '.I., = --.
    X
    ➔ ➔
    a and b aTe collinear vectors. 0·E,',1
    It follows from the above theorem that i.f two 111111_.,1,rt ·t . .,, ,-.11"''
    • ,. > Vl'l Ol'S ,U\.' non -t-'f)11 Ul(',11 11 , •!" 1

    express one m terms of the other In other wordi; llwii Iii,, . l. , . t'lt' 111<' ''
    ' t "' t 01n >lrh\llon l'.H\ nl'' L 1
    vector. .
    1
    Following theorem proves that the linc,a, wmbiuu 1,on 1,r 1 ..•.,.,,x, ii e,t,
    . . . . . \Vo thin t.t~1·0 vector~ 1~ ,r~
    scalarsm the linear combmation 1s zero.
    ➔➔
    THEOREM 2 lf a, b are any two 11on-2no 11011 ·colli111•t1T wdor.~ 111uI .:\., y nre &ca Iurs, //tf/1
    ➔ ➔ ->
    xa +yb =0 ::::;, x=y=O
    ~aRA OF VECTORS
    ,t\LG"
    22.53
    ,
    11
    Jfpossible, let x-.. 0. Then
    1•1-,)l
    __-;;:.-- - ~ -➔ ➔
    ,
    Xii +yb = 0
    ➔ ➔
    xn =-yb
    ➔a = ( -;yJ ➔
    b
    ➔ ->
    a and b arc collinear vectors.

    Tliis is a contradiction to the hypothesis that-; and b


    . ' are non-collinear vectors. Therefore x O
    similarly, we obta my= 0. , .
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    Hence, x a + y b = 0 ⇒ x =y =O.

    m
    Q.E.D.

    o
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

    .c
    I LEVEL-1 I

    du
    ➔ ➔
    E\ Pi if a a11d b are non-collinear vectors such that
    · x 11 + y J ➔
    b =X2
    . ➔
    a + Y2 ➔
    b , then prove tha t

    oe
    x1 = x1 and Y1 = Y2.
    SOLUTION We have,
    ch
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    x 1 a + Y1 b = x 2 a + y2 b
    te
    ➔ -► ➔
    ⇒ (x1 - x2) a+ (Y1 -y2) b -= 0
    ➔ ➔
    m

    ⇒ xi - x 2 = 0 and y1 - y2 =0 [·: 11 and b are non-collinear]


    fro

    ⇒ Xi = X2 and Y1 -= Y2·
    > ➔
    F\A~ 1 1LC ' If a and b are non-collinear vectors, .find the value- of ·"' for which vectors:
    d

    4 ➔ ➔ ➔ -➔ ➔
    o, =(x-2) a + b and f3 =(3 + 2x) a- 2 bare colline11r.
    de

    SOLUTIO:--1 Since vectors ci and f3 are collinear. Therefore, there exist scalar i, such that
    oa

    ➔ ➔
    a= "-f3
    nl

    ➔ ➔ ➔ -)
    (x - 2) n + b -= A. {( 3 + 2x) a - 2 b}
    w

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    {x - 2 - " ( 3 + 2x)} a + (1 + 2,,) b =0
    do

    -> ➔
    [·: a and b me non-collinear]
    x - 2 - ,, ( 3 + 2x) = Q and 1 + 2 "' = 0
    1
    x-2-,,(3+2x) - O and "= -
    2
    1 1
    x-2+- (3+2x)-= o ⇒ 4x - J = o ⇒ x=4
    2
    ~PU:., If -; and b are non-collinear vectors, fi11d thr t>(l/ue o{ Y for 111/dc/1 ti&,• i>t'clors

    Q "(2x ·d) "ii-band~ =(X -2) 1 +bare col/liwar.


    SOu:mol'I Given vectors ri and fl will be collinear, if

    -; =mJ3 for some scalar m


    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    (2x, 1) a- b = m {(x - 2) a+ b }
    22.54

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    => l(2x+l)-m(x-2)}<1 (m+l) b =0
    ➔ ➔

    [·.· a and b are non


    => (2x -1) -111 (x 2} = O and (111 -I 1) - 0 ·coU·
    1~,r
    1
    =- m =- 1 and x = -.

    !-.,
    3

    -"'
    rf -;
    .b ar1• tilt 1i,1sitio11 vertors cif I he JIOin ts (1, - l }, (-2, m),find the value o' rttfi
    '~~
    ftiS alsO
    b+
    ,1 and b ,ire col/i11ear. ··
    froJ11 (') we
    SOLL'T!ON
    •
    lt i~ gi\ ~1 that the position vedors of points (1, - 1) and (-2, nt) arc aand , D
    I , __,
    (l
    resrecti\·elv.
    ~ I\ I\ ) /\ /\ Substitutin
    • =i - j and b = - 2 i +mi .....

    m
    b+
    4 ➔

    o
    lt 1s given that 11 and I, are collinear vectors.
    (1 +

    .c
    ➔ ➔
    a = ,, 1' tor imme scalar )..

    du
    ""- ~ I\. /\ 1+
    1 -j =. q-Zi-cmf)
    =:> '-2
    oe
    ~ ~ A A
    i - } =c- V.) i + (mi,) j Substitutin
    _,
    ch /\ I\
    = l=-2}and-l=m,. f·: i and j ar.e non-.::ollinewj a+
    1 1 1 1
    te

    A=--andA = - - = --= - - :::;, m= 2 ~iPLES


    2 m 2 m
    ➔/\/\ ➔ ➔ AA
    m

    /\A
    Let U = i+2j, V = - 2i + j and w=4i+3j. Find scalars- xandy sucht/;ll
    SOLLTIOX
    fro

    -
    ti. =.x -+ -
    u + Y"''·
    SOLL TIO:S: We have,
    d

    ➔ ➔ ~
    w = xu+yv :::;,
    a-
    de

    - I A ~ A A
    4I ~ 3' = X (i + 2 j) + y ( - 2 i -,. j) and.
    oa

    /'. /\
    (x - 2y - 4) i + (2x + y - 3) j =O =>
    ~

    b
    nl

    x - 2y - 4 = 0 and 2x - y - 3 = o /\ A Frum (i). w


    [·: i and j are non-collinean-ectoP
    =
    w

    x =2 and y = - 1.
    do

    'fXAl\.fPISIwwthatthevectors 2 A/- 3 "j + 4kand


    E
    A
    _ 4 "1 1-: " ::;ul,~titunn
    + 6 J- Bk are colll11ear.
    ~ /\ ,.
    SO1.UTlOK Leta=2i-3j-+- " ➔
    4kandb - 4·
    I'\
    0 /\
    _,
    - I + 6 / -Bk. b+
    N ~ 1i1, l'A/\
    ow, b =-4i+6j-8k=-2(2 i 3j+4k) 2/i
    (I +
    Thus,
    l+
    ➔ ~
    Hence, a and b are collinear. µ

    I LEVEL-2 I
    ➔~ ➔ '
    LXAM1 7 Lf a, b, c arethrer' non-1111 11 vectorR ·u ·/ . :1 r
    1
    ·'<l//<1l1111•v1 ·, ,. ulf''
    - n· , -➔
    IS co mear unth c
    ➔ -•
    and b + c is co//inem- wit/1 ' ·
    . ! WU Pf I li'I// /lft' /1011·-COl lflt'/ ·

    n, then fin<! ; + b 1 /
    Al.Gf:SRA OF VECTORS

    SOLCJllON It is given that: 22.55

    1+b is collinea,r with 1


    ~ -+ .. ➔
    a + b = t-1 c for some scalar i,
    1
    -4 ➔ ...(i)
    Ji is also given that b + c is collinear With 1.
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    b + c "' ). 2 a for some scalar 1.2
    ,,,(ii)
    From (i), we get
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    a == A1 c- b
    Substituting this value in (ii), we get
    ➔ ➔ -> -)
    b+ = ~"2 P.--1 C- l1 )

    m
    C
    ➔ ➔ ➔

    o
    =, (1 + ½) !1 + (1 - At A.2) C =0

    .c
    ·> ->
    1 + ,.2 "' 0 and 1 - l 1 A.2 = O

    du
    :::) [·: b and c are non-collinear]
    => ''2 == - 1, A.1 = -1

    oe
    Substituting the values of A.1 and A.2 in (i) and (ii) respectively, we get
    ➔➔ ➔ ➔➔➔➔
    ch
    a+b=-c ⇒ a+b+c =O
    = .
    ➔➔ -4 ..
    Let a , b , c be three non-zero vectors such that any two of them are non-collinear. If
    . ,,,
    te
    EXAMl'lE 8
    --+ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ .... ➔ ;; ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    a+2b iscollinearwith c and b + 3c is:cqWnear~lfilli_a,tlienprpvethat a+2b - 6c = 0.
    m

    SOLUTION' It is given that


    fro

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    a+ 2 b is collinear with c
    d

    ➔ ➔ I . ...(i)
    a+ 2 b = 1c ➔
    c for some sc;i ar A
    de

    ..'"d
    ,.. , ➔
    b + 3➔
    c ·iscoll'1nearw1'th ➔
    a
    oa

    ... ➔ ➔
    ... (ii)
    ⇒ b .,. 3 c = µ a for :,ome scalar ~L
    nl

    From (i), we get


    w

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    a=1.c-2b
    do

    Substituting this value of 1 in (ii), we get


    ➔ ➔ • -•
    b+3c =µ{t.c -2b)
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    (1 + 2µ) b + (3 -µt.) c =0
    l + 2µ =- O and 3 - µ,, = 0
    1
    ~ µ=--andA.=-6
    2 ► -> ' ➔
    . '') .,. ecti,ely,w<'l-\l'lff 12l1t6c;;O,
    Substituting the values of,. andµ in (1) and (1 1 'iei,p ➔ ➔
    I vectors <1 - (x + 4y) a + ( 2x + Y + l) b t1lld
    llXAJ,fl'tE 9 If 1 and b are non-collinear vectors ar1c " -➔ • •
    ';l ➔ __, nected by the rellltion 3 a == 2 rf,Jmd x, y.
    ll "'(-2x + y+ Z) a+ (2x-3y-1) bare con
    22.56

    SI. ll l 1Tl\1N WP h,we,


    > )

    l
    :la = 2fl
    = 2 { ( 2X ., I/ I 2) (i + (2:r - 3y
    -1 { t' t .i.y) 11' t l~ \ 1 JI+ I) i,'
    4~ + 6y + 2) ,; = 0
    {,h I 1211+-h' 2_11 ,I.),; ~(6.,+3y+3
    \. \, - )

    {7, + 1ll,11 t) 11 1 ( 2, 1 9J/ + 5) I• - 0


    ➔ ➔

    (1 ,md 2., + 9!f • 5 =0


    t-: b and b are non-coll inear
    7, 1 lOy -l
    .\ l,y 1.
    at1d,

    m
    22.13.2 COLLINEARITY OF 0 0INTS
    Ll'I \, B c bt' three ('ollinear points. Then, each pair of the vectors AB, BC; AB, AC ar.i

    o
    Qea:dy,

    .c
    BC At' b ,1 r,1ir of rollinearvectors. Thus, to check the collinearity of three points, we can chEd conunon t

    du
    tlw ,-..,llin('Jrit) ,,1 an,, two vectors obtained with the help of three points.
    EJ(A~PLE .,
    Folkmin~ lh;orcm prcn;des the ~neral criterion for the collinearity of three points.

    oe
    --+
    THEOREM Tlm'f p,m1t, with position t•ectors 1, b nnd i are collinear if and only if there exist//ua -8 a -13
    ch
    ➔ ➔ -> ➔
    S()l.t"TIO:S.
    ,L"nt.ir·s 1, u,: not ,111 :,,,-n sim11/ta11eously 511c/1 that x a + y b + z c = 0, together with x +y +:=0
    te

    -::, a - 13
    ROOF Fir~t Id three point.~ A, B, C w ith position vectors 1, b and irespective[y ce
    m

    p
    col\in.-ar Th,.-n, Yectors AB and BC arc collinear. Therefore, there exist scalar"- such that
    fro

    -+
    AB-= i.BC
    --'
    ::::- p
    d

    and,
    de

    ➔ ➔ ->
    -
    (1.-l)a -,-1-b + (-,.)c = ➔O
    oa

    • ~ --), ►
    ⇒
    ra t y 1, +::: c = 0' where x = "- -1 , Y = 1 and z == - t,
    nl

    -- ~ ➔ ;I
    ~ ra + I/ f, +z c = u , where x + y + z = ,, _1 + 1 ~ (_ t..) = 0
    w

    C ~ ~
    do

    ?
    om ~rstly, let a' 1,, c bt• the position vecto. f . h tr.
    --, , , ➔ rs o points A, B and C respcctiYeh· ,u,
    xa + l/ II + zL - 0, wh<-re x + y I z = o.
    Now,
    ~

    \' ll + y /i
    .
    > --, I•; \ I 1/ i
    + xa1 1/V
    ⇒ [= -·-
    ,), t I/
    ⇒ Polflt C divides AR in the r.-i tio !I : .t
    A, B, Care collinear poinls.
    22.57
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXA
    r;--=:-_ _ MPLES
    [ LEVEL-1]

    -♦ ➔ ➔
    2a+3b-c and

    ;;_):tTh"'); Lt"t p Q R ~ th~ points \\;th .. ➔


    POsthon vectors a 2-,l 3-• ➔ ➔ '
    -" _. · · -,+c-2a•3b d
    ~ _,_- !- - - .: re;p,,,.·tisel~-. Then, ' - c an

    ~=P.Y.0fQ-P.Y.ofP:(-')d+ 3 b ➔) ➔ ➔ 4
    _,. -c -(a- 2 b+3i)=-3ci+5b-4c
    -:,.: ..,:\ - P.Y.ofR- ?.\· ofQ::(4d _ 7 ,!' 7 ➔) ➔ ...
    ' " + c -(-2 a + 3b - ➔ c) =6 ➔
    a-10 ➔b + 8➔

    m
    - I..·
    -
    _ _. c
    J,....r,;· ,:R =- 2 PQ. 'his shows that PQ and QlR

    o
    _. are parallel vectors. But, Q is a pom·t

    .c
    ~r:.,1., to the· So ,,~ and QR are collinear. Hence' porn· tsp, Q an d R are collinear.
    .

    du
    ~'.,.)fil~; 5" = t ..i; ti;,: point-s with position vecors
    t ➔ ➔-, ➔ ➔ ➔
    a-2b+3c,-2a+ 3b-'-2c and

    oe
    -~•-1:1, .;rrcollir.e.rrU'iwte;ierbe -;, t, 7.. ch
    "'2>::n~ Let P .::l R be the points \.\ith position vectors 1- 2 b+ 3 i - 2 d - 3 b + 2 7and
    te

    -:,;; -13b respecri,ely. Then,


    -=
    m

    P~ Position Yector of Q - Position vector.of P


    fro

    -+ _,... ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    PQ = -'.! .. ~ 3b+2 c)-(a - 2b+ 3 c) = -3 a + 5 b -c

    Q°"?. = Position ,ector of R - Position vector of Q


    d

    ?::::.
    de

    - -¼ ➔ -> ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    - QR =i-Sa-13b -<-2a +3bT2c) = 6a +10b - 2c =2(-3a+5b- c) ...(ii)
    oa

    ~ 1 anc Iii), we get QR = 2 PQ. This shows that PQ an d QR are parallel vectors. But,Qis
    ;; P'J:n· co:nmon to them.
    nl

    'n.PQ
    w

    a.'tdQR ;.re collinear. Hence, P, Q and Rare collinear points.


    ➔ ➔ ➔ ► ►
    do

    -·
    Slur.L• that tr.e poi1tts A, B, C with position vectors 2 {I + 3 b + 5 c, a + 2 1' + 3 , a11d
    _.., -.
    ~- cre,ptctively, are rollinear.
    --'IlO!I; We have,
    AB = Position vector of B - Position vector of A
    ~ ~--,-,.--,.. ➔, ~ 3 11 ...(i)
    .-w "'(a-2b+3c)-(-2a+3b+Sc) •
    a:.'"'--' ~
    '-', BC = Position vector of C Position vptlw 01 11
    ~
    BC =(71-c)-(7+2b+3cJc611 2/1 ,tc•l.(;:\,r
    ➔ ,. + ... t l.,'.)
    I ...
    ("")
    ll

    hom (i) and c··u,, we obtain2


    . fUj
    7t..
    ~
    -c• • Therefore, AB
    8
    and BC art> parallt'i vedoh But, B is a
    Pohit '""--on •o :-t.. ➔ f A.h and BC are collinear vectors. H~•ncc, points A, B
    ~""' , rl.1f and BC. There ore, D
    slJid. C are collinear.
    22.&ll e,eR-4
    _ALG
    I \ \Ml'I
    S\\Utrtl)N "'l' h,1\l' /\ /\ /\/\ .
    c1earl)', Q
    ' ') ==--:li - 2/A, .,
    ,
    ·Ul ( l \1$il11,n \'<'l°l<>I' <1 1 "" l'11,s•Hi1111 n',·h11 ol A) ( fi/ i) ( 2 It/ '[tiiS s hO""
    /\ I\ A. A I\ ·s C
    PL' (1\,:-it!i,n, <',h't 1,t. l' - I'11il1·,·1rn\Vl'<'(()l'()l°/l) (/ 1 J j) - (- 5 / - j) ::. 6 / ;. 4; 1,ut, Q J,
    !1,ll 'Lf. 8
    El' •

    _2 J3 "j+
    50LIJTION
    " I\ I\
    8 j 1111d r1 i - 52 / llrl'collinear,findtf.,, A

    m
    alut
    ~1 l1 • ,,
    :::>

    o
    SOl l Tl<1'\ l.t.'l \ Iw p11m " L' r,,~nL'ctivdy,
    . t ~ lw .· \ ""~nd _.. r . lt is given th<llpoints A, B, Care collinear·

    .c
    • ,md BL•, ,ll'<' c,,11·Ult'llr and,
    .·\B

    du
    .\i; A RC fc,r $()11\1' ~cn lar ,.

    oe
    ( - 20 1' - '
    ll j) A \{a - -10) 1-> ,LI";'}
    ....
    ch
    \ /\ ;t Hence,CD
    ⇒ {A (,1 40) ,.. 20 \ i (4-l;l,, 11) j == u
    te

    {·.· "i, /\j are non-collinear


    ['(!\\lPU:'1
    ;q,1 - -lO) + :m =0 and 4-V1. 11 = 0 AB.ind CD
    m

    ;.,, = .!. and A(11 - -10) + 20 == 0 SOLL'TIO:\


    -I
    fro

    ,!_ (1l - -!0) - 2Q == 0 => Q = - 40.


    -I :::::,
    d

    Hence the given points will be collinear, if n == - 40.


    de

    1\ . ~ .,, ; Shou• /11111 tile tllree points A (- 2, 3, 5), B (1, 2, 3) and C (7, 0, -1) nre col/i11ear.
    SOLL'TlON \i\'e ha\'e,
    oa

    ,.U, =Position vector of B - Position vector of A


    Cle,,r1y p
    nl

    t\ '\ A /\ /\ /\ /\/\ /\
    AB=(1+2j+3k) (-2i+3j+Sk)=3i-j-2k -,,
    PB
    w

    AP and
    and, BC = Position vector of C - Position vector of B
    do

    ⇒
    ➔ /\ ,.,. /\ I\ I\ I\ I\ I\ /\ I\ I\ \ '\l'W CP
    BC= (71-t-Oj k)-(i+2j+3k) - 6i-2i-4k= 2(3i-j-2k)

    Clearly, fie - 2 AB. This shows that the vectors AH ,md BC are par,,Llel.
    But, Bis a common point of AB Jnd Bl'. So, the p;ivl•n p,,int:, A, fl ,md C .lrt' collim•,\l', ,
    LXA.-...,rr r, Tlw position vecfors oj th,• /Wints I', Q, R , , \ \

    respectiz•ely. Pro1•c that I', Q and R ,m• co/1111,•,n /'111111,


    11 'i I l j" "
    I ,1}., ~ 1' 1 ;\ I' t ·s k .,, ,11' I
    SOUJTIOJ\ We have, l"ct·'
    PQ = Position VL><::tor of Q Position , t>Ctor 111 p
    I\ /\ A '\ /\ I\
    PQ =( 21 +3j+5k)-(i +21; U) -
    3 1' + I\j ~ 2k"
    and, QR = Position vector of R - Position \ ector ul Q
    ~ ~
    QR = (71-k)-(-21 + 37
    A ':, _ /\
    +ok) ~ 9; -Jj -()k
    I\ I\ ,\
    <>FIA OF VECTORS
    Al.GE"
    ➔
    , , QR
    ciear,y, '
    == - 3 PQ . 22.59

    f[1is shows that the vectors QR are collinear.


    PQ and
    Q is common point between PQ and QR Th
    Bu1, · erefore, givt>n . ,
    .. points I, Q and f< ar" collinear.
    t°J(I\MrtE s If the position vectors of the point.~ A ,. ,.,
    B, C, D are 2 i + 4k , 51i 3 ✓'.3 j
    1 1
    A ,
    A A ": , t- i- 4k,
    2 (j j+ k and 21 + k respectively, prove that CD 1.
    - -v' s parallel to AB and CIJ 2 A/J
    SOLUTION We have, 3 .
    AB = Position vector of B - Position vector of A
    -:-t,_ A /\A/\/\
    3i ➔ 3 '3":

    m
    M = (Si+3}3j+4k)-(2i+4k) = Oki\ ".- r;; 1• '
    v.:>J+ =3(i+v3J+OkJ

    o
    and, CO = Position vector of D - Position vector of c

    .c
    /\/\ I\/\

    CD= (2i +k)-(-2 J3 j +k) = 2i +2-feJ +Ok= 2(/ +.[3/ +Ok)

    du
    -b ":":A2A 2 /\I\
    C =2(i+.[3J+Ok) =-(3i+3../3j+Ok) =-AB

    oe
    3 3
    Hence, CD is parallel to AB and CD =~AB.
    ch
    3
    " \A ,1"LE q Show that the points A (6,-7, Ot B (16, - 19,-4), C (0,3,-6) andD (2,-5, 10) are such that
    te

    AB and CD intersect at the point P(l, -1, 2).


    SOLUTION We have,
    m

    AP = Position vector of P - Position vector of A


    fro

    A/\ A AAA h../\A


    ~ AP =(i-j+2k)-(6i-7j+Ok)= - 5i+6j+2k
    d

    and, ftJ3 = Position vector of B - Position vector of P


    de

    A A A /\
    ~ A ( 5' 6. 2k}
    ⇒ A A " A "
    PB=(l6i-l9j-4k)-(i -j + 2k) = l51-l87-6k =- 3- I+ J+
    A
    oa

    Clearly,PB =- 3 AP. So, vectors AP and PB are collinear. But, Pis a point romroon to
    nl

    AP and PB. Hence, P, A, Bare collinear points.


    w

    /\ I\ A A
    do

    Now, :ct.
    Ct' " " A " "
    =(i-j+2k)-(0i+3j-6k) = 1' - 4J+
    . 8k
    /\ /\ I\ /\

    and, -t.. =(2i-5j+10k)-(i-j+2k)


    Pu " " A " "
    = 1• - 4 J·" 8k ..
    ::-± , B t pis a Nmmon pomt tvC/' ,md CD.
    Oearly,cJ> = PD. So, vectors CF' and PD are collinear. u '
    lience, C, P, Dare collinear points. d C. [' LJ arP two si•ts lit colh1w,11 points.
    1,__ __ A . h ih~tA P Ban , ,
    "US, , B, C, D and P are points sue " ' '
    l-lence, AB andCDintersectatth cpom ·tJJ
    · ()tr•collinmr fimltlwi,,il11t'o{111.
    ExA."vfPLE o If thepom 3 11 1 1 ' '
    • ts ( 1, - 1 , 2), (2, m, 5) (/ltd(,, '1 N~ 1 H 1 l·\LMl'LAR I
    Q (2 1111 5) ,mcl I< (:"I, tl, b). Then,
    SOLurroN Let the given points be P (- l, - l, 2)' '..- "
    ➔ I\ " " ,:, A "-3i+(m~l)/-+3k
    PQ =(2i+mj+5 k) -(-i -J+ 2 k) - "
    A A I\ k
    and ➔ " " i, A": 2 k)-4ii-12j ➔ 4
    1
    PR =(3i+llj+6k)-(-i -J+ -
    lfp0 '
    mts P, Q, R are collinear, then
    22.60

    ➔ ➔
    PQ =APR for some scalar A _, -·>
    b
    /\ A A A A A 5.
    Jf a,
    _,. ---,
    ⇒ 3i+(m+l)j+3k=A(4i+12i+4k)
    1.-b,a:
    ••.➔•
    3 = 41>.. and m + I = 121. [On equating the coefficients o(· ,, ,
    6, Ji A.0
    ⇒
    l, /, ~
    ⇒ m+I =9
    ⇒ m=B 1, 5]10W d
    s. Jf t},e po
    EXA\1PLE · If ti, b are two non-collinear vectors, show that the points having position t• ,
    9. 5]10W
    1 1 1 Cto~

    10, If the V
    m1 m2 m3 11- Sh(TI,~ t
    ratio in

    m
    SOLUTION [f given points are collinear, then there exist scalats x, !/, z such that
    tZ. Using
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ 7

    o
    x(11 a+m1 b)+y(l2 a+m2 b)+z(l3 a+m3 b) =ll, wherex+y+z = O ares

    .c
    13. Using
    are col

    du
    ➔➔
    ⇒ [·: a, b are·non-collinear vector,;J

    oe
    where x + y + z = 0
    Thus, we have
    ch
    X+ !J-l-Z =0 ...(i}
    l1 x c+- 0_ y -r l3 z = 0 .., 11. G.i.-en
    te
    ...(Ji,
    m1 x+1112y+m 3 -z =O ...(iii!
    m

    Solving (ii) and (iii) by cross-multiplication, we get


    X !J Cle-a-rh
    = - ~- - = - - Z- - = ).(say)
    fro

    12 m3 - 13 m2 13 m1 -11 m3 - 11 m2 -12 m1 . ~
    ⇒ x = A. (12 m3 -13 ~), y = 1. (13 m1 -11 m3)z = }, (l,i, 1~_- [ mJ)
    2
    d

    Substituting the values of x, y, z in (i), we get


    de

    1 1 1
    (12 m3 - 13 mi) + (l3 m1 -11 m3) + (l1 m2 - 12 m1) = 0 ⇒ l1
    oa

    12 13 =0
    1rvi m3
    nl

    - - -- - - -- - - ; ==:= : = : : - - - - - - - -EXERCJSE22.T
    w

    LEVEL-1
    do

    I . Show that the pom·ts A, B, C wr'ti1 pos1·t·10n vectors ➔


    n- 2 ➔ ·➔ -> ➔ ' •1xl
    I, + 3 c, 2 ,1 + 3 b - 4 t' • ·
    ➔ _,.
    - 7 b + 10 c are collinear.
    ➔ ➔➔

    2. If a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors, prove that thP poii,ts having tlw t\,lllm ,n~ l',,,il••'''
    vectors are collinear:
    ➔➔ ➔ --,
    (i) a I b , 3 a - 2 b ")
    ( II ) ) > > ) > ' l .'
    n I /J I f 1 -I II I ,1 /, , fl} II t 7 /• ~ 1
    \

    3• .Prove th at th e pomts
    · h avmg · · vecl'ori; ", i 2 "· 1 1 "'· '\ "- ., ". J..~
    · pos1hon , ',' 2 '/ .,-k ·11
    collinear.
    1 •"•· 1 r .. 7
    '
    ,1 .,, •

    ' -
    I
    4. If the points with position vectors 10 + 3 ",· 1? / _ 5 ", "I'd , 0
    • 1 " ' "1+1
    0 . 'C", /ind 11~
    11 / are,·o11 u, .,,., •Ol' 1
    valueofa. 1c sSE•
    ➔ 22.61
    _ If J, b
    are two non-collinear vecto
    ,. -> ➔ ➔ -> ➔ rs, provt• that 11
    I
    -->+
    a b, a - b and a+ lb are ~ollii,e
    ~ . f
    ar or all real . l e poinLs w'th
    I
    position vectnr«
    _, =➔- ➔ ➔ \ il \It's of ).
    ff AO +OB= BO + 0C, prove that A R C
    6· ,:, " " ' ' are collinear points.
    Show that the vectors 2 1 - 3 j + 4 k and _ 4 " ~ "
    7• I +6J-8k arecOII'
    1f the points A (m, -1), B (2, 1) and C (4 S) lli tnear.
    S. , are co near f' _., th
    ·
    Show that the points (3, 4), (-5, 16)' (5... , l) a reco u·1near
    • ' uw e value of m.
    9 ➔ ~ ': ➔ /\ .•
    10, If thl.' ,·ectors a =•2 r - 3 J and b = - 6 i + 1111" are c0Irinear, fit1d
    .
    the value of m
    lJ. ShowthatthepomtsA(l,-2,-8),B(S,O _ 2) d .
    ratioinwhichBdividesAC. ' an C (ll, 3, 7) are collinear, and find the

    m
    ll. UsiflgvectorsshowthatthepointsA(- 2 , 3 , 5) B(? 0 -l) [NCERTI

    o
    aresuchthatABandCDintersectatthepoint p (1 2 ,3), C {- 3, -2, -5) andD (3, 4, 7)

    .c
    · ' ' · [CBSE 2012]
    vectors, fj n d thc value of lsuch that the points(,,, _ 10 , 3), (l , _ l,3)and(3,5,3)
    13. Usingllinear

    du
    are CO • [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
    - - - - - - - - : -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ANSWER

    oe
    4. 8 8. 1 10. 9 11. 2:3 ch 13. -2
    _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROBLEMS
    te
    11. Given points are A (1, - 2, - 8), B {5, O, - 2) and C (11, 3, i ).
    -:-t.., A A A ➔ A /\ /\ ~ A A A
    :. Al! = 4i + 2j+ 6k, BC = 6i + 3j + 9k and CA =10i +5j + 15k
    m

    Oearly, AB+ BC = &. Hence, points A, Fi and Care colli.rtear.


    fro

    Suppose B divides AC in the ratio ). : 1. Then, the position vectors B is

    1.+l)i +(:!t--2)~ +(n--sJ,;


    d

    ( ll
    l
    de

    i-.-1 }.+1 J i-.+1


    1' 1' 1'
    oa

    l3ut, the position vector of B is 5 i + 0 j - 2 k. Fig.22.65


    1H.+1 31,.-2 7J..-8 _ - 2
    nl

    = 5, - - == 0, ~ -
    1+1 i+l h+l
    w

    ~ lli-.+1 = 5i,+5, 311.-2 == 0, 71-8 = -211.-


    2
    do

    2
    ~ 6,-. = 4, 3J... = 2, 9A. = 6 ⇒ ?, = 3'
    22 -14 COPLANAR ITV f ctors and ,ilAo that of tuur ,,r nwr<'
    In this section, we shall discuss copJanarity of a 6Y6tcrn ° ve ·
    Points as three points are always coplanar. ara/1,•I to 1/w s,1111,· 1•l,u11·
    A system of vectors is said to be coplanar, if their supports nre 1_1. ll tltrt-t• ol· nwr,• \ C'd,w,; m.,,
    Wh alwnys cop 1an,tr. i 11,
    e ave already seen that any two vectors are , ' . t • I ol rnol,ml'it\ ,,t lhrt't', ,-.:tor~
    or ma . th rem mv,•s ,1 cs , ·
    Ynot be coplanar. The foUowing <>0 "
    , 11' /1'1 /Yl'O ~1[~'11 HOii· ;t'lcl lltlll ,•,,11111,·,1r
    THE tors) Lei II 11111 ' '
    OREM 1 (Test of caplanarif:1J of three vec > , • • ,
    ➔ . /11 ,'Yl,,-ess,•t/ r1, ,. -" ii , I/ 1, ,for ,om,
    t'ecto ➔ , 1 --, db c1111 be11111q11e. ,,., . .
    rs. Then, any vector r coplana-r uJ1t i a an
    scalars x amf y.
    22.62
    ➔
    ➔ ➔ vectors and let r be a vector cop]
    PH.OQ!: Let a and b be two non-collinear non-zer0 atiar,11i~
    1
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ :ct. ➔ dO- t.. -: Complet<' th<' parall elogram OLPM WitJ 1
    a and b. Let QA = a, Q[j = b an I' = 1 ➔ Op ,
    1
    ct
    di.igonal. Since vectors OL and OM are collinca WI
    -; • 1 'th QA -; and OB ~b respective! y,
    ll

    .....
    ---,, p I a+
    ,, _,
    I Tl C""
    .;,
    ,I
    ,, , i=l

    m
    ,
    0 xa L -
    a A
    :;:;-,

    _,

    o
    Fig. 22.66. is

    .c
    C
    ::;:;,
    -•

    du
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ li
    OL = x a and OM - y Ii for some scalars x, y. = C

    -➔
    6P=ol+u
    oe
    [By triangle law of addition ofvei.iorsl Hence, a, b,
    ::::;, OP= c5l +OM [·: [p =07.q T EOREM 3
    ch
    ➔ ..... ➔

    = r=xa -y b
    te

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    Thu;,, r =x a - y b for some scalars x and y.
    m

    · ot. th'1s representa"on,


    '" 1et.➔
    r =.x 1 a +•Yi ➔
    4 b. for ·some scalars x, and~
    To proYe the uru_queness
    --
    fro

    Then. ::::;, ,:.;r


    ➔
    x a- y b
    ➔ ➔
    = x1 a+ y1 b
    ➔
    :::, - =
    d

    II
    ➔ .... 7
    de

    (x-x1) a - (y-yi) b = u .....


    =.- b
    = [·: ➔
    a and ➔
    b are non-co11·l!I,~
    .,.
    oa

    x-x1 =0 and y-y1 =0


    = x = x1 and y = y1 flu.., b contr
    nl

    Hence, the representation is unique. ~:.rr,_J;i:rh '


    Qf '
    w

    H~r.~c
    The above tJ-,c,r1rem can aJso be re-stated as under:
    do

    Three vectors are copt,mar if one of tlirm is cxpressiblC' rrs a linear ,omlmiaticm or ,IJ,, t•fli<'• ,,,,.i,
    Following theurc,m prov id et> an alternative tc•sl for the co planarity nf thn•t>, t>d,,r,.
    ' :,1a, ,ff
    THEOREM 2 l'rrme thal a m•cessary atuJ s11fjicirnt co11dilim 1 for tlun w,·ti•r~ ,; 1,' , id.' ' t-..l/~::1-11

    c.opln nar ts· IIwt f herr ni01 mlar /, m, n 110/ 11// ··rru .,1t1111it11,11 •/J11•,J11 ;111'11 11 1 t , • ,,, /•~ 1 11, ~ 1f
    111 11

    Necessary cu11d1t io11


    expressible as a line.. 1 comlm1al1<JJ1 "' 1111' 11ll11 1 lwo. l, ·t / 1 ,; ; 111,' 1.,, ~11111,, ,,.11,11''
    Then,
    ' = x a+ y b for sonw scillilfs 1, y
    c
    ~ -)

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ~
    I a+ m b n c = (1, wh~re: I - l, 111 I/ ,lllll /1 I.
    _._....... 1 22.63
    •t' •1 b c are cop anar Yectors the th
    usl' ' ' n eree·
    ➔
    '
    t'Jl ' / m n are not all zero simuJtaneo"~l Xlst scalars/, 111 _,
    -here, I
    \\. ~ ~ ➔
    =V. .. nsuchthat/,1+m/•+11?:o
    .r.•'ellf condition: let a, b, c be three vect
    ;:,·1,tl ors such that th .
    .. ...... ➔ ere ex15t seal I
    ,...u1taneol 1 .
    sh· satist\ing
    .
    / n + m b --> _ - .
    + n c - 0 ¼e h
    · ars , m, n not all &'TO
    s»•· ave to prO\·e th t ... I,' -•
    ,-eetors, a a • • c are ~"planar

    ~ ~ ➔ ➔
    /,1+ml•.,,n.:: =O

    o m
    ? is ,t linear combination of 1 and b

    .c
    ... ➔ ➔

    du
    c lies in the plane of a and b
    ➔ ➔ --4

    oe
    Hence, 11 , b . c are coplanar vectors. QE.D
    ~ --> ➔

    a, b , c are lhl'ee non-zero non-coplanar :veclOJ'S and x, y, z are three scalars. then
    ch
    T~f.OREM 3 I(
    - ... + 7 0
    xa•yb-:c=u ⇒ x=y=.:.=.
    te

    _Q: H possible, let x = O. Then,


    m

    - - ➔ ➔
    xa..-yb·<'.c=O
    fro

    ... ... ➔
    ::, xa =-yb - .:. c
    d
    de

    ... ➔ ➔
    ::, a is coplanar with b and c
    oa

    Il-.i!. is contradiction to the fact that d, b, 1 are non-coplanar. Therefore, x =O.


    nl

    Similarly, we can prove that y = z = O.


    w

    Hence, ~ ...
    .. ... 0
    x a+ y b + z c = O ⇒ x = y =Z = -• -• ➔ ➔
    do

    Four points with position iiector, ,1 i, • '"


    d are
    THEOREM 4 (Test of coplanari.ty offour points) ➔ -➔ ➔ ► - -•
    that x a+ Yb + =r - u 11 - O
    COp/anar if! there exist scalars x, y, z, u not all zero suclz
    i+y ·+ -O
    -r - !j - • . .... b➔ • ..
    ,lllll d re,r,, ll\"
    • I'
    ~ . .th position vectors ,1 , ' ,
    ~QJF Let A, B C and D be four poIDts WJ th, "
    . , , W· AC and ,U) Ml' copl,111.u \l'l't,ir,;.
    • .:; ,
    ' <t
    Fu-st, let A, B, C, Dbe four coplanar points- Then A '
    eXist scalars 1. andµ such that
    -, ➔ :'t-.
    AB ~ i-.. AC + µ ALJ
    t
    22.64

    -+ .. ~ • ci, wlwrl.' f 1 1 11 I, I/ I, t
    ,,
    .l ,1 + I/ 1, t z ( j. " ,I

    ⇒
    •
    \ ,, t I/ l•
    ♦
    j
    •
    z I t " ,I
    •
    ,r, w hu I' r I I/ ~ t II I f V l tl I I'

    Convcrsclv, let Lh, •re br .cal11r


    r 1/, ., 11 11.,1 all 1 ,._,, , 11Lh th11t
    ♦ ►
    •
    ,,1+111, + t
    ..
    11d ti
    \\here 1 + If+ .. 11 0
    Puttill~ t (I/ 11) f,om (11) tn /1 ), w, W t
    " t'
    •
    + .,\ a + 11 /1 + z , •
    • • 11,
    I II.,
    •
    I ) .. : ( C
    • + + II ( ti]
    II)
    n~)
    ⇒

    m
    0
    Let y * 0. TI,cn,

    o
    AB= '-;]Ac

    .c
    +[-:JA!J

    du
    Tilli ~hows that AB, AC and Ab are coplanar vectors.

    oe
    Hence, polflts A , B, C, D arC' coplanar poinls ch ,.
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

    I
    te

    : LEVEL-1
    --, ➔ --,. --,. --,. --,- _,, ;,
    m

    ?
    <;hcin• 11-Iat the vectors a-2 b + 3 c, a 3 b +5 c and -2 a 3b- 4 c fl1t
    fro

    ~ ~ ➔

    iL' 1-""I.' a• b , c are non-coplanar.


    c,o1 ~-riOl\ Rccal that three ve:ctors are coplanar if one of the given vectors is expre.-:
    d

    lnear combma tion of the other two. Let


    de

    ,.,. 7,,, ..,. ) --,. ?

    a- 2b - 3 c =x ( a - 3 b + 5 c) 1- y I - 2 a ➔ 3 b 4 c) for some scalar~ r and


    oa

    --,-~ -, -, >
    a-2v+3c (x 2y1a~( 3x-+3yJb .. (5x 4y),
    :::;, - r -2'.j, 2 3x .. 3y and 1 Sx 41/
    nl

    Sol m~ 1rsttworAthesee9uati<,m;,w1•~etx l/1, I/ l/1 Cll'iJlly,thC'St'\ I • •


    w

    sati< f, U:- tr •d <~ualion


    do

    H~"nCt-, the~ er \·ff ,,rs are c, ,plan..r


    ,. , .. , .,
    • • •
    2 II /1 'j I , ii I I,
    .!. , 111,d a • I
    ?1ector~ •
    SOU.,:"!J IRt,1fp ,·,,1blc,tl, i;il,nv, t,,,,IJ •n1,l111,1r lhcnomolth
    1
    \
    exprtSsibl, 11 tcrrr rif • I11 , ,ti,, ri wr,
    Let 2 ,; ' r.' l( II • I,• . I,: I/
    ,
    /1 •
    ,/ ' I "lr1f111 om, , 1111 111 ~

    ⇒ 2 J I; 3 c (A If) ,; + tr 1/) 1,• 1 f ,1

    ⇒ 2-x+y, l r 11,111.l! 't l11


    Solving, fir~t and third ul ll1, ,. c4u.it11,11~, INL g, 1 1
    'J md 11
    satisfy the tru.rd ;,9uation
    Hence, the given vector,; ,m• not r upl,11i.tr
    ,-l,u•tE J Prot1etl1atfo11rpoints21+ 3 b_ ➔ ➔ ➔ 22.65
    1 c,a-2b+3 ➔ ➔
    ,~p/amrr. . . ,c,3a+4b- 2 " ➔ ➔ ➔
    • l]I10N Let the given four points b p c and a - 6 b + 6 c are
    501. ~ ➔ '"" e 'Q, Rands
    t1te vectors P!,J~ PR and ~S are coplanar. These ve •respectively.These points are coplanar if
    i) ·:pressed~as a hnear combination of oth ctors are coplana 'ff
    e.' :ct. ➔ er two. So, let r t one of them can be
    i)
    p'-' = x PK + y PS
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    -a-Sb+4c=x(a+b-c)+y(-➔ ➔
    a-9b +7 ➔
    c)
    ➔ _➔ ➔ 4
    :::- -a-~b+4c =(x-y)a+(x- 9 y)li + (-X+7y) ➔
    c
    .....
    -
    x-1/• =-1, x-9y = -5 I -x+?Y-_ 4 [E tin ➔➔

    m
    5o1ving the.first of these thr~ equations, we get x = _ 1 ;ua _ g coeff. of a, b, ion both sides]
    third equation. Hence the gwen four points are coplan~.' Y - l / 2. These values also satisfy the

    o
    .c
    ➔ ➔➔
    H\'P'.£ • if a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors such ti111t X1 ➔
    a + Y1 ➔ ➔ ➔
    b +z c - x a +
    ➔
    b
    ➔

    du
    fl1,:11provet/111tx =x2 ,y1 :ay2 andz :2z. 1 - 2 Y2 +21c,
    1 1
    SOLUTION We have,

    oe
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    .\ l a + Yi b + =1 r =X2 a + Y2 b + Zz c
    ch
    (x1 - X2 ) a + (y1 - y2) b + (z1 - z 2) c = u
    ➔ ➔ ➔ -;;

    Xi - X2 = 0,Y1 -y2 = O,:q - iq = 0 [Using Theorem 3]


    te

    x1 = x2, Y1 = Y2 and z1 = z2.


    m

    - - -- ---::::::::::;;:= ===;--- -- - -- EXERCISE22.8


    fro

    LE\tEL•1
    a 1 Show that the points whose position vectors are as given below are collinear:
    d

    /\A/\/\/\/\ /\A A /\. /\ /\/\ /\ /\ /\AA


    (i) 2 i + j -k, 3 i - 2 j + k and i + 4 j- 3k (ii) 3 i - 2 j + 4k, i + j + k and - I + 4 i-2k
    de

    '.'.. Using vector method, prove that the following points are collinear:
    oa

    (i) A (6, - 7, - 1), 8 (2, -3, 1) and C (4, -5, O) (ii) A (2, - 1, 3), B (4, 3, 1) and C (3, l, 2)
    (iii) A(l,2,7), B(2, 6,3)andC(3,10,-1) (jv) A(-3,-2,-5),B(l,2,3)andC(3 4,7)
    nl

    y '• · If ➔
    a, ➔
    b,➔
    c are non-zero, non-coplanar vectors, prove tha t the follO\'l'ing vectors art>
    w
    do

    coplanar:
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ -➔ ➔ ➔ 5'7
    (i) 5 a + 6 b + 7 ?, 7 11 - 8 b + 9 c and 3 a + 20 b + <
    rr
    .. ) ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    b 4➔
    ( ll a - 2 b + 3 c , a 3 b + 5 c and - 2 a + 3 - c /\ " ,'\
    lo i
    '\
    Ii.I j -4k,
    \

    S 4. Show that the four points havin~ position vectors f. I 7 I


    3': /\ ': t; /\
    1 - 6k, 21 -5 J+ 10k are coplanar.
    5. p
    rove that the following vectors are cop IaMir. .
    ') A A A /\ /\ /\
    (1 2i-j+k,i -3 j-5kand3l - 4/ 4
    /\ ':
    I\ I\ " (\
    /\ "• A
    k (Ji) i I ,· ·I k I 2 i I 3 I
    "
    lllll
    l ., ') ,. 2k·"
    I - '+
    6' Prove that the following vectors are non-coplanar: /\ /\ " /\ " ': ': "
    ,.) /\ /\ /\ /\ /\ /\ A /\ {k\ (Ii) 'j + 2 j + 3k, 2 i + j r 3k and r +J + k
    \1 3i+j-k,2i-J+7kand7i - j+23
    22.66

    ➔ ➔ -> , tint the following vec tors are non-c


    7. 1f 11 , i,, c are non-coplanar Yeclors, pro,<: • Op\&%:
    ➔➔ )-lo->-) .... .,~
    (i) 2 a - l> + 3 t' , 11 + r, - 2 i: and 11 • 1, ,, c
    .-) ~ ~ ~ -}, t " 1" )
    {ii) a+ 2 /1 + 3 .- , :: a + b + 3 c and a + 1+ c
    ·I\ I\/\\ AA A
    _, ► ➔ ' • 2 ' J k l• 2 i ➔ ,· 3k I ► A ,
    Show that the, ccturs II Ii, c given by a "' 1 1- I + ' - · ' anc c I+ i ;
    ➔ A.A ~ • •
    are non-coplanar £.\.press vector d =2 i - j-3 k af. a luwar combin,1t1on of the vectors d,h
    ~

    and c.
    I LEVEL-2 I

    m
    -> ➔ ➔

    c:i, Pro,-,:, that a necessary a:nd sufficient condition for three vectors a , b and c to becnpl.n.i

    o
    ➔ ➔ -~

    .c
    is that there ei..ist scalars I, Ill, 11 not all zero siinultaneously such that 1 a -i- m b - n c ""if

    du
    ➔ -) - ) ➔

    10. Show that the four points .4, B, C and D with position vectors a, b, c and d respectiv~;

    oe
    > ·~ ➔ --'> ➔
    are coplanar if and only if 3 11 - 2 b + c - 2 d = 0. ch
    _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _,ANSWE~
    te
    s ➔ 1 ➔ ➔ ,
    =- a+-b+4c
    3 3
    m

    ::,
    2215 OIRECTIC ', COSINES AND DIRECTION RATIOS
    fro

    In this ,>edion, we shall discuss about the direction cosines and direction ratios of a vector. = Pr
    .2.15.1 O,RE.CTJC, 'OSINES 3..'.!'.ilarl\ ,
    d

    D RECTION COSINES If a, p, y are the angles which a vector OP makes with the posifiFe directw1k
    de

    ; \
    Pro~
    the coordinate axes OX, OY, OZ respectively, then cos a, cos 13, cosy are known as the dired1on co<:r. ·
    S:m~.a!'h·,
    oa

    of OP and are generally denoted by the letters l, m, n respectivellf.


    I - c,os a, m = cos fl., 11 =cosy. B~1t rroje..:
    nl

    z
    w

    X
    do

    \ll1\ ru tfu,

    r--
    \ii) \\'~, h
    0
    ~

    J.
    .)
    .,
    X )
    f 1g ?2.67 I
    :::::,
    The angles
    . a, P, 1 are known as lht• dire-. lion ,uwn !es ,ind ·s l 11·1,..~1V lh l' conurtH>n
    , , , () ,- ..
    v.,'",;, t ~' I
    above definition the vector 6p
    11as its miti . . 22.67
    Inthe .. . . . .
    ,e 1·ts initial pomt at the ongm lhon w a1pomt at u1e O .· .
    [la' . ' " e can d ngm If a ·
    ·!rig initial point at the origin. raw a paraUeJ · given vector does not
    11a1• vector of the same magnitude
    Cle, 1, arl" PO makes angles n - '
    a rr _ fl rr
    1,, - 'Y Wtth ox OY
    .
    ~ ' , OZ resp ·
    c0sines of P\J are cos (n - a.), cos (n -P), cos (n- ) ectively. Therefore, direction
    . 7t n Y or, -I, -m, _11_
    AS the x-axis makes angles 0, - , - wiu1 OX OY
    . . 2n 2 1t
    ' and OZ tespective IY• Therefore, direction
    osines ot x-axis arc cos 0, cos - , cos _ i
    C 2 2 .e., 1' 0'0.
    similarly, the direction cosines of Y and z-axes are O 1
    ' ' Oand 0, 0, l respectively
    THEOREM Let P (x, y, z) be a point in space such that 1 -OP . . ·
    ➔ ➔ 1ias d1rect1011 cosines L rn n - -

    m
    , ~
    - ➔ J I • J.fU:,ft1

    (i) 11 r I, 111 ! r I, n I r I are projections o' ,. on OX., OY, oz respec1zve. y.

    o
    'J 1
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    (ii) X = / I 1' I, Y = 111 I r I, Z =11 I I' I

    .c
    ➔➔ /\/\/\""I\

    du
    I\
    /iii) r =Ir I {Ii +111j +11k)a11d r =Ii +mj +.nk
    . ) 12 ,..m2 +11 2 = l
    (IV

    i
    [~ill: The position vector of point P (x, y, z) is given by i + y j ..!. Suppose OP
    oe =xi zk,
    ch
    makes angles a., p, y w ith OX, OY an d OZ respectively. The.n, / = cos a, rn = cos~' n =cosy.
    te

    (l') · · of➔
    Proiection · =➔
    r on x-axis r •':1 [ ·: "rroJechon
    . . of ➔a on -b, = ➔
    a · b"]
    ⇒ i 11i I cos-a.
    m

    Projection of i on x-axis = I [By definition of dot product)


    fro

    ⇒ ·
    Proiection of ➔
    r on x-axis =II ➔
    r I [·: L= cosa]

    Similarly, projections of i on OY and OZ axes are m I 1 I and n I 1 I respectively.


    d
    de

    /\ I\ A/\/\

    (ii} Prnjection of 1 on x axis = f. i = (xi + Y j + z k) · i = x

    arly, projections of ➔
    oa

    a11.d.,. respectively
    r on OY and OZ axes are Y - ·
    cunil·
    •
    J

    But, projections of 1on OX, OY, OZ are 11i I, ml f I aJ.1<l If I i:cspcctively. 11


    nl

    II ➔r I, y ml ➔ nl ➔r I
    w

    X = = r I, z =
    A A A .
    do

    ('" ➔ -> --,. · j + zk we obtain


    .11!) Putting x ... l I r' I' y =m I r I, z "' n I r I ii1 r == x ' + y ' '
    A A /\ A
    ➔ ➔ "
    r ~Ir l(li +mj +nk) ⇒
    " A 7 0
    ➔ ,,, Ji +/11/ +
    0
    ll
    k ⇒ r c:li·flllit11k

    Ir I
    (iv) We have,

    OP=I /1
    r,;----2- 2 ➔
    ✓x"' + Y + z =I r I
    2 2

    2 ... 2
    2
    x + y +z =lrl
    ➔ 2

    2 + n2 I ➔
    I I r I + m2 I 1 1 2 I
    r r == r
    _, 12
    l·:, ii / 1,,11 ml /1,z rrJ ./1]
    Q.E.D.
    22.68

    2215.2 DIRECTION RATIOS . . .


    . . are d1rectton cosmes of a vect
    -ti that i1 / 111 11
    As we have seen m the pre, 10us seL Qn . . . . or, th
    2 2 2 - 1 Ther>f re I m II usuallv im·oh'C' tract10m, and Iad1ca1signs. Also, it is s1·.L cl
    / + 111 + 11 - . eO , • • , ll"lfj
    . . • . l 111 11 as such So, WC' 1ntrnducc the concept of d' ~
    combur some to use d 1rect10n costnes , , •, · 1re(lj0n
    ratios of a vector. •
    Dl"REC-1''"' A TIOS ut /,
    111, 11 l•cdirrcfio11 n1sinct:of11 ,-i·clor r
    1111d 11• 11• c, /Jt' f//re~ 1111111brrssuch,~'1/

    ~ = m =~. Then ,wt sa_t/ //ml tlw dinx/ion ratim. ordirrctio111111111ber~of t1t'Cfor r nrcprnportronai~
    a b c cos (1.
    a, b, c 4
    For example if -' _ .=. -l are direction cosmes
    · of a vector r , t h en .its d'trection
    · ratias
    1

    , 3, 3, 3 aw
    proportional to 2, - 2, 1 or, - 2, 2, -1 or, 4, - 4, 2, because

    m
    2/3 = -2/3 = 1/3 2/~= -2/3=1/3, 2/3 = -2/3 = 1/3

    o
    2 -2 1 ' -2 2 -1 4 -4 2 11tus, dircctio

    .c
    It is endent from the above definition that to obtain direction ratios of a vector from its directi-On

    du
    cosines we just multiply them by a conunon11wnber. This also shows that there can be infinite!T proportional r
    ~

    many ,ets of direction ratios for a gi,en vector. But, the direction cosines are unique.

    oe
    Toevector r
    \\Te shall now obtain the direction .cosines from the direction ra tios.
    are
    ch
    ->
    Let direction ratios of a vector r having direction cosines 1, m, n be proportional to a, b, c. Then.
    I m n
    te

    [Bv
    , definition·
    a b c
    i m n
    m

    Let -=-b-=-=A. Then, i=a),.,m = bl,n = c1.


    a C
    fro

    let
    2
    7 - m .. n
    2 2
    =1 = a2 i + bz 'J.! + c2 '·i
    PQ
    d

    --->
    b
    de

    11 PQ
    (') 2 ?'
    m=+
    - f2 ,11= + - C

    ,«-+b +c ✓« -b2+c2 - ✓n2+b2 +c:z. .S.., d .......,._


    -~-... ..~mr
    oa

    where the signs should be taken all positive or all negative. .'t_'.! - .
    a ratios o~1 a vectorbare p~OJJort·«maJ tOa, l1, c then 1/s
    Thus, r the direc/11m • d1rectio11
    • ·• '11
    nl

    ,·oshw, an•~,,,
    ::---== ~ - C
    w

    '\1a2+b:!+c 2 , - J,/ ,.zi2 .. c2, + ~


    /n1 b2
    +C
    i
    do

    , , I
    where the signs !illould be taken all po,i fiw or all 11eg11 live
    For exampk•, ii d1r~tion ranos ot a vPctor
    c0sines an,
    r' Me proportional
    _
    to 3, - -1, l.!, th,'11 1t, ,on'
    . . ~•

    3 ,1 I • t'
    y 2 ' 2
    ✓(3) 1 (-4,2 t 112/ ..J( 1>2 • ( 4)'
    0
    1 1
    I I ')l l> l
    I
    v<I \)i ' t n.i • l l '\. '
    i,i
    22 15.? SOME IMPORTAr~ r RE'SUL l OU OIIH (.TION n
    I
    In this section, we !'>hall H«tP c1nd I ,rc,vpi;t A IQ AND DIR ~TION COSINfS ,
    'avecoras
    t theorems. "'" llll(IIJII 1111
    · I
    h''Hl lRnHdil\''"lhnll~lth>:-•••n1..
    l l ·l,.111••
    THEOREM i
    ff r' _-a,~
    / + ,·k,
    r
    11sd11,•i1u,,,
    1 /J
    "
    1/,.,,,
    t IJ•,JIJt••· ill('
    a b <'
    TI
    ya + Ii 2 - C2'12
    \I/) I r, + c·
    2 ,,z /,' I I l ,'J·
    and tlte direction ratios oif r' ,.rre pmJmr/1111 111 / 1, I
    111,,,c.
    \
    .AI.GEBflA OF VECTORS 22.69
    ➔ ";, '> /\
    ~l<QQ!:
    1.- =a 1 + b J + ck be a vector having d"irection
    Let r . cosines I

    l
    111 makes angles a., p, y with OX, OY and OZ respectively,
    . Then. 'm, n.
    ➔';' ➔ I\
    cos a. = ➔ r•r

    I: II ~I
    I\ , cosP= ➔r-j,. , cos Y-_ -
    A /\ I r II j1
    ➔r -
    -k"
    I 1 II kI
    I

    ·: cos fl= I ; ~bl


    1
    ';{ -+
    b

    cos o. = (ai + b j +ck)· i , cos~ = (a "i + b "j +ck)·


    c...-----'------'- " "j (a I+ IJ "1· +ck) , k
    I 11 I7 I , cos Y = ....
    a b c I r1

    m
    l =-,m = - ,n = - [·: cos a. = I, cos 13 =m, cosy =nl

    o
    Iii 11 1 11 1

    .c
    -l, /\ /\ A
    1nus,direction cosines of r = a i + b j + ck are - ➔
    a- , ➔
    _b_ , ~an
    c dhence1ts
    . direct1onratiosare
    . . .

    du
    Ir I IrI IrI
    Q .E.D.

    oe
    proportional to a, b, c.
    ➔ A /\ /\
    11,e vector r =2 i + j- 2k has d irection r atios p roportional to 2, l , - 2 and its djrcction cosines
    ch
    are 2 1 - 2 2 1 - 2
    ✓22 -12 + (-2)2 ' ✓22+(1)2 + (-2)2, [22+12+(- 2)2
    te

    or,3'3' 3
    The direction ratios of the line segment joining points (x1, y1, z 1) and (r2 , y2 , Zi) are
    m

    Tl-lEOR~M 2
    pmportwna1to x1 - x1 , y2 - y1 , z2 -z.1
    fro

    PRO()! Let P (xi, yi, z ) and Q ( x 1 , y 2 , 22) be two given points. Then,
    1
    PQ = Position vector of Q - Position vector of P
    d

    ~ PQ = (x i + y/j + 22 k) -(x1 i + y1 j + z3k) = (X2 - x/i + (Y2 - y,) j . _ (z2 - z1)k.


    de

    2
    So,directionratios of PQ are proportional to x2 - x1, Y2 - y1 , z2 - z1 and its di rection cosines are
    oa

    ~ - ~-'- , "-"---"-'""
    -=-- h - ½ ' -=---"-
    22 - ~ Q.E.D.
    nl

    IPQ I I PQI IPQl


    w

    THEOREM 3 Two parallel vectors have proporti.onal direction rnti.os.


    -► ➔ ➔ I ,
    do

    -+
    ROOl Let a and b be two parallel vectors. Then, b = A. a for some sea ar "-
    ➔ A A A
    If tt = a1 i + ai j + a3 k, then
    ➔
    b = , , a ⇒ b =(A- a1) i + (11, /lz) j + ("- a3) k.
    4° -1 A /\ /\

    11 11 11
    This shows that the direction ratios )I. Ii are proportional to'- 111, "- 112, A- 113 or, 1, 2, .\ bt.-.:,,u$e

    ,, a1: i,'½ :%a3 ~ a1 : II?.: a3.


    Thus, d and b have proportional direction ratio~ and hence eq11al dlrt-ctlon co51nes. Q.E.D .

    THEOREM 4 If a vector -; has direction ratios proportio11al tu 11, Ii, c. f/ieu,


    ➔r = .
    ' rl
    1
    ➔
    ,. ,.
    (a i + b j + ck)
    "
    ,Ja2 + b2 + c2
    MA.TliE!1i11q
    22.10 IC~·l1i
    . f ➔ ·e proport-ional to 11, /,, r. Tlwl'dor<', it~ dirt>cli\1
    PROO!-' Since direction ratios o r ar nr <,,,"
    are (l _i,,
    1, =1="c = =
    I =
    11
    Ja2 + b2 + c2
    ...., ' 111 =
    11
    2
    + /• "
    2
    t'
    2
    II
    Ji I /1 2 I c2 • 2
    9JJ1

    ➔
    Now, r = I ....
    r I (Ii/\ + 111 " "
    j + 11k)

    _, ➔1
    r=lrl a~ /2 b
    ~,+ 2
    ,Ji +b2 + c2 Va +b
    .... 1 /\ /\ /\
    1= 1 r (111+l1j+ck)

    m
    ⇒ 0.E.D
    ,rai + 1,2 + c2

    o
    ➔ I\ I\ A
    . e

    .c
    TiiEOREM 5 J(I. 111 , 11 are the directicm cosi11t's ofa vector r =x i + y j t zk, then its projections on 1,,. Hence, d 1f
    .

    du
    -), ➔ ➔
    coordinate axes are respectively I I r I, 111 I r I, HI r I, r
    ➔ ➔

    oe
    rROl'f Let/,111,nbetheclirectioncosinesofavcctors r. If r makes angels CJ., ~~and7with0X, ➔
    r
    OY and OZ respectively. TI1en, I = cos a, 111 =cos~, 11 = cos 'Y·
    ch
    Now,
    ➔ ➔ A ➔ A ➔
    Since+ an
    te

    Projection of r on x-axis = r · i = I r 11i I cos a = 11 r I eight vecto


    Similarly, we have EXAMPLE4
    m

    · · o f....
    Pr01ection · = m I ....
    r on y-axis r I anct, P roiection
    · · of ➔ . = nI➔
    r on z-ax1s rI find 7.
    fro

    Thus, projections of 1 on the coordinate axes are 11 -; I, mI f I, n I 71. Q.E.D. SOLL'TION


    direction c
    d

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    l
    de

    I LEVEL-1 I Now, P,
    oa

    EXA'IIPLC 1 A vector OP is inclined to OX at 45° a11d OY at 60°. Find the angle at whic/1 OP i, i11di~.,i >
    to OZ. r
    nl

    SOLUTION Suppose OP is inclined at angle 'Y to OZ. Let I, 111, n be the direction cosines ot (;!,
    w

    Then,
    >
    r
    = cosy ⇒ = J:.. =~
    do

    l = cos 45°, m = cos 60°, n I m 11 = cos·,.


    .[i.' 2'
    Now,
    t\Al\1[>L f,
    12 + m2 +n2 =1
    ilirf.'ct,·on c
    l 1 2
    ⇒ -+-+n =l
    2 4
    2 1 l 1
    ⇒ cos Y = ± 2. ⇒ y
    n = => 11 -
    4 :t
    2 ::;, 60° or, 120°

    Hence, OP is inclined at angle of 60° or, 120° to 07.. :l:.


    EXAMPLE 2
    . , if
    • a vector makes angles a, • ,,,
    ri
    Yw,'f/1 OX, CJ)'
    ,111r/
    •
    0.l rt'lif't'cltroely, ,,roVI' tht1 t
    2 2
    sm - a, + sin p T sin y = 2.
    SOLUTION Let I, m, n be the direction cosines of the given vector. Then,
    1= cos a., m =cos 13, n =cosy.
    22.71

    "' 1

    ,\J,fPlE 3
    C<-
    Find the directi.on cosines of II vector ~ . .
    r winch 15 equml . .
    1 ,i,given,Ji11d the total n11mberofsuch vectors. Y mclmed with OX, OY arid oz. Tf
    (NCE.RTJ
    ·"'LlJl'l0N Let I, m, n be the directio19 cosines Of ➔
    "' .
    r · SmGe r• 15
    · equally inclined with OX, OY

    m
    ,nd Oz·

    o
    l "' 111 "' n (·: a= ~ =y :. cos a= cos 13=cos v.)

    .c
    :,low, 12 ~ 1112 + n2 = 1 ⇒ 3/2 = l ⇒ I = ± 1_
    ,I),
    ..; 3

    du
    1
    ~, direction cosines of 1 are ± ,-;,±f';;;'
    Henc• 1 ,+ -1
    -;J3 -v3 - ..;s·

    oe
    ch
    >X,
    te

    Siru:e + and - signs can be arranged at three places in 2 x 2 x 2 =:8 .;vays. Therefore, there are
    m

    eight vectors of given magnitude which a(e equally inclined with •the coordinate axes.
    1 is inclined at -equal angles to OX;{)¥ imdOZ.-lf the,magnitude"Oj f ~ 6 units,
    fro

    EXAMPLE4 A vector
    nna r.➔ ,, 0
    [ CBSE 20201

    7 makes an angle a, with ~8cn;.of ti~~ axes OX, OY and OZ. Then, its
    d

    (). SOLUTION Suppose


    de

    direction cosines are


    I = cos 0,, m = cos a, n = cos a ==> I = m =11-
    oa

    = l ⇒ 3/ = 1 ==> l =
    "
    .,ow, 12 22
    +m T n
    2 · 1
    ± '\/13
    nl

    (il+jm+kn)
    w

    7 = Ii\
    do

    7 = 6 ( + 1 ?+ _1_ 7t _.]:~ k) = 2 f3 (± 1± 1± k>


    - ]3 - J3 .[3
    , . • . .. are proportiom1/ to 2, 3. t,. Fiml tll,·
    1105
    cXAMPLE 5 A vector / has length 21 and its direction m • . .. ,
    di . -► ➔ '" 011 acute 1111gle with x-11,1s.
    rectroncosinesandcomponentsof r ,give11 that r n1fl es iNCl'Rl'l'\l·.1\11'1 ARl
    so . . vector Me proportlun,11 to ,1. I•,,·, tht>n its
    ,.. LL'TION Recall that if the direction ra uos of a
    "ltecf10n co$ines .ire c
    + a b 4 - z
    - Ir2 2 -2 I ± r --2 2 I - It, 2 • /J 2 I I'
    'Ja +b +e 'IJ,?-.~b tc 'ii
    l'herefore, direcfion cosines of -►
    r are
    -3
    ± -.==-==2--=2 '
    ✓ 22 +(-3) r6
    22.72

    ➔ with x-axis. Therefore, cos <t ;, 0 i.e., l > 0.


    Since r makes an acute ang1e
    -t 2 '3 6
    So, direction cosines of 1 are 7' 7
    7,
    ➔➔"""
    , = I r I (Ii Hn f + n k)

    ⇒
    -; = 21 ( 37_ 3..1+ 6 ; ) = 6i - 9J +1sk. 0
    7 7 7

    So, components of 1 along OX, OY and OZ are 6 i, - 9 j and 18 k respectivel y


    " " /

    SOL
    E\1\ .. " r L
    " (\ "
    Find 1/1e rmgle~ at which /he vector 2 i - j + 2k is inclined to each ofthe coordzr,-4',
    and at

    m
    501 lITION Let / be the given vector, and Jet it make angles a, P, 'Y with OX, r.t/ a·

    o
    respectively. Then, its direction cosine are cos a, cos P, cosy.

    .c
    ••
    1 = 2 "i - "j + 2 k /\

    du
    So, direction ratios of are proportional to 2, -1 , 2. Therefore, dir&bor,:;,
    -t
    ot r are

    oe
    2 -1 2 . 2 1 2
    - 3,
    ch
    /22+(- 1)2+ 22, J 22 +(-l)2 + 22' J.22+(-1)2+22 i.e. 3' 3

    ... 2 1 2
    te

    cos a=-, cosp = - - ,cosy= -


    f 3 3 3
    ⇒ (!), /3 (!)
    m

    •• 1 1
    •
    a= cos- = cos- (-~), y = cos-1
    fro

    ~ (J, : cos-] (!JI 13 = 7( - COS - l ( : ) I y : COS - l ( ~)


    ..-l •
    d

    r UMPL E The projection ofa vector on the coordinate axes are 6, - 3, 2. Find its length :md ...
    de

    cosines. 3.

    Let I, m, n be the direction cosines of the given vector 7 (say). Then, its rn-.c{';
    oa

    SOLUlJON

    on the coordinate axes are I 111, rn 111, 11 111.


    nl

    I • -. ->
    rl=6,mlrl=-3,nlr l
    w

    2
    2 J 2 2
    do

    <1171; '"lml;I} +{1(11171} - 62 1(-3/+(2/


    ' 2 2 2 2
    lrl(/•m+ n} 36t-9t4
    I ,:12 - 49
    s.
    7
    Putting I rI 7 in 0) J
    , WP c, Jt,,i1, th<1I llw dJ1<•1 IJul1 t u~ 111,•s 111 ,' ,II,• / (, • 111 '
    1
    , ,:
    ;
    ~
    9,

    . ,r,. .-ic ' , l'i11d/he.t11mtio1Crnw11" 0 ft/ . 7 7 I, •'


    directed from A to B. · '' w vnto, 1"111111.li /Jw 11oi11f•, 1\ (I , 2, - 3) 1111d /l (
    SOLlffiON Clearly,
    •
    AB Position vector of R Position v,•rtor of A
    -), /', I\ I\ / A
    ⇒
    AB = (-i - 2j+k} (i + 2; 3k)- 2i-4j i4k
    ,:,.,,ction ratios
    uv- of AB are proportion,a1 to - 2 22 ·73
    ' ' - 4 ' 4· Conseq
    , are
    50 -= -2 -4 . uently, diwction co~ines of AB
    ✓<-z>-+<-4)
    r 1 I 2)2 +(-4)2 -I 41,-r-2
    2 + 42 , ,<-
    v(- 2) + 4(- 4)2 2or, 1J,--.
    2 2
    4
    f.\'A~'IPLE 9 ➔ the position
    Find . vector of a poi11 t A 111
    . space such ti ➔. 1• + 3 3
    ,toOY and[ OA I =lOumts. iat OA s inclined at <->0• to ox and al

    45,,..gJ'flON Letl,m,nbetheditecti.oncos·
    .,_. -
    f ➔
    mes o OA lt i.s . ➔
    INC'fRTfXl.Mf'LARI
    andat4-:>010QY. 1 given that OA isinclinedat60o toOX

    I= cos 60°= and m =cos 45° ::: __!__

    m
    2 ,fi.
    2
    12 +111 +n2 =1

    o
    1 l 2 1 1

    .c
    2
    -+-+n ==1 ⇒ 11 = - ⇒ n=±-
    4 2 4 2

    du
    ThUS, we have ➔
    1 1 l
    1=-,m==-,n==±- and IOA[ = lO

    oe
    2 2 2 ch
    te
    m

    - - - - --------;:=:=:::=;:::;::r:~ ~ :__- -- EXERCISE 22.9


    fro

    [. LE\fEt-~,;'I

    ~- Can a vector have directi.on angles 45°, 60°, 120° ·


    d

    - Prove th.at 1, 1, 1 cannot be direction cosines of, a strajght line.


    de

    3. A vector makes an angle of.'.: with each of x-axis and y-axis. Find the angle made by it with
    4
    oa

    !hez-axis.
    4.. Avectur iisinclined at equal acute angles to x-axis, y-axis andz-axis. lf \ 71 = 6 units,iind 1.
    ➔ ➔
    4
    nl

    5 v or r is inclined to x-axis at 45° and y-axis at 60°. lf \ r I=8 uruts, n r


    · A ect · · fi d
    w

    6· Find fue direction cosines of the following vectors :


    do

    . " /\ /\ " I\ " t: I\


    ( ) 2i+2j-k (ii) 6i-2j-3k (iii) 3r-4k
    1
    Find the angles at which the following vectors are incl ifled to each of the co\irdinate J'-<'~ :
    7 "ff', /', r, "-''
    (i) i -j + k (ii) ]- k (iii) 4 i ·I Si + A

    S. Show th.at the vector + ",· + i kis equally Inclined wilh the ,1xc!i OX, 0\ ,ind, )l. IN~ l\U I

    _low thl aithl.e d irecl;i'on cocines


    9.Sh w of a vector equall y h1dim•d lo tlw ,1x,'ll l)\ <)) ,md 1l .ue
    \ "'-l(.'Ul r}

    ✓-3' -{i' ./3' "


    lO. Tfa unit ve t -> re 'ti ". •ft with "1 ,ind nn nt•ntt,• ,m~ll' 0 with k, then find 0
    1 1

    ➔
    c or a make:,anang1e wi , 4
    andh 3 tN<.:Ull l
    ence, the components of a.
    j(. t /'IC CO
    /V1ar J.f i11 a
    l tJJ'.')-tS
    (a) (1

    (C) (1
    1t
    2. No .J. 2 1_ 1fa, ~
    -vect ~
    2 2 1 6 2 -3
    (ii) 7, 7 I 7 (a)
    h, (i) 3, 3

    m
    ") 1t 7t 37t 3, for
    ( II - 1 -

    o
    2 4I 4 (a)

    .c
    (c)
    ••
    ..
    .••. 1,7l

    du
    oe
    I\ I\ I\
    ➔ ~ ~
    n. r =± 3r+3J 12. 2 (± i± j ±k)
    ch
    __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PFIOBLE'!S
    te

    I\ I\ I\
    j s. The direction ratios of i + j + k are proportional to 1, 1, 1. So, its direction cosines arc
    m

    1 1 1
    f3I ~ri ../3'
    fro

    I\ " ,A.
    Suppose vectors iT j + k makes angles <J., ~ , y with the coordinates axes. Then,
    d

    1 l 1
    cos a = ~ , cos ~ = = , cos 'f = re
    de

    ✓3 ✓3 ~3
    ⇒ cos a. = cos ~ = cos y ::::> a, = p = y.
    oa

    ., Suppose the vector makes equal angles, each equal to a, ,vith the coordinates axes Th<!'-' '
    direction cosines are /= cos a , m = cos a, n = cos o.. Therefore, I= m - n.
    nl

    Now, 12 + m2 + n2 = 1 ⇒ 31 = 1 ⇒ /
    2 1
    w

    _
    j3
    do

    . . . 1 ·1 1
    H ence, d rrecllon cosmes are , - , ....
    - , -r •
    \'3 ,./3 ✓3
    ➔ I It I ,,nd 11 \.\,:-- tl.
    10. The direction cosines of vector a are / = cos 1t , 111 cos C

    3 2 -I ✓1
    /\
    ti
    •.· / 2 1-m2+2 1 1, 2 --,:,
    n =l ⇒ i 11 > II > n•~ ll
    4 2 4 '1
    ' l l.
    . ►
    S1nce a is a unil vct'lor.
    ➔ /\ /\ I'
    a= / i-,mj+11k
    ➔ 10 1 0 l '
    ⇒ G a
    2
    1 1• ./2 / 1
    2
    k

    ➔ 1 ': l " I "


    I ience, componen ts of a are - 1 ~ J k
    2 ' ✓2 ' 2
    22.75
    _____-:I-;. -
    . - - -- -
    •. econ-eel tertul ive carh of llir folio- .
    MUlTIPLE:
    ~ a ..\ ABC, A ac ( 0, 0), B s ( 3
    t1 11t CH01CE OUES
    )tlf·' (1 3 .J'/tn,rg: TIONS (MCQs)
    t ~nito aiJ:eCted along AO, whe~
    -3·)" (1 + ·3)1\
    oi.s-~ecct"{Ctuncentre
    '(-3 ✓3, 3), then the .
    of,\ ABC yector of magnitude 2 ..fj.
    ( ) (t - , 1. I ➔ -.J ) (b) A 18
    a - " ,, (1+..fs)i-t(l - /J)"
    (C) (J .1. , ' 3} i +(•J3 1)j 'd)
    \ none of these ' /
    b
    i If ; • arc the vectors
    . . fornung consecuti.
    · ve s1'des of a . ul
    ,-ector representing side CD is ieg ar hexagon ABCDEF, then the
    _. ➔ ➔ ➔
    (a) ~ I• (~) b- d
    (b) a-b (d -> ➔

    m
    ,i
    -►
    -+ ) - (,i+ b)
    •, · f orces 30A , 5 OB act along OA and OB · If t11etr
    . resul ta11t passes thx

    o
    h C AB
    (al C is a mid-point of AB (b) C . . oug on , then

    .c
    . AC - 5 CB d1v1des AB in the ratio 2: 1
    (c) 3 - (d) 2 AC = 3CB

    du
    __. .... .... tl
    _ II a , I? , c are 1ree non-zero vectors, no two of which are ....roJ]J.nea{rand thevec'tor ➔
    a "T ➔
    b •1s
    ....
    oe
    collinear with "t, /J + 7! is collinear vvi th 7t, then a' + i/ + ;t =
    ..., ....
    ch
    (a) a (b) b (c) 2 (d) none of these
    • ~ ~ ~ I\ ~ f.. , ,' . .
    te
    , JI pomts A (60 1 + 3 J), B (401 -8 J) andC (a 1 - 52 J),~~e c01linear, lhei:i a .is equal to
    (a} 40 (b) -40 (c) 20 , (d) :.., 20
    m

    6 JIG is the intersection of diagonals of a parallelogram A~CO·<II1d Q,is any point, then
    fro

    oX +OB +oc -OD = ,! , ->


    -~ (d) .30G
    cal 26G (b) 401;
    (c) 5 OG
    d

    -. The vector cos a cos f3i + cos a sin ~J+ sin o:k is a
    de

    (a) null vector (b) unit vector (c) constant vector (d) none of these
    ➔ ➔ CD ➔ Th xt-
    oa

    :::7
    ~- In a regular hexago11 ABCDEF, AB =11, Be = b and =c · eq, -
    ➔ ➔ -,• 2➔
    ➔ 'c) b + "j/ (d) a ~ 2 , + c
    nl

    ... ➔ ➔
    -+ -,
    a + b+ c (b) 2 a + b +c ~ ➔
    (a)
    ➔ - ➔ -.➔ 15
    • --> rt pb + y t,
    w

    9- The Yector equatio11 of fue p lane passing !h.rough a 'b ' c I' = a T
    do

    provided that (d) a2 ,. ~2 + y2 c 1


    (a) u+f3+-y=0 (b) a+f3+y=l (c) a+l~=i' > -!. 4
    f A ABC then OA + Oti + OC equal.~
    O
    lO, lfO andO' are circumcentre
    -+
    and orthocentre ➔ ' (d) 20'0 ->

    (a) 20CY (b) 00' (c) O'O


    . ,, C l)Sl!Gh Lha l llO thr,<e1>ftl\NllAre
    IJ ➔ ➔ .... ➔ 0 fpointsA, ,.,, '
    · If n, b , c and -d a re fue position vectors
    collinear and 1+-;:,. b + d, fuen ABCD ls(<:)a squille. (d) 11,,rnllcloe,rnm
    .1 f
    (a) rhombus (b) rectangle ➔ ~ = h, then tlw bl~ectM AG, i11 tei,ms o
    l2 L C Jf
    . et G be the centr-Oid of b. AB ·
    AB= a, A\-
    ➔ ➔
    a and b is
    ,,, 11111\
    JII
    'I l 11 . V'
    ;1 1,
    (,') "
    I
    3. Ii :·U~~1 '
    .. 12 rh• ' 11
    {;.,) .: Af,
    t-1 ;;;;.' ,~\ti.' 1 , ,-.:-t, rs Ht
    \ \
    th' i,•int-- \ , /!, (' ,\h' ~, I j - A, ,I i
    ' ' /\fl /lJ
    (.l)

    •'•·-.,:'" .:1, Th,""<' r ,unt:-


    11>' fl,rn1 d),1\1 td,111gl1•
    .1 •
    i,1 HI 111
    ~,i) l\•rn1 ., :-,:,,lt-1w lmm1tlo:
    !a> I
    \ \ " '~ I\ /\ ~
    S 1f thn.'<' ::-,.,11,ts A 2 ,,n,H." l'l-1' <' r,>S-1\\,,n \ ~-.:-t,1-rs i +., I i 3 /.., ;\ i 4j 7 k ond y; 2~ .,,

    m
    I 1
    24 I h•'

    o
    (.iJ
    l .:: -3 td (- 2 - J}

    .c
    .1 li' ) (- .:: ,--:) (d) (:2, ~)

    xt BD -

    du
    !IB,:11 i5 a r arJ.l:d..-,._;ralll w ith .'lC .md Bll ,lS di.,g,mals. Then,
    z_;. The
    r.1tio
    AB
    oe
    (d)
    (a)
    ch
    AB
    te
    1 ➔ ➔ 1 ➔ ➔ 2.6.
    <? Ii-bl (c) - (b-a) (d) -(a - b)
    2 2 (a)
    m

    a=e ,wa collinear Yectors, then which of the following are incorrect? 2- If a,
    fro

    ➔ ➔ re,
    3 = :o: some scalar }. (b) a =± b (a)
    d

    c fr.e : e:<5.pecm·e components of d and b are proportional


    de

    - ➔ t (a)
    u ~vci-. -fue vectors a and b ha\·e the same direction bt1t different .magnitudes
    oa

    10 (b)
    1 . (cl
    B tn Figure 2.3.o, , Khi.ch oi the following is not true?
    nl

    a ~B - BC -CA= 0 (b) AB+ BC -AC= O


    w

    ~ l. If a
    do

    --
    e) AB+ BC
    --
    - C.4 =0 1'
    ➔ ;:;t.. - ► ➔
    (d) AB - Cts +CA= 0

    ... If
    A
    F'19 23.68 , 5, If
    1~11
    20. lneposition ' ector of the pc,int whid , dividi·~ llw join oi points with positio11 vecwrs
    and 2 a- b ir the rati,, 1 : 2 is
    ' · lf
    fa) !.,,-; - 2 bJ (b 1 -; 5 ·► J -:-t
    (c) - a - - b 8.
    3
    3 3
    p\ff:CTORS
    e~fl/\ o
    ill-6 tor with initial point P (2, -3 S) 22.n
    rJte veC A /\ /\ I\ and tel'tni l
    ;!, ~-J':+2k (b)5i-7j+12k () ": ;!apointQ( 3
    (a) 1 c - , + i- 2 k , 4.7)is
    " " " /\ A (d) noni, r1f thPSl'
    -21·+kand 3i-J'+4k r«.>present th
    -r1,e ;1ecto,- 1 CIR r I x "1 l'I AR
    i P' BC. rtie length of the median through A . e two sides 118 and
    y\ [34 (b) ./48 IS _ · AC re~pecllvely of a

    (a) z-- (c) .,/is (d) 03


    V2
    , Ifl;l"3and-1 :0,:,2,thenl).. lies in the interval ;I ~CfRfEXEMPIAR

    (a\ [O, 6) (b) [-3, 61 (c) [3, 6]


    . (d) [1,2]
    . /\ /\ /\ h h ' 2020 T E.Xl 'Ill

    m
    • fhe value of).. for which the vectors 3 i -6 j + k and 2 01 4 0 ,- I.AR
    ,.. 2 (b) 3 5 - J+ ),k are parallel is

    o
    (a) -3 2 (c) - (d) ~
    2 . 5

    .c
    1' c-_p E.XEM.PL ARI 1

    du
    ,. n,e positi!)ll vector of the point which divides the join of points 2 ➔ _ 3 ➔
    b d ·' -, .
    ratio3:11s a an a~bmthe

    oe
    1 ➔ ➔ 1 ➔ ➔ 3 ➔ 5 ➔
    (a) (Sa-2b) (b) ~(7 a-Sb) (c) a (d) - a
    2 4 4
    ch
    Li !CERT ~ ,11 - ;IPL~li.
    • • ➔ ➔ ➔ ~
    i...4BCD J.S a rhombus whose diagonals intersect atE. Then, EA+ EB+ EC+ ED eqoais
    te

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    (a) 0 (b) AD (c) 2BC (d} 2AD 'CBSE 2
    m

    r. If o,➔--Ii and ➔c ace position vectors of the points A (2, 3, - 4}, B (3, - 4, - 5) andC (3, 2. -3)
    fro

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    respectively, then I a + b + c I is equal to [CBSE'.!0"..0
    (d} ./209
    (a) -./m (b) .jts5 (c} .fio3
    d

    ANSWERS
    de

    4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (b} 7. (b} ~- ((~) 1t ((~))


    1 (a) 2. (c) 3. (c} 14. (a) 15. (a} 16. (c) l •
    ·o. fb)
    oa

    11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (d) _ (a) 24. (a} 25. (d) 26. (a) 2 . \d)
    ,9. (c) 20. (d} 21. (a} 22. (a) 23
    FILL IN THE BLA NKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FSOs
    nl

    ➔ ➔ ......
    -, ➔ ➔ then a+ b + c = ................ ~- ... .
    • d
    w

    •· If RI b, c represent the sides of a triangle taken inor er, _,


    ➔ --+ ➔ --+ AC
    do

    2.
    1 11
    = .. ............. ,,nd BD""' .......
    ,
    In a parallelogram
    .., -, ➔
    ABCD '
    if AB "' a and BC = b ' ti e .
    tri le having its umtn.ml .it the ,,ni;tn.
    ' · If a b
    • , c ar~ the position vectors o ver
    f tices of a ang
    then ➔a+ ➔ b +➔
    c - ................... ........ .
    ➔ . • f an t•qu•·1•"'
    , ,1•,I tr1.H'~k'
    "<'
    1, hOS<'
    4. II ...., ➔ 0
    f tht! vertices o •
    4 , b , c are the position vectors
    • -; I ♦ "
    Qrc /J+t .........
    ,-,~ t,hen ;ll ➔
    5 If Llmcentre is at the orial11, 111,u'" tht'll 111
    t ' th ➔ A /\ "
    evectqrs a= i-2/+ 3k and I, -
    - 3 j 6/
    A
    "
    .
    "
    '•ill'l"O
    l //I"
    1,p 2.k,11,• ....
    . ,
    A A . .
    ij . I ti1,, v,-ct,11 11
    · Vec•A . . th e d J!
    "-'l'SOf1t1agnitude21 unttsin · l!c;tio11 + '· A /IV, °
    , th••ll k.. .. ......... .... .
    7. II O . C and All • A( " •
    1$ tbe mid-point of side BC of MB " " tl:l th<! coor,lu1,1t,• .iw~ ,m•: ...
    a. lb tor/-2/' 21.:w1
    tl e cosines of the angles made PY the vec
    MAlfiEM
    1
    22.78 " ":., Geefl
    .h y-axis
    . an d an acut(.
    "' • 1t p.l-
    . k. g angle.:: with x-axlS, -wit
    6
    9. A \·ector of magnitude , ma U1 4 3 al\g~.,, -;.
    oef
    .,._,axis is•••··•••···•••··•••••• •••·••• •• • 4 I /' I
    J.
    ~ ' ➔ " (u+z),.J+5k and b tc.(X _. 11) i
    10. If the vectors a =2 1 - •
    3 j+(z+ X) k are equal, tht'n.
    ~ ... , ua....
    ~an
    ll. ~·;-~:~; are the p~tion vector,; ~f A an~ B rr:spectivcly, then the po~ifion "~q
    Jf a
    ....
    ncin:C on.AB pro-!uced i;uch that AC= 3 AB is ............................ . b·
    r---· ➔ -1: -t
    its
    J2. Ina regularl·exagonABCDEf, AC+AF-AB- ............. ....;····· ....; · · • 7. lf
    n. If 0, A. B, C and D are fi\i e points, such that 30D + DA +- DB + DC - r (IJA o1.J
    .j.

    then ! = _,... ·······-· .... -, .> "'"'? > ~

    ' l4 AB c,D,E are fi\e coplanar points such that DA+DB+DC+Af:+BE... CE t

    m
    1 then k -··.. _, 0•0-,0H_:. ,- -, 'f ➔

    o
    J.5. lhe -.-ectors a and bare non-collinear. If vectors (x-2) a+b and (2x•1Ja-b

    .c
    collinear, then x = ·-·· .. ···· .................. . 9 Jf
    -? ➔ -·1'-1 ➔ -, _,

    du
    16. If A B. C, D. £ .ire fi\·epoinb inaplan:esuch thatAB -'-A£ ... BC + DC -£0 =k AC,fr .4B
    value of k is __....·-··-······ .. -··

    oe
    i- Let P be the point of intersection of the diagonal of a parallelogram ABCD and 0 15 1 1i
    -,. ~--,, ~ ~

    pomt.if OA -OB~ OC - OD= '.i.OP, then 1-= ..................... .


    ch
    ➔ ~ ➔ ""'7-r- ➔-,
    11
    lS. A, B. C, D, E are five coplanar points such that DA + DB + .DC + AE - BE ~CE = j.DE,
    te

    i = 12
    19. I!.._D, §···-······---······.
    F ~e mid-points of the sid.es BC, CA and AB respectively of MBC -
    m

    ADTBE-CF= .............. .
    fro

    .,. . 1.ne ~gebraic sum of-the vectors directed from the vertices to them.id-points of the~
    side is equal to ···················-..
    -,.
    ······ .➔ ~ 1 ➔ --t
    21. T;-evalu~ofkforwhich k a I ..-1 a andk a+- aispamlle-lto a holdsrrue,are -·-
    d

    2
    de

    [!\CERT EXB!Pu
    22. T'..-ie n,ctor; - bbisects the angle between the non-collinear vectors; and b. 1f •
    oa

    ,'1CERT EXE'[!'
    23 ....... .... f ➔ " I\. I\
    • ""' p<JS1u.on vectors o tw'o points A and B axe OA =21-j-k and 08:c:
    nl

    resp,:ur,-<:Ly. The.position,. ector of a point P which divides the line segment joinJl1·
    .
    w

    Bin therab.o2; 1 JS .. ............. (CB,;


    do

    -,
    0
    ~ -,,
    2 a~b,b-a
    +- I'

    3. 0
    . •
    ,. , /
    I 0 19
    Ii ±l9i-l ilJ f;f'. 1 7 2 -2 2
    '3' 3 ' 3
    , L. 3 /1' 2 a' Al
    • I -I
    ~
    •. 1/3
    17 4 ;1 0
    ~) , ' ; , I J ; I I ,,· I 23, ;! I

    vsA05'
    Anstuer each of th II . VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS I
    que.t~~nef:. ,, ,:Jo ovJm7. qu<'Slum~ onr. word nr "Ill' ,,·11trnc1• or as per exact r.1q1drenIt1•·
    111
    l· JJ me 7,(:tO Ve<'.k!T"
    2. Define: unit vector.
    of VECTORS
    11 GEef!A
    ~• .. ,,.,,sition vector of 11 point.
    0e1:1ne ~- :ct. 22.79

    wri1e. PQ + ITT' + QJ< in the simpltfil'd t·01·,n,


    J.
    . .., d ;7 arc two non--collinl"ar vect , .
    JI ,1 .U1 on, s\1ch th,lt v • -. ,
    ' 11 'yl> 0
    ,-;!lld!/· 'th,.,. Wrltr the ~ah.1.-,;i .,,
    lf-➔ ,llld ; rep1"'sent two adjAc-cnt sides . f
    a I
    .115 di'agona ~-
    , n a parallelogram th .
    ' <'n 'Wnte ve•t~
    •· vr~ rl!pre-.c nlmg
    ... ~ 1
    It -;;, ~ c represent t lC sides of a tria.ngle taken irl d
    or er, then Write the value of

    m
    _. _, ➔ •• • (CB5E 20l l)
    , Ii ~ z, " are pos1l1on vectors of the verlice8 A B
    auct C respectively, of a triangle ,rnc.

    o
    ' • :-t.. ::-t. -+ '
    ,,rite the \'alue oUl..ti + BL -'- CA.

    .c
    , 11 , i, , r are position vectors of the points A B d c .
    _ . . . ~ ~ 4.

    du
    ' ' an respectivelv, write the value of
    i-~+~. .

    oe
    ......... th ..
    iJ 11, h , c are e position vectors of the vertices of a triangle, then write the position
    ch
    rector of its centroid.
    !/G denotes the centroid oft\ ABC, then w,.ite the value of GA + CB + GC.
    te

    .... ➔
    ~ If a and b denote the position vector~ of points A and.8respective!y andCis~ point on AB
    m

    such !hat 3AC == 2AB, then write the pos~tio:n vector ofC.
    l Jf D is the mid-point of side BC of a triangle ABC 5Uch that AB+ AC =). AD, write the
    fro

    'l'alueof,_ _
    i lf D, E, Fare the micl-p.oints of the .sides BC, CA and AB respectively of a triangle .4BL,
    d

    write the value of AD + BE + CT.


    de

    ➔ •
    . ~ d · n zero scalar such that 111 ,1 ls a urut
    u If a is a non-ze~o vector of modulus 11 an m 15 a no ·
    oa

    Ytctor, \vrite the value of m..


    'l If -~ .., ➔ . . t . f the vertices of an ~quil,1teral triangle v. hose,
    nl

    · a, b , c are the position v.ec ors o


    ... ➔ '
    w

    "'•-·· · · th ,aJue of a+ b+ c,
    • ''' "_""-"Iltreis at the otigin, then write e' ,Jth the coordi11ates axe~.
    1
    Wnte a unit vector making equal acute angle:;,~ OZ respectively, then writ<' th<' '·11 u~ ..u
    do

    18 If ate:tor makes angles a.,~- "I with OX, OY '


    •in tt -t ~in 2 ri.,. sin 2 Y· "5·. n"le with X·,l'US t,ll' ungl<' \', 1th
    19 • I · •h n1akes "' '1 "
    · Write a vector of magnltude 12 umti; w iK ,
    Y · · 1 1/, axis th,1 •,,ord1n,11,· '""6 AIV 1., 1
    lo -~xis and an obtuse angle wit 1 ,. ·• whoRt' projcr11011$ ,m '
    , r,, 1111> \ 1ml ll \, 11!1
    r,d01
    · Wnte the length (magnitude) of il v
    111111
    i illld 4 units. . . h• llt111 ►•!W 1 ""' 1 !" ~ , '
    l. Write the position vector of II point d1v1d111i,; I . I 4, wh•''" II 2 i ' 'I ' 4~ .i,,1
    ➔ t)lfj ,1111° '
    Position vectors J and b e>Ctern,,lly 111

    b Al\(\
    "'-i+j+k. " "
    22. \,\J- l . 1.► 61
    " 2/ ~ :it , •
    nte the direction cosines of thci vec m .,,.,u, l i.i ,, • b
    ,. .1 ,<'ctotS P
    ''3• If ➔
    " A
    . /), -> ,, " .... k + i wr1·th• tl]ll
    "
    " "' t + j, b =j + k and C "" '
    22.80
    ~A Of 'I/
    1 p.L.Gt:S
    11 " -, -"' • I
    24. 1t1=i+2j,b=j+2k,writeaumtvectoraong thevector 3~
    a- 2 ....
    b.
    25. Write the po!>ition vector of a p01ntdividing the line seg.mentjoiningpoin15 hiiVIJ1 ,,•rite at
    ,.,. I "",. ll'th
    vectors 1 ~ j - 2k and 2, -j +- 3k extema yin e rabo · .
    2:3 'K ~ re,;;pecti'
    I\/\ ➔ ,." ➔ ,. the. • thdir .... rJJld a ,-ec
    26. Ii a=- 1 ~ j, b = j + k, C =k +I
    ....
    , find urn t vector tn e ect:ion of Q ~ b.
    " ➔ ,.~I\ ➔
    27. Ii 1=3 1 -
    ,.,..
    1 -4k, b =- 2 1 ~ 4 J - 3k and c =,~~".
    ... 2J-k, find I 3 -1'-+
    11 -2 b--4,

    j and 'i with/ and k I'e!>pectively and an acutea:igie1


    - - I\ ,.,
    26. A unit vector 7 makes angles
    Find 9.
    ➔ ~ ~ ,.
    29. \\nteaunit\·ectorinthedirectionof a =31- 2j -6k . Wnte the
    2
    ➔

    m
    -t /'o I\ I\ A /\ h - -;
    ,o. If 11 =1 + 2 , - 3k and b = 2 i - 4 j., 9k, find a unit vector parallel to a-• b.

    o
    [CBSE_

    .c
    ➔
    31. \\"riteaunitvectcrinthedirectionof b =1i ... j + 2k.

    du
    ,2- Find the position vector of the mid-point of the line segment AB, where A zs;;:., - x=
    (3,4,-2)and Bisthepoinl(l,2,4). C .:

    oe
    -+/\A/\
    13 Fmd a vector in the direction of a = 2 i - j .... 2 k, which has magnitude of 6 W".fu.
    ch
    __ A /- A
    ~-
    34 Whati,thecosineoftheanglewhichthe vector ✓2 i + j -,.kmakeswithy-axis? CB~:
    te

    15. \'vrite two different vectors having same magnitude. l


    m

    ;f. Write two different vectors having same direction. ... 3


    /\ A J\
    fro

    ~- Write a vector in the direction of vectors i- j + 2k which has magnitude o;S ~: 3 -11
    -}
    A A A
    :k. Write the direction cosines of the vector i.,. 2 j + 3k.
    --
    d

    1
    3
    Find a urut ,ector in the direction of 1 =2 i- 3 j + 6k. ~
    de

    ,~-•

    ---
    l'/'1"1- AA/\
    4 Forwhatvalue of' a' the vectors 2 i- 3 j_._ 4k and a i .,. 6 j - Bk are collin;,ar'
    oa

    , 3::5
    . A A /'
    41. Wnte the directi.O!' cosines of the vectors - 2 i + J -Sk. t
    nl

    2.. Fm d •'- f ' f 3


    w

    u ,e sum o the allowing vectors: a = i - 2 j , b = 2 i - 3 j, c = 2 1


    '7 A /\ .... /', A -, A " -
    .,. ., , L
    do

    4'3 Findaunitvectorinthedirectionofthevector a =3~ -2} +6k.


    ---, A / / --, /' /\ /'
    44. Ii a x i + 2 j z J: ,ma b = 3 i -y j + k ar£- two equal \ c,c tors, then write th<', aluN'1
    l '

    45. Write a unit v1:cti,r in thr- dirc•cti(JJI ,,I Uw ~um nf th,• H', 1,,r:; ,i" 21 .= '
    -,.
    b~2i+J-7k
    I I I
    .. - ~I -5 'I -+--

    b p __ l
    3
    47 > ,t·
    Find a vector of mawiitudc• 5J2, m ..i ,ng a11 ,,ng le ul n with ~-axi~, 71 11 ,th If"''''
    11 'io. l-12, 81
    acuteangle0with.z-axi 8 • 4 " [t ll
    - FVECTORS
    f c;E81l/l O 22.81
    >( · th d" t· ➔
    it vector in e tree ion of PQ, Where P
    is. Write atJvely.
    t!J\ ilildQ are tlw points(!, 3, 0) and(4. 5, 6)

    1rspe' . tor in thedirechonoh·ector::!


    . . "i-3 "j + 6k\vh·
    " hh .
    (CBSE 2011
    pjnd a I ec 1<" as magn1t1.1de 21 units.
    I~ [CB<,f 20141
    lfl ....DI" 4 and - 3 5 i. ~ 2, then >\-rite the range ofl ),~ 1-
    . gle OAC, if Bis the mid-point of side AC and
    Jnatnan OA =;, QR -- b, then \vhat is OC'
    ;J. CB r, ;
    . .u
    ., wntet ➔
    . he position vector of the point which dh;des the join of points with position vectors

    m
    ••. .... --tb and 2-; + 3 b in the ratio 2: 1.
    3a-2 [CB Sf 20161

    o
    .c
    -- ~ - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -- ANSWERS

    du
    ➔
    8. 0

    oe
    ➔ -+ -) -) ➔
    ➔ ➔ a+b+c ➔ a + 2b
    9_2(c- a) r. o u.
    ch
    10.
    3 3
    . 1 ➔
    te

    13. 2 14. 0 15. =-/1 16. 0


    m

    I\ ,/\ "
    l"""
    )• _ (i+ j + k) 1q, 6(J2,i+j - k) 20. 13
    . ,fe 18. 2
    fro

    11 • • 6 -2 ~ +~ (i-2j+k) " I\ "


    , 3; __ 1·+sk 23. - ..[6
    •1. 3 22. 7 I 7 I 7
    d

    A {\ A
    " "
    de

    _1~ (i+ j +k)


    1 (3i+4j
    2t ,Ill " "-4k)
    " 25. - i + 5 j - l2k
    {\
    26 • ./3
    oa

    A /\ /\
    " 20+~ 3 ': k 30. ~3 ( i -1- 2j + 2k)
    27. ,/398 28. 600 29. a=-71--7/ 7
    nl

    " {\
    20 1':- 2" 33 4/-2j+4k
    w

    31 - r + - J l- -k '12. (2, 3, 1)
    ' 3 3 3
    do

    A
    ➔ ?k" ':-
    -2i+J+-,
    15. -, ,.. "
    a :c2i- " ➔
    ; ... 2k, b =-2,': .- "1· - 2k" 36. ll -
    2 3
    1 - , ,:-
    l7.
    8 /\
    ±"""'= (5 i- j+ 2 k)
    A A
    38, "J14' Jf4 ✓14
    ✓ 30 5
    2 ...1.,,
    39. -Z"i - -3"j; -k
    6"
    40. - 4
    4,.-130·'150
    7 7 7 4 ": ;\ ':- 12 ~
    I~- 1 '
    4~. l3 13 13
    I\
    42.5i - 5j..,3k
    " I\
    3 2 ~ 44 O
    43 7•-7'7 " " I\ "

    ~{3/+2j+6k)
    {\
    49. 6i-9j118k
    l
    46. p:,, - --
    47. 5 (i+ 0"j+ "k) 48. 7
    _, 4 >
    3
    '!..11;--/J
    50, I 12, 81 52, 3 3
    22.82

    . . Acr1vi,
    OBJECTIVE To show that every vector in space can be wntten as a lmear combinatl
    non-coplanar vectors. . IJJJ ()f !
    MATERIALS REQUIRED Wires, sold,•ring wire, WJf(' cutter etc.

    STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION
    Let ➔
    a, ➔
    b, ➔
    c be three non-copla11ar vectors an d r~be any vector 111
    . space.
    ➔ -• -t
    ~1T1' J Take three v.1res oflengths I aI, I b I and I c I,
    ·) ~ -, ➔ 1N"fRODUC
    23 1
    mr II Fix the wire5, by soldering at a point O such that OA - a , OB= b, DC~; tne nrevious

    m
    ll1
    ..... ➔ ➔ In t.luS' chap ter,_ w
    vectors a, b and c are non-coplanar. Therefore, lines OA, OB, OC taken two a1,.,_
    .

    o
    ~•ect.:>ts results m
    determine three different planei, AOB, BOC and COA. ki;.ds of products,

    .c
    ➔ ➔ ➔ def..ri.e u;.., angle
    c.u:r Ill

    du
    Take a wire OP such that OP =Ir I and OP = r.
    :u:.rrn:_ Taking OP as diagonal complete a parallel.opiped having faces parallel to1he o'.s· 23.2 ANGLE BE

    oe
    AOB, BOC and COA. r '4 ch let c-No nor.-zero
    C
    cotP di~erge r
    te

    It is eviden: ~
    For a=.:,
    .., tne'li
    m

    are ,,aid ~o be p
    fro
    d

    R B
    de

    L
    oa

    A
    /
    nl

    Fig. 23.69
    w

    STEPS OF DEMONSTRATION
    do

    ill.!.'...l 1 a king OP -; as diagonal, paralleloplpl'd Pl:.QNSORM is consh·nctcJ h~-~t:1-


    11
    23.3 THE SCA
    are parallel to the planes AOB, BOC and COA.
    -) -► ➔
    fill' Jj
    .
    ➔ ➔ ) -➔ ➔
    Wehave,OA a,OR= b andOC- c.VectorsOQ,Oi<an.dOSar,••1lo11!,\ 1·,','t<'
    , ....

    .
    DE:FINmON
    a
    '
    lflr l1 1s d<'n
    Lt

    and c respectivdy
    -7 ....,; ,, >, >
    ;. OQ X II, OR I/ l1 and/ JS -z I frn ~lllllL' ijc<1la1 ~ ,, y ,111d ,
    r-->--,-,. --t,
    STEl~ OQ+QL OL~OOtOJ< -0 ()I .~ III I .1/ ,I· ,,,·

    ➔➔ -j, >,, ; I ►
    Also, OL + LP =OP ⇒ CJ/ 1 OS 0/1 >X11tyirlZt
    -► ➔ -t,.

    Hence, r = x a .,.. y b +z c •
    A, A
    11 1.,f
    .l'fMA RK i, j, k are three m.utually petpfndwulnr ,mt/ iwctors in S/)IICI? <;o mll/ v1·d f
    ➔ /\ A/\ • • ,._., ~

    written ris r =xi+ y j+zk.


    SCALAR OR DOT PRODUCT
    L,..--

    /3,1 INTRODUCTION
    -
    rathep,~-vious chapter, . have introduced tl'e
    . we ' not·ion o f m u.It'1 r •
    •• thiS chapter, we will introduce the notion of prod t f P icatwn of a vector by a scalar

    ~ec:~· f

    m
    O
    [fl to results in two different ways, viz. a scalar and uc two vectors. The product of two
    5 0
    :d/ofproducts, the one a scalar and the other a vecto~
    1
    tr~s 01:dingly, there are two

    o
    ,. the ano-Je between two vectors as under · Lt , e ore e rung these products we

    .c
    dehJ1e o •

    du
    z3,2 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO VECTORS
    ➔ ➔ ➔ -
    Let two non-zero vectors a and b be represented by OA and OB respectively. Then the angle

    ri
    oe
    ~tween and bis the angle beh-veen their directions when these directions both converge or
    ch
    ootb diverge from their point of intersection.
    !tis evident that if 0 is the measure of the angle betvveen two vectors, then Os Os n.
    te

    For &= .'.! , U1e vectors are said to be perpendicular or O):thogonaLand for 0 =0 or re, the vectors
    m

    2
    are said to be parallel.
    fro

    ti

    b
    d
    de

    b a 0
    oa

    8
    nl

    0 A
    w

    a Fig, 23.2
    do

    Fig. 23.1

    23·3 THE SCALAR OR DOT PRODUCT I o Then tit,• ,c,1/,ir 1•1vduct ,,f
    ➔ clined at an ang e ,
    .
    OE~iNITION
    .., ➔
    Let 1 and b be two non-zero vectors m -~ ➔ "
    1 111J l blcosu.
    QUJifh b .
    1s
    dencted by ➔
    a .➔ d . de••i""ed as tlte sea ar
    b an is J'" 13

    El A
    ~
    0
    Fig, 23,3
    23.2

    ➔ --+ -+ ➔
    Thus, a • b =I a I I b I cos 0.
    Oearly, the scalar product of two vectors is a scalar quantity, due to which this ptoduc .
    •
    scalar product. Since we are puttJng a dot betv,een a and b. Therefore,
    -► t . .
    1 15
    t also ~~
    !
    l 1sq1

    product.
    !kcl~ ,• or , b or, both is II zero vector, then 0 is 1101 dejinl'd as Ohas no direction. 11111,-
    1r"t
    1 -+ ➔ 1$~
    their dot product 11 • b is defined as the scalar zero.
    1.:..1 1%i Let 1 :. AB be a given vector and I be II given line. Let P nnd Q be the feet o•p . u1ii,
    ~ erpendrc

    drawn from A and Brespectively(JII line/ as shown in Fig. 23.4. Then, PQ is defined as the ~ .

    m
    .,
    011lme I. Let AM be perpendicular on BQ. Then, AM = PQ. P O]ectl(;Jfof1

    o
    ➔
    8
    a
    Let 8 be the angle between ti and line I. Then, LBAM a.

    .c
    =
    ThUS geo

    du
    In j. A.MB, we have
    A either vect
    AM
    cos8 =- R~"iA-R."- 3

    oe
    AB
    cos 0 = PQ [·: AM = PQ]
    ch
    AB
    = PQ = AB cos O
    te
    p Q
    PQ = I 1 cos o · Fig. 23.4 and, p
    m

    Hence, ➔
    projection ofa vector 1 on a line l is I ➔
    a I cos e, where e is the angle between -; and thelinel.
    fro

    __.
    TI1'..5, the _
    If OA
    Jzne . 23,5. Theµ., OM 1s. the projection of~ami
    i = a and I is a line passing through Oas shown in Fl.g. --
    on a is the
    d
    de

    Clearly, OM = OA. cos O -- I ➔a I cose. il\ \RK4


    oa

    A
    23.3.2 PR
    nl
    w

    a
    do

    0
    1\1
    Fig. 23.5
    23.3.1 GEOt
    -> -,
    nnr.Al IJ I ' Pl TA ION
    Let a and b be two . 0 r MA1· PHOUUC I
    ➔ vec1 ors represented b ·• -,
    OA· andO::-.B· Draw BL j_ OA yOA andOHr,• rlVl'ly. I <'IO bL' llw .111~J,•tirh11,,,11'
    -~I'""
    F , andAM JOB
    rom t,. s OBL and OAM
    OL- , we have
    -OB cos 0 and OM_ 0,,
    - ~a-o
    Here, OL and OM
    ~
    .
    cltC
    knOwn a . . · ➔
    -, ➔ s PTOJections or b on J ► ➔
    Now, a. b "' I 11I bi cos 0 and a on /J respectively.
    scALAR OR DOT PRODUCT

    -+ ➔ ➔
    23.3
    a • b = I a I (OB cos 0)
    .... ➔ ➔
    a • b "' I a I (OL)
    .... ➔ ·➔
    11 • b = (Magnitude of a) (Proiecti f -~ ...
    , onobona) ...(i I
    M
    4 ➔ ➔ -> T, '·,,,
    a·b=lal lblcose
    ...... ➔ ➔ ➔
    11 ·b = I b 1(1 a ] cosO)
    ➔➔ ➔
    a•b = l b I (OA co& O)

    m
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    I b I (OM)

    o
    a·b = Fig. 23.6

    .c
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    ::, a · b = (Magnitude of b ) (Projection of a'on b) ..

    du
    Thus geometrically interpreted, the scalar product of tw .. ...(u)
    either vector and the projection of the other in its directiinvectors IS the product of modulus of

    oe
    ~E\1--RK 1 From Wand (ii), we obtain
    -; ➔
    -• ➔ a •b
    ch
    Projection of llona=--
    liil
    te
    ➔ -> ➔
    .,➔ ➔
    d
    au,
    . .
    Pro1ectw110; a 011 b = - - = a - b- = ➔a •b"
    a·b ➔
    m

    1t1 lbl
    · · O;,, ➔
    a on ➔
    b is the dot product of ➔
    a with tire u.nit• vector 111ong -h>and the projection of ➔
    fro

    Thust/
    ·, iepro1rctwn II
    ➔, ➔ ➔
    011a ,s the dot product of b with the unit vector along a. ➔ ➔ ➔

    ➔ ➔
    d

    Rt: . Projection of a on b I al
    ½RK • For any two vectors a a.11d b, we have : - ➔ ➔ - =-_-,·
    de

    Projection of II on a I bI
    oa

    23.3.2 PROPERTIES OF SCALAR PRODUCT -> ➔ ➔ ")

    PROPERTY I (Commutativity) The scalar product of two v..-ctors is commutative i.e. a . b = b . a.


    nl

    ~QQI !:;ASL J Let ti and b be two non-zero vectors and let Obe the angle between them.
    w

    Jnen,
    e
    do

    ➔ ➔ ➔ _, _. ·➔ 1
    a·b = I aI I bl cos 0, and b · a ~ I b I I a cos
    But , ➔ ..,. ➔ ➔
    'aJlb [cos8 =lblJa l cos8
    -➔ -+ ➔ ➔
    a · b "' b. a -> ➔
    ~ ➔ ➔ -b·) -oand b· II ~o.
    Jf a oc b is a zero vector, then a · -
    ->-+ ➔~
    a-b=b-a
    •f-lence, ➔
    a . --, b'➔
    b = -> a 1'1·1,·1111) 7'/11• ;r,1/(lr /1/l~/url ,,r i.,•fulc I>·
    •Rop · vector (11 "
    dist,; ERTV II (Distn'bulivity of sea/ti/' prodticl (Jt,V/1'
    butmeaver vector additfrm. 1.e. (L<11 d/stril111t11•ity)
    <i> 1-<t+ ➔C) = ➔a , _..IH· ➔a · -►C . r/1Strtl111//llll1f)
    (Night . . ..
    Gi) (b' ➔) ➔ ➔ ➔ -> ➔
    c ·a=b • a+c•a
    MATHe,.,
    411
    23.4 Cs,~

    (i) L.et Qj1, OB and BC represent, ectors a,


    4
    band ? respectively. Then,
    PROOF
    .-l, -4 --4-)
    OC =OB + BC = 1, + c.
    C
    Draw BL .l OA and Ci\f J. QA.
    :'\ow
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    -;; .(b+ 1) = I ; I (Projection ot b + c on ll)
    a·' • \ b~ + 7)
    , • I (Proi·ection of OC on OA.)
    -_ I -> 1 pflOPffl-rf
    []$w
    ; . <t + i} = 11 (OM)
    0 _ .;_[!

    m
    :;,(b+ ~) =li'l(OL-'--fM) Fig. 23.7

    o
    ~ (b-'- i) =I.I (OL) + ii (LM) (m

    .c
    d. (ii+ 1) = d I{Projection of ➔b on ➔a) + I ➔a I (Projection of ➔c on .....a )

    du
    (m
    ~-4-} ......l,. ➔➔➔

    oe
    :::, a-(b+c) = a-b+a-c. (m
    ➔➔➔➔➔➔➔
    Hence, a •( b + c ) -= a · b + a · c
    ch
    '11

    (ii) B, commutativity of scalar product, we get


    te
    ~ ➔➔➔ ➔➔➔
    (b•c)-a = a-(b+c)
    m

    -+ ➔➔➔ ➔➔➔ ,l
    ( b - c:) - a = a • b + a - c [from(.1
    -
    fro

    ::::;,
    ➔➔➔➔
    (b-c) a.=b-a - c -a
    ➔ --+~
    (By c.o mmutativity of scalar product
    =
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ -> ➔ => ,l
    Hence, ( b + c ) - a = b a + c • a.
    d

    --'
    de

    ➔ ➔
    PROPERTY Ill Let a and b be two non-zero vectors. Then, ""
    ➔ ➔ -> ➔ .
    ,,~..:l-'.. _
    oa

    a • b = I} ,;:,:, a is perpendicular to b . ,n
    FROC F Wi? have,
    ,.,
    \\
    nl

    -, -,

    .
    a b =0
    w

    ¢:;, lalbcos8=0 (>n


    do

    (Ol:, fJ 0
    8 ; 7t

    . 2
    a h perp.-ndi<.uJ;,r tr, b
    I I /'.
    '
    l 1 this c'ilse
    (m

    REM.ARK l Sine,, i, J ,k arP ,nu/1111//y /"'rp1•ndic11/111 11111/ 1w.-tun, ,1lo1ts //te 1 ,,,,,di,1,1/r ,lit''· >
    /'I// I I'/' l'A fr,./\. ll
    1 J j i O; / k k j 0, /.. 1 i A () ->
    , II •
    PROPERTY IV for any 7>ec/or a, Wt' haw
    ➔
    --.
    a a➔ = I ➔
    11
    12 11 •
    ..;,
    ➔ ~
    PROOF For any vector a I.I.
    f~~
    -► ➔
    a - a = l al lal cosO
    ➔ •
    ~- (1r1
    23.5

    Students should kerp in mina tliat ;2 has no mea11111g


    . bt I
    u w ierever . .
    ~
    z
    ~
    1/ IS used it denotes

    111 · "~" .
    _,.,.RI(_:,, Sirzce i , J , k are uni.t vectors along the coordinate axes. T'',1erefore,
    I\ 2 ~ ~ ~ 2 /\ A
    ~
    ii =Iii
    · t,.
    -::1,J·J =!JI
    /\
    = 1 andk-k =\k\2 ,,1,
    ➔ ➔

    pROPEATY v IJmisascalar_and a, b beanytwovectors, tlren. (md)-b =m (d·b) =d •(mb)


    We have the followmg cases:
    ~

    m
    , ,;fl Wilen m > 0.
    ~ ➔ d ➔ ➔ ➔

    o
    Lei be the angle between a an b • As m > 0, therefore the angle between ma and b is also 0.
    0

    .c
    ➔ 4 -+ ➔
    (ma)· b =\ma 1 I b I cos e

    du
    ► ➔ ➔ ➔
    1ma)· 1, = I mI I a I l b \ cos 0

    oe
    ➔ ➔
    __,
    (m ,1) • b =ml a I I ➔b I cos 0
    ch
    ...., -> ➔ ➔
    (11rn)·b =m(n· b)
    te

    ➔ ➔ . b
    The angle between a and m b will also e e.
    m

    ➔ ➔ -4 ➔
    a (mb) =III I lmb\cose
    fro

    ➔ ➔ ➔ -->
    ⇒ a (111 b) =I a I l in I I b 1cos 0
    A ma A'
    ➔ -) ➔ ➔ Q a
    d

    a -(mb) = ml a 11 b I cos 0 Fig. 23.8


    de

    ➔ ➔ ➔➔
    ⇒ a •(mb) = m(n· b)
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    oa

    ...
    Hence, (ma). b =m ( a . b) = a· (m b)
    ➔ ➔ . 8'
    ➔
    nl

    f the angle between ma and b is(1t - ,.


    let 6be the angle between Ii and b . As m < 0, there ore,
    w

    .... ➔ ➔ 8)
    do

    -4
    (ma)•b=lma\lblcos(n- , B

    ➔ ➔
    (ma l. b = -Im I I ➔a I I ➔b 1cos 0 b
    ~ -t ➔ ➔➔
    '
    (ma)• b =m(a • b) 0
    lnthi
    s case, the angle between
    ➔
    a and m
    b is also (1t - O). A' Ul(I
    0 a
    A

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ 0) Fig. 2.3.9
    a•mb =\a\lmblcos(n-
    ~ .... ➔ ➔ ➔ 0
    a ·m/J =-Ill I 1ml I b I cos
    ..... ➔ -> ➔ )
    a ·mli = ml a 11 b I cos 8
    ➔ ➔ ➔➔
    a ·mb =m(a• b)
    ➔ ➔
    lienc,~. (11111)- ➔➔ ➔ _,b)
    b =m(a• b) = a-(m
    i' ;\t
    I
    I' I ,,

    .,'
    'I

    • • • • I, •

    (1 / h I I .., , / \'II tl) • f, ,,, \ II I•) II (Ill I•) , , II /,11/1/ /!,•/,/ ~l•'•'
    .,
    • •

    m
    ~.
    I
    h· r,,\,, •,, 1,1111 I It, 11
    PROPCRTI' VI / .,, , n· ~•"''""' mu1 ,1
    .. /•

    o
    I• ""' ( ll
    , \ \
    V"" I•)'

    .c
    I f, \ llllll ,, ) • ,, ,1 ·

    du
    l'l\'u\'d '"II\\\)
    \

    PROPERn' I I f1lt ant t ,1'\'f'1\ 1,1,~. ,, .11111 /t ,p,• IM,'c'

    oe
    \
    (ii) ( ,, ) ( /1)
    ch
    te

    PROPERTY VIII • AN
    ..
    cI ) •.. G1 -~ I ,11-
    •~ I 1- :.! .
    /1> , I .,) ,;..
    m

    t • I•)• I ii•1 -, I 1,'1-.,


    fro

    •ii <n+
    .. ) (n

    (i) \11 ,. h,11 ,·


    '
    d

    I ,; ,: 12 ' I•)
    • (11'
    • Ii)
    •
    I ,' • ii• I
    de

    (n+ I

    ; t ,:, 2 I /') l ) ._ ~
    ( II I I • rl I ( ll I /t ) • /t
    oa

    I;., ,~,2 rl
    ► )
    ti + /1➔, II I II► ' ,,► I /,► • /1►
    '
    l
    nl

    _., a• '12 +2 11>, /,I 1 I 1i 1-


    ) 'l
    w

    • I
    u
    1· " ,,
    It •
    do

    ,1

    I "• I,•J /1•

    (j ii)

    , , t'I '
    ti • 11 l ii It ,: /1• ,,•
    o m
    .c
    du
    --. :7,e scalar product of two vectors
    ~-,,,En£ components.

    oe
    -=r----o
    ➔ 1\1\ I\ ➔ I\ /\/\ ➔➔
    fa = 2 i - j ~2k, b = 3i +2j + 3k,find a, b.
    _.u...!-"i_t.'i:O
    ch
    · _.,.... Oearh·
    :L:--a.AI•,. -' I
    ,,A A/\/\ ·
    te
    ;-. i =,2 i - j - 2k) · (3 i + 2 j + 3k) =(2) (3) + (-1) (2) + _(2)(3} = 10.

    %1.!A l,,UGLE BET''rEEN TWO VECTORS


    m

    IL. 'f oe t',<'O vectors inclined at an angle e. Then;


    fro

    -y - ➔ -.
    ab= a bj cos8
    d
    de
    oa
    nl
    w

    ,I
    do

    I
    J
    l

    J
    23.8 __.
    ... and f,. nen,
    t,en,eeti "
    Lee 13 be tl-e angIe _.
    _. L
    ll <'
    .:c,; e "' ..... ...lr
    a
    ,~
    ~
    . :;::,

    :::!' c~e -
    "' 2"' 1 =
    '3 t.OS 6

    o m
    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    = 1(\
    te
    m
    fro
    d
    de

    =
    oa

    I,
    nl
    w
    do

    ~? 5 C Pl) - S 'J I. ,1 ':TC~ A.LOhG AND PERPENDICULAR TO VECTOR


    Let ad!".: ; be twr.: VtctQrs rtpr,=><:nted b} OA and OB and let abe tht .m~le bc-t\\ ,'I.
    Drawe/,. OA j
    In tfJB!/i, we r..e e
    013 -011. - tlB ~ ,; rJ!.1 .. 1-ln
    Thus, Olli. and 1,1B are c.ompor, t of ti" .ilong a' an t I t rp. nd ul r to • n f"L' t \
    Sow,
    .
    0,",j .. (OMJ "
    ,

    ~ 0!,1 = (OB c,lS fJJ "


    ~ 07"1 ~ ' b cos f:J r a
    23.9
    ..... ➔

    lbl ( a-b )
    - ♦
    a b
    -; b • co, Q ..

    a,1 "' - ~
    ~-
    a b
    a 8
    il

    a w • b
    -=<- -
    -- ....,
    a
    Q a

    -•

    m
    0 M A

    o
    F,g. 23.11

    .c
    du
    f _, ➔ 1

    are ~ - a- -
    b ; -a and ...
    b-
    ,
    - - l-
    -ii- --, a

    oe
    , ➔ 2
    ch C
    a J Ia -
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    te
    LEVEL-1

    -- ~
    m

    • • Fir.d .;. · b when ➔ ➔


    - " I'- --t- ,. , /\.
    a=:1•2j - ~ and b ::6 i -3 j - 2k (ii) a =(1, 1, 2) and b = l3, 2,-1)
    fro

    -, ,._r, ➔ ,-./\A
    iJ We nave, a =2 i -2; - kand, b = 6i- 3j - 2k.
    - -~ ,. , ,.
    =(2 1 ~ 2 j - k -'6 i - 3 j -2k) =(2) (6) + (2)(- 3) - (-1)(2) = 12- 6- 2
    d

    ,.,
    •· = -L
    de
    oa
    nl
    w
    do

    I
    23.10
    l o' '}. so that the vectors
    RXAMl'Lt 3 Find the va ue ~
    perpe11dicular to each olker, ➔ d'cular to each other, then
    SOTLITION If the
    vectors ii and b are perpen l

    ➔ ...
    11, b =0
    ,. ': 3k)=0 ~ (2)(l)+ t..(-2)+(1)(3) = 0 ⇒ -2"-+5=0~ ),..
    " t: ':
    ~(2i.,.A.J+k)•(1-2J + """ ➔ Jil.
    hicli the vectors = 3 i + 2 j + 9 k and b = / + p + • 1 j
    , \AMrtF I Find the value oif P fior w l\11/> :::::?
    I! (i)perpendicular (ii) parallel.
    }-leJ'ce, tJ:ie angle

    11 SOLUTION (i) If vectors-; and bare perpen<;licular, then E)(i\MPLr, 7


    Fin

    m
    • 27 0
    il-b= 0 ⇒ ( 3 i+ 2 j+ 9k) • (i+pj+3k)=O ⇒ 3 +zp + ⇒ P =-15
    /',/\A /\/\ /\
    = soct.rnoN Let

    o
    ➔ ~ '>

    .c
    I\ I\ /\ I\
    •• angle between
    (ii) We know that the vectors-;= a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b =b1 I + bz J + b3 k are paralleliff

    du
    ➔ ➔ cos e =
    a =t- b

    oe
    A, A /\ /\ /\ A
    (a1 i + a2 j + a3 k) = >..(bi i + b2 j + b3 k) - , -t
    Now, fl• b =
    ch
    al = A.bl , az = ">..b2, 03 = 1..b3
    ➔

    al = n2 = :2 (=11,) la=
    te

    b1 b2 b3
    ➔ I'<. I\ I\ -+ I\ I\ A
    cos 0
    So, given vectors a = 3 i + 2 j + 9k and b = i + pj + 3k will be parallel iff
    m

    3 2 9 2 2
    fro

    - = -=- ⇒ 3=- ⇒ p = -
    1 p 3 p 3 cos e
    Find the angle between two vectors 1 and b with magnitudes ,JJ and 2 respective/y,,:i!
    d

    EXA~ Pl E 5
    de

    ➔➔
    such tliat a b = ../6.

    b.
    oa

    SOLUTION Let 0 be the angle between-; and


    We have,
    pomts .-\. B, C
    nl

    I aI = ✓3 ,I b I =
    ➔ r;: ➔ ➔ ➔
    2 and a • b = ../6 a•, ,oil. •k·•rr.
    w

    ➔ ... ~)Ll7t0'.\.
    do

    : cos0= a•b
    Vt'\:tors
    1111t1 '\o"
    cos 0 = ../6 AB
    ./3 X 2
    =, 0 = .'.'.
    4
    CD
    Hence, the measure of the angle between ➔ d➔
    b 1s
    . . -it 141
    n an
    4 -►
    (AB.
    EXAMPLE 6 f'ind the angle between f:w ➔ -➔ I eil' ;d~'
    product is - 1. . o vec 1ors a and b having t!ie same length J2 a11d t,

    SOLU'IJON Let 0 be the angle between vectors-; and b.


    ~ ==--~~
    sc.AI·
    Afl OR pOT PRODUCT
    23.11

    - l
    COS 0 = J'i X ,ff_ - - 2 = cos 2 1t/ 3
    e = 2 x/3
    ttetlce• the angle between "'it and b is 2 n/ 3 .
    A""

    m
    f\.~~Ll: " Find the angle bet-uJeen the vectorsz+3J•+
    50 " 4 "k
    ..,. " /\ " and6i -Bj-k

    o
    :::OLt,110N Let a ==Si+ 3 j+ 4k and b -_ 6 0i-8 0J- "kbeth · ·
    e be the

    .c
    Jllgle between them. Then, c given vectors and let
    ........

    du
    a·b
    cos0= - - -

    oe
    ldl lbl
    ➔➔ f; ~ A /\ /\ /\
    ch
    a· b = (51 + 3J+4k)-( 6i - S j - k) = (5)(6) + 3(- 8)+4( - 1) = 2

    I :1 = .Js2 + 3 2 + 42 =,Jso b I = .[62 + (--8)2 + (-1 )2 = ✓101


    te
    and, [
    ➔ ➔
    m

    cos6= a-b
    fro

    ➔ ➔
    IaI Ib I
    2 2 .Ji
    cosO = = -s.fi.
    ~2=-""
    ✓=101 = s .Jloi
    d

    ~ .,/101
    de

    ::;,
    oa

    1\/\/\ I\/\/\ /\/\ /\A


    EXAMPLES lf i + j + k, 2 i + 5 j, 3 i + 2 j - 3kand i - 6 j - krespectivi!ty are the position tiect,,rso{
    I')
    nl

    points A, B, C a1td D, thm find the angle between the straight lines AB and CD. Ded11ce that AB and CD
    w

    at<!co//inear. [N CERT CBSE 20l<ll


    e
    do

    SOLlJTiON Let be the angle between the lines AB and CD. Tiwn, 0 is also the ,,ngle between

    vectors AB an.d CD.


    !\ow•
    -;t.. A A /\ /\ A A I'; I\
    Ail = (2 i + 5 j) (I + j + k) = I + 4 J -kA /\ /\
    -.>- " " " " " t, 2i 8 j' I 2k
    and, Cu= (i -6j-k)-(3i +2/ -3k)-
    4
    I xs1 =.Ji +16 + 1 = 3.J2,1 c/J I f-i I
    M f ,,.Jz
    ').122
    ➔
    ft_ I\ /\A A/\"
    and, (Afi · CD) = ( i + 4 J- k). (- 2 i - 8j 2 k) - '

    Now . cose = AB -CD


    lABl [CD \
    23.12 MATliE:MA.
    Ticii
    -36
    cos 9 = --=----,=
    3 /2. X 6 /2
    = - 1 =coSlt I·: O- ri,

    AB and CD are Lui.like parallel \ ector~. ft/SO ,


    /\
    A1·:,,
    Hence, line;. 4B .uid CD are parallel. r.
    ~ "'e obsern? that CD -2 AR. Therefore, AB and cb are unlike parallel vector . x'"'R
    /\ A A /1. A A
    E\AMPLE ,i Fwd tl,c pro1ectio11 of the vector 7 i + j - 4k on 2 i + 6 j ~ 3k . f/1115, if
    ➔ ->
    -➔ ➔ 11 • b
    :,()Ll-:10); \'\'"e know that: Pro1ection of 11 on b = -
    >
    Ib I

    m
    ... ➔ l\. A /\ ➔ /\ /\ A

    o
    Here. a =11 +j 4kand b =2i +6} + 3k .

    .c
    4 ~ I\ •\ A A. /\ A ➔ ~-::--
    t2 • b =(ii-j--1k)·(2i-'-6j t3k)= 14+ 6 -12 =8 and I b l=-v2 ~6 2 +32~i

    du
    ➔➔
    . • ➔ _,. a, b 8

    oe
    Bence, Pro1ect1on of a on b =- - =- 5imil
    , I bl 7
    ch
    ➔ ➔
    EX..\,..IPU 10 Let a and b be two vectors of thesamemagJ-zilude such that the angle between
    te

    - ➔~ . ➔ ➔
    60° and a b = S. Fznd Ia and I b I- [NCTJ! Again.
    -
    J
    m

    50LL"T:O'.'\ \'lie ha\·e,


    fro

    =
    ...
    a
    ➔

    b cos 60° =8 -, ►
    =
    [·: Angle b etween a and !> i;
    d

    ~ ') 1
    de

    = a-x-=8
    2
    ➔
    [·.· I a I = I b
    ➔
    .:;, ~
    oa

    ~2
    a = 16
    =
    nl
    w

    ➔ ➔
    Hence, ., = b I =4.
    do

    F ., ->
    E '1Pl
    ar any vector r, flrOve that r =( ,. . /\,·) A,· ~•Y•J,1·f(l'•A)I..
    ~
    ( • ~) ~ -> " " .
    ....,. ,. I\ ,,
    L(-\r r1+yJ'+1.JI ,. .
    · • JE' an a1u1 lra1y Vt>dor, l lwn

    r
    • I
    I ,-. ,-, ,._
    A A
    (x I + y J -I zk) I A I\

    r
    . I , , ~ A
    X( I I) I 1/ ( I • i) I (J. I) I ( I\
    J (r I
    I/ I
    ,.
    ?J) I
    ,
    ' CI J)il/(/ iJ I (A "I) I (ll) I 1/(ll I \ll\ V
    and, ~
    I ,
    f
    k (x l t I// t ZA/ A t,
    :r l 1 A) t 11( / A) 1
    1 Ill) I V ( l l) t (I) -
    Putting th.e \aluts of x
    · , 1/, Z lfl I \ / t I/ / 1 A, w,• oltt,11 11
    -, .,,..~ ,..
    r "' ( r t I i ' ( / I/ j + I,'. A) A.
    r sc11L.Afl
    ORDOTPROOUCT

    23.13
    r< 1 In the above example, we have seen that fo --, ,. /\
    ~-+y, A• - l - x, ➔
    ~ r • ':J = y and ➔
    r •kA "'z r any vector r =- .r i + y j + zk, we have

    l,Js!J, ➔ . ➔ ':
    ... " · ction of r on X-axis, r · J = Projection ,1 ➔ y . -4 " ➔
    r · i :: ProJe O; r 011 -axis, r · k ~ Project itm of r rm 1.-axi•
    ,,➔ X .· p . . ➔
    x ::Projection O; r on -tll ts, y = ro1ect1on of r on Y-nxis, z = Projection of ion /..-axis.
    ' " /\ I\
    11 1:: xi + y j + zk, then x, Y and z 1•espectively are the projectum~ of 1 on )(, y and Z-axes.
    fhUS, ~ ➔ ': ➔ ': ➔ /\
    •ections are also equal to 1' · i, r · J and r •k respectively.
    '[l,ese prOJ ➔ " " A A A A

    ~,~ RK 2 .
    For any vector r =xi + Y j + z k. We call xi, y j and zk as components of 1 alon;; x, y

    t ~+::':-~:•::•:~

    m
    - d. "''Cf. respectively.
    an ...... • ➔ " ': /\ . •

    o
    :, ~"~ :[,01:1 xl, y and z-axes respectively, theri

    .c
    fil;\lARIO

    co5 - ➔

    du
    ➔
    1
    l
    /\ _,
    Ir I Ii I IrI Ir
    similarly, we have
    ~ = cos-1[.JL] and
    (
    oe
    ch
    1
    y =cos- : _
    111 I! I
    te

    Again,
    m

    y Z"'-~
    = --, R = - -
    cos ., and cos ·r .':'. . ➔ 1~,•'
    cos a X
    1:.
    fro

    111 111 . -
    x= I1 I cos a' y = I 1 I cos ~ and z I rl c~ '= "I "
    d

    = I ➔r I ((cos ct) i + (cos-~) i + (cosy) k )


    de

    -; = xi" - y ":J + zk"

    I-+2 2 2 2
    ➔
    oa

    Also, r I = x +y +z 2
    I 7 I2 = 11 I 2 cos2 a + I ➔r I2 cos 2r:i+
    ,, lr J2 cosy
    nl

    2 2r:i 2.,-1
    k
    w

    ::, cos a + cos ., + cos ' - . ": ": ai,d respectively, then
    ➔ 1
    + cos2 ~ + cos Y = ·
    r:iandyw1th1,/ 2 1
    do

    Thus, if a vector r makes ang es a, JJ " 2


    " ) k) and, cos a _,
    7 7 i
    = I l{(cos a) +(cos~) j -i~(co:-y " =J
    1
    Find 11 ,wctor d ➔ 1 j-k,
    ➔ ". k" ➔
    b - •I -4]. ",.'5k and c
    .,. ➔ _ Zl.
    /\
    EXAMPI.E 12 Let a =4 i + 5 J - ' -
    ➔ nd
    Perpendicular to both t! and b, a
    'if! ·ng d . c ►
    satis yi
    •
    r ·ul:u· tu both ,1 ,u,d 1'
    , , -1 is perpem 1<
    SOLUTION d = x "i + YJ, + z k · SJnce a
    Let ➔
    -+➔ ➔➔ o o
    1~
    ... (1)
    d - a ""0 and d · b = · " " " 0 )> t •"'!I z
    Now, 1..1 .. o ⇒ (xi+yj+ Zk) · 4"t· -i 5 i k) I\ I\ (
    A A O ?r 4yt5z
    ll ... (ii)
    -4 f +5k) I
    d-b = 0 ⇒ (xi +yj +zk)·'" ": "k) ~
    A " ('
    ... (iii)
    21 -~ :ir+y -z - 2·
    ➔ " z"k)·(3i-l J -
    d· -c► =21 ⇒ (x1· •"· YJ ~-
    /\
    23 14
    7, I/ 7
    w,· !-1•'1 1
    . Z
    s..,h mg (i). (ii\ .ind (iii),
    d
    '
    71 7 i
    '
    7k
    Henc.:-
    I\
    ""I\""'"- ,., -.tPLf 1,
    E.\AMPlf I) L1t1/ f'l'l~i11,·/s ,,f ,1 p,•,·/m wtlh ,,,,r1m11 ;Ii 5 k , 2 i f 7 j nnd i I- / f Ir 11re respt,i
    6 an,f 5. fwJ 11,r, ~·, f()r. ,_ I\ " , " " , c:Ol.i.,TfON
    S.'>LL!Tl~'N
    • ~'
    I <'I II ,, I + 0 J ' '
    r.;
    t,' 2; 7 I t Ok and c i 1 j I k be thrc•e g, '" ....
    \ ,1 ~ 6
    ♦

    I -· ,..• X1 I , ' .. f\
    • •
    ~ ,.L'll' ,1 Vt.'ct·o, ~,.,,cl, that its.. d ot products w ith ,, , b and r ,ire I,
    (ii
    -·
    a~
    11.'spt' t11 .:-1\ Tlwn
    /I.AA /1,~A
    ~(,i+ 11j+r.k)•(J 1 I OJ-S k)=- l -=> 3x+0y-:>Z=
    -
    l (Ill/
    t ... l
    -

    m
    11 r' Ii= c,
    '\/\A AAA
    ~ (xr •yj+zk) (2i+7i ~ Ok) = 6 ⇒ 2x + 7 y+Oz = 6 11 -
    II

    o
    = (r i + 1/ i + zk) •(
    I\/\""/\/\

    -
    and -;:" -:' =5 + i + k) =5 a-
    1 "

    .c
    ::;..1h m~ (i), (ii) and (iii), we get.\ " 3, y =0, z =2. fl a-

    du
    •- ➔ /\ A A
    Henc<:' th.:- requucd \'ector 7 is given by r =3 i + 0 j + 2k . o;Ot.L-
    ➔

    oe
    EXAMl'tEI~ Sho«•thatthepro1ectionvectoro.f ➔
    a on ➔
    b (at ➔
    O)(componentof➔ -,>
    a along bJ ·; ➔
    is ( -:;
    ch
    b•
    ➔ ➔
    te
    SOLL77O~ Let 0 be the angle betwe<?n a and b .

    As s"iO'wn in Fig. 23. J2, length OL is the p rojection of 1 on b and 61, is the projection ,·t:e-
    m

    -,
    ➔ •
    a Jn !i.
    fro

    Proceed
    m ~OLA, we ha ve
    cos 0 = -OL
    d

    OA
    de

    ~ OL = OA cos O

    - OL = I 'Ji cus 0
    oa

    11I I ➔a • bl -• l
    nl

    L
    1a'111;1J [u,,,g . '" "
    w

    , .
    do

    /,[ I/ t, t
    ,I
    ,,' I
    •
    \Fl
    Now, rA (()/ ) /1

    • ,: I /,
    ()/ ((

    I ,,· l lh h .; ,,•
    I'
    il l! • ..

    (JI
    . "
    • l1•
    I,• j II• /1• I /1• 1 10•.lt'
    •lnd I•.
    r,-,,·rt't<-\ it.', II
    I ,; I 11: I
    ~It Tins 1111111 1,,. tlsi•d u, "
    J
    I I ,: I ' I
    /1111,lu,,/ (I ' ,11/1
    ,~"·'fPLll 15 Show that tlte projection vector of ➔
    •<,'·

    ,;0itlfJOl' Proceed as in Exan,ple 14_


    ➔
    b ona*Ois [
    ~>l
    ➔
    a,b

    ~ 1.
    23.15

    • ➔
    ~ll'U'Lll 16 For any two vectors a and f1
    ~ • -~ ➔ · ' prove that·
    4 2 2 2
    (i)la'+11 l ==1al +l1 1 +21.; 1
    ·
    ➔ ➔ 2 ..,. ➔ 2 ( ➔ ) Oi} I a'- Ii 12 • 2 - 2
    (iii)la+bl +la -b l =2 ln! 2 +lb l2 =lal +llf1 - 2J . iJ
    , 1uterprel IIU! result .
    ➔ _. ➔ -➔ -➔ - ➔ geometrically.
    (iv) I a + bI ==I a - b I <=> a l. b. Interpret the I
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ . resu t geometrically.
    (r) I a + b I = I a I + I b I <=> n is parallel to b
    ➔ ➔ 2 1 ➔ ,2 ➔ 2 ➔ ->

    m
    (l'i) a+ bl = a + I b I <=> a, b areortltogonal. [NC£RT)

    o
    ~LLmoN (i) We have,

    .c
    Ia + ➔
    ➔ 2 ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    b I = (a+ b) ·(a + b) ., 2
    [Ix] =X·X)
    ➔ •

    du
    ➔ ➔ 2 ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ By distributivity of dot]
    la +bl =( a+b} ·a +( a + b)·b
    [ product over vector addition

    oe
    ➔➔ 2 ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ -> ➔ ➔ By distrib u tivity of dotl
    I a+ b I = a· a + b · a + a - b + b . b
    J
    ch
    [ p roduct over vector addition

    [·: ➔- ➔➔
    1 a-'--bl = l a. I + 2a•b +l bl
    ➔➔ 2 ➔ 2 ➔➔
    te
    ->2 a•b =b•a ]
    =>

    (ii) Proceed as in (i).


    m

    (iii) Adding (i) and (ii), we obtain


    fro

    1C:~b J2 - 11-bl 2 == 2(11 12 +1t 12 )


    d

    -:-t. ➔ ➔ ➔

    Geometrical Interpretation: Let ABCD be a parallelogram having sides AJ;S = a and BC= b.
    de

    In MBC, we have D~-- - -- --..,;;


    oa

    7t.. ➔ -➔
    fili + BC = AC
    nl

    -; ➔ -} ...(i} T, T
    a+b =AC
    w

    lnAABD, we have I
    do

    Af) + J5I3 = Af3


    A ., i;

    AB -AD= oh Fig, 23.13


    ...(ii)
    thus,-; ➔ ➔ . , _ f .,,u·allt•logrmn who~1• lw~• adj,,,·cnt !'kl•'S
    11
    + b and a - b represent two diagonals O I
    ➔
    a.re a and b
    l'her f ➔ - ( _, , 2)
    11,,8 th,tt the ~111u n l lhL' sqi1an.'~ ,1t the
    eore, l 11+bl2 ➔ l d-bl 2 ., 2 1 nl2➔ lh l inip
    7
    Side f the dlagonnls of the p.-irallelogrilm.
    sof ap ll f the $qua res o
    a.ra elograrn is equal Lo the s u m 0

    --1..,
    .
    \Iv} -► ➔-
    I , . bl ·I o' - b1
    23.16 Afl Ofl
    sc.AL-
    _.. -➔ 2
    lii+i,'12=lr1 - 111 .. > > 111
    ... , -1 2 - I 1, I 2 2(a b)
    , ii'12 T1t12~2c11-bl - l« 1 ~ } 111
    -> b-> O ¢:> ➔ L I)
    4(a- >•b)=0
    }
    <::> 11
    II

    As discussed abov~ th,it 11-► , 1'► an d 17► Ii represent diagonals of a paralldograrn w~ ''
    ➔ t
    adjacent sides arc II and 1' ·

    I I 11, +~
    b I =I _. b I¢:> ➔
    11 - .... ,1 1
    b0 Diagonal:, of a parallelogram arc equal iff it is ,1 re,L ;::, I ii'I

    u I ➔a +111=1
    .... ➔
    a:+I ➔ I 410

    m
    ::,
    z,
    I
    HI
    •
    ➔ ➔ ( ➔ ➔,2 31

    o
    =>
    I 11 + b 1 =(I 2
    a I• I b I)

    .c
    ••• =>
    I ➔a j2 + I ➔ ➔ ➔ 12 + 210➔ I I I b

    du
    > • 2
    b 12 -'- 2 a · b ~ I a I +I b
    ::=>
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

    oe
    a·b =I a I I b I
    ➔ ->
    111 °
    ch
    ¢> blcos8=l"ii'llblocos 0=1 8 = 0o a[lb r:-:us.
    (vi) Vle have,
    te
    '(A..'1.IPL :w
    1+ b'1 2 =1112 +1tt2 are :,et·!J!etttl:~
    m

    ➔ 2 ➔ 2 ➔ ➔ ➔ 2 ➔ 2
    aj +lbl +2(a•b) =l al + lb l SOLt,:ION
    fro

    ➔ ➔ _.
    2(11 • 11)=0 >.cw (c
    = -➔

    a b
    ➔

    =0 -
    d

    ::::> (c

    -,,
    de

    ➔ ➔
    <=? a and b are orthogonal. => ( il
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    oa

    LXAMPLt Ii If -,
    two vectors a and b are such that I a I = 2, I b I =1
    --; -
    and " · - ..:.'
    ➔ ~ . ➔
    r 3 a -5 b) • (2 a + 7 b ).
    ➔

    -
    nl

    .l
    50LLTION Using distributing of dot product over vector addition, we get
    -....
    w

    :::i,
    r311' -b--, ➔ ➔ ➔ -, ➔ -► ~ ➔ ➔ ➔ ( l
    do

    5 ) · (2 a + 7 b ) = 6 ( a· a) + 21 ( 11 • b ) - 10( b • 11) - 35 ( /J • b)
    ➔ 2 ➔ > ➔➔ ► "'I ""' i1
    =6 aI , 21 ( 11 • /,) 10 ( 11• b) - 35 I I> 1-
    ➔ 2 ➔ t ➔ ,
    \ \!l.tl'l.r ~l
    35 I " 1-
    - 6 <l l 11 ( 11 /J)
    I -' 1 .....
    1, I
    6-' 2
    2
    11 >< I :l'i x I i > ► I I ,. 80LU1'10N
    I
    1·: I ,1 I .:. I 1•
    24 I 11 :v; U
    EXA"Al'L[ 18 11
    Find I {I, iffr,r 111,1111 rl('l'fm ,f, (.,· J). ( / 1 ,i)
    SOI UTTON We hilVP,
    -,}_.,_,
    (X-a) (x t ll) ~ l'i

    ~ 1l1 2 -1a'12 ~1s


    • 2
    ⇒
    I -"I -l = 15
    OR pOT PRODUCT
    5C/\' ~R
    23.17
    1112 = 16

    ►
    2111 1.

    31112

    m
    = 27
    ~

    o
    1111 = 9

    .c
    ~

    ➔ ➔
    Ib I = 3

    du
    ~
    [·: I b I> 01
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    a I = 21 b I ⇒ IaI = 2x 3 = 6

    oe
    I

    .... ➔
    Thus, lal =6 andlbl = 3
    ch
    ➔ AA/\ ➔ A /\A.
    E.\.\\IPLE20 If a =5 i - j - 3k, and b = i + 3 j -5k, then show that tl1evectors 1 "-band 1 - b
    te

    ::t perpendicular.

    I d I = .J25 + 1 + 9 ,./35 and I b I= .Jl + 9 + 25 = .f35


    m

    'OLUilON We have, =
    fro

    ~ow, \1+b)-(i -b) = 1t12 -1t1 2


    ➔ ➔ ➔ -+
    (a+ b) · ( a- b) = 35 - 35 = 0
    d
    de

    =>
    ➔ ➔
    ( a + b) and ( a
    ➔
    b) are perpendicular to each o ther.
    -➔
    ➔ ➔ /\
    oa

    A/\ /\ A/\
    !l!.!'IR Wehave, a =5i-j-3k and b =i + 3j-5k.
    ➔ ➔ I\ A ➔ ➔ ~ '> k
    nl

    /\
    a+b=6i+2j-8k ,md a-b=4t-4J+Z

    ~ k)= 24 - S - l 6 = 0
    w

    (1+b) (d-b) = (6i+2j-8k)•(41-4/+ 2


    do
    501-lfflOr-:_,
    I a .,.
    .....
    I a+
    ;::,
    cos 0
    ~o'"' ➔

    = - :::;::,
    21 (I

    m
    ---
    oj3-0
    if. -;12

    o
    ; i~ perpendicular (or orthogonal) lo ?
    11

    .c
    EU\1Pl?
    -t ➔
    fja+b-c=u,laf=3,lb =Sand
    -,. ';I -, -,.
    cI =7,firul the angle between ; •'1. •
    = Ia
    -->

    du
    • 1
    ~SE200&
    SOLUTI~ let 0 be the angle between vectors a and b .
    ...., ➔

    =
    -
    oe
    !Z
    V,e ha,e,
    ~ .... ., -;t
    ch
    i:1-b-c=u
    a .
    =
    te

    ~
    a-b
    ' ....
    =-cl
    m

    SOLl}TIO.--._

    -
    fro

    --,, ~2 ---,.2 a
    a~/J -cl
    = 2
    if 2 -2-;r ii'= 1 12 =
    d

    ; ..
    de

    cos
    = ;
    2
    - b 2~2 1 t cos a =1 c 12
    -;, - 25 2 <3,(51 cos El = 49
    oa

    o;,')-1-(j_1t
    2 _,, ~ 3 .....
    ( a-
    nl

    r I
    [)(A
    u If a and t, are unit vectcrs ittclined at an angle e' then prove th,rt sin ~ = ~
    w

    J a-
    ' ., '
    ~JL ,'1 l{J\, ix -f ; 12
    do

    Ile ¥now that


    I 12 I I I I
    Q b (a b),la bJ
    I I I / ,
    b 2
    / I I I
    b "
    a ll•U u b b II .. b
    ' , I

    ,.
    I
    , r, b 2 I
    I h ,2
    I
    uf" 2 II /; t
    t\.\\lPLf .::~
    I I , I I
    ; " b 2 I a I" 2 al ,, I,,, o ~, 1, I ' J1t:r,,,. t.
    111'
    ~ ~ ~

    •' s ,,, 1.::11/,


    ,
    I
    a b
    I
    ~ I: ,1 I• · 1..)i t no:-.J
    2 2,ir;/1
    I I [" I 1I
    ·,
    I a hf 2 2 (I , 'h r,1 2
    /
    :z ,H \ ;i 11 J ,-;
    2 ~
    1 / I ,
    1a bf 11
    4 ::::,
    1 / I
    11
    2f 11 bf ::::,
    lb
    Far any two vectors a and b
    -.. 23.19
    -t -,. -j, -,.
    , prove that
    1a+bl::.lal+lbl
    (Tri11ng/e inequa/ity1
    ' CFl<TI

    .(i}

    o m
    .c
    du
    ➔ ➔ , ➔
    la+blslal+lb

    oe
    ch
    [:-.CERT]
    te

    50[\'fJON
    ... ...
    I 1•1 0 be the ,.m~lc bl'lwecn vectors a and !, • Then,
    m

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ..
    ,1 It l11ll/1lcosU
    fro

    (,i •li)2 .,I-; 12 1: 2 .:o:-2 o


    1 J
    ,
    ros· o s 1
    d
    de

    I·; 12 1 ,: 12 cos 2 (l $ I ; 12 1b I2
    oa
    nl
    w
    do

    [Squareini,; both ,id<'!;)


    ... ➔

    Q = I 1,2
    + bi2
    -. , - 2
    I •21-+ ➔ ....
    bl +2(a.b)::Ja ->12 . .,(i)

    ; 2 -. ~
    -.2(11 b)=O
    23.20
    ➔ ........... J ➔
    ll2
    _. -> ➔(b v)-2(11 l1 ) + ' =0
    Now, (2-; + b) . b = 2 ( a • b) + ~ - II.:
    Hence, (2 ti+ b) is perpendicular to 1, . ➔ _, ➔
    . F1·nd tire mglc J,,·t wcc11 •t -'t'ctors
    11111 •
    1 1111d b so thnt J3 a - b is also a •in
    • 11
    E\MfPtr is • rce
    4 --> -► )
    SOLUTION
    I btween-;;'andb . Wehave,JaJ=l,jbJ=land
    Let abe the ang e e
    .J1;,
    ➔ ➔
    ,3 1-1>1 =1
    .--4 ➔2
    •" 3 a-bl =l
    -4 -+ ➔ ➔

    11• (v3 a-b) .(../3 a-b) =1

    m
    ⇒
    ➔ 4 ➔ ➔ -➔ -4
    ,3 a.(./3 a-b) - b.(✓ 3 a-b) = 1

    o
    ⇒

    .c
    _._ ➔➔ ~ ➔ ➔2
    ⇒ 3 a• 2-.3(a.b)-J3 (b.a)+I bl =1
    •••

    du
    ➔➔
    3-2,'3(a.b)+l = l
    -+ ➔ ~
    =
    oe
    rr
    ⇒ 4-2,'3,11flbJcos8=l ⇒ 2.J3cos8=3:::i>cos8=

    Hence, the angle between a and b is - .


    ➔ ➔ rr
    ch 2 ⇒ 9=
    6
    15 g:i",;en
    It
    Ia- ,.~

    6 = :r
    te
    ➔

    f EX~:11PLE 29 Ifa unit vector a makes angle "'It/4 ,vi.th


    A A
    i., 1!./'3 with j and an acute angle !) u::tr.{ =
    ➔
    e. =
    m

    , find the components of a and the angle


    .• ➔ AA ~
    fro

    SOU.,TIO~ We know that if a vector a makes angles 0,, fr and 'Y with i, j and he5F<!C X
    then
    cos a.~ cos 2 13 + cos 2 y = 1
    2
    d

    It is given that CJ. = ¾, 13 = ; and y =9 an acute angle.


    de

    2
    cos a. - cos2 13 + cos 2 y = 1
    oa

    cos 2 ~ ~ cos 2 it.,. cos 2 8 =1


    4 3
    nl

    1 1 2
    ---+cos 8 =1
    2 4
    w

    t'eCtor .....
    ,.,.,,,-~..
    ::::;. ccx 2 f; "' !.
    do

    4
    ::;.. cos I;/ =- 1
    2. -
    2
    ::::;,
    2 letr' deno
    ::::;.

    Now, r'

    \Jow, A
    (i
    ⇒ :::;.
    ([
    Thus, the components of a' are l = ,; 1 "· I A
    ✓2 ' 2 /, 2 ~-
    (i "
    Find the components of a unit vectorwhich . 23.21
    f.\,4)ffLli~~ rs Petpendicula,- to th evectors "; + 2 "j - "k and
    •\ '> +zk.
    31 , J ➔ /\ /\ /\
    ""'ON !.,et a =x i + y j + zk be a unit
    .:o1»" " " " Th vector perpend1cular
    . to tl ➔ " " "
    311(11 =3i - j + 2k. en, 1e vectors b = i + 2j-k

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    a . b == 0 and a • c = O
    ,..AA/\ A./\
    (xi+ y j + zk) · (i + 2 j - k) = o and, (xr+yj+z.k)
    -:- " " ( ~, '> "
    31
    x+Zy-z = Oand, 3x -y+ 2z = 0 · -1+2k),. o

    m
    ,: y z.
    4-1"' -3-2 = -1-6 [Using cross-multiplication]

    o
    .c
    X II Z
    = -
    - == ...;r... = ).(say)
    3 -5 -7

    du
    ⇒
    .t = 3)..,y = -511.,z = -711.
    ➔

    oe
    !1i;~1•en-Ithat a is a unit vector. Therefore.I
    1 a I =1
    ch
    ⇒ x2 +y2+z2 = 1
    te

    =I 91,,2+25)..2+ 4911.2 =1
    sn! = 1 => 11. = + _1_
    m

    =i
    --/83
    fro

    X=±.2._
    "°" r,;;; 1 Y -_ +
    - 5
    ·=
    v83
    and z = +- =
    7
    ✓ 83
    ~ence, the components of ➔a 5 '> - 7 k"
    '> -- 7 k"·or. ~- 3. ':1 -
    3 ': -- 5- J
    d

    are--
    -/83 1'-/83 'jsg ';fs3 ' .:/83J ',!$3.
    de

    -=
    U'.l'R Req'd a x➔
    =e components are the components of vectors ± (.... b ).
    oa

    ll;.\\IPLE 31 ' ' scalar product of the vector ➔


    ,..he a = "i + Aj + "k with a unit vector along the sum of the
    ➔
    ➔
    nl

    .._ A
    "-lorsb-- 21· + 4 'J> -Skand
    " c = 'J...i" + 2 "J + 3k" is equal to}. Find
    . thevalueof'J,, and hencefmd
    . the unit
    w

    •
    !¾raJong ➔b + ➔c. [NCERT, CBSE 2014]

    Let ➔ll = "i + "j + k," ➔b =2i/\ + 4j-5kand ➔c :='J,,i+2J + 3k. Then,
    do

    ¾n-10N " " A '; "

    )] i..t' b+i( = 2 + ?,) " ""


    i + 6j-2k
    r denote th . vector along ➔
    e➔unit b +➔
    c • Then, A A /\
    ,, b ➔ " " A ' ) ' 6 . 2k .•. (i)
    r"' + c _ (2 + ?.)i + 6j - Z,!, "'~+ '' t+ 2 i;;._
    40
    Iit+ "t I - ,/(2 + ,,)2 + 36 + 4 ,k2 .. 'J,,) +
    ) No,,, 1
    I\
    (j + · /\ A
    A '
    [Given]
    1 + k), r =l
    (""
    '+i+k)
    /\ "/\
    _(2-t;l..}i+6j-2k "" 1
    ,, ✓<2 + ,,-)2 + 40
    (i + '> A
    1 +k) ·1(2 + t.)i + 6j -2k}
    A
    ~~
    23.22
    .- 2 O
    2+7'..+6-2 = \/(2 + 7,..) I 4
    ll c:, A. I.
    2,40 ⇒ 81,
    , 6)2 = (2 ~ A-)
    ( ,,
    -- + I\
    1 I\• , I\ I\

    I 2k)
    •
    ' '
    . ' -1 u·1 (i) we oblam , 7
    (3 / I ,1
    Puttmg "'- ' ► -►
    SIie/i {/inf 11 · //
    _. -> ➔ (II'(' I hrl'e ll('c/Ol'S
    E\A'\ll'LE 32 If •11 b ' ('

    m
    ➔ ➔ .....

    o
    n•(I,- r) =- 0

    .c
    ➔
    a=➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ O . ➔ (➔b ➔)
    0 or, 1, - c = o1, a L - c

    du
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ - >)
    -; = 0 or b = c or, a ..L ( b - c
    ,._ I\ A/\A/\A •

    oe
    C\Al'\fPLE 13 Show that f11e vectors 2 '1:- - 0J + k , '>1- 3 J· - Sk' '3 i·-4 j -4k form the sides of' an
    Hence, the:
    ch
    a11gleJ triangle. " " ➔ I'; 0 /\
    ➔ 1';0,,.. ➔ '> .
    SOLLiTION Let a = 21 -J +k, b =I - 3 1 - Sk and c =3 1 - 4 J - 4k. ~'ii'l.E35
    te

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    A
    Oearl) • a - !, = c. SOU:"'TION i...
    in fi~:
    m

    shO'A'l\
    ➔ :::t_ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ -,-~ A:-t-
    Thus, if AC = b , (Jj = a and AB = c , then AC + CJ.5 = 'Hi. diagonals Or
    fro

    Hence, vectors ➔
    a, ➔
    b, ➔
    c form the s1·ctes o f a triang
    . le.
    C
    b
    d

    ➔➔ "':~A f";- ~ /\
    Now, a-b = (21 J+k)·(t -3J-5k) = 2+3-5 = 0.
    de

    Therefore, AC is perpendicular to CB.


    oa

    C a
    Hence, .1 ABC is a right angled mangle. Fig. 23.14
    nl

    A /\ /\ A .., /\ ~\
    SJrcn,,, that the points A, B1 C with position vectors 2 i - i + k, •'l
    w

    £XAMPI C 31 1 -

    3i -4; -4k respectively, are tlze vertices ofa right angled triangle. Als11, fiwl tl,e ,-,,mmrrm,;:I~:'
    do

    the t11anglP 1

    SOLUTION' We have,

    M c Position vecturnf n
    -,
    Position vc'Cl:rn of A ~ (i ;1/ 'ik) (2i
    I\
    j I A)
    \ 'I •'
    Clt!arly, OP
    HC = Position vcc tor of C l'o8i.tio11 vector of Ii
    A
    (1 i 4 i
    A A A I\ ' '
    ,.. I k) (I ,lj 'iA) ilnd, AR
    and, CA = Posili,,n V<'( lor ,,f A A I\. /\. I\
    l 'ositio11 v,•,•101· of l (2 / / 1 Al (:' i -~
    Clearly, AB • Be
    CA ( 2 1 (,k) 1 (2; i I-
    I • k)
    /\
    I (
    A
    i
    ,-.
    1 ' I / 1 1,
    A
    k) l) •
    So, A, Band Care thf' VNtkes ol a lrfa , 11-;lc•
    ➔ ~ I' /\ t, I\ /', /\
    Now, BC-CA= (2i -; +k)-( i 1 1/ 1 'H)
    cos
    _, ~

    BC J.. CA ~ LBCA = rr
    2
    .
    {l <II'

    o m
    .c
    du
    f! J
    oe
    II• CON
    - l ,1/6 ~
    /Al(
    £..l t(~ J(
    41
    ch
    r1gl11
    Hence, the remaining angles of thf• ln a11gle are tos- 1 (§~ ..nd ciJS 1
    FR v41 f,
    ', 41
    te

    1
    mMPLt3S Show that tlie angle between two diagonal.s O'f a cube f$ Ct>:>- 1 ( ?,)
    •
    m

    SOWTJON Let a be the length of an edge of the cube and let one co= be at the <,og:n a!i
    shown in Fig. 23.15. Clearly, 01', AR, BS and CQ are the dfagoniil5 of th1: aibE-. O:,r,.s'der the
    fro

    diagonals OP and AR. 11,e coord.J na tes of the vertice!l arc shown in .f'lg, 23.15.
    7
    d

    ) _,.,....,..,.,...,, Sia, o, a)
    .i;::C(~o,~o,:..;;at,.,
    de
    oa

    R(i,, a, a) i'-------11----fip(a, a, P)
    nl
    w
    do

    1/es of
    u1{1 1
    y
    Fig, 23.15

    Cle.irty, 61> " A ,


    a i + r, f t· ak.
    ~~. AR ;(Position vector of I<) (f'o111tlrn7 v('(li~ of:>
    "l
    le
    AR " ;. , ,. , ,k.
    ~ (0 i + a j +ak) (t1 I ➔ () / l O )
    n j • aA •,,1 •
    10be tn. L ,.
    e angle between OP ,w d Ai< • Jlwn,

    cos O "' _E.P · A1{


    IOP I I A1~1
    23.24
    /\ /\.
    /\
    /\ /\ ": · ak)
    (a i + a j + ak) . (-a' + a J + ~
    ⇒ cos e == _,_~ r: 2 2 2
    fa2+a2+a2 ✓ (-a) +ll +a
    - a2+a2~a2 1 1
    ⇒ cos e == .fia 1311 - = 3

    ⇒ (l=cos
    1
    (~)

    Similarly, angle e t:,etween the other pairs of cliagona s ts cos


    .. 1· -1(1) 3 .
    EXAMPLE 3t> If with reference to a righf handed/ystem of mutually perpendicular un,,
    /\ " ➔ " " ➔ ": ": -~ • I - > .., ·•
    k ;pe have o. = 3 i -;· and ~ == 2 z + / - 3k . Express ~ 111 t ze form fl = ~1 +JJ2
    I\ i!t:
    ' iI · A 'U/hl'1'tt , Also, de
    II•
    t I I
    1 ➔ ➔ ➔ ~ perperrdi
    parallel to a and p2 is perpendicular too.. [CBS'E 2012, 2013 NCEt-

    m
    11 ➔ ➔
    It is given that p1 is parallel to a.. Therefore, S()Lufl

    o
    SOLLTION
    -+

    .c
    •• ➔ . I/ a +
    P1 = A➔
    a for some scalar A.

    du
    lt is also given that
    ➔➔➔ ➔ -jt ➔➔➔
    P= P,+P2 ⇒ P2 = p -P 1=P-;>,..o.
    11 is also given that 'l3 2 is perpendicular to C:. Therefore,
    oe
    ch
    rt ➔
    ,., . 0.
    A.= -
    te
    ,.,•.L
    ➔ ➔
    0, • 0.
    m

    ➔ 0 ":- ➔ A /\ /\
    Now, a = 31 - J and p = 2i + j-3k
    fro

    = ➔
    ~ · ➔
    6 - 1 + 0 = 5 and a. • a.
    <X, =
    ➔ ➔
    =9 + 1 = 10
    Substituting these values in (iii), we get
    d

    ➔ ➔
    de

    ··l. =P·a 5 1
    - - =-=-
    oa
    nl

    1A 3" A
    w

    - i + - j - 3k
    2 2
    do

    Find the values of x fo r h'


    b, XA='l.fPf
    7'
    f- 37
    ,. ' . w rch tire angle be/wren Iii<' z,rctor.~ J - 2' z I' • ..l.1
    ' ,'
    I •,
    1 - 2 I + x k 1s obtuse.

    SOLUTION ThP angle Obt:I ween verlots a' ,mJ I' · . . ,1• • I•'
    · 1 1~ i-;1 Vl'1\ hv l'll" () _

    For the angle 0 to be obi


    cos O <0 USe, we •nusl hilv<•

    ➔ ➔
    a.b
    ---<O
    ➔ ➔
    I al I bl
    oAoorPRO
    ODIDUiJiC~Tl - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1111
    5c.A1,.Afl

    a. ....b <0 2a.2s


    ~
    t4X2 - Bx+ x < 0 ⇒ 7 x (2x -1) < O [ ➔ ➔
    ti ==> X(2X-l)<O
    1
    ·: lal,lbl>Ol
    the angle between the given vect01. . -::::. 0 < x < _
    .1eoce, s is obtuse ·ft x e (0 I 2
    b, ➔c are vect.ors
    fl
    ~wLEJS Tf I, 111, n are scalars and 1 /2).
    ,
    EX-~ '
    4 ..., 2 2 ➔ 2 , prove thal
    II1+111 b + n c I =/ IaI + m2 l I b I2 + n2 I 7 I 2 + { ➔➔
    2 lm(a•b)+mn(b- ➔c) l( ·t ->}
    .... ➔ ➔ +n c • a)

    ,A1so,deJ11ce thatlla +mb +nc 12= z21-;t12+m2 lb l2+n2 7 2. -> -► ➔


    m,eridim/ar vectors. I I if a, b, c are m11tually
    r:·, ➔➔
    =l -►r I2 .

    m
    r,(lLUTION We know t h at r •r

    o
    ➔
    pa+mb+nc
    ➔ ➔ 12 ( -► ➔
    = la+mb+nc)•( l d+ mb+ ni)
    ➔

    .c
    ,➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

    du
    = a•(la +mb +11c)+mb•(lti+mb+ 11i)+n1•(l°iI+:mb+n1)

    =( I ➔ I ➔) (I ➔ ➔ . ➔ ➔ ➔

    oe
    a• a + a•mb)+(la-nc)+(mb•l~)+(mb-mb)
    ➔
    b ..., ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ -> ➔
    ch
    + (m -nc) +(nc-la)+(nc•mb )+(n c·n c)

    = 72 (➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ 2 ➔ ➔
    te
    a · a) + Im ( a · b) + In ( a • c) + ml ( b • a) + m ( b . b)
    ➔➔ • ➔➔ ➔ ➔ ry ➔➔
    + mn ( b • c) +nl ( c · a)+ nm ( c • b) + n- ( c. c)
    m

    = I2 (➔➔ 2 ➔➔ 2 ➔➔ ,-+ ➔ ➔➔ ➔➔
    fro

    a . a) + m ( b . b) + 1t ( c • c) + 21m ( a· b) + 2m11 ( b • c) + 2 nl ( c • a)

    == I 2 I➔a I2 + m2 I➔b I2+ n2 I➔c I2 + 2 { Im (➔➔b) + mn (➔➔ ➔➔}


    b · c) + nl ( c · a)
    d

    11 •
    de
    oa
    nl
    w
    do

    \ ► ' -)
    t.' • li t,-,
    1
    1.- • C
    23.26 oflOO
    sc,c.1.P.fl
    b i! are tl1ree m11tuaI/Y perpendic11/11r vectors of equal maJ?iiituite, P,-
    ➔
    11 , -►
    :Z(II,
    ff ' ' -~ t' and 1. Also, find the 11ngle.
    0
    LXA 'fPLE .io .
    ➔ . . ,d .,.,th rectors a,
    1 11 + b
    i - b+ c is equally me uw ' fNCLR f, C BSF. 2005, l011
    , 20 l,,
    SOLUTION
    ~ - -'!I_ i,,
    Let I II I =I 1' I =I c -
    (s.iy).

    J,, ➔
    + -+
    Since a' c .ire mulu,tlly' perpendicular vectors. Therefore,
    ....... ➔ -•-+-+o
    a-b=b•c=c-a==
    ➔
    \\'e know that Ix I
    2
    =~X· ➔
    x

    ,. -> ➔ -► 2 =(,;+b+c)-(a+b+c
    b + C1
    t ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔)
    ...,

    m
    I 12-r ➔ ➔ ➔ -+ ➔ a~
    cl 2 = ➔ ➔+➔
    b b + -; .1 + 2 -;. b + 2 b • c + 2 c · a
    rJoW,
    -

    o
    _.. -+ ....
    ja.J..b+ a•a
    ⇒ Ia ...

    .c
    ••• :;::,

    = -; ... -,; + 11 2 = 111 2 1+1't1 2 +11 12 [Usit,, a ...


    =

    du
    . 2
    ⇒ [·: I ➔,
    a "'
    -,
    b J:clc
    -,
    ⇒
    a

    =
    oe = 3~
    ch
    ; b
    =
    te

    '
    m

    f>. ► ..-.

    - µ=.t u-b·
    fro

    SOt.L--nc:r.-.
    (Usmgl
    lt c- ;:nen
    d

    a-
    de

    Similarly, we obtain
    oa

    02 =cos-
    1
    (Js) and 83 =cos- (1} 1
    nl

    01 = 02 = 03.
    w

    -,. ,-~ --➔➔ ➔


    rknce, a b + c is equally inclinded with a, b and c .
    do

    ·,1.1. 11~· 4, Let -+ -+


    (I, b,
    ➔
    c be three vectors of magnitude$ 3, 4 and 5 res11t•ct1r,·IV· If r,.,~
    perpendicular to the sum of the other two vecfors, prove that Iii -1 b1
    SOLU'nor--, Wi, l1avr,, I t1' I . 3, I b, I 4 and I ,·~ 1 fi
    a
    >
    It i~ given tha l
    -~ ·> , , ->, , ">1
    a J. ( b " c), b .I ( L 11) and , I ( 11 1 /1)
    -,--,. , ... , , , ►;),
    ~ 11 • ( b + c) = 0, b (,: • fl) () and <' ( 11 ~ /I) O 12
    ➔ -► ➔ ➔ ➔ 7 ·► ► ➔ ► ... 12
    ~
    -,,
    a. b + a. c =0, b. c i b. n = O and r . n + , . /, : O
    Adding all these, we get
    23.27

    ...(i)

    ) fSt-e Example 39]


    (Using (i)I

    are unit v t
    ec ors such that ➔ .... -•
    a+/1-;.c=O, fi'd
    1n the value af

    lNCF.RT, CB~E 20161

    o m
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    ia+b+cl = O

    .c
    ➔ ➔ ➔ 2

    du
    la+b+cl =0
    ➔ 2 ➔ ? , ➔ 2 ➔ -> ➔➔ ➔➔
    lal +lbl-+ cl +2(a•b+ b · c + c•a) =O

    oe
    [Sec Example 39]
    ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔➔
    3+2(a•b+b·c+c•a) =O ➔ ➔ ➔
    [·: lal =lb l =lcl=lJ
    ch
    ➔➔➔➔➔➔ 3
    a• b + b- c + c •a=--
    te
    2
    [\A\IPlUJ
    ·--> ➔ ➔➔
    Threevectors a, b nnd c satisfythecondition n + b+ c.=O. Evaluatethequantity
    ➔➔
    m

    ➔➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ [ CTR l
    µ=a- b+ b, c + c • a, if I a I =1, I b I=4 and j c I= 2. N T
    fro

    SOLLiION We have, I➔
    a I = 1, I ➔
    b I= 4 and I ➔c I = 2
    d

    I! is given that
    de

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    a+b+c=U
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    oa

    la,-b+cl=O
    11+t+11 2 =0
    nl

    :::; -• ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ 1J-o [See Example 3Q]


    w

    I «12+lb12+1t12+2(11•b+b•C+C· -
    [·: ldl =l,lbl=4 and l11 =~]
    do

    :::;
    1+16+4+2µ =0
    21
    2µ = - 21 ~ µ = - -
    ,,. . 2 t 'fi11dl 2 II·• + ➔ ·1
    1, + ,•.
    ''VWfPlE ••
    ,, ➔ ➔ ➔ II
    lf a, b, c are mutua Y Perpendicu/ar uni/. vec or.•
    ➔ ➔ I
    SOl-tJTJON 1 J_ b J_ 1 and ldl ='I b I ='I c I=
    We have,
    ➔ --> I
    1. b =b- t - ?-1-= O andl; I =I 11 I =I c I (S<'l' r:,.unplt> 38I
    -➔ 2 ➔ 12
    12 a + b+ 112=4111 2+1b
    ....
    I +I c
    121 + t +1 12 = 4 x1 +1 + 1 "'6
    23.28

    if c fiar wl1id1 I111• vectars ➔


    a = ( c log 2 x) "1 a
    EXAMP' 6 45 Find the va/111'f; 0 . ' 6I • 1
    ....
    ➔ 0 ':- (2. I x) kmakom obtuse a11!Zle for any .r e (0, •.o). ..., ~ector r,
    b :=(log2 x), + 2J+ ' og2 f of ;irt, .........
    -->- ➔ ••
    11 1;-;·+i.,~c
    SOLFflON
    l etween the vectot·s a and b Then, cos 8 = • b
    Let 0 be lhe tU1g1e ' .. ....
    I Ill Ib1 1ii'f+lb
    For El to bran 0btusc .,nglc we must have 3..-2.(a•
    =- cos 0 < l~ tor all ' E (0, co)
    3 1-6-i.
    ,;:,
    __i.h <.Oforallxe(O,co) 9-,.2:.0

    m
    ~
    ,.~9

    o
    -:::>
    .. - · 2
    b

    .c
    ..... ➔ 11 -
    a. 1' <0 for a11 x e(O, oo) :::>

    du
    c(log 2 x) 2 -12-6c(log 2 x) <Ofor allx e(O, oo)
    '

    oe
    = log 2 x [·: x > o~ y= log" ,
    cy:: + 6cy-12 < 0 for ally e R, where y
    c < O and 36c2 ~ 48c < 0 [": ax2 + bx + c < 0 for all x ~ a < 0 and Discrimir.ir~
    ch ,-;;" 2b -- .,zc
    = c < 0 and c (3c + 4) < 0 ~1.,'TIO-" I• is
    te

    = .<0 and _ !<c<O => ce(-4/3,0)


    3 • •
    m

    E>.AMPLE 46 Find the values of'a' for which the vector 1 = (a2 - 4) i + i j- (
    a2 - 9) ,r,a.(.,;
    k
    fro

    kngies ·with ;he coordinate axes.


    ➔
    sou:no~ For vector r to be inclined with acute angles with the coordinate axe~ "" :....
    .
    d

    h.a,·e -·
    de

    """7 I\ ➔ /'. ➔ A
    r .1 >0,r.j>O and r.k>O
    oa

    =
    -~
    r . 1 > 0 and r . k > 0
    -f>A
    .. , . '
    [.
    4 ~
    ..
    'I
    nl

    2
    I a - 4) ,. 0 and - (a2 - 9) > 0
    w

    =
    do

    ra-1/(a + 1) >0 and (a+ 3)(a 3) <O


    a ,. - 2 r,r, a ,. 2 and - 3 < a < 3
    a El- 3, 2/ .J(2, 3J.
    EXAMPLr. 47 11 ll,• b, c., a,e unit vectors, 11rooe that I 11➔ ►
    1 11,► /1 2 r I / ,,..1•"
    /, 2 ,
    ' 'I I ,,- a-
    •

    SOLIJITON LP.I i, I; 1:fl I ,; ,'12 + I / ,!1'' 'l'hl'll, I3 ,i


    i,-( I; l:.i. Ib'1 2 2; ,;j [1 ,:,:.i. i i I /1:.i. :.u:. i') I (1 ,•1i • I ,71i
    1•={ 2 (J•b)} li2 2(/i . /)}-r~:.l 1

    :t.{/ II)}
    I I ind "• .
    ➔
    li) (l ""

    "-=6-2(c!; + If- l+ /. J J (iii) ->


    ,~ u
    23.29

    ... (i)

    [-.- rit1 2 =1't1 2 =111=1]


    3+6-A<!:0 [Using (i))

    m
    9-1,,.:0

    o
    i, 59

    .c
    ➔2 ➔ ➔2 ➔ ➔ 2
    :::,
    1°it-bl +lb-c] +l e-al ~9

    du
    ➔➔➔ bh ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    f\-'u\il'LE 4S Leta, b, c et reevectors such that I al=l,l b I= 2 anal c I= 3.If theprojectionof b

    oe
    ~ng ➔a is equal to t ie
    / . •
    pro1echon oJ•• ➔
    c along ➔
    a and ➔
    b, ➔ .
    c are perpendicular lo each other, find
    ch
    ~ ➔ ➔
    '3a-2b+2cl.
    ~u110N It is given that
    te

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    Projection of b along a = Projection of c along t;r
    m

    ➔➔ ➔➔
    b•a c,a ➔➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ -> ➔➔ ... (i)
    -=-- ⇒ b-a = c•a ⇒ a ·b=a•c
    fro

    111 Iii!
    c are perpendicular to each oth er.
    d

    ➔
    t PJso, b and ➔
    de

    ... (ii)
    oa
    nl
    w
    do

    I 31-2-C+2112 = 9 + 16 +36+ 2 )( 0 =' 61


    EXERCISE 23.1
    l31-2t+2°tt=M

    ] 1•Finq .... -.
    a • b when
    ""2· k
    ' " ->a= "1. + 2k" and ....
    h ~ ' +
    ') ➔ I\ I\ " ➔ A "1 7 k (ti)
    (1 4 =i-2j+kandb ., 4 i- 4 +
    111 ➔
    ("') /\ I\
    a "'j - k and b
    ➔ A A
    =2 i + 3 i - 2 k
    "
    . )

    11.indl•.
    . ~
    4
    _,

    4 If ,1 = i
    _. " ' ➔ '>,
    I and 1, = ./
    2k' find(ii' 2b)•(a I b).
    • . ➔ -t h ,.
    tors a and b , w ere.
    s. Find the angle between thc vec A , ➔ , ,

    m
    1
    ._.
    (i) ,1 = , - J and b - J
    A
    "
    ~
    "
    ➔ _
    " A
    ~ k
    (ii) a = 3 i 2 j - 6k and b 4 i
    4

    o
    , , ,
    ➔ ~ ~ 2 'k· d ➔ b=4",·+4A,. 2k (iv)1=2i -3 f + kandb =i+J 2 -· ~

    .c
    C ~ I -
    tiii) 11 =2' - J + an - .
    1 =/\i + 2 '"'" ➔ l'-;01\ I.fthe

    du
    (v) j - k, 1, =, - J + k what
    6_ Find the angles which the vector-; = i - j + -J'i. km akes with the coordinate a.(5 1: UA, B

    oe
    A /\ A A A. A 1: -'°: f
    nptt
    - (il Dot product of a vector with i + j - 3k, i + 3 j - 2k and 21 + J + 4k arc t, 5
    ch
    r6pectively. Find the vector. ,.B, '-
    A A A A A A. A A I
    te
    (ii) Dot products of a vector ,v:ith vectors i- j + k, 2 i + j- 3 k and i+ j + k are res,
    4, Oand 2. Find the vector.
    re,
    m

    " I\
    S. Ii a and b are unit vectors inclined at an angle 8, then prove that
    fro

    /, /\
    81""
    (i) cos-=-1 a-b I (ii) tan ~ = Ia - b I
    2 2 2 /\ A
    Ia+ bI
    d

    9. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector prove that the magnitude of their di::,.
    de

    1£ t\'i ,-ec
    15''3 CB~
    ~ ➔ ➔ t, • 3 .... -5
    ,;T 11~
    oa

    10. If a, b, c aretlueemutuallyperpendicularunit vectors,then p rovethat


    ~-J ➔~ ·➔ ► u • ,a
    11 If a..- &I =60, I a- bl =40 and I b I = 46, find I a I
    nl

    A /\ A l '[
    w

    U. Show that the vector i + j + k is equally jncJined w ith th<.> coordinate a\6.
    .,.
    FII\d a
    do

    13• Showthatthevectors -,
    11
    1 ,. ':'
    (21-1 3J+6k),b" ...., 1
    (3 "1 -6j+2k),
    " " 4
    c
    l (til' ,
    ~-
    7 7
    _..
    7 ti ( a ..
    mutually pnpendkular unit vectors.
    14• f-r,,r any two ve,t,,r~ u' and /J,
    ---, I
    +
    I I
    ...,
    :.how tha l· (a+
    ,-
    ➔
    b) . ( 11~ /J)
    >
    (1 ~ I ti I ! r
    • •
    (u) (a~
    ..
    //· /\ -,/1 /\/\ ~
    15. lf 11 21 JI k, /1 /· , J 2'· .,_ ., ,., J !1 m1,\
    ' ullu I
    1
    tnd ,. Mtdt th,11 (111) (-;
    i. b
    .,.
    c
    + I +.,, ,, d 1, f'l"f '
    ,~' F1n-t " II
    I I ,
    I+ 3/ ,. ' ·
    ,,, 1Ju·n fl. 11d l1 1t 1 v,,lti.• ol '
    A.,,,. , 11l.1t I', •/• 111111 C1> I ,; I
    perpendicular vetlors. tl I '
    -,
    17 If o. - 3 i • 4 j -+ 5k ,md
    I\ A />,.
    f! ;. I\ I\
    \ • h~
    (iii) 11
    2 1. 1 ' 4 t ),
    I A, tht>1 t 1'>..p rl•ss Jl in tlw Jncm nf JI 111 d'" ,, "33
    ' I ➔ Find the
    tSparallel to,~ and 1A 2 ispt>rpend' __ I ► (l [,~l
    ' • lluar tou. (i) 11
    ~
    ,, sci\~M~
    oRooTPRODUCT
    -,➔ ➔
    b- ➔ ➔➔
    - 0, then a , b _
    ·t11et a = u or 23,31
    Ji e1 - 0, But th
    " J5, ,erwithanexrunp1e. ' e converse
    k af!S'' ➔ " " need not be ~rue. Justify your
    w that the vectors a = 31 -2,· + k, -►b ""i" _ A
    ShO . gle
    1i. ,.,g[edtoan · 31. +,SkA , c~ = 2i.,
    A ,.
    1,
    "
    k
    fNCtRTJ
    "'' " ➔ "
    A " 4 form a right
    !el\
    :o.
    )1 °d <=2i + 2j + 3-k
    ➔
    b .,,_ 1+ 2} ➔ " "
    and c ==3i +J·
    +k
    ICBS 1' 20051
    ➔ ➔
    ·cuJ.ar to c 1 then find th are such that 11 , '. b JS.

    perpend1 e value oO. '


    "'"d
    . _ ru•
    1
    the angles of a triangle whose vertices are A (0, _ _ ) B I c "RTJ
    N
    1 2
    filldthemagnitudeoftwovectors "rt and ->b . ' ' (3, 1,4) andC(5,7,JJ .
    .:= ' av-mg the sa 11
    angle between them is 60° and their scalar pr d . me magni tudc and .such that the
    o uctis 1/2.
    .• Show that the points whose position vectors a ➔ '> I\ I\ ➔ " I \l~ ERT)

    m
    ~' "': . . re 0 = 41 -3J+k, b=2i - 4'+5k 1

    o
    1"' i - J form a nght triangle. '

    .c
    , Jfthe vertices A, B, C of AABC have position vect (1 )
    ·• Khat is the magnitude of LA.BC? ors · ' 2, 3 , (-1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 2) respectively,

    du
    ,. If A B C have position vectors (0 1 1 ) (3 1 5) (0 3 ") •
    -' · right~gled at C. ' ' ' ' ' ' ' . , ,-., respectively, show that t, ABC is

    oe
    s Fmd the projection of
    ➔➔ ➔ ➔ A AA ➔ A /\ A
    .:i,. b + c on a, where a = 2 i - 2 j + k, b =i + 2 j - 2k and
    ch
    ➔ I\ A A
    c =2i - j + 4k. [CBSE 2007}
    te

    ~";/\;A ➔ ~~A ➔ ➔ ➔➔
    l~ If 11 =51 - J -3k and b =t + 37 - Sk; then show that the· vectors a+ band a-bare
    m

    orthogonal. . . [CBSE 2004, 2019)


    ➔ · A A.
    fro

    ~- A unit vector a makes angleS- .!: and with i and


    7t J respectively and an acute angle 8 with
    4 . 3 · ·
    k.' Find the angle eand components of 1. [N CERT]
    d

    :e ➔ ➔ ➔ . ➔ c· dthevalue o f
    are.such that I a I= 2, I b I =1 and a · b = 1, then m
    -➔ ➔
    de

    ,] 2'. II two vectors a and b


    l. ( 3➔a -5 ➔
    b) . (2 ➔
    a +7 ➔
    b ). [
    NCERT, CBS E 2O]
    11
    oa

    ; i lf ais a unit vector, then find I i I in each of the following:


    nl

    -> - > ➔➔
    2 [NCERT I
    (i)(?-1),(i+d) =S (NCERTl (ii)(x - n),(x+a) =l
    w

    e
    do

    ll. Find 11iandlbl, if


    C')(-, ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    bl
    1 a+ b) -( a - Ir)= 12 and I a I=21
    ~ ➔
    ( ")
    u (a+ b) ( 1- -➔b) = 8 and I ➔a I =BI-➔b I
    r·i "7 _,,. -➔ ➔ -➔ I
    Ill ( a + b) , (a- b) = 3 and I a I "'2 I b
    l2 Find ➔ -.
    . I a-b l,if I•' • l '
    ~I ➔ ➔ -➔ ...
    11 1=2,lbl = S and a,b = 8 INCFRT I
    (iii) I_,a I =2 ,I ➔
    b I= 3
    ➔
    and a · b
    ...
    =
    4

    33, Find th ➔ and if b,


    e angle between two vectors 11
    (') ➔ ➔ ➔ 6 NCERfl
    17
    l I a I ="'3, I bl = 2 and a · b = ✓ I
    23,32
    " " "k the sum of two vectors such that one is p
    -• r;; _ 2 j ~ 5 as · aral]
    M. lixpn•%1h~vector a • I t i,' ~~
    • I: "k l olhPri~ perpcndicu ar <l , ll'ih
    v,•,·tor b • J 1 + am . .
    , ( the same magnitude inclined at an angle of 30,
    15, If ,; .,mi /r art' two vector~ o '\ldi ,
    ,t.1: . :1, find l ,1' 1,1li' I- 1. (i) l 9
    " " " ihe sum of a vector parallel and a vector perpen,itcu
    % . Hxpn.·ss 2 r - / + ;lk a~ z. l1') ,., "'4
    I\ I\ " z,-
    :\l-+41 lk
    I: ": _ 6k into vectors which are parallel and perperuficuJ•r l 'i. {i) 3
    3;, [l"·,,mp<N? the vector 6 r- 3 / ~ 2~ 1t

    v,-.:t,,r "i ; "j + "k.


    6. ~ , 3' 4

    m
    ➔ ➔
    k d; = i - j + 1,k. Find A.such that a + b is orthogonal to d-b
    A /\
    15. ,., ,.,-Z

    o
    '"' I: ':
    ~s. ld II ~ c; I - J i 7 an

    .c
    ➔
    _. ... d-+ ➔
    b -0 whatcan)'ou concludeabout thevector b? [NCERT,uis-,.,
    3'1. 11 ,1, a= 0 an a• - , 20. g

    du
    j LEVEL-2 I 24. COS
    - 1
    (
    10

    oe
    ➔ ➔ d
    40. ll ! 1~ perpendicular to both a and b, then prove that it is perpen icular to .x :9. 0
    -
    ch
    ➔
    a+
    -+
    b and rr - b .
    -+ ➔
    31 (i) '" = ➔

    [ ➔a ➔b 12 = [➔a ab- ➔12 3Z, {i) , 13


    te

    ➔ ➔ b
    41. If I a I = a and I b I = b, prove that a - b
    2 2 ~3. (i) ~
    m

    ~
    fro

    ➔➔➔ ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔➔
    42. If a, b, c are three non-coplanar vectors such that d • a = d. • b = d • c =0, then show tr,~
    ...d is the null vector.
    d

    ➔ ➔
    43. If a vector 1 1
    de

    is perpendicular to two non-collinear vectors b and c , the11


    ➔ ➔
    perpendirul.a r to every vector in the plane o f b and c .
    - --
    oa

    -; -+ ➔ -;:t
    44 If 11 + b + c = u, show that the angle 0 betvveen th e vectors b and 7 is given bv I) let .1' an.:! b'
    nl

    cos1:1 = I ;iz-1112 -1112 I ,' -!-' = 1.


    w

    \\,e i--now
    21b' 1I 11
    do

    ' b'
    a+
    45. LP! "J, d and rZ b<! vector 8uch ,J +-; + i; =0. If I;' I= 3, I 'i,' I = 4 and I it I ..,5, th,•O ~
    ~ ~
    -? '
    U V + V W -+ W • U
    , - ,
    I\'ll~I 'l =:> l +I '
    l
    2/', /'-
    46 . Let a --t
    x i 21· 2/c,
    h A
    b - ,· '/: i a
    Ak
    nd c>x /2 t ' i j A " ~ '
    111-t,
    lR , Fotvectot
    of x fm which the, ,mgli, bc·I WPl'11 / ,uitl 1,'
    obtuse. is <IL'U ll' and

    41 Find t]p I f
    ;: "' a no
    e va Ul'h o x a1 id y if llw Vl'!IPrs a' " A " > lo It is given
    pe d' " '.1 1 I I i L111d /1
    rr__:n ic:~ar vectors of equal magnitude.
    48. Ii a and b are two ➔
    11.on-collinear unit (a+;i..
    (21 -5 b) ,( ii+ b). vec.:tors such that
    3
    ¥ ,,.:.>R OR ooT PRODUCT
    S-,·

    ti, !fl baretwovectorssuchthati


    1 1
    ➔
    a+ ➔
    bl =lbl th 23.33
    . ,IP'
    ,.. ~and b be unit vectors. If th e Vectors "7 ' en prove that-► ➔
    ~ " a + 2 b is "
    . ➔
    e,adlothei, then find the angle betw c = a + 2b and = 5~ " perpendicular to a . d
    -- - - -- - eenthevectors~andb. - 41, are perpendicular to
    t
    ~ 19 (ii) 2 ~i) S _ __ IC- B~ f.2020]
    - 1• ).=4 (ii) ), = 16 A NS WERS
    ., 11 5 (iii) 3 (iv) -3
    2:t
    ,.1»3 (ii) cos- l ( _ -
    63
    34) C') rr
    3. .'.:
    3 4 -9
    lU 2 (iv) COS- I ( - 3) 2)(
    r.:;
    2i: 7r
    ;;c • ': A " .J84 (v) cos l - _,u.
    .. -3,--;;-,-4 7. (1) I +2j +k (") /\ I\ " 3

    m
    " u 2i- j+k
    ➔ 11. n

    o
    16. A=±l 17 A 1 /\ /\ /\
    • f'2=::-(13i
    :> -► =--(3i
    + 9 l' -15k),Pi 1 " + 4/-'-Sk)
    " "

    .c
    1t

    21 LA = 4 / LB = ~2 ' LC -- 4 ➔ ➔ 5

    du
    TI
    22. la l =l b l =l

    zt COS- j ( J~~2 J
    oe
    26. 2 1 1" l"
    "" 0 28. 37t ' ..fiA
    i 2. j , -2 k
    I

    07. 30. (i) 3 (ii) ..ffj


    ch
    3L fil 1a' =4,lbl=2 (ii)ldl=s~,l
    ..,,63 ➔
    b 1= V/8
    63 (iii) I 1 1= 2 ,I t1 =1
    ~
    te

    ·:i. (i) 13 (ii) .,fjj (ill) .Js 63


    sj (n -4" (ii) COS- 1 (-91) 34. 6 Ai + 2k, - Ai - 2 /\j + 3kA
    m

    ,,

    .B a= IJ1 =✓2../3
    fro

    36.(-!21-1+!2 k)+ ~(1+


    2
    k)
    39. ➔
    d

    ...... ~'~/f, "/\


    . -t-J-k,7i-2j -5k 38 . ../73 b isanvvector 45. - 25
    11
    de

    41
    ~ (-3,- 2)J(2,3) 47. x=- 31 y = 48. - . 50. ~
    u' u 2 3
    oa

    _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROBLEMS


    9 I I /', I\ . • /', I\
    also a unit vector. Then, I a I=1,1 b I= 1,
    nl

    · kla and b be two unit vectors such that a+ b IS


    w

    I I
    ~~h,=1.
    do

    WEMOwthat:
    I a .,. b . 2 T r a- b 12 =2 I aAI2 + I b/\ I2)
    1 1 A (
    23.34

    ~ We hav~, .. ·> -•> . 1t


    • • 1 >I I I_, I d LI,.. 10,,te between n and b 1s •
    ,1 Ii - 2 ' I ,1 = , an ' . "' 3

    Nnw.
    .
    3[ t,
    ::::>
    I-;; I
    l _,
    .( i) We h
    Hence, I ,1 I · I /, I = JJ..
    I ;1
    .: \\"ehan',
    Ia
    ...
    .., .) " ➔ ➔
    I ,1 I I = 1 and =I
    I -·a
    = 2. 1 b n·b

    m
    ~ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔➔ ➔➔ -►➔ ,. ➔ .::!>
    (3a - 51>)·{2,1 +7b)=6(a · a) +21(a · b) - 10(b · a)-35(b • b)

    o
    (ti) We
    ->2 ➔➔ ➔ 2
    -..

    .c
    =6 la l +ll( a · b) -35Jb l = 6x4+1lxl-35YI a

    du
    ➔
    ti) It IS gh·en that a is a unit vector such that ::> a
    ➔ ➔ ~ -+

    oe
    p-a.) (x+a) =8 ii v,re
    ➔
    ch
    a
    ➔
    ., -
    te
    (ii) It is given that I a I is a unit vector such that
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ 2 ➔
    ,. I
    p-a)•(x+a) = 12 ⇒ lxl - lal 2 2
    =12 ⇒ 1 1[ -1 =12 =>
    m

    171=,r
    \i) \\'e have,
    fro

    ~ -•➔➔ ➔ ➔
    l.et8~
    ( a ;- b ) · ( a - b ) = 12 and I a I = 21 b I
    d

    ~
    ➔ .1 I ➔ ➔
    r - b I2 = 12 and I ->a = 2[ b I
    de

    ⇒ 0 J

    4 t 2 -I b 12 = i2 ~ \\c h.1\
    oa

    [
    ·: I 4ll I=•
    •

    2 -.
    nl

    ~
    :::::, 3 [b ~l2~ lbl=2 .::::, a
    w

    al =21 bl ⇒ 11 1 - 4 ... a•
    do

    (ii) Wehave,
    ~ ~"1\
    <a+ i:1 1; T:i = il and I a I Bl l1, I
    ~
    "''\\ • l

    ,; ,2 1: 12 Ii ,md I; I 8 I ,: I2 l
    •
    =;, (,4 ,; ,2 I 1,' ," H
    Stmit:i
    r·: I JI '
    :::::, 63. i:12 8 ~
    .
    I I, I 'L ✓-2
    h, l ,•t
    I '
    .J,,·1 r
    ➔

    I al~
    .. !:SI Ii' I .-,, I iii 11, ✓2
    ➔
    ✓6:1 "'> r
    (ii) Wehave,
    c::::, ➔

    I ·; l :o 2I b I and ( • ... •
    r
    ' " + b)-(,f b) r... 3
    23.35

    ➔ ➔

    -; == 21b I ⇒ I a I "' 2

    m
    ;:>
    ➔ ➔
    ii) \\-e haYe,' a I = 3, I b I = 4 and -; . b =1

    o
    .c
    ➔ ➔ 2 ➔ 12 ➔ 2 ➔ ➔
    a- b I = I 11 +I b I - 2 ( a · b) = 9 -1 16 - 2 x 1 = 23

    du
    ➔ ➔ -,-
    :,:, 1~-b 1 = -v23

    oe
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    ~l We have, I a I = 2, I b I = 3 and a • b = 4
    .... ➔ 2 ➔ 2 ➔ 2 ➔➔
    ch
    a-bl ==I al +I bl - 2 (a ·b) = 4-1- 9 - 2 x 4 =5

    11 - t = .Js
    te

    =>
    ·; 'i) We haYe,
    m

    ➔ ➔ ➔➔ r,;
    I a I = ,,/3, I b I = 2 and a · b = ✓ 6
    fro

    ➔ ➔
    l..et8be the angle between a and b. Then,
    ➔➔ 1t
    Jg 1 =-
    d

    1t
    a•b = ~= cos- ⇒ fl
    oos8 = - -- .,/2 4 4
    de

    ➔ ➔ ,,/3 X 2
    1a I I b I
    ~- WehaveI
    oa

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ->
    a · a =0 and a.• b =0
    nl

    ➔ 2 ➔ ➔ ➔
    ~ I aI = O and ( a _J_ b or, a
    w

    ➔ ·;:t ➔
    ~
    do

    a"' u and b can be any vector, _,.... _, -•


    llJ It . ➔ th ➔ 1d b Therefore, c, ii =- 0 and , !, l\
    · c is perpendicuJ.ar to bo a at
    15 given that · t·: 1 ,: l1 .' bI
    NoVV, --+ -~ ➔ .., ➔ -* ➔ <J o-o
    C ( a + b) = C · /J + C • /J "" + -
    . ~ -> -t-
    . C~(a+b)
    s·llnilarly, 7 is perpendicular LO ( -,a b'> ,
    ,., ' J Th<'H,
    "• let ➔ t · L' of /1 ,JIil ,.
    r be an arbitrary vector in the P an ·
    ♦ ➔ ~ •
    ,i(ll) ll I: al /1 ,111d II l, I
    23.36 ,Afl OR
    scP.l-
    ..~. We have, lf1 t>/'J3
    "'~ --4'"':2 (iil
    11-+l>+c=U ffC
    gt
    ~ ('t° + /) ( 1: t .-, ,. (- ,i) ·( ii)
    ~ 1i:1 2 -1 tj 2 -12jh,ll<'lcru-Ocl/il
    2
    -:P
    -ti -
    ::::>'
    -"
    ;;;::- Ct.l~ 0
    1i:1 2 -11;1 1::'1
    -
    2
    -
    2 ::::>
    -"
    ➔
    '.! 11 I I c I
    ➔

    ~c:n111Fl1RICAL -..,nlll J:MS AASFO UPON 00T PRr O JCT


    e:>

    ::::>
    -
    I II
    s

    m
    a
    In iliL- ._ectio11 we will pro\'e various geometrical problems by using the concept of dot 1 -::::,
    -

    o
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES a

    .c
    :::::,
    ••
    I LEVEL-1 I

    du
    IL
    ~

    ~ (Co~im• Fonnulae) Tfa, b, care the lengths of the sides opposite respectively to •iie ~

    oe
    il L of a triangie ABC, show that
    b:! - c2 -cl .. 2 2
    c + a -b
    2
    ch ... ) C a· -~ .
    •, . :':>

    ~
    ~
    \11 cos.A.= - - - - (n) cosB=-- - - (ill cos = - - -
    1_ JC'
    2bc 2 ac
    ~ 2
    te
    ➔ ➔➔ ➔ -l; ➔
    C;)l LTIO'\J Let BC = a, CA = b and AB = c. Then,
    .•
    m

    -+ ➔ ➔ ➔ ~ ➔
    I a I =I BC =a,I b. I= I CA I =band c =I ABl=c.
    fro

    1 "- smg triangle law of addition of vectors in llABC, we obtain


    ~ B
    ~ oc1CA=M
    ..
    d

    \ -..-i.
    :t-.-\ ~
    de

    '
    ...11-b=-c..
    ~
    :::l>
    oa

    ::::;
    nl

    ....
    w

    I
    • ~

    r ;.
    ~ a
    do

    . • -,
    R
    b+ (
    al
    • '
    b • C I ,1'

    l I 2
    -\ \1 l r
    '\ 8 t'o(
    (1) II -

    'iOLlrf 10
    i,i ► 1 2 /
    ',l ,,,
    23.37

    [By triangle I
    · aw of add ition ofvector~I
    -t ➔ ➔
    a +b== -c
    -t ➔ ➔ ➔
    a+b+c= O
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    a+c=-b
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    1a + cl =1-b I

    m
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    la+c l=lbl

    o
    ➔ ➔ 2 ➔ 2

    .c
    1a +cl =lbl

    du
    ➔ ➔ 2 ➔➔ ➔
    I a12 +I c I + 2 a · c = I b 12

    oe
    ➔ 2 ➔ 2 ➔ ➔ ➔
    I a I + I c I + 2 I a II c I cos (n - B) = I b 12
    ch
    :, a2 + c2 + 2 ac (- cos B) = b2
    a2 + c.2 - b·1
    te
    2 2 2
    2 ac cos B = a + c - b ⇒ cos B = ·
    · 2 ac
    m

    '.iii) Using triangle law of addition of vectors in MB.C, we obtain


    fro

    ➔ ~ ➔ '>:- ~

    BC +CA = BA
    BC -AB
    d

    ⇒
    +CA=
    de

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    ⇒
    a+b=-c
    oa

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    ::;.
    la+bl=l-cl
    nl

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    ⇒
    la+bl =lcl
    w
    do
    r
    •
    " l /1 (

    •
    a •
    ,, ,·•. (l
    ;
    I
    ~' T
    // " ll
    I 1l
    ~
    ( ,, ➔
    •
    ,·) Fig, 23.17

    m
    l I · • c)•
    ' ' [Taking producton both , id€1>b

    o
    ~
    ,1 •a • 11 ,(b j
    1

    .c
    -t-t ~ .... ,.

    du
    •• /1•,1 = (11·b I /l•C:)

    I :: II bI cos (7t B)}


    oe
    I ; 12 - -{ - C) + I -;: II ; I cos (l t -
    ch
    n2 : -(-ab cos C-ac cos B)
    ...) a-bcosC+ccosB
    te

    Similarly we can prove (ii) and (iii).


    LXAM Ir 1 Prove using vectors: The median to the base of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular•,,

    -=
    m

    l>,'.IM'.
    ',()LU'DON Let ABC be an isosceles triangle with AB = AC and let D be the mid-poir.:of:~ BE p
    fro

    ➔ ➔
    Tak.U1g A as the origin, let the p osition vectors of Band C be b and c respectively. Then. ~

    ➔ ➔ CF =p
    AB = b and, AC =7.
    d

    -
    Position vector of D = b + c , It is gn en that
    de

    2 '
    A(Origin) ==> 5E I
    oa

    ::::,. BE('!
    l _..
    nl

    ==> ;(c
    w

    l -•
    do

    4
    Ic -
    ➔
    :::,.
    l) I L' - 2
    Fig. 23.18 ~
    ....
    Now, ~c --2
    :, -~ ➔
    > • l •
    l • C-

    P<i&iti<m VPrtw ,,f /) l'o!,ilirn , vedur u! A I• t- .-


    .,
    I
    0 • , l I• I I l
    ~ -,
    I C 12-
    and, • /t•
    '

    :::;,
    0 r 1•FIODIJCT
    ~oHD
    ~~LA I( ►2 ~
    > )
    ,1 /I ' JI(' 2 I ,. I I /, 1~ 23.39

    ;1/> ncI I (AC2 I\ 112)


    2
    /) I /{C> , i \ /J I !JC [·: AR = AC]

    /I 1111,,11lll /\ n is 1w q w nd If1C'tthw to,lhc base BC of t.(!BC •


    1
    J
    111'11< ' ' 1 p,11111 ' ., •
    1 • 1111' , ,,,;,,,, Vc'c'/11rs: t wo medinns of II f ria11gJe are eq11al• t/ie11
    ' it is isosceles. ' '
    1•
    ,n•l.l N Jcl 1 ➔
    /1/lC be a t no ng l(, ,rnd let Bt and CF be its equal medians. Taking A as the ongm,
    ' ·'ti011\ll
    ~,1 1~•l>(l'I
    ,11111 lt) ► . , ·i·o rs oJ
    ' Band C be 11 and c respectively. Then, the positior, vectors of E and F
    I ,
    ,111d?
    I /1 rt'SPL'<'hvdy.
    2' -

    m
    I'
    A(Odgin)

    o
    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    B(b} D
    te

    Fig, 23.1 9
    m

    ➔ 1 ➔ ➔
    B 2 -c-
    PV of E-P.V.ofB = -1 > b -- :...
    2 ( c - 2 b)
    =t.
    -
    ~- '. ➔ ➔
    fro

    CT= P.V,ofF -P.V.ofC- 2 _}_ b _: =!2 (b - 2 c)


    d

    is gi"en that BE = CF
    de

    BE l =ICTI
    oa

    BE 1 =I
    2
    a: 12 2
    2 ➔ ➔
    nl

    ]➔ 2 ➔
    2(C- b) = 1(b-2C)
    w

    2
    1 ➔ ➔ 1 ➔ ➔ 12
    ~
    do

    lc-2bl2 = - lb-2 c
    4 4
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ 2
    ::; IC- 2b 12=I b 2 C I ➔ ➔
    ::;
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    (c - 2b) ,( c -2&) = (b -
    ➔ ➔
    2➔
    C). (b - 2C )
    ➔ -► ->)
    ->) +4( .: · r
    ➔➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    ➔ 1)
    ➔ ➔ -, - 4(/J•C
    - (b-b) >2
    ::; C• C - 4( b C) + 4( b . I!) - + 4 I C' I

    I➔2 ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ 12 _ ,1( /J . -, I I C► I ,4/1 AL ~


    ➔
    ::; 4 I b 12 == I b

    IL 3lbl "' 31; 1


    :, ➔
    c I -24{ b · c) +
    2 2⇒ ➔"' I c
    12 a:> I /I
    I b I tn•angle, temise oJa rigllt angl~d
    ,.
    triangle,,
    · fist,wt from ii~
    t•qu,,
    ;,"'1,e· triangle ABC is an isosce!es . ,1the hypo
    ,·1i''.\t.r~t
    tfots, £3 Prove that the mt -'d point o1
    MATtt~i.,
    ~Tli:t
    23.40
    .• n •k ritthl angled a l A RnrJ let D be \h,, .
    be a ri ht angl(•,:I tri., g ., ,, '1111d.
    SOLUTION Let ABC g . . tel t hL' pmii1ion vec tors of B ,1nd C ~
    h yp oten use
    BC Taking A llS the onp;m, ' > bt, !
    /1 ~ (
    •· , l'rtor of I) ii"
    -, · • lY· Th <•n , the p0~1 11on
    c respccttve 2
    C(r)
    In ~ABC, we h ave -➔ > • •
    0 ' .(i)
    AB .l AC ~ AB At ~ /1 l . (' ~ /) • (

    Now
    ' ~ 2
    AD· ... I ADI
    ➔ ➔
    AD2 =AD·AD
    =
    -['~+-:]'l ;~:]

    o m
    :::::, AD•= - 2 · ,.,
    ,.

    .c
    A

    ~ {1 b1 +I -; 12 + 2,;. -;}

    du
    Fig. 23 20
    2
    :::::, AD 2 =

    AD
    2 1 r ➔ 2 ➔ 2}
    =4 lI I + I I
    oe
    ch
    !1 C

    [·: t.ABC is a right ,r"'.


    = .!_ (AB 2 + AC 2) = .!_ BC 2
    te
    AD '.!
    4 4
    AD =.!_BC
    m

    2
    fro

    Also, D is the mid-poinj of BC. Therefore,


    · BD = DC = - BC.
    2
    d

    From (ii) and (iii), we obtain AD = BD = DC.


    de

    ~I-LE
    -V-EL--2- 1 ---
    '"" 09
    _,
    oa

    EXWPL£ 6 Prove that tile altitudes of a t:riangle are concurrent. . ht • OD


    ""
    SOLL'TION Let ABC be a triangle and let AD, BE be its t\1110 altitudes interst>dU1f •11 L\,:
    -
    nl

    to prove that the altitudes are concurrent, it is sufficient lo prove that LL' ~,r,,.,_.. i,
    perpendicular to AB.
    w

    1\(11) \
    do

    ~
    (f,'
    at,d
    01:
    -~
    1..'il
    I ,·~
    \.
    ~ ~
    II , \1 I t ('
    -\,1Ct'\t\g (i)
    ➔
    T kin O
    a g as the origin, let the posilkm Vl•don, o1 /\., fl, c ·~ .. • . ·ti' \11 '
    be 11 , /, ;1n,I ,· l'<''I'''
    In
    -+ ➔ ;:t. ➔➔ ➔
    OA = a, Qjj = b , OC = c.
    ~
    •"f ,Afl OFI
    ooTPRODUCT
    sc.AL
    23.41
    ➔ _i_B➔C ➔
    ⇒
    1
    •' 0->A
    . :;-t.. >}
    ;-10 ' BC ::::> OA •Re ,, o .., ( • , • , ,
    •• n .L
    /IV
    ~ a• ' b) 0 ~ ~ c II b• O
    .(i)

    ;l)ld, . CA::::>
    !IE - .) and ('')
    u, w e- get
    OB .l CA ⇒ OB ·CA -0 ~ ,7 .(; ;) () ~; b ,: ; 0 '(ii)

    dding (I ... ➔ ➔ ➔ ~
    A ' ; . ; _ i, , c = 0 ⇒ 11
    ( - b) · C' == 0 C::) BA ·oc O ~ oc l t\ R~ CP .L ,\B
    three altitudes AD, BE and CF are concurrent.
    uence, the . I b
    '' • Prove that t11e perpendicu. ai· 1sectors of tlte sides of a triangle are concurrent
    E\..,_,ll'L~· Let ABC be a triangle ?nd l~t DO and EO be perpendicular bisector5 of BC and CA
    ,;citL'TlO: "at o. Join O to the nud-potnt F of AB. In order to prove that the perpendicular
    b';ectors are concurrent, it is sufficient to prove
    i!l~tlng -~ ➔that OF ➔ is perpendicular to AB. TakingO as the

    m
    •. - let tl1eposition vectors of A, B, C be a, I, and c respectively. Then, the position vectors
    ➔➔➔➔ ➔➔

    o
    Nl~

    .c
    b c C4-a a+b .
    o;:,nfand
    v, F are +2 2 - and - 2
    -- respectively .

    du
    A(a)

    oe
    ch
    te
    m
    fro

    L --___:;:;:-::=:---ric(c)
    B(b) o(br1
    d

    Fig. 23.22
    de

    ~iow, OD _ 8C
    oa
    nl
    w
    do

    , \it I

    . . )
    I ( /I i /) ) ( ,,
    2
    •
    11) 0
    23.42

    ⇒
    OF J. BA ⇒ OF .L AB.
    Hence, the perpendicnlru· bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent.
    E\A\ .,, 1 A Proi1e using vectors : Jf the di11go11als of II prallelogram are equal in 1 th
    recf1mg/e. eng ' the~"
    SOL1J710N Let A BCD be a parallelogram such that its➔ ➔ AC and BD areequa]. f.
    diagonals
    ,::,
    ➔ the_.origin . let the position vectors of Band D be b and d respectively. Then, AB, "<'b'"!
    as

    AD= d. p
    !l C<b + d)
    D,.;.(d)-'--_ _ _ _ _ _ _

    IIt

    m
    I I
    siJnilarlY,
    I hi'

    o
    f-{ence, th

    .c
    ••••

    du
    A B(b)

    oe
    Fig. 23.23 ch
    usmg triang • AB·C, we. -o b tam
    :--t. le Iaw of addition of vectors m· "¥• .
    te

    Ati+BC =AC
    m

    ⇒ AB +AD= AC [·: BC
    -
    =
    fro

    -, ➔

    = b + d = AC
    Using triangle -, of vectors in MBD , we obtam
    ➔ ±law of addition . .
    d

    AB+BV=AD ⇒ b+BD =d ⇒ BD - d ➔
    de

    In parallelogram ABCD, we h ave - - b


    oa

    AC= BD ;ositi-.,n
    nl

    ➔ '\ow
    ::;.
    I AC I = I BD I
    w

    ::;.
    do

    -, -,
    I b + a12 =Id➔ - -,
    b 12

    I b' 12 ➔ I d' 12 + 2 ( ; d)-.1-•


    . -➔
    ., -, d 12 •·I !J 12. 2(/J➔• ,/)
    ⇒ 4(bd) () ,{.11 0 1► ►
    Henc, ABCU ' l ti ~ J\ Ii I /\ [,
    I& a rP<ta11gle,
    x,. v!P Show that II ., ,
    SOLUTION If t,m~o1111/s if
    "' ➔ L~t OACl;l be a rl;ornb~ o ." r/111111/111~ /11M'c '/ ,•11, J, > ,
    be (I and b resperlJ l
    , ve y Tl m, OA
    '4
    b, l ak11lg () 'Jc ti
    ~ I ,,,, I 11/ "8"' (llt\!h-1',
    - , ' " ,e od gi,,,
    · let tlw posit kin
    \ I
    ' vecto 1' ''t ' · ·"
    11
    11 ,,nu OB _ b.
    23.43

    B(b) C

    I·: cTh = AC]

    ➔ ➔

    Position vector of the mid-point of oc i s ~


    2 .
    0
    .... ➔
    "
    Fig. 23.24
    A (a)

    m
    $ttllilarly, the position vector of mid-point of AB is a~ b

    o
    ttence, the nud-point of OC coincides with the mid-point of AB.
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

    .c
    No\~, 6c . ,W ::(n+b)·(b-a) =lb\2-la l2 = 0B2-oA2=0 I·: OB=OAJ

    du
    =>
    oc 1 XB.

    oe
    Hence, the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.
    EXA\IPLE 10 Using vector method, prove that the angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
    ch
    ,oLL'TION Let O be the centre of the semi-circle and AA' be the diameter. Let P be any point on
    fue circUlnference of the semi-circle.
    -----
    te
    m
    fro

    0 A(a)
    A'(- a)
    d

    Fig. 23.25
    ➔ ➔
    ~
    de

    f A d J' be a and r respectively. Then, too


    ,aking O as the origin, let the position vectors o an
    oa

    .. ➔
    position vector of A' is - a .
    nl

    Now, -► ➔
    ;i. cctor of A)= r - a
    · ·
    ➔
    w

    A¥ = (Position vector of P) - (Po5 it1on v _,


    ➔ vector of A') "' r + a
    do

    ,., • •
    ~.,, A' P =(Position vector of P) - (Position
    ;t. ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ..... z I -► 12
    IV' -A7 P =( r - a)• ( r + a) =I r I - a
    ,, ct. 7 2 QA;t -(""dius)2 -(RadiuS)2 = 0
    Ill' · AP =OP - - '""

    LAPA' = !:
    lle11c 2 . h gle,
    e, angle in a semi-circle is a ng l an
    EXAMJ'l.E11 Using vectors: Prove /hat
    (1) cos (A + B) =cos .A cos B - sb.1 A $i11 B
    (aj . B
    CX>s (A - B) =cos A coo B + sirl A sJil
    23,44
    1' I·
    h,• llw ,·m>rdi,rnh· 11x1•1-1 ,111d lc•l / 1111d / lw uiut
    Stll tlTION (i) Ll'i () \( Jlllti ()) v,,, l,,,, .,1,
    1 l:\ nnJ Cli "'~J'l'd1vdy

    r
    ...X
    -
    X'

    ,
    I
    I

    o m
    Y'

    .c
    Fig. 23.26
    •

    du
    Let L XOl' = A and ... XOQ B. Draw PL 1 OX and QM J. OX. Clearly, angle betwe~noh

    oe
    .
    O(l t~A • B.
    ch
    In AOLP, we have
    OL OP cos A and, LP = OP sin A. OP ·
    te

    :ct " -t /\
    OL = (OP cos A) i and, LV = (OP sin A) (- j). U,ing the de
    m

    \.; ,ing triangle law of adctition of vectors in fl.OLP, ·we obtain 6P


    o1 + 11 = 6P From(i} and
    fro

    :ct.. " I\ OP ·
    ⇒ 01' = (OP cos A) i + (OP sin A) (-j)
    = cos(
    ⇒
    d

    OP=OP {<cosA)i -(sin A)j} l'XA I\1Pl.[ L!


    de

    product.
    ln L.\OMQ, we have soiuno:-;
    oa

    OM =OQ cos B and, MQ =OQ sin B. we obtain


    :t. A ➔ /\
    OM = (OQ cos B) i and, MQ =(OQ sin B) j
    nl

    Using triangle law of addition of vectors in L.\OMQ, we ob tain


    w

    OQ = OM +MQ
    do

    ⇒ OQ = (OQ cos B}i +(OQ sin B)j = OQ {<cos B) i -1 (sin B)j}


    From (i) and (ii), we have

    ()p OQ OP { ko~ A) i (sln A) j} , OQ { (coR Ll} i 4 (i.ln B) j}


    111
    AB
    ⇒. OP ·OQ = OP ·OQ {co~ A COil 13 i,;m I\ si11 JI} No"' ,
    Using the definition of dot product, we ohh1u1 ,I
    ' AB
    OP ·OQ = I OP I IOQ I cos (A I H) 0/' OQ cuqA ., B) '>
    From (iii) and (iv), we obtain AB
    ~
    OP ·OQ cos (A+ B) = OP ·OQ lco~ Arns B sin A sin RI AB
    cos(A ·+ B) "' cos A cos B sin A sin B
    23.45

    x·
    L

    m
    y,

    o
    Fig. 23.27

    .c
    OP =OP {<cos A) i + (sin A) j lJ and' OQ --OQ {<cos B) ".1' + (sin 8);"}

    du
    1} ·0Q { (cos B)i + (sin B) 7}
    oe
    OP ,QQ :cOP { (cos A) i + (sin A) ch
    ,, OP ·OQ =OP OQ {cos A cos B + sin A sin B} ... (i)
    te

    ..llllgthe definition of dot product, we obtain


    ... (ii}
    OP. OQ = I OP II OQ I cos (A - B) = OP . OQ cos (A - B)
    m

    :rc:n(i) and (ii), we have


    fro

    OP· OQ cos (A - B) "' OP , OQ {cos A cos B + sin A sin B }


    = cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B.
    Prove that the cosine formula f(JY triangles ts equivalent to the definition of the scalar
    d

    :AMPLE 12
    de

    ~id,e.
    ;'J\.U".10!\ LetOAB be a triangle such that LAOB "' 0. Applying cosine formula in aOAB ,
    oa

    'litootain 8
    nl
    w
    do

    e
    A
    0 Fig, 23 28

    ,. .4g2 =0A2 + oB2 - z coA1 com cos o


    ' O\v,

    I XB 12
    I:
    ,1s2 =

    tiB2 "' IOB -QA 12


    2
    tiB "' I OB 12 + I OA 12 - 2 6i3 .6A
    23.46

    From (i) and (ii), we ohl.iin


    0,12 I OR2 - 2 (CM). (Oil) co:- 0 on2 -t 0/\ 2 20B,OA 'fl'le "ed
    (al null
    ::t- , )A) (OS 0 , whidi is the. definition of scalar product.
    ⇒ OJ/i OA =(OB)({_ • [ftlle P

    j LEVEL-1 I
    .
    1. Ina .
    tnan,.,..e _ 90°· 1£ p and Qare points of trisection of AB, prove Iha
    ~i OAB, LAOB -

    , ·, 5AB2
    op- +OQ· = -

    m
    9
    1. Pro,·e that If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other at right angles, thr-

    o
    if the v
    ..... rhombus

    .c
    3. (Pythagora,'s Theorem) Prove by vt:ctor method that in a rig ht angled _tnangfo, the i-

    du
    (.a) a
    of the hypotenuse is equ al to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
    ;. Prove bv vector method that th e s um of the squares of the diagonals of a parallelc,g:- The"

    oe
    equal to' the sum of the squares of its sides.
    ;. ProYe using vectors: The quadrilateral obtained byjoining mid-points of adjacentSl!J,. (a b
    ch
    rectangle is a rhombus.
    I LEVEL•2 I
    te

    .. 6. Prove that the diagonals of a rhombus are p erpendicular bisectors of each other
    m

    - ;. Prove that the diagonals of a rectangle are perpendicular if and only jf the rectar_
    fro

    square.
    6. lf AD is the median of ll A BC, using vectors, prove tha t AB2 + AC 2 = 2 (AD 2 ~CI'; If
    ...
    1f
    d

    9. If the median to the base of a triangle is perpendicular to the base, then triangle L, JS,"'--
    de

    10. In a quadrilateral ABCD, p rove that AB 2 + BC 2 + CD 2 + D A 2 = AC~ • 8D~ -~ , .l =


    where P andQ are middle p oints of diagon als AC and BD.
    oa

    t.
    -------- - - - - - MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIOt.S
    IS
    nl

    t.&lrlc /lie corred alterrwtiw in each of following:


    tlie

    pand q> ➔ :! b =-;+1, wh,'r.'"'


    w

    1
    The
    -t
    vector
    ,. r
    't1 and b satisfy the "quation 2 a> + b~,,,
    do

    q "' 1 - j. If HlS the angle between 'it and /j the


    4 , n
    la) ws U (b/ sin 0 1 ( ) ·l
    5 Ji_ C COS0=~ _
    ::>
    2.liq', A A
    j 1 /.) I, tl 11•11 ,,►
    lt a,b
    • •
    II "
    ) /
    {dl ' 1 "/ + 1
    1
    a
    . 1 b
    '
    {.,) Q

    11 thev

    vector, 1f \a) - I
    23.47
    Ct=!:3 (c) CX.:a~
    /\ 3 (d) a "' 1t
    2
    _ ""]le veetor (cos a cos 13) i + (cos a sin P) /\1. + ( . /\ .
    ,. , (b) , sm a.)k 1s a
    U vector urut vector (C) constant vector
    (a) 110
    "-e position vectors of P and Q are '; + 3 I) " " ( d) none of the$e
    ' If "' 1 - 7 k and 5 1· 21'> 4" th
    angle between J'Q and y-axis is - + k en the cosine of the

    5 (b) 4 5
    (a) ./[62 .Jili (c) - ✓162 (d) _2.!_
    ➔ • ✓162
    , rrit and
    13 b
    are urut ,,ectors, then which of the f ll .
    (b) ./3/2
    ➔
    o OWU1gvaluesofif.!J isnotpossible'

    m
    tal ' " " /\ (c) 1/..ff. (d) - 1/2
    ·2·3 /\A"

    o
    ]fthevectorsi-
    . XJ+ ykandi +2xi'-3 Yk are perpendicular,
    . then the locus of(x, y)

    .c
    lS
    ta) a circle (b) an ellipse (c) a hyperbola (d) none of these

    du
    ➔
    • The vector component of b perpendicular to ct is

    oe
    ➔ ➔ ~
    ➔ ➔ ➔ (b a x (b x a J ➔ ➔ (d) none of these
    (a) (b . c) a ) _ ...l.....__::..t.. . (c) a x (b x it)
    ch
    2
    pt1
    te

    ., The length of the longe.r diagonal of the parallelogra.JJ: constructed on 5 7l + 2 b and


    ➔ ➔ . ➔
    ii' - 3 b if it is given that I 711-= 2 "J2, I b I =.3 and angle·between 7t and /J is rt/ 4, is
    m

    (a) 15 (b) .J113 (e) ,./593 · (d) ✓369


    fro

    ➔ . . ➔
    - 114 is a non-zero vector of magnitu4e 'a' ai:td ?c is a: non-;:ero scalar, then"- a is a unit vector
    d

    if l
    de

    (d) a = -
    la) '/. =l (b) 11,=-l (c) a "'I '-I P-1
    oa

    ' If· ➔ ➔ ➔➔ nl
    - 8 is the angle between two vectors a and b , then a · b .: 0 o Y when
    nl

    (a} 0<0<2: (b)0~-8~;: (c)O<O<n: (d)0~8~1t


    w

    2 2 /\ A A ➔ /\ I\ '\

    13, 'lhevalues of x for which the angLe .. tw nci -2xZ i + 4r j + k, b ==7 i - 2j + xkisobtuS<
    do

    ..,e ee - · ·
    ll
    and the angle between b and the z.-axis is acute and less than 6 are
    (a) x>.!.orx<O
    2 (b)O<x<2
    1 (c):.. < x < 15
    2
    (d) ~
    14, lf ➔ ➔ -.. d' ,tar vector!! llf ,•q1t.11 n1-1gnitu,fo ,1 th,:-n
    a' b, c are any three mutually perpen ict

    11+ 6 + ....c Iis eqt1.al to r; (d) ?,1 tc•) 11n1w l>i th-
    (a) a (b) ../2 a (c) <I.: II
    13. l(th " /\ /\ '> ':' erpen<licular, tlwn ~ 1s c'<Jtl•II to
    k
    e vectors 3 i + 'A. j + k and 2 I - J ~ 8 are P I
    (a) -14 (c) 14 (d) 7
    (b) 7
    23.48
    _ ')
    "• , k/\ nlong 1hr vector of ":.
    J ,q
    l "· The pro1ection ol the vector , 4 1
    (c) 2 (eJ 2
    (a) 1 (l') 0 " (al l
    -:- ~ .,~ , ii+ 1/'1· + ck arc p<'rr<mdiculnr, if
    1- The ,·e,tors 21+ 3 J - "',mu'
    -
    (a)"= 2- 11
    ,..
    .,,.- "' -
    (c)a=4,!i- 4,,=~5
    4

    _. -+ ... ➔ -4
    (b)a = 4,b - 4,c ~i;
    d
    ()a
    .., - 4 11
    ,
    4,e "'-5 uJ,11.,,.
    ...
    .-.aJue cfa
    , a;:;

    ...
    lS. lf I jj' c I J:, I, th.:n ( a .f/1) · ( 11 - b) =
    la) p,,sitiH' (b) negative

    u-: and; are unitYa.-tors inclined at an angle 0, then the v~lue ofl ll - b I
    (c) 0 (d) none of lhet<?
    ➔ ...
    1a

    If; ard ,,a:!


    ..

    m
    is
    9
    ~
    ~

    o
    (a) 2 sm (b) 2 sin 0 (c) 2 cos% (d) 2 cos ,:;

    .c
    ;J

    ...
    ~

    - f r,:; I ➔ ➔ bl ➔ ... I "

    du
    .._ If a.,d b are unit vectors, tl:,en the greatest value o
    ,i 'I 3 a + + I a - b is
    ,a) 2 (b) 2~12 (c) 4 (d) none of these F'.o,a:"

    oe
    /\/\A/\/\/\
    a
    I! the angle between the vectors x i + 3 j - 7 k and xi - x j + 4 k is acute, Ihm x Ue,; "
    ch
    1.'1ren·aJ
    R - ·[- 4, 7J (d) R -(4, 7)
    te

    (a) -4, 7) (b) L- 4, 71 (c)

    n. 1f ti and b are two unit vectors inclined at an angle ·a such that 11 + bI < 1, !her>
    m

    n 2Jt 1t '21t 21t


    fro

    (a) 9<- (b) 0>- (c) - <0< -'. - (d) -<8 <1t
    3 3 3 ,3 3
    1 ~ ➔-.. .. ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ . •
    Let 11, b, c be three unit vectors such that\ ll + b + c \. = 1 and a is perpendicular
    d

    .lnd
    de

    .. ➔ ➔
    t !'!Lakes angle a. and ~ with a and b respectively, then cos ex. + cos ~ =
    ~
    oa

    fa1 _2, {b) (c) 1 (d) -J


    2 2
    nl

    i The orthogom,l projection of tf on b ls


    w

    ,:;;,; (4 ➔) ➔ -►
    !!..l.!. .,L
    do

    (c)
    /;, I -
    ,,.,
    • I
    (b) Q

    IbI
    ~2 ..
    _II_

    I I II
    (t1>
    Ii, I
    (N([Rl \'
    2 If acu1,.
    ~ /; 1~ «r1
    ,,
    ;,111•!1• and llu• ~ JI
    Vl· 11 .
    (~u, O) "1 I (,•us 0) "/ is p•·q1<'11d1, u l,n W th
    1
    an
    I -v3/, tl11:niJ
    Ca) 7l (h) II • •
    I) ,, lt" II
    ti > Md
    • •
    l .:ta,b
    (a) n ,Ind b b
    (h) n (C) II
    6 3 11 1t1d1 l
    2
    (~( l"RT rx MPL R
    I,' '' ,:I 0 ond ;I ,. Ill• •
    •1 l !.hrn the

    (c) l'l (d) ~


    _,. ~ ·t INCERf Xf. lPlA J
    'i ~• 31,d 1, are UJ\l Yectors, -tihen what is theangebetw
    1 , __. __. •
    • 11unit wcn>r? een {I and I, fnr .J J .i - h b:. bl> e

    m
    '.l (b) 1t
    Id) 2
    ial; 4 2

    o
    ➔
    ~ ,.._ ➔

    .c
    . . ,:-" " T ,CERT EXE"'1 PLAR, CBSE :w?O
    the proJectionof a = t-2J+ 3k on b =2 i + ')..k 15
    • zero, then thevahieof 1.is
    •.

    du
    ~

    2
    \o) 0 (b) 1 (c) - (d) 2_ [CBSE ZlllOI

    oe
    3 2
    ANSWERS
    ch
    4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9 (b)
    2. (b) 3. (d)
    . k)
    ~- 16. (cl
    te

    12 (b) 13, (b) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (b)
    11. (d)
    ';

    22.. (c) 23, (cl.) 24. (b) 25. (d) 26. (b) 27 cl
    ~ a) 20. (c) 2L (d)
    m

    C 29. (a) 30. (c)


    fro

    - - - - - - - - - - - FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBOs


    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ....
    ~ Il a and b are two unit vectors such that I a + b ps also a unit vector, thenI 11 - bI .... ....... ,
    d

    •➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    de

    - - a =3, I bl == 4 and a + ,._ b is perpendicular to a - Ab , then ) " ......... .. . ...


    .....,IAA·➔ AAr,. ➔➔
    oa

    l±a=2i-7j-t-k, b :::i+3j-5kand a .mb =120,thenm= ............. •


    ➔➔ ➔ ➔ ,4 ... •'-
    roe non-zei;o vectors a , b an.d c ai;e related by a = B!, ,1n,l c = 7 I,' then uie ~le
    nl
    w
    do
    fl OFI 00
    5CP. '-"'
    ---; ,,,o a
    11, If~·
    [fb i5a t1
    tl " A
    Tft1, b are
    i;.
    t4, Ji 111 = 2 ,
    1
    I!
    lb- f oranY tw

    m
    111
    It,

    o
    .,. Wnte tne

    .c
    du
    ••• 1

    1 . •Nrire the

    oe
    r. Find the
    ch
    te
    _ 2n
    /, 3
    m

    Z?. \Vrite av
    fro
    d

    .,-
    -.,
    de

    -... Findt..¾e
    oa
    nl
    w
    do

    3. Find the cosine of the angle between lhe \rectors 4 :J .. 3 ;: + 3,k and 2
    f.,
    i A
    j ~ A.
    ,\

    A A A /\ /\ A
    4, II the vectors 3 i +111 j + k and 2 i - j - Bk are orthogonal,' find In.
    5 ✓,. 1>" A /\ A
    · 1f lhe vect()rs 'l 1 - 2 / 4 k and 18 i 12 j - mk are para lld, find tlw , ,) hie <>I 11' ~()
    Find the,·
    If-,.
    11 > ~ •
    6. and/, are vector~ of Pqm1l rn.i)c;nitt1de, wrhe flw v.\lut> of ( ,i 1 /i) ('1 /> ). ,I!-
    <llh ~t-.
    ➔
    1.►)
    I
    4,

    7. lf a and b art two VC'Clor5 Hud1 thul ( u' l 1/) , ( ti 0, 1111d thn 1x•l,1ti,111 i,.,111<
    'I.'
    ltl 'ii' I = 2, I
    magi;\itudes of aand b' ll
    \Vrite the
    8, For <Ill)' two vector 4 and ,! write Wl\t•H I J * t,' I I (i I I I bI holds. having--; .
    9. For any two vecto ., d f ' >
    .__, ➔ rs a a;t1write tvlwn I 11 + b I =I ,i i/J holds.
    ; •111•'
    \ Write the
    1Q. lfi,a p.nd ,b are two . t . f 60" sV'
    ➔/1Q-"
    '·➔• • vec ors o the.sameI
    magl')ituc:1,e i11.dined at an ai,i;le of ' Firi.cU..' Wh
    • -.<>., :Wrtte the value of fheii'... . d
    · · •u<1gn1tu e.
    OFI ooT pAOOUCT
    scA•1•.f1
    -➔ ➔
    -? 1= oand a •b = 0, what can 'J 23.51
    Jl• Ji ,, . ou concluqe ab
    .; is a unit vector such that (1 + b) (➔ ➔ out the vector b?
    ti- Jf . a-b):a8 find! ➔ 11
    ( ·' "' are unit
    . v ectors sud1 that a
    /\ + b
    /\ . , 1• ,
    ,;. l a, 11 _, ➔ ➔ is a urut V!!ctor, Write /\ A
    , Jilal::2,I b !=Sand a. b =2,find -; _ ➔
    th
    evalueofla - bl.
    1
    ,4. A " ➔ " " b 1-
    .,. Ii -; = i - j and b = - j + k, find the pro1·ection 0 f ➔ --->
    '· a on b.

    11
    for an}' n\7o non-zero vectors, write the value of 11+ b 12+ 11 hi 2
    . . ➔ /\ /\ I\ 11 12+1t 12

    m
    r" Write the proJections of r = 3 i - 4 j + 12k on the coordinate aves
    ., '

    o
    ➔ ➔

    1,. Write the component of b along a.

    .c
    0201 · the vaIue o f(➔
    l. Write n .':')'>
    1 1 + (➔""
    a. j) ,· + (➔""
    a · k) k, w h.ere ➔a 1s

    du
    . any
    , vector,

    , FindA the "value/\ of 0 E (0, n/2) for whic;h vec•~rs ➔ . '> A


    a =(sm 0) 1 + (ms 0) j and

    oe
    '"
    ERs
    b= i -.Js j + 2k are perpendicular.
    ch
    A /\ "
    11. Write the projection 0£ i + j + k along the vector J.
    te

    ll w·nte a vector sat1sfyi11g


    . . ➔a . '1> = -►a . (/\i + "j) = -►a .(i" + "j + k)" = 1.
    ➔ 1·
    'l lf ➔ d1. ➔ -> · ➔ ~+I
    m

    z • • a an " are unit vectors, find the angle between a + b anc;t'll r"'b,.
    ➔ ➔
    fro

    ' '
    10s} '4 lJ a and b are mutually perpendicular unit vectors, writfi the va lue qf 1'a' +bl-
    f the it If ➔ ➔ ➔ ·, ., . -► ➔ ->
    .... a, b and c are mutually perpendicular unit vectors, Write theval~1e ofl a ·~ b + c j .
    d

    ➔ t\~A
    de

    , -)/\AA
    iven IC:BSE 2008]
    :i,. find the angle beti-veen the vectors a = i - j + k and ·b = i +J -k,
    '7 F ➔ A A A -} r,. A _
    oosl + 1.. j + k and b ,; i --'2 j + 3 k perpendicular to
    .I\·
    oa

    • 01' what value of 1.. are the vectors a =2 i


    e.adlother? lCBSE 2QOS]
    ➔ -➔ Al\('.
    nl

    ,,
    •O
    ·
    FiJ1dthe projection of ➔
    a on -->
    b , if -->
    a •b = B and l1 = 2.1 + 6 J. + 3k· [CBSE200Q]
    w

    '> 2 /\· + 9kA ar,d -► 11~1


    do

    . ➔ b ~ i + p j ~- 3k i,re para ,;,< vect()rs.


    " A /\ /\
    "· Write th al f
    e v ue o p for which a = t + l
    3 [CBSE 20ti<11
    "AA" d'lt h
    YJ. Find th ': ': + kand 3i +2j-4kareperpen 1cuar Ot'<'l~
    e value of 1.. if the vectors 2 + i..J 1 3 )CllSE 20101
    • other. .., -► !CBS.1'2O1O1
    ~l. lfl't!.,2,1 bl =3 and 1- b
    = 3,findtheprojcctionofb on a.
    l2. Wr· -+ with rn,1 gnitude~ db [$ ;11\J Z respectively
    ite the angle between two vectors a an
    ha . ➔ -+ IC8Sfi201ll
    I
    · Vtng a • b = ../6. " " "
    ~. Wri ':- I) kon the ve,to1· 2 i . 3 j + 6k.
    3 7
    >i i;;_,te the projection of the vector +" J"•e " ....
    1
    l 2iA ,e 6/A + 3kisA. 4
    11nIt s. (CBSE2012}
    · •"1.0) h ➔ • · +4kon 1 =
    ,,w entheprojectionof a = 11 + 1
    23.52
    ->
    35. For what value ot J.. Arc the vectores 11

    each othl'r?
    3o. Wrjte the projection of tlw vedor
    ,... ,... "
    -
    " "
    , 7f ➔ /' 4konthevector2i'16/
    "
    ➔ 3k.

    ICllSf i,
    ----
    oaJEC
    1't'JE To veti

    RIALS REOUI
    ➔
    , •11 ' I I\ /\ I\ ➔ I\ I\ /\ f.4P. TE
    to a
    3i . Write the value of A~O that tl1e Vee rs --2i"->.J'+kandb =i-2;'-~:lkar e per~ etc-
    toeachother. ➔ " A "➔ " " " i(P, srsPS OF CON
    _, -+ ➔ · 2 . 2 . k b 1. 2 . 2k ➔ • Take ac
    38. \\'rit the projection o( b + c on a, when 11 "' - J+ , = + J-
    1 and c ,, 2i .,.
    I<- BS£•

    m
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    ~o. If-; and bare perpendicularvectors,J a+ b I=3 and J al =5, find the value ofl bl,

    o
    .c
    ... .... } ➔ 2 ➔ ➔ .
    lfll •El
    ,
    ~O. If ,ectors 11 and b are such tha t I aI= 3, I Ii I =3 an d ax b lS a u ruJ ;vector, then wrue

    du
    ➔ ➔

    angle between 11 and b. [CB~tU

    oe
    ➔ ➔ ➔-~ ' ..
    -H. If a and I> are nvo tm(t vectors s uch tha~ a + b, is also 'c!-' u):tit ,iector, then find the oilQ
    ch
    ➔ ➔ ! ' '
    between ,7 and b. , .. [CB:,,,
    .... --4 j ! • '➔ · ' ➔ ➔ ...,
    97tiW,~ ii 4;1t119- k, given that (v'3 i - b ,
    te

    4~. If n and bare unit vectors, then find theangl~


    unit vector. ' · . [CBS£ '
    m

    • ' . ~, I •
    ·,_, ➔ -~ · !
    U . Find the magnitude of each of the nvo vec:(ors a' 41 k, 'ti~vi.ng the same magnituc~ ,.• DEMONSTRA-:a
    fro

    filfJ L"SlII§; a
    that the angle between them i$ 60° and, their scal~rpi•oahcfis:4 , [CBSE'
    . 2 ' '.:'Tli-L
    .. \\"e fin
    d

    l
    de

    2. 3 4 · ,
    3. - 5. -24
    ./5i
    oa

    ➔ ➔
    ...
    7. I O I =I b I ➔
    8. a and b ate parallel
    nl

    -.. ~
    9 11
    • and b are perpendicular 10. 4
    1l. -~
    b is ai1y non-zero v«t~
    w

    12. 3 '
    13 J"j 14. 5 1
    do

    15. lb, 1
    ➔ , Ji
    17,3,-4,12 lfl.(a.ud 19.
    ➔

    I ,; I2
    (/
    ;w, I) C
    1t
    ..:1 I
    , 3
    22_ I 7t
    23, I,
    2 24 • ../2
    5
    2S ✓ .1 :zc, , ' '"' I
    1
    27, - 8
    2 28. 2•1, ./. l
    7 ~o ;, 1 1, l
    ·3
    32. .'.!'
    4 33. .$
    14, /,, 'i 'i 1:1
    5 1o;_ A. ., I!), 7
    37. ),:;_
    2 38, 2 ~

    21(
    31J, 12 ll
    !IU, II,
    42. ~ ➔
    l
    6
    6 43,111 la 11i' 1 3
    -...
    do
    w
    nl
    oa
    de
    d
    fro
    m
    te
    ch
    oe
    du
    .c
    o
    ACTI\

    '
    m
    ;,Ef!J6f!Ofll Let a ,

    o
    urder, di::ined as
    -

    .c
    ....• and - ar.d wlw5e

    du
    din:,:t10n a,nstitu!L
    1noth&wor=,
    -
    a .,, . =

    oe
    ch
    where 9 IS the
    a• and • suchtba
    te
    m
    fro
    d
    de
    oa
    nl
    w
    do
    VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT

    CTOR (OR CROSS ) PRODUCT


    24,1 VE
    ON Let 1, b
    be two non-zero non-parallel vectors. Then th!! vector product ; x b, in that
    oEANlil

    m
    ,.Jl'T iS defined as a vector whose magnitude is 1 b
    1 l I I sin e, where e is the angle between
    :il:

    o
    b and whose direction is perpendicular to the plane of 1 and bin such a way thtit1, b a:nd this

    .c
    :. .... constitut.e a right handed system.
    J,-1t:1J011

    du
    wotherwords, "
    1xb :jtil Jbl sin811 ,

    oe
    . here 0 is the angle between 1 and b and ~ is a unit vector perpendk ular to the plane of
    ch
    -'> ➔
    -; and bsuch that a, b , T\ form a right handed system.
    I\
    te
    m
    fro
    d
    de
    oa
    nl
    w
    do

    -•
    ·t eans that if we rotate vector ,1 intC\
    l\'henwesa, ➔ ➔ " _ right handed system 1 m ' 4 ,
    the ..,} that : ' b 'T\ form a . . ndi.c:ular to the plane of ,1 ,md I> in which a
    r:ector b, then T\ will point in the d.irectto~ ptherps~1me manner
    ..,,!handed screw wi•1 J move ·f ·t · turned tn e . ',
    1 1 ts /,ns 110 ,iiri•,·tioll 1111 .r "' 11~ ,s 11,>t ddind.
    115 0
    ~ Ifoneofii or or both is 0, then 8 is not defmtd
    iJ
    lnt~Js<:4 ➔ ➔ 0
    Nr,-,.,._ se, we define a x b = . .. , .1111 u/· ~ is ,wt m·/1 ddm.-d. ~,, i11 this
    ~ ➔ ➔ t/!fll 1/11'111 Ill 11 .
    lf a and b are collinear I.e. tf O-; 0 or 1C'
    :ilsears0 w ,1.r. ➔ -► -+ ►
    ti
    r~ n x b ·
    e =Jllle a x b = 0 •
    i10ro , -> ->
    ......,d er
    d 4
    1s rea as
    -~ ,
    55 b Smee we
    a cro
    /1(1' ptlll 1118 l
    · . is II vector so 1
    ·m,s twtw,.,.11 ,i 1111d I• tfult is wily it is
    .1 ,·s (I/so k11or1111 11s th,• uedor p~od11ct -
    '
    055-product. As the resulting quantity
    24.2 -roRoRCR
    TION OF VECTOR PRODUCT vfi.C
    ➔ ETA
    41
    2 - ·! GEOMETRICAL
    ➔
    INTERPR
    n· arallelvectorsrepresentcdbyOAandOBres er·
    .
    ,,...

    Let a, b be two non-iero,noC ~plete tlw pMallc•logram OACB Draw BL l ~A livelyi


    0 be the angle between them , o .
    In aOBL we have •;}
    I BL :
    5in 0 =
    08
    ... ' 9 ...(i) 8
    BL =OB sin 0=1 b I s m
    • ..
    a x b -=I
    _, 11 _.b Ism
    11
    . e"'1

    ,
    I ➔ ➔
    a x b = (OA)(BL) Tl

    b = (Ba~ex height) '1"


    " [Using (i)J

    m
    ; x
    I. a I\ - I\

    o
    .. 1 x b = (Area of parallelogram OACB) T\ Fig 242 ()lyviOUSlf, Tl 1

    .c
    ax b = Vector area of the parallelogram OACB. a'I I

    du
    ;:::,

    Thus, a b is a vector whose magnitude is equal to the area of the parallelogram hauing ; an1 ~
    Y .:::::,

    oe
    I\ ➔ ➔ ➔-)/'
    OJi;acenl sides ,md whose direction Tl is perpendicular to the plane of a and b such thal a, b,11 ,.,, Hence, a"
    right handed system.
    ch
    PROPERTY II
    In other words, Ix b represents the vector area of the parallelogram· having adjacent sul,;
    te
    ma
    "ii aru1 b
    ~QC'F Let
    m

    ➔ ➔
    Thus,areaofparallelogramOACB =I a x b I, tl:em. Tuer.,
    ...
    fro

    il X
    1
    Oearl)', Area of 60AB = - Area of parallelogram OACB
    2 ' a
    ,,ht!l<''lb
    d

    1 -+ ➔ handed 5) see-
    =- Ia I
    de

    ::;, Area of AOAB xb


    2 \\ ~ ~~e t.1-ie
    ,_ f ~ -, 1 !._~ Wb
    oa

    ruea o t.OAB = - I OA x OB J
    2 Fig. 24.3 In :hb ci--e "
    the s..1 m,, dtr
    nl

    < - By the term vector area ofa plane figure we mean that a vector of magnitud~ eq11i1l ll' t .r
    thl! plane figure and direction normal to the plane of the figure in the sense ofrig/1/ h,111d~d r,•I 1 ·
    w

    rna
    ~
    do

    24.2 PFVJPERTIES OF- VFCT0R PRODUCT "::),


    ma
    PFiOF-ERT>' Vector product is not commutative i.e. if ti and Ti are a11y /11't' l\' 1' '
    ,.
    !J;b
    + .,
    -lb /
    ~
    1,1)
    = ma
    ➔

    l'F(/.'.JI l.t:t
    - . aand ,; bP• tw0 non-ZN<>, nun-para llel VP,'k1r, ,md k•I oh• tit<' ,II\'<'I I"<'"
    :>
    m -·
    ,1
    them. fhr:n,
    r --, ; .,,. I :>
    ma•

    ~here 111
    , a/
    is
    b - I a I I /, si11 /J ,11 ,

    a urnt v1•rt,,r 11<·rpc·11dic ula1 to IIIL


    ll\,l ..
    ,1 "
    nght-hand('d system, ::,.:, ➔
    , , , ax
    and, b I I a I sin o112 , ~~ ➔
    I a ><
    when, Y\2 is a unit vector per d• , , '
    rjul-t ha d ., · pen iculai· lo the pl<1n e o( I, and a suc h that Ji•
    Jr' • n eu .,y,tem.
    I._
    :; T~-t-,-!--i:,_,---J._ --
    !I u t\

    -
    Fig. 24.4

    m
    I\ I\

    o
    ot,,;ouslY, T\ t = -1'\2

    .c
    -4-+ , " ➔ ➔ I\
    \ a\ I b \ sin 01'\1 = - I a I I b I sin 811 2

    du
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    a..., b =-(b.,,., a)
    ; its -
    oe
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    ma ttence, a x b * bx a
    ch
    PROPERTY II lf ➔➔
    a , b are two vectors and m is a scalar, then
    ong ➔➔ ➔ -+ ➔ ➔
    te
    ma xb = m(a xb) = axmb
    ➔ ➔ -> ::-t..
    ~OOF Let a and b be two vectors represented by OA and 0/:5 and let 0 be the angle between
    m

    \hem. Then,
    fro

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ I\
    ' a x b =I a I I b I sin 01), ➔ ➔ ➔➔ " .
    where '1 is a unit v ector perpendicular to the plane of a and b such that a, b , T\ form a nght
    d
    de

    handed svstem.
    We have ,the following cases: ➔ 5B -), -+ •
    C.-,,
    oa

    1 V\1hen m > 0:
    ~thiscase,md =OA
    anda' =0A areinthesamedirection.A1so,b ,.Q andmb :.OBiarem
    1
    nl

    :he same direction.


    ➔ ➔ ➔
    w

    _,. /1.
    ma Y b = Im a I I b I sin 0 T\
    do

    -t-t ➔ 4 A
    ::;, ma x b = Im I I a I \ b I sin 011
    ➔ ➔ ➔ -r f,
    maxb=ml a\ \b\sin011
    m1 / b - m\ I aI I-; I sin 0; j
    ~ -, t ,
    ma"b m(t1/b)
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ___,, r
    a Ymb =I a\ \t11b \sln Or\
    ~ ➔ ➔ /'
    a x m li = i a\ \
    m \ I IJ \ bi n O '1
    ➔ ➔ J ~ ~ /\t
    a x m b = m LI -a I I b \ sin 0 'I\ J
    24.4
    -.-
    r-r ·- '
    _,_

    I I

    Fig. 24.5

    m
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

    o
    ⇒ a x m b =m ( a x b)

    .c
    Thus, in this case, we obtain
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

    du
    ma x b =111 ( n x b) = a x m b,
    CASE 11 vVlzen m < 0 :

    oe
    ➔ ➔ ➔ :ct_ • c:.,~E
    In this case, the angle between m a =OA1 and b =Qjj 1s (n + 6).
    In thl
    ch
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ I\
    max b = Ima 1 1b lsin(n +6)TJ
    te
    ,
    ,.
    I r =
    - -
    m

    ; and.
    "Bf .
    So in
    fro

    f· ,
    i

    J.
    d

    r-.,_ Henc
    --
    de

    I
    I PROP
    i A~
    oa

    / a
    nl

    PROP
    w

    Fig. 24.6
    (i)
    do

    ➔ ➔ + -> I\
    ma x b =-I III I I n I I b I sin e Tl (ii)
    ⇒
    ➔
    maxb=m
    , { ➔ -, /\1
    lallblsin0T]f ,,, r SA,
    f·: Ill, 0
    Perp
    ~ ➔ ~ ➔
    ma Yb = 111(11 x b) Fig. '>
    ➔ , In <.l
    The angle between a and 111 b is (n -1 O).
    ➔ --+-,. -► /',
    a x m /J I 11 I I 111 b I sin (n 1 0) q
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ) ,,
    ⇒ a x m b = -I a I Im I I b I sin O ti
    ⇒ 1 xmli =m{1 a'1I Iii sin e:i}
    24.5
    1l
    ,_
    b

    . .··
    ,• -
    n A
    ,,~.......
    ,•'

    J
    !
    /

    m
    Fig, 24.7

    o
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

    .c
    ;;:) axmb=m(axb)

    du
    Thus, in this case also, we obtain
    ➔➔b ➔➔ ➔-►
    a xm =m{a x b) =max b

    oe
    CA~[ Ill When m = O:
    ch
    In !his case, we have
    ➔ ► ➔ ➔ ➔
    11111xl1=0xb=U [See Note 1 in section 24.1]
    te

    ➔ ➔ > ➔ >
    ~ axmb=axU=O _[See Note 1 in section 24.lj
    m

    and ➔➔➔➔
    ' m(axb)=O(axb)=O
    fro

    So, in this case .ilso, we ob tain


    -, ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    ma xb=m(axb) =a xrnb.
    d
    de

    Hen
    ce, ➔➔➔➔
    111 a x b m(a x b)= =d x m b for all values of m.

    Ii, b are two vectors and 111, n are scalars, I/um


    oa

    PROPERTY 111 If
    ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔ -> ➔➔
    nl

    ma xnb =mn(a x b)=m (a xn b) =n(m ax b)


    ➔ ➔b, ➔c be ,my tlrn·t·
    w

    P ROPERTY IV
    iiect (D.1str1butivily
    . of vector product over vector addition). Let a,
    do

    on;. Then,
    ILeft distrilmtirityJ
    {i) -; X (➔
    b + ➔) + ➔ ➔ -►
    c =axb+a x c
    ct .
    (iii · ,. ➔
    c) x ➔
    a =- ➔ a +➔
    b x _, c x ➔
    a .
    I Rig/it . .•
    d1~t111'11l1rilJ1l
    !'pe.11..-ooF .Let o_,A= ➔ ➔
    a, OB= ➔
    b
    ...,
    arid BC ➔ • i ·· ,., , s l . -, .
    ,.. c as shown in ·,g. -'' · · om < L ,md draw
    t1?;~dicu!ars BL,CM and BN Complete parallelograms OAPC, OA(.>8 ,11- R\.)PC .ind shown in
    Iri .8.
    40Bc, We obtain

    !l;O\v
    0B,-BC
    ➔ ➔ -► ___,
    =OC ⇒ b + :OC
    '
    C
    ' ... (i)
    1-;;'x (bx 1) I =IOA.x OCI = Area of parallelogronn OAPC
    ,. . (ii.)
    ➔ -➔
    I ax b I'-=IOA x OCI = Area of parallelogriul1 OAQB
    p
    --------- - -----7
    ,1
    ,,,
    ,, ,
    ..
    .,__ g,, ,.
    -------· ,f \ ,1
    irr1P/ i,•~ tllD

    R'~
    "I
    ,.
    LI_.L---.~----::
    .\i "
    1
    i
    •
    = Area of parallelot,'Tam BQPC

    m
    ;:

    o
    pa:~..z o.~ .:_ = C.-i "ar

    .c
    • = ;::__X c._,r -- ~J:L\ f)

    du
    = OA x (CX - 3L)

    oe
    =J~ · C.;-. - O.~ · B.:.
    = _;.-ea o: paraEclogram BQPC - Area o; .r,'a:iz·c-
    ch
    -+ ~
    te
    = ac;. q - ~x ~I
    m

    •
    "'-
    fro

    -,
    d
    de

    -~
    oa
    nl
    w

    -c
    do

    ::;,
    -,,
    •
    ~

    ... •
    •,
    " II
    •
    . ...
    •
    •

    •
    -
    •
    .. •
    F P ~l" t
    e •
    .
    r
    . •
    • . •
    =
    = • s

    = =
    ~ oACAOS-:S~P
    ~R
    ~O
    =D
    =U
    ~C
    ~T~ - - - ~~""""!rc:ii:4l:etZ~5a
    vEcroR
    1, b are parallel vectors 24.7

    ~
    ft fo/lozUs from the above property th -> ➔
    ,,.
    .
    ~wt_).-
    1
    " . -
    A
    1· )(
    A/\
    ,·
    /\
    =k
    A
    Xk -
    at a X n ...
    a
    1<treverynon-uro vrctor a>which m.turn
    'o{.
    . /ieS that I x 1 - - ·
    /!lip
    R!( , Vector product of orthonormal triad if . " "
    ~~
    '; /j " " " "
    = .i x j = k x k "' o
    o unit vectors i I . "k • •
    J, ts given /Jy
    ,-.A/\"; A
    i xj"'k,Jxk
    z

    m
    A
    k

    o
    I\
    k I

    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    /\
    .j
    te

    (ii)
    (i)
    m

    Ffg. 24.9
    fro

    24,3 VECTOR PRODUCT IN TERMS OF COMPONENTS


    ➔ AA/\ ➔ /\ l\ t,:.
    I.el a :: a1 i ,._ a j + a k and b = bi i + v2 j
    d

    +' i, 3 k be two vectors. Then,


    2 3
    de

    ➔ ➔ A A A /\ A A
    ax 11 = (a1 i + a2 j + a3 k)x (b1 i + b2j +b3k)
    A A A A A /\
    oa

    ::, 1 b = (a/i + az j + a3 k)
    X X i i j
    b1 + (a1 + a2 + 113 k) Xb2 j + (a1 i + «2 j + 113 k) X b3 k
    [By left distributivity]
    nl

    ~ A A A ~ A
    ~ ➔ b " X "i) + (az b1) <"J X ")I + (a3 Ii1) (k x i) + a1/\b2 (i x j) +/\a2"b2 ( I x j) ~ '
    w

    aX = a1 b1 ( 1
    + a3 b2 (k x j) + a,b3 (i x k) + "2 b3 ( j x k) + a., b3 (k " q
    do

    I\

    ::, ➔ ➔
    ax b = (a2 b3 -
    ':
    a3 b2) i - (a1 b3
    -
    a3 1
    f
    b ) + (111 1>2 112 b1) k
    [Using Remarl,; '2 in $t.'dlc,n ~-l ;!]

    /\ A /\

    ~ --. --. ljk


    a x b = l'1 a2 a3
    bi b2 b3
    ~ GIVEN VE CTORS
    4.4 VEc NE OF TWO
    l"ORS NORMAL TO THE PLA J • anvk L>elw<'en them. Then,
    1
    41..., -+ 1Jetfl be' L < "
    Q, b be two non-zero, non-parallel vectors ant

    -, ➔ ➔ ➔ I\.
    a: x b = I al I a I sin O11 ,
    24.8

    pfon,, ,,{ a' ;ft ,J b, Wc11 "Iii


    when' "11 i~ , vi·1· I111 JH'I pt •rl( III. II I!lr fII ,.-r;,"'- C,
    ,1 11111t f I,,. •L-t ,,•, t,f:.,
    right hnndL•d sys1t•111
    n
    ..
    h
    ~ ..
    I a /, J q"
    sOV'-
    -p

    ⇒
    /\
    11 :;:;,
    -
    p
    j ,1' X 'I
    ,1 X. /i'
    /,

    :;:;,
    --
    p

    -
    !I
    !!I
    .
    11
    )
    :=:, p
    -
    p
    . a,md : ~

    m
    x f, i!t nli-o ,1 unrl v1•1 ior rwrp1:11dicular t<1 lh, pfar "of
    I I ,,' " i, I

    o
    .c
    \ ,,,·tor~ of magnil11de ''}..' nurinal tu the pJan" of a; and b, are giver, by J:
    .
    ,,( ,0' , , .

    du
    a,

    oe
    24.5 SOME IMPORTANT Ar SULTr

    b is I ~
    a / b,
    ch
    RESULT I Th,• area of ,11mra/lelogmn, with adjace,nt sides a; and -,,
    RQl S1,.>e i;cction 24.l. l
    te

    RESULT II a and -b, is 1 1 a-7 / -b,,-


    Tiu• area of a triangle with adjacent sides ➔
    2
    m

    OOF S.:.•,· ::-~ction 24-. J•l


    fro

    RESULT Ill The ar<!a ofa lricmgle ABC is -l I l\t1 -,. I or, J I BC
    -:-t.. x AC =-,, / BA I or, l CB
    -• -?

    OF See section 24.1.l 2 2 2


    d

    RESULTIV Tiwarmofaparallelogramwithdiagonals a•L, and -h; is 1 I a,,


    , b . f'I; ~
    de

    1
    2
    _R lO Let AHCV be a paraUclogran,. With A as the origin, let th<.' posnio?' vect r,;

    be ~
    p nnd ➔ A b q.
    ➔ =
    oa

    q •
    resp<-'cllwly. But, ' ' and
    Thc·n,AH p 'b
    BC A 'fherefore, .
    Us,.,g triangle law of additi()n t,f we tor, in /\A BC, W<' get He,rn- Area
    nl

    ..... _.., I
    AH -+ liC AC
    6 LAG
    w

    AB + AV Al
    do

    ' '
    EM
    :;,
    I'+ q Ali
    a,,11d JJ/J ,

    /, h,, ll11• d1.igi>11,d, <ii llw p,,r,,lll'!ugr,. •1/1< 1J Jlll'n Ir


    I'
    • • • 111
    'I II
    Or
    and, Hli ['c, Jli«n1 \rf•c ltJJ t,, / 1
    l'psilli,11 v,,, 1<11 ut //
    ' •
    'I' I' •
    ⇒
    "
    Adding ,uid (iiJ, w,, ul ,1,1111
    (i) "
    2 If
    -j,
    11
    J
    ◄ /,
    /
    .
    I

    I/
    , ♦
    I 11
    •
    1 /, /
    la
    .!.
    Subtracting (iii/ froru (1i/, w,• ,.1,1,,111
    ·•>•+ I >•
    2 p - 11 h , /' ( 11 /1 J
    2 l ix
    24.9
    1 ➔➔ 1 ➔➔
    -./O\'' -+ ➔
    q= _ ( 11 - b) x - ( a + b) TJ(q)
    ' pi< 2 2 ~------.:c
    p q=¼ {(d - b)
    X X (t + b)}

    pxq=¾{Jx;+dxb-bxd-bxi;}
    ➔ 1 ➔➔➔➔
    -+x ,r=-(ax b
    p 4
    +ax b) /1
    .... ➔ 1 ➔ ➔ Fig. 24.10
    p.,q=-(axb)
    ;:, I 2
    =Ip x qI =I i (-;j x b) I=½I-; x 6l-

    m
    r1ence,area of parallelogram ABCD

    o
    ,,suLT
    .,._ v Tiu· area of a plane quadrilateral ABCD is .!:.1 A➔C x B,-t.. I
    HJ , where AC and BD are its

    .c
    2

    du
    .iJilgorUIIS.
    , ~ Let the diagonals AC and BO in..tersect at 0. Then,

    oe
    Vector area of quadrilateral ABCD
    = (Vector area of triangle ABC) + (Vector area of triangle AOC)
    ch
    1 ➔ ➔ 1 ➔ ➔
    C
    = - (AB X AC) + - (AC X AD)
    2 2
    te

    =_ !_(AC X AB)+!. (AC X AD)


    m

    2 2
    fro

    = ½{AC X (AD - AB} D

    ½{AC x(M +ib>} £·: - AB= Ml


    d

    =
    de

    ,D = !. (AC BD) X [·: M + AfJ = BD] A


    oa

    2 Fig. 24.11
    . 1 ➔ ~
    ~ . area of quadrilateral ABCD = -I AC x B I
    nl

    2
    24 6
    w

    • LAGRANGE'S IDENTITY
    11,,011ei
    • ff ➔a , ➔b are any two vectors, t11en
    do

    _, ➔ ➔
    a.a
    ➔
    11-.,,
    (i)
    ➔ -►
    b·a

    ii)
    lll1rr11e.,
    ~~~IC,
    4,

    ti~
    t\ ,;.:--
    (Z
    /\
    = ~
    Zi
    ➔ ~ 1
    r1 • b
    ....
    Ii • b
    -►
    ~
    2J
    - -
    .ixb t =
    ... ~ 1 ')
    ,1 -
    - •-,
    b l--(a · b)-
    ~-")
    ~
    i,

    E'(,'MPLE ,.
    - - ... _.._...,
    = .ix b - -(a • b t = j a ti
    ➔, ➔
    b I
    2

    50L1J110N
    {if -,

    m
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES a
    I LEVEL-1

    o
    j

    .c
    7i TIC I ON A NDING THE VECTOR PRODUCT OF GIVEN VECTORS

    du
    -4 ~ ~ A/\ -4/\/\/\
    FXA.,lFLE l Fin.i .; x 1' ;r a = 1 i + k mid b = i + j + k.

    oe
    ~ '\I\ ➔ /\/\ /\
    :0:.~,0~ \\-eha.e - =2 i+0j-,.k and b =i + j + k.
    and,
    '
    ch
    l ] ~
    I\ I\ A /\ /\ /\
    0 1 = (0 -1) =-
    te
    i -(2 -1) j + (2 - 0) k i - j + 2k
    - 1 }
    m

    Et_~.n:,w r- - • . . ~ ➔ /\ /\ /\ /\ A
    fro

    ..,.'"':? ttr.::: ->;,: 'nag,11tudeof a given by a = ( i + 3j - 2k) x (- i + 3k)

    /'+,. /, I'
    = ,.
    d

    - 3· -2,-)x(-i-O j ~3k)
    ,
    de

    ':
    - =
    j l:
    oa

    0. /" /\ I\ /\ I\ /\
    i 3 -2 =(9 - 0Ji-(3-2)j+(0+3}k=9i-j+3k
    -' 0 3
    nl
    w
    do

    E P!E . I' I , ,. /\ A
    Fer.a i. :md -,.., if (2 i - 6 j 1- 27 k) z (i
    3 1- A j + µ J;) = 0.
    1/>V.':Y> V.e ru,~ e,
    ,. , ,. ,. ,. ,.,
    2 r .,. 6 ~ 27 lt'.J , ( , +- 1 I +- µ J·) ~ iJ.
    ,
    r / r.
    :::;, 2 6 27 •
    ()
    1 I, ~-

    , , '
    f~- 27i.,r (2µ 27JJ+(2i, LI
    ••) ,, u
    •

    27
    () :, i, ~ ,1 clllcl fl -
    2
    24.11

    o m
    .c
    du
    :id ➔/\
    a xk (". I\
    k) A/\/\
    oe i
    ch
    AA
    = 111 ' + 1121 + 113 xk = a1 (A A ;\ A
    i x k) + nz (j x k) + a3 (lex k) = -a ,0 + a
    ➔
    a; ,
    ~2 2 1 2
    te
    la xkl = 111 +1122
    I➔a x ~., ➔ ':-2 ➔ /\2 2
    t 1- + I a x J I + I a x k I = ·-;.
    2
    tL· + a3 + a12 + a32 + a12 + a22.
    m

    I
    ➔ Al2 ➔ A 2 ➔ A ~ 2 2 2 ~2
    fro

    " axi +[axjl +[ axk[-=2(al +llz + a3) = 2lal


    £\."
    • !PLES If➔r =xi+yj+zi,findthevalueof(r
    I\ A ➔ A ➔ /\
    I\
    x i)•(r x j)+xy.
    [CBSE2015)
    d

    !O!.UTION Proceeding as in Example 4, we obtain


    ➔/\
    de

    /\ A A/\ A ......+A A/\ /\A/\


    rx i =-y k +z j = Oi +z j-yk and r x j =xk-zi =-:zi+ 0 j+xk
    4'; ➔ /\
    oa

    AA/\ AAA
    (rx !}·( r xi) =(0 ixzj-yk) ·(-zi + 0 J+xk) = Ox-z +zx O+(- y) x >=-yx
    :;, ➔/\ ➔ A
    nl

    T (rx i}-(r x j) =+xy =-xy +xy =0


    yPe l1 ON FINDING A UNIT VECTOR AND A VECTOR OF GIVEN MAGNITUDE PERPENDICULAR TO
    w

    A A /\ /\ A A
    TWO GIVEN VECTORS
    do

    lMMl'lE6 Find a unitvectorperpendict1lartobotl1 tltevectors i -2 j + 3knnd i +2j - k.


    ➔ " A " ➔ A " r. !CBS'• '"\~01
    let a = i - 2 j + 3 k and b = ; + 2 j- le. Then, • "_, -
    A A
    I\ A I\ A
    j k A A - - 4j I 4j I -lk .
    ➔ ➔
    ax b = 1 -2
    i
    3 "'(2 - 6) i -(- 1 - 3) j + (2 ~ 2) k
    1 2 -1
    24.12

    EXAMPLF 7 Tmd a 1111il vector 1,crpmrli,u/11r fo l'/11 h of the vectors


    /A/'>./"f A II
    ; =, + i + 1-, b .. i + 2 j + ~k.
    <;(')UJTJON Wt• have, 11 • "-/\I\
    1 +
    -t"'-
    J t-bllld /, = i + 2 i t- 1k
    I\ I\

    f-letl
    ♦ • • ► I\ I\ I\
    11 + b 2, + ~ / + 4k ,md a b - 0i j 2k
    ➔•1s g,vcn
    A ~ cctor t • perpendicular It I both c1• + b• and a• - b . by
    .. • ♦ ♦ • I\ I' I\ ': ': I\
    ...a arr
    C +b),,(a-b)- (2i+3J+ 4k) x(0t-J-2k)
    /\ <;01..
    I 1 k ,.
    4 /\ I\
    2

    m
    C J 4 ~-2i+~j-2k
    0 I -2

    o
    .c
    ••• _,

    du
    (- 2 " "" l" 2"1
    i + 4 j - 2k) = - 1h i + -,= j - -...,_ k

    oe
    ch .,,6 ✓6 .f6
    ,. I\
    EXA'fFiE !l , Fmd a ;;ector ofmagnitude 9, which is perpendicular fo both the uectors 4 i -1 - Jk
    - : , ... -2~
    te

    • .., A / /\ ➔ I\ /\ I\
    SOI.~ Leta=4i-J~3kandb=-2i+j- 2k.Then,
    m

    'i
    ,. ,
    ...a / i
    fro

    b• - 4 -1 kl I\ I\ A /\ /\ /I
    3 = (2 - 3) i - (- 8 + 6) j + ( 4 - 2) k = - i + 2 j + ~k
    -2 1 - 2
    d
    de
    oa

    f'"> ,. .. ..J
    ,:..eq-... :r<,uvector-=
    . ' 9 r a/ b I
    '- ,--=;! =
    9 0 A
    (-1 +2j+2k)=-3i ~6j +6~.
    /\ ,\ ,\ ~
    nl

    OYbjj 3
    w

    ~AV.PU ~ Emd a '-'11;1 vector_ perpendicular lo the plrme A RC wlwrl.' A , B and C .i"t'
    do

    3, 1,2J"nd(1, 1, ,),14, 3,l)respertme/y.

    Y, , • r., fip e• tor Al! / AC 1& PeriwndJCular to lhe vectors Af, ,ind I~ b,1th
    Ah / Al

    AB I' V , [ Ii l'V ,,I A ,- A

    I A) ( I, " A
    /1.!A)
    Af l'V ,,f( l'V ,,1 A \ ~
    , 11.?A) ,\ 2 "/ A'
    I
    2 I! {() I\ ,\
    J 2 (l i '))/ f (4 O)A 10 i' ''Ille l
    (\"'\I
    9llt1,t~,/
    uired vector = I ,
    J{eJ\ceJeq I AB x AC I ../fr,r,r in, 7
    ➔ ~ ~ ➔ A I
    o Lei a = t - J, b = 31' k nnd ' 1

    ~ C 7I
    ,

    f\.~\if'lEl ➔ ➔ • fl--'
    ,,,., a llti: d
    ... d....
    b and C • a =1. "'
    i 011 ' ➔
    ON Since d is perpendkularto both • ,
    .;oLvn a and b ' 7'her..-
    . -> ➔ ➔ -,:;;,"if~
    dea;\.(axb)
    A
    I
    A
    j "k

    m
    ....
    d "' t. 1 -1 0 = '- (i" + "j + 3k)
    "

    o
    ~
    0 3 -1

    .c
    du
    It is given that
    ➔ -4 A/\ A/\/',
    c a =1 ⇒ (7 i - k) • ). ( i + j + 3 k) = 1 ~ 7 ;, _ 3 ,. _ o;-, ,_

    oe
    1
    1 ->l"" A
    Putting;\.= in (i), we get d = ( i + j ~ 3k).
    4
    ch
    d 4
    te
    T:tft 111 ON FINDING THE AREA OF THE PARAl..LELOO?.A ••
    LVJ,li'L E ,1 Find the area of the parallelogram determined 17/1 fr.etJ<!CW"> i- :t · - :..c 3 - _
    m

    ➔ I\ I, A ➔ A I /
    SOLUTION Let a = i + 2 j + 3 k and b = 3 i - 2 j + k. T.ne ·:tct,;;~ ~e. -,f f:e :;:-;;-;,_-,e-_,-•;_~'-='·
    fro

    ->- -T -:7" ✓
    1·,'hose adjacent sides are represented by the vectors a .,nd 1i ;s: a: / ,;
    Kow,
    d

    ,
    A I\
    "k ,
    de

    ➔ ➔
    j I fl. ,,. .
    ax b= 1 2 3 = (2+ 6Ji -{1-9)j +(- 2 - 6)/(=~l ~ ~
    oa

    3 -2 1
    nl

    Area of the parallelogram= ~a/ . . ,bI = >JI> +


    82 + fi2
    w

    ~ : _MPtF! 2 Show that the area of a parallewgrattt hauing 1"' ·


    do

    ),j 3squareunits
    , A
    SOUJ,-,.., ➔ , ,. ,. -. ': 3J ~
    7
    4k Th!:
    •uON Leta= 3i+j-2kandb== 1 -
    I

    ... ➔
    "i /
    j l< 9
    ax b = 3 1 -2
    1 -3 4
    ~ 2 ~
    11xbl=~+(-J4)2 +( IOJ • I
    Ar 1 1a/b 2
    r ea of the parallelogram - 2 "ft>.
    Yµezv uAOfll~ATo-
    tx~'-'lP ON FINDING THE AREA 01' AO C 122, 19, ',/ t1
    ~rilalli 13 lf A (0, 1, l), B (2, ,, 2),
    tera/ ABCD, find its area,
    .:,,4_14

    ',( ,, ur (( 1N Vvo knr,w that thP a,, 11 i\ of ,ru.adribU'f.11 /,I¾(] Y, V by


    I\ ~IA( " fl/J
    "'11JW, , , ,
    •
    Ac l'o . hon vcdc,r 11( (
    ,,, I on V 1,,r of Ii "
    (??1+l'JJ i, I y
    , , #J
    •
    5,1d nr 1 l'c-.ilurn v, lor of 0 r>, ,, J 1rcctor of f: (f
    I
    2, I
    K.j {2 1 2~
    , I
    ' I I: "eli;:!
    , ,
    A(
    •
    ,,/l/l 22 rn ( ('¼ 30J i ((j(i f.,JJ ( 11'J Jff t 21 ,.,
    '
    .
    l
    111 J

    ' ,

    m
    .AC .,, Rf1 , /24) 2 • ( fiJ)' + l ',2/- .;57(; + 3/.Jf.'J +- &V.A 12.f#

    o
    J • •

    .c
    •• I AC.: ,. lilJ I I ,/1264'.

    . . 2 2

    du
    ,
    ll , \VHEI~ I f.ol~O b ARI'('! /Ct/

    oe
    ., " .,, r ..,. 7
    4 Ctven a 10,lbl 2tmda•b ch 12,find a,b.
    'iLL no·~ \A.,. know that
    1,i h• 1 2 + ; , b• 2_ ; ,2 if 2
    te

    •I 1
    m

    I.
    fro

    :;, J,. b 2 ¥JO 144


    ~ ; ,. ; 2 256
    d
    de
    oa

    Shr,w that ( a/ b/ "2->


    a b2fa-b/-
    -,.-, ~-,,-,-.
    a -a a J.
    nl

    ~.... l') w·,, h;,v,-, 1ab' bb.


    w

    I ; / ,;/ ii/ b!L


    do

    , , 2:
    ;. I J, 1:/ I
    /.I b '>JII (J (
    ,
    ✓ (,; / 1:/ I ; 12 1,1 ,,,,i,J
    • , L
    II the
    , I rf, 1:/ f1,; '/ 1: f} II I 1,,t 1/)

    ;, ',r / ,:>2 /1' 1: ,2 I' ih• l·u


    I.
    ,·Lfl
    .
    I ,;

    , ( 1f, ,:i2 I,! ,;! Ir: /1) ( ,; , , . • • •


    ~

    j ·: II• b
    l,)/11 /, ) lhtts,
    ...:, <;,, 1:/ /.I' • (!• // • /J
    , , "
    a' /,
    ,
    h
    . /1• ha\•U'\
    ~ ·lc11 v~c;roR
    oRCROSSPRODUCT

    ON FINDING THE AREA OF A 1"FlfA


    ,e 1'7 , , . -.NGL,:
    M El6 Fmd the mea of the /riano/e 24.15
    v1~1rL l) " Whose t>ert.
    f• -3, · rr,~~ are A('
    dJ, ➔ -➔ ...., ,,, 1 2) r
    ON l,et 11 , b r-md c be the P◊sit' ' • ' 11 I, l. 1) and
    .,;,1,u'Il ' A " A ➔ A ton Vector~ ofµo· IOlSI 2010
    _, ' . 2'• b . 0 lfl!SJ\.l11dr
    and c-4·
    ➔
    I\
    a c3r -J + ,, ==z -1-3k " ,. ' ' 11 '- rcqpC<livl'ly Th,·n
    . kflo~dhat: - 1 - "
    3j , k
    . ,
    we 1 ct ....,
    Area oU, ABC =
    21AB x AC/
    ➔ ➔ I\ I\ I\
    i1B= b-11
    =U-}-3k)-(3i-J~2k)=-2': ~ "
    _... ➔ ➔ 1 + 0 J -Sk

    m
    A " A
    AC= c-a =(4i-3J+k)-(3i-/\J•+ k") ,:- A A
    2 "'t-21·-k

    o
    I\ I\ I\
    i j k

    .c
    ABxAt=

    du
    -2 0 -5 == (0-lO)i -(2+S)j +(4-0)k=-lOi-71"+-4-k
    1 -2 -1

    ✓165
    oe
    2
    ::> J Af1 x At I
    = ,J(-10) + (-7) 2 + 42 ==
    ch
    le:➔- ➔ 1-
    Hence, area of MBC = J AB x AC I = ✓165 .
    2 2
    te

    ➔ ➔ ➔

    =2 UA~!PlE17 If a, b, c are the position vectors of the vertices A, B, C ofa triangle ABC, show that the
    m

    1 ➔➔➔➔ ➔➔ -- ➔➔➔
    .;rfll of triangle ABC is 2 / a x b + b x c + c x a / . Deduce the c<mdition for points a, b , c to b11
    fro

    rollinear•
    .SOLl:110!-l v\Te know that
    d

    Area of MBC = ]_ I AB x At I
    de

    2
    ,. 7t.. ➔➔ ➔➔➔
    "ow, fili =b - a, and AC = c - a
    oa

    7t.. ➔ ➔➔ ➔➔
    A1:1 x AC = (b - a) x ( c - a)
    nl

    :;t_ ➔ ➔➔➔➔➔➔➔-; [By distributn ii) I


    A1:1 x AC = b x c - b x a - a x c + 11 x
    w

    ::; ➔ ..... ➔➔➔➔ a


    1
    do

    AB x At == b x +a x b+cx 11 +
    :;,., ➔ ➔➔➔➔➔➔
    Ati x AC : a x b + b x c + c x 11 ➔ ➔ •➔ -• I
    1 ➔ / t,xcrC•tl
    Areaof.6ABC = !IAB xAtl =
    21
    11 >< ,+
    r, the 2
    · P0 ints, A, BI C are collinear, then
    Area of MBC - 0
    ]-,➔➔
    21 11 X b + b X
    -•.,.
    C + C X /I
    '10
    I I ti
    ::; I-.a x ➔ ..... ➔ -> '1 o --.
    ; b 1:
    "x I X t I X ti
    ·
    b+b x c ➔ c x a .- _t ,,( ,·,,llim•,1r1t~
    l J ((H \t1I ll 111
    '11Us ➔ ➔
    h
    ~ ➔ ➔ ➔ -:t . the requ re
    ' a x b + b x c + c x 11 "' lJ 1g
    Ii.vii) ➔ ➔ ➔
    g Position vectors a , b and C•
    24.16 M.6.Tl-j!:l,l
    ~'t~
    EXAMPLf 18 Show thJlt distance of the point 1 from the line ioining -,; and bis
    -> ➔ ➔➔➔➔
    I bx c + c x a+ 11 x ~
    ~ ➔

    I Ii-al
    ) } --+ . •
    SOLUTION Let ABC be a lrnmgle and let a.' b and c be th<' po'>Jtion vectfJT~ of ll"I Verti
    and C respectfrely. Let C'/11 be th<:> perpend1n1lar from C on AB. Tlwn,
    l , l -t..
    Area of MBC = (AB) (CM) = I At:1 j (CLVI)
    2 2
    i ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔I
    <\lso. Area of t\ABC=,I ax b +bx c + c x a
    •
    l:t } ➔➔➔➔ ~➔ C(c)
    -IMl(CM)- laxb+bxc+cxal

    m
    2 2

    o
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    jaxb +b xc + cxa l

    .c
    • = -

    du
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

    oe
    Ia x b + b x c + c x al
    = CM=
    ➔ ➔
    ch M
    Pig.2412
    I b-a I
    te

    T1fpc VII MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES


    SOl
    Prove thJlt the points A, B and C with position vectors ti, band 7 re..<pectr:t:
    m

    EXAMPLE 19
    ➔➔➔ ➔ ➔- ➔➔
    collinearifandonlyif ax b +bx c + c x a= LI.
    fro

    S01.L'TIOK The points A, Band C are collinear


    ~ AB and BC are parallel vector.s.
    d

    Vectors
    de

    <=;, ABxBC=O
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    oa

    fb- a)x(c-b)= u ➔ ➔ -4'


    [·; AB -= b - ,1 ,md BC
    -

    ➔➔➔➔➔➔ -:7
    nl

    (b-a)x c -( b - a)x b =u
    w

    -,._,➔➔ ➔·➔➔➔ 7
    ⇒ (b..<c-axc) -(bx/1-axb)=U
    do

    -,.➔➔➔ ➔➔ -+ ➔
    (b,, c ;- c,, a)-(0 - ax b)= O

    EXAM1 Fr,r
    - ani; IhTPP vectors 11' , u' , c.' Simm liu
    I 1
    -t ,,; t ; > -t >
    a;
    7

    r ) l /J ; ( l
    1
    ,-

    • ti) I (' X ( I/ I /, ) ti
    SOllJTJQN We hav.,,
    ➔
    a x
    <h • ~
    c)
    >
    + b " ( r·
    , ,.
    i a) ' ,.
    ,.
    x (11
    •
    f 1,)
    ,.

    - ➔➔
    b..,, ~ 1'-)- ',.
    - ax + a x c + /J v ,.
    0 1 /J x r, ,rx111cx/J
    • • 1 •
    -1
    - - X
    t +axc+/Jxc-11xb
    __, ➔ ➔ +
    '

    -. -,
    ,;x/ ti'></
    =o.
    fl cAOSS PRODUCT
    roflO
    v~c: ➔➔➔➔ -+
    tE2l ff 11 x b - c x d a11d a x ? "' b x ..., 24.17
    E~l,ff -> ➔ d, shou, tht11 J J. •
    , 11111d j, 1' c. '" 11ara//d to b (. u•lt,.,e
    is ' Recall that two non-zero vect . re
    .,i.v-noN 1
    ➔ ---t ors art' Parallel if( th . Bc;r, 2001 , 2£.119, 2016
    =" t0 prove t1at a- rt 18·• P1r(r05 .
    ~ ,refore, pal'al!el to Ii - , s pr0rlurt 1~ zero ve(tor.
    I~' _. ➔ ➔ C, 1! is ~ ff .
    ~ .., , ll> - t) = 0 · ' · u ICll'>fll lo show th;it
    !••·- .I) .'.\. I.
    _,-) ~~)➔➔➔ 7
    (t1-d)x(b- c =ax(b-c)-dx(b-?)
    \{It\ ,
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ·➔
    =axb-axc -a)(
    -t ➔
    b +dx,
    ➔ ~
    pl~ 18]
    c [Using distributive lawJ
    ➔➔➔➔-,➔ [
    :::cxd- b x d - d x b ¾- ➔
    d ➔ ➔ >

    m
    .x c ·.·ax b = ~•x J, ;., ; =b ~ d

    o
    - ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ -➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ [
    -<-t ➔b) - b➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ J

    .c
    - CX d- b X d + b X d - CX d .. •
    · ax - xd&dxc=--{cxd)

    du
    ➔ J
    =0
    ->

    oe
    ➔ -) ➔
    Hence, ( a- d) is parallel to ( b - c)
    ff ➔➔➔ ➔ -> ->7
    ch
    EV,MPLE 22 a, b , c are three vectors such that a + b + c = u, then prove that
    ➔➔➔➔➔ ➔
    te
    axb = bx c = c-x a [CBSE 2ll01. ?t04
    53WT!Ol\' We have,
    m

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    a+b+c=O
    fro

    2.0lC ➔➔➔➔ -► 7
    a x(a + b-'- c) = ax u [Taking cross-product on left with -:i' I
    ➔➔➔➔ ➔ -4 ➔
    [Using di~tributive law J
    d

    axa+axb+ axc= 0
    de

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ .. •
    ➔➔➔➔~ [·: a x a = 0 and a ~ c -- , "' 11 l
    axb - cxa=O
    oa

    ..• - c"J
    I)
    t1'
    ,.,,,. ➔ ➔ ➔ 7
    nl

    "o•lll, a+ b + c =u ,.
    ffaking cross-pn1dt11.'.t on !ell ,, tth b
    w
    do
    24.18

    -,. ➔ _,._ ➔~)


    AB ✓.AC =(b-a):,;(c-a
    -,. ➔ ..... ➔

    = AB ,AC = f;;-(c-a)-a:>:(c-a) IB,·; ...,..,..,~


    rl,,..._.
    • ➔ ➔ -+ -4> _ _,. --,.
    .-iB Y. AC =bzc-bxi-axc+a><a
    -, .....
    ⇒ AB , AC = -➔-~_.- ➔
    lixc-axb-cxa-
    -0

    ~ ~ ~ ➔ ~ ~b
    = AB ,, AC = --,b :,,. c - c Y a - a "
    -

    ....
    H ='=~. -,._....,.

    bzc•cxa-axb
    ..... .
    __

    -,
    ♦

    is a \ector normal to the plane containing poi_-.t5


    position vectors a , b and c.

    o m
    \Ve have,

    .c
    •••••

    du
    .. ..,_,__.,-,
    _,.
    a><b-a><c=O
    -, --, -:t

    oe
    ~

    = ax(b -C ) =V

    =
    -. "-;:! -,. --, -#

    = 0 or. a I, ( b
    ~ ➔ --, r
    ch
    a =u or. b - c - c) =< 1
    ~~-+--,.,. -,.~ l
    = a=Oor,b= cor, a (b -c )
    te

    ➔ ..... -,
    = a (i: -c} ➔ ~
    [·: a "" ., an.:
    -
    ,- = i
    m

    -, -, .....
    = b - c =t a for some scalar t
    fro

    - = -,
    b=c-ta
    -, ➔

    ~ ~ r ➔ ~ ➔ ~
    d

    EXAMPLE 2; Pr<JVe that ( a - b) x (a-,. b) = 2 (ax b) and interpret it geometrically. 1- • ~


    de

    SOLl.:TION We have,
    -,~ -,-;- -,➔➔~ ➔ ➔ -:1' ➔
    la-b; ,, (a+b) = a,:a+axb-bxa-bxb
    oa

    = · ➔-,
    la-b1x(a+b)=a ,b +a,b
    ...,.~ _,, ➔➔➔

    [·: -; x 1= 0=
    > ➔ ➔
    bx b and - 1' '- " -
    -i> ..
    nl

    ,-;
    w

    GeQ111:etrical Interpretation: Let A BCD be a parallelogram. Ta king A a., the origm ld th~,,,~
    do

    vectors of Band D be ; and b respectively. Then, AB - 'i: and Al) =b


    Applying th,, triangle law of addition of vectors in fu1.EC, we get
    AB + Bl. ~ 11c , lic - 7: + if
    Applying triangle law in AABU, wc• w·t
    A1.J + lJE - A11

    DB AB-Au 7

    a "
    '

    c:::,
    A
    Fig. 24.13
    ~ ,..-oR 0RCROSSPRODUCT
    Cit
    vev•
    24.19
    f the above equality represents the ,
    Lf-!S o \ ector area of
    ~ie ·des and the RHS is twice the vect par~ll('logramhavingDhand ACas
    Y] . cent s1 . b . or area of 11ar II I
    ad)a
    1· cen s
    t ides. So, it can e mterpreted geomeh•1·' 11 ' a e ogram havin<>" AB ,~nd Ab ao,
    ,, ca y .is fol\o
    a•la fa parallelogram 'vvhose ad1·acent s'td Ws:
    area o . es are l·he d ·
    Th~ the area ofthe given parallelogram. iagonals of a givrn parallPlnwam ;5
    t1~,ce ➔ ➔
    Ml'Lf 26 for any two vectors a and b , slzow that:
    ~ ➔2 ➔
    bl2) ➔➔2 ➔ ➔
    (l+lal )(l +I =l(l-a.b} +la+b+(1xb) l 2
    . u,!ON We have, IC IISE 20021
    sOl ➔➔ ➔➔ 2
    . )2 + I a + b + ( a x b ) I
    4 -+
    0
    l {

    m
    (1 -,1.
    ➔➔ ➔➔ 2 ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    =~t - 2(n .b)+(a.b) J+ (a+ b+ ax b).(n+ b+ ax b)}

    o
    .c
    [ ➔➔
    =,1-2(n.b)+(a.b)
    ➔➔ 2} + {(a+
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ -► ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    b)·( a+ b)+(a+ b)·(ax b)+( ax b)·(a+ b)+(aY b)-(a" b)f
    -> --, -,

    du
    '

    oe
    -> ➔ ➔➔ 2} {I➔a+ ➔bl+
    2 ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔2
    =,1 -2(a.b) + (n.b) + a-(ax b)+b •(ax b)+( ax b)-a+(a x b) · b+lax bl f
    ch
    1
    [➔
    ➔ .... ➔➔ .......

    ➔➔ ➔
    ·: a J_ (a x b ), b J_ ( a x b)
    te

    {1-2(a . I,) + ( a . b )2} + {1


    .... 4 ➔ ➔➔ ➔➔ 2 ➔ -> 2
    c] = a+ b I + I a x b I } -> _,
    :. a . ( a x b) = b. ( a x b) = 0 _
    m

    ➔ ➔ ➔ 2 ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ t12
    fro

    =l - 2(/i .b)+(ti. b)2 +In 1 +I bl 2 + 2 ( a • b ) +I a. x


    ➔ 1 -➔ 2 ➔➔ 2 ➔ -➔1 2
    • l+Jn\-+lbl +(a.b) +la x b
    d
    de

    • 1➔ I112 +I b 12 +Id 12 11?1


    oa

    bl
    nl
    w
    do

    t ....,
    Q

    I"1
    X

    j k
    ➔
    b =
    A A
    ...,C

    ~ I\ I\
    l 1 1 = (j - k)
    X y z
    ,.
    A t; k
    A /\ /\k :,Oi f/
    (>. - y) i - (z - x) j + (y - x) '
    24.20

    ⇒ z-y = 0,-(z -x) = 1,y -x = -1


    ⇒ y = Z X - Z = 1, X - y = ]
    1

    ⇒ x -z= 1,x-y= 1 f·: These two equations are =uiv


    ⇒ z = x -1 and y = x - I. - -i a1'11!'v,,
    It is given that
    ➔➔
    a. b = 3
    1\1\I\ I\ I\ I\
    ⇒ (i + j + k) •(xi + y j + zk) = 3
    ⇒ x+y+z=3
    ⇒ x+x-l+x-1 = 3
    5
    ⇒ 3x = 5 ⇒ X = -
    3
    5 2
    = -2 .

    m
    y = x-1 ⇒ y= -1 = and y=z ⇒ z
    3 3 3

    o
    5".' 2~ 2 "
    >
    Hence, b = - I + - J + - k.

    .c
    3 3 3

    du
    LEVEL-2
    ➔ ➔ ::t. ➔ + 2b,a:nd0C=
    ➔ ➔ ➔ h o·tsortgm.
    b were .. Letp denote/hta:r,,

    oe
    RX\VPLE'~ Let0A=a,0.tS=I0a
    quadtilateral OABC and q denote the area of the parallelogram with OA and OC as adjacent ;1Jt<:
    fhaf p = 6q.
    ch
    SOLUTION We have,
    p = Area of the quadrilateral OABC
    te

    ⇒ p = !imxACI
    .. 2
    m

    1::t. ➔ ➔
    ⇒
    p = 2 I 013 X (OC - OA) I [·: AC
    fro

    = C( -
    1 ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    p = 1(10a +2b)x(b -a)j
    2
    d

    I ➔➔➔➔➔-►
    de

    ⇒ p = 110 a x ( b - a)+ 2 b x ( b - a) I
    2
    ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔ ->
    oa

    1
    p = 2 IJO ( a x b ) -10 ( a x a) + 2 ( b x b) - 2 ( b x a) j x"")LL'n
    1 --> ➔ ➔➔
    nl

    ⇒
    p =
    2 110(a x b) - 0+0+2(a x b) I :::,.
    w

    1 ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    ⇒
    P = I12(axb)l=6laxb l
    do

    2
    and, q = Area of the parallelogram with OA and OC as adjacent side~
    ~ ➔ ➔ ➔
    :::;;, q = IOA x oq - I ax bl
    From (i) and (ii), we get p = 6q

    liXAMPLE 29 ABCD is a quadrilateral suclt Iha/ AB ;;, AfJ J, t \C 1i' t /' .i. ~h,
    111
    area ofthe quadrilateral A BCD is ~ I m + p I I b x JI
    SOLUTION We have,
    -~ ➔ :-t.. --,. ➔ -)
    -.
    /l
    AB = b, Au= d and AC - m b µJ
    1
    ....a
    Now, AB+ B -b = Ab ⇒ BD = Ab - AB -::;, ab > ➔
    ""' .l_

    Let~ be the arfa of quadrilateral ABCD. Then, d b ::::::. -...,


    /l
    IJ.=-IACxBOI ::::::.
    ..., is
    Q i-..
    2
    ~
    l\.f4l'tc
    s,ic,, veO
    roROR CROSSPRODUCT
    ➔ ➔ ➔ _,
    ~, ;~ ~q .i:.:1 ~ /J. == ! f (m b + p d ) x { d
    z ➔ -~ ➔- b)➔ I "" 24.21
    , _ !2
    L\ - fm(b x d)-p(d x b)/
    1 ➔➔ ➔ '"7
    ,,A -- -I
    2 Ill (,, X d) ~- p ( b )( d) I

    h = !l(m+p)(b x d)/
    2
    1
    \ = 1m+p/jbxd/.
    2
    i;ct\ fPLF if A, B, ➔
    C, D be
    :7:.any ,,+
    Jou r points
    ;z in space, prove that
    I AB x ch+ BC x Au + CA x Bu I= 4 (Area of triangle ABC),

    m
    b, z and 1

    o
    ·'litL'TION Taking A as the origin, let the position vectors of B, c and D be
    . ecti.vely. Then,
    ➔ ➔ ➔ BCo=c
    ➔ ➔ -b,Au=d,
    ➔ ;-t. ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

    .c
    resp -"7- ,4 ct.
    IB=
    ➔➔➔ ., ➔

    du
    b,UJ=d-c, CA=-c and, BV=d-b
    • ±;-t..~ ;-±_ ...... -t ...

    ➔ ➔ ➔➔➔➔➔➔➔ -,...,--+
    ABxCD +Bex Au+ CA x Bu I= I b x ( d - c) + ( c- b) x a+ (- c)x ( d - b Jj

    oe
    I
    =/ b x d -bxc+cxd-bxd-cxd~cxb,
    ch
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    = l - b x c+ c x b /
    te
    . ➔ ➔

    = /- 2(b x c) I
    ➔ . ➔
    m

    =2fb x cf
    -OA :: 2IABxAC /
    fro

    = 4 (Area of Ll ABC) r- Area of Ii ABC =¾ J.-Ul" AC


    d

    . d by the vecturs➔➔
    de

    EXA.MPLE31 A triangle OAB isdetermzne _, db as •<IUJrvn in Fi<?.


    a ,m - ?4.14.
    B . 5/wwtlrai

    !ht-triangle has the area Ll given by Ll = 1 Vlf. ➔


    II I2 /b/2-(a•b)
    2 •
    oa

    2
    50!.{;1JON Clearly A = !..2 I OA x OB I
    nl

    ,
    b12
    w

    ti = !.. I ;; X
    ..(i I
    do

    A2 =~ 4{ I ti 12 I b!2-(d· b) 2}
    4 -----:--
    J
    C ➔ ➔ ➔)2 bi
    A= _ Yl«/21 b 12-( ll· b , ,: ,; .' 0 ,m,1111 d x•
    t/11 ''~llf!'tf32 2
    "' Let a,b, c be
    -, -, U/1 II vrd11rs
    . ~11c/1 Iha/ ,1

    ~qna·c...is -rr , pror;e that a, - ± 2(/;x ,\


    Soi 6
    ...
    ..,·lJ'rioN We have,
    a.b "'0a.nd -;. 7! =0
    '::) JJ. ...,b ➔ ->
    llll.d a j_ c '

    ~
    16
    '::) .., .
    "'
    ➔ d -/ iriing vectorb 1( ,,nd •
    Perpendicular to both b an
    ..., a · 18 e cont«
    Perpendicular to the P1an
    24.22

    ➔ ➔ ->
    => a is parallel to b x c

    ➔ -> ➔
    =:> a = >.. ( b x c) for some scalar .)..
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    = I a/ = / J..I I I> x c I
    ➔ ➔ ➔ 1t
    ⇒ I II I = I~-/ I b I I C' I sin
    6
    '' :::> 1 = I .i..112
    => I >.1 = 2 [·: I ➔a I =1 -,b ' I •
    I"' C
    ='A.=±2
    Putting this value of 'i, in (i), we get ➔
    a= ± 2 (➔
    b x➔
    c ).

    m
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ -> ~
    • n ,1r1 r-. , If ,1, b, c are three 11011-zero vectors such that a· ( b x c) = 0 and b a 117;' a11:r.

    o
    ••••• 11
    parallel vectors, pmve that ➔
    a =,,., ➔
    b +µ ➔
    c , where >..and µ are seaIars.

    .c
    SOLUTION We have,

    du
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    a (b x c) =0
    a,

    oe
    -+-+ ➔➔➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    ⇒ a = 0 or, [, x c = 0 or, a .L ( b x c) •
    Agam, ax
    ➔➔ ➔➔~ ➔ ➔
    ch
    ⇒ a = 0 or, b II c or. a .L ( b x c)
    -~ ➔ + ➔ ➔ =
    te
    But. b x c is a vector p erpendicular to the plane contail;ling b and c.
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    c
    m

    111.(bxc) C
    =
    fro

    = ➔a 1esm thepf.aneof ➔b and ➔c


    ,. •
    A
    =
    d

    ...,
    = a, b , c are coplanar vectors
    ➔ ➔
    de

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    0 iX L T,
    = a = 1, b + µ c for some scalars 11. and µ. (see Fig. 24.13)
    oa

    Fig. 24.15
    E~MPL.E 34 If ➔➔➔ ➔ -:+
    a, b, c are vectors such that 11 • b = ti .?
    that ➔
    b = C r
    nl

    SOLL'TION We have,
    w

    -; h= 1.1 and17'cf
    do

    ,- ➔ '7 ->
    11 • b - a · c = 0 and a ;, lf ::::,. ....r ,
    ::::,.
    -> ➔ ,7 ' , ( r-- -
    b c u or, a J. ( h •) ....
    '
    c or,
    .
    fl J (b
    ~ ,
    (' )
    (
    ~

    -:::,
    r -
    ➔
    Again, - ->
    ax b = a
    ➔ .,.
    Y
    ;
    c ,md " ,
    ,
    (I r -
    ➔➔➔ -+ ➔ .,_►
    11 x b - ax c = O and a 'I' O
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    ..., -t -:>
    q x ( b - c) = ll and a ;e O
    .... ➔ ➔ I ➔ -+
    a I ( b - c)
    ~ ..
    .,:_ c = 0 or.
    _.j. ➔ ➔ ➔
    24.23

    ; "' c or, il II (b - c)
    ➔ ➔
    t·.-1 * 01
    i) ; . olld tii), it follows that b "' c, becaus ➔ (")
    r...~;1.l \l1 4 ea cannotb ... u
    :,•1?'--i(l,,·"" (t - c). e both ll
    para el and perpendicular
    :: ' ➔ ➔ ➔
    I.flt :,; J; ,1 , b , c are three non-zero vect
    p.\' ors sudi tlw 7 b -, ➔
    l] ~ -> : rre •1rutually ,1t right angles such thatj b I _ ➔ x ➔"" c and b x i = "i:; prove that
    : - We ha,·e, - land I c I =-I a 1-
    .,,.l ,iO'
    :-,..• ..... _. ...... ➔ ➔ ➔
    ; " b = c and a = b x c

    m
    _,,_. ...... ~ ➔➔➔➔
    c 1 a , c - b and a .L b , a J. c

    o
    .c
    ~--4-4-+ --4- ➔
    .;_b, bl.candc.Ln
    ....

    du
    ~ ~

    a, l•, c are mutually perpendicular vectors.

    oe
    ....-4-4 ➔ ➔ 4
    i.,;.,:..,. 11 xb= c and b x c =a
    ➔ -► ➔ ➔
    ch
    -4~
    .1xbl=lclandjbxcl =lal
    ..... ➔ _;r ➔ ➔➔ 1t ➔ ➔ -> ➔ ➔
    te
    a I b sin -
    2
    = I c I and I b I I c I sin -2 = I a I [·: a .L b and /J J. c]
    ➔~ ➔ -4 ➔ ➔
    m

    = a I b1 = j c I and I b I I c I = Ia I
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    [Putting l .a I =I b l l CI in.I a I I b I =I C n
    fro

    ...t ·, ➔
    [-: I C , ., OJ
    = = 1
    d
    de

    '° b = 1
    • ... -. ➔ ➔ · ,➔ , 111
    .::::.'lg b = 1 m ' a I I b I =I c I, we obtain a = ....
    oa

    ➔ " " ➔ ,:- ,: " ➔ _ ':- _ 3 " +7 kbe three vectors. Find a 1iectar r
    !.l4-\!J'I.E ¾ Let a =2 i + k, b = 1 + J + k and c - 4 1 1
    nl

    ~.,_ ............ ➔ ➔➔ o
    w

    ...,, ,.;a_,fies r x b = c x b and r . a = ·


    do

    ,,::c11m; We have,
    --,-+ ➔ ->
    rxb=cxb
    --,-,.➔ -,-+

    rxb-cxb=O
    ➔ -+ ➔ -+
    (r-c)xb=O
    ~ -,. ~ ➔
    r - c is parallel to b
    _,_-, 11 ... (i)
    r - c = i. b for some sea ar •
    24.24

    -> ➔ ➔
    ( c + i. b) . a : 0
    -+ ➔ ➔ ➔

    =
    • I
    (c. a) - i...(b. a)=O "' '1 1/111,

    ➔c .a
    ➔ , ( 8 +7_) =- 15
    i. =--::::;-::; ::::,A= - 2+ 0 - 1 J
    b a
    Putting i. = -5 in (i), we obtain -~ "
    A A
    1 = c-5b➔ =(41" -3J" -7k)-5(1
    ' ,,
    i
    1· ~ k) - I 2A
    ) ; )
    f.XA\IPl E l7 If Ii ' b, "tare three ,•ectors such l11r1/ I fl ·I /, t I I I r. '

    m
    I

    o
    1 ➔ -►
    I....
    b- I -:I: _I_
    fZ'•find the ,mole behveen a a11d b •

    .c
    ~I L <\
    ✓3 ,6

    du
    '-Oll.,TION We have,
    ) ➔ ....
    c _ i.( a >< b)

    oe
    ...,
    ➔ ➔
    7 is perpendicular to both n and b
    ch
    ➔ -➔ ➔--}

    = t·a = c-b =0
    te

    .... ➔
    Let fl be the angle between a and b . Then,
    m

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    la+ b+rl=l
    fro

    " , ➔')

    = la-b+cl~=l
    ➔ ➔2 ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    1a'1 2 +1 b 2
    d

    +1c l +2(a•/J+ b c+c -a) =l


    de

    1-+ +-+2 (1x 1


    2 3 6
    1
    ;;:, cos9 + 0+0)=1
    v2 v3
    1
    r;;;
    oa
    nl

    ->
    w

    ➔ 7t
    Hence, the angle between a and b is
    do

    24.3 APPLICATIONS OF CROSS PRODUCT IN GEOMETRICAL PROBL S


    In this section, we shall use cross-product in proving some geomeb·K.il l"E'• ul•-
    Following examples will i!Justratl' tlw same.

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE S

    [ LEVEL-1 J
    EX -.MPLF , In a triangle ABC, prove by VPc/,11 meJhotf lhrt/
    a b c
    - - = - =-
    sin A sin B sin C
    -4- ➔ =--t-), --)-, ► ),
    SOLUTION Let BC= ri, ~~ = b and AlJ ~ r. Tht>n, I ,, I - ,,, I b _ t,
    Using triangle law of ~d1tion of vectors in MBC, we obtain •
    --> ➔ _,
    BC -+ CA ~ BA
    cAOSS PRODUCT
    ro~oR
    ~~c
    24,25

    r -
    b

    ":r-------S
    ,. n-B a"
    Fig. 24.16
    ... ➔ ➔
    a+li=-c

    m
    ... ➔ ➔ ➔
    a+b+c=O

    o
    ... ➔➔➔ ➔➔

    .c
    ax(a+b+c) =axO
    ➔➔➔➔➔➔➔
    [Taking cross-product on the left of both sidesl

    du
    axa+axb+axc=O
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

    oe
    ➔ ➔ -)
    ⇒ 11 x b =- nx c [·: ax a= OJ
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    ch
    ⇒ axb=cxn __(i)
    Again,
    te
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    a+b+c=O
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    m

    ⇒ bx(a+b+c)=bx.O
    fro

    ➔➔➔➔➔➔➔
    bxa+bxb+bxc=O ➔ -) ➔
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ [·: b x b =0I
    :, bxa+bxc=O
    d

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    de

    bxc=-bxa
    ➔ ➔ ➔ -> ... (ii)
    oa

    :, bxc =axb
    from (i) and (jj), we obtain
    nl

    ➔➔➔➔➔➔
    axb=bxc=cxa
    w

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ -:1 ..
    do

    I a x b I = I b x c I = I c ,. I -->I I I sin (n-B)


    ➔ ➔ ➔ -+ I 5111
    . (n-A) = c 11
    I aI I b I sin (1r -C) -= I b I I c • ( _ B)
    = ca S Ul 7(
    ab sin (1t -C) = be sin (1r -A)
    al:tsinC = be sin A= casinB

    -- sin C
    C
    ---
    sin B sin A
    = --
    a
    b

    - - = - - -.--z•
    a b := C /!) S1I\ 11 "'" ll 1 ,·1 is ~ I!
    /\ \ sin

    "" A
    sin z
    ''i\!.\Pti:_, B t sin
    b metho,I t/111/
    S11\
    IJ (Ji} ~Iii (/1 I . '"''~ ,1ti.llet i ,md / be
    (i} • ~ 'rove y vec or
    t 11,.,.,, •1' •
    s.J\ sin . ulOI' 11i1c6 '
    sin (A - B) = siJ.1 A cos B - co crJ'enJ1c
    S()l tualty P
    l!rtoN l OY be n-vo mu
    il\\i1 et OX and tivelY•
    "E!ctors along OX and OY respec
    m
    Y'

    o
    Fig.25.17

    .c
    LetOP and OQ be two vectors such that LXOP =A and LXOQ = B. Then, LPOQ =A _

    du
    (i)
    •
    Ora" PL ... OX and QM J_ OX. Let "
    k be the u.nit vector along Z-axis.

    oe
    ln MJPL, we have
    0L =OP cos A, PL = OP sin A In !lOPL, w e hav
    ch
    OL =OP
    6P = oi. _[J,
    te

    ,
    C = OP= IOPcosA)i+(OPsinA)j
    m

    In aOQM, ·.-.•e have


    OM = OQ cos B, QM = OQ sin B
    fro

    •
    OQ - OM -MQ
    ➔ , "
    d

    ::::;. OQ - !OQ cos BJ i + (OQ sin B) j


    de

    From u) and (ii), we obtain "" C'Q=(


    OP ,. OQ f<OP cos A) i + (OP sin A) j} x { (OQ cos B) i+ (OQ sin B) 7' F ~ (, IL"ld i:)
    oa

    =
    t.1P , ciQ
    i El);}
    nl

    61> / OQ = OP OQ {(cosA)i + (sm A)7} x {(cos B) + (sin


    ~
    oP'< Oi'.!
    w

    01, / OQ = OP OQ { cos A s111 B (/ " j) + sin A cos B (} x /)}


    do

    -::::- -- O-·
    L)P x
    f)P / OQ - OP OQ j[u,-,1\sinBk' - sinAco~Bk"}
    6P, o~
    = o}, / OQ (JP (JQ fn,s A in 11 6 u1 A, ,1,; H} k
    ~

    Also, (;JJ I 'J{j I 6111 (A JJ) I k)


    = OP , OQ (J/' UQ ill (I\
    From (iii) and /iv), Wt nl llun
    ,
    OP·UQ sm (A lf)k r IP <J(._) (Mn 1\ , ,,., l/ /1 ,
    sin (A - BJ ;,in A cc,s " C<ts ,111 1l) • OP,O
    ., c:r, A r.111 H.
    Sin (A+
    24.27
    t
    M that aop A and LXOQ = B. Then. LQOP = A + B.
    IY

    - -X

    om
    .c
    du
    • a

    oe
    111•d"•I '
    ,,
    ch
    I ( / I I II f

    1 ~
    te
    (

    (1) • (i)
    ( ;}, (I I I NI A
    m

    ~l)\,1.'•l \It hJ\


    fro

    c>M <•iJ " i .

    (II) <'Q < t, • t. '" ..(ii)


    d
    de

    JQ\I I-< ' [


    A
    11,m {1). nd \II ,..,.. ubta
    OQ~ B)JJ
    oa
    nl

    'IQ
    w

    Acti5 B(J" 1)
    do

    cr OQ .A

    ,r oo 00!' ...(iii)
    24.28

    @VEL-21
    EXAMPLE 3 Prove by vector method that the parallelogram 011 the s11me base and be
    parallel$ are equal in area. 1ll>ee~ ~
    11
    SOLUTION Let OACB and OAED be parallelogrnms on the same baseOA and b " ··
    ➔ , ➔ ➔ e,vvepn th
    parallels OA and BE. Let OA - 11 and OR - /1. •

    .
    R D C
    '
    . '

    .
    '
    '

    T. \ ',
    ',
    .
    .•, '
    ..
    '

    '•.,.._ _____ '


    ~

    m
    0 ll A V

    o
    Flg , 24. 19

    .c
    -~ ➔ ~ ➔ >
    Since BD is parallel to OA. TI,ere.fore, Bu =xOA = x a for some scalar x.

    du
    1n tlOBD, we have
    OB -'- BD =OD
    oe
    [Using triangle
    ➔ ➔ SOLL•ION
    = OD= t, +xa
    ch
    Now,
    te
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    Vector area of parallelogram OACB = OA x OB= ax b
    and,
    -
    m

    = 6A. OD = a
    Vector area of parallelogram OAED x.
    -
    fro

    =ax(b+xa)
    ➔ ➔
    =~o,, a

    .... ➔ ➔ -►
    d

    = a. xb+x(axa) ..l
    de

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ·►
    =axb = O]
    [·: 11 x a
    = .l
    oa

    From (ii) and (ill), we obtain


    Vector area of paraJJelogramOAED -= Vector area of parallelogrnm OACR ~ ~
    nl

    LXA.'11. 1 ,; IfD, E, Fare the mid-points of the sides UC, CA a11d AB respectively d,1 trWh
    prove by vector met/1od that ~ .
    w

    "%

    1 :::,
    do

    Area of b.DEF ~ ( Area of MHC). 1<'


    4
    • • ~
    I<'
    SOLUTI0'.'-1 1 aking A as tlw origin, lt>t the position vectors nf Band C lw b ,md ' 1'''f"'
    1 •>1> I'
    TI,en, the position VP< ton; of LJ, L ,ind F ai·e ( /, t , )
    ,· mid /, r,•spt•, ti\ <'II · ""> 1
    2 '2 l
    )
    ~
    l , I h
    DE= l'V. off P.V. of/) I ('
    (/1 I C-)
    /1
    2 ].

    and, DF = P. V of F I' V llf/ J


    I ,
    /,
    I > > ,. 1
    2. ( /1 I I )
    2 2
    >
    Vector area of Ll.D[:{- /1 \ '
    I ( /> )( l )
    " H
    .
    -
    Il(b)
    o(f; :;) C(()

    Fig. 24 20

    Vector area of fl.DEF l { l (AB ' } 1

    m
    4 2 ,.. AC) = (Vecto, area of MBC/
    4
    1

    o
    Hence, Area of t:,DEF =
    Area of M BC.

    .c
    4
    r , Using vectors: Prove that ifa, b, care the lengthsof lhreeside5ofa triangle, then 1:sarea 6

    du
    ~git•"ll~yA=,/s(s-a) (s -b) (s -c) , where2s=a+b+ c.
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

    oe
    --:t.. -, ..., -,: --
    9)LUTI0:-J Let BC=a, CA =b andAl:i=c. Then,IBC l=JaJ=a,ICAJ= bl=i:and
    ➔
    ch
    AB=lci=c.
    Symangle law of addition of vectors, we obtain
    te
    ➔ ~ ➔
    BC +CA= BA
    --1 -, ➔ t.
    m

    a+b=-c
    fro

    ➔ ➔ ➔ -➔
    ::, a+b+c =O
    !\Q;<,•, -
    C

    1 ....
    d

    ➔
    f>= -I BC)( BA I
    de

    2
    6. =
    1 ➔
    -I b X-
    ~CI = -I1->-r
    b CI X B •
    oa

    2 2
    nl
    w

    :::. [lJsing Lai,-.uig" - identih I


    do

    • •
    II
    ,; t I
    24.30
    2
    16-62
    ➔ ➔ { ➔ 2 ➔ 2 -➔ 2}
    =4lbl2 1cl 2 - lbl +l ei -lal
    ⇒

    ⇒
    16 6.2 = (2bc)2 -(b2 + r2 -a2) = (2bc ➔ 1,2 + c2 a2) (2bc bi • c2 t 112)

    ⇒
    16 t,2 = {<z, + c)2 -a2 } {ri2 -(b -c) 2 } =- (11 + c + a) (b + c -a) (a+ b C)(
    a b 'Cl
    16 t.2 = (2s) (2s 2a) (2s - 2c) (2s 2b) - 16 s (s - a) (s I!) (s - c)
    64 = s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)
    ⇒

    ⇒
    ,--;--
    ti.= ✓ s (s - a) (s
    - ---
    b) (s - c)

    EXERCISE 24 l

    m
    LEVEL-1
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

    o
    I\ I\ I\ I\ I\
    l . If a = i + 3 i - 2k and b =- i + 3k, find I a x bI-

    .c
    ➔ /\ A ➔ /\ /\ /\ ➔ ➔
    2. (i) If a = 31 + 4 j and b = i + j + k , find the value of I a x b 1-

    du
    (ii) If 1 = 2i ➔ k, b = i + j k, T find the magnitude of "ii x b.

    oe
    /\ /, A /\1\t
    _. I:
    3. (i) Find a unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors 4 i - j + 3 k and - 2 i + j- 2.\ 21. If a =1-
    ch
    ➔ I\ /\ /'
    (ii) Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing the vectors a = 2 i + j - biru: -,
    " lf and
    ...
    te
    ➔ I\ I\ I\ 11
    b = i+ 2j'- k. having~=
    ➔ I\ A /\ I\ I\
    m

    4. Find the magnitude of vector a "" ( 3 k + 4 j) x (i + _j - k ).


    fro

    ➔ I\ I\ I\ ➔ A /\ /\ ➔
    5. 1f a = 4 i , 3 j + k and b = i -2k, then find I 211 x a I,
    ➔ " /\ I\ ➔ I\ I\ I\ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    6.1fa=3i-j-2kandb =2i+3j + k, find(a+2b)x(2 a-b}.
    ax
    d

    !4. Defir:e
    7. (i) Find a vector of magnitude 49, which is perpendicular to both the vectors 2 i + 3; 6' - -_,,_.,
    de

    !5. If a
    , A A
    and 3i-6j +2k.
    oa

    !6. Fmdtheare

    (ii) Find a vector whose Jength is 3 and which is perpendicular to the vector -; " 3 7+ -I ~- (i) Let 7 =
    nl

    ➔ A A A
    and b =6i +5j-2k. perpen
    w

    8. Find the area of the parallelogram determined by the vectors : (ii' let ,
    do

    • I_ 1. /\ I\ A A A
    h) 2' and 3 J (ii) 2 i + j + 3 k and j j
    1.
    .. " t, I· /\ I'- A A A /\ /\ A A , ~
    ( 111)

    9. find
    3r+J-2kandi-3j+4k
    th;
    (iv) i 3j+kandi+j+A.
    a~ea of;he para~elogram whosP dlag01111 1s ME.-! :
    [(II"
    ..
    a~3i~2,
    ,\

    (•tJ 4 r' I' - 3k and • 2 / + // 2kA A A A, A A


    (li) 7.i t k anJ j + j ... k
    :i.},.
    Usmgvec

    ~
    I
    (iii) 3 i + 4 j and i t ,·
    t:
    I

    ':
    t/,1

    /', f
    1 k
    /·.. /, ,-
    (i' v} 2 '>/ ~
    I , 1 / I In all,1 .1 I
    ~ " " , 1·
    (, I I -~
    '

    t
    ,
    I
    ,o [f -; "'2 'l'
    11
    10. If a =2t +5/-7k, /1 _ 3/ 1 4/',' k ,•ttc l ,' "1 .41 , "
    ,I.I-, U)1\W llh' ( 1/' ~ /•)'' P,tra llelogr
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    •
    1 (
    ax(bx c) and veri fy that theB<'iln• 110 1 P<tu,il. 1 t ll,e two a 1
    Ve(:torpara
    11. 1f I a' I = 2, I b I=5 and I tT x bl $, fincl ti ,;,
    ~ cAOSS pflOOUC
    C1Tr - - - - - - - - - - - - ~- - - - - --
    f\oR
    ,cfo
    1• 1" /\ /\41 24.31
    1=-(2i+3j+6k),b"'-(3i 6 '> "
    ,. GiveJ'l 7 7 - l + 2k),?,,, !. 610 " "
    1·' .... ded orthogonal system of unitv 7( + 2 i - 3k) / ",· k b .
    ..•hi '"'' ectors m' ' , , eing a
    -r· 1
    1-steP'· ➔ ➔ ➔ ~~e ·h
    ,S OW that 1 ,; -, '
    s, _. _13 \ b \ ==5 and a • b == 60 th f' ➔ ' , c tA al~o anr,th<'r

    ~
    !il ~I- '
    .
    ' en mdl
    ➔
    ax;;,~
    · d the angle between two vectors a ,md b . ➔ ➔
    1:.fJll ➔ -+ ➔ ' •fl a x b I=-;;. b
    ; x b == b x c * 0 , then show that 1 + 7 _ ➔ ·
    1,, U ,.. ➔ ➔ m I, , Where m15
    ·
    ➔I .,2,I b \ e:7 and a x b == 3 i + 2 1. + Gk' £'md the angle betwany scalar.
    A " -

    ,, ! I ,1 -• ➔
    ·· f , ➔ ➔ 7 d eenaandb
    ,: wt atinference can you raw tf a x b = u and-; . = O•
    .., ➔ ➔ hr ·
    b
    I <lC.lcRTI
    If a, b, c are t ee wut vectors such that x
    tS- ➔ ..,
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ _, 1 b .,
    c ' b " c = a, c x a = b . Show that

    m
    :• • ' c form an orthonormal right handed triad 0 f urut. vectors

    o
    11
    r; da unitvectorperpendiculai;to the plane ABC h th ·

    .c
    11· '.4(3, -1,2), B(l,-1, - 3) and C (4.,-3,1). ,were ecoordinatesofA,BandCare
    •~If a, b, c are the lengths of sides, BC, CA and AB of a tria l ABC prove that

    du
    · st +CA+Af!=Oanddeducethat -a- = _b_ = _ c_ nge '
    sin A sin l3 sinC ·

    :i. lf -¼a" t:1- 2t:J + 3k", and ➔


    oe
    b =2"1 + 3"-J - 5/\k.-, then find
    - a x b . Verify that ➔
    4
    a and ➔
    ax➔
    b are
    4
    ch
    perpendicular to ead1 other.
    p q
    :;, If and are unit vectors forming an angle of 3!l?(find the area of the parallel~am
    te

    ~➔➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ . . ..:".
    =2 p + q as its diagonals; 1 ➔ ➔ ➔➔
    having a = p + 2 q and b
    m

    . --..- ·

    ,. _. ➔ _ - ➔ ➔ 2 la . a 11. b
    "'· For any two vectors a and b, prove that.I a--!' b. J ""' ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    fro

    b , a b.b
    ... ... ➔ ➔

    .. D-~- ➔ ➔ \➔ ➔b \ (➔ b) tan 8 where eis the angle between o and b -


    d

    ➔
    -~ <une ax b ➔
    and prove ➔ ➔ =. a·
    that ax ➔ ➔' [CS:,£11
    1
    1.,' I
    de

    c
    ~
    11 If 1, a \=,l26,lbl=7and\ax bl=35,finda .b .
    '
    " " "=t. ~ ~ ,
    rhenOA=i+2j+'.3k,OI:S=-3l-:l J -k-
    oa

    • FindtheareaofthetriangleformedbyO,A,B-w /\ " " 1 •hlch '·


    "k 1-: r· ➔ " A /) ➔ ': 0 7 A d 1, = 2 i - j + 4k. Find.a vector w is
    nl

    .i) Leta=i+4j+2k,b =31-2J+ kan C"S<:"Olu~Ol'.!.. ~01' ,c1.;R l1


    ➔ - 15 I u " - ' d
    -➔
    ...
    perpendicular to both d and b ar1 d" c · :i
    w

    · t: t; " find a vector whi.:h is


    I:: ➔ /\ /\ /\ ➔ /\ /\ d C "'3 l + ,-k.
    do

    \IJ) Let a =4i+5J'-k b "'i- 4j+Sk all I• 11-.[ :01!-


    '
    ➔ -+ -t-+ 2
    b d d · 11 = 1. ·> ... d ' °t h '"'
    perpendicular to both c and an the vectors n 1, an " " '
    11 F' 8 ach of
    llld a unit vector perpendicular to l• 11"1: Lllt
    --> I\ I\ I• ➔ I\ " k" ~) /l( \ ~, 11\,lll<lC\~ !\\
    ,, a=3i+2 ·+ kand b=i+2j-2 • ,1ces,A(21 3, • ,, [1ll"l ' lll 1IJ
    1 2
    '~. Us·Ing vectors-find the area of the triang
    . le with ver
    11, I t\i,• ,11,•,1 ,,t th,
    I' J\ Ihrf" v,~wtij, II

    'Ill. U --. '> /\ ,, ➔ " A -~ - 1.1· k ar0


    a,.2,-3J'+k / b=-i+k,C- t ~
    . d(l1' ►)
    I (' ' ' " "
    1k.' I ,nd th,• uiut
    ParallelogramhavingdiagoJ1-ats(11< 1,)i!•I A 4/1'iA,111dl ~} l• ll ">f lll
    l1, 1'h I >I gram t1IC 2 I 11 ' I
    ''e e two adjacent sides of a paral le ~1~o, fl ,d it~ ' •• •
    8
    ctorparallel to one of its diagona '
    24.32 MATfiE.,
    "'Ai1, -ro~O~
    -➔ =➔ "ec
    _ If either a o or ➔ -> -~ ➔ ➔ 1
    b = o, then a x b = 0. Is t 1e converse true? Justify your ans1ve
    •
    32
    example. r~I 16 we]:l~
    ➔ " •➔ ~ ~
    " "
    33• If a = a1 i + ,12 ;· + a3 k' b
    ➔ ➔ --➔ ~ ➔ ~
    • 0 0
    li1 I + /12 I + b3 k and c - c1 , I- '2 J
    >
    " "
    1 k, the1, Ve
    ,~,

    -fll I
    ~ I j
    a x(b + c) - ax b+ ax r. 1 -:::>I
    :a. Using vectors, fu,d the area of the triangle with vertices: \• i1 (1, 1, 2), f, '
    C (1, 5, 5) (ii) .A (1, 2, 3), B(2, -1, 4) and C l4, 5, - 1). ,:, l,
    ICB<;F ?Ol 1, 2020, NCERT E>:r\l
    ~5. Find all vectors of magnitude IO.J3 that are perpcn<licular to U1e plant• of~ 2
    " 3 "j-.. 4k.
    -i+ " I
    INCIJR f fXE\t
    /\AA /\/\f\

    36. The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 2i-4i-5k and 2i I 2j4 3k fro,J

    m
    unil vectors parallel to its diagonals. Using the diagonal vectors, find th,. ~r•,

    o
    parallek1gram. , IC- 5 But, a
    ➔~ --4, ➔ ➔ ~

    .c
    37 lfl axli1 2 + l11•bl 2 -=400and\al=5,U1cn writethevalucoflb\. 'CBSE
    A A /\ /\ Z7 i; is

    du
    I\ /\

    38. lfOi.stheangle between two vectors i-2 j+ 3 k and 3 i-2 j ~ k, finds1110. :cBSE
    ANS'

    oe
    1
    1. , 91 2. li) ../26 (ii) ..,(6
    ch 3. (i) -
    3
    (-i + 2 • - ' and b
    I\ ,•

    5• .JS04 6. - 25 i - 35 I l'
    te

    h /\ I\ A /\ A
    -. (i) 42 i , 14j-21k (ii) 2 i-2j+ k 8. (i) 6 sq. units (ii) 3 .J3 sq unir.5
    m

    (iv) 4 .J2 sq. units ,.'-'• (''


    1 1 -15 .
    . sq. umts (u") -ff, sq. uros
    ·,
    fro

    (iii) 10./3 sq. urnt~


    2 2
    ... --/26
    (111) -
    .
    bq. uruts
    . ) 49 sq.
    (JV l.llUtS
    . 11. 6 13. 25
    d

    2 2
    n n . ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    de

    14 4 16. 6 17. either a = 0 or, b =0


    I\ I\ I\ ,,
    ~
    .
    Hen._
    oa

    19. .,\1 !lOi"


    -7" "
    j -4k) 21. i + 11 j + 7 k 22. - sq. iuut-
    65 4
    .5 A/\ ~ l'
    nl

    25. 7 26. 3../5 sq. units 27 (1) -( 32i-j+l4k) (iil ,( 1 1-'


    3 •' \3
    w

    "'-,c"" 3J /')- ',· - 2'J- lk) 2".


    ., ✓2f sq.units 30.
    1 '
    '121 sq. units
    do

    2 2
    3 '. r, '· 2 ' ,-
    31 7 , 7 J+ 7 I,' 11 ,15 "4 umts
    ✓274
    14 1iJ ✓61 •'l 111111,, h1) .
    2 "'I llllll~ 11'1. I l U(i
    /\
    i' I Al
    "
    2 1
    I ' I
    1 i / ti f
    ,6, 1/1 ,J ,I• . ' j
    ~ (j "r, ir, I
    I
    '
    /.' "Hl1 ~,, 11111h

    HINTS TO NCt RI & Sl.L CT OP V


    14, We l1a'ol1.
    --> ~ J ., :,, ,

    111-<u l II 11 ~ I I/ l I ,,I ', II I O I II•1 l/•!111~11


    • ,11 1 l) \. l l:O+ (l
    15. We have•,
    ...,. -., ., ►

    a X /J · /i.,: C

    ⇒
    •
    C X /1
    • > ( II► I 1• ) x /,' • ► • +
    I) ~111
    , 11 1,
    24.33

    L"f I ➔<ixll\=la(lblsin
    ► ► -,
    O
    x7xsin 0=7 ➔ ➔ .
    -::> 2 [·: la l=2and lbl ..,7(Given)J
    1 1t
    sin0==
    ~ 2 ⇒0 =
    6
    17, We have,
    ➔➔➔ ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔)

    m
    ax b == 0 ⇒ a = O or, b ""O or, all b an1,l, a• b :0::;;> 1 = O or, b = O or, ri l. b.

    o
    But, 1 cannot be both perpendicular as well as parallel to b. l'herefore, 1 =Oor, b = O

    .c
    ➔ 0 '; A ➔ A /\ A -), .~ A ·l\ ➔
    . It is given that a= 1 + 4]+ 2k, b = 31 -2} +7k, c, = 2i -j + 4k and a vector dis

    du
    17
    ➔ ➔ ➔➔ ➔ . ➔
    perpendicular to both a and b such that c , d =15. Since d'is p,trpeL,diC!!-lar to both a

    oe
    ➔ -) ➔ '
    and b. So, it is parallel to a x b .
    ch
    A A A
    j k i
    te
    A (> • • /\ • '
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    d=X.(axb) =1 1 4 2 = 1, (32 l - j ~14~); f~r so,f'\e,sfalar L
    ' . .
    3 -2 7
    m
    fro

    ➔➔
    it is given that c • d =15
    A /\ /\ A /\ /\
    d

    ⇒ (2i-j -'- 4k) •11.(32i-j-14k)


    de

    5 AA A
    H.ence, d =- (32i -j - 14k)
    oa

    3
    "k
    nl
    w
    do

    ,.
    24.34 MA11-1e~,~l1c
    MULTIPLE CHOICE OUEsrio s.,
    Mark t~ correct alternative in each ofthe following: Ns (~~,
    ➔ 0 2 (➔ (➔ k)2 _
    l.fiiisanyvector,then(a x 1) + a x 0)2
    J + ax -
    2
    (a) it 2 (b) 2 it 2 (c) 3 ir (d) 4 it 2

    Ifa➔ •b➔ =a-can


    ➔ ➔ d.ax
    ➔ b➔ =a
    ➔ xc,a
    ➔ ➔ *,
    0then
    rheva
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ( ➔ ➔ ➔
    o
    (a) b =c (b) b = 0 c) b + c = (d) none of these (a) 0
    ➔ ➔
    1' lf0i.S
    A A
    The vector b =3 i + 4 k is to be written as the sum of a vector u parallel to ii' "'; ~ 1
    · I ar~, (a) 0
    -

    m
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    vector ~ perpendicular to a . Then CJ. = t'' Ifl al =

    o
    3"" 2"" l A /\ l A /\ (a) 5

    .c
    (a) -(i + j) (b) -(i + j) (c) - (i + j) (d) -( i + j)
    2 3 2 3 1.

    du
    I\ I\ /\ ~

    -l Theunitvector perpendicular to the plane p<1ssing through points P ( i - j+ 2k),Q (2·1

    oe
    I\ I\
    and R (2J '"-k) is
    ch
    (a) 2 i + j +k
    I\ ;,.., I\
    17''""
    (b) v6(2i+j+k) (c) .f6(2i+j + k) (d)
    1 """ 1 (2i"+" "
    j+k)
    6
    te

    ..... ➔
    'i. If a , b represent the diagonals of a rhombus, then
    m

    ➔➔➔ ➔➔ ..... ➔
    {a) a x b =0 (b) a • b =0 (c) a , b =1
    fro

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ...:,
    Vectors a and b are inclined at angle 0 =120°. If I a I =1, I b I == 2, tr,·
    ..
    ~
    "
    [ii, j
    .r,.
    d

    ➔ ➔ ➔ --+2
    [( a + 3 b) x ( 3 a - b)] is equal to
    de

    (a\ "i.
    (a) 300 (b) 325 (c) 275 (d) 225
    oa

    ➔ ~",·" ➔ ~":A ➔ /\ :?l


    If a= 1 + J -k, b =-1 + 2J + 2k and
    A.A
    c = - i + 2j - k, then a unit vector nornialti: ~· The
    .....
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ 01,,::
    nl

    vectors a + b and b - c is
    (a) 3
    w

    /\ /\ A
    (a) i (b) j (c) k (d) n011C of these
    do

    lb)
    II A
    um't vector perpendi cular to both Aj + /\j and /\j -~kA Is 10. (b)
    /'/'I' Al\/\
    l<J (d)
    (a)i-j-,.k (b)i 4 j+k (c)Jg(i~/ +k)
    ~ ✓• '·'-~/'·I\ I'
    If a =2 1 - i ~ 4 J' _
    3 J- k and /J 2 k' l·l1<'11 II• X /J► IA
    1 The
    I /, '- A
    (a) IO i + 2 j j , 11 k (c) j ·I 11A \ . , 1£1-;;'
    t 11 k (b) 10 i 1 1 10 / 3 1 ·
    -1 tll~
    I' <\ I
    lf ·;
    If i, j, k are unit vectors, llw11
    /\ I, A /·.
    {a) i • j =I (b) i . i A I\ /\ ¾cl
    (d) i X (j )< k) =' I t
    If 6 is the angle between the vectors 2 i _2 ':'I 1 4 "k and 3 "i + "f + 2 "k, then sin () -
    (a ) 3
    2
    (b) ✓7
    2
    (c) ~
    1.
    7 (d) {iff
    ~ oF!cROSS ppr,oocr- - - - - - - - - - - ,- - --=::i;;;.:iiili'iiiiiiii•
    ,lcfOfl
    I ➔➔

    ' !fl a)( bI= 4. I I a . b I= 2, then I -; I 21 b 2


    24.35
    1,• (b) 2 I "'
    (a) 6 ➔ ➔2 (c) 20
    ,evalue of ( a x b) is (d) 8

    t),
    11
    (a) I a •
    I;
    ➔ 12 ... 12 -(;. &)2
    (b) I ➔ 2 ...,
    ➔12 +I t12 -2(ti · b) 11 2
    ,q I 1- (d · b)l
    (c)\a I'-:":" ": " " " (d)l1\2+lb\2 _-> ➔
    n,e value of 1 • (J x k) + J • ( i x k) + k . ( ": . a · II
    t4, Q (b) -l I X ] ), \S
    ~ ~l
    . IfOistheanglebetweenanytwovectors ➔ ➔ (d) 3
    ' (a) 0 (b) 1t/ 4 a and b, then I "J b\ I ..., •
    (c) it/2 · "' ax blwhen8isequalto
    a ➔ ➔ ➔➔
    ➔•
    (d)
    ur,1\"10,I b\ =2and a- b =12,,then the value of\ d X

    m
    1t

    (a) 5 f (b) 10 . (c) 14 b\1s


    (d) 16 I,., ·, TE, V 1.

    o
    . Toe ,.,number o vectors of urut length perpend·icu1ar to the vector5 Ii, "'2 Ai ..- Aj+ 2k;:. and

    .c
    "

    du
    /\
    k)
    b=j+kis
    (a)➔one ➔ (b~ tw: (c) three (d) infinite\"1C'ERT EXl':MPLAR

    oe
    !f\ai"S,\bl =3and I ax b\ = 12, thenthevalueofci•b is
    (d) none of these
    {a) 6./3 (b) s-13 (c) 12-13
    ch
    [CBS£ 2020, NCl::RT EXE "1" AR
    • ➔ Af\/\ ➔ /\r,I\
    The vectors from origin O to the points A and Bare a = 2 i - 3 j +2 k and b = 2 i+ 3 j ~ -~
    te
    q

    respectively, then area of triangle OAB is (d) -~✓229


    ✓229
    m

    (a) 340 (b) .J'iS (t) 2


    [NCEP.,. E \ .r· 'l'LAR
    fro

    .en
    .JJ. If i, i, k
    are unit vectors along three mutually perpendicular directions, then
    i.k ix k
    d

    a)~": - 1 (b) ": ": _ (c) ,.Q (d) =0 ,~R~E 1.02 ~


    !.]- tXJ - 1
    de

    . - > I\
    A and )3 whereOA=i+2j+3k " "
    and
    (
    0
    The area of the triangle formed by vernces • '
    oa

    ➔ /\ A /\
    OB:-;i-2j+kis ,,: (c) /§sq. units (d) 4sq.units ~ 1-.i:w::o
    5✓5 sq. units 6
    nl

    (a) 3,,5 sq. units (b) . I.I (c) NSIVEFlS


    'l (b)
    (a) 7 (b) I~ (c)
    I> (a)
    w

    (d)
    4 (c) 1.,. (b)
    (a)
    do

    (b; (a) o
    (b)
    (b) (b) 1. (c) ., 1"Hf' BLANKS TYPE au ST/ON I B
    ,9. (dJ u (c) (a) , ,.
    # I' l

    ·····••;.. ,
    24.36
    ➔ -► ➔ ➔
    t,. If a ➔
    =i - I\ I·
    j and b
    ➔ ,.. I
    =J + k , then I a x b I + a • b 12 -- •·, .. ··· •· •.. •· •·· .......... .
    ": 2
    ➔ -> 11 2 '~2 ➔ 11 2 ➔ 2
    7. For any non-:,:ero vector r , I r x I I + I r x 1 I + I r x k I ""J. J r I , then 1,:: ........
    ➔ ➔ ➔ • •••••••••
    8. u ,i, band care the position Vl'dors of lhL• verliresA, Band C respectiv1:>lvofa
    ➔➔➔➔ -·• ➔ • , Ma
    thatJ ax /1 + bx c + ex aJ-20, then area of /\J\BC 1s ................................... .
    ➔➔ ➔ ► ➔ >
    9. If a, 1, are two vectors such that I tl I =1, I b I = 2 and I a x b I"' .J2, then the ang1e
    ➔
    _.
    a and b is .. ........................ .
    ➔.... -~ ➔➔

    10. For any two non-collinear vectors a and b , the value of a • (ax b) is ..............
    ➔ ➔➔ -,-,

    m
    ......
    11. If a and b are h\'O non-zero non-collinear vectors such that! ax b I = 1 and! 11 • b

    o
    .+ ➔ z.t. If a an
    ::he angle between a and b is ......................... .

    .c
    ➔➔ ➔ ➔ ->--,-,,-, zi.Ua is
    11. H three point!:, with position vectors a, b and c are collinear, then ax b + bx c + r, ;

    du
    ...... .
    2.3 Lf c1S
    - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - -_,ANS

    oe
    ➔ ➔
    1 2. 3 3. iT 4. b x a 5. Two 6. 4
    ch
    2
    10, -0 11. 1t . 9 7t
    12. 0 31t
    te
    8. 10 sq:urut:s • - or -
    4 4 6
    _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS(VS
    m

    ,"'..r.;,-wer each of the following questions in one word, or one sentence-or as per exact reqw.mr.,11r •
    fro

    ~:iestian· 26.
    1 Dei~"1e vector product of two vectors. .,..
    d

    11,f,1/\.
    2- \'\lr,te the value (ix j) •k + i • j.
    de

    3 \\':r.tethe \alu,~of i.(j


    I' I\.
    Y
    / I /,
    k) ~ j .(k xi)+ k .(j xi).
    I\ I\ A, I\

    - ....
    oa

    I I I I ~ A A A A N
    4.. Wntethevzlueof 1 (jxk1+j.(kxi)+k.(ixj).
    nl

    I /I' I I/ 1\1\_/\
    5 W!'.tethevalueof i-,,: (j+ k) t j (k1- i) + k x (i + j).
    w

    Y
    \Vnte
    do

    ➔
    f. V-. nte the eYprt!5~ion for the area of the parallelogram having ; and ,; ,\, ,t, ,h,1~•· .:i.ndb
    7. F,,r an} two \i•rtors a' and b wnte lhe value or (,; . /i)2 . I ,i', /;I.:. 111 t,•1,,1" ll \Vr,te
    magmt,;dt"'>
    7 .. f:, .
    8 Ha and b arntwuvect11rti,,fJJlil1!11Jlmi1•~'1~nt"
    " ,, •• ., j"' 11•t1p1•,·1·I\ l' I\ Slil I\ 1l,1t
    • ' '
    2. l
    vect<,r Write th, ar t)t• lwtw, r ,, ,/ 1111J 1,'
    9. u I aI in, 1,•
    1 0. For any two v1:d 1,r1; £1' and /1,
    • hruJ '
    11 / /, ,. ,: '
    1
    -7 -,
    11. If a and b are tw" v,,l11 ,, ~u, h 1h.it I ,;" /;I r.., • '
    ,J,l ,li!l1 If , /I
    ' ► '
    12. For any th.rec vec.tors t1, /, ,ind , wntl' llw ""I tu~ n - , J.a
    1
    13. For any r.vo vectors a' a11<Jb'I
    1 ind ( 11' )< ' 1/,
    b).
    """""If oflCffV;,-..~•--- - - - - - - - - - - ~- --=:;;;a=!ll
    roR
    1EC /\ " /\
    .. the value of ix (j x k). 24.37
    \~rile A ➔ A
    ,i " ~ 'lk d I . A /\
    ,.,_3i-J+ .. an '=2t+j-kth
    ,~ lf ~ - , en find X b) (a >
    ·· , a 1uut vector perpendicular to ~ + 0 0 " ll ·
    ti• 11/rtte -+ , ...., -> 2 -• I <Ind/ + k.
    -',di!-+ ( n. l1) =144 and I a I"'~ r· I~>
    i'., 1/1'7 ' ,, " 'ind 1,1 .
    . ... _ 1.; + t/ i +::k, then write the ,~' ue t' ~ A
    1~ It r -· ~· . ru. o 1 r x ; I2.
    -+ and i, are urut vectors such that -;; x b .
    I'· II ,l lS also a Unit"' .
    -+ ector, find the angle between -;
    .ind ~
    -4
    't Ii; and b are two Yectors such that I--;. Iii =I ii x bl . ►
    " , -4 • ' wnte the angle between a and b.
    .. If~ and 1, are urut vectors, t11en write the value f I ➔ -b► 2 ➔ ➔

    m
    "" o nx I + ( a.b,2.
    -' . l tl ➔ ';> ➔A

    o
    f\
    .. If ,1 is a unit ,·ector sue 1. 1at a x 1 =- j, find a . ; .
    -·

    .c
    ;,, lJ --; is a unit vector
    ,. perpendicular to the vectors 1 and 7J, wnu:o
    ·•- anothe r urut. vector

    du
    ➔ ➔
    perpendicular to ,1 and b .
    .> ->

    oe
    :, Find the angle between two vectors a and b with magnitudes 1 .and 2 respectively and
    ) ➔ Ti
    \\'hen I a" b I=-- 3.
    ch
    [CBS£1POQ
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ,-;:; ➔
    ':i foctors a and b are such that I a I = -v 3, I b I=2 and( --'►ax -cftq}is,a unit vector. Wn•te theang1e
    te

    3
    between--; and b. .. ICBSE 20 ...u,
    m

    ' 1o. " " " " ➔ {CBS£ 2010'


    fro

    "' Find,,,if(.:''+6,i+l4k)x( i-t.j+7k) = 0. " ,..


    ,. · · . d te mined by ihe vectors 2 i and 3 /
    · Wrile the w,lue of the area of the parallelogram · .e r . . [CBSE 1012
    d

    AA/\/\/\ ~.
    [CBS~ 21'1 ~·
    de

    - \\ritetheYalueof(i x j) · k ~ (j +- kLJ . . e findicular to both of the \'ectoTS


    ?II Find a vector of magnitude ll71 which is p rp [CBSE ?O 5
    oa

    -; t,. I I\ ➔ A /\ A A

    a =i+ 2j- 3k and b = 3 i- j+ 2k. . both the vectors; ~2/ + j+ :!. k


    ~ . th erpendicular to
    nl

    Write the number of vectors of unit Jeng P lCBS£ Wlb]


    w

    ➔ 1, A
    ond b = j +k. .,. -• ➔ lCl:IS.L:!Ol I
    do

    lt ,., . -, x b and b >< 11 ·


    nntetheangle between the vectors /I ANSWERS

    ----
    2l
    3. 1
    4. 3
    HI I)
    I\
    J' d l l
    .
    t>
    .l
    '· I ; 12l t 12 9, t 12 I (r
    I(,. I 'I
    13, if I nw,11111 1•',., (ttl '
    J5. N(J l? 0
    14. 0 ~I I
    ,r
    la, ..2 ' Z'f lf ~ I 1111i l~
    20, ~
    l r +z' 19. - Jt
    l , 2 2.6, ·- 3 J I , /1
    13
    lg
    ... (.,, - 11i" - 7k}",25. it/3
    '
    1 3(J. Z
    24.38
    MA, t,f~ 14
    A~IC)_
    ., 4
    ➔➔➔ ➔ ➔ ➔➔ . ➔ ' Ch,
    OBJECTIVE To verify ax ( b + c) = a x b + a x c for any three vectors 11 b➔ ....
    ' I C
    MATERIALS REOUIRE- 0 Drawing board/ cardboard, drawing sheet/ chart pa .
    pen, adhesive etc. per, Plltlcj
    ,r
    STEPS or CONSTRl CTION
    STEP I Take a c-ardboard and a chart paper. Fix chart paper on the cardboard
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    SHI' II Draw QA = a , OB= b and BC = c as shown in Fig. 24.22.
    $11J;. l 1 Draw perpendiculars BL, CM and BN.
    STEP T\ Complete parallelograms OAPC, OAQB and BQPC as shown in Fig. 24.22

    -~
    25.1 INT

    m
    Leta,b
    alphabe -

    o
    .c
    du
    u: :he pr

    oe
    0 L ,tM A
    ch .:,roduc.:
    Fig. 24.22 meanin_
    because
    te
    STEPS OF f'f~l"'\NSTRATION
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔- -➔
    1n triangle OBC, OB + BC = OC ⇒ Ff + c = OC
    m

    ➔ ➔➔ ➔ ➔ ' .
    i a x ( b + c )I = IOA x OCI =Area ot parallelo.grahl. OAP'C
    fro

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ . - '"ector. 1
    c. _pm I a x b I =IOA x OBI = Area of Ra,tallelogram OAQB.
    d

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔, - 25.2 SC
    de

    ax c = IOAxBCI =I BQxBCl=Area'df parallelogramBQPC


    !\:ow, Area of parallelogram OAPC OE f!1
    =OA xCM
    oa

    P"Oducto
    =-OA x (CN + NM)
    Thus \,·
    nl

    =OA x (CN + BL)


    =OAxCN+OAx BL
    w

    =BQxCN ~OAx BL
    do

    = ~ea ~f pa~lle~gram BQPC + Are.\ of parallelogram OAQB Ca11s1der


    =axe +1a;;bl
    -, ~ ➔ ➔

    =I a >' b I - I a ,. c I

    The directions of each of thi, v@ctQl's


    plane of the paper,
    ➔➔➔➔,,.
    ence, a x ( b + c) a;( b + 11 -,,_ c .
    -> t -+ ► t \l'I.
    OBSEAVATIONS (i) a x ( b + c) 11 " b ' ' . ill ,,t
    multiplication over vcc.tor addition l ax c' 1s- J-.n cl wn a~ till' II.' f. I t 1·1st1-1Ln1lt'
    • ') -,. ➔ -) + ·¼ -► )> I
    (n ( b + c ) x a = I ax ( b + c ).I = [ n► • -+ ~
    . . 1
    x1-111xc
    which lS known as the right distributivity of v • 1
    , _. > •
    t1 I 11 •
    x ' x' ..
    ► . 1
    '"' 1 1 ',

    ecu>r product over vector add1h011·


    SCALAJtT
    L-- RIPLE PRODUCT

    ,, i INTRODUCTION
    ..... -t➔ .
    ...
    vt a, , b c be three .vectors. By mserting dot and cross betw ➔ ➔
    b ➔•
    al habetical order, we mtroduce the following products: een a, and c m the same

    m
    p ➔➔➔➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔➔
    (a-b)•c,(a•b)x c, (ax b)·c and(itx6)xi

    o
    .c
    ➔ -► ➔ ·➔ ➔
    "''" !he product (a· b) · c we observe that a . b is a scalar quantity and ➔ • a vector and d ot
    c ts

    du
    rroduct is defined between hvo vector quantities, therefore the product (it. b) .7 15 not

    oe
    meaningful. Similarly, theproduct(d- b) x 1 isnotm.eaningful.But,(li x b) -1 is meaningful,
    ➔ ➔. . . ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ·
    because ax b a vector and tts dot product w.1th c i.e. ( a x b_) . c is a scalar quantity. This
    ch
    is
    . ➔ ➔➔ ➔ ➔➔
    oroduct is known as the scalar triple product ol _a ,,,b, c . . The p roduct (ax b) x c is also
    te

    ➔ ➔ ·. . ➔ ' ➔ ➔ ➔ •
    meaningful, because ax b is a vector and its croJs-product \VJ.th c 1.e. ·(ax b ) x c 15 also a
    m

    . ' . ➔ ➔ ➔
    rector. This product is known as the vector triple proauct of 11:, b, c,
    fro

    2S2 SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT


    1, b' 1 Then the ~calar (1~ b). i
    d

    DEFINITION Let be three vectors. is called the scalaT triple


    de

    -+-+ ➔ ➔➔
    b ➔l
    ~uct of a, b and c and is denoted by [ a c ·
    oa

    1hus, we have
    ➔➔➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    [abc]=(axb)·C ➔➔ ...
    nl

    " LE PRODUCT Lei a ' b ' c be three t>ectors.


    4
    A - -> OJB = t .uid
    w

    <EOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF SCALAR TRIP


    Con . OA OB and OC suc/J that O - a ,
    do

    1
    sider a parallelopiped having coterminous edges "i( -:~

    /I
    -----------;;,I I
    I I / I
    / I I I C
    C 1 J.II________ ../
    1__ I
    /
    II
    I
    e I I I
    I I I
    I I I
    I I I
    I I I
    I I I
    I I I
    1B D
    I /'/
    I I
    I/
    I ()
    A
    25,2
    MA 'rt11:M~11~
    1.,.Afl i
    ) ► ► ➔ ➔ ➔ • 5CP.
    oc ,, 'f'llt'n, a x /1 is a vt-.•clor perpendicular to the pJane of a and b as shoWn in p·
    > > ► A + ➔ 1g, isl proPe1
    11> bl' thl' ans:;J<> bl'lW<'l'n r muf n x h . If t i is a unit vector along ax b, then $is · 1~ 131 ....
    A ►
    il1So th
    ,e •Jr,
    [a
    b<'I wwn ·q ,111d <" •
    Now, [a
    [ II' ,,' .,' I )
    ( ll ><
    ·> •
    /1 ) • C [
    A ►
    ⇒ I ,,' 1,' ,;' I (Art'O of the parallelogram OADB) 17 · c

    cl•
    )
    ► A +
    I ,, (Art'a of the parallelogram OADB) (ri · c)
    ⇒
    :)
    "
    I ,1' 1,➔ ,·' I ( /\re,, of the parallelogram OADB) I'Tl I I c I cos <I>
    A t

    I 1I► /,• cl►


    ➔
    (A re,, of the parallelogta.ID OADB) ( I c I cos <I>)

    m
    :>
    ➔
    l a' Ii

    o
    ⇒ l1 (/\rea ot the parallelogram OADB) (CL) (·: oc cos 1-

    .c
    ::>
    +
    lab
    '
    rl' (Arca of the base of the pa.rallelopiped)x (height)

    du
    ► -► .. ➔ ➔-,
    ~ I a /, c] Volume or the parallelopiped with coterminous edges a, b, c

    oe
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    nius, the scalar triple product [ a b c] rep.resents the volume of the parallelepiped w1i.:.ri
    PR0°ER
    > ➔➔
    ch
    ulll'rminoui- edges a, b, c form a right handed system of vectors. the cyclic
    l,i?., (
    te
    1 3 PR0PERr-- r r ., I I 1 ~IPLlc. PRODUC1
    ~

    •' . PROF' RTY I ff 7!, b, 1 are cyclically pennuted the value of scalar triple product remains sair.t
    m

    --➔➔ --+-> ➔ ➔➔➔


    1e.. (axb)-c=(bxc)•a =(cxa)•b
    fro

    ➔ ;4 ➔➔ -> - ►-,. ➔
    or, I a b cl= [b c al= [ c a b]
    --, ., .
    d

    )
    I.et a , b , c represent the coterminous edges of a parallelopiped such that th1:v !Of.'.'
    de

    right handt.>d ;ystem. 'lhen, the volume V of the parallelopiped is given by


    ' ► .. 't
    oa

    V(axb)c
    ' ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    nl

    (ll•arly, VPdo rs b, c, a a~ well as c I a, b form a right h anded


    ,;:str•m ()f V(•cton; and represent the coterminous edges of the smne
    w

    parall<'lopiped. Thnefore, '-"


    do

    , .,..., -,➔ -->


    In this c
    V ( b / , ) , a and V ( c x a) . b -►
    ('

    , , ;. ;- .., -,. .., -; .,.


    Ht·nn•, ( a / /J) 1 (/1xr.)•a (cxa)•b
    ,,, _,.,,. ,
    or, 11:t:cJ J/,ra l l c a/11
    1_ ,1 , 'J'/11', h11r1x1• 11/, ydir orlie, II["''"''"., 111 ,•,m/11,-1 111,/q,1,,du, ,1.-11,111,:,·, /It<' ~•/'I'
    l11plq1rodud /111/ 110/ 1/w 1,111,'{111/11;/,• •
    -;;, ).,, ,.,, , / >
    i.e. r1, 1, c 1 111 ,1 , 1 1, 1, " 1
    I" ' I> I
    W,· hav",
    ),. ,
    111 /J c l - (11
    ;
    ><
    ,
    /J) c
    . t-lei,ce,
    l>F1or,1,FI
    , -t ; ; > ,
    ⇒ Ia b c I (/ 1 " a) · c
    ➔ > -),
    ,. ►
    -->
    [a /J c l -- ((1, x (I) • <'}
    ~
    sc~L.AR
    TfllPLE PRODUCT

    I we have
    pi·oper tv, ,
    BY t1 Ii' 11 = [ t 111 25.3

    [i ii➔ ➔c] = (➔b x ➔c ) , -➔a


    [a' ->-+
    b c] = -( C x b) · a
    ➔ ➔➔ ->
    [·: lb
    ➔
    c dJ "' (b xi), a']
    -+ ~ ➔ ➔ ➔ ~ ➔➔
    ::i [a b c] = - {( c x b) - a)= - [ c b 11 r:"· ➔
    b...,
    "C=-(cxb)J
    ➔➔

    ~ ➔ ➔ - ►➔ ➔➔➔
    .
    Aga111,
    ta' b c] == [b C a] :: [ C a b] ...(ii)

    --,➔➔ ➔➔ ->
    [ab c)=(cxa)-b
    .... ➔➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

    m
    [ab c ] =- (axc)•b
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ~
    I... a= -( a

    o
    C X X (}]
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔➔ ->
    ::> [a b cl= -{(ax c )· b}=-[a c b ]

    .c
    ...(iii)
    From (i) , (ii) and (iii) , we obtain

    du
    ➔ ➔➔ --➔➔ -> ➔➔ ➔➔➔
    (a b c]= - [l1 a c ] "' - [ c b a]=- la c bl

    oe
    PROPERTY Ill In scalar triple pro_duct the posithms ofdot1ma cross can be interc/umged provided that
    1lir C11dicorder of tire vectors renuuns same.
    ➔➔➔➔➔➔
    ch
    •'
    le., (axll)•c = a·(bxc)
    1fillQr We know that
    te

    l ➔II -►b ➔c] = [ ➔


    b ➔
    c ➔
    a
    ) [By Property I)
    m

    ➔➔➔ ➔➔➔
    ⇒ (axlJ)·c=(bxc)•a
    fro

    .., ➔ ➔ ➔ --> ➔ [Using conuJ1utath•ity of dot product on RHS]


    ⇒ ( a x b) · c = a · ( b X c) . if am; 1100 oftllem a,re equal.
    PROPERTY IV The scalar triple product of three vect.ors ,s zero · · ·
    d

    ➔ -> ➔
    r[llQQ[ Let a , b , c be thTee vectors.
    de

    ~ Wiren 1 =b
    oa

    h this case, · ...,


    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ~ -( ax a)· c
    ➔..., .... _->.e,,,o
    - u
    [ab c}::(axb)•c-
    nl

    ~ W7!ell ➔
    b =➔C , [By T'rOf'{'rlY11
    w

    ln this case,
    J ~ c'1
    do

    ➔➔➔ ➔ ..... -►] 1·.-


    [ab c]=[b Ca ➔ -> o-1 "' 0
    [ ➔➔➔
    ab c]=(bxc
    ➔ -➔ )-;c:(bx/J)·a"'
    ·
    l."filU.u \An. ➔ ➔ Ill)' Property 11
    h nnenc=a.
    ~this case, 1·: ...
    .- ,,' I
    ➔➔➔ ➔➔ tJ -• o
    [a b c]=[C a _., ➔ i,-o- 11 "
    .... ➔ 11). -
    l ➔ab-, ➔c]=(cxa
    ➔ ->). b =<( a ><
    , ➔ c"a.
    _, -~
    ll ..,. ...,. . 1, "' c. .or tllf 1,,,iw
    ence, l ➔ i
    b ➔] 0 if a ec= b oi
    c = ,
    ..., d ,ca/11r '>-,
    ➔ catt
    P~o~E"-·
    "'• V For any three vecto
    rs ·J, u,
    _a, .... 1
    [),Jb°t]='A.[-; b c
    25.4

    r•[!c x H• We have,
    ➔➔➔ -~ ► ►
    [I.ab cl O,nxli)•r
    ➔ ➔ ➔ •► ~ ·t
    ::::;, [1.a b c}=i,(axb)•c
    ~
    t
    (I, a b ~-
    ►➔
    I - ), (( 11• x b)
    ·• · c+I ►
    },., 111
    ►
    b cj
    -►

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    PROPERTY v• ro, any three vectors 11, b , c and any three scalars I, 111, n
    ?
    -> ➔ ➔ -t ➔ c•] -> -
    [/ a mb b 11 cl - /nm [ 11
    ~
    a><
    ROC'lt Using definition of scalar triple product ....,
    ➔ ➔➔ ➔ ➔➔
    ( a ><
    c::>
    [la ncl = (/11 xmb)•nc

    m
    111/1
    __,
    ➔ ➔ ➔ a/ b ·.

    o
    = Im (ax b) •n c But,

    .c
    ~ ➔ ➔ • -► ➔ ➔
    = lmnf(ax b)· c} = lmn[a b c]

    du
    PROPERTY vu The scalar triple product of three vectors is zero if any f."<1.Jo of them are para/1,l
    =
    collinear.
    -
    oe
    a,
    If F
    ➔➔➔
    Let a, b, c be three vectors such that a is parallel or collinear to b. Then, a =,.b fr;r~
    ➔ ➔ ➔ -, = ➔
    [a
    ch
    ~ca/11r J... Thus,
    ➔ -.-? ➔ ➔➔➔ ➔ -> ➔
    : lab c]=[}.b b c]=11.[b b c J = AX0 = 0 Hence, -;,c
    te

    I PROPERTY I
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    If a b c d, are four vectors, then PROPERTY
    '.•'
    m

    ➔ ➔➔➔ ➔➔➔ ➔➔ -t
    la-'-b cdf=[a c d]+[b ca]
    fro

    • We have,
    r1+1 t 11 ={<1+iiJx7}-1
    d
    de

    ➔➔~ ➔ ➔➔ ->-) ➔ J
    ::::;, [a +b c d) =(ax c + b x c ).d [By distributi1-e '

    l➔ ➔-; ➔ ➔➔➔➔➔➔ ·Ir


    oa

    ::::;, a +b c d] = (a x c )•d +(b x c ) . d [By distributiw

    ::::;,
    -,.
    la ...
    ➔
    b
    ➔-,
    C d l =ra
    -; ➔ 1
    C J + [b
    ... ➔➔
    C d]
    nl

    PROPER The necessary and sufficient condition for three 11011-zero, 110-11-co//!•11111
    ,,
    w

    --t ➔ ---1'" • ->+ ..


    a, b, c tobecoplanarzsthat fa b c]=O. [;
    do

    ·~ ➔ ➔ t ➔ ·► _,
    i.e., a , b , c are coplanar ~ ( a b c I O ~
    [a b
    p- ., t ➔ . -1~11
    ...
    1rst Jpt a, b, c bP three nun-zero, non-cnllinea, copl,lJ1ar v,•ctors. l lwn "' ,::::,
    prove that thMr scalar lriplP prod1Jct is zero. Ia I
    We know tltat
    -· b
    [a
    > , I
    tl / b ib P''' r)('ridic1Jld1 1,, ,,
    IU.
    ⇒ (~ -►
    a ,,. b) ➔
    ,, (J Jr,.
    ~ntunoN
    ➔ -+ ➔
    ::::;, [a b cl - 0
    Thus, c?
    ...
    a, -•
    b , c• are coplancu· .; [11'
    ~-
    ~
    scA~i\fl
    1
    RIPLE pRODUCT

    ➔ ➔ ->
    -ely, let a, b ' c be three non-zero 25.5
    ol'iers
    C t➔ ➔b ➔ , non-con· 1
    u earv,
    . to prove th a a , ' c are coplanar. cc tors such th 11' ➔ '
    11ave nt [ b cl=0. llwn
    11'!! ➔-➔➔J-0 ,
    (a !, C -
    ~o""'' ➔ ➔ ➔
    (axb)•c = O
    4-+ ➔ ➔ -;t ➔➔
    ~ x b "' 0 or. c =u or, ( n x b) .L -;

    (1 x b) .L i [·: t * 0 and 1 x b,,, 0 as ➔a, ➔b areno


    n-zero non-.:ollinear vectors
    1
    j
    Eut, "t x b is a vector perpendicular to the
    · plane of ➔ ➔
    a and b .

    m
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    ( axb)J. c

    o
    ➔ -➔ ➔

    .c
    c lies in the plane of a and I;
    r

    du
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    a , b , c are coplanar vectors
    ➔➔➔ ➔➔ ➔

    oe
    e Thus, [ a b c ] = 0 ⇒ a, b , c are coplanar vectorn.
    ➔➔➔ ➔ -> ➔
    Hence, a , b , c are coplanar ~ [ a b c I=O
    ch
    ➔ I\ I\ I\

    PRO?EPTY x (Scalar triple product in terms of components) Let a = 41 i + a2 j + a3k,


    te

    ➔ /'I. A/\ ➔ A A t,
    r, ~b i + b .i + b k and c = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k be three vectors. Then,
    3
    m

    1 2
    a1 az a3
    fro

    ➔ ➔➔
    ta b c] = b1 b2 b3
    Ct C2 C3
    d
    de
    oa
    nl
    w
    do

    :o

    :)

    I (I u)
    3 (2 I :l) t

    "'2(-4 l)
    25.6
    MAlfiet,iA
    i:inc ,,
    l1r•,.
    _, ~
    • Cl f"II
    (Distributivity of vector product over vector addition) For am lhree
    ·1
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ -> ➔ •1 Vector~qh
    ) JON
    we haue ax(b+c)=axb+axc. "·r 501,lff /\ /\
    ➔➔➔➔ ➔➔➔➔ ➔ [i j
    Let r = a x ( /1 + c) - a x b n x c, and let d be an arbitrary non.zero
    ➔➔
    d-r = ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ► ➔
    .... > Vec!r1r '11~to
    d-[n x(l1 + c)-a x /1 -ax c]
    ➔ ➔ -➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ) ➔ -·>
    ⇒ d •r =d , {a x ( /1 + c )}- d •( 11 x b) d • ( a x c) . By rlislribut1vih,
    .' r,f ,1,J

    ⇒
    d ,➔
    ·•
    r = (~
    dx➔ ➔ ➔ ~ ➔ -> --'► ➔ ➔
    a) •( b + c) -( rL x a)• b -( d x a) · c
    r·: ·
    product over v f
    ec rn 1~,
    lnscalartripJE> Ptud11r11,,
    1 T ~
    and cross can bt' interch
    . . 3ngr~ Afi
    ➔
    J .➔
    , = (➔
    dx ➔ ➔ + ( d➔ x a➔) , ➔
    a) . b c - (➔
    d x ➔)
    n •➔
    b - (➔
    d x ➔)
    a •~
    , [Byd_1str1butivityof.1•ir;

    m
    .product over vector ;d,

    o
    --➔➔
    ⇒
    ,-.. ":
    d·r =0

    .c
    -5 i ~7 J-
    ➔--➔ ➔ -:7 ➔➔

    du
    Thus, d ·r =0 ⇒ either r =u or. d .l r soun-10N
    4 ➔

    oe
    But, d is an arbitrary non-zero vector which is not necessarily perpendicular tor. thcvotume 0
    ➔ ➔
    r =0 We have,
    ch
    --+ ➔➔ ➔➔➔➔➔
    ⇒ ax(b+c)-axb -axc=U
    te

    ➔ ➔➔ ➔➔➔➔
    = ax(b+c)=axb+a.xc
    m

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ' ➔ -➔ ➔
    Vol
    if a, b, c arethreenon•cqplanarvectorsand u, v ., w are.threevedorssu,hiM
    fro

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    u = x, a ~ Y1 b + Z1 c
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    ,, = X2 l'iTl' mplm:.r
    d

    Q + Y2 b + Z2 C
    de

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    SOL~T!O.'-.
    W=X3 a +y3 b +Z3 c
    YI zem iii'. (a'
    oa

    X1 21
    ➔➔➔ I ➔➔➔
    Then, [ll V w)= X2 Y2 22 ra b cJ
    nl

    X3 Y3 Z3
    w

    PROOF See Author's book on Objective Mathematics.


    do

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    [IEVEL~ ' l.z
    1
    , , r T , IE ',)l L q'--'\i \
    ' I\ ,.
    It I"i-;i, •'nth
    Evaluatl•: [i j kj Al,o, hlfl'rrm•t rt gI'0111,•J1irnll,1-
    SOLUTION We havt•, - >
    A / / / I I I 11
    [i j kl U-<j).k ~

    /• A ,. 'th
    Geometrical interpretation: Ii j xl rr•pn•w11t,; Lhp vnlt 11111 , ut ,, , , 11,,, nl' ,•dg,• 1 unil "''"'·"., ,11
    coterminous ed ges are along th c c-nortl .llt,ll<• .ix"" t ·1,•,1rly, vuh11111• uJ ,-ud1 culw" . I ,,,I* 11 3
    A /\ A .
    [i j k] =1
    AAA/,/\/\
    Evaluate Ii j k I 4 II k i 1-
    , .,, II ON INOIN~ i"l!f:. JOLUME: OF A PARA.LL
    !' ARF r.;vF N E.LOPIPEO WHose
    THREE COTERMINOUS EDGES

    Find the volume of a parallel . d

    m
    " A " "· opipe whose edges " " "
    _,; ,7j-3kand7 i -5 j - 3k. are giuet1 by-3i +7 j +5k,

    o
    .c
    ➔ 30 7 0 A ➔ A /\ /\
    SOLUTION Let (/=- I+ j+5k,b=-5i+7j -3kand ➔ A t, ,\
    c = 7 i - 5f - 3k, We know that

    du
    1hevolumeofaparallelopiped whose threead1·accntedge·5 a.re ➔
    a, ➔
    b,➔
    <'
    . ➔
    1s equ~ l to ([ a
    ~> ➔
    b c)I.

    oe
    We have,
    - 3 7 5
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    Ia b c I= = - 3 (- 21 - 15) - 7 (15 + 21) - s (25 - 49)=
    ch
    -5 7 - 3 - 264
    7 -5 -3
    te

    Volwne of the pa.rallclopiped = Ila' b 1 ]I = I - 2641 = 264 cubiG uni.ts


    m

    Ti,, I <~ '• c. EE VE" TORS


    /\A" ➔ t\ 0 . A 4 ,:,. 1:-- /1.

    ~., Show tlzat the vectors 1 =- 2i-2j +4k, b =- 2i -, 4 y-2k and c = 4 1 - 2 7-2k
    fro

    r,e coplanar.
    ➔ b, 1 are coplanar jff tl,eir scalar h;pl_e product is
    '01.lmO!'t We know that three vectors a,
    d

    .zeto1.e,
    . l➔a
    de

    ~ ➔
    b c] = o.
    "-· ➔ • ➔ 2 -2 4 =_ (_ _ 4)+Z( 4 +S)+4(4-1 6) =24 ~24-48~0
    oa

    2 8
    ''"", la b c) = - 2 4 - 2
    4 -2 -2
    nl

    ij /\ A /\
    ence, the given vectors are coplanar. " " " -> ": 2": _ 3k am/ 1 ~ 3 i ·1 i,.j + 5k are
    w

    -> . ·+k b% l 'C J


    1 ·' ~ Find ,., so that t1ie vectors a "'
    21
    - J '
    do

    fOf}anar. ;f( (J if -;1" 0.


    ➔ ..,; -> re coplanar
    9::>Ll'llON We know that vector a, b' c a

    "'ven that ➔
    his.; a ➔
    b
    -►
    c are cop1--~r
    =-
    ' ,
    [ ➔a ➔
    b ➔J
    C =O 1' 6) .,0 ~
    7),r28•dl ;'>)
    '
    '· - ~
    '

    12-1 1 (5+9)i<-
    10+3'.l,,)·r1
    lI'
    l 2 - 3 =0 ~ 2(
    •l(J<'nt·II of 11,, 11,,·lm»
    , I
    ·//tT11ge,,,.
    1
    ~ 11. 5 ->·a1ns ,.
    t'1r r 15
    "'
    ,,,,~lrt lull a vec •·
    ,.
    ' ·I ,~ I, ~ Jk
    ·
    °-►
    Detennine (1.
    /\ A /\
    suc/1 1
    -)
    " "
    • j -(J,
    k 1, "' - 2
    I
    1

    ll ,:o.j + j + 3k, b ,,.21 +


    25.8
    MAi111;
    4
    ➔ ➔ ➔ --,
    SOLUTION Since r is at right angles to each of the vectors a , b , c. Therefore, ;, 'f ,
    be coplanar vectors. ·• r
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    [ ab c]=O
    a 3 l
    2 1 - a. = 0 ⇒ a 3 + 11 a = 0 => a. ( o: + 11) = 0 :::;,
    2
    <J. =0
    -2 o: 3
    Type T\' ON COPLANAFUTY or FOUfl POINTS
    /•/\A
    S11ow that four points whose position vectors are 61-7 j, 16i -2~ 1 _ 4i
    A
    rXAM"lt s
    A A /\ ,
    ,
    2 i .,_ 5 j + 10k are coplanar.

    m
    SOllITION Let A, B, C, D be the given points. The given pojnts will be coplanar ilf a•

    o
    the following triads of vectors are coplanar:

    .c
    xh.~.m;Xh.~.&;~.~'~* ~ [ -11 -7'

    du
    (J

    In order to show that AB, ~, AD are coplanar, we will have to show that their sea_,.
    =ca"
    oe
    product ie. [AB AC A.DJ =0.
    Using PQ = Position vectorQ - Position vector of P, we-obtain
    ch
    -:-t._ I\/\/\ A./\ A /\A
    fill= (16i-29J- 4k)-(6i - 7j) = 10i - 22j-·4k
    te

    ~ A I\ I\ I\ I\ A . A ~ Hence, "
    AC = (3j - 6k)-(6i-7 j) = - 6i + J0j - 6k
    m

    :""t.. A A. A/\./\ - A -A A
    and, Au = (21 +5 j+10k) -(6i - 7j) = - 4i+ 12j+ 10k
    fro

    10 -22 - 4
    rXh Ac ADJ= -6
    10 - 6 = 1o c100+·72)+22 c-60-24)-4(- 2 - =. =
    d

    1 - 4 12 10
    de

    Hence, the given points are E:oplanar.

    EllAMPLL ~ Find the tJalue of l for which the four points with position wc:J' 3 - •
    .
    oa

    /, /\/\t,.AA A/\A
    2 i .,.. 3 j -4k, - i + i .,. 2k and 4 i + 5 j + ')..k are coplanar.
    nl

    \.:
    SOLUTIOK' Let A, B, C, D be the given points. Then,
    ~ ~ ~ S0tL'TIQ,;
    w

    .._. I'_ /\ /\ A /\ /\
    AB = 121 + 3f-4k)-{31 -2 J -k) = - i +5j- 3k ........
    do

    ~ 1. I~ I'_ J:, 1:- /\ ,-. A /\ ( <i-


    AC= (-1+1+2k)-(31
    ~- I_; '· • /,
    2J -k) = -4i+3j..-3J..
    "' (a -
    ...
    ...a "
    I\ (', I\ I\ " I\
    and, Au - (41 + 5 J - Ak) ( 3 , = i 1 . 7 j + (i,, + I )A 2 j -k)
    The given pointi, are co.plan;,r iff vector& AB, AC, .Ab ilr<' ,upli!n.ir. ..

    Now, ,Th, AC, A!J are C()plaru;, "' <a"


    ~ [AB AC ADJ = 0
    -1 5 -31
    -4 3 31._ u
    1 7 ')..+-1
    -- l ....
    J
    -1 ( 3 }, + 3 - 21) - 5 (- 4 i
    - 3 "- + 18 + 20 ).+ 35 -1 93 • 0 ~ 17 A 1 14& _ U :, ')..
    ()
    -l4t>
    -- r-.: ....b
    s, 0
    17
    TfllPLE PRODUCT
    5CA~AFI
    N pROVING RESULTS ON SCALAR ~
    w•i f o ➔ ➔ 25.9
    0 for any three vectors a b ? ,,,. '"LE "Rooucr
    _,
    ' 'r•OVethaJ [a+ &
    ~\.~,,rtE1
    · . We have, ' ➔
    b+c! ➔ ➔ ➔➔➔
    t]tlOt- c+a]=2[a b c].
    ;OL ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔J
    -t bb+C c+a r ~20 111
    [a+ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    "{1+ b) x ( b + c ) } . ( c + a)
    ➔➔➔➔➔➔➔➔
    " (1x b + ax c + b x b + b x c) · ( c + a) [By definitionJ
    ➔➔➔➔➔➔➔ [By distributive lawj
    _.xb+axc+bxc)•(c+a) .., ·• -;1
    .,(R [·: b"b=uJ
    ➔➔ ➔➔➔➔➔➔➔➔
    " (-; x b) · c + ( a x b) · a+ (ax c) • c + (ax c) . --; + (bx i). 7 + (bx-;) .";;

    o m
    [By distributive Jaw]
    -4 ➔ ->: [➔ ➔ ➔➔ ➔ ➔)
    ➔ ➔ -> -), ➔ ➔ ➔➔➔

    .c
    ,, 111 b c]+[a b a+ a c c]+ [ a c a ] +[b cc ] +Ilica]
    ➔ 1 ➔] [ ➔
    b ➔
    c ➔
    a]

    du
    " [adC+ L·:
    Scalar triple product when any two vectors are equal is zero]

    oe
    ➔ -> ➔ ➔ -,-,7
    ch [
    ·: [ b c a] = [a b c]
    J
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔➔ ➔ ➔ ➔➔
    Henoo, [a +b b+ cc+ a ] =2[ a b c ]
    te

    rER We nave
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔- ➔ ➔
    . J
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔] = ➔
    [a+bb+cc+a a+ b + 0 G O a+ b + 0 .a· +_~o
    = Ii+ C
    m

    [
    fro

    1 1 0 ➔➔ -> [By property XII]


    = 0 1 1 [ a b c]
    d

    101 } ➔➔ ➔ ➔➔➔
    de

    1) + 0 (0 - 1) I a b c J = 2 [ a b c I
    = {
    (0
    1(1-0) -1 -
    oa

    ➔ ➔

    lU.\!PtE .' Simplify: l ➔


    a-➔
    b ➔
    b ➔
    - c c- a ]
    nl

    10!.t.110!\ We have,
    w

    [By definition]
    do

    [Bv distributive law]


    l, 4 •'-
    [·; i, , b • Ol
    • ►►) .,> -> 1..AFITFI
    I •\ \1\11' 1 1 • ' S//111<• tT,,11 11c•cto1 s 11, h I c rm· roplm111r if( 11 1 h, b t 5CA
    ' ) )
    11 , b, , Hl'l' 1•uplan,ll'
    .,x,.
    A,.,, p1.£ I
    l rl' Ji' •·' I o
    iJOt/1 P,ind
    \. .. ) \ ~ \. SOLi.rrroN
    [ ,1 t II /, I (' (' + ,, I (I
    :-SQ'N,
    \. ~ ~ .. ~ ~ _,
    ,1 ._.. b , J, I ,. , ,• 1 ,1 ,ll't) <'Opl,.inar (a
    I \.Al\ ► • ) ) ► ) ➔ ➔ ►
    1 11. I'm ,111y f//m• i•,·rtnrs 11, /1, r show thal r1

    ~l'l LI ll1N Fn1m Fx.llnpk• 11, W<' hUVl'


    b , b - r. , r. - a are r.ap/nnar -
    la
    :>
    '-•►~ ..... ) ►►
    -► ► ►
    I, I• ,, , - I O -⇒

    m
    !> ,1 a b, h c, c a are coplanar.
    -> /\ A /\ d /\ :::, Ia

    o
    A - ) A /I /\
    l\c\l\lrLl 14 ij'lh,•,•erfors a 111 I uj + 1'k, p :. i + k 11nd y = c 1 + c j + bk are rnp'4nJr,

    .c
    71r,,, that, 1~
    1
    ,• Iii,· ~em11t·lric mmn ofa 11//d b. ;> [a
    ' '

    du
    :-:<11 LTh.):'.\
    ia' fl. .
    It a, /l and y an' coplanar vectors, then
    y)-0
    ~
    [ a

    oe EXA'!.[Pl._E
    ch
    1 0 1 =0 ,:;o
    .a TION•
    C C b
    -
    te

    ⇒ ,1 ( 0 c) - a (b - c) + c (c - 0) =0
    m

    - al' - ab ~ ac + c2 = 0 ,J

    c-" = a[, = c is the geometric mean of


    fro

    II and b.
    +
    Ill
    j LEVEL-2 J
    d

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔➔ ➔-)➔➔ •
    de

    CXAMl'L E 15 For any three vectors a , b , c, show that [ a b + c a + b + c ] = O. =


    SOLUTIO:'\ We have,
    ..
    oa

    .,-+
    Ia b + c
    ➔➔➔➔
    a, b + c J •
    -+- +-+ ·➔➔➔
    nl

    - [a x(b+ c)l.(a + b + c)
    w

    -t>t> ➔ -,> ➔
    -(axb--1 ax c).(a+b+ r)
    do

    tJo+ ➔➔ -> ►➔➔➔➔ -i' ➔►• >"


    = (a ,- b). a .+ (a>' b). b, ( a x b ) . c ~ (ax c). 11 1 ( 11 x .;) 1, , ( il" ') (
    -?"7? ., -,.--; ►~) ➔➔ >
    - 0 -t- 0 +lu b , l , 0 1 Ia r b] 1 0 I II b rl I 11 /• , I tl
    A I f! I 11
    Sinn• ~ 1, tlh
    a ➔ b ~ 1·) 1 c. 11
    t I ,
    ( + 1,) 1 r
    )
    1s 1·xp1v,~1bl,•
    combination ot l:lw nth,•r I W<J v1·< to,· ' r tu•n•,.Ufl•, I/,
    ' •
    II I
    >
    /1, "' I I•• I I
    •
    ., .. ,·,,•1'I., 1111' I,,
    -➔ ~ ,- 7 ,. ,.
    Hence, [ a + /,
    11 a ➔ /1 1 ' l CJ
    h.!_liER ' We hav,!,
    ., t\"Mrll:r
    /J► I
    ➔ ~ 7
    I /l b , C UI b' I /1 I " I (J (J 1'
    ►
    () ,; 1 1,' 1 ,' ,: 1 i,' 1 , ► [ Iii, 11
    I 0 0 P1oi•e
    soLuuoN
    u J J l ti
    •
    /,
    •
    I
    I
    l ➔
    I II

    0x (
    .,11
    ..
    /, ,.
    )
    J o
    m
    [ ·: I cl= 1 and th(• anglP- """'w""1'1L-~ • •
    and b~ is ~6

    o
    11

    .c
    :::,

    du
    _,,
    Provetha I: a•( b + c)"( a. +2b +3CJ=[a
    -f-- ➔ ~

    £X_~\U'LE17 b 71.

    oe
    SOLllTJ01'; We have,
    ➔ ~ ➔ -, ➔
    ...,
    ch
    a (b- c)x(a ..-2b +3c)
    te

    = ;) ct+ 7>" <; .,. 2 b.,.. 3 7>}


    ➔ ~ ~ ~ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔}
    m

    (-, --t -,
    = a.! bx a.-'- 2(b x b)- 3( bx c)+ c" a +2{ c x b)+ 3( c" c)
    fro

    -,. - ➔
    "a. b,. a+ 3(b,c c)+ ex a - 2(b
    ➔ ➔ -r _,, ➔ >' C) ~1
    d
    de

    .., r ➔ -,. ~ -? ➔ ➔}
    = 11 • >-<a ,. b ! .,. b / c + cx a
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    oa

    •• --,- --,- ,_,,_ -,a) - 0+11 b 11.,..o~(a h cl


    :-a la,,.bJ+a.(bxc)+a· ex -
    nl

    R Vi ·e ui ✓e,
    w

    la
    -·~-
    b + c a -t- 2 "7 c
    b + 3 --,] ' 3 .., I
    do

    ra"+o1'+
    1 u o o1 oa+ri+c a+zh+ '
    Iu,mg prnp,•rt\ ti)

    fJ •
    1; ; ,1
    1 2 3
    C3 2, I ; ,; c'J I a b c' I • • • 1 0 11d
    f vei/UI . lj 11 { t,
    X••,1~ ~ Lei a I
    b i! I
    bel/tfl'entm Zff/J
    ttlf• "'
    l~
    ""-~ • -> , ' 1
    1 111rd 1 ,,rt 01
    ""'·• P•IJVe thal a , b + µ c, w/wrt' I "
    ")l-vlloi, We have,
    25.12

    ➔ > ➔
    But, b >< 7 is a vector perpendicular to the plane of b and c.
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    II ... b X C ~ru, 21
    ⇒
    ➔
    11 lies in the plane of b an:! c
    ~ ➔
    ~ "''(i) J-2J!
    ~
    ⇒
    -
    ,1 can be e'\presscd <1s a Jin.ear cnmbination of ➔
    b and ➔
    c (ii) 2 a -
    ➔ -> ➔
    ⇒ There C'\.ist scalan; >.. p such that 11 = ic b + ~l c. ,p1-1.rrroN
    ~ /\/\A ➔ /\ /\A ➔ AA,/\ ~
    E\A.\iPlL I i tilt ,'c,'tcrrs a =ai +; + k, j1 = i + b j + k n11d Y = 1 1 i + ck arec,.,.,,_ (i) Let 11 "'
    1 l 1 .,.,uoi..r
    protx lh,1/ - - + - +-- = 1, where 11 * l , b -.,.1 r111d c ¢ 1. ➔
    V x
    1 1 1 -b 1 -(
    ) -> ➔
    SOLL'TI1.1K Tt is given that a, 13 and y are coplanar vectors.

    m
    ...

    o
    .c
    ,1 1 l vx
    1 b l = 0 ⇒ abc - a - c + 1 + 1 - b = 0 ⇒ abc = a + b + c - 2
    =

    du
    ~

    l 1 cl = V
    .....
    ,<

    oe
    vx
    _ 1_ .,_ _____
    I 1 = (1 - 00-~ +CT - ~O-aj +O-aj (l-0 = ...u.
    l - 11 1- b 1- c (1 - a)(l - b)(l - c)
    ch
    3 - 2 (a+ b + c) + (ab + be; + ca)
    =
    -
    te

    1 -(a + b + c) +(ab +be+ ca) - abc u


    3- 2 (a +b + c) + (ab + be+ ca)
    -
    m

    = ::---:----:-----,'---:--,---'--'.- - - -,-'---
    1 -(a + b + c) + (ab + be + c~) - (a + b + c - 2) u.
    fro

    3 - 2 (a + b + c) + ab + be + ea
    = ---'----'-- - -- - = 1
    3 - 2(a+b + c) +ab +be+ ca
    d

    fXA'!\fPll ~ {fa 15 a non-zero real number, then prol/e that the vectors
    ➔ " ➔
    de

    I)
    A
    a ==a,+la1 - 3ak, 13 =(2a+ l )i+(2a+3)j +(a+i)kand,
    A A /\
    y = (3a + 5)i +(n+5)/ +(a-2• /\ .o\ ,

    are 11.e-ver coplanar


    oa

    SOLL:TION We have,
    a 2a - 3a I, •
    nl

    [a /3 "() = 2a + 1 2a + 3 a + l
    w

    3a + 5 a +5 a+ 2
    do

    fa Ji y)=11{(211.,. 3>(a+ 2) - (a 1- I) la +5)}-2a { (2 11


    + 1) (11 + 2)

    311{(211 + 1)(11 + S) t2,1, lll-


    ⇒ [a p fJ - a 12a2 17 u ., (, l;z f
    >II
    r
    -,)
    .,
    211 (211 • I )1t1 ; .!
    .l,1 (~II ~ I 11 ii t r.;
    [°a' "jj Y ) u( n2 I " + I) 211 (
    ti
    l ·1
    II \) 111 ( 111 ·
    ,
    811 I ())
    [ cil3 ....'Y l = a (a2- ♦ II + I) + l 2,i-,, ~ 11/1 I 11) I 1/ ( I.!,,~
    ti I 2-111 I 11)) ·►
    •• II • ( -►
    ⇒ [d. fi y] = (l 5a2 3 I \7) 11 i· 11 1
    1.> X

    ~ ➔ -),
    ⇒ I ci f3 y l = 15a {(a + 3 t )2 .. l 25<J It ' (V X

    30 900 f
    J

    r- U lor c11l nun- Zl•ru 11.


    Hence, the given vectors are n(ln-coplanar.
    ➔➔ ➔
    rif.Zt Let a, b and c be notr-zer 25.13
    f\~~l . ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ o no11-copfan
    ...,
    (i) a-
    zb +3c,-2a +3b-4c d-+
    an a - 3
    arvectors p
    c-> '" rove that· Ii
    ..-,-+ ➔➔ -> -> ➔ ,)car ·
    "ii) z.a-b + 3 c, a + b-2 c and ➔ '"ii+ b-
    ei:opla11,11· uectors
    l ➔ ➔ ➔ 3 C' m·e non-c
    •..noN Since a , b , c are non-zel'o Oplanar tlf'cJor~ .
    .:()lU"
    . ..., ➔ ➔ -, ➔
    non-cop[ anar vectors n
    i) l.e1
    : = a - 2 b + 3 c , v =- 2 a + 3
    ' -4c and ➔ ➔
    -> b ~
    '· ierefore [; ,; +
    , cl" O.
    ( ..., ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ W=a-3b
    vxw=(-2a+3b -4c)x(d- 3 b.._S➔
    ->
    +Sc. !'hen,
    ..., -+ ..., ..... ➔ ➔ c)
    px w ,.-2(a x a)+ 6(ax b)-lO(d x ➔ ..., ➔
    c) + 3 (bx a ) - 9 ( ii x b) + 15 (b • !}
    ➔ ➔ ➔ -4(ix ri)+ l2(c\ ➔
    b) ➔ ➔

    m
    -;.tx-;; = 6(a x b) +10( c
    '
    ➔)
    xa -
    ➔ ➔
    3(axb) ➔ ➔
    -20(cx c)
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

    o
    +l5(bxc) - 4(cxci)-U(b x1)

    .c
    v x w = 3 ( a x b) + 3 ( b x c) + 6 (1x a)

    du
    ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔➔
    vxw = 3\a x b +bx c +2(c x a)}

    b + b' x 1 + 2<1 x 1)}


    oe
    -; .(t x rZ) = <1 - 2t + 3 c\ 3 { -; )( ch
    "ii.(v\;,;) = 3 l(i-2b+3i)-{dxb+bx"t+2 (i><ri)}]
    te

    ➔ ➔ ➔ L➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ -,) ➔ ➔ -➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ~
    u .(vx w) = 3 L(a -(ax b) + a.- (b x c) +2a-(.cx a )-2 b•(axb)-2 11·(bx c)
    m

    ➔➔ ➔ ➔ -·> -, -4- ➔➔ ➔➔~ ]


    fro

    - 4b·(C x a)+ 3 c •(ax b)+3 c-(bx c)+6c-(cx a)

    >j •
    d

    -.r.(ti,U:>. ,[11b1> -•111 d1, , 1~1


    de

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    0
    [ ·: [a b c] = [ b
    oa

    u.(vxw) = 3x0 =0
    nl

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    [U V W} = 0
    w

    Kence, ➔
    u, ➔ ➔ are coplanar vectors.
    v, w _, ➔ ➔ ➔ b-3 ....c. Toen,
    do

    U1J Lt ➔ ..... ➔ ➔ -➔ ➔ ➔b -2 c and w "'a+ ·


    e u=2a-b+3c,v"'a+
    ➔v x w
    ➔ = (➔
    a +➔ -➔ -+ -/!
    b -2 c) x ( a + v -
    3 ➔)
    c .... -➔ (➔ ri) ~ ),
    2 ( c" 1') f
    O _,. ..
    ( ,·" ,, l
    -> ➔ o(~ X (} -2 ("
    _➔-, ➔ ➔ .... -► ➔ -•+11xv-"''
    -axa+axb-3(a:<c)+bxa -> •') t t)
    2(v"'
    ➔ ➔ -> ➔ ..., 2( ex II +
    "ax b+ 3(1x d)--;.,, b -3( b"' c)
    - ➔b ➔➔➔
    -- xc+cxa -➔, ,
    !1,11)
    1 ·(v➔➔ ➔➔ ➔ (11""'
    1

    xw) = (2a -b + 3c)· - ► ') I /J, •(/\


    I
    /)
    "> ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    2 11-►. ( C )( (I
    U-(v><w) = -2ti -(b" c)+
    2S.14

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ -►
    => u-(z,xw) =-2L 11 b cJ-Lb c a]

    =>
    ➔ ➔
    u-(vxw) =- 3[11
    ➔ ~➔
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    b
    t
    cJ~ 0 .. ["
    [
    . ll
    .
    b '
    => [u r• u•);,,O
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    Hence, u, v, w are non-.::oplanar vectors. /1

    --t ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ► ➔ ~ ~► -• ►
    1\1.fl i- lll Let 11 = a 2 Z, + 3 c, v =- 2 a + 3 b - 4 c and w =u- 3 b + 5 r. • Thl'n.
    1 -2 3
    ri"! ~ it1 = -2 3 -4 r1 t ti
    1 - 3 5

    m
    = ➔➔➔
    [11 v w ] = [1 (15-12)+2 (-10+4)+3(6 -3)]
    ➔➔➔
    [ a b c] = Ox[a b
    ➔~
    cl

    o
    -+

    .c
    ➔ -➔

    •• Hence II v , w are coplanar vectors.

    du
    -
    ➔ ➔➔ -> ➔ ➔➔ ➔ ➔ -► -> ➔
    (ii) Let 11 = 2 n - b + 3 c , v = a + b - 2 c and w =a+ b - 3 c. Then, ex.tt.'\'lPl.
    ~

    oe
    2 -1 3 1Z X 17)
    r1 "rt iJ1 = 1 i -2 l°t t 11 ch SOU,"110:
    1 1 - 3

    = [-->u:;: ➔ ➔ ➔➔
    te
    I - -
    (
    v w] = [2 (- 3 + 2) + 1 (- 3· + 2) + ,3 (1 -1)] [.a b c]
    r-. = [➔
    u ➔ ➔ ➔➔➔
    = [
    m

    ➔ ->
    v w ] = - 3[a b c] ;,,Q [·: [ a b C •
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    fro

    u, v, w are non-coplanar vectors.


    ➔ ➔ ➔
    EXA.-.n>LE 2, If a, b, c are three n.on-copl.anar vectors, prove that
    d
    de

    [t~t +t 1+t 1+1] =-t1111


    oa

    SOLL'TIOK Using property XII, we have


    ➔➔➔➔➔➔➔
    1 1 ·• -
    C
    nl

    [a+b+c a'Tb a I c) = 1 1
    Sult.'110
    w

    l 0
    do

    = {1 X (l 0) - l x (l 0) i I x (0 1)1( ,; t,' .'I


    =- (1 1 I) I (l
    ➔ ➔
    /, C
    •
    I ,r. [ ,1
    ' '
    /1 C
    .I
    Ee , , l Find lhl' a//1t11J,, of II paralle/opipe,t 1/t,/erinmi•d /'If 1/w 1,1•1 ,, 1,., ,i 1,• ,1,.,I , • '
    taken as /he paral/dor,;ram delPY111i11ed Ii, -
    > " • 1' I '
    -)/•I- I
    [J 1,
    ,,
    ,( 111111
    I1111
    I I
    ·,
    II / I i" I ~,
    '
    /1
    ' '

    c =i · j + 3k.
    SOLUTION Let V bt• llw voh11n1• ol 11 11 , 1),11 ' ill,•lt1J>tJ>",I I,, Il ,
    Then, , t t H "l ll1lllt l ,, I llt' \ 1 t'\'ldl:->

    V = I -• ► >
    a b c]
    1 1 II
    ⇒ V= 2 4 - 1 (12 + l) (Ii+ l) 1 (2 -4) _ 4 c:ubic m\ils.
    1 1 3
    25.15

    .... ➔
    .i" b =,25·9+ 4 = ..,'38
    • , ~Wi :h,;t.
    ? ,-,-
    VolUJile of the parallelopiped = Area o f the base,, Altit d
    V = A "' Altitude u e

    m
    ,, . d V 4
    •.utJ.tu e = -
    A
    =~
    -..38
    units

    o
    nat

    .c
    tv-}!l'LE :; I\ -
    can 1//JU conclude about fiour non-~•r ➔ ➔ ➔
    c and d,' given that
    - :- - -:-+ ➔ .... - o vectcrs a, b

    du
    •• l• C ~ tr tr><C)·dl=0 ,
    :-..~:.1i0:--' We have,

    oe
    _..-t ➔ ➔➔ -,
    ( ax b)· c 1- l(b x c)· d 1=0 ch
    ~ --+ ➔➔➔
    = {.i b cJi-l{h c d]l=0
    _.,--+ ➔ -t-4
    te

    [ 11 b c] = 0 and {b c d J= 0
    -t- ➔ 4 ➔
    ::; a, b , c and b , c , d, are coplanar triads of vectors.
    m
    fro

    ➔➔
    c , d are coplanar ,ectors.
    3 -t A 2'°'
    a a2 1..- 11
    A /\ -4 /\ A

    b 1, l-b3=0 andthevedcrrs J'.=i+aj+a2k,B = i-i-bj+bk,


    d

    2
    !l.U!Pt!25 lf
    de

    c , 2 1~b 3
    ~• =
    oa

    1- c,..J - c-~"k are mm-coplanar, then prove that abc = - l ·


    ~ .....'00\ It is given that A, B, Carenon--coplanar vectors-
    nl
    w

    lA a C)*O ... (i)


    do

    l a a2 1

    1 b b2 $0
    l C ,2

    .,
    a a· 1 +a 3
    b b2 l-b 3 =0
    C Cl l t-b 3
    , a3 1
    ti'- la
    a

    b bz 1
    1
    I
    - \b
    "
    1,2 0
    I
    3\ = 0
    C C2
    1\ 1, c2 ,3
    I
    25.16

    n2 l a 112
    ll 1
    /) 2 =0
    fApplying C2 <➔ C'3 in 1st d ct. and tal<;ill (iv) ,1
    - b 1 1,2 + abc 1 b Icon1mon from C1, C2, C 3 of 2nu d (:t, '·f•(
    c2 C 1· c2 t 5ttoW
    C 1

    a a2 1 a a2 ii -5
    7. 5hOW
    1 b b2 + abc l /J i,2 = 0
    !j, 5hoW
    C c2
    1 1· c2 l 2i - 5
    2
    II 1 11 11 Find

    il ⇒ (1 + 111,c) 1 b b =0 2

    c2
    31" +

    m
    1 C
    I
    ...'1,
    .,..•

    o
    ⇒ (1 +abc) [A BC)=O [Ustr~ , •

    .c
    a ><
    I- abc = 0 [·: [A l c1,

    du
    ⇒

    abc = - 1 2. Let

    oe
    (i)
    --== '----==,- - - - - ~ EXER,:; Si: 25
    LEVEL-1 (it)
    ch
    l Evaluate the following: , . Fm
    te
    I\ I\ ~ /\ I\ I\ /\ A /\ /\A /\ /\A/\ ".1\ 1\
    (i) [i J k]+[j k i] +[k i j] (ii) [ 2 i j k] + [ i k j ] + [k j 2 i]
    4 If fo
    m

    ➔ ... 4
    ~ Find [ a b c ] , when
    fro

    ➔ /\ I\ -+ I\ /\ A - ➔ A /\
    (i) a =2 i - 3 j, b =i + j - k and c = 3 i - k
    -+/\A/\ ➔ A /\ A ➔ A/\
    Fin
    (ii) a = i -2 j+3k,b=2i + j - kandc = f+k
    d

    and
    ➔ ➔ /\ /\ ➔ /\ ,/ \ /\ , ..E..
    de

    A /\ /\ A
    (iii) a = 2 i + 3 j-;. k, b 3 i + j + 2k = i -2 J + k and c = -
    L ' - .
    Find the volume of the parallelopiped whose coterminous edges are represented bi ".I; (i)
    oa

    vectors:
    ➔ I\ I\/\ ➔ /\ AA ➔/\/\ A '; (i)
    (i) a = 2 i + 3 j + 4 k, b = i + 2 j - k, c = 3 i - j + 2k
    nl

    ➔ I'- I\/\ ➔ /\/\/\ ➔ I\/\ I\


    (ii) a=2i-3j+4k, b=i+2j-k, c=3i j-2k
    w

    .1°1°) ·> A ➔ /\ ➔ /\
    do

    (1 a =11 i, b = 2 j, c =13 k
    ~~/_A-,.A/\/\ _t f \ AA
    (iv) a- i - j ➔ k, c - i + 2 j - k
    1 + J ,;. k, b
    4 Show that each of the following triad!> of vectors ,we coplanar:
    _-,/, t./\,. /·,/\/\ ➔ /\/\I\
    (1)a 1+2J-k,b 3ii2i+7k,, SiH,jfSA.
    (ii) a
    "r
    =
    t, j - 2 k, b 4i
    ,., /'>
    /\ /\ ,
    /' i /, A /\
    1 1 4j1.lk,/ 81 i I Jk
    ··1·)
    (u 1,- 21:
    j, fk I ": ": A A. A ,, .\f,1rk t
    . a= 1 - J+ 3 , b 2, I :1 / i\ k, 1• 1 J / 1 r, A
    l lf
    5 Fmd the value of 1, so that tlw followh1!-; Vt'< turs ,11•(• ,·ui•I It\ •
    . ➔~';/-➔ ~-/\ /\-;/\A /\ i 1 11
    .,
    (1) a = t - J + k, b - 2, t / - /.:, r )., 1 ; ; )..A (a
    ➔ /\/\I'- ➔ /\ A
    (ii) a=2.i -j+k, b=i+2j 3A,
    A

    c
    ➔ /\
    A.i + Aj . 5k
    A. ..., ...
    ➔ I\./\ A
    (iii) a= i -r 2j - 3k, b-➔ =3 I')':/\ ➔ /\/\ A
    1 ~t,J+k, f'=-i+ 2 j+2.k
    (a
    ~ fllPt..EPR:0:D
    :U
    :C~T:------------~~--;;.:j!c:i;::
    •cA~11~'
    ~ A "; ➔ A ➔ A.
    ' ) 1,:: j + 3 J, b =5 k , C :: 1-i _'>J 25.17
    (1''· '
    , that four pomts w h ose positi
    o show " on vectors " "
    5
    7
    · ,;_ +10k ai:enotcoplanar. are 6i -7 ;, 16 ~ -l9~- " " "
    2511 ... u,atthepointsA(-1, 4,- 3), B (3 2 5) I 4k, \1 F.lr,
    , ,o,. , , - C( 3 8
    that four points whose p • . ' - ' , -5)anc1 D( ~
    , 5hoW " osition vectors ': " ; ,,,2, l)arnrnplanar
    1. ' ., k I are 6 l 7 j 16.. " " ,. ,
    i'i-Sj+lO arecopanar. , • -l9j 4k, 31 6k,
    ·~d the value of A.for which the four po· t . {CBS!::2.! I ii
    ~ Fb•' 111 S W lth p • ,
    . ' I\ '> '> " os1tion vecto - A.' "
    ,:, ,
    ,i"-9j+4k and-41 +4J +4karecoplan rs J-k,41 +ci/ +H,
    . ar.
    ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔➔
    , prore that: ( a - b) · {( b - c ) x ( c - a)}= o

    m
    ' _.I ➔ -t LL ' '
    ,. ,i h and c are uie position vectors of points A B ,
    .., --, ➔ ➔ .._ -➔ ➔ aild C respectively, prove that:

    o
    .• '
    a , 1, + b x c . c x a 1s a vector p e rpendicular to tl1 .

    .c
    ,.. " " ➔ " " " e P1ane of triangle ABC.
    ,. Let -
    a=+ . • k b=.1 an d c = c1 i + c2 "
    1+ 1 + , j + c"
    3 k. Then,

    du
    (i) lf c1 = 1 and c2 = 2; find c 3 which makes , , and ➔ c copIanar. 1b

    oe
    (ii) If c2 =-1 and c3 = 1, show that no value of c1 can make 1, band 1 coplanar. ch
    'for '-' h th · A ( · ICBSE 20171
    ,. Find ,. wmc e points 3, 2, 1), B ( 4, X, 5), C (4, 2,- 2) andO (6, 5,-1) are coplanar.
    (CBSF 20 l<l'
    te
    /\ A /\A /\A/\/\

    If four points A, B, C and D with position vectors 4·i+ 3 j + 3 k, 5 i + x j +7 k ,5 i + 3 / and


    m

    A (\ (\
    7 it 6 j + krespectively are coplanar, then find fhe valileofx. [CB5t ~Olil
    -> -
    fro

    • Find the volume of the parallelopiped whose adjacent edges are represented by 2 a, - /J
    ➔ ➔ " " " ➔ I': I': " ➔ A I':
    and 3 c, where a = 'i- j + 2 k, b = 3 1 + 4 7-Sk and c = 2 1 - I+ ·
    [CBSE '0'0
    - -
    3k
    d

    ANSWERS
    de

    - Ii) 3 (ii) _ 1 2. (i ) 4 (ii) 12 (iii) -30 3. (i) 37 (ii) 35 (iii) 286 (iv) 4 _
    • (') 25 1 , 1 12 (i') , 3 =2 13. A= 5 14. x=6 b . 48
    9• A,=:
    oa

    '· I } (ii) - - (ill) 6 (iv) - - ,


    8 3 HINT TO NCERT & SELECTEO PROB!..1:M
    - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - -. . t prc;>ve that the vector
    nl

    . In.order to p rove the desi:red result, it is suff1c1ent o . iiB JC ICA


    ..., ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ d' ar to each of the vectors A , B am .
    w

    axb - 1:lxc+cx d is p e:rpen1cul . ➔ _,.., !C-


    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ .... .,.➔• 0 x ('d b+bx c c
    do

    + x a). B - 0,
    Le. (axb+l1xc+cx a )· AB = '
    "d ➔➔➔ -> ➔ -+c~ 0
    J
    !
    •n , ( ax b + 1:, >< c + c x a) · " "' · ➔➔➔
    ; Volume ~1 [2; - b3 71 I =1-6 [; b 71I= 61[a !u; !~pLli CHOICE aursnoNs IA, as,
    l,ftirir .~-- - I • g'
    'r correct alternative in each of theJul orw1 ,
    •
    . I of th" (.,lh1wii1ll ,, "'" r,•, t,
    l If ii' . ➔ d , tJwn whJr I • • 41 • I I
    lies in the plane of vectors b a n c 1 ,
    1
    : / I ,I (d) I I• '
    (a) [ir b
    e l= 0 (b) ( if -,; c' 1 I (r) I u I , : I ~. I I ' I I, 1~
    t The -+ ➔_., ~ w}ierel II I I, I
    1
    (Ill ' '"'''' ullh•••c
    . ) Value of I lt - b , l1 - CI C - /I ' (c) 6
    (a o (bl 1
    25.18

    (.ftfliFIIP
    3 If?, b, c) are three non-coplanar muhrnlly perpendicular unit vectors, then In' • scP.
    (a) ± 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 2 1'
    t~-
    (if+ 2 b -·
    , If r" it= r" ·b == ,., • ;:+ ofor sonic non-ze1•0 vector r\ thrn the' valt," off • i/ , (a) [ ;t b
    11
    (a) 2 (b) 3 ((') 0 (d) none- c,f lhr,,,, 1
    fhe vect
    •➔ ➔➔ r~ ➔ 1
    Foranv thl'ee Yectors "it, b, c the expressmn (a b) · l (b c ) >< (c► a'),,''<
    •
    (a) -2
    • j 'JI•~
    la)[iti;tJ (b)2[i11/c'J (c}[i?b➔ /1 2 (d)nonenfth ... ., The vect
    (a) -2
    ..., ... _. a---➔➔
    • (b x c) ►
    -/1, •(a>x c)
    If 11 , b , c are non-coplanar vectors, then - - - - - + - - - - - is equal lo

    m
    '➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    (cxa)•b c-(axb)
    .

    o
    (a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) noneofthese I (a)

    .c
    ➔ ': ~ ➔ ';, "; /\ ·► ~ 1";
    ~ c3 k
    A I
    (aJ
    L-et « =a1 1 + a~ J + a3 k, b =b1 1 + b2 J + b3 k and c = c, + c2 J be threer,,,,....

    du
    1

    ->
    vectors such that ;;t is a unit vector perp endicular to bo th if and b . If the angle betwe,,;

    oe
    a1 a2 a 3 12
    ➔ 1! _,. .....
    .and 1, is , then bi b2 b3 is equal to
    ch
    .. Ua,b,
    6
    -·
    te
    .. ➔

    (a) 0
    If a, b
    (b) 1
    m

    ➔ I\ I\ I\ ➔ I\ A A. ➔ /\ /\ /\
    fro

    li 11 :a 2i - 3j -Sk, b = 3i - 4j +Sk and c =: S i - 3j - 2k, then the volume Jr Ford!l t:!

    parallelopiped wifh conterminous edges -➔ b , -·


    a +➔ b>+ ➔
    c, ➔
    c+ ➔ .
    a 1s Tot!> al
    d

    la) 2 (b) 1 (c) - 1 (d) 0


    de

    --, ➔ -> ➔ ➔ ➔ -J.- ➔ ➔ ~


    ff[2a~4b c
    d ] =,.I a c d ] + ~t Ib c d J, then ;I,+ µ = If non-co
    oa

    (a1 6
    Cb) -6 (c) 10 (d) 8
    ~ -·➔ 7 , ➔ 2
    r [ab axb) +(a.b ) =
    nl

    It~ n
    w

    the, .iluc.
    do

    I' 1\/\/\A;,. A/\/\


    J1 the vectors 4 1 + 11 j • rnk, 7 i + 2 j + 6k and 1 15j 1- 4k ,ire Cllpl,m.ir th,'•l ffl

    (a) 0 /bJ 38 (c) - lO (d) 10


    u !•
    p.i rall<'k1p
    2 F
    Yl.'Ctc,ri; 11' , b' and ,•. tJ 1i, r,•la tion I ( 11' " /1>) ►I I ,i' I I /1 •I J , •► Ih,1I' l"·'' l c,t a• z,•
    • ·
    or n1,n-z,,rr, <'
    ..,
    (a) a b'
    t
    b' l () )
    (l,) // /1' 0 I •
    , C ii hl'i~ht ,1f
    ·•
    .
    > ➔
    (c) a-b /, I ' ' {J , b, 1.,,~
    ➔➔
    I
    __,,_
    II
    -r I I
    ►
    (cl) t, I I
    • I/
    • (I
    1
    ,
    ~
    (a+ b)·(/J+ c),,(11~· 1,,, J It t 11 0

    (a) O cb}
    ,
    lu l1
    ,
    ,
    .l (, J .! I,; 1,' /1 • , •''1
    ➔ --, ➔ (d) I 11 b
    14 If a, /1, c at!! t-hree non-c(lphin"r v,·110, :,, llw ( ,; ; •
    11 1 1 1 l )
    ►
    .1( //> ~ ,
    /r ) < ( 1/
    j

    (a) 0 (b J I r! 1,' / I
    (d) I (I' ,,
    ► l
    •I
    ~ RIPi.f:.PRODUCT
    ca~Afl
    5
    t-tl•Kii' - blx<it-Z:-.
    ,;. (,1 +2 -+ ~ (b ➔ ➔ - c )} is equa1 to 25.19
    (a) [ ; b cI ) 2[ a b °?l ( _, -➔
    " A " " " " c) 3 [ a b ➔
    rhevectors7'.i + j + 2k,i + i,,j-kanct 2'>_" " c ] (d)O
    1r (al -2 (b) 0 i (c;· ate coplan<1r, if A. ~ :k
    ,:, "..1. " ,:, '> "- " (d) -1
    ""evcctors 31 - J 2k, 21 + J+ 3k ilild · , " " IN .,
    ·:. '" (b) 0 1+,-,,J-katecopkn . AR
    (a) -2 (c) 2 ' -iar, if the value of A. is
    (d) any real number
    IC.b 11 01

    m
    (a) 4N.'fllc,
    ' (a) 4 (c) 5 (d)
    (d) J" (c) (d) (,. (a) 7 (c) (d) (a)

    o
    ' (c) l,, (c) l b (a) (a)
    17

    .c
    -- FILI IN THE BLAN'"
    TYP~ QUI:. TIONS (f BQs)

    du
    , " ,. " A A A " " ""

    [i k ;J+ [k j i] + [j k i] = .................... ............


    -t ➔➔ ➔ ➔➔
    b b..1. ; -;+; ]=................
    oe
    Jf,1 , 11, c arcthreevcctorssuchthat[ a b c l=10, then[1...
    ➔ ➔ -> ➔ -4 ➔ ->
    If;, b, c are non-coplanar vectors, then (bx c) ·( n+ b + c)
    ch
    -4 - > ➔ ........,.................... .
    [ a p C]
    te

    ➔ -> ➔ ➔ -> > ➔➔➔


    ; For ariy three vectors n, b, c , the value of a . I( b ~· c ) x ( d + Ii+ c)) is ........, ............. .
    m

    ➔➔➔➔➔ ➔ ➔ ~ ➔
    The value of [ a - b b - c c - a], where I n.1 =1, I b I,;~and l i i=3, is ........0 ............... . .
    fro

    ➔➔ ➔ ➔ ➔➔
    For any two vectors [ a b a x b] + (a. b) =....................,,....
    b, -; form a parallelopiped of·,;olmt1e 6 cubic units, then the
    d

    If non-coplanar vectors -; ,
    de

    ➔➔➔➔➔~ .
    valuesoflaT b b+ c c+ a]are ................................ .
    ➔ ➔ ➔ llelo iped of volume 8 cubic units, then
    oa

    ' If three non-coplanar vectors a , b , c form a para P


    ➔ ➔ ➔
    nl

    the values ofl3 a 4 b 5 c] are .......................... · ->-+ ➔ -> ->-)


    - b, b -C and c - a form a
    If ➔ ➔ ➔ wen vectors a
    w

    ·· a, b , c are non-coplanar vectors,


    Parallelopiped whose volume is ................................ '..,. -> °;'J= 24 and I·; x 1:1 = 6. Then the
    do

    Jn Let ➔ ➔ ➔ ectorssuch that[n b


    • a, b , c be three non-coplanar v ➔ __, --► d ; as two adjac,;nt edges of tht'
    _ -->
    11
    c -y-,ith a an
    height of the parallelopiped formed by a 1 ' , , _,

    base, L~ ........................ . vector-;, then the valw of ,1 • ( l• >< c)


    IJ. [f.., ➔ --> ➔ ➔ ➔ - 0 for some non-iero IN I I ' " \I
    Y·a =O, ,. b =Oand r· c ·•
    N
    is .........................··········' .... .
    tl

    ------
    ()

    l. -1
    ,. 1 q 0 II ' 4
    0
    2. 20 8. :1: ~o
    6 'I ➔
    , laj2 I bl2 7 ± 12
    25.20 MA fH~, Ari
    4
    VFRY SHORT ANSWER TYPE OUEsr,o
    Ct
    Ns!vs,
    Answer each of /lie following questions in 0111' wOl'd or 01w sentence or as per exact req ,
    • U1ren,e,,
    ques/ ion: d !f,1
    /\ A /\
    Write the value of 12 i 3 j 4k].
    A/\/\A/\/\
    Write the value of [i + j j +k k ➔ i]
    /\ A/\ A/\(\
    Write the value of [ i - / j - k k - i ].
    ..11J .1
    ➔ A I\A7{~t,,.
    4. Find the values of 'a' for wh.ich the vectors a. = i + j + k, " ""a. + +2.\ , 2 1
    j

    m
    -> '\ /\ /\
    'Y "" i + 2 j + nk are coplanar.

    o
    .c
    5. find the volume of the parallelepiped with its edges represented by the veci
    A.A/\ I\/\/\ A

    du
    i -1 j , i + l j and i + j + nk.
    b, If

    oe
    are non-collinear vectors, then find the valtll!
    ➔ ->A/\ ➔➔ /\/\ ➔➔ A/\
    Ia b i] i + l n b j J j + [ a b k Jk.
    ch
    2 /\/\ A/\ AAA/\ /\
    lf tl1e vectors(sec A) i + j + k, i + (scc2 B) j + k, i + j +(sec 2 C) k are coplanar, then'-
    te

    the value of cosec 2 A + cosec2 B .,. coscc2 C.


    m

    ➔ ➔
    fro

    For any two vect-0rs a and b of magnitudes 3 and 4 •re,spectively, write the v<llu,
    ➔➔➔ ➔ ➔➔ 2
    [ab axb]+(a·b) .
    d

    ➔
    de

    dJ, then Hn<l the value of A+ ~1.


    ,➔
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    oa

    · Tfa,b, 7 are non-cop!anar vectors, then find the value of _a_•_,_(_b_x_c_)


    -~ ➔ ➔
    nl

    (cxa)•b
    . --,~➔• ➔ 0I~ A ➔➔ 7 ➔ ➔ A/\/\
    w

    rmd a• ( b X C ), if a = 21~ / + 3k, b =- i + 2 J + k and C = 3 i + j + 2k.


    do

    1 24 OL is tl
    2 I. 0 n = J, l
    2
    - rr cubit: un it~
    / 2 H4 'I 10 IIJ 0

    HINT TO NCERT & SPL CTEJ ••


    f ➔ VoJu.me
    For any vector r, w,· have•
    ~- ➔ AA ➔ /'A ► l"I A
    r = ( r · i) i 1 ( r · j) j + ( ,, •k) A
    -, ➔ --,.
    Replacing r by a x b, we have
    -► ➔ > ➔ ') /\ ➔ ➔ /\ A
    n X
    -> + 1:' ';
    b =I( II X /J) . /l I + f( II X /1) . 71 j + !( a " I•) . kj ,. -- - > --> " " > ➔ A ~ r,,1
    •
    ,.',11
    "'

    ~ ( a b i) i + [ ,1 1, / I/ ,,.
    25.21

    To $how that tlw scal,1r triple _ Acnvrry


    Cr1VE . df Prod 111:1 r f th
    oa,JF c of lhC patallelop1pe ormcd by them. ' ree n,m~ip!anilr ,..,..
    ,wn1 ,.,. Id
    ,, REQUIRED 'Vire, so Cring Wire \ '
    •EAIALS' ' Vire cutter tk
    11A•
    CONSTRUCTION
    siePS OF
    (i) Take four wires length equal to 1-;:i,
    ~
    _--: ': f\ (ii) Take four wires of lertgth equal to Ibl,
    - a. z + J + 2k and,

    m
    (iii) Take four wires of length equal to 1?1.

    o
    .c
    ed by the vectors c0115 truct a parallelopiped w hose thrt-e edges are Wires of lengths ; , , and
    as

    du
    shoWll in Fig. 25.3.

    oe
    the value -Of illrJ1! Fix a wire pe1pendicular to the base of the parallelogram formed by ;
    ch arid b to t:.rd
    the height of the parallclopiped. Draw perpendicular CT.from the tip C of ue c,c to
    this perpendicular. OT., is the height of the parallelopiped.
    te
    ~ coplanar, then find
    m
    fro

    v.'Tite the value of


    d

    .te of,.+µ.
    de

    Fig. 25 .3
    ➔ ➔ ➔)
    ci) b-(a" c
    oa

    + SlcPS OFDEMONSTRATION • all·k ·,,.,3 The'!&~


    -) ➔ - ➔
    -c-(axb) el mot f"' c " •p1, --· .
    b ➔ -) ·d f the ba•e pirrall ot!-r"
    nl

    "'- A£. a and b aread1'acenfs1 eso • __ ,


    C.B~E 20 -"· ti{'!l nor-u.u lo
    fthe t,,1.,~ .mduu~.:
    w

    ➔ ➔ • ual to the area o


    11 x b isavectorofmagrutudeeq "'" l ~ ,
    do

    ANSWE.Fi5 _, , , , thelwight ,,r tfiti I' '"t f"'


    ---- , _ -, --•
    OL 1s the projectLOn c 011 n x b
    . Clearly, 1t "
    ➔ _, ➔ ->
    6. a " b ➔➔ .-tt1"'1J
    equaJto 7. Ci x b i.e. OL "' c . .... I'1
    ➔ ➔ 111~'
    si£f.f I n "'. b I f thl· t,,, ..-l I k• •,h1
    'LECTEDPRO ! ' !IJ
    Volume of the paraUelup1re
    <l ;:. i\fi.',l u
    •
    •
    I
    >,;

    , • • •
    • I'I (J/
    I " .. I
    " I• I l
    25.22

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    Hence, ( a x b) • c represents the volume of the parnllelopJpocJ.
    l\OTE This activihJ cnn be 11srd lo i11ferpn•t ~ralnr triple 11rodwcJ of vectors &eomrtr'
    · ~ ~lu
    1

    o m
    261 NTRO

    .c
    • wclass XI,
    ~!Il

    du
    •• tnttuschaP
    geometrV·

    oe
    262 RECA
    ch
    .2 coo
    Inthi, ;;ecti
    te

    that three
    whlchm tu!
    ,' .
    m

    coord:.nate a
    • -
    fro

    cf them ,;iz.
    the plane of
    d
    de
    oa
    nl
    w
    do
    T
    ,

    DIRECT!ONS COSINES I
    AND
    L---- - -- _DIR~CTION RATIOS

    .1 INTRODUCTION
    26
    ~" class XL we have nl a
    d had h brief introduction
    · of three d'nnens,onal
    . g . .

    m
    ICartesian metho so Y. . 1 preV1ous chapters, we have stud ied eom~try m which we used
    \n this chapter and two more chapters to follow' we w 1.11 use
    . vector
    some basictoconcepts of vectors.

    o
    algebra three dimensional

    .c
    ocoJTletrv.
    0 ,

    du
    26.2 RECAPITULATION

    oe
    26.21 COORDINATES OF A POINT IN SPACF.
    Ill this section, we will recapitulate val'ious concepts learnt in class XI. We have Jeant in class XI
    ch
    thal three mutually perpendicular lines in space·define three mutually perpend icular planes
    which in tun1 divide the space into eigh t parts kno\,m as octant~and the lines are known as the
    te

    coordinate axes.
    LetX'0X, Y'OY and z•oz be three mutually perpendicular lines intersecting at Osuch that two
    of them viz. Y'OY and Z'OZ lie i.r1 the plane of the paper an:d the third X'OX is perpendicular to
    m

    the plane of the paper and is projecting out from the plane of the paper (see Fig. 26.1).
    fro

    z -z
    d

    _./x:.
    ./ yz-plane
    de

    .,,
    __

    _ :0-----y
    ,•
    oa

    ........., ......... ~·
    Y'
    x Y·•P1•""
    nl
    w

    X .
    do

    Fig. 26.2
    lZ'
    Fig. 26.1 . axis an,1 _ .,lxls r,'sp,,:ti"•I\'
    ,oz be x-axis, y· . , . ti •
    l.etObe'- . . 1i ,,x•ox y•oYa11d Z " , ·f . tes, fhepl,,ne,~•'1't,mUl\g ,,
    'l'I. ,ne ongm and the ties ' l• r axes of coo1< Jl,a 1. ,1\r nl u,,·~ :\ln h 1/
    •nese three Imes
    ,,_ · · are also calLe d the rectangtl une~ threcrn11tu,1 ll), f>l'ff'l'l'' " '' · 1'1•""'"
    . . lln,,t,• • • ·,,,· ,h,m n u1
    "11EsX'0X, Y'OY and Z •oz in pairs, de~ern , !led rect,u•~ulnr ,ooH
    and. ZOX or s1mplv. XY, YZ and ZX~ which are ca . . II •I 11, tlw .-><n,lm.,te
    g. 26 ·2 · , l p dn1W t11r<'<' I,l' 1110•. ,,...., ll U\ • l h,•-.• thr,,•
    P1
    Let ) 1}1roug' A 1 ( Ill V,u,,
    p be a point ill space (J<ig. 26.3 .. , . ,r•div1•lY• },cl l > 1' ;,.,. ,·.1li1·d th<' ,,,111\\111,,lcs
    11
    ,,! llw
    Planes•to meet the axes in A Band C 1" 51 · J by ih<' 1"""1 • II ,.1 tlW} ,m• 111,•,1S< ·,•d ,,tc,n~
    ~al · ' d t·errrt•1''\ ·1 , · ,, ~u< "~ • '
    numbers taken in this order e · . . or 111•wi1 v< '"
    Point p . poH1lJVt' .,
    p .. , written as (x, y, z), x, y, z are uordhlatl' ''"' ~.
    th
    Ositive ot negative dir~ctions of e c
    26.2

    u y
    y
    A
    X , ,. 1
    Fig, 26,3 , ·uro. Thel'efi
    :11ation- 0/ xy-

    m
    Conversely, given an ordered triad (x, y, z) of real numbers we can always find the pointwh, (0, y, z) and (x

    o
    coordinates are (x, 1/, z) in the following manner:
    ~

    .c
    , ..Rr
    (i) Measure OA, OR, OC along x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively, ~tesof

    du
    (1i) Through the points A, B, C draw planes parallel to the coordinate planes YOZ, ZOXan• z :co. Similarl
    XOY respectively. The point of intersection of these planes is the required pointP and their equat;I

    oe
    26.2.3 DST,-.
    To gh·e another explanation about the coordinates of a point P, we draw three planes throughP
    p
    ch
    parallel to the coordinate planes. These three planes determine a rectangular parallelop1pe<l THEOREM'
    which has three pairs of rectangular faces viz, PB' AC', OCA 'B;PA 'BC', OAB'C; PA'CB'; OAC• PQ -
    te
    as shown in Fig, 2,6.3.
    ~ Let
    Clear!), x =DA =C8' = PA' -= Perpendicular djstance from P on the YOZ plane.
    ....
    m

    y =OB= A' C =PB'= Perpendicular distance from Pon the ZOX plane. OP=
    fro

    ;; =DC =A' 8 = PC' = Perpendicular distance from P on the XOY plane. Now,
    T1ius, the coordinates of tlte point P are the perpendicular distances from P on the three mu!u,iiir
    rectangular coordinate plnnes YOZ, ZOX and XOY respectively.
    d
    de

    Further, since the line PA lies in the plane PB 'AC' which is perpenrucular to the line OA, ive hz•,i
    P.A perpendicular to OA. Similarly, PB perpenilicular to OB and PC perpendicular to OC
    oa

    Thus, the coordinates of a point are the distances from the origin of the feet of theperpendic11//ll'5 frvm l'f
    point on the respective coordinate axes.
    nl

    26.2,2 SIGNS OF COORDINA res OF A POINT -~


    w

    To determine the signs of the coordinates of a point in three dimension, we follo,r ili,"~-
    do

    convention analogous to the sign convention in two dimensional geometry that all d·10 tin,,. 'Ji,
    measured along or parallel to OX, OY, OZ will be positive and distances moved along N f'·11ii,
    to OX', OY', OZ' will be negative. As discussed in previous section that thrt>e niu;~;f.'
    perpendicular linesx·ox, Y'OY and Z'OZ d!!termfoe three muti.iaUy perpendicul,1rc'.'1'.1',__~.,,·
    planes which in turn divide the space in to eight compartments known "" octant, fh~~~,,~,I
    having OX, OY and OZ as its edges i5denoted by OXYZ Similml y theotlwrvLt,111b ,tN• ~,,,11 Fi
    bvOX'YZ,OXY' Z,OX'Y' Z,OXYZ',OX'YZ , ',OX)" Z',OX')" z, ,fh;;, siun~ of th,>,{><> 1.'.liJ\11"'
    t ,/tO' We
    , ,-, Jfe<'
    a point depend upon the octant in which it l1{~S. l ,t.'t fl he ,1 polnt and let A, B, Ct,~ t 1~ o:i\ 1 i
    PQ "°
    perpendiculars drawn from Pon X'OX, Y'OY and %'0% n•spectively If p lif"s in oct11n1_ i1,t
    · on OX, OY and OZ rc,iipcc1
    then clearly A, B, Che · ·
    1vely. , conven,11011,1,lflI
    ,I ht•wfore by oLtr sign
    on and OC are positive, Th~1s, all the IJu:ee c-oordinates of p ar~ positive, If P lies 1 0 f ;, '.\,1
    OX'YZ, then A, B &nd C lie on OX', OY and OZ respeclivoly, Therefore, x-coordinJtc
    negative and y and z coordinates are positive.
    ~ SINES AND DIRECTION RAT
    ..,... crioNS co tos
    pl~! .
    ve can find the signs of coordinat
    .Aarl)', v.,,.,,~ of coordinates of points . es of Points u., 0 1 26.3
    ~" t]leStr,• - _ _ _-,-_ m Vario" t1erc1
    ;]l,1''"
    : ,r/TOXYZ OX'YZ
    o,ta 1
    1
    I
    ---
    Io~------
    -..s octant
    1ox•·rz
    'Z
    s:
    1 -
    ttadr<111ts Ti
    -
    . lefollowi11gtable

    I - I -:---=_-~ -; I yz, ~oxy•z· lox•y•z, I


    fw/e -- OXyz, OX•
    ,,u ox I +

    I : I + l- - - + -
    y
    ~ _+_ + --G_ : + J I
    r Ifa pomt Plies m xy-plane, then by tlle d ifi1111. .
    l
    - - - :: - -
    ,.,·r.t ·-f1ierefore,
    · •
    the coordinates of a point 011
    o 5 · ·1 xy-iilea 11 hcm of coordinates 0 r a poin;z-cao d. -
    e are of ti • ~ , - r inateof
    P'
    0
    ·.. nw11 oJxy-pla11e asz = ·. m11 arly, the coordinates of an oi:/orm (x, y, OJ ,md we may take the

    m
    111
    1\'u,zl!llW (x, 0, z) respectwely and their eqiiations llllllf be~[ke Y_: and zx-pla11es are of the forms

    o
    ,. . l' I
    1,_x, , Jf a poml ies on f 1e x-axis, then its y d
    - n as x - 0 and y - 0 . Iy.
    - respectroe
    -~_; • an z:-coord111ates b 1

    .c
    ~'i••tcsor a point on x-axis are of t/iefiorm (x o O} aiid-
    ,, '"' i . ·, , we may take ti 11re cJt· I zero. Therefore
    • '
    tire
    ;,nSimilarly, the coordmates ofa point on y and z-axes are of thefiorm (~e equations of x-axis as y ~ 0, '.

    du
    ·'•heirequatio11~
    ,. may be taken as x =O, z =oand x-- 0, y = Orespec«vely. ,, , )/, O)and (O,O,z)respectl!ie1y

    oe
    ~.2.3 DISTANCE FORMULA
    T1EOREM Prove that the distance between the points P (x1, Y.v z1)andQ (x2, y2, z2}is given by
    ch
    PQ = ✓<x2 - x1f + (Y2 -y1}2 + (z2 -z1/
    te

    l let O be the origin and let P (x1, y 1 z1 ) a11dQ (x2 , y2 , zi)betwo given points. Then,
    m

    z
    fro

    ➔
    PQ = Position vector of Q - Position vector of P
    d
    de
    oa

    0
    nl
    w

    X Fig. 26,4
    Q . r, tl.
    do
    26.4

    QR = ✓(3 + 1) 2 1- (5 + 1) 2 + (7 + 1)-2 - Jin A '16 t 64 /J If,


    and, PR = ✓(3-1) 2 +(5 2) 2 (7 1)
    2
    J4 I 9 1-- 16 J'J.'I
    Clearly, QR = PQ + PR. Therefnn°, points P, Q and R arr•, c1lllrwar.
    E>.n1\I"' Defermme /he poi11f in XY p/11111' whirh i~ e1quldisla111 (ml/I I/Jr",.
    B (0, 3, 2) and C (0, 0, 1). ' p,m,• A '1
    SOLUTION We know th,,t :-coordinate of t'Vl'ry poml on xy-pl"n" i,; ll!n,. f:,,,
    be a point on xy-plant' such that PA= 11H - PC 'kip
    Now , PA =I'B
    ⇒
    ⇒
    PA 2 = PB 2
    (x-2/+(y-0) 2 + (0-3) 2 .. (x - 0) 2 +( 11 2
    3) ➔ (0 - 2) 2
    ~-
    eJearlV', XB"'
    4x - 6y = 0 l x-311 = 0 t,1er:a, A, 8,

    m
    ⇒ ⇒
    and PB= PC F

    o
    PB2 = PC 2

    .c
    S()l.L'lJ(Z'l
    = (x -0) 2 -(y -3) 2 . ,__ (0-2) 2 = (x - 0) 2 + (y - 0) 2 +(0 1)2

    du
    AB=
    ⇒ - 6y - 12 = 0 ⇒ y = 2
    AB =
    oe
    Putting 11 = 2 in (i), we obtain x =3. Hence, the required p oin t is (3, 2, 0). -.,
    \ Show that the points A(0, 1, 2), B(2, - 1, 3) and C (1, - 3, 1) are vertim vf1m
    ch
    right-angled triangle.
    SOJ UTIO"'\ We observe that _ _ _ _ __
    :..:..::..=.....:....=:..c.....
    te

    AB =- ✓(2-0) 2 +(- 1 - 1) 2 + (3-2) 2 = J4+4 + 1 = 3


    m

    BC= -vfi="2) 2 +(- 3+1)2+ (1-3)2 = .J1 + 4 + 4 = 3


    fro

    and, CA = -v(l - 0) 2 +(- 3- 1) 2 +(1 - 2) 2 = .)1+16+1 = 3,Ji


    Oearly, AB =BC and AB2 ~ BC 2 =AC 2 .
    d

    ..,. .:? Bodlet_.,,


    de

    Hence, triangle ABC is an isosceles right-angled triangle. I"

    [lo'. 'vi" Fin.dthelocus ofthepointwhichisequidistantfromthepointsA (0, 2, 3}and6·! - respectn el).


    oa

    SOLt.'TION Let P(x,y,z) be any point which is equ id istan t from A(0, 2,3) and Il(2
    Then,
    nl

    PA = PB
    •
    w

    PA 2 = PB 2 r - -.
    do

    = '\'r., x- 0) 2 + (y 2) 2 +(z - 3) 2
    = 4x - 8y • 4z + 4 = 0 F'osttion 'ect
    => X 2y Z 1 0
    H en ce, the required Incur-, hs x 21J z , I o.
    1
    .
    r
    EX. ' ' 'I , · I md the rnordinutr.~ of a po1111 eq111d1st1111f /m 111 tJw /11111 1,,,1111 <) 1(
    1 l\ Ol
    B (O, b, 0) and C <O, 0, t )
    50LUflON f,etP(X,!/, Z) bc• 1lwr1•q11i11·, l poh 1l 'l lw11, <)/' 1'11 l'H /'\ ' "i +
    Now, OP - PA
    ⇒ OP 2 = PA 2 I\
    Xi +
    2
    x + y2 + z 2 = (x 11)
    2
    1 ( 11 o>2 • (z 01 2
    0 = - l ax+ a 2 ⇒ x o/2
    Similarly, OP = PB = 11 = b/ 2 and 0 1' l 'C ;, z f"/2.
    ~ _
    ....

    ~-" rioNS COSINES AND DIRECTION RAT


    'I!! Ol~~C 10$
    26.5
    fleJlce,
    the coordinates of the required p 0 . (a b
    mt are _2, _ , - .
    2 2
    c)
    fx,~MPLE7 Usin.gvector method: prove that the .
    /Ji11ear. pomts A (3, - 2 4 )
    ,in:ctJ N Wefindthat ' ,ll(l,l,l)and C (- 1 4 2'
    ,oLIJ110 , , ,
    . /\ A A /\ A
    II AB ,:(i+j+k)-(3i -2;'+4k/\) _ ": "
    --21+3· "
    ": t: J - 3k
    " " " "
    BC=(-1+4 J-2k) - (i+;'+k)- 2') ') /\
    '1l'd• - - i + 3J -3k
    C]earlV, ' AB= BC. Th.is shows that AB is parallel to B➔C. But, B is comm ➔ ->
    B C are collinear on fo AB and BC
    ttence, A, , ·

    m
    .,(i) [\A,Wl£8 FindthedistancebetweentlzepointsAandB· .11 .. " "
    i and 2,,i ~ ~j + 2k.
    ,

    o
    We find that WI , position vectors i -

    .c
    SOlL110N
    AB

    du
    = Position vector of B - Position vector of A
    7t,. 0, ": I\. ": f': I\ A /\ /\
    ... (ii) Al> = (2, + J + 2k) - J + Ok)- "' i + 2 j +"2.k

    oe
    (1 -

    o,celts AB = l AB I = .Jl + 4 + 4 = 3,
    ch
    26.2.4 SECTIOl'l FORMULAE
    te

    TMEOREM 1 (Internal Division). Let P (x1,,_y1, z1) andQ (~2 , y7,,z2) be two points. Let R be a point
    on !he line segment joining P and Q such that i t divfrws the •j0in of f> and Q internally ill the ratio
    m

    in1m2. Then, tire coordinates of Rare . ,· _- z


    ~ X1 m1 Y2 ¼ ~ Yt
    fro

    ( m1 X2 + m1~Z2 + mz:"t'""') ·-
    \ m +m ' - m 1 + 1112 ' m1 + ~
    1 2
    · ,ooi Let the coordinates of R be (x,y,z). Let
    d

    ..,➔ ➔ QandR
    de

    r1 , r2 and r be the position vectors of P,


    ,-2.,1)- respectively. Then,
    oa

    _ 2, 1)
    nl

    and ➔ A A /\
    w

    , r=xi +yj+zk
    ,:,_ _ . , ')'lterciorc, X
    do

    '""'I' Rdivides PQ internally in therat, 01111 · ,n-z, Fig 26.5

    POSition vector ./ of point R is given by

    O),
    \ (111 0I
    26.6

    l lt:'111:e, the C()Ord iniltes or R are


    lll1 '"2 + llh '"1, 111\ /11-2.1112 YI ,

    COROLLARY
    l Ill I + 1112 Ill I

    If R i~ tfa• mid po111t (1; the se1111,•11t joining


    + 1112

    111 - 111 - 1 1111d tire n,,,rdi1wt,•, c1{ R ,lie' gi;,r11 l•y


    1 2
    11
    \ r1~ ' i: Y1~ :! , :~)
    2
    THEO• ·
    .
    ,.,,iut ,, , '(> , 1.f1,,,d di.-1d111,;: 1t ,•,ft111a/1v 111 //,e ml 10
    j \;: m;c \'1 1111 !12 lll2
    .
    1£ rt,·rw1/ Dh11s~n11) Let P (.~·1, Y1, ::\) and Q (x2, Y2, ½) be two po1111,, ana
    '"2 (m1 "'m2)- Then, thecoord,, ll'l
    .1/1 111t Z2
    m,:
    1112 Zt
    .J ~-'g
    \ lllt llh • IIIJ 1112 , lflJ - 1112 So, i;he requir

    m
    ➔ ·> ➔
    let the..:-0ordma tesof Rbe (x , y, z). Letr1 , r2 and r be thepositionvectorsofP,(;. 3

    o
    , ,,' futting>.= -::-

    .c
    ,J
    Tt;"'j.'€'\."tl\ d)- Then ·
    ➔ '\ '\ ·'\ ➔ /\ I\ /\ ➔ I\ I\ I\
    EX,''\fl'l .E 3

    du
    '"1 = .,·1 i + Y1 1 + ::1 k r2 =-~2 i + Y2 j + z 2 k and r = xi + y j + z k. 2.t .. 21/ - 2.;; =
    Sm(c' R di,id.e:- J'Q exten1ally in the ratiom1 : m2 . Therefore, p osition vector 7of point R• ·, O'r s
    oe
    c;ou.'TIO~
    1:,,
    ch andB(1.~.~
    -> ➔
    3,.
    m1 r:! - m2 r1
    te

    m1 -m:'.
    /\ I\ I\ I\ /\ I\ Since poirtL
    " "
    m

    ~ = m1 (x 2 i + y2 j + 41 k) - 1112 (x1 l + y 1 j + z1 k) equatiOrl cf


    xr---vi+ : k
    m1 - m2 .... -;
    fro

    i.e
    x ; .,. vi 122 - m2 =1 \k
    ~:k = ( 1111X2 - m2 X1J 'j +(m1 Y2 -m2 YJ )j +(m
    ~ -~ ~ ~ -~ ~ -~
    d

    I
    So the rL'Q'Ull'I
    = = m1x2-m2x1 , y = m1Y2 - m2Y.1, = m1 ½
    de

    x z -m2 z1
    m1 - m2 m1 - m2 m1 -m2 Putting·
    oa

    Hence, the coordinates of Rare


    1111 x2 -m2 X1 m 1 lf2 - ~ Yt m1 z2 -m2
    ,-
    z1)
    nl

    m m2
    ' 1111 m2 m1 -m2
    w
    do

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    ( LEVEL-1]
    i..
    fXA"'1.rl £ !'ind 1/w 1·Qorri1il(IIP, 11f tlw point wh11'h di!Jicf,,, lite 0111
    1
    ,,f /' (2 I ll
    >.. ..
    m t/w ralw 2 1 (1) 111/c11111/111 <111 ex1t-,1wlh1 '
    SOLUTION Ld I< (X,f li ' "' 1111• f.1'1Jt111t·d prm 11 Tlwn h,:irn l.':ich ,,,
    .) X
    2 >' 4 ,.. ,: 2 I/ L >< 1 1. I ,...,K.•-, .,
    1 ,.'lX•
    I
    (! S1 11,i> .:-.1 ,h
    2 .. 1 ' :.! I i ' 1
    1
    ,11
    14 1 if, ,. ,l unJ '- <1i ,,c1,,
    => X = _ , t/
    ~ t\,,,rt1 ,
    So,coordinale,,of tlw n•qu i1v d 1•1111,1 H ,111 lr 11, I, le,)
    I I ' •, ,

    , r, ,..
    2X 4 1" 2 2, l lx I ' 1 ,,
    (ii) X = - , I/ - " ..c

    => = - 2, y = - 9,
    X 8
    2 3 - 2 I
    .. 1
    .l

    so, coordim1tes of the required poml R ,11t• ( 2, 'I, HJ.


    ,.
    TIONS COSINES AND DIRECTION R
    OI~~C Altos
    ,\lvfPLE2 Find the, ratio in which the lin ... 26.7
    -pl«ne. Also, find the coordinatl's of the,1° ~ 11tg the points (l ~ ~
    1
    i:.,x
    1!1£~}' epointof,f,·· ,,.,,1)11nd(-34
    ..,,,.0 N Suppose the line segment .0 . . 1tis1011. , , , 5) i~ divided /1y
    ,OLU" · R. 1 mu.g lhe 0 ·
    the ~)'-p!ane at a pomt m the ratio),: l. Th P mls P (J, 2, '.\) and 1 4
    by ( _-:21,+ l, 4 l + 2, -5 A+ 3} en, the coor~iinates of R~~(• '
    i.e. l A+ 1 ,, + 1 ?, + 1
    ,. (i)
    S ce R Jies on xy-plane i.e. z = 0. Therefore z ,
    Jll -5 ,, + 3 = 0 ⇒ /, = I '
    -coordinate of R. inust be r.ero.
    i.e. ,.,,+ 1 5
    . JS
    · d ratio . 3 1
    So, the reqmre : or, 3 : 5.
    5

    m
    Putting,,=~ in (i), we obtain the coordinates of R as (-l 114' o}

    o
    ' 5 2'

    .c
    n_,\;\lPLE3 Find the :atio in whi~h join of A (2, 1,5) and B (3, 4, 3) is divided by the plan;•

    du
    2x ~ 2y - 2z = l. Also, find tile coordmates of the point of division.
    SOLUTION Suppose the plane 2x + 2y - 2z = 1 divides the linci joining the points A (2, 1, 5J

    oe
    and B( 3, 4, 3) at a point C in the ratio A: 1. Then, the coordina tes of C are

    -- - - .~
    ch
    (3,._+ 2 41,+l 3 1-+ S )
    l 1.+l' :>..+1' ,.+ 1
    te

    Since point c lies 011


    the plane 2x + 2y - 2z =1. Therefore, coordinates of C must satisfy the
    m

    equation of the plane _


    ( 3 A-. 2 \ + ( 4 /, + 1] _ 2 ( ~'- + 5 ) = 1 ⇒ 8 :>v - 4 = 1o. + 1 ⇒ "- = f
    fro

    Le.
    2 2
    1+1) l~+ l ) l A+l
    d

    So, the required ratio is ~ : 1 or, 5 : 7· ( )


    de

    29 9 25
    . t £division Care -,4, 6)
    Putting;,= S in (i), the coordinates of the porn ° 12 ...
    oa

    7 h f the fr1ree po-hits A (- 2, 3, 5), B (1, _, 3) ,w,1


    EXA..\il'I.E 4 Using section Jomtula, prove t a . -
    nl

    C(7, 0, -1) are collinear. . and c divides AB in the r<1M ": l rh,"£1
    . ts are collinear
    w

    S0Lt'110N Suppose the given potn ' 5 ) ·:Ii ate, of can• (7, 0, - 1).
    E:.:...:. .
    do

    , ( 'A. _ 2 2,. + 3 But, come "


    coordinates of C are - , ~+-l I i. + 1
    ),_+ 1 A
    3:>,,+5 __ J
    ~--2 ==7, ~,?. ;:_~ "'0 a!ld Ml -
    h+l A+l 3
    F gc•1" i~ =-- 2·· , ,1nh u,\ ...\,Ut1\1.·,,
    torn each of these equations, we ·· )wl'don•, llw i;iv1•111 ' · •
    a l1ie ofi• 1 . , , ,,
    $' • tht>RilJlWV )' ,1)w1,1IH• • 1 . !) Iii./ I
    ttlce each of these equation1:1 give } 1, . ,ww11iv" H I) (O 1 •1,111,I \~ '
    and C dh,ides AB externally (becau•W. , ~ 1titlltKi<' ,,tr ,' 1', >' ' '
    1l)( • fr, of II ' I ti><' i;" ,·n
    ... ,AMPLE 5 The mid-points of the
    511
    l/·J• z 1) l>•· 1111' \ ,·i ~:';;:,. '~1_i,., /lt
    ( ~ I
    ucrtic~ I ( I ,, . . l , ,111d I''"" s'
    ~,. Z ) ""' · 4) ll•' I "
    ~LLrnoN l.,et A (xi, Y1,z1), B (:i:2 4!/2.2) ~nd /' (Z, l,
    cl , and let D (1 , 5, -1), .£ (O, '
    altianglc
    ll AR tespectiv elv.
    1'h..v, D is the mid:point of BC,
    26.8

    ⇒ X2 + X3 - 2, Y2 ., .1/?,
    Eis the mid-point of CA
    X1 +
    2
    x,
    = 0, YI t Y3
    2
    2

    ⇒ Xt + X3 = 0, !fl I !/?, = 8, Zt + Z3 = 4
    Fis the mid-point of AB
    XJ ➔ .12 2 1/t + !/2 "" 3, Z] + Z2 = 4
    2 '2 2
    ⇒ '"1 + '"2 = 4, !/1 + Y'2 = 6, Z1 ➔ ½ ;; 8
    Adding fir::-t three equalions in (i), (ii) and (iii), we obtain

    m
    2 (:r1 + X2 + X3) = 2 ~ 0 + 4 ⇒ <t + X2 + X3 = 3

    o
    Solving first three equations in (i), (ii) and (m) with X1 + xz + x = 3, we

    .c
    3
    x 1 -1, x~ :c 3, x3 =-1.

    du
    Adding next three equations in (i), (ii) and (iii), we obtain
    2 (Y1 + Y2 + Y,) = 10 + 8 + 6 ⇒ Y1 + !/2 + 1/3 = 12 He~~, ~'lt." :

    oe
    Solving next three equations in (i), (ii) and (iu) with y1 + Y2 + Y3
    ch =12, we obtain .. 9
    Y1 = 2, Y2 = 4, !/3 = 6.
    Adding last three equations in (i), (ii) and (iii), we obtain
    te

    2 (::1 - Z2 + ::3) = - 2 - 4 + 8 ⇒ ZJ. +Z2 + 23 =- 1.


    Solving last three equations in (i), (ii) and (iii) with z1 + z2 + z = I, we obtain SOLt.TJO:-.:
    m

    3
    :l = 3, Z2 = 5, Z3 = -7.
    fro

    ThUi,, the vertices of the triangle are A (1, 2, 3), B ( 3, 4; 5) and C {-1, 6, -7).
    XAMPa 6 Given that P (3, 2, -4), Q (5, 4, - 6) and R (9, 8, - 10) are collinear. Fimt 11'.t
    d

    a•hid1 Q dir:ides PR.


    de

    SOLUTIOI\ Suppose Q d ivides PR in the ratio 'J,..: l. Then, coordinates of Qare


    1
    oa

    9i.-3 81,+~ -101-4)


    • 1 I •/ . + 1 1 j, + 1
    /. T
    nl

    But, coordinatc•s of Qare given as (5, 4, - 6).


    w

    9 i. + 3 _ 8 /, + 2 -10 ,. - 4
    . - - 5, - - = 4, - - - - = 6.
    do

    1. + l ,.+1 ),+1

    All these equativn.s give tht> same value uO, egual to! .So,Q divides l'H m th<' r.llh' '. 1'
    2 -
    x• '•1 r 7 l-ind /he r·r1ordh111tes of the poinL~ which lrisec/ thl' 1111 ,,
    1

    ,,;, ,.·111
    11 Ill '
    A (2, 1, - 3) 1md H ('i, k, 1)

    5?~UTION Let P dnd O L,, Uw pl1111h; wliil'li tn~t>ll I\H li wll, , \/'
    d1v1des AB m the rati" I 2 <111J () d1vid1>;, 11 iu tit,. , ,tt lo _,
    I.
    As P divides /I ij in the ratio J 2. bo uit,n l11 i.,1 1,, oJ /' ,,re,
    !." 5 + 2 x 2 , 1 .,, 8 , 2/ I 1 ,i ><
    1)
    ( 1+ 2 1+2 l
    1 2
    Ot. ( 3, 2, I)
    1 2

    A(2, 1, ~3)1---;~,- - - - - , , _ __ _ ___,


    1
    Q H(5, -8, 3)
    Fig. 26.6
    'f
    TtONS COSINES AND DIRECTION
    p1REC RAl'i()s
    Q divides AB in the ratio 2 • 1 So
    5jllce (2x5+lx2 2x-8+·1~1 2COotdinatesofQa 26.9

    2+1
    ,
    2+1 '~
    ><3+J )<te
    . . 2+1 or, (4,-S,l)
    , •·!PLE s The x-coordtnptes of a point on- t1ie line
    . .. .
    £X,~,. .
    · 'itsz-coord1.nate. J01t11ng tlir.po· ,..
    firra th . . m,,Q (2, 2, l}a11d 1q- 1 .
    'X)LlJ1'lON Let e pomt P divide QR . INC' b, ,-2),s4.
    111
    ·-,+2 , +2 -21'.+l) the ratio'}"·1· TI,en th ERrF.XfMPI.AK J
    lt:T' W'
    ,,,,, '· ---
    1-.+ 1 . , e coordinates of p arc

    "
    Q (2, 22,,1)1)~----.:.:..__pp--2_1_ __

    Fig. 26.7 R (S, l, " 2)

    m
    It is given that the x-coordinates of pis 4.

    o
    5tv+2

    .c
    - =4 ⇒ 5Js+2 =4A.+4~ A=2
    A+l .

    du
    . . -2).+1 -4+ 1
    Hence, the z-coordmate of P 1s - - - =_ =-1
    1v+l 2+1 .

    oe
    Sliow tltat the centroid of tile triangle wit/1 vertices A (x1, y1, 21), B(X:1, y2, z.,) and
    i\A~ll'LE q
    C(x3, y3 , z3) has tlil' coordinates -
    ch
    (x,
    + X2 + X3 Y1 + Y2 + Y3, 2 1 +z.2 +z3)
    te
    3 ' 3 3
    SOLUTION Let O be the mid-point of AC. Then, coQrdinates of D.are

    (x2 z3}
    m

    + x3 Y2 + Ya Zi +
    2 ' 2 ' 2
    fro

    .
    d
    de

    ~.
    .......
    oa

    \c
    nl

    \_1
    w
    do
    26.10

    and, BC = Position vector of C - Posilion vector of 8


    ⇒ sc -- (5i+4-jI\ I\ I\ I\ I\
    4k)-(i+4j+6k) =>4i+ 0/ -2k.
    I\ I\ I\ I\ B(l, 4, 6)
    D ......
    r

    m
    Fig. 26.9 l,etObe the
    It is gh·en that AD is perpendicular to BC.

    o
    ➔ -)
    CO"

    .c
    AD~BC

    du
    = AD BC= 0
    cos

    oe CC5
    ch
    C.mdt.onfar
    te

    =
    m

    a ....
    fro
    d

    25.3 - or-,-.•·1r I COSINES AND DIRECTION RATIOS QF A LINE


    de

    In chapter 23, we have learnt about the direction cosines and direction ratios of~ \ectl'!
    secti,,n, we ,,vill introduce the notion of direction cosines and direction ratios of .i lllle C
    oa

    OEFINmoN The direction cosines of a line 4re. defined as the direction cosines of aiiv "''·'~
    support is the given line.
    nl

    ~ ' =
    12
    It follows from the above definition if A and B are two points on a given line L, th~" .W"
    w

    ➔ or, HA
    a.is1.nes of vectors AB ., are the direction cosines oJ. line L. Tiuis, 11 .~ ", Jrt' 1~1•
    . • Lt_,~ e;,.
    111I
    do

    t ,,, )
    which the line 1, makes with positivf' di.nictions of x-axi1,, y-axis and ~-,1xis re~r,•,· 1' ' ' ~

    direction cosines are either, cos u., cos ~cosy or, co~ a, - cos fl, co~ y. '1.
    Therefore, if I, 111, n are direction cosines of a llne, tlwn I, Ill, 11,u·,· ,11~,, it,'j I1\\.(l1.
    and we always hav.-.,
    1 1
    1- "'
    '~
    ANG
    12 .,. 1112 ~ n2 I
    lt:>t t l\nd
    IfA ( , 1lll"lll•'
    i U\
    r""r•'\:ti, t•ly
    x J, Y1, z1) ai1d B (x2, y2 , Zz) <1n• two pou 111-. ,in ,1 11111• I., lh,•11 1l1> d 1n•,•IJ<'
    ~ .. X] Y2 1/J Z2 Z1 11 ,, 1/1 1/, 41
    - , I - I (U , ' •
    .1B AB AH All IH ,\JI r<"
    1
    ,,r l "l ll b1c lhe
    , . . . . it 1ulli
    DEFll', ,TION The dtrec/1011 rat,as oj a /1111' llrf' Jl/''1/IO/'lm1111/ '" //It' clt/'1'1'/1//II /'cl/I<'·'<
    support is the given line
    II' cos
    111 I•
    If A (xi, Y1, z1) and B (x2 , 11z, z2) are two points on .i line, I hl"ll ·its din',
    111
    proportional tox2 -x 1,y2 y 1,z2 -z1,
    ~ 1:c110NSC
    OSINES ANO DIRECTION RATIOS

    pill BETWEEN TWO VECTORS 26.11

    A ANG~E
    5
    ~-'"" s,c1,on,;;
    !JIire<:" themangle between
    .><on co :
    ~
    re will find the fonnula fot the a11gle between two vec:tors tn tt'rlY\s of their
    ,nd , \so in tem,s of th, it "'"~' """ Tho a,gto betwoo, two Ii~ !'
    two vectors parallel to them. So, the re~ults, derived for vectors wi ll
    ~efuiedas licable to lines.

    alsO be app TWEEN TWO VECTORS IN TERMS OF THEIR DIRECTION COSINES


    2
    5.4.1 ANG!E BE
    11 and b be two v
    -+ ectors with direction -, 11, m1, 111 and 1 , "'?., n respectively. Then, e
    -, cosines
    2 2 th
    Let b
    tors "11 and in the directions /\ of II and
    " b respecti.vely are given by
    ~
    /\ " "
    inut vec ~ " 11 "i + 1111 J + n1 k and, b = 12 i + m2 i + 112 k I\ I\

    gle between ➔
    a and 7v . Then' 0 is also the angle between a and b.
    [.et 8 be the an

    m
    " "
    n·b

    o
    cos e

    .c
    du
    cos 0

    oe
    I + m ini + 111 n2
    ⇒Condition for perpendicular11·ay: If ➔-a and ➔bare perpendicular,
    ch
    cos 8 = l1 2 . then
    te
    ➔
    1.L b
    " I\
    m

    a ..Lb
    /\ I\
    fro

    a,b =0
    i /\
    m, A '> 1· 1 k} ,: O "
    ( 1 + "j + n1 k). ( I2 1·•HI"}_/ + 2 .
    =0
    d

    -::> 1
    l1 ~ + m1 m2 + n1 ni ➔ parallel, then
    de

    -::>
    . . Ii and b are
    Condition for parallel!Sm. 1
    oa

    ~ and bare parallel


    nl

    " " orne scalar l


    =Ab for 5
    A "
    a A • . n k)
    w

    I\ I\• • n I\ - ,... 'Z j +m2J.,. 2


    k) -"(L
    (11 i +m1J l n =A.nz
    do

    l1 =A/.i,m1 =r,mz, 1 CTIONRATI0S .

    ~
    11 m1 - n1 Of THEIR DIRE I• ,·, ,md ,h 1-.: •~
    - - - AMS I to al, I•
    - 1112 ni TORS IN TE . roport\011a ' '
    26,4,2 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO VEC·th directiOl'l ranos p; ". , . ,11,,ng I•, '": t /ii I t <"i k
    let l ➔
    and b be two v ectors w1 ,.. "
    k and, ·
    1 1 /1. v< ~ 1 11
    i 1d fl·•
    e
    r°"""ctively. Then,
    -~• ➔ A vector along ti o
    ~ + /J·I j
    1111
    I· ft ,10 L>t'LW<'•'" t •11
    o 1111• ,11\f\
    Ii = -,• 'fhl'n , Oi6 al•
    ➔ nd b.
    let Obe the angle b e tween a a
    :;t.'B _
    cosO=IAIIB\
    26.12

    01FIE:c-r10N
    ⇒ cos 0
    r,et e pe th
    cos
    ⇒ cos e

    t ➔ •
    Condition for perpmdicul11rify: lf a and b arc perpend1cular, then

    AJ_ B <=> A•B= 0 ~ n1 a2 + b1 b2, + c1 c2 = 0


    ➔ ➔
    Condi/ion for pnml/l?lism: lf a and bare parallel, then
    ·. C

    Aand Bare parallel

    m
    e

    o
    A== i. Bfor some scalar A

    .c
    /\ A /\ A A /\
    (a7 i + b1 i + c1 k) = A(112 i + b2 j + C2 k) 1 .nu.,,, the

    du
    EXAM?LE
    <=> a1 = 11. a2 , b1 = ,. b2 , c1 = ), c2 5QLL~ION

    oe
    al =!:I_ =,S__ (.x2 , Y2,=:
    t12 b2 C2
    ch
    ln order to find the angle behveen two vectors when their direction ratios or cosine;,m~
    te
    we may use the following algorithm. ·
    ALGv
    m

    Obtain direciion ratios or direction'cosines of two vec/.ors. Let the direction ratios of r~v
    fro

    be proportional to a, , bi, c1 and I½, b2 , c2 rei>pectively;


    Write vectors parallel to the given vectors. C:XA.'-U'U
    :r..e ,o:mr1
    d

    ➔
    Let a = A vector parallel to the vector having tlirection ratios 111 , bi, c1. Then. sou.mo.
    de

    ➔ A /\ /\ the ratio
    a = a1 i + b1 j + c1 k
    oa

    ➔
    and, b = A vector parallel tu the vector hmling direction ratios a2 , /12 , c2. lh?rl
    nl

    ➔ I\ I\ I\
    b - 112 i + b2 j + C2 k
    w

    ➔ ➔
    do

    Use the formula: cos 0 =_a~


    > ➔
    a IIbI
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

    ILEVEL-1 l 1'
    r. A IPI I rind l/11' mtgle ll!'{W('1'n tlw 01•,•fors 1(1///r rlil'£'diot1 mti,i, 1,,..11,,,,ti, 111.rl 1'' J
    3, 4, 5.
    GI
    L ➔ 4 1·
    SOLUilON et a be a V<•ctw par,1llel lo tl w Vl'i'lm lnvirw di t L'(;tion r,1t it1~ '
    A /\ /\ ' < 0 Iii
    ➔- 4 1·_3· ➔ . . .·,11r,1"
    a- J ~ .5/c Further, let /J bl' a vector par,111..1 lo Uw vector having d1r(.'citt
    Then,
    ➔ I\ /\ A
    b = 3i + 4 j +Sk.
    !IIIIIP""" rioNSCOSINES AND DIRECTION RATIO
    pl~EC S
    the angle behveen the given vect . T 26.13
    Let0 be ➔ ~ o1s. hen,
    = _ a._b_ == _ 12 - 12 +
    _~
    0 25
    coS I1 I Ib I ,{16 + 9 + 25 Jg:;16 +25 "' ~ ~ 8 n
    the measure of the angle ben,.,•cen the g· 3
    le b
    J']lUS, . h
    El Find t e ang etween the Jines wliven vectors
    .
    is 600
    ' ·
    ~x,1J1iJ'L iose direction I'
    45. ra tos are proportuma/ to 4 -3 5 and
    3, 'unoN Let 8 be the angle between the given· Ii ' '
    :,:)L nes.
    ivehave,
    a1 "' 4, bi = - 3, c1 =5 and a2 : 3 b _
    ' 2 - 4 C2 - 5
    cos e= a1 a2 + b1 b2 + '1 C2 - ' [2 ~ + 25 12

    m
    I 2 b2
    ,a1 + 1 +cl 'Ja2
    2 I 2 2
    +b2 +c2
    2 - 116 -~
    ,, + 9 + 25 ✓9+16+25 ,. -25 = -1
    so 2

    o
    7t
    0=-

    .c
    3

    du
    Thus, the measure of the angle between the given lines is 60°.
    rxAMPLE3 P(6, 3, 2),Q (5, 1, 4) and R (3, 3, 5) arethevertices ofa trumg/ePQR. FindLPQR.

    oe
    SOLUT!Ol\ We know that the d irection ratios of the line Seginent joining (x , y , z ) and
    1r2, y2, z2) are proportional to x 2 - x.1, y2 - yv z2 - z . Therffore, 1 1 1
    ch
    1
    Direction ratios of QP are proportional to '6_.:5,,3. ::.1, 2 -4 i.e. l, 2, - 2
    Direction ratios of QR ru·e proporfional to· 3·- 5,J-::.1~5. - 4 i.e. - 2, 2, 1
    te

    I.el LPQR = 0. Then, . ~, -•, ~: )-i: 4-2


    lx-2 +2 x 2 +- 2xl ·. _ ,. = o
    m

    cos e = ✓12 + 2 2 + (- 2)2 ;/{- 2)2 + 22 ¾


    (-'122. ;.:-:, ,f§ :J9
    fro

    1l
    8=- -
    2
    d

    " _ point A (1, 2, 1) to the


    ; if· ulllr drai,m from the
    ~\1PLE 4 Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpw ~ ·
    de

    !mqoining B (1, 4, 6) and C (5, 4, 4). _ rawn from .A on BC, and let D divide BC in
    £()1,L'TIOl\ Let D be the foot of the perpend icu Jar d
    oa

    tlieratio ),: l. Then, the coordinates of Dare ...(i)


    (5,.+ 1 4;>,., + 4 4;>,., + 6J
    nl

    l~ ' 1,+1, ,.,+1 _ i.e4,o, -2.


    w

    " . . 4 4 6
    Lto5-I,4-,
    ·~e direcnon ratios of BC are proportwna
    do

    1Jie,.,_ . ratios of AD are proportional to A. 27. +_2 3A


    =ect:ion +5
    ----
    4
    ~ -1 4!'.-t-4_2,~-1, i.e. ~'-).,+ I 'J..,l
    Sine t-,J 'l+l i.+J
    e AD J. BC. Therefore, ( J 1, +5),. O
    ( - 4A.
    4X 1 J+ 0 (2 I,+ :Z) + (- 2)
    X ---
    71
    '
    + 'I
    1),+ l ~- + J A(L2, 11

    8(1, 4, 6)
    p1fll::-c-r10NS
    26.14
    _z
    c;:;, J<i>.-01, - I0 = 0
    or, Jf7l
    => 'J..=l . I: . . ti1n\ the coordinates o fD are (3, 4, 5).
    Putting,._ = 1 In (1) we o ,ta1n , .
    ,d .. . ,· 1 YJSt/lf~ of. the /me
    . . .. .
    wlt11h ,. .
    ,~ r1opend1cular to the line~
    fXA\rr, 1 s r11, 11'",1 1 11 ,,c, , ,,' • · , ·
    1
    ,,.~,,, .,1
    cc>,inc..~ l'''()Pt" /1<111a/ /(11, 2 • - .. nm/ O, -, . . . 1
    ,,e tl•e direction cosines of the required line. Smee it ~ perp
    501.LTIOl\, Let I, Ill· 11 • • • end•
    the line, wh0sc dirt'ctton cosim~s are proport1onal to 1, - 2, - 2 and O, 2, 1 respectiv~1~
    l-:!.m-21! =0
    and, 01 + '.!111 + 11 = 0 A

    m
    On sohing ti) and (ii) by cross-multiplication, we get
    I 111 11 1 m_n

    o
    - - - = - = - ⇒ -=---
    -2+4 0-1 2 2 -1 2

    .c
    Thus the direction ratios of the required line arc proportional to 2, -1, 2. Hence, ib ii:
    .,••

    du
    cosine::- are
    •• 2 -1 2 2 1 2

    oe
    -- ~=~ -,-~ =-------,-~ ~or,-,--,-. => B
    ,, :+t-l}2+ 22 .,Jz2-1-(- l)2+ 22
    2
    ✓22 + (-l)2+ 2 2 3 3 3
    ch
    The ans
    fiHd t1ze direction cosines of the sides of t/·1e triangle whose vertices are 13 ~
    EX..\..l\fPLE 6 . l,., -m3
    te
    (-1.1, 2) and (-5, -5, -2) and a/so find the angles of the triangle. What types of triangle it is'
    SOUJTION Let ABC be the triangle the coordil'\ates of whose vertices are A f} ' ...:>
    m

    B{-1, L 2) andC (-5, -5, -2).


    =
    fro

    The direction ratios of AB are proportional to


    -1 - 3, 1-5, 2-;- 4 or, - 4, -4, 6 or, -2, - 2, 3
    Direction cosiJies of AB ar.e
    d

    - 2~~ 3
    2 ' ~2 - 2 2 . 2 , -p=r= 2~ ~==
    de

    2 2
    ✓t 2) +(-2) +3 ✓(- 2} +(-2) +
    2
    3:
    I

    \(-2) +( 2) +3
    oa

    2 -2 3
    or, ,,117- ..ff! .Jfj
    I I
    nl

    -2 -2 3
    Let 11: ,-,nt1::=~,111
    w

    ✓ 17 .J17 - ,il7
    do

    The d,rection ratios of AC aTe proporlional to


    -5 3,-5 5, -2 (-4)or, 8, 10, 2 or, 4, 'i, I
    lJ1 rerti<H cosines of AC ilrP
    4
    , r
    r 2 '5)2 , 12 ' I' ' I ',)
    f-4) t-( ✓ < 4)2 I ( c;J1• t 1! 4)• ( I l
    "' (
    4 'i L
    or,
    ✓42' ./42 ' J42
    - 1 r;
    Let 12 = ,.. 1 1th
    ./42'
    112
    Jn
    - ✓ 42

    The direction ratios oJ /H .,n, propo, 11011,1I i, 1


    -5 ( 1), · 5 I, 2 2 w, I, 1,, 2.
    Direction to:;ines ol /K nn
    2 -~
    - - =2=.~ 2 2 ' I
    ✓(-2) -(-3) ~ (-2) ,J( 2)2 I ( 3)! I ( 2)' ' ~ 2/ 1-(
    26.15

    le betvveen sides AB and AC is A .


    fbeatlg nnd is given b
    cos A :: 11 12 + 1111 111 2 + 111 112 Y
    8
    cos A := --= r.-;:; +
    ✓17 ,142
    -==-=--~
    10
    ., /ff K2
    +
    -:ri_7
    3
    (,f_-= ,,, __ 2] 121
    ~
    _1 21 ') "42 ff7 ,f42_ = \ -34
    A=COS
    ( ~ -34

    The angle between sides BA and BC is B a 11d . ,

    m
    /) 1s given by
    cosB =(- 1 13 +(-1111)m3 +(-ni)n [· · . .
    2 -2 2 -3 . Direction cosi.J.1es of BA are - l - m

    o
    3
    ~ cosB=--X-- .J.. - x - 3 -2 1, L, 11
    tl
    ,,ffi ✓17 ' 17 /17~ + r:;;:: X r.;:: = - 4 - 6 + 6 _ 4

    .c
    -
    ' v17 vl7 17 ---

    du
    => B=cos -1 ( - 4) 17
    17

    oe
    direction cosines of CB and CA a:re
    ch
    te
    m
    fro

    => C = cos-
    1
    ✓~
    d

    :~observe that LA = L C and cos Bis negative. Therefore, /J. ABC is isoscele~ obhzse angled
    de

    -~gle.
    EX.~\\Plt 7 If t m 11 and 1 m n~ be the direction cosines of two lines, show that tire direction
    w«nes 0,; h 1' 1, 1 2, 2, "L 1 to (m,112 - 1112711,
    ) (1 1 )
    oa

    .
    ,.,., , t e line perpendicular to both of them are proportrona. '12 -1121L,
    ,Jirn2-l2 m1),
    nl

    50tLTION Let b h .,, . . os·nes of the w1 e perpendicu lar to each of the given
    lines Th I, m, n e t e .,.irection c 1
    w

    · en,
    , .. ( i)
    do

    ... (ii)
    26.16
    . ti n cosines of the Linc perpendicular to each f
    SOLUTJON Let L, m, n be the direc ~ ~ we get o the
    Lines. Then, proceeding as in Examp e :J, II
    I II~ = -
    - - - = -I n I 11 1111 -l2nt1
    m1112 - m2 111 111 2 - 2 1 .
    f ti e ...;ven
    . line arc proportmnal to (m 1n2 mii 11 ,
    11ms, the direction cosmcs O 1 o· ' 1 12
    (li1112 -121111),
    So its direction cosines are
    ' m1 n2 -m2 n, 111 /2 - ll2
    /t, JI 111
    2. ~ 2
    I m1, where
    --. -- ' i I.. cos
    A •
    -------- 2 2
    i, = ~(m1112 -1112 n1) 2 ~(11112 -nz /1) + (/1 m2 - 12 m1)

    m
    We know that,

    o
    •• mf ~ nr) (I! + mi + 11?) -(/1 12 + mim2 + 11it!z) 2

    .c
    (lf .i.

    ••• = (m1n2 -1112,111)2 cos.

    du
    .. (111l2 -n2l1)2 + (/JIIZ2 - l2m1f
    It is given that the given Lines are perpendicular to each other. Therefore,

    oe
    11..'-\f"l.[ 1
    11 12 + m1m2 + 111 n2 = 0
    3l
    Also, we have
    ch
    2 2 ::OL--no~
    ~ + m1 '12 = l
    and, 12 + '1½ - 11:2 : 1
    ...
    2 2 2
    31
    te

    Putting these values in (i), we get


    (m1n2 -IJ½n1)2 + (111l2 -112 11) 2 + (l1m2 - l2m.{)4- =1 ~ X =1
    m
    fro

    Hence, the direction cosines of lhe giv~ lli1e are: (min2 - m2n 1), (nif1 -~211), (11112 - ':,r.,
    EXA,m.r 9 ~f!1 ,m1 ,111; l2,m2,nz; l:,, rn'3, n:, are the directien cosines-0fthreem11tuall11 rnp--
    /foes, proi.>e that the line whose direction cosines are proportimral to 1 , 12 + 13, m1 -r:: ...
    d

    1
    n1 +n2 - n 3 niakes equal angles with them. [:\'CERT E\.EV"...
    de

    SOLUTIO'< It ih given that 11,m.1,111; ½,m2 ,n.i; l3, rn 3, n 3 are the direction CQ:,L'1c:- ·•
    mutually perpendicular lines.
    oa

    2 +IJ½2 , 112 2 =1, 12


    112 -mi 2 -t 111 = 1 , ,2 3 +m3 2 ..,_n3-'> =l,
    nl

    l1l2+m111½ +111 nz 0, l2 l3->IJ½m~+nzn3 =0and/.il,+m 1,11~+111113 :0


    w

    U1 T /2 l3;2 + (m1 , 11½ + 1113)2 "'"(n1 n2 -t 113)2 •

    (I/ '· m/ + ni2) - (t,l ml • ni2) + (I/ · m/ + 11 / ) ., 2 (I 1 + m1111.: + n, ~


    do

    i
    12
    + 2(/1/3 m,m~ +ll1ll, ) + 2\1~'1 H '

    lf e \S
    · the.}

    \J\\1ptr:
    I
    S0ttrn0 ~
    I
    7/
    procee<li'.ig ~ ab~::;::ra;g1:8 0 ~!~;een a line with direction cosines 13, 111 ,11 and a line

    m
    who,ed~ection p p 3 3
    al to l1+i2 +l3,1111+ m2+1113, n1+1½+n3 is given by
    c'0563 =,.r.3-.

    o
    .c
    1
    cos01 ==cos82 ::ccos03 = ,,/3::::;,. 01 = 02 =e .
    3

    du
    :1~>1l·LL 1o Find tile angle between the lines whose direction cosines are.given uy the equations

    oe
    3/ + 11f + Sn = 0, 6mn - 2nl + Sim = 0 [NCERT EXEMPLARJ
    ;:iumoN The given equations are
    ch
    3l+m+5n = 0 ... (i)
    te
    .nd, 6mn - 211/ .,. 5 Im = 0 ... (ii}
    Fr~m (i), we get m = - 3/ - Sn.
    m

    Pur.ingm = - 31 -5n in (ii), we get


    =0
    fro

    6(- 3/-511) n-2nl + 51 (- 31- Sn)


    = 2
    30n + 45ln -r 1512 =0
    d

    :;,
    2n2 + 3ln + z2 =0
    de

    ::, 2
    2n +2nl-nl+L2 = 0 'th l--r1 or l =-2n.
    2n (n + I) + 1(n + l) = O ⇒ (n + I) (211 +/)=O ⇒ e1 er-,
    oa

    "' ·
    11 • • btain m ., - 2r~
    .l"-n, then by putting/= -nm (1), we 0
    nl

    1:1 - . (') eobtainm=n


    · "-2tr,thenby puttingl = - 2nm 1 1 w .
    ~ portionalto
    w

    •nus, the direction ratios of two lines are pro d 2 1 J.


    2 -1 an - , '
    k
    do

    -n, - 2n, n and - 2n, n, n or, 1, , " _., '>,:, + "1· -~ respectively.
    So 1 ➔ -•+ 2j -kan
    f,. A db --- - 1 ,
    ' 'Ec\Qrs parallel these lines are a - '· " d i,
    le between II '-'" .
    Us·15 th 0 is also the ang ( I)
    • the angle between the lines, en J , cos 1 (,
    0
    ·), ➔ -2+2- 1 6
    cos. e
    = -➔
    a· b
    -
    -- -- ------
    - t 1 ..
    if-+ 4 ~ l
    J4
    1
    I ,,f /•v tlte 1t•l,1l1,111,
    ~ VJ. . (Otttli', I

    E~v
    I ii I I I/ I • 'S ,/ the / W
    (! /iJU'> 111/11.-il ""

    · •I'll: 11 Find the directiort cosmc ~ 2 o


    2 ~er12 - 311
    I-Sm+ 31t = O and 71 .,. " 1
    ...(i)
    ~\Jl'roN The given equatiorts arc ... (ii)
    1-sm + 3n =- O
    712 + 51112 - 3n2 = 0
    26.18

    From (i), we obt,,in I c 5t11 • 311


    Putting/ 5111 - :~11 in (ti ). \, <' gl't
    2 ., 2 ()
    ., (5111 - ~11) + 5111· ,, 11 2.
    2
    t,,n 2 - 7 1111 t 211 '"' () 2.
    2
    311111 411111 + 2112 .. 11 ;;, (3111 : 11) (2111 11) - o => m 1
    11 CJf , II• I
    4-
    , l
    If m ~ n, then from (i). w e ob tai11 I= - 11
    ~
    3
    ' :::>
    11
    11 4V1'l'lE
    lfm,., then tr0m (i), we ,1btain I == ..,

    m
    ~ ~

    al - um.,_
    Tims direction rahos o f two line& are proportional to

    o
    ~/2 k,",.2
    .,
    •• 112
    , -I!," ., nd 11ll, , 11 i.e. 1, 2, 3 and 1, l, 2 q-

    .c
    ••
    : , 3 2 2 !',Ol t,-rlO

    du
    ••• Hcrlce. th l'ir direction cosines are
    ) ~
    1 and,
    ± -"- an d

    oe
    ~ + --
    - , u ,- ~1-l ' ~
    From(i),
    cX-''r1 12 If ,1 rnriab1e line i11 two adjacent positions has direction cosines /, m, 11 ww
    ch
    m + 6111, •i + 611, show that tlw small angle 6 e between two positi.ons is given by Put'.in_Z
    te

    (6 0)2 = ~6 1)1 + (6m) 2 .,. (on/ ["\i _L { x


    Since I, m, n and I + 61, m + 6 m, n + on are direction cosines of a variable Lre i
    ,. SOLL'l LO:\"
    m

    o.ifferent positions. Therefore,


    fro

    12 .,. m2 +n 2 = 1
    and, (l .,. 6 l}2 + (m-6m) 2 +(n+6n) 2 = 1
    d

    fh!sb
    (I - 61) 2 +(m+ 6111) 2 +(11 + 611)2 = 1
    de

    = (I2 +m2 -n 2 )+2(/6/+116m+n6n)+(6 1)2 +(6m)2+(6 n) 2 = I


    oa

    = 1 -2 (16 1-m6111+11611)+(61)2 .,.(6m) 2 +(S11}2 = l


    nl

    = 2 (1 6 I .,. m 8 m + n on) = -{ (S 1)2 + (Sm) 2 + (l:l 11/ }


    w

    1
    f(o/) 2 - (0 m)2 + (6 n) 2 }
    do

    ⇒ I o I nr ii m ..- 11 8 11
    T =-
    2 ,
    I
    a Unit vector along a line with dirt'ction coi;itw~ /, 111, 11
    , I , I

    II - Ii + //l / I 11k
    I
    and , b Un1 1 v , ,, frJJ oltm~ ,, Hrn• wi l lad 1u·di111 1 <'llsim•~ / 1 ,'i / , 111 , ,; 111 11 ♦ ~ I
    f , ,

    b ~ (I ... Ii /Jr 1 (1111 0111J/ 1(111 li11)A


    , ,. t, ,
    a . /,
    cos oO = " l, I" I d
    I al Iv ·
    I\ "

    COS = / (/ t 6 /) I Ill (111


    6 (j I Ii 111) t 11 (11 Ii 11)
    cos 6 (:) = (1 2 + m 2 1 11 2 ) -1 (I Ii I + 111 ti m 1 ,, 6 11)
    ~
    oiAEC
    TiONS COSINES ANO D IRECTIOl'{R
    AT10s

    * cos 6 9 = 1- ~ { (o l) 2 + (6 m)2 + (6 11)2 } 26.19

    2
    2 (1 -cos o9) "' (o 1) + (om)2 + (" ) 2 [Usini; (i) and (iii)!
    ~ 60 011
    ~ 2x 2 sin
    2 2
    = (o 1) + (6 111)2 + (611)2

    ,: ,
    ,::,
    4.( 829
    (68) 2
    r 2
    = (61)2 + (om)2 + (611)2
    2
    = (o 1) + (om) + (on)2 2 [..· 2
    [·.- l - cos 6 0 = 2 sin 2 1',28 ]

    oe,IS small, _. sin ,,.,


    •a ·•c..]
    = o.,
    2 2
    ·\,\.\!Pll 13 Proue that the straight lines 1 .
    , , w iose direction cosine ,
    ;I-foll, tii = 0 and f mn + g 11/ + h Im"' 0 . are g1ve11 by the relation• J

    m
    , , o 2 2h2 2 b,~ are perpend1cutar, if -a- +Kb+ ~cl =0 and pnrallel, i'
    ~

    o
    ;·f· - b·g + c - 11 ~g - 2bcgh - 2achf = o.

    .c
    ,oJ.tff!Ol\ The given relations are

    du
    al +bm + en = 0
    ... (i)
    and, Jmn + fnl + him = O
    (') we obtam. n = - (al +bm)
    ...(ii)

    oe
    From 1, c . ch
    Putting this value 0£11 in (ii), we get
    gi( al : bm) + him = 0
    te

    _ ftn ( al : bm )-
    m

    :::, agJ2 +(af + bg - ch) Im+ bfm 2 ,. 0


    fro

    2
    ...{iii)
    ag(!...) + (af , bg - ch) !_ + bf = O
    111 nt
    d

    This is a quadratic equation in J... So, it will have two roots, say .!,_L and !.L.
    de

    m m1 m2

    !i_ .!z_ _ bf ==> 11½_ _ m1111z_ ⇒ l1lz_ = ~ii/Ii ... (iv)


    oa

    m1 m2 - ag bf - ag f fa g/b
    nl

    Sintilarly, bv making a quadratic in m, by using (i) 311d (ti), we get


    , n
    w

    111111t2 ::c ~
    do

    g/b h/c
    From (.
    IV) and(v), we obtain
    ~ _ m1 mz _
    n1~ _ 1 (say)
    fla - g/b - hie - •
    ~ 11½ '° ,.(~J,mi ni = ,.(f),n1n2 = ,.( cJ
    11
    1

    '!'he given lines will be perpendicular, if g h) () ) f " ~ i


    II
    II
    • (f +--'
    II /, C
    JI_
    1"2 + m177½ T n1~ = 0~ 1• ; b ' , 1 hi~ is f''"'ihk <>1tl1 wlwn the
    1h . nn,,,,n,•f-1 ie1rt' sl1nlL
    .
    ,egivenlin ·f their difect10 f 111111 ll,uts ' "
    'Oots f es will be parallel,' ndlffon or ~,, [O11 f'l'''1ti 11g dis,rimm.int to n·mJ
    0 equation (iii) are equal. 'fhe co

    (af + bg - .ch)2 - 4ag'/:JJ = 0 hf "' tl


    a2J 2 +b2g2 + c2h2 -2abfg-7.bcgh-2ftC
    26.20
    . 1111 fille•• whose direction
    EXAMPLE 14
    SIiow t/1at fhe strar.11: •
    ':2 _ 0 are perpendicu la r, if
    2 2
    al + Inn + en= 0 nnd ul + 11111 + wn - 2

    a2 (i> + ,P) + 1,2 (11 + w) + c2 (u + 1') = 0 and, pm·alfel, if :,

    SOLU1TON 11w giYen t>quations are


    of + l•m t C/1 = n
    and. u/~" + u111·} + il'll 2 =- 0
    FTom (i) we ob tain
    II ~ -( ,?] : . /1111)

    = _l/al+
    ___

    m
    Puttin•· n lrmj.m ("u ), w e get
    .:-- C .;

    o
    ••
    •• (nl+bm)2
    ..
    a: , ,

    .c
    iii· + vm~ -t w = 0 cos
    2

    du
    C
    ~
    , ,, /-+
    (c·u+a~c11) , 2abwim+(c 2v+ b2...
    · w) m 2 = 0

    oe
    cos
    ⇒ 2 1 12
    (a:lw + c u) ( ) + 2abw
    ,111
    (.!...j'
    m
    + (Z, 2.w + c 2v) =
    ch 0

    I So, it gives two values of-· 11


    l Let tbe tw o values be_:_
    This 1s a quadratic equation in-. and~•
    te

    m m ~ ~
    ::-.row, let El:
    m

    cos
    fro

    Similarly. by making a quadratic eq uation in 111 , we obtain


    n cos
    d
    de

    From (iv) and (v), we·gel


    oa

    /1 /2 - lll1mz
    ,,2w r:2v - a2w~c 2u
    nl

    T =
    2
    = 2
    w

    1112 = i. (l, w + c v), m1n12 "' 'J.. (a 2w + c211.), n n =,._ (n 2v + b2i1)


    1 2
    do

    For tr e gi ~en lines to be pe rpendicular, we must have


    11 12 • m1 m2 111 ni_ =0
    i.(l,2w + r2v) • A (1iw ·I c 2u) + t, (a 4z, ~'1 211) = o
    ~ 2
    a (v + W) ... r.2 (11 +w } c 2 (u . v) - O

    fo r the g iven lines ICJ l.,c! p.1r,11J,,1, lf,c• dil';,diun n ,s itu •,-,
    ..
    equation (iii) rn u~t bt• ,•,111al.
    111
    11,,1 t,1, L'LfU,tl ,111d "' rlw ,,,,,:,:'

    2 2 2
    4a b w 4 (t/w 1 , ·211) (li1w I , "o) u I
    It ht L'tftt.1li1t).: d is, 111111 ll•11lf'' '

    ⇒ n2 c2vw + b2 , ·2 lliV t c~ 11,i 0


    2
    a 1'1V + [/ IIW + 1· 211v (J

    a2 b2 c2
    ⇒ 1-- T - - 0
    11 V W
    do
    w
    nl
    oa
    de
    d
    fro
    m
    te
    ch
    oe
    du
    .c
    o m
    26.22
    c21::C1'IONS
    Consider the diagonals OP and AR. plr
    2
    Direction ratios of OP and AR are proportional to l1 - 0, a - O, a - Oand 0 - a,a -o cos
    . IY·
    a, 11, a a.nd - 11, n, (I respective z ,4 ,~
    ,.

    e
    Let be the angle beti-veen OP and AR. Then, 3
    11x - 11 + 11 x 11+ axa C(o, o, a)
    cos0 = 7 · r= 2 = 2 - ~2 3
    \jll2 +a2+a2,l(- 11) + a + a

    -112 + a2 + a2 3
    ⇒ cose =- ---
    ,/3112 J3a2
    -

    m
    ⇒ cos 0 = .!_ 1. If
    3

    o
    Fig. 26.11 t

    .c
    • 1 2. If a ·
    ⇒ e = cos- ( ~)
    1. Fin

    du
    (1, 2
    Similarly, the aitgles between the other pairs of diagonals are each equal to cos- 1 (l ). -L l; .

    oe
    \ 3i ro,llir~
    1
    Hence, the angle between any two diagonals of a cube is cos - ( ~) . :;. Fm
    ch
    and
    EXAMPLE 1'i A Tine makes angles cx, p, y, owith the four diagonals of a cube, prove that 6. Fin
    te

    cos 2 ex .,. cos 2 p + cos 2 y + cosf o= ±


    3
    m

    SOLUTION Let a be the length of an edge of the cube and let one comer be at the or.gir a S. Find ::..
    fro

    shown in Fig. 26.11. Clearly, OP, AR, BS and CQ are the diagonals of the cube. Thedirec::: and l
    ratios of OP I AR, BS and CQ are 9. Sh.:,w ~
    d

    a -0, a - 0, a - 0 i.e. a, a, a 10. Show ~


    de

    ?Oints (
    0 -a, a - 0, a - 0 i.e. - a, a, a
    11. Show
    a-0, 0-a, a-0 Le.a, - a, a. ~hmug
    oa

    and, a - 0, a - O, 0 -a i.e. a, a, -a respectively. 1~. Sh..-.w


    det~
    nl

    Let the direction ratios of a line be proportional to l, m, n. Si.ippose this line 11\Jk~, J'.,
    13 'Find
    a, )3, y and 6 with OP, AR, BS and CQ respectively.
    w

    Now, a is the angle between OP and the line whose direction ratios arc proporti,,n.il 1'' 14.
    do

    ... cos CJ. = ~r==-;~-=:=


    a./+11.m+a.n
    C ~ cos Q, =-
    /+111+11
    -;==- -
    ,.ja2 + a2 + a2 ,.jt2 ! 1712 1 n2 13 Jz2 t 1112 ·r Ill
    1,. Fil\d t
    Since pis the angle between AR and the line w ith dl ren!o11 ratios pmr,,1cth1n.1l t,,/ 111 21m + 2
    1<> , Fit,d th
    > t'Ui; IJ .. (i) I
    (ii) 21
    Similarly, (iii.) /
    al am 1 a,, (iv) 21
    cosy >cosy•
    = .Ja2 • -~2 + C/2 [12 I 1112 1 112
    al+ am an
    and,
    26.23

    ---~-~~----
    ! LEVEL-1 ]
    If a Jine makes angles of 90°, 60° and 30 0 'th h ..
    EXERCISE 26.1

    m
    · respectively,fi.ndHs dir~ctioncosines. Wl t e positive direction of x, y, andz-axis
    !faline has direction ratios 2, - 1, - 2, determine ·t5 d' . . [NCERTl

    o
    2
    ' find the direction cosines of the line pass~ ~ction co5 mes. . [NCERTJ

    .c
    1· (1, 2, 3). g 1• ough two points (-2, 4, - 5) and

    du
    4' Csing direction ratios show that the points A (2 3 _ 4) B (l 2 ) d C ( INCERT]
    llin ar ' ' , ,- , 3 an 3,8, - ll)are
    co e · . . . . (NCERT]

    oe
    ;. Find thedtrection cosrnes of the sides ofthe triangle whoseverticesare(3, 5, -4), (-1, 1, 2)
    and(-5, -5, -2). [NCllRT]
    ch
    6. Find the angle between the vectors with direction ratios proportional to 1, - 2, 1 and
    4,3, 2. ,.. '.·•, .
    te

    ;. Find the angle between the vectors whose direction cosines are proportional to 2, 3,-6 and
    3,-4, 5.
    m

    s. Find the acute angle between the lines whose direction ratios are p.r.oportional to 2; 3 ~6
    and 1: 2: 2. .
    fro

    9. Show that the points (2, 3, 4), (- 1, - 2, 1), (5, 8, 7) are ~ollinea,r.
    10. Show U,at the line through points (41 7, 8) and (2, 3, 4) is parallel to the line through the
    d

    points (- 1, - 2, 1) and (1, 2, 5). · 1) . · ' di ular to the line


    11, Show that the line through the points (1, - 1, 2) and (3, 4, - 15 perpen c
    de

    through the points (O, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6), . t( l) is perpendicular to the line
    12. Show that the line joining the origin to the poin 2' 1'
    oa

    1
    determined by the points (3, 5, - 1) and (4, 3'.- ~· atios are proportional to n, b, c and
    13• F.II\d the angle between the lines whose direction r ·
    nl

    ·
    b-c,c-a,a-b. )( ) (-4, 3,-6)and(2,9,2),then
    23 457
    w

    t e coordinates of the points A, B, C' Dare (1, , , ' ' '


    14. If h
    J
    do

    find the angle between AB and CD.

    1· p·
    L~---
    .
    LEVEL·2~
    es connecte
    d by, the relations: .I + m r n = 0 and
    •
    ). · es of the 1I.Tl '
    111d the d'rrec t·ion cosm . en by the equations
    16 2!m + 2/n -mn = 0. ose direction cosines are g1v
    ·Pmd the angle between the lines wh
    2 2
    (i) l + m + n = O and !2 t m - n "' O
    (ii) 21 -m + 2n = 0 and mn + nl + l1n ""o- 0 Il\CFRI' F.XEMP1-,\R]
    '")
    (IU. 4/n + ,nn -
    l + 2m + 3n = 0 and 3Irn - ANSWERS
    (iv) 21 + 2m-11 = 0, mn+ ht+ Im = O
    - ~ 2 8
    3 I ~P-',; , Ji!
    l O1 ✓
    ,-,- 3 3. J77 .J7r

    2 2
    I) I I l
    Ii II
    17l ; Ju. I Jil'J. , J,r;, I
    j\ II
    1rr IJ
    •' I
    ')
    I
    7,I r.
    ✓i: ,t h \/ II
    II
    (til) ~ (Iv) 11
    H

    II/NT. ro NC[RT & LL.lC1(l) fit o


    l'lw din•dl,111 rn~h11••; of 1111• lhw 1trt'1"0~ •10 , ,·o~/,!) 0
    1 '-1111
    1 /1
    'UJ'• 1,,• O, ~ r
    p;,t,,, In w
    2 la11 : 1i

    m
    " l'lw din•, I 11111 ; ,itiull 11 f tlw I 11w ,11 l' 1"\'Pt II t io111il lo 2, I, ~ ~,,,, I 11, dir,,, If,;,<,,·r•, 9 If JI(~, l,

    o
    (ii} 3 : 2 i

    .c
    Ji ( 1)' 1 1 I JI I I /.
    1 1 A(1,2, IJ)
    1( 2) J1 1( l)i 1( 2)2 J2'). I ( 1/ l I 2)7- ·1 '!' '

    du
    /A~C ITH.
    'l lw d!l'L·rlinn ,,,hoh of th<· l,n,• p,,1,i.l11!', tl11•011g l1 II ( l, 4r ',) ,inti b (l,2, (a) (19/8
    1
    propvrtiun,11 to I , 2 1 2 4, :I I 'i 01 , ;11 2, fi. So1 11'< dir1•,·IJ01111Wth1 1 •!J ,,r,

    oe
    (CJ {19/8
    1 2 ll 1 28
    ✓Cl 1 4 t 6-1 ' f l • 4 I M ' JY 1 4 I 64 or, J77 1
    J77 ' J77 u lfOtS
    ch
    '11w dtrectil,n r.1tio1, <If An ,111d UC 111°<• propt11lion,1l 1·, , I 2, 2 '\ 'H t
    te
    3 1, l'l '- 2,- 11 101, I, 'i,71111d2,I0 1 J4c,r, J,"i, 7;,11d, l,'i, 7 12. Thean
    Wr observe th,1l tlw dir,•1 1ion mtioi; of /Ill .irnl H(' ;1rl' p1op111·tiom1l. l lr111c, p<lr'
    m

    A, 13 and Care rol!i1w.:1r.


    Thecc>ordinatcsnfllwvN!k1•:;()fc\A/lC'arel1(3,'i, 4),/i( 1, l ,2) and(/ 5, ·?
    fro

    l If a
    TI1edfrl•ctionratio~ofAHarcproporlion.il lo 3 ( 1),5 I, 4 2,or4, 4, r,or2,2, 2
    C05 a+-
    So, direction cosines of A I~ are J2 ✓2 , 3
    d

    1
    17 1
    17 ,,,17 (a) 1
    de

    3
    TI,e dlrechon mtlos (Jf BC are propo,tioniil tu 5 ➔ 1, - !'i - -i, 2 2 or, 4, 6, 1
    2, 3, 2.. Thecoor
    oa

    arc
    . . cosmc•i;
    5o, d1r1'chon . ofB.(. ar<' ~2 , .J3 , 2 (a) (2, O,
    1
    v17 17 v17
    nl

    The direction ratios of CA are proportio11aJ to :i 1 51 S + 5, 4 1 2 01 , 8, I/), 2. t>r 4, ;


    , P1Sa p ·
    w

    So, direction cosint.'8 of CA arc>J4 , ;5 , 1 ts 5, the


    1
    42 ✓ 42 .,,42
    do

    \a) ~
    MUI.. TIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS •
    Mark the correcl alternative in each of !he fi,ll011Jin:,r
    For every p•>int /' (x, y, z) on th1· xy•pl,1,w, If,. fhe dist

    (a) x - 0 (b) Y O (,) z O (dl , 11 z '1 (a ) f'I


    2 For every p<>inf f> (x, y, z) on Uw x-axi1, (1ixrc•p1 ti 11• 01 ig ,n),
    (a) X 0, y 0, Z I O /hJ , 0, . IJ, ,I// () 17
    • The dir
    (c) y = 0, z O, x I O (d J , 11 . o ~ ,
    11 (a) k >
    1 A rectangularparnJ lc•lopJp<•d ls l·1,m11•cl hy pl,11ws dr,1wn 11 11 m 1.. t, Iii<· l"'"'l~{~, , ,,l,I'
    (2, 3, 7) para llc I t<! t)1<, cow•di na t,, J>l,11w,, . I·I,., l1, 11g1 J, pf ,111 "I'd~;!• ,,I 111.s
    1 · n•d•' ,.
    paraUelopiped ii. ,
    l"\, The co
    (a) 2 (b) '.l {t'J 4 /d) ,111 uf 1lws(· i (.'• q 1
    A pa rallelopiped is for1twd hy plane,. dr,Jw11 lhr, 11 ,gh th" pulnb, (2, 1, '1/ ,,r1(, Y•axi!; a
    parallel to the coordinate pfon~1, Th11 h•n);th u/ u t.li.ir;on,,1 ol llw J)M.E1lielopip(•d 1 (a) (2,
    (a) 7 (b) ./18 (<'J ✓l'5!'i (d) 11()11(.' 11f tl ,cS{'
    ~
    ...,. afC'fl
    oNSCOSINES ANO DIRECTION l:i
    A11os
    11 01~
    lane divides the line i'oin •
    rtie xy·P mg the ·
    ,. . ternaUv in the ratio 2 : 3 Point~ (- 1 , ) 28.25
    ( ) ll1 , (b) ' '' 4 ~nd (2
    a . ternally in the ratio 3: 2 e)(tern,,11 0 in tl . '. - 5, 6)
    (c) Ill . (d) , ' ll' r,1fto 2. 1
    If t]ir• •r-coordmate of a point p on tJ,h . . lll<lQi•naH}' in th<' nrc ,·
    1,. , is ''" JOI)) of Q (2 ' 11 "
    7-coordmate , 2, I) and f<(5 2I
    • (b) l .' '
    (a) 2 f h . (c) - 1
    • "lie distance o t e pomt P (a. b, c) from tl , . . .
    ,. J ,--
    u
    J -le .t-ax1s 1s
    r-- -
    I< RSI 20201
    (a) ,,v
    +C
    2 2
    (b)a + C
    2
    (cl +b2 va2
    (d) non<> flf theM<
    , Ratio in which the xy-plane divides the join of (l INC'ERT EXEMl'l.AKJ
    ~- (a) 3: 1 internally (b) 3 : 1 externally (c) . '. 2't 3) a nd (4, 2, l) is

    m
    1 2
    ) Q( · m emaHy (d) 2 : J extamaU
    9. IfP(3,2,-4, - 5,4,-6)andR(9,8,-lO)arecolli.ncar thenRdiv'd "Q 1:L .

    o
    3 ? • 1tcrnali) (b) 3 · 2 e t
    1
    11 ' 1 e~ ,., m u.e r,Hro
    (a) • : - ll · x ema Y (c) 2: 1 internally (d) 2: 1 extcrnallv

    .c
    2 nd
    ·,,4 (3, 2, 0), 8 (5, 3, ) a C (- 9, 6, - 3) are the vertices of a tria ng le ADC. ll tht:b1sector of

    du
    LABC meets BC at D, then coordinates of Dare
    (a) (19/8,57/16,17/16) (b) (-19/ 8,57 /16,17/16)

    oe
    (c) (19/8, - 57 /16, 17 /16) (d) none of these
    II. [f O is the origin, OP == 3 with d irection ratios proportion~! to -1, 2, - 2 then the
    ch
    coordinates of P are
    (a) (-l,2, -2) (b) (1, 2, 2) (c) (- 1/9, 2/ 9, -2/9) (d) (3, 6, - 9)
    te

    1. The angle beh-veen the h v o di~gonals of a 'c ube is·

    ) -1(,../31)
    m

    (a) 30° (b) 45° (C, cos:


    fro

    " If a line makes angles u, /3, Y, o w.r•th fou r d iagonals of a cube, then
    cos2 a+ cos2 f3 + cos2 y + cos2 Ii is equal to
    d

    4 (d) ~
    de

    (a)!. (b)3. (c) 3 3 _ .•


    3 3 . dicuJar dfawn from the point (2, :>, 7) on the x-.1X1S
    I,. The coordinates of the foot of the perpen
    oa

    are O7) (d) (0, 5, 7)


    fa) (2 O 0) (b) (0, 5,0) · (c) (O, ' [KCfRT f\E\ll'L \~I
    nl

    , , d (6 2, _ 2). lf ., -co,,rdlnatt' l>t P


    . 1. 13 ? -l )an ,
    w

    . . in"' the po1n ij ~ , ~ ,


    •) Pis a point on the line segment J0 n °
    do

    . • . (d) -2
    is,, then its y-coordinatcs J.S (~J -1 NC R r f '.\ 1'!\1 t'I , '-1
    (a) 2 (b) 1 1 I

    1 . f om y-axi~ is I , ,
    (,ll v«· 1 Y
    ~- fhedistanceofthepoil1 t(a, /3,'Y) r (c) 1~1-t IYI
    IN• I IU I \[\ll'l \RI
    (a) p (b) 1/31
    17 '"- . earek,k, k 1 HWil
    · uie direcfam cosines of a 11l1 ( () ~
    (d) •
    ,
    h1 I" ' II
    \N\ I JU I \I ~IPI \l(I
    (a) k > o (b) o <' k < i
    . m• lln• 1,.11111 ( '. l,O 1111 1h1•
    l1(i\'\'f1 IJ t
    J Jcol~r '
    la T . t of the PerJ
    · J~fl (u' ) (2, ll, .J) g-11s1 10,111
    · he coordinates of the (<JO (0, 3, ())
    Y-al<is are - 4) (c)
    (a)(2,3,4) (P) (- Z, - 3'
    26.26 MAT11e1.1
    4111)~

    ANs~
    6. (c) ; (a)
    1. (c) 3. (d) ll (b)
    15 (a) l& (d)
    o. 1,1) U (d) I~ (d)

    FILL IN THE BLANK TYPE OUEsr,o,-. .-.


    t, 2 I
    -,--,
    - 7 ✓
    -
    I
    ;t

    are ........... .

    m
    4.. If a line ~,1a_kes angks ll [\ y with posith·c direction:; of the coordinate axes, ther. t!-.e

    o
    cf eo,., 2o - -.:-~ 2.13- (OS 2-.. 1s ................... •

    .c
    :;. ff a line makt?S angles a. ~, y with positive directions of the coordinate axes, then tile

    du
    . : lA •· ~ ._ ...................
    of Slil (l + SID ,., ... :;m y IS .

    1 oe
    \'Ii at
    t- If a line makes an angle with each of y and ::-axes, then the augle which it m.ik<S
    ch
    te

    I\ I\ I\
    . . cosmes
    - The d treetJon . ot. the ,·ector ?_ 1• + ?_1-
    . k
    · are ................... .
    m

    i with x-axis, ; wiUt y-a,'\is and an acute angle \11::' :-: •


    fro

    S. A unit vector making angle ll a

    lS.-......... ·-•·· .
    d

    If the projecnon.s of a line segment on the coordinate axes are 3, -land 5, then 1:, lert. f--1!'
    de

    l::
    equal to ................ . \\ ntet.,._
    oa

    \\nteth
    10. A ,·ector of magnitude 21 having direction ratios proportional to 2, -3. b jg.. . ..... .
    ....
    ... > -
    nl

    • L Tht airection cosines of the line joining points (4, 3, -5) and (-2, 1 -S) ,1re.. ,.. ... \\ ntt-
    1 ! l
    o f a 1·me, then the value~ of care .................. ,
    w

    12 If -,-,-are di.recti on cosines


    . \\nte
    C C C
    do

    \\nte
    1
    I If O 1s the ongrn and OP= 6 with direction rat ios prnportion,1l to -1 ; ; th • Find lh~
    coordinates of Pare ...... .... .. ... lf aline
    I . The angle betwt"ert 1hP \t'clors with direction ratio.; pmporti,,n.tl h, l, I
    -.f3-l,4is ........... ..

    15 If½,~ ,n are lhe dir,•,1m11 u>si,w:, ol t1 lirw, th •11111,, 1 ,ilu,•i; ,,t 11 , 11 ,,,, ........
    \ ,lilt('
    ~ I
    16 If a line a makes an~le:, fl, It '(with l, 11 ,111d z 11\t'li 1<'~pn·t 1, d)· ~u,h th,1t ll +11 ; \\ritt>
    ' lf al
    y =. . ................. the an
    - The total nwnber of straight lines l'quallv inclined with tlw ,.,,,,n.hn,ik' .1,i• 1" •" lf a lu
    zx-plane divides the line segment joining (2, :3, J) <litd (h /, 1) m llw r,,tio .. ..... · cos\nl's
    18
    ----z
    Ji+c 2. ✓a 2 -b 2
    2 2
    --- -
    3. 0, -..!_ 1
    Ji' "Ji t -1
    ANSWERS
    26.27

    ~
    ~
    1 5, 2
    2 3' 3' -3 8 1 ~ IA "
    ✓2'+2j+½k
    b,
    <l
    , 2 3 5/2 If 61
    A
    I\ /',

    0 - u ±✓3 C/ i+ 18k
    ·'7'7'7
    11 13. (-2, 4, -4)
    H. 7t r, -
    17 8 - 15. + ,23
    "
    J~. 2 18. 3 : 7 externally
    3 r,

    - - VERY SHORT N
    .-- . A SWER CJUl"STJON<; (V'SAQ I
    , ;•vef each of the following questivns in one word O1•
    ,.11., one sentence or

    m
    .,,,,/ion:
    111'•"
    ns per exact req11ire111eri1 of tlie

    o
    1 Define direction cosines of a directed line,

    .c
    ~ wnat are the direction cosines of X-axis?

    du
    1. What are the direction cosines of Y-axis?
    1-\1,at are the direction cosines of Z-axis?

    oe
    ;_ Write the distances of the po:int(7, -2, 3) fromXY, YZ andXZ-planes.
    ~- Write the distance of the point (3, - 5, 12) from X-axis?
    ch
    Write the ratio in which YZ-plane divides the segmen tjoiningP (- 2, 5, 9) andQ (3, - 2, 4).
    te

    A line makes an angle of 60° with each of X-axis and Y-axis. Find the.acute angle made by
    the line with Z -axis.
    m

    If a line makes angles u, (3 and y with the coordinate axes, find the value of
    fro

    cos 2a + cos 2(3 + cos 2y.


    Write the ratio in which the line segment joining(a, b, c) and (-a, - c, -b) is divided by the
    xy-plane. .
    d

    ,. Write the inclination of a line with z-axis, if its direction ratios are proportional to O, 1, -1.
    de

    ..l. Write the angle behveen the lines whose direction ratios are pr()portional to 1, - 2, 1 and
    oa

    4, 3, 2.
    13. Write the distance of the point p (x, y, z) froinXO(Y plan)\nXOZ-plane.
    nl

    4 WI • t' ofpointP x,y,z


    ,.· rte the coordinates of the proiec ion . . P (2. _ 3, 5) on Y-axis.
    w

    Write the coordinates of the projection of the pom~ ' 11..·ust 't' H11
    do

    16 Find the d istance of lhe point (2, 3, 4) from the x-a;s~wn what are its ditcctlon consines?
    17 If !in . rti'0 nalto2,-1,-; I{ B-.r ~11
    a ehasdirectionratiospropo
    ICIISl, " Olli
    ~ IV . !lei to z-aids, ' ..
    · · rite direction cosines of a line para t1 ~nuleOwlth k, th,•11IU\d Hw
    I\ n . . and an acu1e' "
    •~· lfallni.t to ➔ ak angle~witI, I , witlt 1 4 , usi; "o 111
    vec r a m es an 3 , Ii ,t ,
    1 11111
    \ Value of 0. f 01 x,a,da, IJ ·ti,m- ot r ,1ml v ""'s. find
    -0, \VtitethedistanceofapointP(a,/J,c) ro_ ~1ywi th pQ•iUW' n·, . 1; •u,1 •01 I
    lJ, If · 60° respec;(iV . fz-n~ls, I · ll •t'
    alinemak 1 9ooand '. dirl)('li0)10 ... 11•ctlv,•ly, ljth ll:-l IV< 1011
    lhean 1 hi~s ~g ek . 'th the pos.1tive !I ~nu z i1~~~ ,c•J . I{ fl"l Wt'l)
    <2 g e w ch 1t ma es w1 _.,·th t],e r,
    , Tf a 1· 0
    1350 45 vvl
    me makes angles 90° ,_ '
    Cosines,
    5. 3, 7, 2 b. l3 units 7. 2 : 3 internally
    ! . 1, 0,0 ,=t o, 1, 0 4~ 0, 0, I
    10. c: b 1l
    371
    11. ~ 13, lzl 14. (x,O,z) 15. (0, 3,0)
    .t 2
    18. 0, o, 1 J9.
    1t Z ',. 1t 51t
    ' - 2'
    3 6 6 n.

    o m
    .c
    du
    -z71 NTnOD
    We lc:lOW tl,_at

    oe
    •• or. it and its d
    ••
    [n L- -. cha::>
    ch
    above car.di
    te
    m

    EORB
    fro

    and pan
    d
    de

    let
    oa
    nl
    w

    AP
    do

    r -
    STRAIGHT LINE IN SPACE

    INTflODUCTION
    Z1,1 .gh h .
    •-ow that in space a stra1 t nets uniquely determined if 'tl1 (') . ,
    We.,, . . . .. . et er 1 coorc1.mates of one point
    (l1l it and its directton are g1v~, or (u) coordmates of two points on it are given.

    m
    lo Uiis chapter, we shall obtarn the vector and Cartesian equations of a straight line under the
    above conditions.

    o
    .c
    27 ,2 VECTOR AND CARTESIAN EQUATIONS OF A LINE

    du
    iHEOREM 1 Tht' vector equatio11 of a straight line passing thro"gh affaed point with position vector "i:
    ➔ ➔ ..... ➔

    oe
    ,ud parallel to agiven vector b is r = a + i,. b, where 'J. is sea/gr. ch
    - ➔ ➔ ->
    Leto be the origin and let A be the fixeclpoirit w\th position·vector a. Thenr OA = a•

    ~
    te

    Let 1 be the position vector of any point P on"tbe·line~ z


    m

    drawn through A and parallel to bas indicated il:l _Fig. 27-,1. .


    .;\(a) P(r)
    ➔
    Thel,OP"' 1. Clearly, AP is parallel to b. ·n,erefore, ..
    fro

    ~ /
    ➔ ~ .,,.4r
    a/'.,.,"
    ,.?✓
    ,JI·!::._----- )
    AP ='J. b for some scalar ;,_
    d

    0
    de
    oa

    X
    ,:; ➔ ➔ 4 Fig. 27.1
    nl

    r "' a + A. b , of'/,,, thih equation give,


    . ~ for each va111e . • .,
    w

    S' . . hi .,nuation am equation ot a lme ,~


    '~every point on the line satisfies t s -, . HeJ1ce, t11e vector '
    do

    lhe P<lSttion
    .. vector of a point• p on the line. Q . E D.

    . ,
    t . ofa11111wmt 1 • , 1'
    <~· ,
    zl ,,,1 tltdim·. ·u,. "'{t>r,'
    ll',1A"" J. -➔ • rite ,osifion vec or ·
    ~ In the above equation r 15 1
    ;_ ~ A A ~
    "Xi+
    YI' +zk. , 1,k.,,t a, '
    If f
    I.I•
    1 ' /1 J/tt' fi1H'. J:,' ( I l/1t'/l1JOJI {(•itl; ,,,i_..:111\lll t\\'/11,
    ' t., ,/' y ,10111I () , , ,1 t1111•1·'",.
    The position vector o, an 1 1' tlm•IIX I
    11 11
    ILtusr I' ti ofII /tlil
    , RAno!'II Find the vecfor ef/ 1111 10 I'
    'IL" 1, A A . Zk,
    1 + 4-k and is in rfu! direction 1 +I
    27.2

    2"
    ""I\>~~
    SOLUTION Here, 7: =2 i - i + 4 k a nd /I = 1 + 1 k. So, thP vector equat,·
    on of lh
    er
    line is
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    r=a+).l,
    ~ ·"" /\ "/\" "i. I Let
    or ,. =(2i -j + ,U} i A.(i + j 2k), where ,,1s a sea ar
    THEOREM 2 Tlit (.11lcsu111 c,71111t1011s c>j 11 s/m(?hl line pll~sing llirouxh a fixed point (ti, ttvelv.
    ~p.,;s·
    .
    Jinr,iH~ dinxnmr ratio~ ,,roporl1011a/ to 11, b, r rs given by
    y-y1_Z-Z1
    1I
    .l.-.l.J
    - =-- - 6P
    ,z Z, C

    r R00F We know that the vector equation of a line passing through a fixed point With aear1y.Af>1,i;

    m
    _. ➔. . b
    ,ector , and parallel to a given vector 111 is given y AP

    o
    ➔ -+ ➔
    ,·=a~')..m

    .c
    ➔ A/\/\ j/\A/\
    6P

    du
    Here, a = x 1 1 + y1 ;~z1k and 111 =ai ""-b j + ck.

    Putting the values of ➔➔


    r , 11 and m
    ➔.in ()
    i , we o b .

    oe
    tarn
    I\ (\I\ I\ I\/\./\ /\/\
    y j+ zk = (x1 i + y1 f + z 1k) +"-(a i + b j + ck)
    ch
    xi -r 5.i.-icc ev~.-,-
    1\/\/\ A A A ,ra!ue of A..
    =
    te
    xi..+yj - zk=(x1 +i>.a) i +(y1 +icb)j+ (z1 + ').c)k eqi.ation of
    A A A
    TMEoi:iol 4
    m

    Comparing the coefficients of i, j and k, we get


    r2 v2 =:
    x = x 1 + i. a, y = y1 + .11. b, z = z1 + Ac x-
    fro

    Eli..-ninating the parameter Afrom (ii), we obtain the follm-vi.ng Cartesians equation of th, :ri -
    X - Xl y-y1 Z-Z] \\e
    -----= --
    d

    a b c
    de

    Vector-, a!
    l<E\1ARI<. 1 The above form of a line is known as the symmetrical form oi a lint'. i.
    oa

    w,.,,RK2
    uc....~
    The parametric
    · equalrnns
    • of the lme
    · -x-x1
    - - = _. _1 = z-:::
    1/ -y _ _I m,
    nl

    1
    a b c
    x = X1 t a ,.•, Y = Y1 + b /\., z = z1 + c /\., wltere ,. i, !he ,,ammdt'r,
    w

    RE.'AJ..PY.~' The coordinates of any poinf on Ure line x x.1 }! Yi =- ur.- :I


    do

    11 /J C
    '
    t I .,.
    Rf.'.MAf'K .t .Since /he directwn cusi11e, ofn l,n,, an• 11/.,0 1/H ,ltr,,4/io 11 rr,I
    11
    ,s. lhcrl'f1>1, ,·,1,
    passing through ( •1, y 1, z 1) mid havinx di, n /ion w~r, , , /, m, ,110 ('
    x-x1 1/ y1 z z, 11 1

    / 111 II

    RfiMAJ!J<' Sinrl' :., .1/ and Z ·//re, /1/1',,, llm,11sJi 1/w 1// is1111111,l /i,1, '(' du 1 ,, ·/ II 'II 1 ,,,1111·· I (l ii l
    0, 0, 1 resprclively. ThPrf'fm1•1 I/wit v111"'/11,11,. ,11 ,,
    x-axis ·
    • u y I) I)

    1 () //
    r)I ' ,, II 1111,/ /)

    X () I' // I)
    y-axis:
    0 I /J <)/'. ' 0 t111d • ()

    z-axis:
    x- 0
    ~
    y-a z ()
    (} 0 1 0 a11d I' ()
    M3 The vector equation ofa line p . 27.3
    f~eoflE ➔ ➔ assmg through l w0 .
    .-, ,_ ( b- a). P//111/ 1vith p,,,,1.11 , ,
    1~ a + <m vra,,,, 11 and b 19

    [.et o be the origin and A and B b


    ~oOF e lhe.,.;
    j'J)>--- ➔ • . o•V!m point~ Wi th ., ➔ •
    lively. Let r b e the position vector of an . po~1hon v,..-1,,,.~ 0 ~nrl b
    16Pee passing through the points A and B Thy P0 int Pon
    tJie 1u1e · en, Iz
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ~ ➔
    c5P == r, OA =a and Ot1 = b .

    aearIv,,
    Jp is collinear with AB. A ll

    AP == >.. AB for some scalar"-

    m
    (

    o
    .c
    du
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ X
    r == a + 1,.(b - a)

    oe
    Fig. 'Zl.2
    Since every point on the line satisfies this equation for each
    ch
    value of 1.., this equation gives the position vector of a point P on the line. Hence, the \·ector
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    a-iuationof the linei.s r = a + 1( b- a ). Q.r D.
    te

    "iEOREM 4 The Cartesian equations of a line passing through two given paints (x 1, Y1, fl1td zv
    \x2, y2, z2) are given by
    m

    x-xi = y - Yi = z - z.i
    fro

    X2 - xi Y2 -Yi Zi - z1
    •. c•8f We know that the vector equation of a line pas.sing through two p oints with posmor.
    ➔ ➔
    d

    rectors a and /,- is given by


    de

    _(i)
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    r = a+1c(b-a)
    oa
    nl
    w
    do
    27.4 MAtHe1.1~t1c
    ON OF CARTESIAN FORM OF A LINE TO VECTOR FORM ANO VICE·V~ '''1
    27 •2•1 RE~UCTl . f line can t,c reduced lo n•ctor form ,,ml vit' P• Vt>r~~ RQ~
    The cartes1an equations o a
    below.
    ' n~di" 1 ,
    CARTESIAN TO VECTOR cnrlt'~icl/l c"l/llllli/lllS r!f n I/Ill" /1,•
    I.,•/,,,.. Iii IF cot•fflrit
    on <'if<"• ,
    :.:_- -"1 = )/~ I/ I = z 21 r 2 t ?c,
    a b c ..1 t 2 ,., I
    These are the equations of a line passing through the poinl /\ <:"t, !/ 1, z1) ,ind its tlln'l:tim, '
    .
    are propor twna I to II, b, c• 1n vector fom1 this means Lhal the luw pMr-1cs ,.. thmugh po·int I· r,,u
    ,1, , ,.Jin,ir,.,ling A, W
    ► . ~A f~, 0I 2 !/ +
    p Os"tion vector "it =x1 A /\ A
    ; + 1111· + z1k and is p,m1ll~I lo the vector 111 = fl 1 -t II J f rk. So 1,
    ... , Uf\'e:tr,
    r

    m
    1 . I
    equation of the line (i) is
    ➔ ➔ ~ ~ J ftne<c, thi! c.1rtt•!->ian

    o
    4 -4 A A /\ A
    ,. = n + ,.,,, or, r =(.\\ 1 + y 1J + z1k) ~ ,, (n i + b j + ck), whCI"(! ,, is n par~tllfter l 2 1/ t

    .c
    •.. VECTOR TO CARTESIAN Let /1,e vector eq1111tion of !1 lhw be J

    du
    •• --, --> ... f be 1:<1uahc
    • r = 11+ l..m r~'""' proportion,,! t,

    oe
    ➔ '> ':' " ➔ ~ '°:' A • 5(), thi, ,arlc,.i,,n for
    where a = x1 1 +Yi/+ ~k, 111 =11 1 + b J+ ck and ,.is a parameter. t - 2 y+
    ➔ A /\ A
    ch
    In order to reduce equation (ii) to cartesian form we put r = x i + y j + zk and equa!J! ~ 1 1
    A /\ /\ A \-I Futd tlie
    te
    coefficients of i , j and k as di$cussed below. mrtesiarr eq11al1on -
    ➔ A /\ /\ ➔ /\ /\ /\ -> A A A SOLLlTIUl'a We kno
    P uttingr = xi+yj+zk, a=x1 i 1- y1 j+z1 k and m = ai+bj + ckin(il),weoblain
    m

    .. ➔

    A A A A/\ A AAA
    pos1hnn vector; a a
    xi+ y j +zk = (x1 i + y1 j + zl k) + 11,(a i + b j + ck)
    fro

    ' I\ ,.

    I\ I\ /\
    Here, a - 3 1 + 4 J - 7
    On equating coefficients of i, j and k, we get A ( 3, 4, 7) and B (1
    d

    x = x 1 +a)., y = y1 + b ,,, z =z1 + c).


    =
    de

    x-x 1 = y-y1 = z - z1 =1
    b
    a c vr. ' '
    r (:'1+,IJ .
    oa

    The~e ru·e cartesian cqualions of the line.


    wh,•r,•}.. b a p,,r;imt't,
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    nl

    R,'liuct,,,,, Ill ,1Lrt.-,i,111


    I LEVEL-1 I , ' ' ,.
    w

    Type I ON FINDING THE VECTOR EQUATION OP A LINE SATISFYING THE GIVEN CONDIT
    10NS ii ''+- .vi+:.,
    do

    \If I\ " "


    REDUCING IT TO CARTESIAN FORM
    ' 1 ► 111 .. ::. k
    •-· tO be used:
    Ffll'mume J...br·I)
    ➔ (ii) ➔ ➔
    T = a + ),(b- a).
    ->
    '
    r = a+
    1 ,
    .11 On,-..
    [U,ito,,~ codfide
    ~AM,!U ~. Find the vector equation of n line which pnsses through the po/11 t wit/1 p,\,i/i,"• \

    2 i - j ~ 4k and is in the direction of;' ~· Al.,o, reduceit to wrtesimi Jor111, . ~ ,.,,_1,,j 2k. J,. I
    SOLUTI~N We know Ihat the vector equMion of d ll ,w pa 8 sing throu).:h" 1,,,1111 1' 11 1 '
    vector a and parallel to Lhe Vl!ctor I; i~ / r{ 1 ), ti.
    ➔ A /\ t· ➔ ,., /'. ,. I lic\t' i~
    Here, a = 2 i - j + 4k and b - I I j 2A. Sn, th,• v~•cloi· <'qpaliun <>I lhl' n•q1tl 1•~ 1,
    ➔ A A /\ A A A
    r =(2 i - j
    4k) + ),(i + j I 2k)
    where Ai&a parameter.
    ·t
    Red uct1on o car,esian orm:
    •• fi p • + A ;,
    uttmg r ~ :r i + y j ~ zk in (i),
    A
    Wt' ubtain
    ~,0A ~· J';-1\ AA-'\
    X1 + y f + zk = (2 i - / i· 4k) + A. (i + j - 2k)
    ,c;HT LINE IN SPACE
    srRII
    /\ A /\ /\
    xi+yj+zk = (2+),)i +(-l+A)-:- " 27.5
    ::J /\ /\ l + (4 - 2A) k
    o~equating coefficients
    ' of i , j and w
    , eget k
    X = 2 + A, Y = - 1 + ),, 2 :: 4 _ 2 A.
    X, - 2 = A, y + 1 = A, 2 = ,_
    ~ -2
    ~ eliminating 'J,., we obtain
    x-2 y+1 z-4
    -- = -- = --
    1 1 - 2
    Hence, the cattesian form of equation (i) is
    X-2 y+ 1 Z-4
    -1 = -1- =-2
    -

    m
    Jlf" The equation (i) represen ts a line passing through a · (2 . .

    o
    ratios proportional to 1, 1, - 2. pomt , - 1, 4) and has direction

    .c
    So, the cartesian form of its equation is
    [u ·

    du
    x-2 11+1 z- 4 _x-xi _Y - Y1 _z=z1J~
    - - = -·-- = - - smg. ------
    1 ] -2 a b c

    oe
    "\.•.\lPl• ~ Find the vector equation of the line tltro11gli. A (3, 4, -7) and B(1, - 1, 6). Find also, its
    cartesian equations.
    ch
    SOLUTION We know that the vector equation of a line passing through the points having
    0

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ->
    te
    position vectors a and b is given by r = a+ ,, ( b - a), where Us a scalm:.

    Here, ➔ i ~\4"j - 7 k/\ and ➔


    a =3 / b ="i - /\" ·
    j + 6k. So, the vector equation ·
    of the line ·
    passmg through
    m

    A(3, 4, - 7) and B (l , - 1, 6) is -
    fro

    7 =(3 i + 4 } -7 k) + " { (i- j + 6k) - (3 i +4f-7k)}


    d

    ... (i)
    ➔ AAA f;','- ~
    de

    or, r =(3i + 4j -7k) + A(- 2t - SJ ~-13k)


    where tis a parameter. " " .
    oa

    o., . . ➔ ,0 • + zk in (i), we obtain


    '""'Uctwn to cartesian form: Putting r = x 1 + Y 1 "
    " 3 k) " 0
    nl

    10
    :ri+yj+zk "' (3 i +4J - 7k) + ?-(-Zi-SJ+l "
    w

    Or, " " " "- ) 0 t- 7+13 1,)k


    . .
    x1+y.1+zk -- (3- 2 "' )1· + (4 - s,.,+ ~
    do

    of

    l
    1
    (il l
    I
    27.6

    ~
    i·> .. 11+i,.(l1• ~)
    t1
    . n to cartes
    or, ;t • ,1'; J S /' I\
    I l Ok·I 11, (2 1 ~
    I\ { /\
    ,,,,d11CflO
    ,... /\ '>
    I\ I\ I\
    xi+ YI
    + " ~';' 10~ 'J,.(-21 2/ 6k) x=2+
    r
    o, r • 4 1 ➔ •'l + ~ 1 I\
    r-2
    or, i,. ~ I + 5 j t 10k + 11 (; ... j I ;l k), whrre 11 ., 2 "- · -=
    2
    The Cnrtrsi.in t•qnationq of linr (i) arc / OM FINOI
    , ,l, 11 5 •,- 10 fl/Pt' J ANO FtEO
    1 1 3 t1It1e to lie 11se
    -· Br p•sst'S through the points B (2, 3, 4) and C (1, 2, - 1) having POSltir form ¥ y-
    X - .. I -
    •Smcc ... "· •
    ·,; =li + 3 ] 4 kand l~
    "
    i+
    2/-krespcctively. Thereforl:',vectorequationofBCis
    •n ti,, (,) -;- - /,

    e,<AMPL,; ~ Fmd

    m
    -4 -➔ ➔ ➔
    , = /1+i,.(c-b) 8 (4 , 2, 1). Also: re

    o
    5(.)Lt.-UON We
    i" = 27+ 37+ 4k + p { (t + 21 -k) -<2 7+ 37+ 4.k)}

    .c
    (xz, Yz, :tz) are giv
    'X - ·"t

    du
    ~ I\ I\ I\ I\ A /\ X:: -X1
    or, r = 2 i + 3 j + 4k + µ (- i - j -5k)
    So, the equa~ons

    oe
    ➔ I\
    . -
    I\ I\ I\ /\ X--
    or,
    I\
    , = 2i+3j+4k+v( i+j+5k), wherev=- µ
    ch --
    '% -
    ')
    -
    The Cartesi<Ul equations of line (ii) are
    l-2 y-3 z-4 Red:,ctitn; ta c-edur
    --=-- =--
    te

    1 1 5
    Suppose the coordinates of Dare (x, y, z). Since ABCD is a parallelogram, the diagonals.fa,
    .% - ::
    ..
    m

    BD bisect each other. Therefore, AC and BD must have the same mid-point.
    10-1) (5 9) ,
    fro

    Thecoordinatesofthemid-point ofACare P -4+1 5+2 ,7 , leti:=x -y


    ( 2 -, - 2- , -2- i.e. P
    2 22
    il!lJ

    2 3
    coordinates of the mid-point of BD are Q ( ; x , ; Y, 4 ; z) rn.r,., .
    d

    Since P and Q coincide.


    de

    ~ r =(2l
    2+x 3+y 7 4+z
    5 9 _ F\ \MPl.E c, fJ:e
    2 -2- = 2' -2-
    = 2' = 2 =:, X = S, y = 4 • z = ;,. al,;clzn:i~
    oa

    Thus, the coordinates of D are (3, 4, 5). :,,.,'lLno., R~


    \
    Thereto.re torut
    nl

    EXAMPLE 4 Find the vector equation of a line passing through a 1,oint with position !\'.tor11• U.-Uh
    w

    \\ e h.1, e
    and•paraIIel to the line joining the points - I\.i + 4 I\.j + I\k a11(f Ai + 2 /\j + 2k.
    i\
    Also, t11•Jt/••~~
    11 '' :,
    do

    Ot :
    equroalentojth1s equatio11. 11B
    6 :\'- ~)
    A A/\·'~'\ \ ,,
    SOLUTION Let A, H and C be the points with position vectors 2 i I 1 ,\ 1 t 1
    / ·. /, I 'I'
    1 2 j+ 2k re&pectivf'ly.
    l flu l
    We have lo find lhf' equdfion of a Jme passmg through tlw point/\ Jl\d par,11lt'i h' ' ' sh,)", th.,t
    ➔ ~•/> t I tA
    Ptoportfo11.1J t<, I
    f k
    Clearly, BC = ( 1 + 2 J t 2kJ ( i 14/ 1 k)
    We know that the equatlc,11 o f a 1·uu, pabhi11g lhrnu .. h 1111oi11I 11>,111.I ,,ar,1. JI •• J t1, It" 1
    2 2; 1
    . ., Pot;ihon \ ~,·t,,r ,,' '"
    "-lU,\linn is
    -> A / \ /. n
    Here, n = 2 i j + k a d t! 2 ~ , 0 " . ,.t 1i1ll' 1'
    ➔
    n 1
    ~':.,.,
    2 / I k So, tlw vl'dor l'<JHat 1011 ol th,· rc,1tiln
    /\ /\/\,
    ,: ( ~?
    r = (2 t J + k) + ), (21 . 2 j + k)
    ?:T.1
    ~•II l<1 c.i~i,m fomz Putting -; ~ .\ ; + ~ _,\ .
    ;,;;....•·· • , ' " y 1 +~kin (i), we 11btni11
    1
    _ v -i - =k = (2 .._ 2 A) i -'- (- 1 _ 2 >-.) ':- ( "
    X = :! - 2 i. y = - 1 - 2 ),, ;: =, 1 + : + 1 + A) k
    .r-2 ~+1 _:-1
    - = - - • which i$ the cart , 5· ,
    ~ -2 l ~- ian equivalent of 1•qu,11to11 (i)
    il OS FINOING THE CARTESIAN EQUATION OF A LINE
    ~~ ANO REDUCING IT TO VECTOR FORM SA'TISFYING THE 01\/EN CONOITIOl l'.1

    -.--p .~ :..- ;._-e.d:


    r- .r-x1 y-Y1 _:-.:1 I x
    _.,~--- (ii)..:...~ =-!f. - Yi Z Z1
    .;
    t, C
    X2 - X1 Y2 !/1 Z2 Z\

    m
    ,;1J._\O'l.£= Frmi the carlesiatz equation of a line passing t/1rougil t//e ponds A (2, 1, 3/ and
    : ! , 1t.-l.lso, reduce it to vect.Jr Jann.

    o
    ,._~t;o.-.; We know that the equations of a line passing through points (x 1, y1,z1) and

    .c
    ·•. i - . :- are giYen by

    du
    · - ·x - x1 Y- Y1 _ z - =1
    = -
    1: - Xi Y2 - Y1 =2 - =1

    oe
    5c '.hf equations of the required line are given by
    T- 2 1f -(-1) Z - 3 X - 2 _ !} + 1 Z- 3 ...(i)
    _ = .. = - - or, - - - - - = - -
    ch
    ;-2 2-(-1) 1-3 2 3 -2
    te
    F.E·;o·":on :o vector form: We have,
    x-2 = y- 1 = z-3 _ ').. (say)
    m

    , 3 -2
    2 j, 2, Y -:: 3 A. -1, Z = - 2 /, + 3
    fro

    :=. X : -
    f , point on the line. Then,
    s.e: r =
    A A
    X1- y j ~ z k be the position vector O an)
    /',
    d

    7 =(2 i. + 2)i + ( 3 A -1) + (- 2 ). + 3) k J


    de

    . " A • ch is the required vector fonn.


    A "
    ,, -; =(2 i - j +
    3k) + ,.(2 i + 3 j - 2k), whi . 1 -2.z -2 Find it, direc/1011 rat~and
    . ,f /' are6x-2=3Y+ ,- ics-.E .0031
    oa

    !XAMFi.F6 Tne cartesianequ_attons O a me ,. i r II ond z ,re wutv


    QJ.,;_":r.d vector equatian of the lme. . al form of a line the coeffth1c1ents,~fi~i~nt• C>f ,. v and z
    nl

    ~Lt'TIO~ Recall that in the symmetnc . fo""' we rnu~t make ~ cell


    "'· , lin . 5,m1.metric ' ...,
    w

    ··~.ore, to put the given em r·-


    .!.ittv.
    do

    Wt ~tave,
    <>x-2 = 3y+l: 2z-2
    ::::, 6 ( X - ~ I = 3 ( y + !. ) = Z (z - l)
    3J 3 t, . 1tw I, '" .,1" 1 , l <' c,,
    1 1 , lhflllll\holll )
    x- y+ z -I [l)lv),IJnll I hi! ,1,1_. 11 11, au,
    ~ __3_ = __l : (t/'I, t /1, 1), ;•,:~'"►,\, tlw t"' II ti., ll'S
    1 2 3 , thr<H 1f;h
    1
    1 , [nu I''"' "
    'Ihis shows that the given line pa,;r;;l~i~ ul('•'"~ 1h,1I I"' ' ~ I I , l~ lh r.ror• , I< IJC
    PYOportionaJ. to 1 2 3. Ir, vector form 11,,, v,·, 1," /• I
    , , " 11,•I to
    On.;~ - ... 1 ': 1 I: k and i8 pi!T•'
    • ""IOJ\ vector a =- 1 - - l +
    3 3
    equation is
    -, (1" l" "k
    " ':
    ,.(i-12/ 1
    ,
    3 k),
    Y= ~3 j-3j+
    J4
    27.8
    x-2 2y-5 IGHT LINE IN
    s TRA
    EXA\fPLI: ~ Filld thedirectfrm cosines of tlieline 2 = ~ 3' z =-1. Also,JindtheVec/ore,i
    1\\1-l, f.)(/\1••rlf•
    .. 9 ff the 11
    of lhe line. . f the <riven line are
    SOLLJTIO!': The Cartesian equat1011s o o· of '"i.moN The eq
    x-2=2y-s,z= 1 SOL x+l y
    - =·
    2 -3 - 4+ 1 2
    These equations can be re-written as z+] [f the points A (-1,
    ·-2 2y-5 z+l x-2 _y-5/2 ustsatisfy equah
    ::_ = - - < = - - or, - 2-- -3/2 0 m 5 ~1 5
    2 -3 0

    m
    _:
    11 3
    This shows that the given line passes through the point ( 2, 5/2, -1) and has directionr,

    o
    proportional to 2,- 3/2, 0. So, its d~e~1~n cosmes are 0 2 - 3/2 T1/Pt ft/ ON FJNOIN

    .c
    -,.,====;;=== ~ EXAMPLElO F ittd t
    I
    2
    'l
    ✓ 22~(-¾)2 +o2 v22+(-¾) +o2 v22+(-¾
    2 '
    ) +o2 2
    or, - , - o
    5/2 5/2 '

    du
    (l, 2, 3).

    ••• SOLl.l[JON

    oe
    4 3
    Ort -5 t - 5
    -I 0
    x~2
    ch
    Thus, given line passes through the point having position vector ➔ ~ 5 ') "· .
    a = 2 1 + 1-kandl!i~
    2 or,
    te

    to the vector b = 2 i - ~ j + 0 k. So,.its vector equation is So, letthecoordL-.a


    point and (1, 2. 3) is

    1 = ( 2; + %j -k) + '-(2 i - ~ j +Ok)


    m

    ,(3A-l-l)
    fro

    1 ype 1/1 ON CHECKING COLLINEARITY OF THREE POINTS " ,


    Substitun..-,,,g L.,.,e '"al
    D .•.M r- H Show that the points whose position vectors areS + 5 i k, 2i + j + 3k and- 4i '""
    d

    (-2.-1,3)and 5c,
    are collinear.
    de

    l.i
    _, hJI!,
    SOLUTION
    respective!y. Then,
    Let the given points be /J, Q and R and let their position vectots be 8 •
    --
    oa

    ➔ /\ A ➔ A A /\ ➔ A /\ /\
    a= Si +5 k b =2i + j + 3k and c =-4i + 3j-k l Find the, e..'tl.)r
    nl

    The vector equation of the line passing through P and Q is p.ir.illd t..> the,
    ->
    w

    r ; a
    ➔
    ➔
    ➔
    i.(b- a)
    ➔

    - Find rhe , e-tor


    ,
    do

    -; AA A/\A
    or, r =(Si +5k) + ),(-31 + j -Zk)
    1. FinJ the , ~,,,r
    Tf points P, Q and Rare collinear, then point R must satisfy equation (i).
    • ·➔ ➔ A A A r,h.s1..•s tht0ugh
    Replacmg r by c ;-4 / + 3 j -kin(!), we get
    4 .\ hn,, p,,,__,,., thro
    I'//, Al\ AAA
    - 4i +-3j-f-" 5115k+t.( 3/ 1 j 2k) ' ,
    .. .'\
    'I + 1/ -5A hn
    ~ ,wen i, ,1 p.ir,,n.
    ~ i" , 5 J\ '
    lOA. 2 1'
    1
    tc.. dtu:~ H tn cartt•si
    h. I'ind in vector for
    ,, "
    6i I 2j "
    4k l'•>int~ II ( I. 2, -1)
    Finu the vector eq
    th-, vector;" -2 j + "
    }-fence, points l', Q and Rare collinear.
    GHT L.INE IN SPACE
    sr11AI
    d ·• •lfLE 9 Jf the points A (-1, 3, 2), B(- 4 2 27.9
    ..,.,.,. , ' - 2) ,1,r,t C (5 e i) .
    1. , "• , arc rn/111 c
    1:( N The equations of the lin . war, ,ind the value
    '°LUIIO e passu,g throu l A
    · x +l y- 3 _ .\· + 1 y ., g ~ (- I, 3, 2) and B ( 4 2 2)
    Z- 2
    ---=--- -or, - _ -.) z 2 , , are
    - 4+1 2 - 3 - 2 - 2 - 3 - -_.=-1- = or, t I 1 .V 3 z 2 .
    4 3
    Uthe pointsA(-~,3,_2),B(-4,2,-2)andC(S,S,).; ai_ _ . I 4 ...(,)
    ust satisfy equation (1). Therefore, ) '<! tollmear, then the coord inates of C
    111 5+1 5-3 J.-2 1.-2
    3
    = - 1- = -4- ⇒ 4 =2 ⇒ "- = 10.
    rvpr II' ON FllltDING A POINT ON A Llt-tE
    • F"11ul ti1e pomt . -x + 2
    . on t I1e /me 1/ + 1 z- 3

    m
    "•MPLE
    ••~. 10 3
    .:::!.-_
    = 111 a dislance of 3 .fiJrnm the poinl
    2 2

    o
    \1, 2, 3). (CBSE 2008l

    .c
    ~umoN The coordinates of any point on the line x + 2 = Y + l ; z-3
    - - are given by

    du
    3 2 2
    - = ·1{+1 =z-3
    x+2
    - - = 1.

    oe
    3 2 2
    ot, x+2 = 311.,y+1=21.,z-3 = 211. or, x=3A - 2,y=2A-1,z = 21.+3 ...(i)
    ch
    5o,letthecoordinates of the desired point are(3i, - 2, :n-1, 2:>,.. + 3). TI1edistance between this
    ?£lint and (1, 2, 3) is 3✓2.
    te

    ✓(3:>,..- 2-1) 2 +(211, -1-2) 2 + (2).+ 3 - 3)2 = 3.f2.


    ~ 17,.:2 - 301. =0 => l. = 0, ,. = :;
    m

    => 9 (),_ - 1)2 + (2)..- 3)2 + 4,: = 18


    fro

    Substituting the values of 11. in (i), we obtain that the coon:linates of the desired point are

    -2,-1, 3) and ( 56 43 111)·


    d

    17 '17 ' 17
    - -- - -- - - - - --;=:===;-- - - - - EXERCISE 27.1
    de

    [ LEVEL-1 I . .
    oa

    1 Fi . . f the line through the point (5, 2, - 4) and which is


    · md the vector and cartes1an equations O [NCE RT]
    nl

    A A A

    parallel to the vector 3 i + 2 i -8~. . through the points (- l, o, 2) and (3, 4, ~).
    w

    2· Fmd the vector equation of the bne passmg (Nl. ERTI


    /\ A /\
    do

    the vector 2 i - i + 3A and \, l\l,·h


    I . . ~~~~W
    · fmd the vector equation of a b.ne w d , ·t . c~rtesian form .
    . ) .Also, re uce 1 10 " . •
    passes through the point (5, - 2 , 4 · ~ '.I~ 1 4 A,Hid bin thl' dm'\·h,,.1 ,,t
    . •tiori vector 2, • I
    4· A line passes through the point wilb posi . flH'U\,
    I cartesun,
    " " " ·
    3i + 4j -5k. Find equations of the Jme'
    ·n ve~tor ,,n, , I
    Ow point, ,1, H , 111<1 c ,U\' r.•s1w,1 h',
    S jl'on v,...:tors of l I /'/l \ b,1
    . ABCD Lq a parall<.'lograrrt. The po: J " .,_ • I th•· vvd•" ,,q,,.,11,111 ..1 t "' .,,,. ,
    ~ " " A ,.. f'. d 1• 21·L t A, H,1<
    4t + 5 1· - 10k, 2 I· - 3 /' + 4k an ~ i 1I tln' 1111,• 11.tNSlll!\ thWllf',h tlw
    tA-' . •
    cuuce 1t to cartes1an forn>- t•PJ""'"'"
    , [or111, I IL '
    6· p·ind in vector form as well as ·111 carteSlcJ11 ,h ti ll' pol111 ( I ~, \) ,111,\ p,u·., Ut• I tu
    111 1
    Points A (1 ' 2 , -1) and /3 (2,
    ? p· thel).line wh1c
    f 1, · ·h paH!i<!' "" !\. ill< ,rt~sl,11111·0111.
    • 1nd thevectorequati.on or ,JJ\
    d.,,,..,,,uah<"'
    ll " .,
    '
    the cvrresp
    the vector "i -2Aj + 3k.
    "
    Reduce
    ,41Gtfl' 1-1NE
    srR
    /\ ":
    > 2i - I
    11. r

    o The c.,~sfan eqtuhons l,t ,, h,w Ml'


    \' - !'i 1/ I
    '
    7
    4
    .. Z - l>
    2 l'lnd a Vl't tor \\Jt 1,1ti
    0111
    1n.
    x - l ., !fl
    I 2
    ''tihi 2 6
    line. r 7 ,
    I l.
    10 Find tht' c.,rt...--sl.,n '-xtuatil,n of.l lhi<' pn:-~inK lhwu~h (1, • I, 2) t1nd p,1rnllt•l lo lhc• l1r;~1 Iii 7 '
    l 1 V I ·+I v,,
    e,,u,ttions .,re .:.. ' ,,. ~ Alsn, n•duc:t' tht' t•qualion obtn1nC'd 111 VP,. 12. p RS: ,,, I,
    , 1 2 - 2 Culr f"'l!J:
    4 -., y l •i • "
    JJ. r (i -2
    11. Find the uirt>etion cosines of tlw line - - - - -;, •Also, redun• ii to vcttor fo •
    2 6 ., lf.1
    14- (-1, 3, 7), (

    m
    1~.. The c.u-tesia.n €'qUatiN1s of a line are .1 = ay + 11,:: = cy + d. Pind its direction rdhei dn x-1 y
    redure it tc> Yector fonn. 16,

    o
    -2

    .c
    1~ Find the nx·tor equation of a line passing through the point with position vector~ 2;. l 1 l
    11 17.

    du
    3' 3'
    and parallel to the line joining the points with position vectors + and 2;·, /tll i - j 4k
    IS. ; • =(I" +lj

    oe
    Also. find the cartesian equivalent of this equation.
    x +-2 y +1 z- 3
    . d the pomts
    1-l. Fm . on the 1·me - =- - =- - at a distance of 5 urn.ts from th.e pai:1
    ch
    3 2 2
    1. The vector
    P(l , 3, 3) [CBSEllil
    te

    A A A A A A parallel to
    15. ShoK that the points whose position vectors are -2i + 3j, i +2j + 3k and71+ 0: ~ ➔
    m

    collinear.

    -·.
    fro

    16. Find the cartesian and vector equations of a line which passes through the point(!:.~
    and is parallel to the line - x - 2 = y + 3 = 2z - 6 .
    7 13
    [CBSI •. l
    -·
    d

    ii'. The cartesian equations of a line are 3x + 1 = 6y - 2 = 1 - z. Find the fixed point lh0?
    de

    9.
    ":hich it passes, its d~ection ratios and also its vector equation. fCBS~n7w.
    18. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point A (1, 2, -1) and parallel , X 5
    oa

    line Sx -25 =14-7y = 35z. (CS~f-1


    .4NSWEPi
    nl

    ~ 5
    w

    t, ' I\ I\ I\ I\ X -
    1. r=5i-t-2j-4k+'i-.(3iT2j-8 k); y 2 27 3
    = -- =- - - ANGLE 8
    do

    3 2 -8
    ~ /> AA 1\/'I VEcToF\ FORM
    2. r = • i+2k+i(4i+ 41+4k)
    ➔ /'. I A /\ A A
    'fhc. ' ._ Lu,c.'' .l
    3.r=5i-2j..-4k J..(2i j+3k); X -5 y + 2 z - 4 - '.'o1,;. ' ' ' \'

    - --- ¥,.
    h , "' l•n
    ~ l?s ·ls e'-lU.\l
    2 -1 :~ lh,,n
    ➔ A/\/\ / \ l ·, t,
    4. r =2 i 3 j + 4k + t. (3 i 1 4/ 'i k ); \ 2 !/ I "I z •l
    3 4 r,
    -4AAI' A/, t
    5. r =2i -3j+ 4k I i, /1 I~/ 1 17/,J;
    I' :.! I/ t 'l z -1
    1:1 17
    ➔ /\I':/\ ~": I\ .\
    6. r =(i .+2J-k) ➔ i.(, Ji· 2k), I/ 2 ZI I
    2
    1.
    AAA
    1 = i + 2 j + 3 k + t. (i
    AAA
    2 j " 3 k);
    ~- I !I 2 z ,I
    2 3
    r ,rrUNEIN SPACE
    sr~~,a
    A A A "; A /\
    i"'zi-j+k+i,(2 1 +7j-3k) ➔ 21.11-
    8, 9. - - . " "
    , -1 .!f + 1 _ Z - 2. ➔ '\ /\ r - (5 I _ 4 • "
    -' ""--- 'r=(i-j+2k)+1(" " "/+6k)+),,,(3i+7}+2k)
    ,o. 1 2 - 2 , , •t2 _ k)
    1 2
    i -
    2 3; ➔ " /\ /\
    11---7'7' 7 r =(41+0j+k)+7'.(- 2"1 A "
    + 6J - 3k)
    • : -':' A A
    12, DRS:a, 1,c, i "' (b t + Oj + dk) + '( "1 " "
    " " A +1+ck)
    " A 11,ii
    13.,: =(i -2j - 3k) + l(i + 2j - 2k); ::..:l, = ~ _ z+ 3
    1 2 -- - 2-

    o m
    .c
    du
    _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROBLEMS
    oe
    ch
    1. The vector and cartesian equations of the line passing through the poi,nt (5, 2, - 4) and
    A /\ /\
    te

    parallel to the vector 3 i + 2 j - 8 k are


    ➔ A /\ A /\ A A x- 5 Y- 2 Z+ 4 .
    m

    r = 5i + 2 j -4k + },(3i + 2j - 8k) .md, = = --:-Stespect1Vely.


    3 2
    fro

    2. The vector equation of the line passing through the points (- 1, O, 2) and (3, 4, 6) is _
    ... I\ /\
    r = (-i+ 2k)+?..(4i+4j+ 4k)
    " r.. " [using:
    .
    7 =; + >.. ( b- 7:>J
    d
    de

    9· Ibe Cartesian equations of the line are z_6


    x-5 y+4 z-6 x -5 _ y-(- 4) ., -
    - = __ = - o r , - -
    oa

    7 2 .
    3 7 2 3 . tios proportional to 3, 7, 2. So, its
    . ) d has direction ra
    C!early, it passes through (5, - 4 , 6 "an ' " " "
    nl

    ➔ " " .) i(3i+17+Zk).


    vector equation is r = (51 - 4 /+ 6k + •
    w

    27 , ➔ ·•
    do

    ·3 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES -> _ ;( + ;.i;; and r = a1 +µbi.


    VE • of the two Jines be r - I '
    CTOFI FORM Let the vector equations _, . Therefore, angle betw.-en th~"
    -, db respectively. .
    These two"- ll 1to the vectors bi an 2 le b~tv,•,•t•n th~ ~" ,•n l111<••
    w 1es are para e _, . . if ois the .in~
    -➔ db ThtJS,
    t\volin es 1s
    . equal to the a11gle bet-we enb1 an 2·
    then
    t . equations of the two lines be
    CARTESIAN FORM Let the car esia11 X - X y- y
    x-x·1 y - y1 _ z-__ z1 ...(')t and , 2 -_ b 2 ~ = 3
    - =- ~ - a2 2
    al b1 C1 iS -the angle
    Direction ratios of line (i) are proportional to:1, b1\c1. " lf 0
    :. ,n;_ = Vector parallel to line (i) = a1 i + h1 j + c1 k cos e
    Direction ratios of line (ii) are pl'oportional t~ a2, b~, Cz. I\

    11~ - Vector parallel to line (ii) - a2 i + b2 i + C2 k

    1 et obe the angle between (i) and (ii). The11, 0 is also the angle between ,;t, and,;;; .
    ,-;1 i"r?2 a1 n2 + b1 b7. + c1 '2
    .-. cos e = =:> cos 8 = , 2 2 2 t 2 2 2

    m
    ➔I I ➔I
    m1 m2 I ·ya1 + b, +c1 ,ya2 +b2 +c2
    uni}arly equa
    (I

    o
    Condition of perpendicularity: If the lines are perpendicular, then 5
    -
    x- b'

    .c
    17ii -1n;_ =0 => a1 a2 +b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0 a'

    du
    ➔ ➔
    Co11ditio11 of parallelism: 1f the lines are parallel, then m1 and mz are pa.rallel. Lines {i) and ('

    oe
    ➔ ➔ . 1 ,
    m1 = '}.m2 tor some sea ar ,. If lines (il and
    ~ = b1 = ~
    ch
    => -•
    m1
    a2 b2 cz
    te
    [XA\fPLc 4
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMeLES. (-.. 3 - 1),(- "
    I LEVEL- t I
    m

    SOLCTIO'\
    fro

    Type I ON FINDING THE ANGLE BETWEEN TWOI..INES

    Formula to be used: cos e =


    d
    de

    EXAMl't.E L Find the angle between the lines _, '


    ➔ ➔- 0~'; = '~I
    m1
    oa

    ~0,A f;';-1\ l\A


    r = 31 T 2J - 4k + A(i +2J + 2 k) and r == (5 j - 2k) + ~1 (31 + 2/ + 6k). l et 9 1'-e the
    SOLL'TlON Let Obe fhe angle between the giv:en lines. The given lines arc parallel to thevct"•'
    nl

    ➔ I· A . /', ➔ A A A . · ·e-1l 1o,


    b1 = i + 2 J ~ 1k and b2 = 3 i + 1 j + 6k respectively. So, the angle e between them ts gt\ •
    w

    -, .. A A /\ /\ A A
    do

    case= b1 ·b2 _ (i + 2j +2k)-(3i + 2j -1 6k)


    ~ ➔ A /\ A A /\ /\
    l b,I !b2I li+2j+2kl l3i ,2j+iik l , lI ON
    THR
    3+4+12 19
    cos 0 = - = - ~=:==~ = - ~ O
    -/f+4
    + 4 ✓9 I 4 + 36 21 Ft>rmuld,• to I,,

    EXAMPl.f 2 Find the angle be/ween the lint's E\ \ \\Pl E _,


    x-2 y~l x I 2 1/ + ~ Z: I 5 ' >\
    - - =- , z = 2 fll1if r (l + j)+
    3 - 2 I 1 2
    S\'ILlit l1.)N
    SOLUTION The given equations an• not 111 LIii' hlnnd,trd foa ,11.
    can be re-written as lhl' °'V I'
    x-2 y ~J z 2 . x I ,I/ J/2 "' en m
    - - = - - = - - ...(i) and, · I Ihle
    Pa.sses
    3 2 0 1 3/2 2 ->
    ➔ ➔
    .,. ""'
    Let b1 and b2 be vectors parallel to (i) and (ii) rebpeclively. fhen,
    ~~T
    sr~AIG
    UNI: IN SPACE

    /1. A A ➔
    b1 =: 3 i - 2 j + 0 k and b2 = 1:
    . I + + 2k.
    3 '>
    2'
    /\ 27.13

    . (he angle between the given lines th


    ~e 1s ➔ ➔ , en
    s8= b1·b2 - (3)(1)+(-2)(3/2)
    co ➔ ➔
    2
    fi!7
    3
    ~ +(0)(2)
    I b1 J b2 J _ + ( - 2} + 02 ,}1 2 + (3/ 2)2:-;2 = 0 =-> 0 It/ 2.
    ~_
    ~\,'fLE 1- ProL'e that Ille /me x = ay + b,~-e1y+d t
    El- · .,,
    f ii'' C.l
    ..I,,
    + 1 = O. llllt x = a' y + b'
    , z .=: ' , u .._ d' nr, d.
    '' ',moN Toe equations of the given Jin •7 c perpen 1cular
    ~L•w ' . . esarenotins .
    :111 •}"
    . ~irnetncal• tonn. . Ymmetncal form · Let · us first wnte . them
    ,rqu ations of fust 1me are dx = ay + b, z = ~~y + d· ...,,,nese equatio
    x-b _ z- _ x-b 1 _ nsca11bewrittcnas
    - - y, - - -y or, - - = 1L!!_ _ z-d

    m
    n c a l -- ,.,(i)
    . ' b'
    $i!l1ilarly equations x =a y + , z = c' y + d' can be written as C

    o
    z-,t'

    .c
    x-b' t/ -0
    - = -·- - = - -
    a' 1 c' ... (ii)

    du
    Jncs(1)an , thevectorsm➔1 =ai+J'+c
    · d (.u') areparaUeito '' " "kand;;,, _ a, ",· +':+ 'k" • 1y.
    J c respective

    oe
    -L -

    lfbnes (i} and (ii) are perpendicular, then vectors 1~ and11-i; are perpendicular.
    ch
    ~➔ AA/\ AA I\.
    m, · m2 = 0 + j + ck)· (a' i + j + c' k) = 0 ⇒ aa' + J + cc' = O.
    ⇒ (a i
    te
    ~ \fPlE ,! Find the angle between two lines whose direction ratios are proportional to 1, 1, 2 and
    ,\ 3-1),(-"'3-1), 4.
    in; be vectors parallel to the two _g iven lines. Then, angleb etween the
    m

    ,DlLilON Let and iii,


    fro

    ➔ -->
    :wogiven lines is same as the angle between m1 and m2-
    \lJ\\, iii\.= Vector parallel to the line whose direction ratio are proportional to I, I, 2
    d

    and,in; = Vector parallel to the line wbose direction ratios are proportional to../3-1, --../3 -1,4
    de

    °" A A A
    rn;""
    (--/3 - 1) i -(-/3 + 1) j + k
    A /\
    4/\
    oa

    j+ 2k and
    m1 = i.,

    le! abe the angle betvveen the lines. Then,


    ➔ ➔ (J3 -J} - (J3 + l) ::_8 ___ = -,=c6 =
    nl

    = '\.
    m1 •m2 ___ ---~ 2 '6 v24 2
    = ~ - -4
    w

    cos9 .. - - - - l(f3-J}2 +(~'3+1) +16 "


    !ni;llm-;,I vl+l+ V-..
    do

    0 = ~
    3 INE pAAALLEL ro A OJVEN UNI! AN D PASSING
    7
    1/reu a ,. FINDING T HE eOUATION OF A L
    THROUG A GIVEN POINT x-XJ _ y :J1 _!- Z/
    F0nn l -, + -• (ii} - - - - - b c
    u fie to be used: (i) r =a -1 , . b " . 1 (21 I, ,l) ,md r,11,11/t'I i., I/rt 11111'
    ~ . • f/,r()t1g/t /I JJ/11/I
    -, ~ LE s
    Find the equation of a line passing
    + "j -2k).
    ' z + "j) + A. (2 "i
    r '(. " " ~ ? k,1nd tl1t' n•qt1ll'1><l lnw l, p,11,1\ld h>
    I
    S()lllT10~ Th . Jin . araUel to tlW I/'c•ctor 2 I I ,: I) ,, A
    " II is fllv1•1\\h,1t lh,• n•quiL'c-d
    e gzven e tS P r2 1 I . ,
    !ht, • · I tA the vechl 1 I llll' ,v,1t1ir<'d lnw 1s
    Rive J' • araJle v q,m1Jo11 ''
    Iii) n me. So, required Jine JS p, the vector e
    epas• th ( 1 3)- So,
    ses rough the point 2, - ' "
    ~ " " " 0 ': _ Zk)
    r '=(2i-j+3k)+µ(:Z 1 + J
    27,14

    11)( \l\ 11'1.l' h


    1 -2
    3
    "' .
    211 + 1
    2
    SOLUTION l'hc l'qu,1tk,n;; ,11 tht• ~iYl'll litw ,\1'l': -' 21/
    .,
    I I

    2.
    -'

    )l+ l/2.
    -
    The;;t' t'qu,1fa,ns fem h.' l'l'· \\ rmcn .,s J
    1
    Clcarh, dirL'<:'tfon ratio;; ,,r lhi:; li1w .11v pn,p,nlk>11,1l t,1 3, 1, Sn llw din•ctii,n "'"
    pM,1lll'l !in,• ;m.' ,1ls1' prop,1r1t,m,,t 1<1 J l l.
    Tlw rt•quirl'd lilw pas:K'S throu~h \ L, I t)) ,md ti~ dil'l'dt11n rn l io;; .tr<' pr(lportion,il 1,, J,
    itll t•qu,1tl,>ns ,\Tl':

    m
    \ 1 11+1 : () n,us, the r~
    ,.,

    o
    3 -I ; .. -61 -J

    .c
    Type. Ill ON FINDING THE EQUATION OF A LINE PASSING THROUGH A GIVEN POINT ANO

    du
    r --
    PERPENDJCUL \P TO TWO GIVEN LINES
    .... -
    r -=

    oe
    Rcsu/1 to l1t• 11~1•d: A line passinb H1rongh a point h11vin1; position vector a and perpen,!i,u:.u or,
    - -lo ~ - ~

    the linc>s r = 11 1 + i, 1>1 .md r =a~ + p


    ~ -➔ ➔ _:,. ➔
    b1 ~ b2 . So, its vectore,rJ.,lt::
    r fV ON
    ch
    L> 2 is parallel to th eYecl·or
    X.\.'\ 9
    ➔ ~ ~ ➔
    1 -:r
    =u
    te
    r + " (1>1 , fi:) 11 --
    3
    Follo\\'ing algorithm may be used to find the equation of a line passing through a )ill<!:r;
    Also find tr..:
    m

    and perpendicular to the given lines.


    fro

    ALGORITHM !"-OLIJTl0:---

    ~ Obtam t/1e point through which tlie li11e passt's. Lei its position Vt'cfor l•,· a.
    ... 1
    d

    _,
    de

    SU]· n Obtain tilt' vectors para//11/ to f/w two gii•l'n lilws. Let fhr i•t!CIM, bt' 1, 1 ,u:.i 1'~
    ➔

    ➔ ..... X
    m 0/.1fai11 Z,1 >< b2
    oa

    :;,TI
    nl
    w

    EXAMPI E 7 Find tile C.1rte.,ir111 1•q1111tion, of tli,• /i111· p,1::::i11~


    perpendicular to tlw lint's '
    do

    x_u ~ .1-12 y-1 ztl • '1t


    1 [CB:, E•1'
    1 ,L
    2 3 ""'
    1 2 5
    ~:1,8
    SOLUTION Let lhc direction 1:itiu1:, lll tlw f<'<lllllt'd liiw l't' pr,1p,1rtwn.1l h' 1 11 •
    perpendkular to tlw two giv,•n lin,,~. llwrl'f111,•,
    a ; 2b , 31 - ll
    and, - 3a + 2/1 + S, H
    Solving (i) and (ii) by uos,:, rmil t 1pli,·,1t" ,11, 11 ,, g,•1
    a l• C ,1 /,
    = = \JI
    4 14 8 ' 2 7
    ,Ire 11111l
    Thus, the required line p,1s~'-'~ lhnn1p,h \- I, ,1, Shn\1
    2, -7, 4. So, its C.:ute~ian c,1uati,mi; ,in• throu~
    x+l -= !f-_3 = ;.; '.'
    2 -7 o.l
    A line passes through (2 27.15
    . .1~fl'Lf s " , - 1, 3) and i
    .
    0'· " " 4 ( • ".- s perpe-ndieufa1.
    " . ➔ " " "
    f-Zj +k) and r = 21 - J -3k)+ µ (/ + ".- " to the lmer = (i + j - k)
    , ).(2 . d l' . 21 + 2k) Obt . .
    IJT[O!\ The requ.i.re me is perpendicular . . a1111tsequ11tion. IC'BSE2012,20141
    sO• " " ➔ ".-1 0 " to U,e hnes wh·
    ,_.'j -2j+kand b2= +27 + 2krespectiv . . lch are parallel to vector&
    i,-·
    · ':- ".- "
    e 1y. 8o, tttspa U I ➔
    ra e to the vector b = b➔ b'
    -
    l ] k I x 2·
    _. _, b_, 2 _ A: I\ "
    )loll', b =bi x 2 = - 2 1 - - 61 - 31· + 6k
    1 2 2

    JhU5, the required line passes through the point (2 _ .

    m
    , ~ " . ' l, 3) and ts parallel to the vector
    ; ~-6i - 3J + 6k. So, its vector equation is

    o
    ➔ t:, '>

    .c
    I\ ": I\ /\
    r = (21 - J + 3k) + I>.. (-6 1 - 3 j + 6k) . ➔ ➔ ➔
    [Using r : a+1.b]

    du
    ➔ f; ~ /\ ~ ~ A
    or, r = (21 - J + 3k) + µ (2 1 + J- 2k), where µ =- 3 ,.

    oe
    Turc TV ON PERPENDICULARITY OF TWO LINES
    ,XAMrLE 9 Find the value of 'A, so that the lines
    ch
    1-x 7y-14 z-3 7-?x y-5 6-z
    11:-- = ....a..- A - = - - and /.i : --,,- = - - = - - areatrightangle.
    3 2 2 3 1 5
    te

    /.L'(),find tile equations ofa line passing through the point (3, 2, -4) and paralleUo line 11.
    m

    [CBSE2-014F2017, 2019, NCERT]


    9:ILUTION The equations of the given lines are
    fro

    1-x = 7y-14 = z-3 and 7-7x = y-5 = 6:-z


    3 2A 2 3;,_, 1 5
    d

    These equations may be re-written in standard form as follows:


    de

    x-1 y-2 z -3 x - 1 _ y-5 = z-6


    ~ = V:- = - 2- and -3,, - 7 -5 .
    oa

    7 7
    Uthese lines
    · are perpendicular, then
    nl

    l 1 '/1. 70
    -3;,_, 2 ').,
    -3x-+-x1+2x-5 = ⇒ 7
    0 9:,.,+~ - 10 = 0⇒ -
    7 -10 = o~,., = 11·
    w

    7
    l'he ·
    do

    7 7 . _32:,.,,Zor, - 3,20,2.
    direction ratios of the z1 are proportional to ' 7 l1
    S:i . t (3, 2, _ 4) parallel to 11 are
    '!he equations of a line passing through the P
    0111

    ~ - y-2 _z+4
    -3 - 20/11 - 2 EXERC/Se 27.2

    -------------r□==:L=;;:;:;-~Ei":L.::i1]1 3 - 4 11 12 3 . J - 4 12
    lZ ---• ' ·13• ; -J3 ' 13 ' l3 ' L'.',, ' l3 ' 13
    1nes-,
    1, Show that the three lli~es with direction cos 13 L3 , INCERTI
    d( _ 2) j.~ perpendicular to the
    3 4
    2. <Ire mutually perpendicular. in\s (L -1, 2) an ' ' [NCERTl
    Show that the line through the po
    through the points (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6)•
    27.16

    f ind the equa


    16, _, ':
    Jines ' -= 1 +
    find th~ ~ua
    t 7 · Jines ;o1.rung
    Determine ~h
    l 8, to the two hn
    6. Shtiw that thl' lint' join mg the origin lo lht' poinl (2, I, I) is p<irpendicular x-8
    1'11~ ,
    -=
    ,·kt,,rmitwd by the point:-, (3, 5, - l) and (4, 3, I). 8
    7. Find the equation of a line parallel tot-axis and passing thrnugh the origin.
    19• Show that the

    m
    I!. find the ,1nRlc between lhc following pairs o f lines:

    o
    ➔ A A /\ ►
    I\ /\
    (i) r ~ (4i - j) +A(i1-2j - 2k)andr = i - j ~2k
    A /\ /\ A
    ~•(2i ~4j
    /\ A
    4k) 20. find ~::_vect
    to lhe i.u,e 6 x

    .c
    -+ f\f\l\ /\AA ➔ AA A t, , A X
    :u.

    du
    (ii) r - (3 i + 2 j 4k) ~ ;qi 1 2 j + 2k) and r = (5 j - 2k) + ~L (3 i + 2 j + 6k) If the lines -
    --'I- A A A ➔ A A A I,
    j ~ 2k)a11d r =2} + µ l(../3-l)i -(../3 +l)j +4k) oii-

    oe
    (iii} r = t(i .,
    21. If the co<rr
    q Find the angle between the following pairs of lines: respecti\: ely,
    ch
    (i) X +! + 1 y - 4 z-5
    = y - 1 =Z + 3 X 23. fir.cl tr.e Val
    - = - - = -- and - x- 5
    3 5 4 1 1 2
    te

    (ii) X - 1 = y - 1 = Z - 3 x+ 3 y - 5 z-1
    and - - = - - = --
    2 3 -3 -1 8 4 :?4. Find ':.ne '
    m

    (ill) 5- x = t_~ = 1 -z and x = 1 - y = z + 5


    fro

    2 1 3 3 - 2 -1
    toea~":.ot!
    (iv} ;_-'!_=y+ 3,z=S and x+l = 2y - 3 ,., z-5 1c. Find c..'-.e \
    d

    3 -2 1 3 2 cqua ti(
    de

    ('-') x - 5 "' 2y ~ 6 = z - 3 and x - 2 = y + 1 = z - 6


    A!,a CL~d
    1 - 2 1 3 4 5
    oa

    (vi) -x+2 _ J[_ - 1 =z+3 and x+2 = 2y - 8 =z-5 C '


    2 7 -3 -1 4 4
    nl

    10. Find the angle between the pairs of lines with direction ratios proportional to .,_ ( .) 0"
    w

    (i) 5, - 12, 13 and- 3, 4, 5 (ii) 2, 2, 1 and 4, 1, 8


    do

    \
    (iii) 1,2, 2 and-2, 2, l (iv) 11, b, c and b c, c a, a 1,. h·
    11 Find the angle between two lines, oiw of which has din•ction ratius .! :! 111
    o~er ont: h, ob~ined by jr~ining tl1: points (3, 1, 4) and (7, 2, 12). . •It<' ih<'
    2 Find the eguat1<m of the Jin,,. passing through the point (l, 2, - ,!) ,llld p,11,111 •
    X - 3 y -5 Z I1
    -- -
    4 2 3
    13 Find the equations of the lin,• pa~siny, lltrough tlw pou,t (
    2x-1 3y f 5 2 z
    --=-- = l b , r+ - (i' .., j' _
    4 2 3
    14. Find the equation of the li11t' pafi~inl-\ lhrough llu· pt>ml (:?, 111 \ \I/ 2
    ➔ /\~A,.t;. ~J': 24 ~ 61
    r =(i -2J +k) ➔ 1, (21 ➔ 3/ -5k) , i 1. J... = _ lO
    . . .
    11
    • . "') \J\lltdl.
    5 Find the equationR of the lme passmg lhrnugh the polnt (2, I, J) ,uni pelf' 7

    lines x -1 = y - 2 = z- 3 and x "' }L = "' ll ti


    1 2 3 -3 2 S
    T""'
    5,R.AIG
    ~T LINE IN SPACE

    . dtheeqttationof thelinepa5singth'ro " 27.17


    16- fJ.ll " " /\ A ugh the point ,· '> /\
    --> (2 . . 3k) -+ + J 3k d
    . e" r == i + '' 1 + J- - and r ~ (2 1· + '> A
    I\
    IJJl /\ - an perpendicular to the
    "' J - k) + (.1 " /\
    . d the equation of the line passh,g th.r µ + J ~ k).
    17• ~Jll ·ouung the points (4, 3, 2), (1 _ 1 O)ough the point (I _ 1
    1
    JtnesJninetheequationsof theim'e ' .. and(l,2, - I)
    18 Deteri r s passing through th~ '. , .
    (2
    l 1/a11dpcrpendicufortothe
    · to th~ _:g 0
    m; + 9 z -10 x_ pomt (l, 2, - 4) and perpendicular
    ::.- == - = ~ and ~ = ~ z-5
    8 -16 7 3 = -
    -5 S -5 (CBSF. 201 2, 2016, 20171
    X · y+2 Z X
    19, Showthatthe lin . es-7- = - = - and - - .I/ z
    -5 1 1 - 2 = are perpendiculartocachother.
    3
    Find the vector equation of the line p assing ti h th .

    m
    :o. to the line 6x - 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z - 2. u:oug e POillt (2, -1, -1} which is parallel

    o
    . x-l_y-2_z-3 x- 1 y-1 z- 6
    n - -=s
    2 and h "'-1- = are perpendicular, find the value

    .c
    21 If the lines~ -

    du
    oO. [NCERT, CBSE 2009]
    u If the coordinates _of the p oints A , B, C, D be (1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 7), (- 4, 3, -6) and (2, 9, 2)

    oe
    respectively, then fi:i1il the angle between the lines AB and CD. (l'liCERTJ
    :3, Find the value of 'J,.., so that th e following lines are petpendkular to each other.
    ch
    x-5 = 2 - y _ 1 -z x _ 2Y+l _ l-z [CBSE2009J
    5A.+2 5 -1 ' 1 41, -3
    te

    x+2 2y-7 5- z Al . f' d h t ti f


    24. Findthedirectioncosinesofthe line-- = ~ =-_ _ : . _so, .m t evecor equa ono
    2 6
    m

    th lin thr J th · t A (-1 2 3) and narallelJothe_give,n)ine. [CBSE _20141


    • _e e oug, epom : , _ '::_ . d, _ 2 =2i+l= - z+1areperpendicular
    fro

    2,. Fmdthevalueofksothatthelmesx --y - kzai, r Y: . [CBSE2020]


    to each other. . 'r : ~hicli is perpendicular to the lines with
    !b. Find the vector and cartesian equation1s 0!yt~~ !n;~3 ' d. ,. th ough thepoint(l l 1),
    x + 2 y - 3 z+ l d x - _ ;,__= -.-an passes r
    d

    , ,
    equations- , - :o-2- =-4-an - 2- - 3 4 [CBSE 2020]
    de

    Also, find the angle between the given lines. ANSWERS


    oa
    nl
    w

    It
    ( v) - (n') -It
    do

    2 '
    27,18 MAT111:"1,1,l1"'
    HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED ''l.,
    - - - - - - - - - - - -- P11oa
    1. The direction cosines of three lines are 12 3 l(1,.
    3 -4 4
    12 - ~ n = -13- ; 12 = 13 ' 1112 = 13 'n2 "' l"
    Z1 = 13' m1 - 13 , 1 .-,
    3 -4 _ 12
    13 = 13 , 1113 = L3 ,113 - 13 cos e
    48 - 36 - 12 O / / . 1~ - 48 ... 16
    l 1 + 11 n = - -- - - = , 2 3 + 1112 1113 + n2n3 =
    1l 2 + tn1II 2 1 2 169 169 •0
    _ 36 + 12 - 48 = O 27.4 tNiE~
    lif3 + m11113 + 111113 - 169 •fi1.e (ollOWU:
    Hence, given lines are mutually pcrpendi_cular lines. e,asetheym
    2. The direction ratios of the line through points A (1, - 1, 2) and B ( 3, 4, - 2) are proprnu,:,,.
    ALGOAITnM
    to a1 = 2, b1 = 5, c1 = - 4. .

    m
    rnedirectionratiosof the line through thepomtsP (0, 3, 2) andQ (3, 5, 6)arepropo:~ t..et the two
    x:-

    o
    toa2 = 3,b2 = 2, c2 = 4. . _ .

    .c
    Qearly, a1ai + b1b2 + c1c2 = 6 + 10 -16 = 0. Hence, AB JS perpendicular to PQ.
    The direction ratios of the line through the points P ( 4, 7, 8) and Q (2, 3, 4) are proporti,~

    du
    i
    to a1 = - 2, b1 = - 4 c1 = - 4.
    The directioll ratios of the line through the points L (-1, - 2, 1) and M (l, 2,jJ ,

    oe
    proportional to a2 = 2, b2 = 4, cz = 4.
    Clearly,~ = = Ct . Hence, PQ and LM are p1U'allel.
    ch
    bi ie.
    az b2 cz Ijt
    x+
    £- y -- = --are 3 4 8
    te

    -l. The dir · ·


    · ectionratioso -= - z + . proportion
    . al to 3, 5, 6. So, d'1rectionraoo;
    .
    3 5 6
    the parallel line are also proportional to 3, 5, 6. It p_asses through (- 2, 4, - 5) So.~
    m

    . . x+2 y- 4 z+ S ·
    cartes1an equations are - - = ~ = - - .
    fro

    3 5 6
    :,, The directi.on ra ti' os of. tl1e 1·mes -X -5
    -=-y +-2: = .z~ and -X =-Y. = -z are proporti'-•'
    u,,.,,
    ALGORITHM
    d

    7 -5 1 1 2 3
    l~:fut.! rwo
    de

    a1 =7,b1 :a-5, c1 =1 and a2 =1,b2 = 2,.c2 = 3respectivcly.


    Let e the be angle between these lines. Then,
    0 o-2
    oa

    cos e a1az+b1b2+ C1Cz


    -;=~=~"===!--'I==~==-= =
    7-10+3 - , = = = = = " " , = = = ; c =: :=> 0 - ,

    ✓a 2 +bi2+ct 2 ✓a 2+b 2 +c 2
    1 2 2 2 ..J49+25 + 1 ✓i+4+9
    -
    nl

    6. The direction ratios of the line joining the origin o (0, o, O) and A (2, ], 1) ,1re pr,ip,,rt•'' St
    w

    to a.1 = 2,b1 =1, Ct =1. ,


    111 T:
    The line determined by the points C ( 3, 5, -1) and D ( 4, 3, -1) has dir~ti, r.i
    do

    proportional to az =1,b2 -2, c2 = 0.


    11
    Clearly, a1_az + b1b2 + c1 c2. = 2 -2 1 0 = 0. He>nce, OA is perpendicular t,H ' ,,,"·Jll•
    7. The drr_echon _rntios of the line pai:allel to x-axis Me proportional to l, O. 0 :-11 th, ·
    of the lme passmg through the on gin and para lil'l to x-axis is , . QIJ

    x-U y O
    -- = -- ~
    z 0 ,,
    1 0 0 (,11 j +
    10. (iv) Th~ direction ratiui, of the givc·r, luw:, ,u·<· proportum,11 t,, ,,. i,,, ,1nd l1
    '=:) (,11 + A.
    respectively. Let Obe Ihf' anislP lwl.wc>t•n th(• ltuc•s Ttw11,
    _ 11(b 1) 1 b (r· 11) 1 r(11 Ii) ,, ~
    "1 + A,
    cos e - -,- O > ll
    .ja2 +b 2 ➔ c2 J(li r/ I (c 11)2 1 (a /,)1 · 2 'r I 111 S

    21. The equations of the given lines can be> wrillL'll a1t th
    T
    x- 1 = y- 2 = z_ ~ and ~ I y I ~ 6
    (i
    -3 2),,, 2 3}, l .5
    These lines will be perpendicular, if
    atll 1..1NE IN SPAC.E
    5111AI
    - 3 X 3A + 2/\. + 2 X - 5 "' Q ::::;, _ 7 ), _ l Q _ 27.19

    e direction ratios of AB and CD


    '1"l - O ~ ), "' _10
    , pl are propo . 7
    1
    ,.,,. Lei 9 be the angle between AB and CD. Th rtional to 3, 3, 4 and 6 6
    6x 3+ 6x 3 + 8x en, , , 8 respt.•(tively.
    4
    cos a = 7r:~o.~:'7=e~~:;,,.._
    ./9 + 9 + 16 .J 36 + 36 +64 c:: _ 68 _
    -134'1136 - ] ==> 0 = 00

    ,4 tNTERSECTl~ N OF TWO LINES


    21
    lhefollowing algonthm may be u sed to ch k
    ,~,e the)' intersect, how to find their poi11t :f\ n~: ~~; ~w o given Jin~ intersect or not and ir1

    m
    AL$0RrTHM

    o
    Ld the two lines be
    = z -c z1

    .c
    x- x y-Y1
    ~1 = bi ...(i) and, x -'12x2 = Y-b Y2 -_ z- - 42
    1 ...(ii)

    du
    2 2
    :_1- Write tl1e coordinates of general points on (i) and ("')
    and (ii) are given by 11 Tl . c
    • ie cor,rdmates of general points on (i)

    -x - x1 = y - yi = z-z
    __ l =A.andx - x2=Y - Y2 _ z. - 22_
    oe .
    ch
    a1 bi ci '½ b - --;;- - µ respectively,
    2
    i.e. (~1 A.+ Xi' b;_A._+ Yi, c1 A.+ z1) and (az,µ + x2, b2 µ + Y2: c2 µ + 22)
    te

    -,• . If the lme (1) and (u) intersect, then thez; have a commzm point.
    al A+ X1 = a µ + X2, b1 A. + YJ = b2 ~l + y2 aml-c1 iv+z1 = c2 ~1 + Zi
    m

    2
    Solve any two of the equatums in"- andµ obtained in step IT. Tf tl,e values qf}. andµ satisfy the
    -cpm
    fro

    third equation, then the lines (i) and (ii) intersect. Otherwise they do not intersect.
    :'LL To obt.ain the coordinates of the point of intersection, substitute the value). (orµ> in the
    coordinates of general point(s) obtained in step I.
    d
    de

    tGORITTiM FOR VECTOR FORM


    I.et the two lines be
    ➔ k) ...(i)
    oa

    I\ I\ I\ 1: b 1:
    r = (a i + I½ j + a3 k) + "- (b1 1 + b2 l + 3
    ➔ 1
    k) ...(ii}
    nl

    and " " " r: , r: + b'


    ' r=(a' i+a'zj +a' 3 k)+µ(b' 1 1 + b2J 3 ..
    '(on vector of an 11rl>1tmry .
    pomt an 11.
    w

    1
    ~l'.I s·mce ➔r in the equation 01,, a rtne denotes, t the_posi , b
    do

    (i) and (ii) are give11 Y


    5
    Therefore, position vectors of arbitrarl) Poi; on"
    " " " 1: b j -t b3 k)
    I½ j + a3 k) + ,. (b1, ..,.-" 2
    (a1 i + . "
    1: b, !:) respecW~'IY
    .
    ,. . " "k) (b'· i ~-b' z l + 3
    and, (a' 1 i + a' 2 j + a' 3 + µ I com1111111 t,oirtt. Sv,
    'ifG- h
    ~ , "+a•,~),, p(/>1 1 I\' +1•',J' 1 1>'1 k·l
    t/1£ I Ihey ha!Jf 11
    - lf thelines(i)and (ii)intersect, · ',.
    ( /\ /\ /\ /\ A k) (II' 1 I I II l / ~ ,_
    a1 i+ a2j+a3k) + A.(b1 i + bz j + IJ3 •) " I (II'• i 1il•' J \/ f(11'i ~1• 1''3\k
    I\ ( , ! fl /I I I 1
    "l (• A A ' b" )k Il l '/• 1 11' 1 1 1 1•' 1
    ::} • 1 + ),b-'v'· + (az + ,., b2) J· + (a3 + ,. .., , t µ /1' 2 ,,,,,I II i i I,._ II 1111• ••I >. ""'"'i .,,,,1 ,, ,.,,,,tv tlr,
    al+ 11.b '),,, /Jz "' 11 2 1111 , ,,,.,,,
    1 = 11'1 + µ b ' 1, 112 + d (Jlllllfll~
    ~ Solve
    ~1'11n.. /l<'l/l/,>11<11
    t ••ti e"11atioJ1S in ?.._an .'\ 1 0 111,•f1JJI"' t su/i,til•''' 11,,, p,,lm• ,,fAw, f, )111
    any wo o1 ie ., ,- es mter,e · 111 . tr.r~<'<·t/011,
    111
    ~l:'.P lhird equation, then the two ,f t/1£ poiril of · •
    01
    -1.Y 'f_o obtain the position vector
    <1>(or (ii)).
    27.20
    out 1-1Ne
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES r.1AAI
    J

    r LEVEL ·1 1 If 1hC
    Jin«:S in te
    t,11VC
    1
    1- l 1/ 2 • 3 X 1 1/ I (3 i,"'"
    E'.\AMPll' l Shem• /foll /Ill' liuc . = /I/Ill , z i11trr~f / /'
    2 " 4 5 2 ' I , /Jr,/ J/i,•~
    . [( RM' 2001, 2005 N'' I•"' J. 3 ). ~ 1
    ofmtrrSJ?cJ1011. . • • . ,. . , , ' '- ,,, T J..Jq,\1,
    SOLUTION Tiw coordin.:il~•s ot a ny pnmt on firs t lme ,ll <' g iven by I 1
    x - 1 l/ 2 z - 3
    - - = -· = - =A.
    :! 3 4
    or , = 2 11, t 1, 1/ =3 A.+ 2 and z - 4A- + 3
    ~. the coordinates of a general poin t on first line RI'~ (2 A. t I, 3 A. ~ 2, 4 ,. + 3).

    m
    The coordinates of an y point on second line are given by
    .l' - 4 y-1 :; 0
    - - =--= -

    o
    = 11(sav)
    5 2 1 '

    .c
    .. or, x =511 + 4 , y =2 µ + 1, z =µ

    du
    So, the coordinates of a general point on second line are (5µ + 4, 2 µ + l, µ ).
    If the lines intersect, then they have a comm on point. So, for some values of "-and µ, wem...

    oe
    haYe
    2
    2 i-. + 1 = 5 µ ... 4, 3 11. + 2 = 2 µ + 1 a nd 4 A.+ 3 = µ
    or, 2i-. - 5 µ = 3, 3),-2µ = - 1, 4 A. - µ = - 3. LettheL..ne
    ch
    Solving first two of these rn7o eq uations, we get: ?c = -1 andµ = - 1. ,:L.rection tati
    Clearly, 1, =- 1 andµ =-1 satisfy the third equa tion. So, the given lines intersect.
    te

    22.•
    • Putting ,.= - 1 in (2 11. -'- l, 3 ,. + 2, 4 ?., + 3), the coordinates of the required point of interSt1tm fhe direction
    are(- 1, - 1, - 1).
    m

    x -l y+1 z- 1 x+2 y- 1 z+l . lt IS gtH!Il tha


    EX..HlPlEZ Show tlwtthelines-·- =- - = --and-- =- - =--do11otm/,7,,i:
    -
    fro

    3 2 5 4 3 - 2
    {CB.50
    .
    d

    SOLCTIOI\ The coordinates of any point on first line are given b y


    x-1 y+ 1 z-1 L
    de

    - 3- = - 2- =5 ='· (say) "


    or, x = 3,.+1,y =2i-.-l, z = 511, +l.
    oa

    =.- ::a. ...


    So, the coordinates of any point on this line are: ( 3 A. + 1, 2 ,. -1, 5 A + 1).
    The coordinates of any point on the second liI1e are given by
    ~ \ ;:,_
    nl

    x+2 y-1 z+l --,. --; ~2


    4 = 3 =~ = µ.
    w

    (say)
    ' >..-" +
    do

    or, x = 4 µ - 2, y = 3 µ + 1, z = - 2 µ - 1 .... A.
    So, the coordinates of any point on second line are: ( 4 ft - 2, 3 ~l + l , 2 µ 11 . n, f't1ttm~ the~~•
    If the li ne intersect, then they have a common point. So, for ,:oml' valm'~ ,,I' A,,nd P '" I .i.nd f: .,r~ •
    have ~' th,, <'•J\hll
    3 1. 1- l = 4 µ - 2, 2 1, - 1 3 1i + I and 5 t, t I 2 I' l 1) 1/
    = 3 '}_ 4 µ = 3 ...(i) 2 ). - 3 I' 2 ,. (ii) Hild, !i A. I ) p ~ 111JI l O ~
    Solving (i) and (ii), we obtain ).. 17 a11d Ii l '.l 'I hl·s,• \,lhH"l , ,1 A ,llld 11 ,It> 11''1'•
    third equation. Hence, tht• gj v<,n hnt>HJo not intt•rwl'I. lt~n" '-', th\'.' e
    , /'1./\A A'\ ~ '\
    F.XAMPLE 1 Show that the lines r (i I j A) }. (:l i I) t111,I ,. (-1 i
    Find their point ofintersection.
    SOLUTION The position vectors of arb1trnry puin ls on th,· giv1·11 Ihit's .Hl'
    /\/\A A/\ A /\A
    (i+j - k)Tt,(3 i -j) = (3A.l l ) i + (l 11,)j A
    A A A A /\ /\ A,
    a nd, (4i - k) + µ (2 i + 3k) == (2 µ t 4) i + 0 j + (3 µ l) k rcspectiv.-ly.
    ,, rcu<E •• SPACE
    srAA1GH
    . intersect, then they have a eonun_ 21. 21
    !lie 1u1es on point. So ~
    JI , or sorne val
    pa1•e ': ": " " ues of). andµ, we must
    (S ,. + 1) 1 + (1 - 'J.) / - k "" (2 µ + 4) i
    ': "
    +OJ +(3µ l)k
    3 " + l = 2 ii ➔ 4., 1 - A. "'0 and - 1 = 3
    P ti µ -1. [On enu Ii " , ,.
    . l~st tI,'0 of ,ese two equations, we g l , _ ·, a ng coefficient$ of i ;' and k l
    col1'lllg • s th · Ii . e " - 1 and - 0 '
    i ·rd equation. 0 , e given nes 1ntcrSQ.cl
    ,t)telU ·
    µ - · These values of AJn d ~l53h5 • fy
    • ➔ /\ A /\
    . i.=linfirstline,wegct r =( i + j-k)+( 3 -->1 ': " " I\
    rutllllg - J)=4r +0 · k h
    . t ofinteraction. J - as t e position vecfor of
    mer0 JJ\ •
    .,,, , the coordinates ot the point of intersection a.r (
    ,,,u,, . e 4' 0,-1).

    m
    . ,•.irL, , Find the l:'quat1ons of the two lines th tJ •.
    ' 3 - re roug Ii 1e origin which Intersect Ille line
    x-3 _,~-=:.ata,wleoif-eacli.

    o
    -;-- 1 1 ,, 3 ll\,Cl:RT EXE\1PLARJ

    .c
    ,.,LL110N The coordinates of any poin t on the line x- 3 = y- ~ =E:

    du
    , _ 2 are given by
    1 1
    -3=y-ci =-=- =i.. So, lctthecoordinates of A be (2A.+3 1 ');. + 3 >\

    oe
    ~ 1 1 , l'vJ,

    l~tthe linethroughO (0, 0, 0) and making an angle~ with the given line be alongOA.Then,its
    ch
    3
    :lirection ratios are proportional to
    te

    2i,+ 3 - 0, ).+ 3 - 0, ,.- 0or, 2J.+ 3, l + 3, i,


    The direction ratios of the given line are proportional to 2, 1, 1.
    m

    A. n
    it:s given that the angle between t he given line and the line alo;rig O 15 3 -
    fro

    it (2i,+ 3)x 2+(t,+3) x 1 +A.X l = 6),+ 9


    C0$3 = /(2.).+ 3)2 + p.+ 3)2 + ;i._2 ✓22 + 12 + 12 _/6iJ + 18A-.+ ]8 ../6
    d

    \' 0(0,0,0)
    de

    1 3 (2,,+ 3)
    =
    2= 6&+3AT3
    oa

    21-+3=-h! + 31.+ 3
    nl

    ~ --~~1'/!._::3~-~;--"'"/:...:3~!1~-
    (2,.- 3j2 = ,: + 3J.+ 3 A i·-3 - y-3 =l..
    w

    7-- I J
    Flg.27.3
    do

    t''-".. P'-'ti\,•h
    \
    27.22

    SOLlJTION The equation of line AB pas&ing through


    4 A /\ /\
    AB== 3i -j+k is
    ➔ A A A 0 0 4k)
    r =(6i+7 j+4k)+A.(3t-J+
    I\ I\ ) /,
    . f li CD passing through C (-9 j+ 2k) and parallel to CD __ 3 I+:/·
    The equation o ne , /44):
    ➔ /\/\ ":~/\
    r =(-9j+2k)+µ (-31+2J+4k)

    ---
    The points p and Qare chosen 011 AB and CD respectively. So, let their pos1t1,m vect,~t
    A A A A A A 0
    (6i+7 j+4k)+),(3i-j+k)=(6+3A) 1+(7-1>.. J+ +
    ) ": (4 A) k •

    m
    AA /\/\t, ": ~ A' ,1. (2, 6, 3)
    and (-9 j+ 2k) + µ (-3 i+ 2 j+4k) = -3µ 1 + (2µ -9) J+(4µ +2)k respectively

    o
    ~ ~

    .c
    --t A /\ /\ /\
    6• (i} No
    PQ = [-3µ ; + (2µ -9) j + (4µ + 2) k) -{ (6 + 3A.) 1 + (7 -A-) J+ (4 + 1c) kl 7. (-1,-6,

    du
    ➔ A /\ A
    ⇒ PQ =(-3µ -3),-6)i+ (2µ +1c-l6) j+(4µ -A-- 2)k 21.s PEA:1EN

    oe
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    It is given that PQ is perpendicular to both AB and CD. CARTESIAN FO
    ch
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    PQ·AB=O and PQ CD=O Let L be the i
    te
    ⇒ 3 (-3µ -31..-6)-(2µ + 11.-16) + (4µ -),- 2) =0
    and -3 (-3µ-3i,-6) + 2 (2µ + )... - 16) +4{4µ-,, - 2) = 0
    m

    ⇒ -7µ-11A.-4=0and29µ + 711.-22=0
    fro

    ⇒ ],==-1, µ =1
    Substituting the values of 'A, and µ in the position vectors of P ancl Q, we find that
    /\AA /\AA
    d

    P.Vof P = 31+8j+ 3kand P.V.. ofQ = -3i-7 j +6.k.


    de

    EXERCISEfJ
    I LEVEL-1
    oa

    J
    nl

    2
    1. Show that the lines~= y -
    1 2
    == +3 3 and x -2 2 =Y -3 6 =z -4 3 intersect and find lhe>JI'
    w

    of intersection.
    do

    2. Show that the lines x - l = Y + 1 = z - l and x + 2 = Y - l - z + 1 do not i11ter,LYt


    3 2 5 4 3 -2
    • Show th a t cl.. X +l
    u,e ]mes--
    '
    -y r 3 =z-~ 5 and X-- 2 y - 4 • z - 6 .,n I0•rst,.
    . ' I I lll•l th<! r
    3 5 7
    3 5 I ,,
    of intersection. IL"
    4. Prove that the llnei; through A((), 1, lJ ,1ml H(4,5, I) tnll'r•l'lb tilt' 1t,,t' •~
    C (3, 9, 4) and D ( 4, 4, 4J. Albo, !ind 1hl'ir poin1 of lnil'r,;i,dirn,
    (NClltl I \ [:Mrl ;\H ( II~
    ~ ,, '' /\ ": • "" " "·11.•r...t.<t
    5. Provethattheline r -(i ➔ j k) 1-J,(3i JJ,111d,. (~i A) 1 ~1(2i I Jk)I"
    find their pClint of intersection.
    6 Determine whether the following pair of linei. inter&ed or not:
    ➔ I':~ t;/\ -, ~/\ """
    (i) r=(1-J)+11.(21+ k) andr~(21 /)1~1(i tj k}
    r : :EINSPACE
    sfllAIG"
    y+] _ .
    x-] X+J
    (ii) - 2 =-3- -z and - -... - - y - 2 27.23
    ;:; - -,-;z~2
    ,r-1 y-1 _z + 1 X-
    (iii) 3 = --=-i- - 0 and - 24 "'~O O %+_l

    X -5 - y -7 - z + 3 X- 8 3
    (iv) 4 - 4 - ~ anct
    7 _., it. -_4 .. z-s
    l
    • ➔ ,:- ,-.. ,-.. 3 I CHSI 21J02f
    • Show that the Imes
    1 = 3, + 2 j- 4 k 1- A.(0 ,:- "
    1 ..,
    1 2
    + 1+2k) and ,. _ '1:- ':- " " "

    -
    • • • •
    ll·,terseding. Hence, fmd the1rpoin t of inte , . -5 - 2J+µ (.11 +2 + 6k) arc
    rsectlOn. 1
    rcnsr: 20131

    m
    l , (2,6,3) 3. ( ½, -½, -¾) ANSWERS

    o
    4. (10, 14, 4)
    5. (4, 0, - 1)

    .c
    6, (i) No (ii) No
    ?. (-], -6, -12) (iii) Yes
    (iv) Yes

    du
    27,5 PERPENDICULAR DISTANCE OF A LINE FROM A POINT

    oe
    ch
    te
    m
    fro
    d
    de
    oa
    nl
    w
    do
    /,'
    27,24

    r' fi r,~} / j / i / T J /
    I;'
    II 1
    /
    I
    /
    I i ' I I
    1 / / / ,/ 1
    ,I i
    1
    1' I /' /
    I

    I ~
    ~- I11
    Obtain
    ppt pl

    I-
    11, L, ri r"!'
    •. 1!1;1' I subst· J
    I I
    , I /
    '
    r
    l j I I I ~ findl Pi
    ¢

    I
    A .'~,.~
    I' I
    - - I ,L 111+'A.b'/1 I 1:1
    . ,,.,1-,;)./) /· •' -~ , ii
    I i / I
    .' I I f
    t,__.(.___ I r 1, ' 1 I , J
    I

    L I
    Fig. 27.5 1 Fin

    m
    E)(J\.."U'Ll'
    ) ➔ ➔

    Since -; denotes the position vector of any point on the line r - a + >, b. So, let the po,,, find the /en

    o
    • , rl
    r,.,Sv, J L
    souffION et

    .c
    ➔ ➔
    vector of L be a + 'J... b . Then, line. n,e coord·

    du
    ;ct ➔➔➔➔
    PL =a+).b - o.=a-a+'J...b
    ➔➔

    - ~
    x- 3

    oe
    ➔
    5
    Since Pi is perpendicular to the Une which is parallel to b. Therefore, ch ➔ ... ➔
    or x = 5i
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ (a-u , L~ the coordir
    Pi.,. b = 0 ⇒ ( a - a.+;, b). b =0 ⇒ ( a - Ct)· b + 'J...( b · b) = 0 :::;, A=- - - p roportional tO
    '1·:
    te
    5 ).-3

    a.+ 'J...b➔ and PL


    Substituting this value of). in -, a.- ➔
    ;ct = -> ' ➔
    a + 1. b , we o b.tam
    · · the pos1'ti'on vecciu.
    ct ·'
    m

    and vector Pi. The magnitude of Pi.. gives the length of perpen~icular.
    fro

    Since PL passes thrloughrP and L. Thelrefore, elquation of the pelrpe,ndicular[ line PL is )


    ➔ ➔ ➔ -> 1
    d

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    r=a+p a-
    ( a - a •b
    ➔) ➔
    b-a
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ->
    or, r = o.+~1 (a-a) - ➔? b
    ( a - Cl.) •' .. ➔
    de

    2
    , l bl 11,1- 1

    of the
    oa

    In order to find the coordinates of the foot perpendicular and the_ length,~:
    perpendicular drawn from a given point on a given line we may use the followIDg alSCf1
    nl
    w

    CAFl.,.EZ:AN FORM Let P (a, ll, "!) be the given point, and Jet the given line be
    do

    x-x1 =1t_-Y1 z-z1

    r-n Wri·1e the coor,d'mates o,•• a general


    Cl b 011 thec given line. Tile coord'rn11I,'"'t S'',,,. . I \'
    point
    1lti!l'me are (X1 i- a,., y1 + b A,· z + c 1,,), wlier/' 'J.,. is a pnnmzeter. A,~111m' ti,,i.'t''''\
    1
    /he foot of the perpendicular drawn from Pon lltt· given /inr.
    ,,1 H~. 1 Writ.e direction ratios of PL.
    STEP I Apply the condition ofrierpendicularity rf 1/w gm,·11 /i111· 11111/ /'I
    STCI' l v Obtain the value of't..from ste11 111,
    1
    ;, ! , 1 v Substitute J. in (x1 , a A, y 1 1 11 A, ·, 1 1 , i.) to o/i/11 / 11 ///,• 1•,>011/11111/,•,, , 1/ I
    sn 1: Vt Obtain PL by using distunc,· Jrmnu/11,
    ➔
    VECTO 1 'OflM Let f' ( a.) be the given TJilinJ, 11111/ 1~1 / ,: 1 'J. . 1: 1,,. ill<' ""'i'll lot<',
    l'AT. 't h t' . 1f J ,\
    '('/tll I
    51 EPJ
    'L' •
    vvri et e post,ion vector of a gen,,m/ /JOi1it 011 1111, giwn fille, fh~ 11()S1/10lf •"
    • .
    ,ri
    . ➔ ➔ )- . ·)- .. . 1111i1t I l t'". h
    pomt on r = a + 'A. b ,s n , ,_b, where). is n /llll'll1t1eter. Assu111e Jlwl 1111,
    fool or the perpendicular from P an the give11 line.
    T tlT LINE IN SPACE
    <11 sfflfllG

    Obtain PL. == Position vector of L _ p .. 27.25


    <,l,,.,._-'P
    y
    JI ➔ ➔ ositzon vector of p - .... ➔ ....
    put fit• b = 0 i.e. ( a + ), b _C:). Ii_ - a + lb - a.
    ~ - 0 to obtain the value ofA.
    Substiwte the value of 1, ;,, 7.,, 1 + 1 ➔
    b ·
    ' lo obtain
    lh •
    =t . e position vector of l
    Find! PL I to obtaw tlw required length 0ifti· •·
    ie pcrpe11dic11/ar.

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    I LEVEL-1 ]
    •~AMPll:1 Findtl1efootoftheperpendicularfrom the. point (O, 2, 3) 011 f/1e ine--=--=
    . x+ 3 y-l z+4
    , 1 _
    /\ISO, ffnd the length of the perpendicular. 5 2 3 •

    m
    ~LUTiON Let L be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point p (0 2 3) 1 th .

    o
    . . x+3 -1 4 , ' o e given
    line. The coordmates of a general pomt on the line - = L = ~ are given bv

    .c
    5 2 3 '
    x-'-3 = y - 1 = z +4 = ,_

    du
    5 2 3
    ...
    oe
    •
    ch
    te

    L
    m
    fro
    d
    de

    rte
    oa

    .
    nl
    w
    do
    27.26 $1'RAIGtff LI

    Ii ,;=

    pt~
    ~
    PL is P
    5iflCe P
    ➔

    ... PL·

    {r9 +
    10(9
    =:>
    90 +

    m
    Fig. 27 7 putting the v

    o
    rutting ,. ,;= -1
    =" -

    .c
    7 or, x = 3 1, + 6·, y = 2 A+ 7, z = - 2 A+ 7
    x- 6= Y- 7 = z- PL
    3 2 -2

    du
    LetthecoordinatesofL be (3A+ 6, 2 'J.. + 7, - 2 }, +7) .. 1

    oe
    The direction ratios of PL are proportional to 31. + 6 -1, 271. 'I- 7 - 2, - 2A + 7 -3
    or, 3?. + s,2;;..,+ 5, - 2 A+ 4. The direction ratios of the given Hn e are pr oportional to3,2,-2 EXAMPLE ~
    ch
    Since PL is perpendicular to the given line. Therefore, of the fare join ·
    3(3,.+5)+2{2,,+5)+(- 2)(-2 1. +4) = 0 ⇒ ; ._, = -1. and its image.
    te

    Putting" = -1 in (i), we obtain the coordinates of Las (3, 5, 9).


    50LFITO:-.:
    PL= ✓(3-1) 2 +(5 -2) 2 +(9-3) 2
    m

    = 7 unit
    fro

    Hence, the required length of the perpendicular is 7 units.


    /\ A ,\ !
    EXA..\1J'l£ 3 Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point 2 i - j + 5k to tire
    d

    ➔ 1\/\/\ AA A

    r = (11 i - 2 j - Sk) + "-(10 i - 4 j - ll k). Also, find the length of the perpendicular.
    de

    A /\ /\
    SOLUTJOK G?t L be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from p (2 -i - j + 5k) on the lwr
    oa

    ➔ /\/',I\ /\A A
    r=lli 2j-8k+).(10i - 4 j - l'Jk).
    nl

    Let the position vector of L be


    w

    --,, AA/\ A/\ A A A JJ


    r -11 i - 2 j- Sk + 1. (10 i - 4 j 11 k) = ('11 + 10 "-) i + (- 2 4 >.) j + (- S · II ',
    do

    l•'t th<' coord


    Then,
    let th<' ~o,,rcl'
    I
    l'he d~>ction
    :-i.n,,., p \ I •
    " i IS p

    , l {r -
    So, th~• COQrd·
    l<itt,, !i1 :1)
    ... ~-! +
    I'!-\ 2
    ll,;. lhe coo
    X-l
    --
    l -1
    PQ
    ~sr~A1GHTL.INEIN SPACE
    ~,,
    A

    pi= [(11 + 10 A) i +(-2 - 4 A.)j +(-8 " 27.27


    ,-. 11 i.) k} 21" " ,.
    :ct
    PL = (9 ~ 10')' ( "
    fl, I + - l - 4 !,) i t ( 11 A
    < ,·~Sk)
    ~ I I A)k
    pt is perpendicular to lhe given linl• h' . . .. (ii)
    5iJ1ce ➔ w !Ch t~ par;ill<•I to h Ill I 1,· ,,
    rt . /1 = 0 I lk.

    :::
    fl(9 + 1(1 i,.) i + (- l - 4 fl.);+ (-13 - 11 ~,, "k} ·OO, A A A
    4/ -l l k)-n
    ,, 10 (9 + 10 A) - 4 (-1 - 4 fl.) - 11(- 13 -11 ),,) = o
    _ 90+ 100 A+ 4+ 16 A+ 143 + 121),, = o ⇒ ". , _
    - • • • - - 237 ⇒ i. = - 1
    37 "'
    .<.-:

    m
    ru ttillg the value of A. in (1), we obtain the position ve t f L 1: " "
    . .. . coro as1"-2j t-3k.
    l'ltttillS ~-=-1 m (u), we obtain

    o
    AAA/\/\/\

    .c
    4
    Pt = (i+ 2;+ 3k)-(2i - j +Sk) = -i + 3} 2k

    du
    I PI. I = .J1 + 9 + 4 = "14.
    j)

    oe
    1ence,length of the perpendicular from Pon the give line is 14 units.
    . d the image
    = •'1PLE 4 Fin
    · o,r the point
    · (1, 6, 3) 111
    . the lme
    1
    . 1x = -y - -l = z -2
    -. Also, write the equation
    ch
    2 3
    ¢!~.elinejoming the given pomt and its irnage and find the length of the segment joming the given pvmt
    te
    m'iIB i?1111ge. [CBSE 2010, !\CERT EXEMPLAR
    . • X y-J z-2 .
    5.'.lLT.TD.ON LetQ be the ima ge of p o int P (1, 6, J)in the line =- - = --and M be the toot
    1
    m

    2 3
    of perpendicular drawn from P to this line. Then, PM =MQ.
    fro

    -- ' -;- ,-,


    w(l,6,1' f
    d

    j
    ,4-
    de

    ih
    oa
    nl
    w

    Fig, 27.9
    i)
    do

    1 X y I z 2 1•
    .1,tt1;e COQrdinates of M be given by 2 1
    1
    ~
    •ned·
    th e r-or,rdinates uf M be (r, 2r + 1, 1r t 2l
    • · I tor l , '
    2 'l, 1,
    . Jr<,fhc,n ratios <Jf J,M ar~ pn,portion,i
    ~..,,.,. I 11,cn-!01<,
    ""-" l'M is · perp••ndicular to the Y,1· 11' 11 1111 1 I I
    14, JI t
    s., 1 fr-1) L.(2r 5) -t '3('l, )J O
    t 1th~coCJrdinatl', of Ma,,, /J, ·~, 5J M jtu tJtll I 1,0 1111 of I
    kl(,- I I} •,11" l I
    ·t, Yi, z1) be tlw <,x>rdimitc•s " .< II I
    xl + l - !/1 (j ~ ;,; J ♦ ',I ' I J, VI I I I I.
    2 1, 2 / 2 I'' II '
    lhus 1h 'l) S<, th ' "1, 111
    ' e coord1nate1, of Q ardl, O, ' V fl
    X-] 6 z 3 ' J
    -- = y CJ/, 0
    1-1 0-6 7 l
    •~ct, 2 1l J. JI
    PQ = ,/(1 - 1)2 + (6 OJ ' p
    27.28
    LEVEL-2

    o m
    .c
    du
    it =

    oe
    fu right triangle PMQ, we have
    PA
    ch
    sin 0 = Pi\lf
    PQ
    te

    ⇒ sin0=_!!__ ?A
    PQ
    m

    d = PQ sin 8
    fro

    = dlbl =I PQI lbjsin9 [Multiplying both sides br, ·


    -->
    PA
    dI➔
    b I = I➔ ➔ I [ ·:
    6 is parallel to line l.:S o, ~ngle between b and PQ is a!ic
    d

    ⇒ b X PQ
    h =
    de

    ➔ ➔
    d I b X PQ I
    =
    oa

    lb l " . ,'
    nl

    · · "11 , · Find the distance from the point P ( 3, - 8, J) to the line x - 3 =Y + 1


    :c :.fr
    the formula derived in Example 5. 3 -1 · \I<>
    w

    SOLUTIO~ In order to find the required distance we need to find a pointQ on thE'!'W.'IJL'
    do

    that the line passes through the point Q ( 3, - 7, - 2). So, let us take this point J,- ,, 1'
    ➔ A A A
    point. Also, line is parallel to the vector b = 3 i - j + 5 k.
    ➔ /\ /\ A /\ /\ A A A
    Now, PQ = (3i - 7 j - 2k) - (3i 8j ~k) = j - 3k
    I I\ I\
    i j \l._o, '·

    k
    ➔ ➔ A A perp,•n
    b X PQ = 3 1 5 2i" 9j :lk •· Find th
    0 l 3 fl(4, 7,
    4 A (1, 0,
    from.A
    ......--
    5rR~
    1Gttf LINE IN SPACE

    •LE 1 Vertices Band C oft,. /lBC r,


    1).'AMI le along fhe Ii X +2 27,29
    . 1, g1ven that A has coordinates (l _ 1 •ie
    2 "' ¥. :_I z _ 0
    /rJQll~ON Clearly,heighthof MB'c. ,tl2.) 1111d li111•seg,nr., l - ,Findthe nreaofthe
    :i()LU -1 z - 0 . ts 1e le11gth Of . 11 8C hns lenith 54
    ~ ,}- =- 4 - which passes through p (- Perpendicular frorn (1 - . A
    z 1 2., J, 0) and . ➔ ' I, 2) to the frne
    IS pa~al1e[ to b - 2" ': ,.
    - 1 + I + 4k,
    ~ (1, - 1, 2)

    o m
    .c
    Fig. 27.11

    du
    oe
    ch
    ➔ /\ A I\. ➔ /\ I\ I\
    ~ow, PA = - 3 i + 2 j - 2k and b = 2 i + j + 4k
    te
    I\ I\ I\
    i
    ,... ➔ j k ""A ➔
    I b.l =--,i'.1 + l + 16 =.fif
    m

    PAxb=-3 2 -2 =lOi + 8j - 7k and


    2 1 3
    fro

    ➔ ➔
    IPA x b I :: .J100 + 64 + 49 = 213
    d
    de

    h = I PAX b I = / 213 = /71


    ➔ \ 21 ·f7
    oa

    Ib I
    It is given that the length of BC is 5 units. r '1775 •ts
    /71 _
    nl

    1 ✓-- sq LU\1 •
    Areaoft,.ABC = 2- (BCxh) = 2 xsxV7 - 28
    w

    2 EXERCIS 27.4
    do

    [ LEVEL·U x _ ¥- 2; ~3. .
    . -1 tl) from the line 2 - ;i -I
    O f h poJJ1l (3, , l
    l. Find the perpendicu Jar distance t e , , .r I !' + I z ; 1l
    • O) from the hne ? :i 8
    o.int (], O, -
    i. Find th d' l distance of the p . I mul the ~qu,lh,,.1 <>f tlw
    e perpen 1.cu ar f i·h e pecpendku ar ll 1,., 1 'lll" 1
    O
    Als • .
    L~ o, find the coordinates
    of the fool
    ,;11 11\\. I, 1,l •1) It> th" jolut nl ti,,• p,unt,
    P""' d'
    3 .:--,..en 1cular. . Jar drawn froJ1l Ihe P' ", fo,>t ,iJ l'"l'l"'ndknl,tr
    · hnd the fool of the perpendicu ·~t~ ,u,d JJ 1" 11
    B(4 ) th P.e poi..
    A ,7,l)andC(3,S,3, 31)are ( ,1 .\ J/ I 'A[aofl11ct
    ' . A (1,0,4), B(0, - 11, 3,) C (2 ' ,- atesofD,
    ' )tullwlhw 2 • '/, "' 1 · ,, '
    from A on BC. Find the coord111 oJnt(2, '.l, 4 (Nt 1 1u I \I , 1r 1 ' , I
    • from the P une.
    ~- Find the foot of perpendicular . oiot to tlW
    frorrtu••"'eg1venP
    th
    e perpendicular distance
    27.30
    • t ti,, f'cr•'1.'ndi.:\1\,,r dr,\\\ n f1,1m tlw point I' (2, 4
    t,. Find tl1e .,qua t,on l' t r ,
    y+5 .11-3
    ... l - - -~
    -4 - l)
    ll

    AJ.s,, ,,·rite do"n the c,,,"xHn,,t>.'~ ,,f tlw to()t 0i th,' 1wqwndkul,,r from P.
    - Find the 1.-n~h ,,t tht' pcrp,'l,dicul,1r dr,nl'n tr,m1 tlw pnmt (5, -1, _
    '
    -4, ·\ \ ' '
    r = j +Al2i + ilj TS~).
    • 1-:, I\ /\
    s. Find the fo<'t of th<' rerpcnd1ci.1lar drnwn fn\ln tlw pninl , + 6 j + 3k 10 th,

    7 = 1 + 2k' + i-.{i' + 2; + ,31,\.


    '\ .., :-\ .
    ,\.1:-o, find the length of theperpeJ1d1cular '•

    "'· Find th<? equation of the perpendicular d1•;1wn from Uw point P ( • l, 3, 2) to the

    m
    ~ =(2 , , ,, ' Ii:\

    o
    1
    j ... 3 I.:) +).. ('.! + j + 31:). -\lso, find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendtcu;.:
    1

    .c
    frou, P.

    du
    2
    10. Findthefootoitheperpendicula.rfrom(0, 2,7)ontheline"+ = y- l = Z-3
    -1 3 -2

    oe
    1 3
    11. Find the foot of the perpendicular from (1, 2, - 3) to t)1e line x + = Y - = ..:_.
    2 -2 -1
    ch
    1::. Find the equation of line passing through the points A (0, 6, -9) a1.1.d B(- 3, -6, 3).Iir
    te
    If two line- are
    the foot of perpendicular drawn from a point C (7, 4, - 1) on the line AB, then find Ile
    SKEWUNES T·
    coordinates of the pointD and the equation ofline CD . [CBSEX
    m

    Tht.t:, the ,:\.e,~


    3 6
    13. Find the distance of the point (2, 4, -1) from the line x +S = Y + = z - .
    fro

    1 4 -9
    perper.J:cufar
    [NCERT EXEl\lPL\~
    d

    H . Find the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular dr:a,vn from the point A (1, S, 4) to fut[~ ~'lt,P.m.i1~
    de

    joiningthe points B (0, -1, 3} audC (2, - 3, -1}. [NCERT E\ El\lPl \Ji If h\ o lint>-; \t'.
    _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ ANSWE;S th.-n the ,..!,,,rt
    oa

    r, ➔/\ AAA
    nl

    1 ._53 2. 2-vo,(3, -4,-2), r =i + ,,(i-2j-k) J. (5/:3 7/3,17/3)


    w

    122 11 5, s. (170, 78 10 ) /101 . 1• _ 2 _ Ji:,!, /'.l


    4
    ,9' - 9•9) \. 49 49' 49 , 3 'i 49 6. (- 4, 1, - 3), - 6 - - J
    do

    ~ 2109 /\ A

    I, Vuo 8. 1 T 3 J + 5 k, .Jfj

    ➔ I I /\ I\ /\ A
    9. r =(- i + 3 j + 2kJ · ;,. (3i -9 j + k); ( 4/7, 12/7 , 11,17)
    ( 3 1 y<i z+ '1 ,·7!1~
    l) U. r +
    10. ~- 2,-2'\ 11. (1, 1,
    l <l ~ ; I I ( t • 2, ~) ; I

    13. 7 14, ( 5/ 3, 2/ \, l'i/ 3)

    27.6 SHORTEST DISTANCE BElWE~ N IWO S lAAIC.HT LINl•S ,,,,,,, ''


    Let us recall
    . that two lines
    . ma plane must mter~L'l'l
    . ii l .,,.,,·,•(, t"
    "' ,11.Ll' no para 11 e1. 11lh ... · . .. thi'1i·
    11
    tt,.,,, , . 11
    space 1.e. R 3 may neither be parallel nor intersecting. l'lw lhrel' different situ,1L 1" •

    occur are shown in Fig. 27.12.


    27.31
    2

    (i) Skew lines

    z
    ..... ...'·•. ,, .,

    o m
    .c
    l;

    du
    y y

    (ii) Parallel lines


    oe
    (iii) lntetsecting lines
    ch
    Fig. 27.12
    te

    h r~·o lines are not parallel and d o not intersect, we call them skew lines as defined below.
    ,m. LINES Two straight line in space which are neither parallel nor it1tersecting are called ske-..o lines.
    m

    Jrus the skew lines are those lines which do not lie i.rl the same plane as shown in Fig. 27.12 (i).
    fro

    • ,E OF SHORTEST DISTANCE If 1 and 1 are two skew-lines, then there is one and only one line
    1 2
    rmirndiclllar lo each of lines 1 and 1 which is known as the line of slwrtest distance.
    1 2
    distmice between two lines 11 and lz is the distance PQ between the
    d

    St!OR~EST DISTANCE The shortest


    de

    Xi.!!iS P and Q where the lines of shortest distance intersects the two given lines.
    :£ two lines i.rltersect then th~ shortest distance between them is zero. If ~vo lines are parallel
    oa

    men the shortest di.stance between thetn is the distance between the two lines.
    nl
    w
    do
    27.32

    27.6.1 SHORTEST DISTANCE SErwEEN TWO$~ FW LINES (Vector Form)


    Let / and 1 be two linc!l having vee1or equations
    1 2
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    1 : r = a r ), 1, and 12 : r = a2 + 1i b2 respectively.
    1 1 1

    Clearly 1 and 1 pa~ through the points ,1 and B with po~ition vectors~ and a'"' r
    1 2 ➔ ➔ 2 e,p,~ '[lte vector equa
    and are parallel to U1e vectors bi ;ind bz respectively. Let PQ be the shortt-st d'1stan,,, _.,nere
    . . ~''" !tr
    between / and /2 . Then, PQ 1s perpendicular to both 11 and /2 which are para!! eJ lob~
    1
    :;t, ·> ➔ I •fl
    respectively. TI1erefore, Pl,d i~ perpendicular to both bi and b2 . But, E.;;. ii'2 is perpendic-J4
    l.

    m
    ➔ ➔ ~ ➔ ➔ ,
    q• bothb1 and b2. Therefore, P\.l is parallel tc, U,e vector b1 x b2

    o
    ...

    .c
    ➔ ➔
    ••• * " /, xb
    1:'& A
    Let l1 be a unit vector along PQ. Then, 11 =± _1_ .L .

    du
    ••• ➔ ➔
    lb1xb2I

    oe
    From Fig. 27.14, it is evident that ➔ ➔
    b1 x b1
    PQ = Projection of AB on PQ
    ch
    ""'' r--7 r

    l
    PQ = AB-~ --·
    7, ·
    te

    ➔~ ~➔
    PQ = ± (a2 -
    ➔ ➔
    a 1) .
    l b xb
    m

    l b1xb2 I
    fro
    d
    de

    ➔ -➔ ➔ ➔
    ⇒ PQ = + (b1 x b2) . (az - a,)
    ->
    oa

    lb1 x b2 I
    Since the distance PQ is to be taken as po~itive.
    nl

    ➔ -+-➔➔
    w

    PQ = {b1 x b2). (a2 -a1) Fig. 27.14


    ->
    y-
    do

    ➔
    I171 x bz I 111

    Thus, the shortest (S.D.) between two non-paraUel r 1_ > ' ·• • ' 1 i,: i,
    givenliy mes 1 -111 + 1,./> 1 and r - ••~ .-1

    Conditionfortwogivenli11estoi11/nq,,cl: ff11wli,w, ,' II I


    >
    I 'J.. /t I• ,llld •
    1
    thesh ortest dis tance between lhem i~ "t'J' f-, (),

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    (b1 x b2 ) • (a2 - n1)
    ➔ > - 0 ⇒ (/1: x IJ~) ( a; II~) 0
    lb1xb2I
    •!Gt1T 1.1NE IN SPACE
    sr11~

    -➔. _ -> )
    1 -a2 + µ b2 respectively,

    m
    I\ I\ I\
    j j k
    ➔ ➔

    o
    b1xb2 = 11 m1 n1 = (ml 1ti-m2n1) i +(I2 n1 -l11 A "

    .c
    ]½ m2 n2 I 12) / + U11111 -12 m1)k

    du
    l~x~1= ✓(m1 112-m2u 1)2 +(12 n1 - Il tlz)2 + (ll m2 - fa m1)2
    oe
    I

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ X2 - X1 Y2 - Y1 ti-z1I
    ch
    and, (llz - a,). (b1 x bz) = l1 m1 - ni j
    I
    te
    12 m2 ,12
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔1 ·
    m

    Shortest distance (S. D.) = (a2 - a1). (l,1:-x 112)1'·


    ➔ ➔ C·1
    fro

    I b2·x b2 J I
    lx2 - X1 y.z - .1/1 .zz - z1I ,
    d

    11

    I
    m1 n1 . .
    de

    12 m1 112
    S.D. = r==========~ ~ .
    oa

    \ ~ "2 - m2 n1)2 + (n1 12 - 11 nz)2 + (l1 m2 - 12 m1)2

    ~~
    Condit x -X1 !J - !h z-z1
    nl

    , wn for two given lines to intersect: If the tines - 11 l = -;;-- al1<l


    w

    z - Zz . th 1 test distan ce between them is zero.


    t-½
    do

    Y - Y2 = --· intersect, then es 1or


    ____,,_
    ~
    =
    -m2 "2
    27.34
    27.6.3 SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL LINES
    Let 1 and 1 be two parallel lines whose vector equations are 1I•. ~ I - ➔

    ➔ ➔
    4 1
    1 _, 2 d "'
    · I di '-·· - 1+ "
    2
    ➔ ... ➔
    / : r =Iii + µ b respectively. Clearly, 1 an 2 pass tu.tough the points A ,b
    and BWith !o,i
    vectors a and a respectively and both are parallel l1.1 the vector /J • Poo;i~,
    1 2
    Let BM be pet.pet1di.cular from Bon It· Then, BM is the shortest distance between I1
    Let 8 be lhe angle between AB and line 11 .Then, angle between AB and IS ll 0. and~ 1·

    o m
    .c
    du
    Shorte>

    oe
    ch
    In triangle ABM
    te
    . 'BM
    sm8 = -
    AB
    m

    BM = AB sin 8 = I AB I sin 0 .,
    fro

    Now, IABx 61= IABI lb lsin(n- 8) line ( 1) ras..-«i'S


    equation is
    I AB x b I = I AFl I b I sin a
    d

    ➔ ➔
    I AB x b I = ( I AB I sin 8) I b I
    de

    = I ABX bI = BM I b I .
    oa

    Une (i~) ::-a..--s


    BM = 1 -.w x_bl = I<a2 ➔) x ➔
    ... - a, bI <'qtta fa,r ~
    nl

    ➔
    Ib I I bl
    w

    Thus, the shortest(~ ➔ 'd'➔between the parallel l'mes ➔r -a1 ➔ > ➔

    I
    - > +'J..band ...) 1 11 ••
    do

    distance r:a,+µl•i,gi < :•


    d ~-a1~ -

    I if1 SD.
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAM PLES

    EXAMP
    ➔
    Find fh I LEVEL- 1 l
    slwrt:sl dlstame berw,•t>11 tltc• li11es
    . " /

    r=(4i-j)+'J..(i,2J 1k)1111di' ( ; " 1


    .,,: I'- ' .,
    SOLlJITON W e kn ow th I · ) I p (2i 1 •Ii Sk)
    ➔_➔ ➔. at lhe s ho rt•€b t uibt,,nn•
    ., b,•tw , , •
    r - 112 + µ b2 1s given by t ~ I\ I he !Im•$ ,.
    ➔ ➔ • ➔
    (112 - 111), (/,!_ X /~2 27.35
    d "' ➔ ➔
    lb1 xb2J

    ring the given equations wi th th


    (olllPa. e equauons /
    .. obtaJl1 > 1 fl,,,.' rP,qpP<tively,
    112
    1'1'- ~ ~':- ➔ ~':"
    n1 = 4 1 - I, 112 = 1 - / + 2k
    '
    b~ -:-
    1 "'I + 2j'
    " "
    3kondb' ~ ",.
    " 2 = 2 1+4j - 51r
    /\ /\
    i i k
    12
    - ' = 2 ':-'-"
    3
    I j + Ok

    m
    2 4 -5

    o
    .c
    du
    ➔ -> ➔ ➔

    --1 7s
    -61
    Shortest distance =

    oe
    (a2 - a1) · (b1 x b2)
    ➔ ➔
    6
    = ./5
    l b1xli2 1
    ch
    flA\H'Lf ~ Fi11d the shortest distance between the lines
    x-1 _ y- 2 _ z-3 and x- 2 _ y-4 _ z - 5
    te

    2 3 4 3 __4__ _ 5_
    m

    lOWTION The equations of two given lines are


    x-1 y-2 z-3 . x-2 y- 4 z-5
    - 2- = -3- = -4- = -4- = - 5-
    fro

    ...(i) and -3- ...(ii)


    line (i) passes through (1, 2, 3) and has direction ratios proportional to 2, 3, 4. So, its vector
    d

    equation is
    de

    ... (iii)
    oa

    ~ ➔ ,:, I\ ➔
    I\
    re, al = 1 + 2 j + 3 k and b1 = 2 ,:,1 + 3 0J + 4£·
    . .
    Lne (") d h d' ct'on ratio proporhonal to 3, 4, 5. So, ,ts vector
    nl

    1
    u passes through (2, 4, 5) an as ire -
    w

    equation is ... (iv)


    do

    A A
    /\
    A
    / I 2j I Z.A
    Now ➔ ➔ " " " " 2 · + 3k)
    ' ¾-a1 =(2i+4j+5k) - {f + J
    /\ I\ I\
    /\
    j j k
    anct, ➔ ➔ _ "i + 2/" - k
    b2 X b2 = 2 3 4 "'
    3 4- 5
    27.36

    Ibx½
    l
    I = fl+ -4
    + I = "''6
    A /\ /\ A /\

    and,
    ➔
    (112 - a1
    ·►) (t i/)
    . '1 x 2
    ~ {f+Zi+2k)·(-i t-2j - k),.
    ➔ , ~
    1 t4 2 J,

    ~ _ t). (/1 ► x 1, ) ,,ml I1,1 x b2 I in


    Substituting the values of (a2 a1 I 2
    • ➔ ' _. l
    (a1 -111) • (l11" bz) we gel S.D. = 7'.:"
    S.D. = · -_. _, ' ..;6
    Ib1 x 1,2 I
    D.A MPLE 3 By comi•t11ing tire shortest distance de/ermine whether the following pairs ofl,nes
    or not:
    4 1\1\ A/\
    ti) r = (i - j) + ], {2 i +k);

    m
    .\-1 1/+l x+l
    3

    o
    (ii) 2 = =z; -5- [C.Jl~

    .c
    . . ➔ ➔ ,.-, -,. ..
    (i) Let the vector equations of two given Imes be r =a1 + 1.b1 and r =ai•,

    du
    SOLUTIOt,;
    respectively. 11,en,

    -
    oe
    ➔ AA-+':" ➔';~ ➔ A /\ A
    a1 = i - j, b1 = 21 + k, a2 = 21 - J and b2 = i - j - k. -
    1~
    ch
    A

    ➔ -t- A.I\ A.I\/\ ➔➔


    l
    i kl I\ I
    te
    a2 -a1 = (2i-j} -(i-j) = i and, b1xb2 = 2 0 1 = i ... 3 j -2 ,
    1 -1 -1 a-. -,Z•
    m
    fro

    So,
    5.D -
    □early, (ii; - ~) (~ x ~) ;o 0. So, the given lines do not intersect.
    d

    The equations of given lines can be re-written as


    (ii)
    de

    x-] y+J z-0 x+ l y-2 z-2


    - = -- = - ...(i) and, - - = - - = -
    2 3 1 5 1 0
    oa

    Fu,d tl-~ ,;_


    Lim· (i) pas~s through the point (1, - 1, 0) and haq direction ratios proportional to 2 3 1 :,.., ~
    nl

    ~➔,; -.,I\/ -,. A!'"'-


    Vector equation is r = a1 .,. t,b1, where a1 = i - j and b1 =2 i + 3 j .,. k
    r• =-
    w

    Lin<:: (H) passes through the point (-1, 2, 2) and has direction ratios proportional to~ 1 '
    . :(1
    do

    •. ~-,. ~ -., I/\ I' ) /\~ At,


    vector equation is r =a2 ~ µ b2, wherea2 1 t 2j + 2k and bi_ 51 + / + 0~
    -,. 1 I I I I I 1' I\ I\
    a2 - a1 < 1 · 2 / + 2 k) (i j) = - 2 i t :>. j + 2 .1, -.
    ,.
    l\
    =ll
    I /' I

    I k I
    --.> - ~ I I /'
    and, b1 / b2 = 2 '-l 1 i ➔ 5j 11k (q r -(
    5 1 r,
    (\ 1) -~c r
    I
    2it1J+2.I.J
    I I ,.
    I Ir;/
    ,.
    11A) 2 I Ir; 2/i
    (\ ti) -
    r "'(i "
    Hence, given lines do not interS<,c l
    EXA MPLf 4
    ➔
    Find the shortest distarlCI: h,,ft.µi•1•11 th,• fo1t•s whu,l' 1,.,, tor
    A A
    r = (/ + 2j +3k)+A(2i + 3i t 4k) a11t1,
    /. / / A
    r' -(2i
    /\
    ,.,,,wt1,
    /I.
    111
    , ,w~
    ..._ " -f' a,1, 1
    (Vt1j)
    - r =\
    1 41TSk) 1-µ(41[c.JlSL
    +6/
    •
    0
    ::,. •
    N Tiw vector equations of ,· 27.37
    foi,V110 _, ': I-: A ': g~c>n lit\es tire
    r"'(1+2/+3k)+A.(2r+ 'I+ 3 · 4k)"
    I\ I\ I\

    JJ11
    1"" (2i +4j +Sk) +2 ~q 2':1 -: •\
    13/+4'·
    ... (i)
    d ;on (ii) can re-written ai. · ') ... (ii)
    liqll~ t A /\ /\
    1"'(2 I + 4 j + 5 k) + ~·' (2 i + 3 AI+ 4k)"
    ,,here µ' "" 2 µ.
    '
    11iese two lines passes through the , ...{iii)
    " pomts hav·
    ' ~ . ing positi
    :t ~,,,2;
    • +4J
    . +5k respectively and bot!1 are par on vectors n'1 + 2~/ -~ 3k" and =;
    _ 0 3 ~J~4k.So,the
    11
    ➔ ➔ them
    iwr1est distance between ➔ is given b y a el to the vector 1; -Zi+ ,.

    m
    1
    S.D = I (a2 - a1) x b I

    o
    .c
    ...(iv)
    lb l
    •2

    du
    oe
    ch
    te

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    (a2 - a1) X b I = .J4 + 0 + 1 = ..Js and I b I = )4 + 9 + 16 =m
    m

    ➔ -a1)
    a1ues Or I (a2
    Substituting the v../5 ... x ➔
    b I and I➔
    b I in (iv), we obtai.n
    fro

    S.D.=-
    .fj§'
    d

    EXERCISE 27.5
    de

    I LEVEL-1 ]
    oa

    1 Find the shortest distance between the following pairs of Jines whose vector equations are:
    s (') ➔ /\ A A A /\ /\ ➔ /\ /\ A 1 /\ /\ ,\
    r=3i+8j+3k+'A. (3i-j+k) and r= - 3i-7j + 6k µ(- 3i+2j+4k)
    nl

    ➔r=(3i+5j+ 7k) + 'A.(i - 2j+7k) and -->r =- ~1 -1-


    1
    w

    s '')
    II " A " 0 k1µ
    " (710 -6J') +k)
    " " " "
    ( AAA /\A'\
    do

    (iii) f=(i+2J+3k) 1·A(2i+3] + 4k)aJ1d 1=-(21 ;4j +Sk)+ i1 (3i+4i ,5k)


    " '
    ➔
    {\

    liv) " " " _. (5 1) ; + (2 s - 1) j - r I) k (2 s


    1 t = (1 - t) ; + (t _ 2) 1· + ( 3 - t) k and r = + [NCERT, CBS¥ ?ll0' !01 tl
    " '
    ➔
    \
    () /\ /\ " d -· -(1 ~ 11)i f (2fl 1)/ I (11 I 1)A
    v r=(1c-l)i+(?v+L)j-(l ➔·')..)Jcan r- " "" ", '
    (v·) ~, ,.. " " " A " > (i 1 2/ 1 k) 11 (i i A) l\.'.l\SF.'?llOill
    1
    .
    I r == (2i - ;· - k) + 'A.(2i -5
    A
    i + 2k) , a11c," r"
    j
    "
    1 I /I ( ;I I
    {\. I
    •'
    '.
    I ' •
    ') '
    A)

    (
    V1i)~ = (i
    A r
    +/ j)
    \ + /1.(2 /\j _ /\j + k) ~J1 d , r "' 2/ 1 ,.
    /\A
    l('JlSl!20H, NCtiRrJ
    A.""
    " . , 15~,,9; 1!iHJJlJit~J Sk)
    l NC'[RT EXEMl'LAR I
    (Viii) -> " " O4 1')..) k a1id r
    r = (8 + 3A.) i - (9 +16')..) j + (l
    J
    ----
    .,. - (il
    I.
    .Jff6
    3
    (Vi) J2
    8
    .r-1 11+2 ~ (iii) J29
    (iii) - - = ,___ - =
    -1 1
    r- 3 11 - 5 z- 7 .md ~_!:. = ,1(_::! = ~ ICIISE200Ji 2
    (i\') ;__l = ,_'.! ~ -1 7 - 6 1 ' It
    . th shortest distance determi:nc whether the foUowingpairs of lines in•~
    3. Bycompu ti!lg e. · "'' ' '

    m
    or not: A A A A A 3
    i
    (i) -; = ( -/)+'A. (2 / + and 7 == (2 i - j) + µ (i + j - k) k) 7 (1) Ji

    o
    .c
    k)
    A.AA A A -} 0" (0
    (ii) 7 = (i + ,i-k)+i,(3i -j) an.d r = (41 - k) +µ 21 + 3
    ---

    du
    1. {iv) The equa
    (iii) x - 1 = !I + 1 = ::: and x + l = y- 2 ; z = 2 -• I\

    oe
    2 3 5 l r = (r -
    ,·-5 y -7 z+3 x-8 y-7 z-5
    (h"} - = - - = --and - - = - = - 3-
    ch
    4 -5 -5 7 1
    ~. Find the shortest distance between the following pairs of parallel lines whose equatim
    te

    are: ➔ f, I\ I\ I\ I\ I\ ➔ - ~ I\ 1'\ ...,.-1\ J\ A


    m

    (i) r =(i + 2j + 3k) + i..(i - j + k) and r =(2,i -t -k) + µ (- i + j - k)


    -+ I\ /\ I\ I\ A ➔ ", .A A - A A - / \. /\
    fro

    (ii) r = (z+j)+'J.,(2i - i+k) · and r = ('Zi +.f~k)-tµ(4i-2)+2k)


    5. Find the equations of the lines joining the. followi~g pairs of vertices and then find ~
    d

    ~hortest distance betweeri the lines


    de

    (i) (0, 0, 0) and (1, 0, 2) (ii) (1, 3, 0) at\d (0, 3, 0)


    6. Write the vector equations of the following lines ·and hence determine the distance bet\'lee'
    oa

    them
    x-1 =y-2 =z+4 and x-.3 =y-3 _ z+5
    nl

    2 3 6 4 6 - 12
    _.
    w

    7. find the shortest distance between the lines


    i) ➔ / If'/\
    · . · , /· \ 1,., A ➔ t-.:d~
    do

    A A A /\ A A
    ( r - 1 ~ 2 J + k) .,. 1, ( 1 - j + k) and , r = 2 i - j _ k + µ (2 i + j ~ 2k)
    or.
    (ii) x + 1 = y + 1 ~ z +,2 and x - 3 = y-5 ., z - 7 1, t I1:
    7 -6 1 1 2 1-
    ➔ I I A /·, /' A -t
    (iliJ r = 1 -r 2 j + '3 k + ,. (i 3 j + 2k) and r

    ➔ AA.I A//•-,
    (iv) r ::6i +2}-+ 2k+,.(i 'Z.j, 21,) •111 d t 4/
    8. Find the distance between the lin1"" 11 ' 1,i,I /2 !;1Vl'l1
    · 11y
    ➔ I\ A 1"· I' /1 A /\,
    1
    r=i+2j-4k+i,(2ii3j+fik)l)nd,/ '.'\/i:lj ">kf~t(2 ;' 1 3J11>k) •t ltl 1J
    . , (II~ 11•
    .. . . I'ICl<'. H1 1111· h'
    9. Find the vector equation of a liric passing throu II LI . , d rJlll'I t,i ii
    ➔ A . /\ A " A g ie pomt (2, 3, 2) an p,1 ' . it1l

    r = (-2i + 3j)+l(2i-3j+6k).Alsofindtlwdista · nco bel ween l l1ese 1ineq•


    . " 1CiJ:,t.
    27.39

    (ii) 5~- 1
    --- --- ANSWERS
    n .JrfO
    1, ~.
    '') -10
    [3968
    (iii)
    -/6 (iv) Ji (v) 5
    -/2
    :3 (vu (vi.ii) 14
    (,•il Ji ./59 2, (i) 1 (ii)
    1
    ✓6 Js<J
    s (iv) 2✓29 3, (i) No
    (iii) 729 (ii) Yes (iii) No (iv) No

    (") ✓1l 5. -X =1j_ _ 'Z •X- 1 I/ - 3 z


    u ✓6 1 0-2,--1 =,.__= ;3units
    " " "} " (2 . "
    3."k ➔ 0 0 1
    ~- ·•r-_ 1.,.2j-4k+ • 1 + J+6 ·); r =<(3 i + 3;· -5k) +p (4i+6J+l2k),S.D.=
    I\ I\ I\
    ': 0 " 293
    V -units

    m
    7
    (ii) 2✓29 (iii) .J193
    8. -/293 .

    o
    (iv) 9 - urut5
    7

    .c
    _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROBLEMS

    du
    tM The equation$ of the lines are ➔ I).. A A -/\ ,-. A
    ➔"'~"

    oe
    1:0" (i- j -k) + _s (i + 2j - 2k)
    1
    = (i -2/+ 3k) +t(-1 + J -k) and, r =

    i :-
    These Jines pass through p oints at = 2 j , i k <1nct = af i - j - kand are parallel to
    ch
    -t "; ~ A -) fi:.. ~. A , .:~ ·~ • -
    vectors i, = - 1 + J - k and b2 = 1 + 21 - Zk respec!i'iiely:
    te

    ~
    1
    1
    m

    al -at =J -4k and, x'½= \ -~1· :2· _: -·"1-,;; ;;


    fro

    ;a- 2 : ..
    d
    de
    oa

    11
    nl
    w

    rJ
    do

    (1

    -'
    I "' 3 i
    41 "' 2 - 1
    11 3 5 2.
    /() 1 I , 19
    V
    27,40

    7 ' (i) G1veh lines arc: . " •➔


    . ➔ -(":, k) " " "
    ': + + 1. (/ - j + k) and, 12 : r =(2 i - j - k) + µ (2 i + j "
    A
    '· ,
    1 •r - 1 +2J +2.k)
    1
    . , through points with position vectors ii~= ~ 1 ,
    These t,,vo lines pas::o . ➔ " " " ~ 2i •k 1
    ~ = j _k respectively and parallel lo vectors b1 - i - l ~ k and
    i_ t ~ 1 , ·til b;
    2 1fl,
    A
    respectively. A
    "I j k A
    1 -1 t = - 3 "
    i + Oj t
    A
    3k
    1 2
    Bence, d =
    12

    m
    Mark tr.e correct

    o
    1. Jhe angle

    .c
    --
    X -1

    du
    2
    y-5 z-7

    oe
    {a) 45"
    ~ =--
    -,;7 .1
    ch
    ,; ~ /":, : , A A. A

    These lines pass throui h points with posttion. y,e<;~o~s},';t~ ,- i :-)'- {<·and!½= 3 i ~5J <;1
    te

    ~-}· 4' ,{\ ,-/\ •' ~ ~ : ~ ~ A


    respectivt>ly and parallel to vectors bi= 7J+-o if f (J1and bi = i ,- '?,:f + k respectively,
    -..,
    m

    ' /\ · (.\ :A · H
    j, ·'1· '14 .,, '
    ➔ ➔ t ,,· · /\
    fro

    /\ A A A /\
    (a) 4 , .5, 7
    Now, iii-at = 4i + 6j + 8/c and b1 >< b2 : 7 -.-,6 ,, 1 ='L4;i - 6 J.- 8k
    J · - ,2 ° 1 .l -l. The angle
    d

    =-
    de

    ·+ ➔ ➔ ➔ . · ➔ -> _ _.,- T
    I l.i1 >< /J2 I = ✓16 + 36 + 64
    1 (a)
    :. (a1 - a1 ) · (b1 x b1 ) = -16 - 36- 64 = -116 and =' •
    oa

    = 1( '½. -a-1). (b1 x b:1,) I


    -➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    Hence, S.D. 1)6 ,;;·- ..--,-
    = .Jn - = ✓116 = 2..J'2.9
    nl

    • t 6
    lb, x b2 1
    w

    (iii) Proceed as in. 7 (i) (iv) Proceed ns in 7 (ii)


    do

    8. Given lines are

    (a) ,

    ". Theequ

    (,1) : =

    (<:) 7::
    (d) non '
    <l lf
    • A A /\ -4
    Novi, ~ - a't = 2i + j - k and, b = '2i ,,~ 3 "1· + 6kI\
    27.41

    ------ MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCOs)

    m
    ...,..; /Ir£ CDTl'ect alternative in each of the following:

    o
    The angle benveen the straight lines

    .c
    0 = y - 2 = z + 3 and x - 1 = y + 2 - z - 3 .

    du
    2 5 4 1 2 - ~ IS

    a) 45° (b) 30° (c) 60° (d) 90°

    oe
    x y z x - 1 y -2 z-3
    , ToelineS - =-=- and--= - = --are
    • 1 2 3 - 2 -4 -6
    ch
    a, coincident (b) skew (c) intersecfu\g (d) parallel
    te

    The direction ratios of the line perpeXtclicular to the· lines.


    r -7
    -·- = ·
    y+l7
    - 6 and, -x+S- == -y+S =· z----
    = z- - 4· are
    . proportional
    . . to
    m

    2 - 3 1 1 2 -2 '
    fro

    aJ 4, 5, 7 (b) 4, -5, 7 _ (e;) 4, - 5,. -7 (d) -4, 5, 7


    x-1 y -1 z-1 · . x-1 y- 1 z-1.
    •· The angle between the lines - 1 =~ 1 = - 2 and, · r;;
    3
    --.i~- 1 = ,,;·
    .,,3-1 = -4i s
    d

    (d) ~
    i
    de

    !a) COS- l (
    ~
    _!_.) (b) .'.:
    6
    (\:)
    .
    4
    . _ _ x _ 3y -6 are proportional to
    oa

    0
    The direction ratios of the line x -y + z - 5 - - 1 -2 2 -4 l
    3 • - - (d) -r.:F,r,,-,t
    (b) 2, -4, 1 (c) :J14' :Jf4 "141 , 4l ✓41
    J14,
    nl

    laj 3,1, -2
    of the point p (1, 2, 3.) from the line
    w
    do

    etl
    27.42 (c) J (d) 2
    () - 2 (b) - 1_ . roportional to I, - 3, 2, then its d irection ,
    Ifthe direction ratios of a line are p I 2 } co~1~~.,1,
    "9 1 3 2
    = (b) J 14 ',]1 4 ' ✓14
    (a) ffe ' - -./14 ':Ji4 J _ 2 3
    1 3 2 (d) - ✓ Jf4 '
    1 4 ' J 1,4
    w-Tu·~·mn .
    d ~ with x-axis and y-axis respectively, then the angl~
    .
    10 ff a Jin~ makes angle 3 an 4 nia~.I

    the line withz-axisis (c) n/4 (d) 5it/12


    (a) ;r./2 ~ ) 1t/ S ant on X Yand Z axes are 12, 4 and 3 respectively ·n. I
    · · f a bne segm...., " , · ..,t "11
    1 The p~oiec~ons o . of the line segmen t are

    m
    i
    and direction cosroes 3 (c) 11; 12 14 3
    12 4 3 (b) 19. 12 i. _ - ,- ,- (d) none of these

    o
    (a) 13; -,;- , 13 r 13 ' 19 I 19 ' 19 11 11 11

    .c
    b • . J y-2 z-3
    x y z d x- _- =- are
    n The lines = = an -=T - - 4 - 6
    1 2 3

    du
    (a) par~el . x-~) 11_:~~~~ ,
    (c) s kew
    (d) coincident If the lines r ""

    oe
    13. The straight line - - =
    1 -- 0
    15
    3
    (b) parallel to y 0axis If the ....nes 1 =
    ch
    (a) parallel to x-axis
    (c) parallel toz-axis . (cl) perpendicular to z.axis ther,. =- .. -
    1 ... The shortest distance betv.reen the lines 6.. The equa 'ion
    te

    x - 3 = y - 8 = z - 3 and; x + 3 = y + 7 = z - 6 is Tne equation o


    3 -1 1 -3 2 4 The vector eqi
    m

    (a) ,/so (b) 2".'30 (c) sJ30 (d) 3"'30


    fro

    1 'i The equation of y-axis in space is


    (a) x=0,z = 0 (b) x =O,y =O (c) y=0,z == O (d) y=O
    16
    x - 2 y-3 4-z
    The lines - - = - - = -
    x - 1 y- 4 z- 5 all
    and - - = - - = - are mutu '!/ perpen 1cu ,
    d. Jar ttt ~ The line of sh-
    d

    . 1 1 k k 2 -2
    de

    value of k is .
    (a) -2/ 3 (b) 2/3 (c) -2 (d) 2 [1.. -:,r '\
    1 . A point P lies on the line segment joining the points (-1, 3, 2) and (5, 0, 6). If x-coor<liD
    oa

    of Pis 2 then its z-coordinates is


    (a) - 1 (b) 4 (c) 3/2 (d) 8 D
    nl

    11 z th the val~~•1
    HI. If thelinesL1 :x=5,-Y-=.=.. ½.: x = 2, L = - are perpendicular, en -r+: v-3
    w

    3-Q. - 2 -1 2-a. --=-·-


    er.is l 1
    do

    (aJ 2/3 (b) 3 ( ti"-


    (c) 4 (d) 7/3 \-a 11 - b
    AN!; =-·-
    0 0
    1. (d) 2 (a) (a) (c) (a) r, (a) ~ (1'1 ,l
    ' (c)
    10. (b) I (a) 11 <a) 1 (d ) I (d) I , (a) Ji, (J) 1 \Pl
    ---- ,,,_ ,, nm BLANI, rY1 av.. 1 ncN
    1. ~vectorequationsofOX,OY5 and . OZ an• .................. .
    2. The vector equation of 1J,p lirn~ x !I 1 4 Z 6 i .
    3 7 , ti ........... . .... .
    3. ThevectorequationoftheUnepassi11j{thr1111 .,h 1tw , 01, ,t ·(' ,1 7) ,J(l 1,,, ) i> ,,,. ,·\11<•,
    . . . f )' n 1 I H ->, , ,II ' ' '•'<'r ear./1 of th
    4. If l , l, I are d irecfion cosmes o a 111e 1lwn /
    . X- 1 I! -2 Z I ] '
    '"'
    .... .. ....... . .., ' • l ,,,, '1 11 rstion:
    5. If the line - l - =- ~ - n pas~(!R through the pnh11·( I , 0, I), then iL, dirl'i:11cll I '•v
    " Ll.le
    • the ca
    I, m; n are ................... . 1
    fitl• ~> Writeth Qca
    6. The equations of a line passing through the point (-Z 3 4) _ d ally jncli1'(l(l Write the ca
    coordinate axes OX, OY and OZ are .............,..... . , , - an eq u,
    HT LJNE IN SPACE
    s!~~IG
    27 3
    , ""'eangle betv,een the lines whose di . .4
    , . J" rection rat'10s are p
    ·• ................... . roportional to a b d 1
    u, u· of th t ' , ' an · -
    '{lle equa on e s raight line ai;s. be, ca' ab
    are................... . . p mg through (a I _,-
    . rneequationsofstrrughtlincpassingthro ' ,, c) and (a - lJ, ' k c a)
    11. JftheUnes7
    . x-1 _ y-2 _z-3 x - 1 5 ugh(a, b, c)and .
    -' - 2k - - 2 -, - 3k = - ![_6 - - -za
    =
    pacalleltoz-axis nre .................. .
    1 . . -1 5 re at tight an l h
    '{lle Cartesian equations of the straight Jin . g .c, t I!!\ k =................... .
    r. rr d lt . h e passing throu h th
    apgles3, 3 an 4w1t the positive directions f . g . epoint(2, 1, - l)and making
    . . . o the coordmate axes ar
    n e equanons of x-aX1s m unsynm\e"ical .._.
    form are·
    e ....... .,.......... .
    1

    m
    The equation of y-axis in symmetrical fornus- 1;....2............... ·
    . x =;:.-
    0 l - O.................... ,

    o
    .c
    du
    .➔➔➔➔ -}➔ ➔
    If the _lines r = 2 a1 - 3'½. + :>-.b1 and r = n2 + µ b2 are coplanar and I~ ~ ~ ] = k [~
    thenk =. .................. .
    oe
    ch
    11 The equation of x-axis in symmetrical form is ................... .
    . The equation of x-axis in unsymmetrical form is................... .
    te

    The vector equation of the line though th~ points (..3, 4, - 1) and (1, - 1, 6) is ... .
    .. lNC ERTEXEMPLAR,CBSE2020i
    m

    t
    Thevecorequa - + 4 _- z'- 6· 1s· .......................
    tion◊ £the 1'111e x-S_y ., .
    2 . [NCF.RT£XEM
    . PLAR I
    3 7
    fro

    The line of shortest distance bet:ween two skew-lines i!; .. ........ to both the lines. [CBSt 2020]
    _ _ __ _ _ A NSWERS
    d

    ---- ➔
    de

    .f\ /\A J':,~A


    ➔ A ➔ A ➔ A 2. r =' (5i -4 j+6k)+ )..(-31..,.7J+2k)
    r =1-i, r =µj, r =vk 1 l 1
    1 5. z,,, m = - ✓'3'" --:ps, =-:r,s
    oa

    J20] ➔ /\AA AA A
    4. ± ✓-
    '· r =3i-,.4j-7k+ ;>..(-2i-5j+13k) 3
    e of t!, .-x~a y-b z-<
    ::=-----~-
    nl

    t :.:3_y-3 _z-4 7 oo /) C a
    x-2 y-l_zt1
    --J--1
    w

    l - 10 n. - =--l -,;;
    ,2
    10. 7 j
    do

    , x- a y- b z-c x-0 v-O z-0


    o"'-o-= - 1- 16...- : ; x -- -
    • 5. 2 l O 0
    A A A A A
    12· Y=O,z=O 4. 2
    i
    1!! -; "' 3 + 4 j- 7 la ).. ( ·2 I r; j ,. n k)
    17.
    .!1=0,z=O ,,u. perpendJcul,1r
    19
    . r
    ➔ =5i-4j+6k+t..(3i+7
    " " A " "
    j+2k)
    t I\N~Wf;Fl Ql/E~1IONS (V:-40s)
    -.
    Vtl"Y ,NOFI , II~/'•'' t'\iJ('I l'f1IHllt'Uh'Ht ()/ th~
    ~
    1
    - ---- - - - J >f ()llf ,,;,•t1tt•lll't1 rJ
    '1.1ts ' • . one wort '
    qu .1-0_er each of tile fo1lowi11.g quest1011s 111
    est10n: f x-ai<irl,
    1. 1"1 . equat:io11s o 3 ·s
    .,., \\Iil'lte
    · the cartesian and vector .-, r equatJ'O ns of· Y- 1''. •
    ,., axis,
    3 tl\e the cartesian and ve,._,o ·on5 ot ,.,.
    · the eartesian and vector equa11
    · Wl'lte
    27.44 MATffEM,,
    "•IC,
    'I
    . f O line passing through a point having positio
    <l Write the vector equation° !O "~tor;

    \ ' -=rallcl to vedor ➔


    J3. ·~
    "•'-~ 2x - l 4 - y z + 1 . .
    Carte~ uati.Qns of a line AB are - 2 = 7 =- 2- . Write the d1rectilln ta~
    5. ,s1arr-eq _ -- ""> 'ii
    line parallel to AB. . .
    ~ Wiite the direction cosines of the line whose Cartesian equations are 6x - 2 ,. 3y + ,, t
    1 4
    , _ , x-.2_2y-5 =
    ,. ,.\,ritethedirectioncosmesotthehne-- - _ ,z 2·
    2 3

    m
    . . x-2 y+1 z- J . .
    s. - = -- =
    Write the coordinate axis to wluch the bne - ts perpend\cular.
    3 4 0 3 2 6

    o
    7 '7 ' 7
    . x - 5 y+2 _z - 2
    --=s --
    x - l _y _ z-1 tG

    .c
    9 Write the angle behveen the lines - - = - a nd - - - -
    7 1 1 2 3

    du
    10 Write the direction cosines of the line whose cartesian equations are 2x = 3y =- z.

    oe
    ll Write the angle between the lines _2x = 3y = - zand 6x = ~ !/= - 4z. ,
    x -3 yt2 ~ +4 y-2 1:-. r =(4i -
    . . . x+l = -
    U. Wnte the value of}., fur which the lines - -. = - - = ~ and -
    z+ 6 - 1,
    ch
    -=
    -: 3 2,. , 2 3?. l -5 -1 19
    zn cos
    te
    perpendicular to each other. '.!1
    - i....:;:,. . ; ➔' .
    ➔• ➔ 4 -; -1
    = a1 + ]... b and r = ar /!
    C ,

    13. V\'ritethe formula for the shortest distance, behveen.the lines' r


    m

    ·t;..,;f; +. µ '½ to be intersecting.


    fro

    14 Write the condition for the lines 7 = ~ +), I½ and ACTIVITY-1

    15. Thecar tesian


    • equa tions of a Jine A,,. 2x - 1 y ,i- 2 z .:. ·3, . p· d th d. n· ='1intS~ OBJECTIVE
    ., are-~ = - = --'-. m . e 1rec onw.
    d

    ✓3 < 2 3 . MATERIALS
    de

    a line parallel to AR ICB~: :,' actr<.':,i\ e


    3
    - x = Y+ 2 =z - 5
    oa

    16. If the equations of a line AB are write the d.irection ratios ot J Li


    1 -2 4 ' STE?soFco
    parallel to AB.
    nl

    , ...e
    w

    17. Writethevector-equationofalinegi;venby~ "' Y + 4 = :.,- 6


    · 3 7 2
    do

    Bk'ICk
    18 'fhe
    . equationso a nearegivenby -4 - x
    · f li
    ,. y+3 =- .Write thedirectionc- . ~-, 1,p 'JJ'
    :i:+2 Blo..:k
    parallel to this line.
    3 3 6
    18111

    Fi::s. b
    \
    19. find the Cartesian cfquations of the line which passes 1hrot1~h the p,,i.nt \
    parallel to the line x + 3 4 ff Z 1 8 ( fl'i
    \ loin
    3 5 6
    1\ ,i:\
    20 F. d
    . 111 th e angle betwN•n th1• hllPI! ,.- (2 "i s "j I k)
    i, >., (J ,,1 1 -·1 /·' , t'kl
    1
    ➔ ~ I\ ~ t:i /\ • 11.if 11.)
    r =7 1 - 6k -+ µ ( 1 .. 2 J+ 2k). I(I ·
    1
    . .
    21. Fmdtheanglebetweenthelmes2x~ 3y" ·i:,mdt.:r , = , I( B~I ,I'11>
    1 4
    22. Fm
    . d the -vec tor equa t'10n o f a 1me .. 4, 5) ,md •,s P· ,ra11~1,11' , ,,
    · passing through• the ·'point (3,
    1

    IL»~~•
    11
    vector 2 Ai + 2j-3k.
    A A
    ·
    27.45

    ANSWERS
    Curl ,•
    -,. l'Sllll! rquntio11
    /\ Vrctnr P(fllativn
    r ==1,,i ,-" - tlyo 2 () I\
    0 I r' !. i
    0
    -►
    '.l. r=ci+).~

    8. Z-axi~

    11. 90° 12. - 10

    m
    7

    o
    .c
    16. - 1,2,-4

    du
    oe
    )
    -are
    w. C05
    .1 '19)
    b:1 21.
    7t

    2
    ch
    .....
    te

    µ b.
    m

    ACTIViTY-1 ' ,.
    ; 1.: '~ rt, t I;
    fro

    05.ltCTIVE To measure the shortest distance,qt,t\"'<'ee,:r two skew-lines.


    le50f .,Tcfl\Al.S REQUIRED Plywood board. ot ~ze:.35 c,ti:x 25 cm, wooden blocks, wires and
    . ~ - .
    d

    ,:ihesi1• e. ': ,
    de

    line
    STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION
    oa

    !OJll ~ill Take the ply,vood board.


    Take four wooden blocks of the folloWi1lgBlock
    dimensions:
    ID : 8 cm x $ cm ~ .:l cm
    nl

    ?0111
    Block[: JOcmxScm><3crn BJockJV: Bcmx8cm,3on
    w
    do

    a,.,d

    :iotil
    ii>~l
    to tlle
    z.0191
    MA1"!11:~
    27.46 ~ll(:1
    it in ::;uch a way that its one perpe11dicular Sid . ·~
    1
    Take a set-square an~ place /\ 13 till ib other perpendicular side touches ethlSalQ~~~
    d move 1t cl ong , .. c•w ·"l
    wire -AB an , thr two Jine5 in tlus pns1ho11 using set-s.-i 1rp
    1 fea~ure the d ista.ilCl' bt•twc, n . ··,U<1re, t~ .
    , . t :1· ·t•nct• b,•twe,'n lnwi- /1 ,md /2,
    the ~hortes , 1:, "

    o m
    .c
    du
    Fig. 27.16

    ;,.;,::-r~ f: This mmiel c,m be m,ed to explain the concept of the slzartest distance betwem lwG /r,.

    oe
    ;p;z.-,• ch
    ACTIVITY-2
    te

    OBJECTIVE To find the equation of a straight Unein spac·~fassing, through a fixed poirtr:.
    m

    ::-araUel to a given vector.


    fro

    fUTERIALS REQUIRED Wooden plank, some wirc-s:


    d

    STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION
    de

    <-".TT' Take a wooden plank of size 40 cm x 30,cm (say).


    oa

    ST/ • Mark a fixed point A on the plank. With reference to some origin 0, let the,,,, ·
    t
    Yector of point A be a.
    nl
    w

    Fix a wire OA on the wooden plank. Then, OA = -;_


    do

    c; f_ ' F · t 1-
    xa win• representing a givrn vector t, on tlw wuoden pl.ml,. as f.h<l\1 n 111 •~
    ~ fix ariorhrr wire• paralt,,J to tlw w ir.• fixed iJ 1 ~tc'p IV ,tnd f'tlt-~ini t11rt1t1~h r•' 11 t
    57, r_ ra J.::e ;an
    · 1·1 t,, ••
    llfll , ary poml /' on 1111• win• f ixt>d u, :,lt•p V ,Ind Jilin I'• ,irll~ (l .,11.t I

    Lei the po&ihc,n Vi,< 1111 11J poi11I /' bt• /


    TLINEINSPACE
    sr~A1Gtl
    oeMONSTRATION Z'l.47
    ,rePs oF
    The position vectors of ·
    .-,;pl potnti, A and I' Mh + •
    '::ll""' , .- /I a ~r) •
    ·' • rr;~pectlvely rherefor ,
    ➔ -+
    we observe that r- a is parallel to b.
    ➔ ➔ ➔.
    r- 11 = ~- b tor some scalar >,.
    -➔ ➔ ➔
    => ,. =a+J,.b

    m
    This is the position vector of an arbitrary point on the line.
    -➔ ➔ ➔ •

    o
    Hence, r = a + "'b is thtl vector equation of the line passing through a pom a and

    .c
    -➔

    du
    parallel to b .
    ::,SSERVAT10N This activity can be used to find the vector equation of a line in &fa.:e p

    oe
    -➔ ➔
    lhrough two fixed points ,,Yith posi tion vectors d and b .
    ch
    te
    m
    fro
    d
    de
    oa
    nl
    w
    do
    THE PLANE

    ;S.l pLANE .
    • ,rnoN A plane 1s a surfi1ce such tlrat if any hco • 18 .

    m
    -,..N., . pletely on tl1e sur'ace pow are ta/rel! 011 ,t, /1,e lmr ~egmr,,1 1oin111x
    .,.." 11,,,. com J' · •

    o
    Li other words, every point on the line segnwnt joini ng any two points on a plane lies on the

    .c
    p}ale.
    ~OREM Prove that every first degree eq11111ion i11 x, y mu/ z represe,ils a p/a11e.

    du
    j;xl. Let ax+ by+ cz + d = 0 be a first degree equation in x, y and z.
    !norder to prove that the equa tio n ax+ In; + cz + d =0 represents a pla,,e, it is sufficient to show

    oe
    dial every point on the lin e segment joining any two points on the s urface represented by ii he&
    ;.11tLet P (x , Yl, z1) and Q (x2, Y2, Z:z) be !\No p oints on the surface represented by theequ.1tion
    1
    .a-by-'-CZ+ d = o. Then ,
    ch
    ax + byl ~ CZ1 -4 d = 0 ... (i)
    1
    te
    and, ax2 Tby2 + cz.2 + d =0 . . . . . , ...(ii)
    Let Rbe an arbitrary point on the line segment JOJJ\JJ\g rand Q. Suppose R d1v1des PQ in the
    ratio i.: 1.Then, the coordina tes of R are
    m

    X1 ... 1,x2 Y1 +1.y2 z1 + i,22_ J


    where O:S: 7,. :S:l.
    fro

    ( 1,. +1 ' A+ 1 ' t, + l )'


    .. . nted by the equation ax+by+cz+ d ~ 0 for JU
    We have to prove that R lies on the sw:fa_ce_reprf~~ 1 to sho;,r that the coordinates of R sati,ti,
    values of), satisfying O :S"' $ l . For this 1t IS s u c,en
    d
    de

    tlus equation.
    - x, + 1'..x2 Y1 + ),y2 and z = ~l + ,..zi inax+ by ~ cz< d, "'e get
    Ptt!ting X- --y- •+t
    1•
    fi. T l , A+l
    oa

    I b()D.
    ,r xi+ ),xi +"-Y2 l + c(z1 + A'i.l+ d
    a l-i-:;T"J+ A+ l J ,,+ 1 J }
    nl

    ➔ '"' +cz2+d)
    . 1 f( by + cz ➔• d) + ,._ (ax2 · v,2
    - ),+1 l ax1 + l
    w

    . I (Us1t1g(1),111,l\u)]
    do

    = _l- (0 + ), 0) "' 0
    A+ 1 ) I surfot"1;~ c,•pn:-.,•nt,:d b)
    1 y z1 +1.Z;? lies on t w
    "- IX YI I-...::._:l
    '"l>S' the po·int R - 1)+- '-- 1X2 ' --- -- - 1,,l
    A,+ 1 ' i• -1 I 11·,,1111111•• p ·""l ... •, 11,-•,d~
    •
    . ~
    + I 1· e st'l'mt!t
    oir'lt on I w "' ', '11" .,. t,v l. t- i \,
    " I '
    qhby+cz+d O Since J{ is an arbl1rary p ted bj' e<J11 " 11 '" •
    ~ery point on rQ· lies <1n the 1,urf.ic~ r.,prc:tll'".,, 1, ., pl,1111' iJ t l>
    Ii.ence, the.equation ax+ by t t.z+ (,J O wpr<'•' "1/1.'11 ,,11mt ,1 ,,1,mt idl#V •~ 1 *
    <~ 1 .I ll l It ~, ,,, 11 ,, lh , .i l Ji ur
    ~ I , ,, ,u • /Ii/ I• , ,11111 •I 1 11,. 111t,..,u.n
    1 1
    '.\t.~
    g,l!en · The general equation of a JJ ""'
    f.11 1J [IW VII 11/f ~o' '""''''" d
    11z I 1
    "'1 11 Jlul 111,,,. '" ''" ':I '
    ,. kn co11ditions we will hPvt lo ~
    111111 ., ;mi ", 1I•~ ,
    i:c•use
    0wns viz. a, b, c and d Ill I ie '
    lhe equation ax+ by + cz + d 0 11, 11 u,· "'' '""'"'
    28.2

    l")
    - \°+ ( -b)1•t!:.z+l~Oor,
    , ( I)
    Ax i By + Cz + 1 ,.., 0.

    d · ,d ' . I "'I' 1/m•t, ,0. 111 fifio1ts to find lite values nf A, f! and c·•
    .111 f ,/am·
    m11'f tn,
    ii'!'
    Thu.<,"' 1 • a / ROUGH A Ulvt:r~ r'(J1rl I
    PLANf I ~ TH . ' .
    28.2 EQUATIONS Of' A • 1/.11 I'/m,r PA",1110 ,.,,. ,. t/1ro11lh a poml (xi, Yt, z1} rs
    11 1f 1
    THEOREM Tl:,• ~,-i1m1I 0 1 ' wi '
    , (· • ) - o where II , b and c are constant.~.
    a(x-x 1) t b()/- Y1 1+ c" ~i ~ '
    ' ) The., general equation of a plane is
    u.t+h!+c.:-+-d = 0
    lfitpasses fur~ugh(x1, Yl, X1), then ,.,, CZ)
    rct1 +l,Y1 +cz1 +d=O ⇒ d=-(_ax1 +vyJ + I 3-

    m
    Substituting the Yalue of d in (i), we obtam i-
    ..•1:.••, ,,x-l:ry~cz-(ax1 +/Jy1 +cz,) = O

    o
    x-
    =- a (x - x1) + b (y -y1) + c (z -z,) = 0
    -··

    .c
    .
    or, 1
    Tius i~ the general equation of a plane passing through a given point (x1, !11, Z1)

    du
    QE
    In order to find the equation of a plane passing through three given f'Jlttl

    oe
    :x -
    (x1 , y1 .:1), (x2 , y2 ,22) and (x3 , y3 , z 3), we may use the following algorithm.
    ch
    AlGORITHI, ar
    , Write the equation of a plane passing through (x1, Yi, z1) as
    te

    a (x - x 1) + b (y - y 1) + c (z -z } = 0
    1
    ~
    m

    If the plane (i) passes through (x2 , Y2, z2) and (x3, y3, z3), then
    a(x2 -x1) +b(y2 - y1) +c(z2 - z1) = 0
    fro

    a ::r
    and, a(x3 -x1) •b(y3 -yi) +c(z3 -z1) = 0
    Solve equations (ii) and (iii), obtained in step lI, bt; CT0$5-multiplicntion.
    d

    _ . Sllbstitute the values of a, band c, obtained in step III, in equation (i) in step I to jtf
    de

    required plane.
    4,
    oa

    On eliminating a, b, c from eqllations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get


    X-Xl y-y1 Z-Zt
    1)(
    nl

    X2 -Xi Y2 -y1 ½ -z, "' 0


    a
    w

    1x3-X1 Y3-y1 :i:3-z1


    do

    as the equation of tlU'planepassmg through 1/rreegiven points(\ , y , z,},( r , y , :z)amf(t, a ..


    1 1 2 2
    ~litUting
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    2

    T,,p, I or ru1 111c. "lir ou•r1or1


    [ LEVEL- 1 I ·•
    ' .. or API I I, INOltlHOUGtiTtm L ,.. NP ,.. 2x
    1 \ Pl l 1
    r .v " ·u _1 ind Jh1, 1•111111t1t,11 t,f tlw 11/111w l/1w11gl, Jlti• ,,,111 1 A (2, :.t, 1l H \ 1 I 0 1 "Jt \
    1 ;::illon <>f II
    !:,OLlfnON fhr• g1•m·ral •·c1u,1ti1,11 11[ ,1 pJ, 111., l'•'~""'K llnuui:t, (.!, , l! ~
    t1(x-21 i b(y lJ , (z I) 1 h. I \JJiO '1
    I 0 • {1~ ,,

    It will pa6s through Hn, 4, 2) ,,,,J 1 ('l, O, 1, , 'lllatio


    1 11
    4(3 2)Tb(4 2) I C:(2 I I) 0 111 '21>' .le I) Ix
    and, a (J 2) + Ii ( 0 2) + c ( r, I IJ () ~ 511 21> I 7 I' ll Q_
    tpLANE
    . (ii) and (iii) by cross-multiphrntlni ~)
    il?il'111S /) c ,, w,, h,wc
    • P ==- - = ..c:, 11 h <
    "6
    J4 -t 15 - 7 2 10 'i 2 :J I ($,1 y) :) ~ 'j
    . ting the values of 11, band r in (i) ,., b 2 , and '3,
    ,;.i[l,0111 ( , wr gH
    . · 5 Mx - 2) + 2 '- y 2) 3,., (z ~ 1) 11
    5 (r - 2) + 2 (y - 2) - 3 (z + 1) o
    ) ~I+ 2)1 - 3z = 17, w hi ch ii; the rcquirc-d .
    ~ . f h equation r,f th. l
    ~ The equation o t e plane passing th rough point& . ' P ,,ne-
    f2 2
    l tobv ' ' l),(3, ~, 2) and 17,'>, 6 is
    , .. (i)
    · x-2 y - 2 z+ l

    m
    3- 2 4 - 2 2 + 1 =0

    o
    7-2 0-2 6+1

    z;l

    .c
    l,: ~2y; 2 = O

    du
    ar,
    Is -2 7

    oe
    Q.E.o
    points or, (x - 2) (14 + 6) - (y - 2) (7 -15) + (z + 1) (- 2 - 10) =O
    ch
    o:, 20 (x - 2) + 8 (y - 2) -12 (z + 1) =O
    or, 20x + Sy - 12z - 68 =o
    te

    or, Sx + 2y - 3z = 17.
    f:\A\!PLl:l Find the equation of the plane through the points P (1, 1, OJ,Q ( l , 2 , 1) lt1'.d
    m

    ... (i)
    R•- 2, 2,- 1).
    fro

    :,(}J,UJlON The general eq uation of a plane passing through P (1, 1, 0) is


    ... (ii) a (x -1) ~ b (y - 1) + c (z - 0) = 0
    ...(iii)
    d

    ltwil] pass through Q (1, 2, 1) and R (-2, 2, -1), if


    de

    a xO + bxl + cxl = 0 w
    arid, a(- 3) + bx 1 + c (- 1) = 0
    oa

    Solving (ii) and (iii) by cross-multiplication, we get


    a b c
    nl

    (l)(-1)-(l)(l) = (1)(- 3) - 0(-1) = (O)(l ) - (l )(-J)


    w

    ..3.... _£_ ., £ (say)


    do

    = = ,.,
    -2 - 3 3
    "' a = - 2 ·;., b = • 3 ,. and c = 3 "-
    Subi.1ituting the val ues of a, band c in (i), we gel
    - 2 ,.(x - 1) - 31, (y 1)1 3}.z O
    - 2(x l) 3 (y 1) 1 3z 0
    ~.i: 2 3 3
    x+ y . z -5
    0 ,n 11 /111 ti I' ~ f
    . 1 1•1\ 111,./ I 1 " "
    1
    ;q:7_1•1.E 1 Iffrum a point p (11, /1, i)/"'ff'"'"//l'JI " ' . 11 1 n, d1
    "Al ton of the plane OAH, ll , ,J 111,l (a, II ' ' 1''.,(tl
    1 ,)
    av un N A 1 1i ,111'( , 1 • 11 1, ) 111" "
    l'h 0 T'he coordinates of fl 111 (O o, OJ, ,11 , • '
    1 1
    ,..(i) eequation of the plane pasi,ill~ tl,rou,-;li ) I f
    v 1
    l!
    X- 0 y - 0 z - 0 11/1 o ,1 I•
    0 -0 b - 0 c - 0 ~ 0 :=.> /,ex ,,,y
    1
    ...(ii)
    __.(jji)
    a- o o-o c - 0
    28.4 . through O (0, 0, 0) is
    .\ 11 £ K rhe e,1ualio11 1>f a plane p,l~~l~r
    .. 1'(., - ll) +Q(!/-0)4 R(Z 0) .
    lt pa,~<•~ throui~h A (0, 1,, c) ,,11d n(,1, o,,).
    rxo Q·d• IR•<' ; ()
    p, 1 +\J'dH J{xr =0 ,_
    ' . _ . ss•01 ultiplication, we ob tau•
    Solvin~ the>i<' ,•qu~hon, by tio...
    • ~ = Q ~ R ~ i.. {say)
    l1c flf -,lb
    -- . =;..ac, R =-J.,ab
    p = i..l•c , Q (')
    1 t
    Sub,tituting the values of l', Q and R in ' we ge
    i.l>c (x-0) 4 ;,.ac(y - 0)-i..ab (z- 0) "'0
    1 (i) 7,:.,..

    m
    bcx~acy-abz = 0 (iv) ;c-
    ~+ li.-~=0, which is the required equa tion of the p lane.

    o
    a h c zs.3 1NTER

    .c
    ~~,c U ON PROVING COPLANARITY OF FOUR POINTS ~EOREM

    du
    In order to prove the coplanarity of fo ur poi.l'.lts, we m ay use the following algorithm. ,espect1.zel;! .
    ALGORIGHM Let

    oe
    srrs , F'md the equation ofa plane passing through. a,1y three o-ut of given f<nir points. ~the
    '-TEP II Sl1ow that tlte cool'dinates of the fourth point satisfies the equation in Step I. 0C = C..
    ch
    EXAMPLE 4 :>11ow that the four points (0, - 1, -1), (-4, 4, 4), ( 4, 5, 1) and (3, 9, 4) are copi,,,..r Toe eq-.iati
    Fmd the equation of the plane containing them. P(
    te

    SOWTION The equation of a plane passing through (0,·-1 , - 1) is If t."le plan


    a (x - 0) + b (y + 1) + c (z + 1) = O C O. (', c),
    m

    Jf it passes through (- 4, 4, 4) and (4, 5, 1), then P(


    .....
    fro

    a(- 4}+b{5)+ c (5} = 0


    and, a (4) + b (6} + c (2) = O
    = p~
    and p
    or, a (2) , b ( 3) ~ c (1) = o
    d

    Solving (ii} and (iii) by cross-multiplication, we obtain ~ P{


    de

    _a__ b c ~'mng (u)


    5-15 - 10 + 4 = - 12 -10 p
    oa

    a b c re
    -5=7=- 11 = "-(say)
    nl

    => a= 5,,,b= 77, and c=- 'll i..


    w

    Sub~tituting. the value~ of a' band c in (') A(


    1 , we get
    -5 Ax+ n.(y + 1) - 11 1.(z + 1) = 0
    ,,,, be
    do

    ~
    :,;, -5x 7y-7-llz-ll = O 1-c
    • ~ 5x-7y~ l lz + 4-0 ~ \

    Clc:arly, ffa, fourth pomt vir... (3, 9 ' 4) s a ti's 1·,es thlse1 Ii ' <l
    Thee qua t'ion o f the p lan~ conta inin lh . !lla on, !-lone~, th.e t\1\ ,•n p,,111t; ,m'•''f''·
    g (! gi Ve n points is 5 \ 7 .V I I I I I ti. ·t
    f \ ERCiSE •.
    p~M-lE
    f~E
    "') (l l,1),(l, -l, 2)and(-2,-2 2) (') 28.5
    (111 ' Q) ' lV (2 3 )
    '·fi) (Vl (O,-J,0),(3,3, and(l , l,1) ' ,{,(-3,S, 1)and( ,-l, J
    4 2
    i;1owthatthefourpoint(O,-l,-1),(4 t; I} (3 9 4 C <, 2
    ~ •eqll•
    i ntion of the common plane.
    . 11 . . , ', ' '' ' ) tlnd (-t 4, -1) Me coplanar and find the
    • t;h 01., that the to o·wmg points are coplanar:
    •· • (il (0, - 1, 0), (2, 1, - 1), (1, l, 1) and (3, 3, 0)
    (ii) (0, 4, 3), (~ 1,- 5, -3), (- 2, - 2, 1) and (1, l,- I)
    4 Find the coordinates of the point p w here th, r
    crosses the_rl_ane p~ssing _tl:rough three pointseLtf\11lrough A (3,--4,-5) and 8(2, 3, 1)
    find therahom which P divides the line segment AB ' }, M(3, 0, 1) and N(4, -1, O). Also,
    · C B<, 2
    ANSWERS
    1.(i)7x+3y-:=17, ~ii) 2x-y-2z-2= 0, (ili) x - 3y-6z+8=0,

    m
    4
    (h·)x.-y-: = l, (v) :i-Jy+2z~ 3 2 5x-7y+llz+4"'0 4 (1,-2,7),2 : lextemally

    o
    23.3 INTERCEPT FORM OF A PLANE

    .c
    ThEOREM The equation of a plane intercepting lengths a, b arid c with x-axis y-axis and z-11xis

    du
    1/ 2 '
    .,,,,,x,ctively
    ,.., ,s. -aX + ~
    b + -c = 1 .

    oe
    IT<M Let O be the odgin and le t OX,OY and OZ be the coordinate axes. Suppose a plane
    meets the coordinate axes OX ,OY and OZ at A, Band C respectively such tha tOA =a,OB = band
    ch
    OC =c. Then, the coordinates of A , Ba:ndC are (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0) and (0, 0, c) respectively
    tar. The equation of a plane passing through A (a, 0, 0) is
    2
    te

    P (x - a) + Q (y - 0) + R (z - 0) = 0 ...(i)
    H the plane in (i) p asses th.rough B (0, b, 0) and
    m

    .(i)
    C(O, 0, c) , then C(o, o, c)
    fro

    i i) P (0-a) + Q (b - 0) + R (0 - 0) =0
    ::::- P (-a)+ Q (b) + R (0) =0 ...(ii)
    d

    ii) and, P(O-a)+Q(O-O) + f<(c-0) = 0


    de

    B(o, b ol
    :::; P(-a)+Q(O) + R(c) = 0 ...(iii)
    oa

    &.iMng (ii) and (iii) by cross-multiplication, we have


    .!:._ =Q B_
    nl

    = = 1.(say) X
    be ac ab Fig, 28 1
    w

    ~5· - P = ·,, (bc), Q -- 1. (ac) and •R ."" we · d equation ol thi- pbne •''
    7-. (ab)et the require
    do

    ubstituting the values of P, Q and R m (i), g _


    "- (be) (x -a) + 1.(ac) (y - 0) ·I- 7-. (ab) (z - O) - O
    =v bcx-abc + acy + abz = 0
    ~
    bcx + acy + abz = abc
    "> =:a + !f:b ~ z = 1 1/ t/tl' I'
    /1111 , I•'111t1'c t/1, fl lllt' mt, "-',k
    •' '
    "
    .,91 · 1 C
    s IIII' IJI t' ,,.,.,,,,, ·/1}///I '
    /""'-!.le•<__ The above equation is known a . ,..1!"/y • ,,.,. , ,,,,,.,m 11s /t•l','• 1"
    1 "gths b d xe5 re~p1•1.1 ' . // .,,.,,,1,,,,,1' '1 11
    ,, a, and c with x,yan z-a ·' ;/at1,•t11/!II II'' . ,, ,,,.,, , 11, m/11,·,•lltstiit
    ,:,01r 2
    ~~ To determine the intercrp i-5 mad~ ·
    bl/
    ·
    1' I
    ,f//11' ,1i11w11,11
    1,,1,1,1111 11" ' ' 1 1
    1
    j -orx-intercept - Put y = 0 z =- 0 in the eq1/(/t/m11~
    l~ft'rc
    ,. ept 011 x-axis.
    ' '
    . .r //it' p/m1,•1111
    ,f 0 /1/,1111 I
    Iii, r•,1/11, vi ,, I It, 111/11,•,•t v rs th,•

    <or !I- - . h qua/1011 o,


    i~te intercept: Putx =O, z =Oitil ee
    reepron y-axis
    MA Tf1E"1A l'Jr
    28,6
    , ,,t 1,f tltr 1,J,mr m1tf 01>t,m1 thl' 1'ill11ro•z. y11
    rq11a I" J t ·a/iy i

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPL!cS
    LF.Vl1L· 1

    f111Jt 1I ti,IL
    ,J,.,,. wlm~,• 111/l'rtt'/'/; on //11• ,mmfinn/earl'S ,,r. -I
    I\ IJ I 71 1 /I t.

    • ,q,, , 11l,n pf a rl;,nr having 11, /, and c intt>rct·pts on 1~


    ' "l \..Ill~\\ l l1~ 111 lL l
    \ I/ 1
    ' •

    ' h + .
    = 4 : ;: :,d ,· = 3 So the equation of the r.l'quircd plane 1s

    m
    _ ~ ~ .:_ = 1 =:> 3l + O_I/ + 4z = 12.

    o
    4 2 3
    R uct ti cequ.1tio11 of tire plmie 2x + 3y- 4z - 12 to intercept form andfinJ ,t, Ir.'

    .c
    EX.A"-trU.
    ,.,,. 111Iltr ~-

    du
    o., TI,e equaticm of the given plane b
    2, 3y 4z .\ 1/ z
    2x + 3v-<t = 12 ~ - + - - = 1 ⇒ - - ~ = 1 .,

    oe
    t- -
    12 12 12 6 4 -3
    l'
    , o the torm :. + i; + z =1. So, the intercepts made by the plane with the <oordm,i. ·
    ch
    II /, l
    are 6 4 and - , resrectivel}.
    te

    \:AMPLE J A pl,me meet, the coordi11att axes in A, B, C such that the ce11lroid of tr:angl.t ~BC
    Slwa, tlral the e.qualion of tlie plane is~+ !I.. .1. ~ = 3.
    m

    p q r
    ct the equation of the required plane be
    fro

    l'. 1/+: 1
    a /, ,
    1scoordim1tesofA, BandC are A (a, 0,0), 8(0,b, O) andC (0, 0,c) re~re.:ti,e:\...;
    d

    rdlnatc5 oft ~ Ct'ntro1d of trianglt> ABC are (a/ 3 b/ 3 cl 3) But the coorJll'il~"'
    de

    odareg,.venas'p,q,rJ. ' ' · '


    I• C
    ~ •rnd r "' ~ 11 "' 3p, I> = 3,J and r = 3r
    oa

    "' 3 q
    3
    ~ti:tut'lll! the~ lues o/ n, band rm (1), we g,•t
    nl

    JI I 1 ➔ 1/-tZ ,
    3 , wlud, .
    1' , h tlw <'l(ll,ttilln ot rht• l<'•iLUTl'-1
    11
    w

    I ,, /11, pl ,11 11,01, 1,1


    I
    11 /1 a WIil'
    I/tell ,~p
    ,,, 1111/ '~ 11,.. lt'U/1"'' J, 1/ I
    '
    do

    I 11 f l
    ' ,,. " , ' 1/1111 1l1, pl,1,1, I , ll11t111:,:I," fn flt ,1 ,,.,
    f II p la11, h
    •h
    th
    a b111, 1, 1>11 lh, ,011rliu11t ,,, l1' ,, P.m~ ::xi
    1 II l I tr•
    q lton (1\ c
    ♦

    t ti

    I I nI I (lj
    l !tn ti I I I] fj I 1 , 111 I I I
    28.7

    . [t:EVEL-~l E;X£'RCJSE 28.2


    Write tlle equation of the plane whose• t
    I, · f tl m er~epts on ll d.
    , Reduce the equa tion s o ,e following plan 1 . ,c <'OOr inatc axe•. arc 2, 1 and l
    •· coo rdina tea xe--
    ~- es mterccp1 f<►rm dn d find 11G rntPr<!-pl s<,n th<·
    11

    (i) 4l·+ 3y-_6z- 12 =- 0 (ii) 2x+3y-z = 6 ...


    • Find the equation of a plm,e which meets th . (111 ) 2x y , z 5
    ate ;, t)1e triangle ABC is lhe point ( u, ~, y). e axes 111 J\, Band C, given that the c,,nrroid nf
    t Find the equation of the plane passing thro h h .
    interrepts on the coordinate axes. ug l e po,nt (2, 4, 6) and making equal

    m
    , A plane meets the coordinate axes at A B and C .
    ·· triangle ABC is (1, - 2, 3). Find the equation of the p~::{e~chvcly &uch that th" centroid ,,f

    o
    .c
    ANSWERS

    du
    1. 6x- 4y+ 3z=12 2. 0) .:: +l + 2- = 1'· 3' 4,- 2
    3 4 -2

    oe
    !ii)!.+f+-=-- = l; 3, 2, - 6 (iii) 2-+JL+ : = 1· ~ -5 5
    3 - 6 5/2 - 5 5 ' 2' '
    ch
    4. x I y+z=U 5. 6x - 3y + 2z =18
    te

    28.4 VECTOR EQUATIO N OF A PLANE PASSING THROUGH A GIVEN POINT AND


    NORMAL TO A GIVEN VECTOR
    -,
    m

    i•EOREM Tile vector equation of a plane passing through a point having position vector a and mmnal
    ➔➔➔➔ ➔➔
    =0 or, = ->a · ➔n.
    fro

    ~;;ecUJr n is ( r - a) . n r •n
    (i) ➔
    PROQF Suppose the plane it passes through a point having a position vector a (~e Fig. 28.2)
    he d. ->
    d

    he <I\ JS normal to the vector n. 't


    ...
    de

    Let •· be the position vector of an arbitrarily chosen


    ?Oint Pon the plane 1t. Then, 6P = 1.
    oa

    C~Jy. AP lies in the plane and ; iS no,m,al to the


    plane::.
    nl

    APJ. n
    w

    .... ➔
    AP·n=O
    do

    (i)
    S;~ ➔ •
    (
    ~
    r-a)•n=O
    ➔ ..

    b ' tr r" point on


    \ .
    ·'' ./ •'
    ij r 1s the position vector of an ar 1 · a , .
    1
    le Plane. So, the vector equation of the plane •
    (l - --;> 1 = o ...<ii
    llqUation (i) can also be written i1li
    - • ..... ➔➔ - , , a ,•t i•
    r · n - a , n ~ 0 or, r · n .1,1,111011111 ,,1,•w~ I
    I
    /\
    ti •
    ~; I , o'n 1Jl11111· t11{111• • ,1,
    1
    o/'i/1,_,, It is to note frere l'hat vector t!lfllal or • • /I11 I A , 11 11 ., 11
    ~ ilrbitrary paint on the. plane. , • ,I 1141," d '' 11

    Ile wr1tte11 a•
    \ • • + ' ,, ,

    ,),o," -
    ;;,"¼../, The ab-Ove equation can also
    Q/arproct
    uct form of a plane.
    288
    -,N
    R DUCTION TO CA
    • "' "I I ,, ,, I fl I , i
    It ••
    ff l •
    t 11 • t ii II " ,,,,
    • (, h) f11 I
    TI,m. r 11
    • •
    ',u~tttutin 1lv< \ lu du
    • 1, I 111 , I" I I I I
    "' //

    ~ I (II I I
    , I, J
    1(1 A )I Iv
    (t o1 11 (V
    './
    llu t~ tht c...utr n t'iJ
    11,;,,i. U,nl ti , ro, th '"
    )►f<IJ'Ofl l llf
    1J1,, I 1

    m
    {,, rn
    ,, r O mrk th II I of "

    o
    n 1 h, rk n ,

    .c
    pmpt rt1uoa1I I , 1 I ''

    du
    ,"
    ,, oe
    \.\M II I ch nit #c
    21 ,H I I ti I :Z I l I\ ,,
    ..._Ml ,,,,.. \\, l,now t 11hr h'C1lf "'!LIAI 11'1 < I • p I'll' f • ,.
    te

    tu • " ( • "•I • 0 r r• I • • • ti, ., - r

    n--qu:n-J pJA11t, I
    2 4

    - -,
    m

    <"Jllfll Ofl Of th<,


    ,• , -
    12 I :H) (2 I
    ' 4lJ (21 2 l
    -
    fro

    r
    'l) 4 1 8
    ,• (2
    d

    2l)
    de

    RrJ krm Sm~ : dt'fl<ltt':. th, ~lion \a:torof an arblll'aij pol!1I


    •
    oa

    lli, plAn, 11u rcion, putt ng r 11 ,. y .k U\ (1J, '"' obtain


    (rr •11 ,.t) (21 +ll) 7 lr-v .. 2: - ,
    nl

    Th• esun <'qlLltion of Ute plme,


    .-
    w

    I '\.\\I I n azrtr,.-um IJTm o' the ~ne pssmg ~ ~ ""'


    lnonru. tothl'/nr nr glhrru: l5(3,.; -l)and(:! -1,5). _
    do

    ~ Ill no~ \\" knm, that the , <'\."tor <'qU,ltiOl'\ of a plane pas,ing thsoa~n .a ~
    ♦ • ➔ • .... ...,_ ....,_
    r,.,,111,-,n, l'ct:ar a and normal to n is (, a) n O or, , n = a 11
    Sl!'I,'( th.' pven pl.me pru,-e- through the pomt (3, - 3, I) an<! 1- normal t:l t!:ie
    A(.\ 4, 1l and B(2, 1, 5). Therefore,
    • ➔
    ,
    - 31 - , -l and, n
    AB= (~1-1-Sk)-(31 +4 -1:) ~

    1 -5 I + 6~ m equ11tion , we cl,U
    •
    r I s, .. t,k) (31 'IJ+k) ( 1-51+6l)
    ..
    r ( 1 5
    "
    + t,k) - 3,. 15 + 6
    r• 5 6kl I "ludt 1, the• rt-qu1n•J \'{'(tor equaban ot t h e ~
    o m
    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    te

    r - 1 -2 J -5kJ = .--
    . _ --°l'fh -:,~
    - ,,
    -~•
    •
    •.
    -lj -5~
    .., ,-:)
    m

    .... _,
    • __ . - k)
    " r =:6 - -,;- ..,::;
    fro

    ~ ,. " •.• (i)


    ' (~ , -2. J -5k) ='6
    -
    =.ri ~ y , =k
    I\ A
    d

    Putting r 7 in (i}, we obtain


    de

    A
    II -• •-:k -': i -2 ' -5k = 45
    - =i l, ,,..·hich is the required cartesian equation of the plane.
    -il - ""'- : -:c
    oa

    _. E~_ l' ···e !ine draa'll from ihe pou1t -2, -1, - 3} mi!els a plane ar right ,:mglt· JI tlit· pcmt
    '• 3 .~:hr~equarion o;theplalfe. i"\CER7 E~F'.\IPL-\Rl
    nl

    -c.l'J'l(r,,; WE: observe that the r.equ.irerl plane passes through the point Q (l 3 3) and is
    ~4~ ~
    w

    -....-'11.ar to PQ = ( i - 3 j - 3k)-(-2 i-i -31c) ~ 3i-2jT 61.. Thu5, the requ.in'd rlane
    A /"t. A,/la A ' I'. ' ,'\

    ~ 1 - 3 /~ ➔ 3 k and n◊nn.u
    do

    ;;;,><S ~OUM> the ·· vector ; is t·•


    -, - lyO p0int Q ha\•ing po.sitton V

    • ?Q: 3 i- 2 i- 6 ~- So, the vL>ctor equation of the-1,plane


    - 3)
    P(-~.
    is

    fig.28,4
    28.10

    ,
    . \

    u=ll11
    .. ~

    • " . ! '·)
    " ,.
    or, f ('\r-2,1 I >•

    • '
    r .pr 2 if 1,k)
    ,. " 3~t,1'P

    'pr
    " "'111>k)
    "27 " " I\
    11
    ,)t, r •
    .
    • 1
    ·/+
    ..
    fthrplanc1s(l Y 1 ...
    11
    -~:i:k)·(3i
    2j+6k) 27or,3x 21/•6t.,.,
    .,
    The .-aii,•,1,m "quJ!l<m " , •liic/r bisects fhe /me segment Jmnmg the p<Jint, I\
    l\A\!Pll' fnu/t/1,•,·qw1t1,111oftheplm1< 11· .
    mt F (4 5 :-1 r11 nghl m1~/r.•..
    SOLl no:--: Let C be the nud·~O
    (NCJl{ffl(l~12'
    int of the line segment joining A (21 3, 4) and B (4, s, , T
    8
    -T • 71
    _,,

    ••••
    •'-,-nrdiJiate~ofCare(3, 4, ).
    ~ 11
    " 11
    11 11 -·r . (

    m
    "'' ' "
    - 4
    " • 2
    /\~,; ~.,_ 8k) -(2 i + 3 j + 4 k) = 2 I+ J+
    · 4k .
    Clc.u,.All"(4r . J
    ..
    ••
    t'
    A(2, 3, 4) 1-(

    o
    1(

    .c
    • : If
    ,.,. ,.

    du
    oe
    ch
    te

    111:d r.Dn1UJ1 to
    501.L"TIO"-
    m

    B(4, 5, 8)
    Fig. 28.5 that.
    fro

    \~·e obsen•e that the required plane pa.~ses through the point C ( 3 1 4, 6) w h ose position ve-~ '
    ~ /\/1/\ ➔ ➔ AA A
    d

    a = 3 i+ 4 j+ 6k and is normal to n =AB= 2 i + 2 j+ 4k. So, the vector equation of the planeL• But
    ➔ ~ ~-,
    de

    r•n=a•n
    " " 7 /, / \ / \ AA/\ AAA
    or, r•{2r+2i-,.4k) "'(3i+ 4 j+6k) -{2 i +2j + 4k)
    oa

    ➔ I\ I\ /\

    or, r·(2iT2j+4k) =6+8+24


    nl

    ➔ .i:-At }/\A/\
    or, r r21 ➔· 2 Jt 4/r) =38 or, r • ( i + j ~ 2 k) =19
    w

    The <:artesian tquation of the plane is x + y.,. 2z = 19.


    do

    0:A'-1l'U fl Tmd I/IF vector L'I/Un!iun ol /h• pl ,


    3:r 4y+ 2z=5. ~ < 11/lt
    &C>l.L'TID~ TI11, ,;qu.iOun of the g1vP11 pl<1ne is
    3r 4y+2z - .5
    •
    r .
    //·I /<f\1',
    (:d.;y;1z/)('-li 4j ➔ 2AJ l'

    r
    •
    /\ A /\ 28.11
    " -;: _ 2 i - / + 2k _ J ~ ~ "
    rr ""-:; - /4+ 1 + 4 - 3 (2, - J + 2k)
    I rrl
    v
    rs Find tire equatio11 of l/1e p/a 11c .
    E-1~~!1'1;;tios of normal to lhe plane, passmg l'1ro11gh 1'1e pninl (J 1 2} 1 .
    J~ic/lQr;N It is given that the required nla ' ' ravmg 2, 3, 2 (IS
    .:oLIJfl . " ,., ne passes throu 'h th . ,
    ~ ~ ''• + 2k and is norinal to the vector ii_ -:- ') "g e pomt hav,ng position vector
    · ~,- 1 - 2 1 +31,2kS th
    ' · o, c vector equation of the plane
    j ➔ ➔ ~
    (r-11)•11=0
    ➔
    --+ -> ➔
    r·ll='ll'll
    A A /\ /\ /\ A

    m
    1-(2i+3j-t-2k) = (i-j+2k),(2i+3/+2k)
    I\ I\ I\

    o
    1-(2i+3j+2k) = 2-3+4

    .c
    ➔ A /\ A
    r•(2i+3j+2k) = 3

    du
    ::>
    Thecartesian equation of the above plane is
    /\A/\/\. A/\ ➔ A A A
    =

    oe
    (xi+yj+z.k)·(2i+3j+2k) 3 [Putting r =xi+ yj +zk]
    or, 2x + 3y + 2z = 3
    ch
    -> . . (7
    I\AMPU ~ Let 11 be n vector of magnitude 2 ,J 3 such that it makes equal acute angles with the
    wcrdinate axes. Find the vector and cartesian forms of the equation of a plane passing through (1, -1, 2)
    te

    ➔
    1111d normal to 11 •
    SOLUTION Leto:,~ and y be the angles made by 1 withx, y and z-axes respc..:tively. Itis given
    m

    that,
    fro

    ➔
    ,ris cos o. = cos~ = cosy ⇒ l = 111 =n, where/, m, n are direction cosines of 11.
    d

    is But, 12 +m 2 + n2 =l
    de

    2 1 (·: et is acute :. cos o; = I> OJ


    I = m : n ⇒ 31 =1 ⇒ l = /3
    oa

    ➔ -► I:~"
    [Using r = I r I (Ir + m J T rik}1
    Thus, ➔ft= 2 ✓-'
    r.- (
    3
    1 ,:, 1 ,:, , 1
    Ml+ r,;JTs
    "k) ,. Zi + 2j + 2k
    nl

    .._,3 .._,3 ✓ :, -> ': '> ' .


    ... ~ . pos1·11·on vector 11 =I - I + 2k and,,
    w

    Th · (1 1 2),... vmg ·
    erequired plane passes through a poin t ,- '
    do

    A A A ' is
    is ~rmaJ tori= 2 i "'2 j + 2k. So, i ts vector equation

    A /\ A /\
    ➔ " " " r. r. 2k). (2 i + 2 j + 2k)
    r · (2 i + 2 j + 2k) c= ( 1. -J+
    ➔ AA/\ 4
    r · (2 i + 2 j + 2 k) = 2- 2+
    ~ -+AAA
    'the 1' _·(i + j+k) = 2. .
    16
    _•,
    Cartesian equation of this plane
    A ,
    2.
    y 1 Z. 1, ,111,/ \ I V I ~ • 7
    A " A " ~ k) _ z or, x, 1 , . ,, 1 11 1
    (xi+yj-zk)•(i+J+ - nor111111.• to1h,. 1' '""' (,·,ml1+11 1 2z 7.
    ~\1PLE 10 Find the angle between th e tJ pla,,cs 2 1 1 1
    / : ' •
    SOt1.,..,,, ➔ ➔ t s nonnal to ,e
    · '"ON letn1 ,m<l 171 be voe ot
    •II, ' I

    l'i11•.IIH•1 'll,11111111111111111°111111, I I ".,, ' i/ I _,


    n
    11' '_/ 1 / 1 I, J I '
    ' I I I I h 7 , IH' Jlrl!J IOl'IH1/l,I f<, / I, '.l,
    l'li,• dlw, •111111 1111111~ nl 11111111n lo I I /

    " '' I I I I IA

    I ,,1 nI,,. 1lw ,111~1, 11 1 1


    l l' ,1w,,,. 1, 1111• 11111111111111/, , .J 1 2."Ih••11 ,
    I _,,
    II I ,,, r
    > •
    I rid I,1, I r
    2 I 1 (- I) ,,_ I I I ~><=2==--• • I - > () 1t

    "''' II ✓27 ' ( I) 2 I I2 J' 7 I I2 I 22 2 3 r

    m
    7 / . I A I' I I. I r
    Sltow 1/111/ Ilic J/ntW//h, lo 1111' plnm::I r ( i f ➔ k) 3and r ·(3i +2f-k) • 5, -l'

    o
    I \ Ml'l 1 II

    .c
    /'fl/'c'11cli1•1t/111 /,1 l'llrh olltcr. ~
    r
    --, / I . I
    :;<11.11 110N l.1·1 11 1I 1111d //2> b,· vcctorq norrrta I to the planes r • ( i j-.k)=3 ~

    du
    ► I\,.,.. )A AA --) A A A
    1-(:>,i 1 2/ k) Ort•~1wcliv<'ly.'l'hcn, 11 1 - i - j +k and n2 = 3 i + 2 j -k.

    oe
    /\/\AA/\/\
    (i j I k) ,(3i I 2j - k) 3-2-1=0
    ch
    > )
    111 112 ·
    te
    2. Find
    I t.mcl.', norm,1ls lo 1hc give.n pJane:, are perpendicuJar to each other.
    1, -\Ml't 11 rind /he angles 111 which /he normal vecl'or to the plane 4x+ Sy+z =Sis inclineJt,ii!i (i)
    m

    coordi1111le nx1 1s.


    ... Find
    3 Fmd
    fro

    SOIUTION Let rl be a vector normal to the plane. Since direction ratios of normal tothepI.tt!
    ➔ I\ A /\ ➔ (i)
    arc proportiona l lo 4, 8, l. Therefore, n =4 i + 8 j + k. The direction cosines of i1. are 5. Find
    d

    4 8 1 4 8 1 no
    ✓42+82+12 ✓42+82+12
    de

    J42+82+12- , , or, 9' 9' 9


    oa

    Let a.,~' y be the angles made by ➔r with x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively. Thei• .:hro
    -. The
    4 8 J
    nl

    cos V. = , cosj3 = - and cosy = - (12


    9 9 9 S. Findl
    1(4)9 , fJ = -1(8)
    w

    0. = cos cos and y rati~.I


    do

    9 -l, lf th
    p <\t
    rx• \1 1'! r 13 A veclor ➔ • I
    n of magnitude 8 units ls inclined to x-axis at 450, y-axi, ,11 oll"11t1.i•' IO. Find
    angle with z-axis. If II plane passes through a point (../2, _ l, 1) ,md is iwrmal fm,111> ,\/lil t,, ,~. dirE>
    11. A pl
    vector form. > r·
    ➔ t
    SOLUTION Let y be the ~ngle made by 11 will~ z-axis ·r twn, th.- dirt•l·tinn l'osin,•s '' ' ~' \
    t'
    th tl)

    I = cos 45° = m ml\ 60" ./2 ,


    <111d 11 , cosy.
    2
    I~ Find
    2 2 (~.-{
    But, 1 + m +11 2 = l 3- Sho\

    (}if +(½f ,,-.1,1 I


    1
    ⇒ 2 I
    + 11 ~ I => n2
    4
    -=:> n f-: y is ,1cute :. 11 -
    2
    ➔ ➔ A /\ I\
    Now, n = I u 1(/i +m j +11k)
    ,-.. I\ I\ I\
    =(-v2i- j+ k)•(4 r,:;2': ': I\
    v,1 ➔ 41 +4k)
    ::8-4+4

    m
    ::>

    o
    ~ _I\ ,, I\
    r · l" ~ i + j + k} = 2.

    .c
    du
    - - - - -- -- - - r=:=====::;--- - - - - EXERCISE 28.3
    LEVEL-1 I
    oe
    1. find
    , ,the ,.vector equation of a plane passina · t h avmg
    o through a pom • p osition
    .. vector
    ch
    ,·
    . 1- J +
    k d diul /\ /\ /\
    an perpen c arto the vector 4 i + 2j - 3k.
    ~ Find the cartesian form of equation of a plane whose vector equation is
    te

    ➔ I\ I\ I\
    (i) r - (12 i - 3 j + -!k) + 5 = 0 (ii) f -(- i + j + 2k) =9
    m

    i Find the 1·ector equations of the coordinates planes.


    fro

    i. flnd the vector equation of each one of following planes:


    (i} 2X - y + 2:- = 8 (ii) X + y - Z =5 (iii} X + y = 3
    : Find the l'ector and cartesian equations of a plane passing through the point (1, - 1, 1) .:ind
    d

    normal to the line joining the points (1, 2, 5) ,md (-1, 3, 1).
    de

    1
    ; 1f is a \·ector of magnitude J3
    and is equally inclined wit~ an acute angl~ with th.-
    coordina te axes. Find the vector and cartesian forms of the equation of a plane which passes
    oa

    _ through (2, l , - 1) and is normal to Ji. ..


    Jbe coordinates of the foot of the pcrpendicu lar dra\o\rn frorn the ortgm to a plane are
    nl

    :I2, - 4, 3). Find the equation of the plane. .


    6. Find the . . through the point (2, 3, 1) given that th,• dtrt'\.'tion
    w

    . equation of the plane passlllg .


    5, 3, 2·
    If.,_ of normal tO the PIane are. proportiona
    ratios . ( I to _ 1) fu1d theeq1mtion ot. tht• pl.mt> thr,>u;:-h
    do

    1· ...,eaxesarerectangularandPtsthepoinl 2•3' '


    i>at · h
    !O . ng tangles to OP. b theplanc2.,·i v '.!.: J,rnd1tnd.1h,,th,·
    · F'.nd the intercepts made on the coordina te axe~ Y ·
    direction cosines of the normal to the plane. . •n lil:lllM to tlw 1111<' j,,uw,~ th,,,,, •sh•
    1l A plan . t (1 2 5) ,111d IS pe.rpe t
    e passes through the pom , - ' . J 111
    tlw ,•qu,1twu ,,f th,· pl,11"'
    t t-1.._ A " i, nd c,nh•-,1cHl cu u,~
    O..,iepoint 3 i + j - k Find thevector,1 , • ,. 1111,111 1,,11u11i; ,,,,lut5 ti ' '' ,md
    it f· b'1 , ·ts tlw ll•li "'h
    ll1d the equation
    (3 4 5) d. .
    of the pI lane
    t 1·tthat "'L · , ,.., ,,,,111t,11l.11 t,n-.wh,,th,•r,
    1 • • an 1s at nghl ang e o • . ,ill"> 111 p l,111<'' •111 I , 1 . , , ,
    3
    · Show that the normals to the foJlownig p , ~ ' 1 lk) ', ,111d I l' ' I 'kl ;
    ") I · (2 I /
    (i) zy-z+4 0 (11 1 1 ;~ ,•qit,ilh tm luwd \\ith tlw
    x-y+z-2 = 0and3x+ 2 ,. 1 2v•...,_
    14 Sh t pt~ne ·• ·
    · ow that the normal vector to t 1 e
    coordinate axes.
    MATHEMAr
    ICa,1.
    28.14 :l!f I 4z I. 110 till' pl,11w 12,
    2( nil~ 1101 ,11,1 .
    t
    15. !'ind ,1 \l'<' ,wi,/mwoi111d1· '"
    '•' (~ I, 2) nird~ •1 I' • hnc• ,it dr,ht
    ' ,mgl,•~ ,1t t 1
    1C' point( 10' < l.f,,,
    111 If th<' 1111c dr.m n 11't"l1 ' . , 1 •
    · the "'1'"111011 ,,r. the,rpla11<'. • ·h hist•,·t~ tht> lme sri,mcnl JOinlni.; the point,
    1hr plan<' w 1m ·
    i
    1 1· ·
    1~. find the• ,•qu,11tnn' ' .
    , (, ,; 1,) . )f the ,1,rnc which passe~ llm "Kh , ,.
    ,,t 11~ht ,m!(k~.
    ·"'" ,, . , ll1 c,1uat1ons < 1 • 1 ,,,,,.
    rmd the ,cctor ,1nd ,ai te,1, I Uncwithdirectionrat1os2,3,- 1. I ·•ta
    lg. ('i 2 ~) ~nd f'l'rpcndkular to t\e . f I' be (l 2 3), then find the cqu<1tion of the pl
    . . d the coord111ates o ' , ,,,
    t<I tf011<,1ht•<1rigman ti ularto OJ'. l',rfR
    p.,s,ing through P and perpenc_ 'ates orA ilre (II, /J, c). Find the direction cosines of OA .,~

    m
    ~o. f/0 is U1e originlandJthec coord11h,,A
    throug
    t 'ght angles toOA.
    a r, d
    fNCF.RTEXf\!Pqn
    "
    theequationoft iepan 1 with intercepts 3, -4 an 2 on x,yandza,'l

    o
    21. Fmd Ilic vector equation of the pane [CBSE2011
    u,.. t 0 ,.
    .• = d.let

    .c
    .. respectively. ANSWE)lS
    r oe the positi

    du
    . ., i
    .s: ..
    .......... l. J .(4 i ~ 2 j - 3 k}
    I\ " "
    = 3 2 . (i) 12x - 3y + 4z + 5 =O (i i)-x~y+2z =9 NP

    oe
    ➔ A " /\ " ➔ _,

    .
    --+" /\ " "
    (i) i- (2 i - j + 2k) = 8
    ~/1.
    ,, . r. ; = 0, r · .i = 0, r · k =0 4. (ii) r , ( i - j -t) = l

    (ill) r • (i" + "j} = 3


    I\ I\ 1\ - "IP
    ,.
    ch
    5. i -(2i - j + 4k)=7, 2x-y -, 4-z=7 ,., N'P-n
    - -d
    A /\ A
    6. / -(i - j + k) = 2, x + y + z = 2 7. 12x- 4y+ 3z=169
    te

    ::> (r
    8. 5x ~ 3.y + 2z = 21 9. 2x+ 311- z = 14
    3 3 2 1 2 -4 A A /\
    m

    IO. 2' 3,-2; 3'3'-3 11. r (3 i + j - k) =-4, 3x + y - z =-4 => T ·11-

    - '
    fro

    12. x~y+z = 9 15. 24 ",· + 16. 7x-3.v-:-s9 =0 -6','· sk => r >:-


    17. 4x-7ya- 3z-2S = Ob 18. 2x+ 3y -z= 20 19. x~2y-3z ~ J => - ..
    r-n -

    -
    d

    c
    ,o -P-=== -,=,==""'"'=,-,.===e=, a.x +by +cz=a + +c2
    2 b2
    - · /2 2 2' ,2 2 2 / 2 2 2 c;,
    -b ~c 1a +b -c va +b +c
    de

    va r n
    ➔ I\ /\ A . _,
    21. r ·(4i-3j~ 6k) =12 L91 ::-,~~.:~ r Cen'-,t
    oa

    HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROB :


    3. XY-plane passes--thr _· _an_d_is_perpendicular to z-axis. So, i~ vector equati,~,
    -o_u_gh_th.e_,-o-ri_gm
    nl

    /\ ➔ A
    (7- O)·k=Oor, r ·k=O. '' ,u li
    w

    lt,.tAn,'Y: d f o
    Similarly, the equations of YZ and XZ-planes are 7 . i =oa n d 1. j = 0 respectil'rh , ~a.s ~
    do

    CARTE
    16. The required plane passe& through the point wiU, position vector -->
    ,, -fl •\i -1 ~ :~ 4' ~,~ Tlit;oRE M 2 •
    ➔ I\ A /\
    \'ltt,. l/1, t fill'
    perpt'ndicular to the vector =- 2 i ; 3; -k. So, its vecto,· (!qt talion is
    ' '
    (r - a)•n=O
    ... 11
    IS '.1:: \\e 1-.t
    , , , , In \ln1t \ •'Ctor,
    (Jf, r • 11 ll · n
    -·
    or, r 12 i , '3 J kJ
    I I I I
    (5 i
    I,
    '2j 4~) •(2/
    ,.. A
    I .I I
    I\ /\
    k)
    or, • (2 j
    ?'
    I
    3j
    I I,

    ,.k) I(l 1 (, + 4
    I
    -~ " I\
    01, r · (21 + 3 j k) 20
    /\
    Thecartesianequ~tion <>fll,c,abovc>pJ, uwiN (xi+ /IIf \ /A)
    \,...
    ·{ii
    ,, .....
    ,"\j-k) 2.ll
    12 1
    or, 2x+ 3y-z ~20.
    Epl.)\NE 28.15
    11'1 iation of the plane passing tl
    1
    J·
    r~e eqi
    ~ 2 "·-3k1s
    ". u·ough P (t, 2,-3} and p~rpendicu lar to
    'P"'+ I
    O A ) A /\ A
    I\ t:
    k) l ( . 2 . 3k) ➔ " " /\
    J;-(i+2J -3 1· i+ 1- =Oor, r-(i~2i-3k) 14 0

    U.ATJON OF A PLANE IN NORMAL FORM


    ,s5 i:O
    • . vecTOR FORM
    isJ1 . I . "
    t~EOAEMI The vector equal ion Oja P anenornwl to 11mt vector nand al 11 dist,mcedfrom the orig111 ,,

    ;.,; ~_J. Leto be the origil1 and let ON be the perpendicular from Oto the given plane r,; such
    ~ ::t.

    m
    A
    _, Let~ be a unit vector along ON. Thcn, ON = dn.So, the position vectorof N is dn. Lel
    tMtON -"·

    o
    ~, t,e 1he position vector of ai.1 arbitrary poil1t Pon the plane. Then,

    .c
    NP 1.oN

    du
    -:>
    m_,_ J\
    n

    oe
    A
    :::, ,VP• 11 = 0
    ~ ➔
    A I\ A
    ch
    ➔
    ::; ( r - dn) · 11 =0 [·: Nl' = r - dnJ
    I\ A
    ➔ A
    te
    ::, r , 11 - d ( 11 · n) ~ 0
    iT
    ➔" "2 ., 0
    r-n - dlnl
    m

    0 =>
    A
    -4 A
    [-: lnl =11
    fro

    :::, r-11-d =0
    ➔ I\

    ~ r •n =d. . Th the required


    d

    f an .
    arbitrary• pouit 011 the plane 1t. u5 '
    Sint:I! 7 denotes the position vector 0
    de

    ➔ I\
    11 '"
    equaf.on of the plane .is r · = d. " 'lion vector of N is d 11 as it i, •11 •1
    oa

    . . _, 0+) nand 1/ie pos1 ,


    i,E>~~RK 1 The veclor equation of ON rs r = •
    nl

    distaiu:edfrom the origin 0. , . /· tarli.stm"·•·rjrt>n!lh,


    ~ 5,2 CARTESIAN FORM
    w

    . . I,/ane wind• • a
    ,fthe normal to agtVell
    nd liiEOREM 2 /fl m nare direction cosmes o .If+ nz = p. f 111 Lhe o ·igin ~nd norm.,l
    do

    ' '
    l"igin, Ihm the equation / e is lx +rn
    of the Pan . · fa plai1e at a d'15 tance/' ro
    ~ We know that the vector eq uation °
    t(} • A ➔ A . ..
    urut vector n is r . n =p. . f Lhe p l,11\t' 1"
    ,~t,on o
    Ii A ,. " " e cartesian eqt' '
    ere, n oo /; +mj+nk. So, th /1/, ,1:, I ht

    t: m7·" ; nk)
    " I' or, fa';' " .
    . ,,e, t,,, ,111d Ill ""' .11 ., "''"' ,•~ tlin,,
    if" 1,~ ,,,a,,t
    (' 0 " T
    (.x1 + YJ +zk) ,(ft th·u t,,rr,l11.. tl1<•
    t-:fu.,, .
    ~ The equation r · n ~ 1
    ➔ ➔ d ·s irt nm-mIll rror,11 i
    //If' origill, I/ 11 ',
    'i ,,,,t ,, "",, t'1'1t,,, '
    \ti·nd . , if he pf11ne ;mm , I ,,, ,,1>1,,111
    >U/e denotes the distance O 1 /, q/dr'." JJy I 11
    t.... . .., ➔
    '""hon r . n = d to normal om
    fi t divide bo1 ,
    28.16
    .....
    ....
    r -- = -
    _..
    11 d
    :::,
    ~
    r
    .,
    -11=-
    d
    ->
    ,..:,
    r --
    Tl
    _,
    In
    I
    I Iii I Iii I,, I
    t' ax + by + c:; +d = 0 of a plane to normal fo ..•i.e po.rJ
    In order to reduct' the cartesia.n equa 10n • llt1, We Ill,, fttiS J_!; u ' 5
    use the follo"ing algorithm
    ~,,..C.'T'H
    - . . .. d - LJ{S and shift 111£' constant term d on the RI-JS
    oriS''" iS 13.
    R
    ptE4
    Jj
    "- Keq> tmm; contammg .,, Yan - 011 . .. . . · endi.CU
    £-.: ,,.;vi
    _
    L
    11
    If the constant tmn 0
    RHS is not positive make ,t pos1ttve by m11lt1ply1ng both std,, 1,,.
    • .., •i -1
    oJthtPel'P . Th
    s£JLlfl10N
    D,;,,de eacli term on two sides l,y
    ft ff.-----=--
    ---:c . (i) thr
    . of :r ) 1- (Coctf. of .11 r + (Coeff. of z)
    !! 2 7 2 J)ividi:Jlg
    ·, , 2
    \a- ... i.,- + c =\{Coe :x 2
    3-3

    m
    n ,R'i • t of .
    iecoe1_,.cien s -',
    ya,--'::
    w
    in theeq11alio11
    .
    so obtained will be the direction cosines"'the
    f I I ~ th · · "I lfllr,,,._
    to /he pia 11e and tlie RHS will be tlie distance O. I te P aneJ, om e arigm. t"niS is the nOi

    o
    _._. 11ie carlesiaitequations of the normal to the plane Ix+ my + nz = p drawn from the origin,, ~cular

    .c
    1
    ~ =J!. =~and the coordinntes of the fool N of the perpendicu.lar drawn from the origin Oare giutl]) trte plane are 3

    du
    I m 11

    -:r =~
    I/ =-=p1.e.
    ;: . (/p, mp, np.
    ) D-"MPLE, Fi

    oe
    I m 11
    2, - 1, 2 as the di:
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES from the urigin.
    ch
    I LEVEL-1 I JSOLL710N L€
    proportional t
    te

    EX.~ "t'lE' Find the vector equation ofa plane at a distance of 5 units from the arigin and has i as!i.r
    unit vector normal to it.
    m

    A A
    SOUJTION Here, n =i and d = 5.
    fro

    ➔ A
    So, the vector equation of the plane is r • i = 5.
    Find the vector 1?411ation of a plane which is at a distance of 8 units from tire origil!ll!li
    r
    The. requia-d pl
    d

    A A A
    which is normal to the vector 2 i + j + 2k.
    ..,. "
    de

    ➔ I\ /\ I\ T ·n
    S01..LJTION Here,d = 8andn=2i+j +2k.
    oa

    ) A /\ I\
    '· n
    2i+j+ 2k 2 11 lA 2"
    n=l n'! = , 14-1+4 =3,+3;+3k
    dn' ==

    "-~ ij~:½~¥F:
    nl
    w

    the pb,,," -> '


    do

    - , A A /\
    or, r -(21 + j + 2k) =24.
    Red I/ , ➔ AA 11 •
    ,,,,,,,,,,.,Aicularjr u::. u, eq11at1on r . (3 i - 4 j + 12k) =5 lo normal form n11d /1m,·<' fi11J th<' /,n
    ,--· r·- om '"' ongm lo lite plane. •
    SOLUTION The given equation ib
    ,. I / ✓

    r • (3 i 4j 1 12k) -5 or ! . 11 5· ' • 11 ,, '


    w 1Wn• 11 3i 4; 12L
    Since I
    ..,
    n I= p 2
    -
    + (- 4)2 + 122 - 13 -,. I Th .
    - '

    ·
    .
    1
    . l 1,1r11'· 1,•
    ei<'fon•, llw g 1vc11 l'q u,1tion is nol in nt'rolil
    reduce it to norm.al form, wed ivide boll , ,
    'Nit1<.'b hy I II I to ubtni n
    28.17
    ➔ 5
    ~1 If _ _:,__ =>
    r . -::;- - _,.
    I /I I I II I
    -; -(1_
    13
    1 .
    I· I 111 111
    . tl enormal form of the equation of ""'vcn 111,
    ~· 1s 'S n• " "" 1lw il•1wth
    ' " 111t 1ll' r••r1>r11, lu 11l,,r lrnm
    - 1l111
    • ·nis--·
    i$1 13
    E~ Reduce t7irequation oft11r plane .v -2y - 2z .
    L\~,trL iinclnrfrom tl1eorigln to tile plnue Al fi d ,- 12. 10 nm·111<1l foru11111,//11•11, r {111,/ the /,•11.~//1
    1111,'/'f'}"'m 11 ·ven equation of ti I .• .so, " I icrl1rrclio11 fOM111·s11/ 1/w ,,,,,,,,,,/ ,,, 1hr "'"""
    oJL1J1lON 1e gI \e p ane IS x - 2y - 2~ 12 .(I)
    · I 2 2
    [Jiridillg (i) throughout by V1 + ( - 2) + (- 2) 2 i.e. by 3, we S"l

    !-!11-~z ~

    m
    4
    3 3• 3

    o
    This is the normal form_ ~f the equation of the given plane. Clearly, the l~ngrh of the

    .c
    iginare perreiidicula\from fe or;gm to the plane is 4 u,,its and the direction cosines of Lh~ normaJ to

    du
    -iVen by L'ieplane are 3, - 3 , - 3-
    f\AMPLE 5 Find tlle vector equation. of a plane wliicli is at a disln11ce of 6 1111ils from the cmgm nm/ hue

    oe
    2,-1,2 as tile direction ratios of a normal to it. Also.find the coordinates of the foot of lire normal ,irawn
    /<Dm tire origin.
    ch
    '
    S0L\JTIO'J Let-; be a vector normal to the plane. It is given that the direction ratios ot n are
    '
    te

    "i as tlte proportional to 2, - 1, 2.


    ➔ ~ 1> A
    n= 21 - J+2k
    m

    " ti 2 ': l" 2 ,,


    l lil =✓22 +(-1)2 +22 = 3 n=,n'1=sl -3, +3k
    fro

    ::, and,

    · · So l·ts vector =uation is


    Tne required plane is at a distance of 6 units from the origin. • --,
    d

    ➔r •n'-'6 (2 ,:- 31'1+


    > 2"k~)--6
    de

    " -t
    or, r.
    3 1- 3 .. _
    oa

    l drawn from the ongm ,s


    The position vector of the foot of the norma
    -2",· +4k
    nl

    d» = 6 (2'>
    A 1'>+ -2k" J-4i
    -1--J -
    3 3 3
    w

    f the normal a rd4, - 2, 4), . ,


    Wl\sequently the coordinates of the foot O
    d' f•r c1,·,wm Jr11111 Iii,• '"'!!111 t,, llr, pl•••
    do

    , ,I ti e perpell ICII ..
    l,..\l,'.l'l.k ~ Find the coordi11ates of Uie foot 01 1
    2x - 3y + 4z 6 = o.
    SOUJr10N The equation of the plane is
    2x - 3y + 4z - 6 = 0 , , l
    "' 2x - 3y + 4z "' 6 rDivid•l'll-i /
    , II1r,m~I• ,,11t I•) ~ ,. ' <,1,1 ,,-i
    _ 4 6
    -
    2 X - r,:;,:_
    ~ 3 )/ + 7;29 z "" ✓29 1111• ,•,111,,H,111 l11 ,, th,• d11,·,lh•11
    llus. v29 ,i29 ✓
    11 11
    . , n pJ.ine. JI 1"· 1•vith'lll l "
    . I 1,t.t11l1 ,01'
    IS the normal form of the ~ivi<
    01
    l ·n 1,, 111" !11" ''
    flJ$ines of the normal drawn from th " f;i
    4
    2 3 -
    '""-:}29 ,m =- /29 ,n - .f[9
    28.18
    6 UI'its from the origin.
    fd-~ '
    d the plane is at a distance o - .fi9
    an ndic\l.lar drawn from the origin are
    rdinates of the foot of the pe1-pc J
    Tl1e COO 12
    (Id, md, nrl) i.e., 29
    L8 24
    l '-29 '29 ·
    d' t'o i cosines of p,>rpe11d1c11lflr from the origin to flit
    . .
    '\ , \ll't r - Find the ,rec J , • p
    I\ "
    ➔-(21-3J·-6k) + 5 =0.
    I\
    . · u1 £r ·
    r . direction cosmes of perpendJC ar om the origin to
    SOLUTION In ordt:>r to fm<l ~ 1,onnal form. TI1e vector equation of the given planelht gii..
    lane let us first reduce it to e is
    P
    ' ➔ " r.: = 0
    '\
    r ,(2i-3j-6k) +;,
    I\ t. Ftnd the vector
    e unit \-ec
    as th
    7-(2i -3j" - 6k)
    " = -5 , find the vedo
    -

    m
    /\

    " " which is non:n

    o
    /\
    f•(-2i+3j+6k) =5
    eql

    .c
    ➔ 4 ➔ 2." ' ." 6k
    I\ , , Reduce the
    r-11=5,wheren=- 1+.:,J+ peq,endicular

    du
    Jril= ✓(-2)~ + 32 + 6 = 7
    2 the _pla.1.e.

    oe
    ➔ ~ Reduce the el{\1
    Dividing (i) throughout by I n I = 7, we get
    perpendicular
    ➔r•l-
    ch
    -r•l,;I
    ,t = l'iil
    5 ( 2 '> 3 " 6 "k ) 5 hich'. If 5 Write the no~
    or,
    71+ 7 7+ 7 = 7, w 1smnorma orm. i;, The direction 1

    -f,; ,t·
    te

    length oi ~he~
    So, the direction cosines of the normal to the plane are - . F:ind a wut "°'
    m

    ~ ~,'1ftr s Find theequationoftheplanepassing through the point (- 1, 2, 1) and perpemlicu/artl!"' s. Find the equal
    line ioin.ing the points (-3, 1, 2) and (2, 3, 4). Find also t/1e perpendicular distance of the origin from dz normal tow~
    fro

    plane. q_ Find the ~~a~


    SOLUTION The required plane passes through the poi,nt (- 1, 2, 1) having position'""~ line ioini.n.,- ~
    ~ A A /\ .
    ;ianJ
    d

    irom this
    a =- i + 2 j + k and is perpendicular to the line segment joining the points A (- 3, 1, 2) ar,
    _.
    the,·:
    de

    1
    B (2, 3, 4). Therefore, AB is a vector normal to the plane. ~ Find
    oa

    ➔ -:-t. ~~A /\/\A A/\A


    Clearly, n =Ali =(21T3J+4k)-(-3i+ j+2k) =5-i+2j + 2k nontul ye,cto
    We know that the vector equation of a plane passing 11· Find thedi«ta
    nl

    .A(-3, 1, Z)

    --
    ➔
    through a point having position vector a and normal
    w

    to vector ➔, . b (➔ ➔ _. ➔... ➔ ➔
    n IS given y r - a)· n = Oor, r . n "' a , n.
    do

    8(2,3, 4)
    Therefore, the equation of the required plane is
    ➔ f';AA A/\/\/\A/\
    r-(51 +2j +2k) = (-i + 2j +k)·(5i +2j-; 2k)
    ➔ I\. A A
    ~ r•(5i+2j+2k) = -5+ 4+2
    ➔ I /'. l
    ~ r -(5 i+2j+2k) - J. ... (i)
    To find_ the dist~nce of 1lli11 pl,inp from tlw orlgiil, wp 'l
    reduce its equation to norma l forrn.
    ·"-y+3::-
    r-tg. ;18, 7
    We haven =5 i
    ➔ I\

    -1-
    I\ /\
    2 j + 2k. Tberc>fore, I ,: I Js2 1 22 1 2
    i
    J'J:I
    II.
    ~
    b
    '
    ()
    ,~f pL~NE

    I 2"
    ,."
    .1·diJ1$
    J
    I
    -~
    throughout by I ;
    .
    /+--r=:'f]+ -
    I~
    2") = ✓33
    k
    •1~3 ..
    '
    l
    ~
    , "'e get
    . .
    28.19

    , ·(]33
    -I

    '
    v33 ffi • wluch is normal~ .
    oim of p lane (i).
    ,,,.rpendicular distance of the origi f
    ., ~,e r-
    '),I
    n rom the plm,.,. . 1
    t: -.;- JS
    , 33
    -:rn·
    -- [ Levez;j-- EXERCISE 2 8.4

    f uid the vector equation of a plane which is a t a d 1Stance


    t. as
    '
    0 f3 units
    · "
    the unit vector normal to it. fro1n the origin and has k

    m
    , Find tl1e vector equation of a plane which . .
    lS at a d1stan
    •
    ce Of S units
    .

    o
    ,., " " from the ori in nd
    which is normal to the vector i - 2 j- 2k. g a

    .c
    .. (i} 1 Reduce the equation 2x - 3y- 6,; = 14- to the n f

    du
    ·· orma I orm ai1 d h fin
    perpendicular from the origin to the p lane. Also f d . . enc~ d the length of
    ._ 1ane. 1
    ' m t ,e direction cosines of the normal to
    .,ep

    oe
    ➔ A /\ A
    t Reducetheequation r•(i-2j + 2k) +6= Otonornial'o . 1, rm an
    dhence f'mdthe length of
    ch
    perpendicular from the origin to the plane.
    5. Write the normal form of the equation of the plane 2x - 3y.;. 6z+ 14 = o.
    te

    !, The directiot1 ratios of the perpend icular from the origin to a plane are 12, - 3, 4 and the
    length of the perpend icular js 5. Find the equation of the plane.
    m

    ;, Find a unit normal vector to the planex + 2y+ 3z- 6 = 0.


    the
    ' Find the equation of a plane which is at a distance of 3 ,J3 units from the origin and the
    fro

    his
    normal to which is equally inclined iv:ith the coordinate axt's,
    tor '· Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (1, 2, 1) and perpendicular to the
    d

    line joining the points (1, 4, 2) and (2, 3, 5). Find also the perpendicular distance of the origin
    rrd from this plane.
    de

    [NCERTEXEMPLAR]
    10. Find th .
    e vec1or equation o
    f th I e which is at a distance of ✓~
    . e pan 29
    from the origin and its
    oa

    0 ~ k" Als find its carte;ian form. INCE'RTJ


    normal vector from the origin is 2 i - 3 / + 4 · · o, . .
    nl

    lt Find the distance of the plane 2x- 3y + 4z-6 =Ofrom !lleongtn. !NC'ERTI
    w

    ANSWERS
    ---
    do

    2 3 6
    3 2· - - - - -
    . ' 7, 7, 7

    r 2
    ;,. 7
    3
    7' 7
    6
    , --x+-1J--z~2
    MAlht1,t,4
    28.20
    HINTS TO NCERT & SelECreo
    Pi:,r,g
    . ,pl~neis ,i .:2i-3/+4k, llwrcforc,aunitw,o,
    " " t
    10, A vcctornonn.al tot1,e g1ve1 6 "'•',rr~
    . " 2 ~ 3 ~ ~
    plane lS n = ,Jf9 1 - pg I+ .fj.9
    k.
    The plane is at a distance of J unit~ fr,,, ht
    29 n t f'1'i
    ➔( 2 ".'
    its vector equation in normal form is r ' J29 l ,fi9 /+ m k
    3 '· 4 'J =
    6
    /29

    " I\ I\
    or, r'-(2 i - 3 i + 4 k) = 6.
    The cartesian form of the above equation is 2x - 3y + 4z = 6.

    m
    The equation of the given p lane is 2x - 3y + 4z- 6 ~ 0. Thevectorequatioo<Jfth;,;p_,.,
    11

    o
    ➔ ~ ~ I\
    r ·(21-3 J+ 4k) =6.

    .c
    ➔ ( .(2§
    2 ~ 3 ~ 4 ") 6
    1- [29 /+ /J.'?ik = J29

    du
    Its11om1al fon11 is r •

    .,k.
    oe
    Hence, the distance of the plane form the origin is

    po,.-s
    ch
    28.6 VECTOR EQUATION OF A PLANE PASSING THROUGH THREE GIVEN
    In section 28.2, we have Learnt about the method of f inding the cartesian equation of a:.:.
    te
    passing through tluee giv en points. In this section, we will learn about the procedure forf.r.::l!
    the vector equation of a plane passing through three p oints.
    -, ➔ -
    m

    Let A, B, and C be three points on a plane n h aving th eir position vectors Q, il z:.
    fro

    respectively. Then, vectors Ml and AC are in the plane rt. Therefore, AB" AC is a •?:l?
    r.n=a
    -
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    1%
    perpendicular to the plane n. Let n = AB x AC. Then,
    r . ;:;)1 -S -
    d

    --- ➔B ➔- ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    n - A x AC -( b - a) x ( c - a) = a x b + b x c +➔➔ ➔
    de

    c x a
    ; ::.01 - ...
    Thus, the plane it passes through the point A with
    oa

    •• ➔ ➔ .-, ...
    position vector a and is normal to vector 11=ABxAC
    ➔➔➔ -> ➔➔➔
    n=ax b+bxc+cxa
    nl

    So, the vector equation of the plane 7t is


    w
    do

    or,(7
    ➔ ➔ -4 ➔➔-►- ➔
    or,( r a),( ax b + bx c + c x a) = O Fig. 288

    ➔ (➔ b
    ... ➔ ➔ -+ ➔ > ·► ,. +
    or,r, ax +b /. c I cz tt) • n•(ln< I> 1 bx/, ' a)
    , r" •
    ➔➔➔ ➔ -+--, :),
    or, r · <a x bl + , . <b " c > 1 r . , c " 1) ,r ,(,i • ,:l 1
    ,,►

    or, [ r a bJ +lr b c ] + [r
    ➔~- -,--,.➔ 77 ➔
    c Il l [,i 1: ,:
    1
    28.21
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    _ [ LEVEL-1]
    Find the vector equation of the plti11e 11 ...1
    icJoN
    ,11
    1

    'fhe reqwred p lane passes through it,e p ~int A ( 2 2 .[~ llSt201 '1)
    1!
    ~ ,1~1·6O, 6). Also,ftn~ the c11rtesianequafion of th~ 1;~~ llirauglr llte points A (2, 2, 1),8 (3, 41 2)

    ~--c.L, •: ~ dis normal to th -> . ➔ • , -1) whose pos,tton v<.'ctor JS


    , 1. +21 - • an e vector II given bv It = AB l\·->c
    ;: .. 1 , ➔ -> ➔ J X ,
    1
    t1=ABx AC

    o m
    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    I\ I\ I\
    te
    i j k /). A
    4 ~
    11 =ABX AC = 1
    ➔ " "I\
    2 3 = (14+ 6)i - (7-15)j + (- 2 - 10)k = 20i + 8 j -12k
    A
    m

    5 -2 7
    fro

    :ibe vector equation of the required plane is


    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    r.n = a.tt
    0
    d

    A A /\ /\ /\ A ~' /1,
    i.(20 I + 8 j-12k) =(2 i+ 2 j - k) · (201 + 8 ;-12k)
    de

    ➔ /\ A /\
    r. (20 i + 8 j-12k) = 4-0 + 16 + 12
    oa

    ➔ I\ /\ I\
    r.{20i + 8 j - 12k) = 68
    ➔ I\ A /\
    r .(5i + 2j-3k) = 17
    nl

    ,,
    'Ihewtesian eq uation of the plane is given by
    w

    ~ r: I\ A r: I\ - 17 ~ 5x ➔• 2y-3z ~ 17. ..
    /xi+ y 1 + zk) •(5, + 2 J - 3k) - . g/J the poirits /rnvi11g posttwn vector~
    do

    "· . ,f ti 1
    lane passmg t iron
    ""'MPLE 2 Fi11d the vector equation 01 ie P ·
    • A t, I\ A
    Ii-' /\ A A /\ A I\ I\ '\
    1·2k,2i-j + k amt i + 2j+k. ": ': ZkZi-Jlkandi1 2j+ k ,
    >:it · tion vectors 1 +I - '
    051
    Ul'rON Let A, B, C be the point:s w ith P
    ~ectively. .... _., -➔
    n ~ bx c

    .) 1i0,- 1, 1,)

    f:::1,~"LJ---' -Fig. 2s.10


    ·-
    ~
    l3 -PVofB-P.V,ofA=(21-J+k)-(1+J-2k)=1-27~3k
    "'>"'>'>I\"'>"
    ·~
    MAltt..,
    ~),
    Then,A-·· A" A""",
    d BC=P.V.ofC- P.V.of B=(i + 2j + k)-(2 i - j +_k) =- i + 3j + Ok
    an , · · oi.i-rts A B and C 1s
    A vector normal to the plane contauung P ' '
    i j kl I\ I\ I\

    it=AB xAC = 1 -2 3 =- 9i-3j+k


    -1 3 D

    The required plane passes through the point having position vector--; = + j i - 2kai,dislloJ:.
    ~

    m
    " I\ I\ • •
    to the vector - 9 i - 3 j + k. So, its ,,ector equation 1s A /\
    1. 1.(3i-4k)+1"'

    o
    ➔ ➔ 4
    (r -a )-rr=O

    .c
    4. These poin!5 are
    ➔ ➔ ➔ -4
    ⇒ r • 11=a•11 points- Their eq

    du
    ,... I\
    I\ fl. I\ AA/\ A/\/\
    ⇒ f(-9i - 3j +k) =(i+j- 2k)•(-9i-3j+k) 5.
    1,(9i+2j-7

    oe
    ➔ I\ A A
    ⇒ r-(-9i-3j~k) = -9-3-2 2_ The pla.!1e pass
    ➔ ':- ~ " vector 11 given
    = 14.
    ch
    ⇒ r • (9, + 3 J-k)
    LEVEL-2
    te
    EXAMrLE 3 Iffrom a point P (a, b, c) perpendiculars PA and PB are drawn to YZ mid ZX-plr.11t1,f.11
    t/,e vector equation of tl1e plane OAB.
    SOLUTION The coordinates A and Bare (0, b, c) and (11, 0, c) respectively.
    m

    :,4 I\/\± AA
    OA ~ bj+ck and Qjj = ai 4 ck Clearly, require
    fro

    ➔
    n=OAxOB
    ➔ -,
    z vect:;e~~:r:n5~
    ➔ j
    d

    A
    A(o, b, c) or, r •(16i + 2]
    de

    --> A
    OT, r • (16 i + 2
    oa

    -t The equation ol
    y ,1(x-l) +b l
    X This passes tluc
    nl

    Fig. 28.11
    :. Sa+ 3b-4g
    w

    -k _
    -=> a == _ - "~
    ::'.j~
    The planeOAB passes Uucough O (0 ) and is perpendicular to -; ~oA x OB.
    do

    S\tbstitutin! tlj

    Now, ri=OAxOB=
    A A
    i i k
    Aj

    0 b c =bci+acj-abk
    l-lc; 3b J'
    a O C This reprcsen~
    at\d- 3x+5y
    The vector equation of plane OAB is 67
    ~ • ANGLE BE
    ➔~➔ -4~ -;, A I\ I\
    ( r - u) · n =0 ⇒ r.n =0 => r . (be i + ca; - ab k) = 0. t iS-! l::FiNITION Th~ an

    1 LEVEL-1 I
    -- EXERCl5
    11 pl
    ~ll.'l' 1 V
    '
    Tt-11:.0~
    ECTOR FO

    nl::M 1 Thea
    1. r_!:1~~ ~1~ ~~r or equation o f the p la ne passing t\u-oug h the points (l , 1, 1), (I,~ I,
    I
    pLANE
    - , d the vector equation of the plane passing th a2a
    Z, F"d.R (5, 3, - 3). . rough the poinf, 1, (2, 5, 3J, Q ( 2, - '3, :,
    aJ'\ d the vector equation of the plane passi '\'l r R1 /
    ,. firl(O 0, c), Reduce it to normal form, If plane,Btr~ugh f:Oints /l (a, 0, DJ, Ji (0, /1, OJ and
    C '1 _ _!,_ _!_ + .!__ at a distance p from thi· ,,rigin, pr,,v,:
    mat- - 2 + 2 2
    p2 ,? b c
    ,, FiJ1d the vector equation of the plane passing through the point~ (1, 1, - 1), (6, 4, 5) and
    [-4, - 2, 3). IN( lRTt
    ;, Find the ve~tor equation of the plane passing through the points + / +
    4 2 2 2
    / 31 k, i _ k
    ~
    and7 i+ 6k.

    m
    ,-./\ ➔ AAA
    ANSWERS
    L 1 .(3 i-4k) + 1 =0 2. r ·(2 i + 3 j + 4k) =7

    o
    .c
    4 These points are collinear. There will be infinite nwnber of planes pasbing through these
    ' points. Their equatfons are given a (x - 1) + b (y -1) + c (z + 1) =O, where Sa ➔ 3b - 4c = (),

    du
    ~ l\ I\ A
    ;. r ,(9i +2j-7k) = 21

    oe
    _ _ _ HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROBLEMS
    .,
    e_p_Ja_n_e_p_as_s-:-in-g~thr:--o-u-g;--h-;P::-:(2, 5, - 3), Q (- 2, - 3, 5) and R (5, 3, - 3) is normal to the
    -,-Th_ ➔
    ch
    vector n given by
    I\
    l "j kl "
    te
    I\ I\
    ;=PQxn= -4 -8 8 = 16 i + 24 j + 32k
    3 -2 0
    m

    -► A r, I\
    fro

    Oearly, reqmred. • P (2, 5 , - 3) and is normal ton ~ 16 i + 24 j + 32k.So, its


    plane passes
    vector equation is "
    lr➔ -(2i"' +5j-3k)}
    " " (16i" +24/": + 32k)
    '= 0
    d
    de

    or, ➔
    r •(16i" + 24J": + 32k)-(32
    "
    + 120-96)· =0 "
    ➔ "' " " ➔"" (2 i + 3 f + 4k)~7
    oa

    or, r , (16 i + 24 j + 32k) = 56 or, r · . t (l 1 -1) is


    • through the poll'l ' '
    t The equation of a plane passing .. (i)

    Q(x - 1}+b(y - l}+c(z+J) = ~


    nl

    d(-4 - 2,3).
    This passes through points (6, 4, - } an _ '
    w

    ~
    :>a+3b 4c= 0 an,- d Sa - '3/J + 4c - 0
    do

    . 4c- 3b
    ~Q=---
    · (') '/Cl get
    5
    Sz.,. 1) ➔ [,( v .. •~) 0
    Substituting the value of a JJ1 1 '"
    ) 0 or , (4x
    , 4
    l., •
    S

    r4c - 3b)5
    (x - 1) + b (y- J.) + c(z + 1 =
    a~silig lhJ'OUI,'
    '
    nl1
    .
    the u,terh<
    ,rtim1 vi t''·""'' Ir 11;; I 0

    This represents a fa.rnilyofplanesp ·


    and - 3x + Sy + 2 =o. . , ·rr 11 v11111/
    28 7 ANES / (HIJ;:J•• l•l'f(('nll 11
    11
    1

    • ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PL · 111if/1wd P' '' •


    r.5 DEt1N1r 10N The angle between two planes /ff I
    •
    lh
    2.a 7 1 f • ,(z. I ~•'"-" by I lx, ti t, •
    ' • VECTOR FOAM -, -, 1/ 1 1111d I IIJ I •11 1 ''l I
    t Janes r · 11 1
    ij£0Rer,,i 1 The angle 0 between t I,e p
    28.24
    the plane!i7 "~ - dI and
    I' o(' Let II be the an11,le between

    b<>lw('{>n lh<'ir normals n1 and


    ... .
    l!z

    m
    Q'4 FIND ' • TH
    fm,f lhran~

    o
    .c
    f",g 28 12 AA,l'l 10'-
    •

    du
    ♦ • JJl UJ.
    •1 "2
    : I,.; 1 I•~

    oe
    • I"2•1
    I ,,,1
    • •
    ch J.111k1
    " .
    Cond1tlm1 nf prr,~·mfi< 11/ar,t~ If th, p!An , 11 d1 and
    ♦ • (2, I
    "' ,Ind "2 ,,re r•·rpl'nd,c ulat
    te

    12 I
    f 1,,.1 /lt(/111
    planr.'11 r• n• d1 and r•
    m

    Co11dit11m 0{1iaral/,·l1<111 It tlu


    •
    1,(Jll'110N W1• !,.now
    ai• • '711, •i? • ,lz 0
    fro

    a ~ralar i. w:h thAt • •

    28 7.2 CARTESIAN FORM


    nff
    d

    ORCM 2 Tit,· ,mgk Oh I,Nl'fl lht pum QI I I V♦ I


    de

    IS gnit"tJ h_11

    l'('I:'\ (l '
    1111
    2 ♦ J,J ~...,j..t..=
    J 2 2 i 2
    oa

    f 1I + 1'1 -I ('I \a:


    l'll,_'<l
    • •
    1 <'I 111 .md 112 b.:• thr , <'<'tors normal I.hr Show 111111
    nl

    a2.\ < l12,y I c~ + ,f! • 0. Tlwn n 1 •411 1 •


    ... " f>i 1 + c A and •
    ....'ILU'IK>N We krn,w
    .,,. ol nght nnglt'll, II a
    w

    1
    • • a10z + 1•1"2 + C

    ....
    do

    n ,e angle Obetweenn1 and n2 ,, S" MI,,,


    lhndor\". planes 21 +
    COS t) • _!!I n? ~ C'OS 0 •1"2 +f, f'2 ♦ If thr pla
    l~I ln;I ,ir, 2 2
    +i., .. :
    ~ llTION ,,., e h,ow
    C,mditw11 ()(pt")"<-nd1rn/anty: If the plane.. ilie pcrrrnd,rular thm •
    H.,« ni 2I J H
    ⇒
    '\

    (a1 i + 1'Ji
    I\.

    • l1 ll
    ;'\ I'\ A

    (a:• -+ ~11 + , i k) ~ O ~ Olht~, 1ft n; ..;


    ⇒ a1.t.: ~1•1!>~ ~ r1t'2 - 0 N""' "; ni 0
    :Z8.25

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    I LEVEL-1 j

    o m
    T11J!f / ON FINDING THE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES

    .c
    ~"ff'l.f 1
    •=· Find the a11g/e between the planes 7-(2 '>1_'J+ _ a11d ➔
    > "k) -6 r•(01 + 1
    0 +2k)
    A
    =5.
    r; ~ '½ is given by

    du
    sournON We know that the angle between the planes-; -~= d1 and 7.
    ➔ ➔

    oe
    cos 9= 111 -~
    ➔ ➔
    Ind l~I
    ch
    4 /\A/\ ➔ A/\ /\

    tlar, then Here, 111 = 2 i - j + k and n2 = i + j + 2 k.


    te
    /\/\AAA A
    (2 i - j + k) · ( i + j + 2k) 2 -1+2 1
    = - ~ 8 - 1t/3.
    cos0 = AA A A/\/\ \/4 + 1 + l ✓1 + l + 4 2
    m

    l2i -j+ kl l i+j + 2k l


    fro
    d
    de
    oa
    nl

    o and
    w

    ='
    do

    iiculaf·
    - ~
    PASSING THROUGH A GIVfN POINT ANO PEAPEII
    M~E~I

    Ti,p, J1 ON FlNDING A PLANE OiCULArt l


    GIVEN PLANES
    , g throu<>h a point having position vector and 1
    The normal to the plane pa 5.sin, " PerP<>n~ 11
    ➔ -+ d - --> J is perpendicular to tht• vectorsnr and 11~ So I t 1· ~1.r
    the planes r. 111 = d1 an r · 112 - 2 · • . . • • ' \ pa,. !ii
    ..., .... , th following algoritJ1m to f111d the plane passing throu<>h
    11 x n • We may use
    e " a l;lvfll
    1 2
    and perpendicular to two planes.
    ~~~M ➔
    m_ Qltf,mi the position vector of the given point say, a·
    _,. ~ 01:>tam the normal rectors to r..vo planes. Let the normal vect<>rs be'½ and~.
    .
    ''• n= n...,1 x 112 . Oe.arly, n is normal lo the reqwre. d plane.
    ➔ ➔

    m
    ,_ _ I Compute

    o
    :I oIL___ Write the equation of the desired plane as

    .c
    ...+ · "> ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    • --4 - ,
    tr - a) . (n x li } = O or, r. (n1 x »2) = a . (n1 x n2) or, [ r 111 ~] = [ a n1 l?il
    1 2

    du
    EXAMI'Lf
    5
    Find the e.quation of the plane passing through the point (1, 1, -1) and perpendicular :,1y
    ,=lanesx+2y -3::-7 =0and2x-3y+4z=0. C6SE'

    oe
    SOLL'TIOK The equation of any plane passing through (1, 1, -1) is
    a (x - 1) .,. b (y - l) + c(z + 1) = 0
    ch
    lfplane(i) is perpertdiculartoeachoneof theplaries x + 2y + 3z-7 =0 and 2x- 3y+4z=0, the,
    a-2b-3c = 0
    te

    and, 2a -3b -4c = 0


    On sohing (ii) and (iii) by cross-multiplication, we get
    m

    a b c
    (2)(4)-(3)(-3)
    = (3)(2) - (1)(4)
    =-- - -- -
    (1)(-3) -(2)(2)
    fro

    Q b C
    17 = 2 = - 7 = '). (say)
    d

    = a = 17 i., b = 21. and c = -7 i,


    de

    Puttinga=17 i.,b=2i.andc= -7 }.in (i),weget


    17 ,.rx -l).,- 2i.(y - l) - 7i.(z+l) = o
    oa

    or, 17x-2y-7z = 26, which is the required equation of the plane. \ A

    Th 'ed ->~1
    e requ.ir plane passes through the point having position vector a = - 1-
    H
    nl

    t!. Then, -; is perpendicular to the nonr,.lb "' i!W


    w

    the normal vector to the required plane be


    ~ 2y + 3z -7 =0 '7 ~ 1 , ~ \\ l Fin
    do

    planes r and 2x- 3y + 4z -- o 1.e.


    · to th e vectors n 1> = 1"+ ~ J'liznr ,
    -, I'
    112 =2i -3j +4k.
    f I
    ' ~
    ' -1
    I I , :-;,,)Lt K~'-. lhe
    i j k ,.
    .. ....11 ,., Li (.\ .::)
    ➔
    n1 / nz.. .. 1 2 3 r:J7i+2j 7k " 11 P,bses thm
    2 'l 4 •I l I-
    I lt 3,1 +
    So, required equation of the plan,• as 1' 1•1 n,, li) is pe
    ➔ -➔ ➔ _,..,
    r.n=a.n ' <I 2b
    S..,h n,g lii) and
    pL.AN!o
    fl'"
    "
    -' (J7 / +2j-7k) "
    =17 + 2+7
    28 27
    r.
    A A
    i
    ..,r . (l7 + 2 j - 7 k) = 2(,
    11 ~lNOING A PLANF PASSING 1'1-'ROUGH TWO
    <1tto
    //1 ON
    GIVE"., PLAN( . GIVEN Po11•-ns Mm PERPENDICULAR ro A
    elto
    1 to the plane passmg through tvvo points p . d Q .
    POii\t nor1na . · ,,n h,wing th,•1r p<l'lll1r:in vectort
    ~r ·" ,.,.,,-tiyeJ)' and perpendicular to the J -• • •
    , ,tOd ~ resr~- ➔ Pane r · 111 = d11s perpendicular to the vector,
    11
    , l ii'.1 So. the normal vector to th e plane ifi parallel to the v~'<'tor ph , ;;' Tht11 we may
    .,a,,, "thm t fu d 1 · '-! '
    : the toU.iwiJ;lg algon
    • ,i,·en plane,
    ° ' a P ane passing through two given points ,m,1I perpendicular
    r J.r

    I aoRf'"i'l~' .. t ,F I . ,

    m
    ·• Obtain fhc positron vec ors o, t ze given points. Let the position, ,,ectors of the gwe,, points
    -+ -+

    o
    p and Q lie a and b respectively.

    .c
    .-- ON,iin the equation of the plane perpendicular to the required plane I.Lt its e,wat10,r ~
    ➔ ➔ d

    du
    r .n1 = •
    fo the
    kt ri be the normal vector to the required plane. Then, ri is perpendicular wboth iij 1111.i PQ

    oe
    ~003
    ➔ ➔ ~
    ... (i)
    So, compute n =n1 x Pv..
    ch
    len _I Write tlie equation of the required plane as ( ➔
    r- ➔
    a) . ➔
    n = 0 or, -,➔---
    r. n = a. n.
    te
    ... (ii)
    I
    .(ill)
    Ay
    m

    IA~
    // , ,
    ➔ ➔ _..
    fro

    n = n1 xPQ
    ,f;Iy) J:'. .v,- -P--- nt
    d

    @,-L,-,-,r
    1 1
    de
    oa

    -1-ti
    nl

    Let
    tJ
    w

    -
    Flg. 281 3 I) j( l 3 -l)uird~iJ wL
    ;t,1
    do

    it /ht pomts (2_, I ,- :w;,N~11 ro11tJ n.s the


    •· ,f h lane //1rottg plt1m t1w,
    .,,., 6 Findtlieequationo, t ce p ·/ OW tltal tIie •i12,Nl[IU 1 \l\lPl \I,
    ': !lit plane x- 2y + 4z 10. Also, 51 = I( flSI . ,
    , ,1 1 1 1 " 5k) l} ,,
    ~- +3j,4k+/.(3i-2/-- · . t1u-o11gh(2, 1•
    IOLJ.r
    DON The eqm1tion of any Plaflf' pass1r1g
    0
    [f 4(x 2J+b(y-1) 1 r(z-,. I) I I
    ltpashei;, through(-!, 3, 4), lh«n II
    I ( 4 l ))
    ,;, n(-1-2)+/1(3 I) I IIJ,lheil i )
    ij -3a + 2b 1 5c O "' , i11 1 4
    Plane (i} L5 perpendicu la r to tlw plP > . l ,, '" .,t,1,,ui
    J' )I , " h'
    Sot,•1 Q- 2b.,. 4c =0 0
    f c r<>h' J} lll II• I

    ' 1\S (ii) and (iii) by th~ rnethod


    ~ 28,28
    ~- a
    ~8 + 10 = -
    5 + L2
    b
    --
    - 6-2
    C

    n _ ~ = :. = ).. (say)
    ⇒ 18 - 17 4
    _ .,, • = 17 ),., c\nd c =4)... .
    ,Q n - 1" ,..,, '' · (') e obtain
    Putting ,1 = 13 ),, h =17 'A, and c = 4 ), rn l l)w 0
    18 ).. (X - 2) + 17 t, (y - l) + 4 ).. (z + =
    ⇒ JSx+17v+4z=49 ·•fiv
    Il1is is the required equation of the p lane. ➔ " " /\ ,

    ,· n,e coordinates of any point on the line r =- i + 3 j + 4k +).(3i--2/ -5k1 i,.


    (31c-l, -2A + 3, - 5)..+ 4). Substituting x = 3;>.,,-l, Y = -21c+ 3,z = - 5.A.+4 rn (iv), weobtau, ·
    !.HS= 18(3A-1)+17(-2A+3)+~(-5A+4) = 49 _= _RHS . .

    m
    So, ( /l.- l, _ 2), + 3, -Si..+ 4) lies on plane (1v). Hence, pJane rn (1v) con tams the given line.
    3

    o
    ~ 'ER The required plane passes throug h the points P(2,l,-1) and Q(-1,3, 4; ~

    .c
    ➔
    a and ➔ .
    b be the position vectors bf p oints 'Jy. Then, ➔
    P and Q respective a =2i"~"
    j -k.' iJt

    du
    ➔ /\/\ ,._-)..._ -> ➔ AA/\
    b = - i + 3 j + 4k and P\J = b - a =- 3 i + 2 j + Sk.

    oe
    The requited plane is perpei1clicular to the plane x - 2y + 42' ,;, 10.Let iit be the normal vectori.-
    ➔ A A A
    ch
    this plane. Then, 111 = i - 2 j + 4 k. 3.
    ➔
    te
    Let 11 be the norma1 vector to the desired plane, Then,
    A A I\ .
    m

    i · j k ·
    I\ I\ I\
    1 -2 4 . = .:. f8j -l7f - 4'k
    fro

    - 3 . 2 5
    I
    d

    The required plane passes throu gh


    · ·a pom
    · t h avmg
    • position
    . ·
    vector ➔
    a = 2 "i + 1·/\ - k
    A
    and is 11011!'- -
    de

    "·
    4 A ,~ A
    to the vector n = - 18 i -17 1· - 4k· S0, its• vector equation
    . 1s. ....
    oa

    ➔➔ ➔➔ .
    r.n= a.n
    ➔ "; ":
    nl

    A I\ I\ A

    :·<-18:-17 ~ - 4 ~ = (2i + j - k).(- 18i - 17j-4k) S.


    w

    = r · (-18 i -17 j - 4k) = _ 36 _ 17 + 4


    do

    ➔ ,f. /\ I\
    r-(18/ +17j +4k) ~ 49
    The position vector of any point on the giv I' . A , , • O
    Llearly, it satisfies <tquation (i) H en me IS ( 3 ,, - l) i ·I (3 - 21>.); t (J :-\)~
    The re . · ence, tI1e plane in(')t cc1ntains given lltw.
    car •sian equation of the p lane is l8x ➔ .
    1
    l.
    17
    I XA M!'I I ' Find the eq11ufio11 o' the I ' ' . If T 4:z 49. . ,,
    totheplrme2x-5y - 1~;,J, ~ pmu IIIIIJ11Xhlfwpoiltts(3 ' '- 1
    4, .__,)) Ultc 1(7 () b) '",1,·t~·ri,·•
    • '
    101
    "~,
    L -.11
    l'>....
    SOLUllON Th•, . · ' ' ( ,.,, •'
    ~ equatJrn1 of ,l p lnn<• Jldttsin ll
    • . "(x - 3) + /, (y 4) I ,· (z 2) 0 g Hough(:'\, -1, .') I,. ...11l l -3,
    fh,s passes through the µu111l (7, 0, (,)
    :, ti (7 - 3) 1 /J (0 - 4) 1 t(6 2) O 14.
    ⇒ 411 -4b + 4c ~ O =:> n t, + t' O ..(ill
    ~he plane (i) is perpendlcular to the plane 2x - 5 1$.
    .. 2a+(-5)t,+(0) c = 0 .y I O:z 11: l5. ,..(~il
    = = =

    om
    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    te
    m

    =--__.:;.
    =
    fro

    Z.-l-:. -
    _::. - ;_- _:;:;. =-
    d

    2::.c-.c:::~...a- - - ~ -
    ~~-:::~-:·i E-r~=-.J.D__.!!--.:::...~;:
    -
    de

    -:~----:....-:.:.:::~--~ --=-~ - =~::..


    ~--::~c.:7-~T-: ::.-::r::r::::. ~-
    - .. .,-...=..:::=-
    oa
    nl
    w
    do
    28.30

    1( 5 1 (")
    -- -- - -
    05 -l(-_±_) (iii) cos -1( 2116)
    1. (i) cos- - ~ Iu c 21

    2. (i) 1
    ,;::> I
    (Ii) cos
    - ] ( 2)
    - 3..{6
    (iii) i (iv) cos
    1
    (- $8) (v) cos-I{!
    , ll
    (iii) o 5, 5x+9y+llz-8=o
    4, (i) 17 (ii) 2
    ; .x+2y+5:=0 6.x+y-i.+~-
    6. 2x - 4.y+3:-8 = 0 10. 2x + 2y - 3z + 3 =0 -G
    9. 3x + 4y-5z=9 13. x + y + z = a + b + c
    11 _ 11 = 3 12. Sx-4y - z =7

    m
    15. 18x+17y+4;:;-49 = 0
    1-1. 7X - 8y + 3z + 25 := 0

    o
    _ _ _ HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROBLE~

    .c
    11 The equation of a plane parallel to ZOX plane is y = b, w here b is a constant.

    du
    ' 11 passes through (0, 3, 0). Therefore, b =3. Hence, the equation of the plane is y = J.
    l!. The equation of a plane passing throug h (1, - 1, 2) 1s ':BQQ.[

    oe
    a (x -1) ~ b (y .c 1) + c (z - 2) "' 0 -LI Therefore, it is peJ
    ft is perpendicular to the planes 2x + 3y - 2z =5 and x + 2y - 3z = 8. Therefore, Since the plane P
    ch
    2a _ 3b - 2c = 0 and, a+ 2b - 3c = 0 n b -C the plane in seal
    Solving these two equations by cross-multip lication , w e get _ = =
    1
    4
    te
    5
    Substituting a= -5, b =4 and c =lin (i), we get - Sx + 4y + z = -7 as the equationoflii£
    m

    required plane.
    ➔ I\ I\ A ➔ A /\ /', ti~
    13. The equation of a plane parallel to the plane r •( i + j + k) =2 is r · (i + j + k) = ).
    fro

    /\ A AA1\A
    passes through(a,b, c), then (a i +b j + ck) •(i + j + k)=). ::::;, ). = a +b + c.
    ➔ A A I\
    d

    So, equation of tht' required plane is r •( i + j + k) =a + b + c.


    de

    14. Proceed as in Q. No. 12.


    28.8 EQUATION OF A PLANE PASSING THROUGH A GIVEN POINT AND PARALLELTO
    oa

    TWO GIVEN VECTORS OR LINES


    28.8.1 PARAMETRIC FORM
    nl

    R
    THEO EM 1
    · 0,FJ
    TIie equatum , through a point hav ing position vector->
    t 1eplane passing a 1111dMNiii/'
    r· ➔ -4
    (r-,1),
    w

    -, -.-.➔➔ -> ->


    band c 1s r = a+ t.b + µ c , where A.and µ are scalars. ~ ➔ ➔
    r•(b'<
    do

    :'r<1)(Jf LetO be the origin and n be a plane passi ng through a point A having position 1•«:N' -> ➔

    Let the plane n be parallel to vectors b and ? --> c •


    ""' r-(1, >.

    respectively Through the poin t A draw t wo vectors


    C p(r)
    ":>
    rr' t
    ➔ ~ ➔ ➔ ~ ➔
    AB and AC such that AB ; b and AC = c . Le t the .,__-
    position vector of an arbitrary point Pon (he plane be A(,,~·•,.. L : ; F
    -; romplete the parallelogram AT,PM. Sinc·p Al ilnd \. i li¼11,lf'LE 1 Fm
    '
    ➔ y
    AM are parallel to b and c reop('Cltv('ly. l hrrc•forr,
    ' \.••
    \
    ' .
    :
    1·•
    •
    ➔ , ➔ t. ) \ ;' r
    AL= 1. h and AM =µ c for some scn lar, I.. an d fl, \
    ln t!, APL, we have \.,
    /fr ;AJ, 4Ll' \i
    'b(or~lo}
    Fig. 28. 14
    ~~p~ANE
    28.31
    ➔ ➔
    -> -->a -1.b+µ c
    r- -
    1- ➔ ➔ ➔
    r -_ •" - i.b + .u c
    -'
    ' ..
    -> denotes the position vector of any point p on the .
    :,,,1rf! r ➔ ➔ ➔ P1ane fhereforl', the 1·quation of th"

    :
    ~•'
    111
    ..
    ._-' = a + i.. b + µ c, wher1:? >.andµ are scal•rs
    the above equation A andµ ,1re variable scalars beca, ,. .
    15t 0
    .
    \.(f nd µ are differf!11t. Tltat is why it i~ call d th ' ) r different pumls on the plan,, the
    ~i1it~("" utpa,·allel /ogive11 vectors ' e eparametrtcformoftheplanepassinglhrwgh•1
    ..
    ,• .11 pcml a1
    NON-PARAMETRIC FORM
    •

    ;~$ 2
    a

    m
    ·,EO~EM 2 Pro: that ~e e.quntion of the plane passing lhroug!t a point having posiUon vectilf and

    o
    ., ., • vectors b and c is
    •f.iJ~CT 1 1.1

    .c
    ➔ ➔ (➔ b ➔) O ➔ (➔ b ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ - , _, _,
    (r - a)• x c = or, r · x c) = a· ( b x c) or, [ r b c J = [ a b c J

    du
    ~
    • Tt is evident from Fig. 28.13, the plane is parallel to vectors AB=band AC= c.

    oe
    . ➔ -:-t. ➔ ➔ ➔
    '.here.fore, itis perpenclic:ular to the vector I! = AH x AC = b x c ➔
    :;nre the plane passes through a. point A having position vector a. Therefore, the equation of
    ch
    :J,.eplane in scalar product form JS
    ➔ ➔➔
    n =b xc
    te
    m
    fro
    d
    de
    oa

    Fig.28.15
    nl

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    w

    (r-a)•(b)( c)=O
    do

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    7 (bx c)- a -(bx c)=O
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    •·(bx c) = 11-(b x c) Q.E.D
    I r b c ]=[a b cl
    -;,-:-, ➔ ➔➔ ➔
    s
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
    1 LEVEL-1]
    L- /1111 , 1·11 '11/111 J'""tud /t" "'
    ~ hef,o//Ollll11.~ I' '
    _
    PLE 1 Find the vector equation°! 1 ,_ ,. ~,
    ,. " •
    1
    j I I .,, 1
    "" ": ·1-k) 11< -
    r=(i - J')+/-. ( 1 ~/
    ➔ , , • ,1 ,,,,,1 ... 11•1·
    11
    1

    !ii,,. ~ 'i)/rljll l Pf'"


    11
    ~llJllON We know that the equation r • • 1 .'
    l
    rs It .,nl
    k :_
    '"'Ill ha . ➔ d para IIeI to vec " .
    Vu,g position vector a an
    28.32
    I\ I\ I\

    ➔ -~, I\ ➔ -·+·+ka••
    " " " ·•11•" ➔
    c"' i - 21· + 3 k.
    Here, a = 1 - J, b - 1 .1
    d. l r to the Vl'Clor
    The given pli111e is pcrpen icu a

    ➔
    II =
    .
    /1
    ....
    X C "'
    I\

    I'
    1
    I1
    "i k

    2 3
    I\

    = Si - 21" 3k"
    I\

    Fig 28 16
    ~

    So, the vector equ,l tion f tl


    ,e plane in scalar product form is
    ° ' r,nd tlW
    l ,
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    r•n = t1•11 (i) r
    I\ " I\
    'I
    '' ⇒ ,:. (5 "i - 2 "J - 3 "k) = (,:-I - 1>
    J) . (5 I• - 2 J· - 3k) " r
    .
    I I
    '• •
    (1il
    ..

    m
    t'
    : : :, i-(5i-2j-3k) = 5+2+0 or, 1-(5i - 2j -3k)
    I\ "
    = 7.
    (u.1) r

    o
    • I -►
    'i,J I:\A\ll'LE:? Find thecartesianform ofthe equation of the plane r = (s - 2t) i + ( 3 -1); +(2,~
    I\ /\
    -·r

    .c
    (1V)
    •• SOLUTJ.01' The equation of the given plane is

    -....
    du
    /\ A ➔ A /\ /\ A /\ ,\ 2. find th
    f = (s - 2t)i +(3-t)j +(2s +t)k or, r =3j + s (i + 2k) +t(-2 i -j +k)
    (i) r
    ➔

    oe
    "
    Clearly, it represents a plane passing through a point having position vector a = 3 i and por.:
    fii.) r
    ➔ I\ /\ ➔ ~ "': (' . . . . ➔ . 1 ➔ -, ...,
    2 1 - J + k. So, it 1s perpendicular to n gl\ en by n = h •
    ch
    to vectors b = i + 2k and c = - 1 Find th
    " ....
    /\ (i) r
    j k
    te

    A A A
    Now, 1 0 2 = 2i-5j-k' (ii) r
    m

    -2 - 1 1
    fro

    The equation of the plane in scalar product form is


    ➔➔➔ -t ➔ /\AA /\ /\ /\/\ ➔ f': ~/', ::
    r • n = a · n ⇒ r -(2 i -5j - k) = (3j)·(2i - 5j - k) ⇒ r •(2 1-51-k)=-L (\-,;) r
    d

    The Cartesian form of the equation of this plane is


    de

    A/\/\/\ /\/\
    (xi +yj • zk) - (2i 5j -k) = -15 or; 2x-5y-z = - 15
    oa

    '.:S.9 EOU
    EXAMP1r 3 F1'nd. the vector equation
    . of the planer
    ➔
    == (l +s-t)i/\ + (2 - s);~ ~(3 --,--
    ,. ' t {
    rum-parametric form.
    nl

    SOLtmoi,. The parametric equation of the given plane is


    w

    -,. "; r: /\ ➔/\ /\/\ /\ A '


    r=il~s 1)1+(2-s)J+(3 2s~2f)kor,r=( i +2j+3k) +s ( i j - 2kl+tl
    do

    This is the vector equation of the plane passing through the point 11' =; ➔ 2 j ...,t' .,11,i l'-u
    7 A /· / ➔ A A ► lift
    to Vtc!Ors b =i - j 2k and 1;; = i i 2k. So, il is iwrpt'nd i..:ulnr to tlw "'' t,>r 1 ~ 1"
    ➔ - ,. ·+
    n=b/c.
    I /, I\

    ., , i j It
    "'7
    Now, n bx C I 2 "
    /. I l (); " A
    A
    1 0 2

    The vector equation of the plart<' in 111111 f'ol1'<1111,.trk- ku ,


    111 JI,
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    (r- ti) · II =0
    do
    w
    nl
    oa

    -
    de
    d
    fro
    m
    te
    ch
    oe
    du
    .c
    o m
    28.34 MAl'lie1A~
    . 0 " /\ l'lct.1
    . t'ono'plane
    1 passing through thepomt 1 + j + kand.,,,
    1LLUSTRA110!\ Fznd theeqwi 1 r~ra//eJ,.
    I\ I\ I\
    "'lilt~ .
    ;' . (2 i - j + 2k) =5. ➔ 0 0 " 1
    ·on of a plane parallel to the plane r · (2 1 - J + 2k) .,,5 i~
    SOLUTION The equa ti
    A A /\
    ,'. (2 i - j + 2k) =d
    A /\ ,\
    If i.t passes tluough i - j + k, then
    /\/\A A/\" 2d d3
    (i ~ j + k) (2; _ j + 2k) = d ⇒ 2 -1 + = ⇒ = ·

    Putting d = 3 in (i), we obtain 1-(2 / - j + 2k) = 3 as the equation of the required plane,
    ➔ I\ I\ I\

    m
    _g,l7:l{ The required planes passes througl1 the point a = i + j + k and is parallel to lhepi,.
    A /\ /\

    o
    f-(2/ _ j + 2k} =5. So, it L, normal to the vector Ii =2 i - j + 2k which is normal tothegn

    .c
    p lane. Hence, the equation of the required p lane is

    du
    ➔ ➔ t
    (r-a) · n=O
    ➔➔ ➔➔ Let~ t,ethe

    oe
    or, r•n = a•n Then,
    ➔ /\/\I\/\/\/\ /\I\ A
    or, r -(2 i - j + 2k) = (i + j + k) • (2 i - j + 2k}
    ch
    ➔ A A /\ .... --t
    or, r-(2 i-j+ 2k)=2 - 1+2
    = r1 •n1
    te

    ➔ I\ I\ I\ -+
    or, r • (2 i - j + 2k) = 3. = (r1 -n

    --
    m

    28.9.2 CARTESIAN FORM ::;, ·1. (-r


    Let ax+ by - cz - d =0 be the cartesian equation of a plane. Then, direction ratios of n9nr.aiJJ1 !ts
    fro

    proportional to a, b, c. Since parallel planes h ave common normal. Therefore, the duection ntl!
    of the normal to the paraJlelplane are also p roportional to a, b, c. Thus, the equation of
    parallel to the plane ax+ by+ cz + d = 0 is ax + In; + cz + k = O, w11ere k is an arbitrary co
    a:;: Hence equa ·
    d

    and is determined by the given condition. ,


    de

    JllUSl RATIOK 1 Find the equation of the plane through lhe point (1, 4, - 2) m1dpar/lllel tot/!el"ar-
    - 2x + y- 3z=7. ZS.1\l..2 C ~!'I
    oa

    SOLUTION Let the equation of a plane parallel to the plane - 2x + y- 3z = 7 be TttEOi't!:~ 2


    -2x+y-3z+k = 0 a--.d .i,.~ ~ I;,,.
    If it passes through (1, 4, - 2) then, .:..'n:,··u,,-. -
    nl

    (- 2) (1) + 4 - 3 (- 2) + k = 0 ⇒ - 2 + 4 + 6 + k = O ⇒ k = - B. ti<'II ~~'


    w

    Putting k = -8 in (i), we obtain - 2x + y - 3z - 8 = o or, 2x _ y -~ 3z + 8 = O<1S the eqitJ (,l1X


    the required plane.
    do

    or x (.11
    28,10 EQUATION OF A PLANE THROUGH THE INTERSECTION Of ,WO PLANES ,
    This is a fir:st
    hi Ord~r to pr
    "Them · terse<:ti on o f two p Iane11 ·IS al ways a s traight line For example w-p tan .' 111•• ""'d'f
    intersect to form x-axis. The plane containing the line ~f inters~ction' ~f tw<' i:1" '11 r,j,,.. '
    '11X +
    1 .lf\d a,.Y
    known a~ the plane passing through the h1terseclion of Lwo ;iwn ,111,u-.s. 111 th,· '~1""'' It is ,;ufflcien
    . . we w,'JI obta'
    d 1.SCuss1on h · " 1 t tnt,' 1' '
    , m l e equation of family of pl,1nes passim~ thr,mF:h I \<' Plane (i). Let
    two given planes. '
    28.10.1 VECTOR FORM , • I ,ii
    1
    · 111-
    THEOREM 1 The eq11at1Qn of ti p/1111,• JJ/lssing lhro11gh /hr itili•twl'lic>II 1y /It,' 11l11//<''
    1 .,,.1-'
    ➔ ➔ ' • ➔ -, 1' , d1('/l
    r-112=d11sg1venby(r •n1 rl1) +/.. (1 112 r/i} Our,/.(n:ti..ll; ) ,t1 +'>-•'i·'
    arbitrmy ccmst,mt.
    . ➔➔ ➔ -~
    ('9f 111eequation .r • (n1 + ;\,ni) = d1 + M 2 1.softhef ..., ➔
    he pIC!1i,, ;§.. ..,.iertoprove that it represents a plane passing th orm r . r1 = d .S<J,it represents a plane.
    ,.. ~ J arid ➔r · n2
    !Jl, a,•· ➔ =d2 ' l·t 15
    · · 5uffi c1ent
    · to show th rough
    . the llne of .tntcrsection of the planes
    . ➔ ➔ aleverypoint th .
    :,;;; = d and r · n2 =d2 lies on 7 .(;;+ l ➔
    i- rt1 1
    on e hne of intersection of the
    i)lle 1 1 + · 112) =d1 + :>.,a
    f I\ 2·
    ➔➔
    r. "2 = d2

    1
    ·➔ ➔ --;
    r. (111 >)J12) ~d1+).d2

    m o
    .c
    Fig. 28.18

    du
    [Jt~ . • of ➔
    be the position vector of any p oint on the Jme of·intersection r . n➔1 = a1 and --r.
    >~ ~ =dz.

    oe
    !hen,
    ➔ 4 ➔ ➔
    r ·»1 =d1 and , 1 ·ni =d2
    1
    ch
    ➔➔ ➔ ➔
    r1•n1 - d, =0 and r1 •n2 -d2 = 0
    te
    ➔ ➔ ➔ -+
    (r1 •n1 - d1) + ;i..(r1 ·ni -d2) =0+ ).0 ,. Q
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    m

    T1 • (111 + ~) =d1 + A d2
    maJ are ➔• ➔➔ _.,,
    fro

    n ratios r1 lies o n the plane r • (n1 + )..112) "' d1 + )..d2.


    a plane
    onstant
    d

    Q.E.O.
    e plane
    de
    oa

    ...(i)
    nl

    ation of
    w
    do

    z-pl.al;e
    tanes 15
    [towing
    ctio:n of
    28.36
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    [ }EVEL· 1]
    Nf PAS!':ING I HAOUG~" THE INTERSCCllON OF Two Orv•
    Tl p I EOUA"l"lON OF A f'LA ' di PlAJ
    AND A GI\ EN 1-'0INT ,..
    ,. i•/1/11' 1/,n111~/1 t/11' i11trr~rctim1 of /hf pln11rs r'. (i + 1',
    f\o\\!PlE f111.i 1/w,·,p1i111r11 ,, n ' · ~, •
    -;. (2 i - i + k) 3 m,,i pa,sms t/Jrrug/11hr ,,oint (2, l, - 2).
    sou'TI(>N T11e pquation t'lf a plane through the intersection
    •
    ~ ~
    .1.. k) =3
    .
    I~
    ,..,., +"/\"
    Fendt:

    m
    Jr'-tr'+31-k}-S]+1,[1 (2i-j+k)-3l =0 -4-0
    Theeq

    o
    -; 1(1 + 2 A)~+ (3 · ,,)/ .,-(-1 + A)k]-5- 3 >.. = 0

    .c
    1' A A
    r 1 - :,
    If plane in \il passes through (2, 1, -2), then the vector 2 i + j - 2k should satisfy it.

    du
    ~ r.. A A A /\
    r 2-
    {2r• j -2k)•[(1 + 2i..)i+(3-:>,,,)j+(- l +A)k) -(5+31,,} = 0 or
    ⇒ =0

    oe
    '.!{l-'-2t)+1(3-,,)-2(- 1 + >..} - (5 +3A) Ii plai,e
    = -2.t.+2 = 0 ⇒ 1 "= ➔ /\ I\ I\
    ch 1 1,:,

    Putting i,,, = 1 in (i), we get the requireci<.-quation of the p lane as r · ( 3 i + 2 i + Ok} =8.
    ~ " 'LE Fmd the equation of the plane containing the line of intersection of t11f Pim 2 !
    te

    x -y+:- 6 =0and2x-;, 3y + 4z+S = Dandpassing through the point (1, J, 1).


    sou.:TJON The equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the givenpllnes' Puttwg ..
    m

    (x + y +z -6}-,. A.(2x + 3y + 4z +5) : 0


    fro

    If (i) passes through (1, 1, 1), then


    3 - 14;.. = 0 ⇒ "= 3/14
    Putting I. = ~ in (i), we obtain the equation of the required p lane as !.T
    d

    1
    de

    3
    (x ➔ (2x + 3y + 4z + 5} = 0 or, 20x + 23y t- 26z -69 = 0.
    Y + z - 6) · 2.t
    14
    FiJtd _lhe direction ratios of the normal to tlie pln 11 e pnssiuK through t!rr 1vmt (1 I 31
    oa

    MP
    .he line of mlersechm, of tl1e plane, x + 2y + z = 3 a11d 2 x -y -z =5.
    SOL~'TIO!II 1he equatio11 of the plane passing through the line o f intersection of th( pl,!ll<'
    nl

    :r ~ 2~ + z =3 and 2x -y -z -5 is given by
    (x + 2y + z - 3) · i,(2:r-y-z 5) = O
    w

    =- r i 2 ,. 1J + y (2 - i-) + z {l - ),) - 3 5 i. = o
    do

    It pa~set> thr<,ur,h (2, 1, 3), Lhe11


    2 (2 1 + 1) + r2 - ,.) ➔ 3 (1 i-) - 3 5A ()
    4 I 2+2 ~+3 3A 1. "'·
    ., - u ~ .., s ). ll
    -I

    '-h.kh, h th,• n"lm "


    fl
    (2 I

    111 ,,1, ,,~,,\ "'•" ll> ,,,, '''•""' l\ I \~ ( \) "" l llo:-. l lw <'<jt
    I I 211 t i I ll,111,/ ·~ " ' ,, I
    11 11-.,, uo "-CI J;T E'l:I ""'1 r' C\' I t- -lk)
    28.37
    N The equation of a plane throu h
    • z _ 4 = 0 and 2x + Y -z + 5 = o is
    ?1/ + 1
    ,01.lfflO g the Line of intersection of the planes
    i t · , (x + 2y+3z-4)+)..(2.\+y-z+S) = 0

    x(1 ... 2 A) + y (2 + }.) + z (3 - >..) - 4 + 5 "- a, ()

    '\ j, perpendicu.\a r to the plane Sx + 3y + 6z + 8 = 0, then ... (i)


    Ill • 5 (1 + 2 >..) + 3 (2 + A) + 6 ( 3 - ;\.) = O .
    7 'A.+29 = 0 ⇒ A "' -29/7 [Using: a1 112 +b1b2 +c1,2 OJ
    %!ting "/. " - 29/ 7 in (i), we obtain the equation of the required plane as
    -5lx-15y+50z-173 = 0 or, 51x+l5y-SOz +173 = o.

    [\.A~ll'lf s Find 1/Je equation of flze plane throug/1 the line of i11tersection of 1. (2 i 3 j + 4k) = 1
    f\'\ ➔ /\/\/\

    m
    ;•id t(i -j) + 4 =Oandperpendiculnrto r •(2 i- j + k) + 8 =0. r, ~, , J
    2

    o
    :iOlLiIOl\ ll1e equation of any pla ne through the Line of intersection of the given planes is
    " ,, /\ ➔/\/\

    .c
    (7. (2 i - 3 j + 4k) -1] + 11, [ r · ( i - j) + 4] = 0

    du
    /\ A /\
    ,,:, ,:. [(2 + }.) i - ( 3 + 11.) j + 4 k] =1 - 4 1,
    ... (i)

    oe
    ➔ A A A
    Jf plane (i) is perpendicular to ,. · (2 i - j + k) + 8 = 0 , then
    A /\ A /\/\I\
    ch
    [(2 + A) i - (3 + 11,) j + 4 k] · (2 i - j+ k) = 0
    2(2 + )..) + (3 + ;\.) + 4 = ⇒ 3 ;.. + 11 =0 ⇒ J.., = - 11
    te
    0
    3
    11
    Putting 11. = _ in (i), we obtain the equation of the required plane as
    m

    ➔r•{r( 23- 11)0 ( 11)" 4,k} = l+~or


    ,1-(-5i,+2j+'12k)=47.
    /\ /\
    fro

    - 1 - 3- - J+ 3
    3 3
    l . assin through the intersection of the planes
    d

    D.A\IPL " Find lhe equat1.0n of llte plan:, ~cdiciJnr to the plane x + 2y - 3z 6 "'. 0. T

    2x-3y+,-4=0 andx-y+ z + l=Oand p P


    de

    ,.· n of the p lanes x -v+z+l=O and


    SOLL'lIO:-,r- The equation o f a p 1an e, the intersec,JO ·
    2.t-3y+z - 4=0 is
    oa

    (2x - 3y + z - 4) + 11.(x - Y + z + l) = 0= ... (i)


    0
    or, x (2 .,_ ].) - y ( 3 + A) + z (1 + ,-) - 4 ~ J.., 6 = O.
    nl

    " US ·iS perpendicular to the plane x ➔ 2y - 3z+


    "'-· fU~tn.,:al
    o a~ +b-il•2 +•·1c:: =OJ
    w

    : l (2 T i .) - 2 ( 3 + ].) - 3 (J + t>.) = O ,,, o ~ J.. = ~


    do

    ::;, 2">'7. - 6-211.-3-3).., = O ==> - 4 '-- 7 4

    PUtting ;, = _ ~ m· (i) we obtain • ., , ll


    ( 47 \7) ( , ( z. \) -
    4 - 7 = () Df1 'r 5y ,>! _, ,
    X2) 3--+z l -4 4
    1 - 4 -y 4 I •. llt1,ms:h ti,, mll'I'•• l1 •11 ,'/ /ht-
    wn·!Ch ·IS the ·
    required equation°
    f 1he p lane. · I!/ t/11' I' 1111' ' '
    . Vfc/OI eq1111/,om•, /t,lutll< /1,•llf t/,,.,,,,~111
    as well as
    J(i\
    \JP[ I 7
    •
    Find the cartes//111 , ~
    4
    k) o 111/111'11 1111•,'11 1111
    ,1 r111, 1
    " ' t t. 1 t \I \ll'l -\H I
    P/ane -~ " ,. - ' (3 I I ◄ 'II' ' I11 , ,
    s r-(2i +6j) +12 =0nnd r. I , , ,., ,.• llt 1 ,,;), l:!•Ll
    11111
    , lnl•••·,ed ioll"1 I1" t
    gh thl
    SOL 1a11cs throu
    lrrlON The equation of the P
    •J\d--> A A A
    r·(3i-j ➔ 4 k) = Ois
    28.38

    ,\ ' ► I. I\
    / I I A) I () ill', , l( , I 1)) I I (I'
    I I I('
    ltJ 1111N"
    " ,J '
    J.f' ll/ (l 2111
    /l , 2i.)~
    11 r ,11 th,11 tli
    l\.'C
    11 I g. I1 • 21.)
    I + 21
    ... u1ur,n~ th••
    ""'
    I pI fll•
    ,

    o m
    F nd the c,

    .c
    1 I. 2J
    l. F,nd the e

    du
    ; 2 'J
    =>

    oe
    3 Find the
    Putting the values of/, in (i), we obtain 2.x 7
    ➔ /\/\A
    ch
    > ~0/\
    r · (8 i + 4 j + 8k) = 12 = 0 and r •(- 4 , ~- 8 J - 8k) ·I• J2 = ()
    as the equations of the required planes.
    te

    These equations can also be writte,1 as


    ➔ l\l\1-, -)/\Al\
    m

    r.(2i+/+2i)+3= 0 and ,·. (- i+2j - 2k) ~3 = 0 ~.T V


    F"md
    fro

    j LEVEL-2 I 3::
    6::
    EXAMPLE 8 The plane Ix+ my = 0 is rotated through an angle a about its li1w%Ji1lmi:dw,, •*
    planez = 0. Pr01.,ethat the equation ofthe plane in its new position is lx +my± ( ✓i2 -r ,,? tJn ui: '
    d

    y : • "\:
    de

    Find t.'-c '"


    = Ois of any plane passing through the Hne of inter~l'ction ,,/ th~ p:,,,,
    sot+my
    Ix UTI0:-1 The equation
    - Oandz mh: r-.;:'"~,,n
    Ix +my+ AZ = 0 1 :?. 'l
    oa

    9 Find thec-q
    It is given that the angle between the plane Ix+ my = () nnd the p l,1ne (i) is u. "hi,hront
    ,2 + ,,,2 + O ,.
    nl

    cosa. = ~~~ - F .-t th..- C

    vi2 -rnr2 JP ... ,n2 1 ,.2


    w

    ~ l
    r
    do

    ,2 +m2 _
    coso = I
    ~ ,2 + 1112 ;,.2
    ll Find tlw
    .!l ♦ ':,
    2
    U + nl "- it/ c-os 2 ,,. 12 1 11/ .11. ::. , ..
    l' hnd th,• ,.
    \

    =
    i .2 cos 2 ,,.

    I, i
    ri
    \// i
    ( I2 1
    m
    2
    m 2 ) , in 2
    l,111 '1
    u
    .
    r \I\/
    \
    I ,\ I
    '
    Substituting th<' v,1lu<• ,,Ji, in (I}, w,· l',••I
    Ix 1 my i (/t 2
    1111
    2
    t,111 11) 0,1h 11 11• 1·1•111,11,•d "'fll,ltft1
    11
    ,,r th,• pl.111t'
    EXAMPLF. ~ 7 1e p a111• x 2 y
    1 I
    • ,,, I J ,.
    · 111/111,•,I ll111111xlr ,1 1tgitl ""S"' .,t,,,
    1 tit, I111, 11/ 111/t
    witf1 the plan/' 2x 3y 4z 5 (l,//11,I //11• 1·,11111/w,1 o/ 11,,, 11/1111, "' cl• , , 11,,,.,1,,,,,
    11 11 1
    'f
    ,.;E pt.A NE

    -no.'< The equation of any plane thr 2a.a


    ·'1LL" 5 0 15
    . 0Ugh the .
    "' •u - -!: - = 9
    ~
    tntersection of th
    :t- J_ (x- 2¥-'- 3z) },(2x + 3y- 4z-S) = 0 epJanesx . 2y + 3z =Oand
    •• (l - 21.)x -1- (3/. - 2)y + (3-4Jc)z -S)c =
    ,._ •\·en that the angle between the pla . 0
    1•1:gJ nesx-2y +3 n
    . (1 - 2,.) x 1 - 2 x (3). - 2) + ( 3 ·- 4Jc) x 3 "' 0 z = Dand the plane (i) is a right .J.. i
    - .,. - 6'r• +,-"-
    1.,. ~1. ., . 9 - 12·I,= 0 ==!> 16),: ]4 ange.
    ~.h5(ituting the value of}. in (i), we obfaiu ::::) ), "' 7 !fl.
    ;:.-- 22 X + 5Y - 4z - 35
    ::11? plane. = Oas the reqwred equation of

    - -- - - - - - - f [~L:=:E::: V:=
    EL::::-::::]: ; - - - - -- .EXERC/SE2B.8
    1

    m
    1. find the equation of theplan,e which is parallel to 2x _ _ .

    o
    (1, - 1. 2). 3Y + z -0 and which passes through

    .c
    ; fmd the equation of the plane through (3, 4, _ 1) which is pa:raJJel t f:h

    du
    ,. ,.. .l.5k).,_ 2 = 0.
    :',(1i-3j o epane 1

    oe
    1. Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes
    2.r-7v+ 4:::- 3 =0, 3x - Sy+ 4z + 11 =0 and the point (-2, 1, 3).
    ch
    I\ I\ I\
    ; Find the equation of the plane through the point 2 'i + j - k and passing through the line of
    ➔ ➔
    te
    I\ I\ I\ 1\ ~ j\
    intersection of the planes r · ( i + 3 j-k) =0 and r ·(j + 2k) = 0.
    ; Find the equation of the plane passing through the line intersection of the planes o!
    m

    2.r - y =-0 and 3z -y =0 and perpendicular to thep1ane4-l°+,:,y- 3z =R


    fro

    6.. E.ad the equation of the plane which contains fhe line qf 1nters~tion of the planes
    :-2y-3z -4=0 and 2x+y - z -r, 5 · -- Q and w hich is perpendicular to the plane
    [NCERTEXEMPl:\.RI
    ~x - 3y - 6z-"- 8 = 0.
    d

    h the line of intersection of the plan.-s


    • Find the equation of the plane throug . thr ugh the ori<>in. [CBSf 2020]
    de

    ~
    x_- LY - 3z + 4 =Oan ~ - Y_+ z
    d + 3 -Oandpassmg o o· . .
    - ct form) of the p lane conta.inini;_ th\" hnc> ~•t
    i . Find the vector equation (m scalar prod~ d x -y+ 3z-l; o and pasS1I1g thro11gh
    oa

    i.'ltersection of the planes x- 3y + 2z - 5 - 0 an 2


    " 11' - 2, 3). . . r endicular to the plane 5x + ,1y. + 6::. • •S-OJnd ' l'l
    nl

    ~- Find the equation of the plane which 15 pe P Janes x + 2y + 3z 4 - U, 2t T .~ • • "'

    i-.·ltich rontains the line of intersection of the P th , line of intersection ot the punc
    w

    1 . • 1 e through ~ ,-
    .. Find the equation of the P an . ·t listance from tht> or •sm
    do

    7 (1':_-3,)+6=0and
    '. ➔r·( 3i-j-4k)"'O,w
    A " 1,·ch r· at a urn ,
    t , [CllSl~tlhl.!tll.\.!~OJ
    . th· pl.uw,
    , h tht> intrrsect11>u " 1 : 4 ll
    . Jane passing throl 7cular to th<' pt,uw
    11 find the equation of the P 3 =Oand perptmd _ t>l int,'l-'•',·h<>11 ,,1 1h,' !''-111<'•
    I/ - 'I
    2x
    ~ d
    3y - z + 1 = 0 an .x +
    y-2z-
    !2, Find the equation of the plane " "
    •-- tfwln11'
    that contain,
    ,;
    .
    ,.,,d wJmh l'f "I
    , . ,,,,,.1,.1.r.u· h• th, rl,111-•
    0
    -, 1 A 1 • (2i + j k) +, >(I l l •01 1 ~,lt•l ,, 1RTj
    r.li+2j-,-3k)-4=0andr 1111-.1~ 1,,,, ,,1th,•"'""''
    .... , ,
    r.(Si.,.3j-6k)+8=0.
    ,. , .,,1fh il" '
    111
    ,po~,;j11J!,
    I lh'1-..t
    '
    r
    )
    ·n
    1
    " \

    J(ll,t 'tl l ~, N IK
    13 F· . of th<' I ' l"'"'l ( I LI
    . ind the v._>ctor equation " pl,UH
    t, r,,,,,JI" • ·• ·•"t"'" "' ti ,,• n1Jl1L'>
    r
    -; c't~1+kJ=6an
    " '. " d 7.c2i" + 3/ ➔ 4A) .. _ ,
    p,,s,1flJ!, 11 11,n•r.J1~l''"' Ill\
    1u1.,. w,11
    11
    14. Find the equation of ~e yian~ = 9 and 11,e pvinl (-, ,
    -, " " " •7 . 5 j + '3k)
    r-(2i+ j + 3k) =7, r (2t+
    m o
    If

    .c
    , 'X.

    du
    ,,
    oe
    I
    ,,.. 1
    :it
    ,,,l,/ ~
    ch
    ,, ,,,,
    ,
    ~
    te

    ,,, ,.,
    ,, t
    ,

    -
    m

    " ~- "'1;: ,.,,


    *
    fro

    ,
    ,, t:
    d

    ,
    de

    , f
    ~ ,,
    oa

    ,.
    ~-,
    nl

    ,
    w

    I I
    ,
    do

    "A, /.) I
    It i:, perpendicular to the plane x -y +;: = O. 28.41

    /2i.+1)Yl-(3i.•l)x(-1)+( 4 ' )
    .. ,,.~l(l)=O ⇒
    2>,+ 1-3).. - J +4l+ l ll ~ >..-- I
    potlin&'· :: - 1 m
    . (")
    1, we obtain x -.:: + 2
    3 = 0 as the equation 0 r th , 3
    ➔ "' /\ e required pl,1nc ,u,d u~
    ve-tor equation is r · (i - k) - 2 = O.
    ,·. Jhe equation of the plane passing through .
    .., , , f', the mte.rsection f ti _, " " "
    and r. (2 t + 3 j - 4k) =- 5 is o ,e planes r. (i I j f k) b
    ➔ /t-1 ➔ /\
    lr •(i + j +k)-6]-l[r •{2i + 3} + 4 k)+S] = 0
    7-{ i j + (1 + 4'-.) k} + SJ..- 6 = 0

    m
    or, (1 T 2i,) + (1 + 3i..)
    ... (i)

    o
    It passe~ through the point (1' ] 1 1) whose pos1·tion vector is "i + "· + "k s ➔ ", ". k,._

    .c
    ,atisfies equation (i). 1 · o, r = 1 + J +

    du
    · (/ / + k) {(l + 2?,.) i + (1 + 3)-) j + (1 + 4;1..) k}+ 5A-6 = O
    =· I + 2i. + 1 + 3i,,. + 1 + 4i, + 51.- 6 =0⇒ 141. =3 ⇒ A =~
    oe
    ch
    14
    3.. . . ➔ A /\ /\
    Putting 1. = m (1), we ob tam r · (20 i + 23 j + 26k) = 69 as the equation of the desired
    te
    14
    plane.
    m

    28.n DISTANCE OF A POINT FROM A PLAN E


    ln thb !>eCllon, we shall find the perpendicular distance of a poinf from a plane in both cartesian
    fro

    and I ector forms.


    '8.11.1 VECTOR FORM ➔
    d

    TKEOREM 1 Prove /hat the length of the perpendicular from a point luiving position vector a to the
    de

    ➔ ➔
    .,,,i1'1fr,
    .,...11 =d is p
    la-n-dl
    '------.
    oa

    1n'1
    1· Le . d p (- >) be the gi·ven point. Le t PM be the length of the
    nl

    ' t 1t be the given plane an a ·


    . . , PM asses through p (;) and is pMalle l to the
    ~nd1cular from p on the plane it. Smee line
    w

    P .
    , ..., t quation of line PM ,s
    do

    llctor n which is normal to the plane it. So, vec ore ...(i)
    ➔ ➔ -)
    T -a +A.11,
    1vliere; is a , . pla1'e Therefore, for point /vi, 11'<'
    Cl • sea1ar. , (")1 and the g1ve11 ·
    ll\ early, point Mis the intersection o f line
    ~~ --> --> , ;t in lhc ~qualion ll( tht> pl,m<' I
    . 'g I' = 11 + r.
    -1 ➔ , On subst1Jul:!l'I -
    ( a+t-11J-11=d [

    ~ ""'➔ --+--->
    a-11+1. 11 -n=d
    ➔ ➔
    d-(a__
    ~- = _...;... · 11) :::::>
    t ➔
    II • rt
    n
    . )
    )

    Now, I' V of M P V "t f'

    f'M
    f) ( "• '
    n) , (1•
    II
    n
    .,,
    nil n
    • 1
    . l

    m
    n • z

    o
    Id

    .c
    l'M

    du
    (; ,;, tt•

    oe
    PM
    I ,r '
    ..
    ch
    ((I
    '
    n) d
    PM
    I n•
    te

    ;,os.
    m

    Thu~, the hmgth of the pC1per,(11wfar fr,,-:( ;,, f,(;'" :11.1,1:7,


    -. --, l(J,nJ d
    fro

    r • n .. d1SgTVenby
    I n'1
    d

    ~ 11.2 U-:f!TE.OA•I FORM


    de

    THE:OAEM 2 Ptff(.lf lhtit fhl Jm7.th ef tht. perpmdktt/td fr'>'!' 1 P,, I' Y '.t
    ax + t,y + cz + d () fa ?,iven by
    oa

    p .. I ":i /J,J1 .,. czi t1 t


    ,? +b2 c2
    nl

    1..et M bcthr• f, >'>t <,f tr,,. y<•r1,l'f,t: 1 , fat fr1m1 ('( :t,, w
    w

    rx , "' )
    1
    Clearly,Ji,,,. PM P""'",<, tr,r,,.,yj the i:,r,1r, ti' (;t , VJ ,z 1;,rt!
    do

    ratiO!I a,,.. pfl)p,,rtitmal t<, a, h, ,. r ht, ,NJUn tty, tile eq--ra


    X I. 'If !/, Z Z
    (1 r. f;
    llwn,,wiin;,t,'!>,,( ar,y ,,,,,,., r,r th l,near1•l:i, ru, r,
    1
    J•f I I( I
    28,43

    ,,,(ti)

    [from {JlJJ

    m
    n
    0

    o
    .c
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

    du
    [ LEVEL-1 j
    · • ~ ~ 0 I\ ➔ I\
    f\.,,_,w, E 1
    oe
    I'- A
    Find the distance of the point 2 i +; -kjrom the plane r. (i -2j -4kJ = 9

    5:iu;TJON We know that the perpendicular distance of a point P with position vector -,
    a .::com
    ch
    ➔ ➔
    ➔ ➔
    the plane r • n =d is given by p I n -d j
    = -a--- ~-
    te

    I n'J
    ➔ ➔
    m

    I\ I\ I\ I\ A A • ddis . . '
    ) Here, a =2i+ j -k, n =i - 2 j + 4k and d =9. So, reqwre tancep1S given oy
    I
    fro

    AAA/\/\/\
    I(2 i + j - k) · (i - 2 j + 4k) - 9 I _ /2 - 2 - 4 - 9 =~
    p= .JI +4+16 - .fif ..fif
    d

    '-XAM.Ptf ~ Find the distance of the point (2, 1, 0) [r0 m llie plane 2x - ~~~~:;'~Int ..z .. d-
    de

    SO!.L'I!o~ We know that the distance of thepomt (x1, Y1, z1) from P
    is given by I 4X1 + byl + cz1 + d I .
    oa

    ✓a2 +b2 + c2
    J2
    nl

    So 1 . . J2x 2 + J + 2 x0+Sj=l0.
    , eqlllred distance = 2
    2 3
    +12 + 2
    w

    Prove that ifa plane has the intercepts. ti, b' cnnd is at ,1 ,ii,t,mc;,c punt, o
    do

    lPL, :,
    tke.,1 1 1 1
    ;2 + b2 + 2 =2 ·
    ,;,-. c P · intercept,;
    """L'Tio!{ The equation of the p lane ha vmg
    Q, band con the coordinate axes is

    X U z
    -+ll.+ 1
    [t· a b c ol /' 111111 1,.1111 \
    ~s &i_ven that this plane h al a ,fo,l,,m·•
    Ortgin. -
    =p
    lg l/8 I
    I\ I\ I\

    FX.\~ll'l E 4 Show that t/Je points i-l\J,+3k and 3(i+j+k) Ill'<' eq11idista111 from !Ir,
    ~~,
    __, ~ ·~ ~ · ·a
    _ o,md fie on opposite s1 es 01,f'/
    1• ll\/CF,Rf IIXf,,
    • • ••PlAR
    r-{51+2J-7k)+9- h ndiculardistanceofaplanefromapoint "'eh
    SOLUTlON lising the formula fort e perpe . ' .,,~
    /\ I\ /\
    ! P(i-j+3k)

    m
    ;. .j. 7:

    20 - 12 ).

    o
    20 - 12 i.

    .c
    20-12 ;I.

    du
    ~
    1 1

    iQ(3'r+ 3j +3k
    '-f'•LE- Find

    oe
    Fig. 28.22
    ~ - : 1,2), 8(5, 2
    souJTION The e
    ch
    '" " " " " 7k)+91
    _.(i-j+3k)-(5i+2j- " I jS-2 - 2l + 9j =-r-ro
    9 a(x -3)-
    PM -I ../25+ 4+ 4.9 Its "7s
    te

    /\A/\_/\/\ /\ I I
    =~
    m

    (3i+3J+3k) •(5i +2 j-7k)+9 j 15~- 6-21 + 9


    and, QM ...;25 + 4 + 49 I .fts ..ff8
    fro

    Clearly, PM =QM. .. . · tufl'Q,


    So,P andQI\areequidistant frorn the given plane. The position vecto.r of M, the mJd polll
    d

    ,. I\
    is2i + j+3k.
    de

    We observe that
    oa

    A/'.l\f\A/'\

    (2i+ j+ 3k),(5i +2j-7k) + 9 = 10+2 - 21 + 9 = 0


    So, M lies on the given plane.
    nl

    Hence, P and Qare equidistant from the given plane and lie on opposite side of ii.
    w

    i;X ,MP! E ; Find the equations of the planes parallel tn the plnne x - 2y + 2z - 3 ~ 0 wineI1,,
    ·~ ·It 1l '1'h•
    distance from the point (1, 2, 3).
    do

    SOLUTION The equation of a plane parallel to the plane x - 2y 1- 2z- 3 = 0 is (1


    X -2y + 2z + A. = 0

    Distance of plane (i) from point (1, 2, 3) is given by

    But, this distance is given to be wtily.


    I A.+ 3 I = 3 =:, A,+ 3 -= ± 3 -=:> A • 0 01·, A, I,
    Putting the values of"- in (i), we obtain x 2y, 2z o ,1nt1 ,\'
    of the required planes. "'),V I 2.:. (1
    28.45
    tEO ~f the points (1, 1, i,) ,111.t (- 3 0 l)
    , \~If h ' ~
    : J i - 12k) + l.:> = O,fi1ul llz,, t>aluc of'A,.
    '' ' bt• r,111id/,t1111t from
    Ille r1!11111•
    >,{31 ~ • • .
    ...t t.:11ON
    l
    It is given that the points ( t I 1 I >) \,ll'd ( I

    "'9
    1,
    ~..... r\ /\
    , .~ .,_ j -12k)+13=0. :, , O' l) <It(' <'tJtliil ist,101 from the pl,1 ,,..
    r \-' I 4
    e I(i., ➔ .,i + 1..k)·(31
    ' >+ 4,1-: - 12k) +B _ ( 3".- o0 /\ /\ " "
    , /9 + 16 + 144 - -=-'--:_]_ + k)•( 3i + 4 j - l2k) ~ 1'.l
    .j9+t6 ; 144
    3 ... -1-12>..+13 = l- 9 + 0-12+~1
    13 I 13 l

    m
    po - 12 Al = 8

    o
    20- 12 i, = ± 8

    .c
    du
    20 -1 2 A. =8 or, 20 - 12 I, = - 8 ⇒ 12)... = 12 or, 12 i, = 28 ⇒ ,, = 1 or ,. = ?..3
    ~ . '

    oe
    t:1.-1.\fl, E" Find the distance between. the point P (6, 5, 9)and the plane determined by the points
    A1 3, -1, 2), B (5, 2, 4) and C (- 1, - 1, 6). IN CERT, CBSF 201 1J, 2r·.
    'JL\.TI01' Th e equation of a plane passing through A (3, -1, 2) is
    ch
    a (x - 3) + b (y + 1) + c (z - 2) = 0 ... (i)
    te
    ABx,ic
    m
    fro
    d
    de
    oa

    Fig.2 ,
    nl

    U . plane pas.~s th.rough B (5, 2, 4) and C (- 1' -1, 6), Then,


    'this
    w

    2a+ 3b +2c = 0
    do

    and, - 4a + Ob + -1c = 0
    C,ingcrass-multiplication, we obtain t 11', , • .u.
    a b c a - ~ - ~ = t, (s11y) -c> a ~ 3:1., '
    12 = - 16 = 12 or, 3 - - 4 - :3 . 1(X ;1) 4(1/I 1) 1,I ( .!l ll,,r
    Substi . CJ we obt11 1n 1 /\ II ,ml I
    l tunng the values of a, b, c m 1 'mie ,as,;in~ t II mut,: \ ' '
    4
    x - y + 3z = 19 as the equation of till' pl, 1 . hy
    Th . . . J Oi~ glvm1
    edistance of p ( 6, 5, 9) from this P an
    l1s-20+ 27 - 191 _ !!
    P =1---
    /9+16+9-=-1I - ~•
    /34
    h'<lllll'lnll• 1
    I , ,t.,m l'·'"'"!l thi.>ui;h tlw
    ~1 I 'i d ulardriw,n ) Al'" m11,11,,I tu tlw pl.mi•
    ~ LetD be the foot of the perpen icd d'stanc••,CJ(',,rlY11 1
    Poiiv- . e- •ire 1
    ••A, Band C. Then, PD 1s the r •1-
    ►
    28.46

    ~ on Atll x
    PD = Projection of Al-' AC= AP·(AB X AC)

    IAB xAC I
    I\
    j "j "k I A A A ~A,\11,
    Now, Afl X AC= 2 3 2 =12 i - 16 j ... 12k and, A =3 i + 6 j + 7k
    -4 0 4
    '' /\Al\')~/\

    I I
    AP-(AB x AC)=(3i +6j ..... 7k)•(l21 -16/ + 12k) =36-96+ 84 "24
    ,, II ::::> 'i
    '
    I '.
    and, IAB x ACI = .1144 + 256 + 144 = ✓544 = 4 ./34
    l
    ~ a2
    II ,·i: I
    'I

    PD= 2:_ = _6_ :...+

    m
    i,.
    1,,11 4✓ 34 ./34 ,::;) (12
    .u,, HXAM l'LE 8 find U!e equation of a plane passing through the point P (6, 5, 9) and parallel lo the pl.iii

    o
    '"", •' deten11i11ed by the pomts A(3, - 1, 2), B(S, 2, 4) and C(-1, -1, 6). Also, find tlie distance of tlus 1, £X,,ivtr Lt 10

    .c
    . A.
    from //,e po111t ICBSE201s1
    ~4 coordinate ax
    2 - 2
    + !J +4

    du
    X.
    SOLUTION A vector ,~ normal to the plane determined by the points A (3, - 1, 2), 8(5, 2, 4)ai\i
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    501.,UTIO~ ~

    oe
    C( l, 1, 6) is given by 11 =AB>< AC.
    We have,
    ;+ ~
    where a, b, c a
    ch
    ➔ A A /\ 4 A /\ A
    AB=2i+ 3j ➔ 2k ,111dAC =-4i+0j+4k This meets X
    Let(o. 1 p, y) b1
    te

    ➔ ➔ ➔
    "i "j "k I\ Ct =
    II ABxAC = 2 3 2 =12i 16 j~12k " I\
    m

    The plane (i)


    4 0 4
    3p=Le
    fro

    -4 A /\ /\
    Clearly, 11 - 12 i-16 j + 12k is also normal to the plane passing lhrough P(6, 5, 9) andparaIJElro
    3p=
    d

    the plane determined by point A, Band C. So, its equation is


    de

    ➔) -+-+ --) /\ /\ A
    r • 11 = a• 11 , where a = 6 i + 5 j + 9 k
    ➔ /\AA A/\AAAA
    oa

    or, r ·(12 i-16 j+ 12k) =(12 i-16 j + 12k) •(6 i +5 j+ 9k) 3p


    ➔ A /\ /\
    or, r•(12i-16j+l2k)=72-80+108
    nl

    ➔ /\ I\ "-
    1
    w

    or, r•(3i-4j+ 3k) =25 ""' 9 p2


    The cartesian equation of thls plane is 3x -4y + 3z =25.
    do

    The distanced of thls plane from the A ( 3, -1, 2) is given by roint t"rorn ("')
    ll, we
    d=13x3-4x-1+3x2-25 = 6 a =
    Substituting
    .J9+16+9 .['JJ
    , - -- - 1

    -
    I LEVEL:z] d·s1a1:<1·'
    " ~.t. 9 p2
    ElCAMPI. E9 T1m systems of rectangular ax.es have the same origin. Ifa plane crits /heffl at 1 ~ l
    c and a', b', c' respectively, pro11e that L~~I p2
    1 EX6MP ·
    +-
    1
    2
    1
    2 +2 + 2
    +-
    2
    1 1
    [NCERT =21 lience, the lo
    a b c rt b' c• xesaie
    1
    SOLlITION Ille equa tion of the plane with reference to two systems of rectangular a ..(i)
    .:!:+I+~= l
    a l1 c
    ~f~e pl,ANE
    28.47
    X ..,..ll+ ~ =1
    8l'd, 7i 11' c'
    . ·ven that the two systems of rectan
    !ti5 S~eS (i) and (ii) from the origfo o ar~ular axes have th~~
    cfP13 same. Thatl; amennginO.Thereforc
    ~-~ ... 0_ 1 o.,.o+o
    a b c = d b' • -l
    r!_ ... 1_ + _! -1 1 c 1
    \ / . b2 c2 \ d2 - b'2 - c'2
    1 1
    --====-==7"".';'~~==-
    1_..,1 +1- 1 __ 1~1
    ~ rl b2 ,2 \ d2 - b'2 ,.i
    I 1 1 1 1 1

    m
    ,. ---+- - - +---
    a2 z,2 c2 d2 b'2 ,.2

    o
    ;x.\.\ll'L£ 10 A variable plane which remains at a canst 1 15
    ~dm.rte axs'S at A, B, C. Shtnv that the locus a~ f1ietance 3p_ from ~ origin cut t;-.e
    -

    .c
    - _2 - 2 - 2 01 centroitl of trrano-Ie ABC ,s
    = =p

    du
    i-- - y ; ...
    ;.:i;.1,TiO:\ Let the equation of the plane be

    oe
    X y Z ...{i}
    ---~- =1
    a b c
    ch
    1•!\ere a, b, c are variables.
    :}.is meets X, Y and Z axes at A (a, 0, 0), B (0, b, 0) and C (0, 0, c).
    te
    Let(a, ~,·()be the coordinates of the centroid of triangle ABC. Then,
    a-0..-0 a 0-b - 0 b 0+0 - c c ..(iI
    Ci= 3 =3, 13 - 3 -3,'f 3 3
    m

    7he plane Ii) 15 at a dis.t ance 3p from the origm.


    fro

    3p = Length of perpendicular from (0, 0, 0) to the plane (i)


    0 0 +--1
    --'-- 0
    d

    a b c -
    3p
    de

    12r1211-2
    -b).,.~I C
    oa
    nl
    w

    ••. (iii)
    do

    1
    X V :
    --~ + = i

    .
    Thismeets
    ,,b,tbecoorc:tin,._,
    «"" a'--~
    IOld-('0
    - - at ·'I (·,1 0• 0), B (0, ', an t (;, , t) n>,;~l'elv.
    Let(a , J3, y) be the coordinates of the centroid vt t(>trahedn,n OABC. Then.
    o ... a + 0 + ,l a ,, _ 0 + 0 + l> - () = !!, , y = ~_Q_:_0~_r = :
    a = - - 4- - = ~. ,, - 4 -1 4 ~

    The plane in (i) is at a constant distance p from the origin. Therefore,

    m
    p = Length perpendicular from (0, 0, 0) to plane (i)
    e locus of
    t,-1eoce. th
    Q~ Q .. Q l

    o
    = I a I, C

    .c
    p= - ,=~;===,;=='==,;' z
    \f; ,2+l; y-(~ :2

    du
    Find the dist

    oe ,~h~: tll:7~~
    => l
    p
    1
    ~,-~
    1 1
    ch
    \ ~2 b- C I

    l 1 l 1 ll(O,r,u 3 find the disc .


    =>
    te

    Pz = a2 - b2Tc2 ...(iii)
    4. Find the equa ti
    of 2. units from
    m

    Eliminating variables a, b,c from (ii) and (iii), we obtain ,. Sho" that the
    1 1 1 1 X
    3x ~.; -1~ ..
    fro

    p2 : 16 a 2 - 16J32 T 16y2 Flg. 28.25


    o Find the equa
    unit dishn.:e
    = 16 p -2 = a 2
    - 13-2 +•r-2
    ~ Find the dist
    d

    Hence, the locus of ( a, fl, y) is 16p- 2 = x- 2 + y - 2 + z- 2. ~.


    de

    Find thedkt
    a
    E'· .' ·-,_~ ~ If variable plane at a constant distance p from the origin meets tJ,e coo"':,wl:t"'.~:
    point; A, Band C respectively. Through these pomts, planes are drawn parallel to t/rec(l()ramat, rlffi "· lfthot>F~'dud
    oa

    ~ 5 , find the\
    Shuw that tJre locus of the point af intersection is ]c_ + ~ + _l_ 1 lll. Fin.:i .;m "'Ill.~
    x2 y2 z2 = p2 ·
    nl

    3.\· - 4 v -.- 12.: =-


    SOLL'TTON Let the variable plane be~ - il + :. = 1. l t. Find tJw ..list
    w

    a b c ·\ I~ 5 -3) B (
    Itcu_tsthecoordinateaxesatA (a, 0, 0), B(O,b, 0)andC (0, o, c),m d it isatadi>ta!K<'!'ll'l)J"t!t ,' A P1-U\t' m,lk<:"S
    do

    origin_ z
    th~, Pt~ndku
    ' Fu.,d the dist,m
    "·
    P<'rpet\dku{,u·

    I. :£. 3. 3
    13

    10, 37 \' ... 20y -21


    Flg.2826
    28.49

    tet P {Cl, ~. y) be the point of intersection f ...(i)


    ,;lld rarallel to y: :x and ·l"!f·planes resp:U~!1nes through A (a, 0, 0) B(0
    th<' equations of planes passing through y. ' , I,, OJ and C (0, o, c)
    l">·pecth·el~ y:, :x and xv-planes arex "'" A~a, O, 0), B (0,b, 0) and C (O
    jheSe fhree plan~ intersect at point (a, b, ~r.-b
    and 2 = c t'eSpectiveJy,' 0, c) and paraJiel to
    a = a, ~ = l> and y "' c
    [linlinating a, b, c from (i) and (ii), we get
    ... (ii)
    a-·-' ..n- -~ + y- 2 =p- 2

    m
    Hence. the locus of P ( a , f3, y) is x - 2 ... y- 2 - 2 _
    . +z =p 2.

    o
    .c
    - - -- - -- - - - - - , r.=L'=ev
    ===e
    =:====;- - -- - - -EXERc1sE 2s.9

    du
    1 l•1 1

    :. Hnd the distance of the point 2 i - J_4 k from th.e p,ane


    , ➔ 'l 'l "

    oe
    (
    r· 3 4 / + 12k) _ 9 =o. 1 -
    /\ A A
    :. Show that the points i - j + 3k and 3 i + 3J" + 3k~ are di
    ch
    eq ui ·s tant from the plane
    -+ ,.., " I\
    r (5r-"2.j - 7k)+9=0.
    te

    l Find the distance of the point (2, 3, - 5) from the p lane x + 2y- 2z- 9 = 0.
    , Fmd the equations of the planes parallel to the p la ne.x + 2y - 2z + 8 = 0 which are at distance
    m

    of 2 units from the point (2, 1, 1).


    fro

    3 Show that the points (1, 1, 1} and (- 3, 0, l) are equidistant from the plane
    3x + 4y - 12z + 13 =0.
    t. Find the equations of the planes parallel to the p la n e x -2y + 2z- 3 = 0 and which are at a
    d

    unit distance from the point (1, 1, 1).


    de

    i. Find the distance of the point (2, 3, 5) from the xy-pJane.


    Fmd the distance of the point (3, 3, 3) from the plane,'. (Si+ 2j - 7k) + 9 = O
    oa

    S.
    A If . (l 1) fr0 ID the origin and theplane x y , z + >. -(1
    '· the product of distances of the pomt , 1,
    nl

    be 5, find the value of 'i.. . th e equidistant from the pl,ines


    lC "'-, f all points a t ar .
    w

    ' uu an equation for


    1 the set o ·
    do

    3x-4y ... 122=6and4.r+ 3z=7. ? ) and the plane determin.-d by the points
    I.J find the distance between the point (7, -, 4 (, ll.., 'll 1
    A (2, 5,- 3), B (-2, -3, 5) and (5, 3, - 3). . the coorclinate ~1(l's. Find tlw 1,•ngth ,,t
    A pl.a k . t 6 3 4 respectJvely 011
    12
    · ne ma es mtcrcep s - , , . , "')~0141
    . l ll-;1
    the perpendicular from the origin on it. I 'paq~ing throu!(h th~ p,>11\l( I •• ·""1
    13 • . 2 4) from P anc · (, I -.F 'Ill
    · Fmdthedistanceofthepoml( I, - ' d2 -2y+z l 12 O.
    2Z - 3 an ·1
    Perpendiculartothe planesx - y+ - ANSWE:RS

    --- - . 4=()o04 Zy 2Z ll II
    47
    1. - 3. 3 4. :x + 2y - 2Z .,. I) ,, I
    13 ,. ./78
    7. 5
    G. X-2y+ 22+ 2 =0, x -Zy + 2Z- 4 = O
    t1 J2•1
    99Z ,=.121
    ]1), 37x+ 20y - 21z =61, 67X - ZOY +
    26..50

    '>81 2 DISTANCE BETWE• EN T HE PARALLEL PLANES


    ~ · .._ bv .. c:: + d, , I) lw two pt1rallcl planes. In Ord
    Let ux +l,y + ,·:: + di O ,,_nd ,n. ioil '"" tlw f\,IIC'wing ,1lg0rithm. er to f'iiid.,
    di~ta.nce l>t>l \\"t-en tht!m " c rn,i' \ ••
    ALG0"' 'TH~•
    ;:.TF' l .
    T,1,1·,m.u-/,:h1ry;,,m1 l' ( -1 1, .V1 , ~~
    • ) m1
    , 011e ,,r , pl,mr<. Ml{ 1tt +I"'+,..,
    :; tlze -., -~, dl"O.
    :;::n , " Fin,i lmgtl: ,~r th,· 1, 71,·11Jic11/11r d drc1w11 from P (.t I• Yt, Z1) 011 t/ir othr, 1'14,,.t
    ,::r+l·.v +,-:-1-.i~ =O.CJ,,1rl_v, d
    1
    , _ ,n 1 +l•_v1 + C:1 +di /
    u - '\ ., ~
    \<l· ... i,- +..-- Hence, the

    _-\.$ p \-lt . Y1 ,::1) li,-s ,,,, th,· p/<111,: ,I,\ +by+ C + d1 = 0. ~ Pu

    m
    ·. .._,1 +1,y1 +c:: 1 +d1 =0~ ,1x1 +l1y1 +cz =:--d the plane 2.x
    1 1

    o
    Suh-tituh• ,1x1 + l,y1 + c-::1 =-d1 in the ,·xpr<!SS1011 for d "'
    d obtai11ed in 51,... II ,

    .c
    J, -dil . . I • ed ,,. I ~y I0 j,!t
    d - , ,1'l11cl1 g tt't'S f II' Tt\jlllTi «IS ,mce. J=
    ,a·' +i,-' +c·'

    du
    l d1 - d2I
    !Yt n1u11 tltt - formultJ d == ....,,,-="'=== ? to fiud the distance bet-<11een paralltl r/..~

    oe
    SE\ ~1'k..! • 11$<! ') ')
    -{a· +b- +c· UA."'IJ'LE,
    ..x~by - c-d1 -=Oan.t d.\'+by+ c::+ d =0.
    ch
    1
    B ~ - Inste,1J of lilkinganarbitrary-pointcm one of the p,1rallelpla.tzes, we maytakeasp,rojic~ -
    by • mluss to any hro t-~1.riables randomly and computing the third 't'ariablejo-nn the equatw• ,f-
    Efr'ing
    te
    plmii?

    .·.E\' \Rk 3 The distance l•etween pamilel planes ax+by + cz + d =0 and A (ax+by+cl ~J: =0~
    m

    0wen wd"" ld1 -d~i)..I


    1
    ' / 2 2 2
    fro

    ,a - b +c
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    d

    j LEVEL-1 j
    de

    EX.A-'lPIEl Find the distance between the parallel pla11es x +y - :: +4=0 1111,tx+y- :+ =J.
    5
    50Ltmo11: Let P (x1, Y1, ::1) be any point on x + y-z + 4 =O. Then,
    oa

    X1-Y1-z1~4=0
    let d be the distance between the given planes. Then,
    nl

    1. Findthe
    d = length of the pe_rpjdicu.lar from P (x1, Y1, zi) to ,r+ y-.::+5 =0
    w

    1 find the.,
    d = X1+Y1-z1~ = l-4+51 = l
    do

    2
    _rlan:"" _: x
    3.
    I ,l1 +l~ ~(-1) 2 /3 /3 F'md the
    1 __' , - ~v--..
    Hence, the distance betwet-n the.> gi\en parallel plane.~ is -l.. -l.
    Fit1<1 theJ·
    A.I ITT R Puttin O O· ·
    th,• c,lordin,11,-e. ,,t,I} , 1 ,tl'il
    ,,1111 •
    -
    · - gx = 'Y - m .\ + Y -z + 4 - 0, 1ve get~ ' 4.Sn l
    plane x -r y -z + 4 = 0 art> (0, 0, 4}, I.et d be thl' dist.,nce 1,.,lwwn tlw /\i\ ,•i, p[,u1,•• tncit
    d = length of the pt•rp,·ndtcular frntn (0, o, I) nn tlw pl,in,• y : -t 5 11
    1

    Jr
    E\.A'Vll'LC 2
    Find the distance betw<'<'II tire pnm/le/ plant, 2., _ y + 2: + .~ ., O,m,141·
    28.51

    3J SJ I
    6 [Usmg ll)J
    6
    . , the di~tance between the given parallel . 1
    ,!,OC"' P1anes IS _
    Putting x =O, z =0 in 2x - y + 2z + 3 = 0
    ,rn:R 6

    m
    ~ ane2x -y + 2z + 3 =0 are (0, 3, 0). Let d be ~~e~? = 3-So,thecoordinatesof a poxmon
    ~ d = Length of perpendicular from (O 3 O) thancelabetween the given pl.mes Then,

    o
    I ' '

    .c
    on e p ne4x - 2y ~Z-5= 0
    11 to get 4 x0- 2 x 3+4x0+5 1

    du
    ~ d=1 42-(-2)2+42 =6

    oe
    rile! planes E>el\lPLE3 Find the distance between the parallel planes, r •(2 i-3 j - 6k) =5 and
    ➔ l\f'\/\
    ch
    h I\

    ;,161 -9 j + 18k) -t 20 = 0.
    te
    ecific point
    ltion of the
    'OLlll'JON Let a' be the position vector ofany point Pontheplane 7 •(2i - 3j - &k) =5. Then,.
    ... I\ I\ A
    m

    a(2i- 3i+6k) = 5 ...( i)


    lli dbe the distance between the given planes. Then,
    fro

    " "
    r
    /\
    d = l..ength of the perpendicular from P ( -->)
    a to -->
    r · (6 1· - 9 l· + 18k) - '0
    - =O

    I
    /\ ": + 6k,.)] + 20 1 3 (5) + ,o
    d

    ....
    ,.. I\ I\
    o -(6i-9j + l8k) + 20
    I 3 [a.....•(2i-3J - ,= -35 =-
    5 [t;sng (i}j
    de

    => d ~ 11=;;===~~==-1- { BJ 324


    1 J 441 :n 3
    ,:62+(- 9)2 + c1 s)2 I "36+ +.
    oa

    EXERCISE 28. 10

    ... (i)
    - - - - - -- - - - - - - ; :j=L:::::::;
    EV:::' EL;=':
    •1;'7]_____ .
    nl

    L..=.-- - 3 - 4 =Dand6r-3v-'l: -.1 • =0.


    w

    l Find the distance between the parallel planes 2:r - !J -tl z oint (3, ! ,-1).ind "p,1J'.lllt!I !,.., the
    2 F through ,c P
    · ind the equation of the p lane which passes b tween till' two pl.me,
    do

    . "'''
    ""'ne 2x - 3y Sz + 7 = O. Also, m f' d the distance
    · e tlw plam•, -'
    to
    , ·, Y • • ♦ , O anJ
    )$ing (i)J '· F'1~., la rnJd-para11 e1
    '"' the equation of the P ne

    2t- 2y + z+9=0. " " 1l) ,7 o.,nJ/( 21 • 4 +i.O o.


    J es -r•- (i ♦ ZJ +, .
    1
    · p· d
    Ill thedi.~tance betwet;n the P an
    • W"RS
    ,1,.:, "

    nton t):le
    n, ----- 2. 2x - 3y -t Sz i
    4
    l I 0, J1K '
    3 2•
    ,.,
    ••
    t, ll 4 st,
    '
    A !iELFCT1!O PROBLEAI
    0 NCfll r •
    H/N f T IJi,t,u11 tnm, th,• i;1,, n
    11 1 I"' I. I 1II
    111111'• 1''I '

    , ..
    ,, 12
    28.52
    " pLANE
    rt-I"
    28.13 LINE AND A PLANE b + 2c "
    ii -
    28.13.1 UNSYMMETRICAL FORM OF A LINE . . these two ed
    5<1111111[5 (I _
    From elementaN solid geometry, we know th~t two _non-parallel planes u1tersec1 in
    line. We have seen that every first degt·ee equ~llon Ul X, ¥: z repre~ent~ a plane, therero/ "'•i~lt
    - 1- 2 -6
    s ace can be rept-e-sented by two equations of fiist deg1ec ,n_ x, y alld z. e~ 1,,,,, rder to find ii po
    u P= n1x + b1 .V + c1 ~, + dt -_ o .and v =a2 x + b2y + c2z +.dz =0 are
    r equations
    b of two non.1'!i1,;' , ]/1 0 X _ y = ,5,
    planes, then these hvo equations taken togethcr_represent a me ccausc any P<>int Qn J>ar111,1 esetwoeq
    -111- 0 tl,e h¥o planes and conversely any pomt which lies o.n two planes Will als •J.. 5olviog th
    w1 ,e n . TI . , . • I! d . .
    IJ;.

    S Q 1,,,, ,
    traight linewhkhcan bewntten as u = 0= v. 11s ,O1m 1s ca e unsyrnmetri~al form fI . n 1 ll
    For example, x-axis is the i.ntersec?on . of zx-p . Y = 0 a.n d xy-plane r.e.,
    , Ia.ne i.e., ~,
    , z,.oO,•line re<I"'red line a re ( 4
    equations of x-axis ru-e y =O=z. Sunilarly, the equations of !I andz axes are x"'o "Zand x,~
    respecti\'ely. • Hence, the equation~
    1

    m
    28.1 3.2 REDUCTION OF UNSYMMETRICAL FORM TO SYMMETRICAL FORM
    x - 11 y-l
    Let the unsvmmetrical form of a line be
    ~ ~

    o
    n1; + /,ly + c1z + d1 = 0 }

    .c
    =
    a2 x+b2y+c2z+di =0 ..,f,1 EXA\.fPLE 2Reduce 1

    du
    where a1 : 111 : cl tc- a2: b2: C2, SOLUTION Let ~e
    required line hes m bl
    To transform the equations to sym:1netrical form, we require

    oe
    l-m(-a)•rl
    (a) Direction ratios of the line, and (b) Coordinates of a point on the ijne. 5olvi.ng these two e
    (a) Let the direction ratios of the line (i) be p1·oportional toa, b, c. Then,as this line lies inbotll~, l m
    ch
    planes, it must be perpend icular to the normals to these planes. We, therefore, have -= - =
    an1 +bb1 + cc1 = 0 -ti -1
    te
    and, aa2 .. bb2 + cc2 = 0 In order to obtain th
    Soh'ing (ii) and (iii) by cross-mulliplication, we obtai.n equations to obtain
    = /,, ~ =
    m

    a /, C X
    - -- = --- So, the coordinates of
    b1c2 -b2c1 c1a2 - c2a 1 a1b2 - a b
    fro

    2 1 x-1,
    So, directionratio~ of the line (i) a.re propoTtional to -=
    il
    ~~-~~-~~-~~,~½-~~- !:\..\..'1,fPU: J Find the
    d

    (b) There a.re infiniteIy many points on the line (i) from which we have to choose a poiil F,;r ~ 3.r - 9" ~ 5:-.
    this, we put z = 0 (we may put y = 0 or x = 0) i.n the equations of the planes to obtain SOLLTno,
    de

    let the .
    41X b1y + di = 0
    T
    to "1, b1 .:1 Smee it Ii
    a2x + b2!! + d2 = 0 . ~·
    oa

    Solving these two equations, we obtain •• -11 - - - '1 1-


    __x__ ~ y =---- 2b1 -1c1
    al --r
    Soh ing th~e t.., .., eq l
    nl

    bidi -b2d1 d11J2 -"2_a1 t11/,2 - 1Jif,1


    _,1L "' ...!i_
    are(~1d2 -b2,l1
    w

    So, the coordinates of a point on line (i) 4-~ lT2


    l~tth.: •·
    do

    a1b2 - a2b1 ' 1·1 :'I \..lll'\,"\.--hon f4ltiOS


    Thus, the symmetrical form of the line (i.) is given by ' " in both th'-' p 1.uu.-s.

    x rb1d2.::::h!!.1] y-(
    a1b2 - a2b1
    ':!~L-!!2a1
    a- b - a b
    12
    J ~
    lh
    - b,,-
    a~ + 2b--. + ,·,,

    -b1c2
    -- -- ~ = 1.:~
    21
    -b2c1
    Ill
    l <'IO b
    •• the ,1ng-l<? bctw
    11'
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

    l LEVEL-1 1 ,
    EXAMPLE 1 Red11ce in symmetrical Jor111, 1/w eq11,1tio 11.~of t/J,, 11111, ,, 2:. ~, .1,· i .V 1 ~ii"",~•
    1 1
    SOLlJTION Let the direction ra tio, of tl1<> rc,Jufrf'd lint> Ill• pmpo ·1ion,,J fl> 11, i,,'
    required line lies in both the given plan~s, Wl' musl h,1v,, 1
    01..,uiE
    '.I!~'
    ~- b + 2C = 0 and
    . 311 + b + c ~ 0 28.53
    . thes<? two equations by cross-lllulti .
    ;,11-jllg n b c Plication ,.,
    I ----= == - ;;;;; - ~ a b I ·ve Oef
    0

    -)
    -2 6-1 1+3 --
    - 3
    ~ - - c
    5 - -4
    , to find a point on the required Un
    •,. i,1uel' x-Y = .,,
    -
    3x+y = 6 e, we put z~Ointhe , .
    t,,,. o given eq ti
    . these two equations, we obtain _ l J ua ons to obtain
    ;<11,1ng
    ]1 9 }
    X- -4 , Y=-'?.4 · Therefore, coordi .
    ~!Jiled line are ,- ,0 nates of a poml on the
    ( 4 4
    ~enee, the equations of the required line are
    y-(-9)

    m
    11
    x-4= _±___z-0 4x-11

    o
    -::-·3 5 - 4 or, 12 = 4y..::._~ = z-0 4x -l1 4y+9 z-0
    . , 20 4 or, - - = - = .

    .c
    3
    .\~MPI £2 Reduce m symmetrical form, the equations 1 . - 5 1

    du
    .. ,(iJ !(JLVflON Ld the direction ratios of tfa, req . d°{. he/me~= ay fb,z=cy +d.
    ~quJred !me lies in both the given planes, we m~:t ha~: be proportional to I, m, n.. Si nce the

    oe
    I t m(- a) ~ n O O and / . o ~ m ( c) + 11 = 0
    ,:/,,Ing these two equations, we obtain
    I I
    ch
    111 11 tn 11
    nbothUw n
    = t)r,
    ,1 l c ,
    'I
    te

    ... (ii) l~order to obtJh~ the coordinate~ of J point on the required line let us put y = o in the ·ven
    '")
    ...( Ill tlluahons lo obtau, g,
    m

    .\~I•, ,J
    \\the coordinates of a point on the required line are (b, 0, d), Therefore, its equations are
    fro

    x-11 11 0 z d
    =
    ~1 C
    r~uIru1 rind th,• nnglt• lx•t,wm t/1t /irr~, x-2y+2=0=x+ 2y-2z at1d x+2y+z=O
    d

    ' ,r+ 911 + Sz.


    point. E'or
    de

    :lllunoN Let the di r,..clion ro tio~ of the JiJ,e x - 2y + z = 0 and .t' + 2y - 2z = o_ be proportional
    il,11 !, c s· - 1· • b ,, the p1anes, tl,ereforc, it is pe=ndicular to therr J1ormals.
    , 1, 1 • ... tnce t 1es n, ou1
    1 .. r- ·
    oa
    nl
    w
    do
    20.1,4
    I ffjf AIH > / l'I /, 111
    ?11 I'.t 't /\NOL f ur.
    I wr r,1 /1 I ,, i.. ft ' ', ,1111,J,.,,., , ' nl !1 ' 111.¥,11 !,, w '
    'l'lw 111 1111,, 111 i w,•u 1 11 I,.,, I ,111d II 11 .,,,
    norn1.1l l<111,, , r1l,,1t,

    VlC IOUIOliM ,
    ,I 1/
    I ,,, pion,. r, ' ti / •
    mro11111t1 / •1,,,,, //111/ t//, ,111:,:/1 i, l,l'/11wn111 lmr , ,, 1./1 1w1 II
    11
    + • /_
    /J II
    ',Il l If

    o m
    .c
    II

    du
    oe
    ch !l
    te
    m
    fro

    > ,
    b· n
    d

    QJ
    de

    I If I I nl
    ,
    I!
    oa

    b.in () n.
    I > Q
    lb n'
    nl

    lh,· lin,, i'l p~rp,mdkuli,r to th,; plane, !hen it 15 pa~


    w

    C{Jndilirm of pMpmdi,1,rfaritv: If

    lht•rt·f<,ri,, b, and n, ari• raran,., r:om.i:•qu,'fltly, b.,,t _, b


    do

    n1,,m.al t<, the p)&l'II•, ti sO or


    Ylfl'li 1><'.3 J;, r i,,
    Conditum '1pPritff,,1i~m: If th,, li111• i\ par;;fJ1-J h, th,, ph,ne, thr•r, it,~ pNpmd1cular 1
    fl) lh,1 plarn·, /f11•rd,,r,,, b ,mtJ nari• l"'tfJ1·ndic11!<1r. ( ,,,, ••·qui• 11y 1,' 11 0
    11
    CARTEI.IAl4 FORM

    THf'OREM 2 l'Yf/f/t' thnt 1< f/11• llnf,flt• 11 /.,1•/w,,,,


    11
    tlw //Ill' t tJ 1/ Vt
    !'iot.1Jr10~
    !l:r ; by cz, d /J i~ 1thm1 by I Ill n
    110
    •;In fJ 11/ , IJJ,t I II l"lll,ll to the vec
    Plan,, 1 . •
    /a'l ,/ C
    1
    Ji•I , m l fl
    z ~gH·en by
    ~ I:
    S-)(11........, f~f pLA~

    earlv, the given line is parallel t tl


    V[•ctor /•► 1",
    f Cl

    I
    28.55
    jf!-- ' ➔
    A A " o ·1c " ,
    .tl to the vector It = a i .._bf -t· ck. TI1ercfort, i , ' "' I • •rk and llw givrn plan(• '
    ➔ ➔ (
    ;,>rill
    ,,,,.<'l' the " ano-Jebetween band 11 is
    2 · ~-a)
    ' f Oi~ th,, angh•h , ,
    Lli,,,e,n1he l1 11~1111d ll•r,pfane,
    ➔ --+
    -.!!...:..!!_
    cos-;;
    llt -

    ~
    9\ =
    / ➔ -4
    I 11 I I 11 I

    :::tor

    m
    Q.E.D.

    o
    .c
    _·::oii:11.011 of /k"f/Jen.dicularity: If the line j5 perpendicular to the plane, then it is parallel to ,ts
    ➔ f: ';A. -► /\/\A
    1

    du
    ,.,rma.. Therefore, = 11 -'-"1J +nkand n =ai +bj +ckareparallel.Consequenfly, wcobtdm
    1
    I m n
    - =- =
    a b c

    oe
    :."l.iition ofparallelism: If the line is parallel to the plane, then it is perpendicular to 1l, normaL
    ➔ A/\/\ ➔ /\/\A
    ch
    -;'l<!efore, b = Ii - 111 j + nk and n = a i + b j + ck are perpendicular. Consequently, we g~t
    -+ ➔
    O ::::. al + bm + en = O.
    te
    b, 11 ,.

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    m

    [i"EVEL-1 I
    fro

    'A /\./\ /\/1,/\


    ,_. _. _,IPJ.El Find the angle between the line ..., · T"'' (s' ,· ..-k) ,md the pL,ne
    · k)
    r = (i + 21-
    A
    d

    -,, I. "-

    ' 2,-j+k)-4. -, ·
    ➔ - ➔ Ab •and the plJn,•,
    de

    ' - . " • dis


    >'.1.L1Jox We know that the angle 0 betvveen the lme r - o r
    oa

    ➔ ➔ ➔ "' ;,I k"


    b "' ~1 - J~ + kand11=21- .,..
    I\
    b ._n__ Here, -+
    ~-tT,by sin e~ __
    nl

    t1 ;I 4
    w

    or
    do

    al

    , t I I/ I l ~nd th 1.111, lr
    I
    I.X,.
    •-~PLE 2 Find the angle betwee11 //W I i11e 'l 2
    , ~ ,I • 1111 tl
    ,e 1
    Vt't IOI b
    SI; I
    JJ•IWIW ,, th l\ I 1 I I\
    lUnoN The givc,n 1;,,,. is para , I "'l " ,1 l• •11
    liO ,. " ~ 'Jh••H' I' '
    I j it.• I U
    ?i::.1to the vector 7f = 2 i / '.l •
    1Sg1ven by
    rHe. p1-.AI

    f<A:,.,11'1-~
    ,x-1- ZY "'q
    is paml/e/ lo ti
    " p~~
    _,., '
    s01-tJ110~

    1 (Ji-
    ' 2 "j +mk}=14,
    " fi11dtheva I11eo1111.
    .,
    ➔ I\ I\ I\

    sou.moN The given line is parallel to the vector b =2 i + j + 2k and the given Pi.in,
    lt is give
    I\ I\ I\ ..5o1vi.ng

    m
    nonnaltothevector ,i =3i - 2j+mk.

    o
    If the line is parallel to the plane, then normal to the plane is pe1pendicular to the line i.e.;; ;
    1

    .c
    ➔ -+ A A A . A A A
    b·n=O ⇒ (2i+j+2k)·(3i-2j+ntk) =0 ⇒ 6-2 +2m = 0 ~ 111 =-2

    du
    ➔ A I\ A /\/\ I',
    EXAMT'lF.4 Slww that the line whose vectoreq11ation is r = (2 i - 2 j + 3k) + A ( i- j +4kj ispri.1'1!1 Substitu ~

    oe
    1
    i
    t.o the plane whose vector equation is 1. ( + 5 j + k) = 5. Also, find i'he distance between them.
    ch
    ICBSE 2001C, 1 y_rr:;R
    ➔ A • ➔ "
    SOLUTION The given line passes through the point having position v ector a = 2 i - 2j • !
    te
    il=3i ....
    ➔ I\ A A
    and is parallel to the vector b = i - j + 4k. 11,e given plane is normal to the veclr: normals
    m

    ➔ I\ A,/\

    n = i +5 j + k.
    fro

    ➔ -► AA AA /\/\
    Now, I, · n =( i- j + 4k) · ( i + 5 j + k) =l -5 + 4 = O
    ➔ -►
    d

    " •
    So, b perpend1cula r to n . Hence, the given line is parallel to the given plane.
    de

    The rustance behveen the line and the p arallel plane is the dfatance betvveen any poiiltOfl Li'<
    lin d . I . /\ /\
    . , ~ an th. e given pane. Smee the line passes th.rough the point-; = 2 i- 2 j + 3k. Thtm''"'
    A ..• ,
    oa

    d 1s the distance between the given line and given plane. Then,
    nl

    d = Length of perpendicular ft-om 1 = 2 '; - 2 j + 3 k to the given plane


    w

    -';/\.I\ A A/\ A
    r = 2i-2j+3k+t(i - j + 4i)
    do

    AA AAA/\
    ::::;, if= 1(2i-Zj + 3k)•(i+Sj+k) - 5 J _ l(2-l0+3)-5j 10
    viG +s2 1- 1 2 - - .J27 -- = -,;;=7
    ,r.1J

    E~AIYll:ll 5,, Find I.he vector equation of the line passitrg 1/tr()U~lt /ht' ,.,;111 ,,,it/, ,,,, ,11,vi-"
    1
    2 i - 3 j-5k ,md pl'rpendicular to the 1,tnnl' -;. (6 i J 'j 1
    Sk)
    1 2
    _'
    0
    SOLUTION 11,e niquired Jine i8 perpent.licu lnr 10 lh,• p l,llw / , (t> ';' J f f :iA\ 1 • tl. 1i,,,,,·~"'
    para 11el to the norma l II► c,;A ~ Aj i 5 A,. 'J'I
    1·t 1s
    · ,]I th<'f''
    1
    111 1
    ,.' · •· s, llw r,•quirvd line pa><s<'• il1h" 1-\
    'th .. ➔ ,. /\
    position vector a =2; _ 3 i
    w1
    So, its vector equalion is
    Sk and is p,1r,dlt>I to the- vector,! t, 5A. i Jj
    ➔ ➔ ➔ -+ /\
    r = a + i,. n or, r ==(i. ~ ,, 28.57
    • z - 3 J -Sk) - ' (6 '.' -; "
    rt£ 6 Find the equafums of the line pas . '·1 - 3J - 5k)
    tiAM d3 z- 0 smg through the poitzr (
    , 2Y"' 0 an y- - . . . . 3, 0, 1) .ind Jlllr.;:!el lo :he rL-n:."'
    r Llff!O:'lf Let the ~ection_ rat' ·~ of the reqUired line (CBSE 2012, :'\CERT EXE\fPL.\ RJ
    ~ougll (3, O, 1). So, 1ts equations are be proportional to a, b. c As ,t passes
    x-3 y-0 _ Z-1
    --;;- = T 7-
    , given that the line (i) is parallel to the planes x Oz ..•(!)
    2
    ~'.is a(l)+b(2)-'-c(_O) = 0 and a(O)+b( 3).,.c~-i}...,. O=OaTI<lO.t-.3y-== 0.
    Solving-these n:o equations by crosz-multiplication, we ob!ain

    m
    = -:-:::-:-:,,---- = C
    (2)(-1)-(0)(3) (0)(0)-(1)(-1) (1)(3)-(0)(2)

    o
    a b c . (
    = =

    .c
    _ = - = A say) 11 == - 2i. b - ' c - 3 •
    -2 l 3 ' - '-, - 1·

    du
    Substituting the values of 11, b, c in (i), we obtain th.at the equations oi :he rnqu.h-ed ~ an;
    x-3 y-0 Z-1
    = -·- =

    oe
    -2 l 3
    WO.JI
    ,IJJilili The required line passes through the point (3, 0, I) " ~ po,,;:;.;:,n ,-a."loc ..;
    ch
    A

    + 3k --+(\/\ - -
    n - 3 i +k and i~ paralld to the planes x + 2y = 0 and 311 -; =0. So, 11 s pe;per..--1.cala: to th.ar
    te
    I\ I\ I\/\
    i + 2 j and 1~ ~ 3 j - k respective!) Cons...>quentl1 , 1t <> parallel :u t.').! \ ~
    ector
    normals,~
    ➔ -+ ➔
    m

    /\/\ /\
    b = 11 1 x n2 2i + j -1 3k
    fro

    Hence, the vector equation of lhe required lme i~


    r-➔ ➔ A "' I\ A
    -+
    n + 1d1 or. -+
    r ( 3," + k) + >.. ( 2 1. + J + ,H)
    d

    1 the EXAMPLE 7 Find fire cqualicm of the p/11ne fWSSIIIX th m!'£h tl:e :_'
    1 11 3
    de

    2x+ )/-z = 3, Sx _ 3y + 4: + 9 = Oa11d 11,m1/lrl to thdin<' , . • ~


    re, i( 4
    oa
    nl
    w
    do
    28.58

    ➔r ·(
    /\
    I
    t:
    +J+
    /\k) - I} + A { 1. (2 i + ,3 j - k) + 4} = 0
    {

    t {(2 >. + 1) i + (3 /, + 1) i + (1 - A) k} I ( 4 A. -1) .,. 0 /\

    ') . Ile! to x-axis i.e. the vector i.


    I t is. given that the plane (1 IS para · /\
    }
    /\ ]
    :. i(2A+l)it-(3).+ l) j+ (1-1,)k .i=O ⇒ 2i,-tl = O⇒ J,,, =-2 _, -+
    n = A"
    D

    Putting ,. = - !. in (i), we get

    m
    2

    1-(-½ j ~ k)- 3 = 0 or, 1.(-/+ ,3k) r1ence, vector e

    o
    + =6, which is the requircdcquationofthepk,,
    -> ~> -

    .c
    1'.TI -

    E:>.AMPLE 9 Find lhe equation of the plane through the points (1, 0, -1), (312, 2) and p,1ral/e/101i e ::~ ,-; ? •

    du
    x - 1 y-1 z- 2 r , lt - l
    ="'
    -1-= -2 =-3- . I\
    , .(12 i

    oe
    ?
    SOLUTION TI1e equation of a plane passing through (1, 0, - 1) is I\
    a(x-l)+b(y-O)+c(z+1) = 0 ; (4 i
    ch
    =>
    This passes through the point (31 2, 2).
    :. a (3 - 1) + b (2 - 0) + c (2 + 1) = 0 ⇒ 2a + 2b + 3c = 0 EXA.\ll'U. 10
    te

    x- 1 K-1 z - 2
    The plane in (i) is par.allel to the line-- "' _ 2 = -
    1 3
    m

    Therefore, normal to the plane is perpendicular to the line.


    =O
    fro

    a(l) + b(- 2) + c(3)


    Solving (ii) and (jjj) by cross-multiplication, we get
    a b c
    = (1)(3)-(2)(3) = -(2)(-- -2)-(2)(1}
    - --
    d

    (2)(3)-(3)(- 2)
    de

    a b c a b ·c ,
    -=- = - ⇒ -=- = - = i,(say) ⇒ a=41.1 b = -i., c =- 21.
    12 -3 -6 4 -1 - 2
    oa

    Substituting the values of a, b, c in (i), we obtain 4x - y - 2z _ 6 = o as the required eqllati,'11


    plane. "
    ..
    nl

    P.LTi'ER The required plane passes through the point A (1, o, -1) and B ( 3, 2, 2). Ld '1 Jfld
    w

    .l
    ➔
    . . vectors of A and B respectively.
    b e th. eposJtion · Let n be the normal to the required -PI·U1e· [ •,
    h
    do

    -.. . -:-t. • . x-1 .V I


    n 1s perpendicular to Al:/ Also, the required plane 1s parallel to tl1e line · , J
    I •
    12.\.·\MPL E lt
    t-y..-:=, l(l
    %t ,11-so the.>/'•
    j !,Ql.lfrtON
    (4~· -

    I
    /l(,1, 2, 7)
    I
    Fig. 28.28
    --> • 28.59
    , orlllal yector n 1S perpendicular to th ➔
    :;a, its 11 e Vector I,1 1' ' '
    • .,.. tirie, "' -~i+3k
    - • · w 1·
    uch b par<Ille! to the
    jt'o·

    f~u,,
    . j is perpendicular to both .-IB and b1 -_1) - 2 I) ~ 3k,,., Themf .~ ·
    .i) .., ore, n 1~ parallel to tht' \ cctor
    ;\Bx bi- ,

    .•
    _,,-ct_b-->
    11 =Alix 1 =
    2 2
    j IAl
    , A
    k
    I\I

    3 = 12 1: - 3" '
    1· _ 6k
    1
    \!j)1\ 1

    1 -2 3

    }le~ce, vector eq uation of the required plane 15

    m
    1.it =1. ,t

    o
    -+ ~

    .c
    I\ /\ I\ /\ I\ /\ A
    e r. (12 i - 3 i - 6k) = (1 - k). (12 i - 3 j -6k)

    du
    ➔ I\ A /\
    r. (12i- 3j- 6k) = 18

    oe
    -l A A /\
    r.(4i -j-2k) =6 ch
    ➔
    EH\!PLC 10
    -
    Sfate when the /me r
    .
    = ➔a+ A. ➔. ➔➔
    b 1s para/le/ to the plane r. 11 = d. Show that the line
    __. t,./\ AA A ➔ /\A
    te
    ,~i 1+ )..(2i + j +4k)ispnmlleltotheplane t·(-2i +k)=S.Also,fi11dthedista11ce/Jet1oee11the
    :mranti the plane.
    m

    SOLI.ITION The line ➔ a + ), ➔


    b is parallel to the plane r · ➔
    4
    r = --> "th I h 1 .
    11 =d, ti e norma to t e p ane 1s
    fro

    ➔ ➔ ➔ I\ "': --), ~ "': I\ ➔ f': . A


    perpendicular to the line i.e., b .L 11. Here, a = i + J, b =21 + J + 4k and 11 =-21 T k
    ➔ ➔ A /\ /\ A A A Q
    d

    b, 11 = (2 i + j + 4k) . (- 21 + 0 j + k) = - 4 + 0 + 4 =
    de

    ➔ ->
    ~ b J. 11
    oa

    So, the given line is parallel to the g iven plane.


    Let d be the distance betv.reen the line a nd the plane. Then, " " ➔➔
    oint J = i + j on the pla11e r· u =,I.
    nl

    d = Le11gth of the perpendicular from the P


    w

    --> --> " A A k) -5 I I - 2 + 0 + 0 -5 I - 2-.


    ~ .JS
    do

    d= l n-n- dl =l(i..-J)·(-Z'_+ - = .js


    2
    ➔I
    In . 2i2
    ~,,.-::,(
    -y\ - ,. +co>2 + 1
    /J //re i11ter~ectio11 ~f tit,• 1•/am-:<
    °""
    """-'1PLEn F. d th wtion o' the pane I pnssmg 11,roug
    . .11 direft/011 ratios 11ro11()rt1orrn ~ t I
    · Ito -· , •
    m e eq1 ~ fl I to the /me w1 1
    4~ - y + z =10 and x + y -z = 4 and para e fr III t/Iis plan•'·
    find also the perpendicular distance ofPoinl (1, 1, 1) ogh thl' interllcction of Lhi.> giv<>n pl.mi's Is
    SOl" · assi.ng throu ett•r
    '-'llON lhe equation of a plane P where),. is a p,,ra,n · .
    z - 4) = o, ... (1 \
    (4x - y + z -10) + A- ( .r 4 Y - · 0
    Or ') - JO - 4 A, = t' , 1al lo ::?, I , I.
    'x(4+)) (A-l)+z(l-" . 1io:; pr<>110 r" ' '
    lhis la • +y Ii vJith d irection r~
    . P ne is parallel to the ne ~ ,., ~ - 4 ...(ii)
    O
    ' 2 ( 4 + 11,) + 1(1 -1) + l (l - ~-) = _ 0
    P,,..,_ . _5z-6-
    -....,,g 1". = - 4 in (i), we obtain 5y
    l'liis · . f the p~ane,
    I$ the required equation o ·
    - .d.be the. Iengti1 of ti1e perpendicular from (1, 1, 1) on plane (ii).Then,
    Let

    d _ 5 x 1 -5 x l - 6 = 3./2.
    - ,/s2+(- 5)2 s

    Find the equation of the plaue passing through ~he point :1 (1, 2, 1) and Perpen .
    EXAMPLE 12
    to the line joining the points p (1, 4, 2) and Q (2, 3, 5). Also, Jmd the distance of this Pialil!
    x+3 y-5 z-7 f Iii,
    1,!~
    line-- = - = - -. CBSt2010
    2 -1 -1 ,~- 1,
    SOLUTION The direction ratios of PQ are prop ortional to
    2- 1,3 - 4,5 - 2 i.e.1, - 1, 3
    So, the equation of the p lane passing throug h A (1, 2, 1) and perpendicula r to PQ is _.
    ~

    J x (x -1) + (- 1) (y-2) + 3 x (z - 1) = 0 or, x - y + 3z = 2

    m
    ➔ I\Y\/\ .{jj 3. find
    The given line is parallel to the vector Z, =2i -j -k and the plane (i) is nomial to lhevl:l:li:.r 3x-y~

    o
    .c
    Ii= i - j + 3k such that b.Ii =O. So, given line is parallel to tile plane (i). 4 Jheline

    du
    The distance between the plane (i) a nd tile given line is the d istance of any point on thefinefrac 5. Sho"H
    the plane {i). The line passes through the point (- 3, 5, 7).

    oe
    So, -required distance = Length of perpendicular from (- 3, 5, 7) on plane (i). tl,enla,-i

    - 3 -5 + 21 -2 11 r.. "· -r~ili~


    ch
    = 1 ✓12+ (-1)2 + 32 = .,JIT = ✓11 r C" -
    te
    ,.
    EXAMPLE 13 Fil!d an equation for the line that.pasJes through thepoint P '(2~ 3, 1) and is paml',el wilie s.
    line of interseclion of the planes x + 2y - 3z = 4 and x - 2y '+ z· = 0
    m

    SOLUTION Let the direction ra tios oCthe i::equiredline be P.roj/ortional t~ a, b, c. As it liesrn


    fro

    both the planes. So, their norn.1als are perpend kular tb it, . - . ;_
    a ~ 2b-3c = 0
    a- 2b -r c= 0 ..~~pl
    d

    Using cross multiplication, we get 10. P:o,-


    de

    a b c a b par
    - - = - - - = - - - ⇒ -= - = -
    C
    n.
    2-6 - 3-1 Find
    oa

    - 2- 2 1 1 .1 to th
    Thus, required line passes through the point P (2, 3, l) and its direction rati.os are proporti'"'" l ~. Find
    to 1, 1, 1. Hence, its equations arc
    nl

    x-2 y- 3 z -1 lin""
    w

    --=-·- = - l l.
    1 1 1
    do

    EXAMPLE 14 Find the plane passing through (4, - 1, 2) and pam/lel to the lines l4
    x.-2
    - - = -y-2 - = -z+ 1 and -x- 2- = ___
    y- 3
    = z_ - 4 ,md 2x
    3 -1 2 1 2 3 also the
    SOLUTION The eq uation of a plane passing th rough (4, - 1, 2) is ,, t ,.
    State w
    a (x -4) + b (y + lH c (z - 2) = () 1

    2 ..... '
    It is parallel to the lines x + = Y - 2 = z ; l and x 2 /!. - 3 z -1
    3 J 2 I 2 3
    3a - b + 2c = 0 16. $
    a+2b + 3c = 0 ho·w
    Using c(oss-multiplication, we ge t
    L'quatio
    ab c ab c , .J..
    - 3 - 4 = 2 - 9 = 6 + J. ⇒ i = 1 ~ _1 "' '' (say) --::> a = ),,, b = "'' c · 17_ lhetn..
    Find th
    2x + 2y
    1~~p1,.ANE

    . ting the values of 11, b, c in (i), we obt . 28.81


    , b•tJI\I
    ~,• • (.t - 4) + (Y + 1) - (z - 2) :a O or, .\' ; y _au1
    2
    , on n r II11• 1·1·qulr1°,J pln,l<•.
    0 ns the, l'(Jll'lll

    f'X£flC/.'if 28,11

    J. find the angle between the line ;> ,,, (2 i + 3 i 1 9


    k) ➔ >.. ( "i '> "k)
    2 3J 4
    1,(i" + "j + "k) =5. 1 ,ind thr plarw

    , Pind the ru.,gle between tl:\e line =-=2_ = Y - ~ _ z + 1 d


    ~ 1 _ 1 - - - an t11e pl ane 2x ~ y z 4,
    1

    m
    J. ~~,~-~ z~fe between the line joining the points (3, - 4, - 2) and ('J2, 2, 0) and the plan<>

    o
    ➔ /\ I\ A A

    .c
    j, The line r =i + A(2 j - m j - 3k) is parallel to the plane ·r (111i+37 ~ k) = 4. Find Ill.

    du
    ;. Show thatthJ" · . ➔
    e mewh osevectorequation1s r =2'1:
    +S"j +7 k" +A(i" + 3j
    "l· "
    4k)isparallelto

    oe
    ->/\A/\
    theplanewhosevectorequationis r · (i + j -k) = 7.Also, find the distance between them.
    Find the vector equation of the line through the origin which is perpendicular to the plane
    b.
    ch
    _.A A /\
    r (i +2j + 3k} =3.
    te

    " Find the equation of the plane through (2, 3, - 4) and (1, - l, 3) and parallel to x-axis.
    S. Find the equation of a plane passing through the points (0, 0, 0) and (3,-1, 2) and parallel to
    m

    theline.::_-4 = y + 3 = z + 1 _ ICBSE2010J
    1 -4 7
    fro

    Q Find the vector and cartesiar, equations of the line passing through (1, 2, 3) and pacallel to
    ➔ " I\ I\ ➔ ': ' ~ " _ lCBSE20l2l
    theplanes r -(i - j + 2k) =5 and r •(31 + J + 2k) - 6 .
    d

    2 - + 2 =O and 2x + 8y + 2z - 1 =0 1s
    de

    lC Prove lhat the line of section of the planes 5 x + Y 4z


    2
    P:Uallel to the plane 4x - 2y -Sz_- == O.. throu h the point (1, - 1, 2) and perpendicular
    oa

    ll. Fmd the vector equation of the hne passl.flg g


    to the plane 2x - y + 3z - 5 = O. . ( 2 - l ) and (3 4, 2) and parallel to the
    l2. Find the equation of the plane through the p ol.flts 2' '
    nl

    '
    l3. line whose direction ratios are 7}'_ ~ !I + 1 - ~ and the plane 3x + 4y ~ z + 5 O.
    w

    Find the angle between the line


    3 "" ":J. - 2 tc ection of the pJanc8 .\ - 2!/ + 7 l
    do

    14 . •mg through th e in rt, • ortional to I, 2, I. Fin,l


    Find the equation of the plane pass e line with direction ratios prop I< BS! 'lllh l
    and 2x + y + z =8 and parallel to th from this plane. _
    alsotheperpendiculardjstanceof(l, l, )
    1 ,:. ,1 ti. Show tlml th,· luw
    ,- ➔ __. -• ·s arallel to the plane "
    ~- State when the Jine r = a + "'b
    I
    P -• ~ k) 1. AJsu, II11d th,' ,H,t,11,u•
    )',ne r-(2/ I
    ..,. " I\ " " /' • allel to the p,
    r "'i ~ j + ), (3 i - j + 2k) IS par
    Ltw
    "" ~>en the !me . an d t h e plane. . /.(i" , 2/~ ,~) 1 ,,ml th1• ll111• wh1,s1• v,•d,>1
    1 uation is
    6. Sho ha J hose vector eq A IRo find 11w dist,11w1• Lwtw,~•n
    wt t the p .anew " ~ k)
    are parn lleI• '
    A " /\ 11,(Zi+/+4.
    equation is 7 =(-i + j +k)+ . ,fi lwii l,111t•~:i1 ~!I 1 ~ • lll.:tt1d
    th em.. . tersect10J1 •
    h tJ,e1n
    1; f· lane mroug zy = 32.
    ·md the equation of the P the Jine Jt"
    2x .._ 2y- 3z =4 and paraUel to
    MAl111:
    2a.62 "'~lies l,Jl.l'I~

    ~,
    . f ns of the equation of the plane passing th ·).11
    .,-tti: p
    18. Find the vector andcartesian on · ➔ (0 0 k") , I\ rJttghthc,
    (l, 2, -4) and paia. 11.e1 to the lines r = 1 + 2 J - 4 +,,(2 i+ 3/·+ 6k}A r%)1

    -> " 0 " (0 0


    r =(i-3J+5k)+µ t+ l · · '
    k)
    Al~o find Ll1e distance of the point (9 -8
    ' ,- 10) frolli
    a~,. z3· ~ ~ + 27
    r. ( i
    ~
    p~anethlilUS obtt~inedf the plane passing through the points (3, 4, l) and (0, l, 0) a.~dCBsf20:~ 1' "'
    19. Fmd eequa 10110 P4raf1,J
    .,+3 v- 3 z- 2 I 'ki
    the line - -· - =
    7 5 · CB$Ell:(j
    24-
    Let{;}bet
    2 . X - 2 y +l z 2 . lli
    20. Fin :I the wordinates of the point where the line -3- = - 4- =-2 intersects th !
    c . • e part 'Jbe Une I
    X-1/ +.> 5 = O.Al$o, find the angle between Lhe Ju1e and the plane. . [CBSF.
    21. Find the vector equation of the line pass mg through (1, 2, 3) and perpendicular lo lhepf,. 2013 ,; .. 10 "i

    m
    ➔ A ,\ A ~

    r · ( i + 2 I - 5 k) + 9 = 0. f'.IICERi1
    e
    f

    o
    sin
    22. Find the a:ngle between the line x;
    1
    = = z ~ 3 and the plane 10x + 2y -11z ~ 3_ '

    .c
    du
    [NCERTI
    23. Find the vector equation of the line passing through (1, 2, 3) and parallel to the plan~
    ➔ AA A ➔ AA/\
    ==> 0:=

    oe
    r (i-j~2k)=Sand r•(3i+j+k)=6. [NCERT
    25. The""ect
    2 =-y - -1 = -
    24. Find the value of }, such that the lin e -x - -· z +- 1s perpen d"1cuIar to the plane
    5 .
    ch ➔

    6 ), -4 r
    3x -11 - 2z =7. ICBSE2C1CI
    te

    25. Find ·the equation of the plane p assing through. the points (- 1, 2, O), (2, 2, -1) and paraile
    x-1
    to the li ne - 2y+l
    - -_ - - -_ -
    z+l
    -. · [CBSE'O'"
    . ,l.
    m

    1 2 -]
    fro

    26. Find_ the eq~ation o'. the plane that contains the point A (2, 1, - 1) and is p erpendicular tr
    the line of intersection of the planes ·2x + y-z = 3 and x + 2y +z = 2. Also, find the ~lle
    between the plane thus obtained and t he y-axis. [Cl!SE 20,0,
    _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ ANSWERS
    d

    1 . -1[3/3J
    de

    . sin
    ./29
    -- 2. 0 3 --][23
    , Sln ) r,;;- Sul:-~titu
    oa

    11-vll ➔
    7 ➔ A A A
    5. - 6. r = i, (i - 2 j + 3k)
    nl

    J3 2
    ~ The:reqj
    7. 7y+4z-5=0 8. x l 9y- 1lzs: O
    w

    ➔ /- r· A A A A' ,
    9. r -i+2j+3kr'i, (-3i+5j ➔ 4k); x~=y-2=~ normal ~
    do

    ,-t·A /1.. A/\ A -3 5 4 to the gi 1


    11. r =(i - j + 2k) + t,(2 i - j - 3k) 12. 12x ~ t5y- 14: 211 13
    . f7 · ,-i INT E
    13. sin \/ 14. 9x - By+ 7:z; =2 1 1~ l~t th
    ~ ' I~~ eequa
    ..., ➔ 1
    15. b · n = O, Distance · , 16. 1 ·rhe C%rq·
    ➔ A
    ..;5 J6
    A /\
    17. r 20,1/ I 2?: 11 tna
    18. r-(-9i+8f-k) JJ, - 9x+8y z x-
    11,,/t,16 11), Kr !Jy l fizt I.I ll
    20. (2, -J, 2), sin -I (_J~j
    ✓87 2 1. 1
    ) /\ /\ \
    i 12; I :IA ~ A(i ~2; !'tA)
    '\
    I

    \ \

    22. sin - ( ~
    2
    1
    J
    26. x - y-'-z =0, sin - 1( F3 J
    r "J 2/ A /I
    I IA1 A.(1 1.,/
    •

    :i I vi Olw 1h1· ,,uit1• ,111~1.- h1•1w,.,, 11 1lw


    1111 ., 1l
    1
    I/ ,. I
    :I I CJ •111, J llll'pl1111< I(), 1 Ii/ JJ
    The lirw i~ f"M,rlll'I lo llw v,,, ttu i,• I\ '

    " /\ A 2, r Ii I 11/, ,111d 111.. pl,1111• J,, 11111111.,I lo t/11• vi, 1.,,
    1, JOi12Jllt
    ,
    I

    m
    ►
    /1 . n
    srn 0 201(, (;()

    o
    tJ()
    ' I
    ✓4 I <J I 1(i JJ()() I 4 I J2'1 H

    .c
    r b 11 " 1 '/ y Ii, 21
    ~ 1

    du
    O = sm (:
    1
    J

    oe
    :.S. The-vector
    t I\
    l'qu.:itinn
    ,.
    of a line pa6sing U1rough (I, 2, 3) Md pa,;ilJ(') to ,; ;,
    I\ >
    ch
    r = ( I + 2 j + 3k) • 1, b
    ••. (i)
    -IAA A 1\/\I;,
    ~s
    1 1
    te
    It b parallel to lhe pla11es r •(i j i 2k) and r •(3 l t j + k) 6. 'Tlwrrforc, /J i,
    A A A A A A
    perpendicular to V(>elors 11{ = i - j + 2k and 11 2 3i I· j + k and hence pornll<:J ton
    1,, ''2·
    m

    I\ I\ I\
    fro

    -,
    I
    i k
    I\ -►
    Now, IIJ X 112 = J
    ➔
    -1 2 = i j
    3 + 5 + 4k. So, /J
    A
    ='-1 (- 3 i + 5 j + 4k)
    I\ I\

    3 1 1
    d
    de

    ➔
    Substituting the value of b in (j), we get
    ➔
    oa

    " I\ I\ I\ , I\ L 1,
    r = (; + 2 j + 3k) + '-i (- 3 i + 5 j + 4k), where "i = , ' l

    •~· .fhe required plane is perpendicular tothe rme of in tersection


    > ➔ >of given ;planes.► s.,, v<'Ctor ,,

    .
    nl

    . ,fore n 111,, n2 wheren1 ,111d n2 .iw nurm,tls


    w

    normal to the plane is parallel to the lme. There ' , , ,.. " ,.
    ;-• -, .
    . l , i~ , . 11 a. n whl•r<· n 2 1 + J ·
    do

    to the given plane&. The equation of required P .in~


    3
    ~ -4 INTERSECTION OF A; ~; AN~ ~ L~ ~:_z1 And tha t c,f a pJ,ine be 11 ~ + /1,11 f- ,·: I ,I U
    the equation of a line be - .l =- - - 11
    111
    I !f 1/1 Z1 ilr<' givf'l1 1,y
    ~ coordinates of any point on the I'me
    X X Z
    / 1 - tn "

    (il
    (.rt• 1,,V1 + mt , z. 1 i+-nrJ
    / ax+l 1y +cz+-d:fJ

    m o
    , 2

    .c
    .,... Fig. 28.29 o:,ord,r..=..A!S of Q
    i1'e ,r - 1 r;-2_

    du
    In order 10 find the coordinates of Lhe point of intersection of a line and a plane, we may T=-~ -
    .......
    . • fo!IO\\inl! alic;<lrithm. . ('.?T .. J,Jr - :Z.,

    oe
    \',~ obst.......,. that the
    ALGORITliM
    r- 11 •:-5.
    Wr:te 1he mordinat,--s of 11ny point on the line in term,; of some parameters r Isay,.
    ch
    21 •1-lr -2
    Sub,ritute these coordinatl'!< in the equati.on of the plane to obtain the value of r
    1
    te

    J'ut the value of r in the coordinate; of the point in stl'P [. Putting ,. - ~

    ILWSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    m

    I LEVEL-1 I
    fro

    r "-"'!1'1.£~ frluf the coordinates of the point where the line through the points A 3, ~
    B (5, 1, 6) crosses tlte XY-p!ane. [CBSE. !OU. \ C.
    d

    SOl.1.'TlO~ Theequat,on of the line passing through A and B


    de

    r-3 _ y-4 z 1 x-3 y-4 z-1


    t f
    5-1 - i-4 6-1 or, 2 = -3- = 5
    oa

    Th.- coordrnak-, of an! point on this line are given by


    ! .._'4the,"'
    X 3 1/ 4 Z J t.."l..,pi.me-::!.
    nl

    2 _1 5 - /, ....;, ' 2,. l :l, y - - J). t ,I, z - ,5). n,J ~ di_<,


    w

    Sa,{2, T 'l1 ~ 4, Si • 11 ar.; n,vrdmdte, 11t any point un lhi>lmr P•"''"'g thwugh t J
    ;,

    rt I~,,,, Y.Y-plane '·"


    do

    O Tl"'"•
    Si. I •
    ,I :?t
    \d th, d~bfl
    p..-.in
    ::\lrlg th<
    •IJ1,•. ( 11_.!.1 ll \ f Old lr, de.tan.
    l I "' I
    \1 \ 4 ..,,.,n
    £ l\d th,• ,I ·~tan
    l~A'-'IFI l J: I wd 11,r d1
    ;r
    l11111 t
    2
    tin 1 ,,, 11,r /WIH/ ''
    th ,,, ,,1,111 r,,,.,, ''
    l II
    ~ t I 1 lr•'-l Uh , \ .,---,td
    mtrr'it'1 l1Q11 of tlu l,,it
    . l 4 I ' t ,.Ill fl1a 1'11111' ' V
    :,(>I UTlt '"' Jiu,, r,un,l111ah r,I ADV pt11hl UII U11 ll11t,
    lf 2 ~,J :l
    1 4 12 '(r.<1~/ ,m• I \t ' It I • I'., • .!) ' '
    Pl ~1•6
    If it lit5 on lh,· pl,ll"' 1 · !/ + ',, llu 11 t 'ituiJ t1on ot the
    3,.,2 4r.-l•l2'•2 ~ If, I) r
    1, 2) as thl', ,i11r l 28.65
    • ·
    ,r
    t in ,11 (,, 1 i h1
    ' )'01111 of; 1 , •
    Distance bt•I n '' t·, hon n( Ihr•giv1•n
    \\ <'t'n pninl, ( I
    (2 + l)i ➔ \ l <;\~ . ' ~. ln1,111d (2, I, 2J
    1
    ...._ "'-I ,., ' t\2 I IO)l I
    _.w Ull!Ot'7 flw point (I ' . .J
    cHirll...,l'fflPOrhona/ ,,; " • ..1)Jr,mr 1/11• 1>/m1r t t
    JtipelOftnd thedistan ' - . .1 .. b. / t ">111t11,11ri·dp,1m/J,,/ In/he
    IOlhelinepusing ha: rQ ot point P(l 2 fCB Sf 2111 5]
    41iaeclltllh.'0Sines ~f ~~~h A ,,nd Hwh~!\C' :1i~~~~;~n the.pldne ~ 11 t z 5 (J
    (.J ,lrl• ,,bt1 proportinn,1l lo n cosines Ml' propo rticma l
    2 3 2• ·'• 6.So,eqlwhon~of PO
    ~.~:,.;.;:;.,~~- .

    m
    3 -6
    •i~rby

    o
    .c
    I -6 •r

    du
    m-t·L3r 2,-fir+3).
    . . pointQ lies on the plane

    oe
    2-&-+3•5=> -7r =-1 ~ r =!
    x- y-z=5
    7
    ch
    (;lr-+1 3r-2, -6r + 3), we obtain

    11 1s)
    te

    dQ..are(!7' _ 7' 7 Fig.28.30

    r
    .
    m

    •PQ= (~-1 +( ~ +2r +(~-3)J =✓~ ,- :9+!! =1


    fro

    unit

    ~ ~ ~ - , ; - - - - - - - , i - = ~=-,---- - - - - EXERCISE 28.1 2


    d

    LEVEL-1
    de

    of the point where the line through (5, l , 6) and (3, 4, 1) crosses th.-
    Ii) zx-plane.
    this line makes with these planes. ['-CERT, C13Sl. :oH>I
    oa

    of the point where the line through ( 3, - 4, - 5) and (2, - 3, 1) cross<'>


    •1. INCERf,C8St10l ~I
    nl

    d lhe point (-1, -5, - 10) from the point of intersection of the lint'
    ➔ /\AA
    w

    A/\ A
    i(3r +4j +2k)andtheplane r , (i -j +k)=S. (NCI.RT CBSEWUI
    of the pc>int (2, 12, 5) from the poil1l of inlt'•·scdion ,,1 th,' lin,•
    do

    ri/\ /\A
    i+4/+2k)andthcplane, .(i -2 J +k). O. (CliSE'lll4 ill.!\ll
    ,\w the · t p ( l, -5, JO) from tlw po111I ol lntcrs,'~h,m ~1I th,~ lut,'
    ,,., ~ d 8(5 3 4)wilh Liu> pl,uw \ 1./ " ll !1',I .01~ .111,J
    • 4-) lfOlll IIW poi11I, w tw ,·c· tlw li1w J1 1111\\!,; th,• f''"'t-;
    1
    \6I t, l)an
    3 4
    lhepc,.lnt P( ''<·tslh<• , J,uw 2 1 f I/ I 7 )Cll',~~lH~l
    , l, 1) Inter" · I , uu• \' I/ ,, 11w,,,1111·,I ,1t,111i,; lh,• '""'
    11wpoint(l, 5,'l)lf<Hll 11 \l' 1 1' l1ti~l(2lll~)
    ' I I/ i I I I \ut, tlw \ V- l''-ll"'
    of the poinl wlww 1111• 111 w l / '
    2856
    -- -
    - :• --
    - - - ------ -:n -1 : (u} (li' 3, 0, 23/ 3), ~in 1(-~3)
    1. I 0, 1- : - 1-' ' - "\ JS . .
    _ . _ ~ , 6. - uni~ ~. 10, 3 umb 8. (7,10.0)
    3. F umts 4. l.H1ruto ~. b urut
    - --;c- , J - - l:)-i.(-31-3j+3k)
    Cf ::1 j T = -.., 1-
    - .. _
    - ___ __ - HINTS TO NCERT &. SELECTED PRoeLEl.fs
    • ti . of the lin.:i through (5, 1, o) and (3, 4, I) 15
    1. Tre carte::-WH~qua on:- c; -1 =- b
    .r-5 ""v-1 = .:>r, .t =--6 -, -
    11
    = - - = -;;
    3
    3-:' ~-1 1-6
    The cooniin.;re-- o arw rgmt on this line are giYen by
    ~~ = ~ = ;; -_6 =i. or, (-2i.+5,3i_+l, 5).+6)

    m
    -,:)

    i: ~.:i.. - 5,\,.... I, - 5). - 6) Ire~ on yz-pl~e i.e. x =0, then - 2l + 5 = 0 =:, ,, =5/2

    o
    ~ roozdir.ates onhe required point a.re(O, 11 ~• -13/2)

    .c
    li- '.!.i.• 5,3i. - 1,-5i. - 6)hes on::x-plane1.e.} =0,then 31.+l = 0 =:, i.=-1/J
    17 23

    du
    So coo:dmat:e., of the required point are ,
    3 30,
    '

    oe
    ~ The e.:.ua nom- of the line ~ing through(3, - 4, -5) and (2, - 3 , 1) are
    .r ! 3 = v .. ? _ ::
    + 5 or. x - 3 = y + ~ = z + 5 = ').. -> -,
    r .(b1
    ch
    : -3 -3 -41- 5 -1 1 6
    T.tie .:oordinates of any point on this line are (- ), + 3, }, - 4, 6').. - 5). If it lies on the plant! PROOE If the
    : r - - :: = i',ther- '.!i. - 6+J.-4 -. 6,, - 5 = 7 => 51c = 10 ⇒ l = 2.
    te
    -. 4
    So coordmatr,s of the desired point are (1, - 2, 7). n'Ctors a 1- a~,

    -al
    ➔ I\ /\ /\ A A fl.
    -,
    m

    3 The po5!~ \"ector of any point on the line r = 2 i - j + 2k + ,, (3 i + 4 j + l kl .;


    A A ➔ A A A
    (a1
    fro

    3, -2)1 H-!i. - l)i-(2i. - 2) k.Ifitlieson the planc r -(i- j +k) = 5, then The plane con ti
    • 3, - : i - (;j, -1) j ~(2i. ~ 2)k}·(i-J+ k) = 5 ~ (3,,+ 2) -(4l-1) +(21'. + 2) =5 ~ >.~O So, its equatio
    d
    de

    So ~ e ~ition Ye<:tor of the point of intersection of the given line and the plane 15
    2 1 - .- 2 ;; and so the coordinates of the poin t of intersection are (2, - 1, 2).
    oa

    :he di'itance between {-1, - 5, -10) and (2, -1, 2) is


    (2-,. 1)2 + f- ] 5/ -;. (2 - 10)2 = ✓9 + 16; 144 = 13
    nl

    -
    w

    28 1:l,5 co,mmoN FOR A UtlE TO LIE IN A PLANE


    ! ti + 1,b lies in th,· plane ->
    do

    THEORELl 1 (Ve.ctor form) If the line = )


    r . 11 = d, //t,·11
    ..
    and, (u } -; -;
    c1 . 11 = d. ,,
    X If lhe lu,e / '
    "+ 1• b
    7
    I'11
    t{
    ::s in the plane r
    plan(: n ,,, p{,.,1ti<,n vet t,,r ,,f any !Mini,,,, lh<· lini• /
    .,
    '11!,j ti
    ,~
    ~
    It' ,·q1111tion
    plan(!, 1f
    ( ,.
    a . I
    ( --,
    a
    . ~
    bJ n
    -,

    II d) + i ,( h'
    d Jc;r all Vill u ,.,,
    ) ,
    11 )
    o( I

    U f,,r , 11 v.1fu, 11 J 1
    \' - :\"1

    II
    :i':~·
    1 ,.,~oR~
    ~M 2 (Cartesian form) If the line ::.t - xl = Y - y1 z -z.
    / ~ -- l /' 111
    .
    28.67

    ,,, 111 - --;;--:- res the plane ax 1-by + cz + d = O,


    1
    ii1t1 ,.) ax + by1 + cz1 + d =0 and, ("')
    \l 1 . . n al + l1111 + en = o.
    ,< The coo.rdmates of any point on the line
    ~ 1 , . x-r
    1 y - y1 _ z-z1
    - = - - - - - = ) are ( z
    I 111 11 • X1 + )., Y1+ m'>.., z + n1,)
    1
    f tlie )ine lies on the plane, then every point on the I' .
    1, +/)., y + 111A, ::1 + n1) lies on the plane ax+ by+ c d _ me lies on the plane. Therefore,
    111 1 z + - 0 for all values 0 £,
    a(Xi + ft,) + 1, (Yi + m],_) + c (z1 + n],_) ~ d = 0 f . II •.
    01 a values i,,.
    (ax, + by1 + cz1 + d) + 1-.. (al+ bm + c11) = o for a11 va ue~ ,.
    1
    ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d == 0 and al +um+ en = 0

    m
    Q.E.D.

    o
    2B,l3.6 CONDITION OF COPLANARITY OF TWO LINES AND EQUATION O
    CONTAINING THEM FTHE PLANE

    .c
    If the lines i =a; + A. ~ 1 =a; + µ ~ are coplanar, then

    du
    rHEOREM 1 (Vector form) and
    ➔➔➔ ➔➔➔ ➔➔➔ ➔➔➔
    r1 .(b1xb2)=a2. (b1xb2) [r b1 b2 ]=[a2 b1 b2]
    or,

    oe
    :ma t11e,,quatio11 of the plane containing !'hem is
    ch
    ➔->➔ ➔➔➔ ➔➔ ➔ ➔➔ ➔
    r. (b1 x b2) = a1. (b1 x b2) or, r · (b1 x u2) = a2 . (b1 x b2)
    te
    PROOF If the given li.nes are coplanar, their comi:non plane should be parallel to each of the
    ·~-►➔ ➔
    ,ectors a1-a:!, [,1 and b2 i.e., these vectors should be coplanar and the condition for the same is
    m

    -t-4 -44 -►➔➔ --> ➔➔• ➔➔~ -,➔➔


    =0 ⇒ a1 , (b1 x b1) - !½ , (b1 x b1) =0 ⇒ a 1· (b1 x b1) "" a2 • (b1 x b1)
    fro

    (r11 - n2 ) , (bt x b2 )
    ➔ ➔ .• -> ->
    The plane contairung the give.n lines passes through a;1 and 11z and 1s normal to thevectorb1 >< b2,
    d

    5o, its equa lion is


    de

    -+ ➔ > ➔ ➔➔ -> ➔)
    ( r -a1) , (b1 x b2 ) = O or, ( r -a2) · (b1 x bz = 0
    oa

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ -> t,➔)- ➔ -(bxi?)


    r · (b1 x b2 ) = a1- (b1 x b2 ) or, r · (b1 x 2 -llz 1 2
    ➔ ➔ ->
    nl

    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ -► ➔ -► b b ] Q.E.D.
    [ r b1 b2 ] = [a->1 bi -t
    b2 ] or, [ r b1 b2J = a2 1 2
    [

    "' _z_:__i
    z and --=
    x-x, = ,v-Y?
    _ __ =.::-:,
    w

    . X - X1 - y - Yi --- ar,·
    TliEOREM 2 (Cartesian form) if the /me~ - 11:
    do

    111.1 111 l2 t112

    0
    !I 1/2
    fl/ I
    II I
    ,,,,
    1112

    ...(i)
    28.68

    12 1112 112

    l cl 11-, ➔ by + cz + d = (~
    be- the p lane containin g t:hc hne (1). 17,cn, .t•i,.1/1, 1
    . (, z ) lies on the p lane and the n(>rinal t
    °U1e planf.
    ...(iiij
    is perpcndicul,tr to tlw Im<.'.
    ax1 + b.11 1 + a 1 1· d 0

    : ;;::
    ,..(iv)
    and, ,1/1 + bm1 L cn1 = 0 . . ..
    ...(yj
    Substituting the value of d obtain ed from (iv) in equa tion (111 ), w e get
    ,1(., - x1) +b(y-y1) +c (z-z1) = 0 . . .../vi)
    11 the lines (i) and (ii) are coplanar then line .(ii) lies in the plane (vi), i.e., the p ou1t(x , y ,ZzJ £XAMPLE2 p
    licS in the plane (vi) and line (ii) is perpendicular to the normal to the plane (v,). 2 2

    m
    a (x2 x1) + /, (Y2 - Y1) + c (z2 -z.i) = 0 find the plane co
    .. ,(VtiJ
    n/1 + 1.rm2 + ('"2 = 0 soUJTION W

    o
    and,
    .,.(viii) X-X1
    ...,,'

    .c
    Eliminating 11, b, c from tl,e equations (v), (vii) an d (viii), we get ---
    X2 -Xi Y2 -yl Z2 - z1
    11

    du
    11 m1 111 = 0, wh ich is the req uired condition. are coplanar, if
    -½ -x

    The equating of the required p lane is obtained by eliminating a, band c from the equations (vi),
    oe I 11
    ch
    (vii) and (viii). l2
    and the equati
    te

    = 0 is ilie required plane. Q.E.D.


    :C -Xl
    m

    l1
    t~
    fro

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES'
    I LEVEL-1 j
    d

    ➔ A A A AA. ➔
    de

    A/\ /\ /1.
    EXA\tPtEl Show that the lines r = (i + j - k) + i, (3i - j) and r = (4i - k) + µ(2i+3k)111>'
    coplanar. Also, find the plane containing these two lines.
    oa

    • ➔➔ ➔ ➔➔ ➔
    SOLUTION We know iliat the !mes r = a1 + Ab1 and r "' 11 + µ b are cop lanar, if
    -,➔➔ ➔ ➔➔
    2 2
    nl

    =42,(/,1 x b2)
    a1 • (b1 x b2) and the equation of the plane containin g them is
    w

    -t~ ➔ ➔➔➔
    r (b1 " b2 ) = ar (b1 x b2 )
    do

    ~l' I\.A ➔ I\/\ ➔ A AA~ A/\/\


    Here, al = i + j - k, b1 = 3 i - j I az = 4 i + 0 j - k and b = 2 i + Oj + 3 k.
    2
    I I, I

    .,;
    i j k
    b1 y bi' "
    /\ /\
    3 J () =- 3 i - 9j+2k
    2 0 3

    ➔➔-, I A
    I /• A/\ A
    ⇒
    a1. (b1 >' b2) (/ + j - k) · ( 3i 9/ 1 2k) - J q ? 14
    ➔ - -), - ,;, r, /, I\ /\ /\ I\
    and, a2 ,(b1 x b2) =(4i ~Of k) , (-3 1 9/1 2A) • 12 1 O 2 l•I
    ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
    Clearly, a1 . (b1 x b2) = az . (b 1 x b2 )
    Hence, t he given Jin~ are coplanar.
    28.69

    /' " I\
    7 -(- 31 -9j + 2k) =- 14
    I\ " "
    A A /\ 3i-9j+2k}
    1.(3i + 9 j-2k) = 14.
    ·(Iii)
    (, ~2) <>AMPLE 2 Prove that tlll! lines ~ = 1!.2..3 z+5 x _2
    "" 3 5-=--1111d-=Y-4_z 6
    7
    µ,id the platte can taming these two lines. 1 4 - - 7 are coplanar. Also,
    (Vii)
    ·sauJTION We know that the lines
    Viii) x - X1 _ Y - Y1 _ Z - Z1

    m
    - - - - - - · - and
    l1 1111 n1 '

    o
    are coplanar, if

    .c
    X2 -X1 Y2 - Y1 Z2 -Z1

    du
    l1 m1 n1 =0
    (vi), 12 m2 n2

    oe
    ar,d the equation of the plane containing these two lines is
    ch
    x - x1 y - y 1 z -z1
    :.0,
    11 1111 n1 = 0
    te

    12 m2 n2
    m

    Here, x1 = - 1, Yl =- 3,z1 = - 5, X2 = 2, Y2 = 4,.zi = 6, 11 = 3, m1 =5, n1 =7, ½=1, m2 = 4, n2 = 7.


    fro

    X2 -X1 Yi -Yi Z2 -Z1 3 7 11


    1
    1
    111
    1
    n
    1
    = 3 5 7 = 21 - 9.8 + 77 =0
    are 1 4 7
    d

    l2 m2 n2
    de

    So, the given Jines are coplanar.


    The equation of the plane containing the lines is
    oa

    lx+ l y+3 z+S


    I 3 s 7 =0
    nl

    I 1 4 7 I
    w

    (x + 1) (35 - 28) -(y + 3) (21 -7) + (z ~ 5) (l - ) ""


    2 5
    :::;, o
    do

    :::;,
    X - 21{ + Z = 0
    EXAMPLE 3 Show that the lines -b z-/.>-t
    x- b+c Y -~-
    x-a+d y-a z-a-d d - - ~ - A - f3 ~y
    - - - = - - ~ - - - an, p-·, I' lNCFRTl
    0'.-6 a a. + 6
    are C-Op/an11r.
    SOlt.rr10N We know that !he lines z Zr') ,ln.' n1pl\11hu·, 11
    2
    X ~ 112
    ~x1 =y-Y1 ==~ 1 and,
    12
    11 m1 111

    Y2 - Yi
    ?U.70 f .,, f ,,,
    rt I
    , 1/1 I/ If
    ,, /1 I /1 I 1/
    11
    I I /1 11
    ,,, (
    Jd
    ,,,
    ,, ",,,
    o I (. /I I /J I /
    ' I I
    ,, ,t tf, ':l /, I , f/ J /1 I I I I,,
    j ,,,

    "·
    I
    J 'f'H '1
    ,,
    II

    "
    I/ I
    ,,, ,,1 I /I' // I
    II I n; fl {, Ill) /I I /
    111
    ' u,,11,JJ
    J
    11" oil• I I« Jl ~
    J1,
    /t I /1 I ,/ /1 // /, I I (/ ,, 1' 11
    Yi l/1 l I I' ,,r II I
    {J ii IJ ,I I ,,
    // l
    "' f 11 I II I
    '''2 "J /I I /l /I I /
    lvll>Y,J /11/ 11
    ), //1 II)
    ,, ( t,,, (I rl
    ,1,1• 0

    II

    m
    II I, I I
    'l"
    ,,1 ,, r/ I

    o
    fl I '/ I u• t ; ,., du v d JI

    .c
    / ( /11 • '
    II

    du
    Hl'n< ,,, i;ivt•n lim•., ,1t1•, opl,u1o11 l h, '"
    1
    IJ(A '>ll'l ~ 4
    ·,
    t,
    I I , 2

    oe
    /ind/hr VI'( 1111' l'q//11/!t,JI flj 11/1' p/1J111• ////If 1'1111/11/1/1/ fl/I' /1111'1,
    t / /', ., / /,
    /I '/I /ltl'l/1,
    and ,. .. (i +/I, 1, ( I , j 21.). Al•,11, fl11tl 1/1,, ll'hxtlt 11/ llw 111 rp1 ttdl,·11/11r rlnwm jr1J111 "" i•mt
    1 1 1; 1, lJ•k
    ch
    /2, l, 4Jlo 1/w plan,• thus oblalm•d, / I /1¾1 lJJl
    ~nJ t I r,11ld tu
    te

    ,- I A I i> / /.. /.

    paraJJi,J to tlw Vi.'tl<>r~ b1 i , 2/ k .u1d //2 / + J 'Jk 1·1~p1•rHw•Jy, 'flwr1•/m1•, th 111


    m

    containing th,• given lines af&o p,w.,,~ through 111,, p11Jnt will , p,x,H/1m v1•<1111 ,; I
    It / .,,m,,I
    fro

    f JI<•(/ for,'
    d
    de

    I I I
    'li+,j+'-lr.
    oa

    J 2
    1 11• 1w lhf' non
    lhu~, th,; V<:'<'.f<)r •·quatfon ,,f th" rs,qulri•d pl;,111•~ ,~
    nl

    I,. 1
    'I I>' ·~ , I ,, .,., '- cqu nth lt 1
    (r a, , 11 . 0,11,r n 11,11
    w

    ., I I I t I / / I f
    do

    (1//
    r,r 3f + 3jt3k) (It/),/ 11+'3/t'lf)
    ::;,
    > I I I I,.
    I
    r ,( 'ii+ '3j + 3k)
    ~ I I I
    :;, r/- i+j+;,1 (J, l •
    t u t,,, th,
    J'll~l
    Thi: fi•ngth ,if pc1pn1</f1 ulai ffl,,n N2 I 4 '" II,, ,,I, I CI
    1 ." I}•
    ~· llu•
    1 1
    fV(' J1 1rlllU lb, 8lVt'H 1\1
    1
    I I': I / I I
    l'I'(
    d (2 i • f 41') ( , t , ') I
    "
    II1 I ~"
    /
    ( ,~ u)• II
    'r~ ,
    ~:r"':·;
    ,. 'te 3 li;d l1{Uft/ it,n ,,f!hf' pl1J111• ""'' 111'1 /111 ////}/// //11• /IUIN/ {fl, 7,
    71 .,,,,1, ,. 1 11 10 ,u11~
    ti, I
    t

    ~ 11 ,
    I

    •
    JJ j
    • ►
    1,'
    3 2 J
    ' ( I •I I"
    I' '(
    .,if pl).NE 2:e.11

    'I; Let the equatwn of a plane~·-=·'"" U!TtJ!lC,_


    -rJO1 J- •b II i • %
    3 : 2
    r I- pas5e througt, the
    ,y~ , 2 I
    ~ io - ; 2 I If plane cont.ams
    the inc.
    • b ::I 7) + c ( 2 • 7) - 0 •nd. 3" a .. 2 Y
    I ..

    ,-1 .. b-4)•c(5)=0 11 and,-3a-lb•ic=


    ~ and (ril by cross-mulbplic;i!ion, wo ..:et
    b C ii b C
    _llt! = - 1.; : - - => -1 = , e 1- : I (~j => I, : I = ; . :

    m
    -H
    C • the \·alues of a. b, c in (i), we obt.iin

    o
    p.;r.lllf - '( -)

    .c
    ,. r-0) • i. lY - 1) - ,. z ~ 1 = 0 or, x - y - ;: =Oas the equa..on o; :;-" •eqi....--m 7 :.a;:e.
    The required plane passes through the pou:t A(O.,, -, aI.a .c - ,:a;,= ~

    du
    3 2
    - •· = -·
    .
    11- z- \\·hich p a>ses throu gh B(- ·'• 3 , - 2 ar;<.<
    - = -1- ,- ·-' u. para.,;e
    •. • lo "'""
    '-- ve--
    .

    oe
    I t
    - : -3; - 2 , - k. Thus, required plane passes through two points A {0,7, - , and 3 - 1 3 -1
    ch
    -,. I\ ,.. ,
    .r:l 1, parallel to the vector b =- 3 i - 2' - k.
    te

    d
    m
    fro

    ethe
    d
    de
    oa

    Fig.2832

    '..et -.
    n~ the nonnal vector to the required P Ian e. Then• ,: i,, p<'rpt>ndkular to . ~ · a.'1d .ttB.
    -·
    nl

    r ,.•·'>!:quently, 1t • parallel to A➔B " ➔


    . is b . ,_., ~ " b •Then,
    , ·t n....I -- ;w
    w

    I I I
    do

    -.
    l j k ,
    n1 = l 4 5 = -14~ -14j-14k
    3 2 1
    ,.
    ·--H ,J thi, pt.r,iti,,n v.,ct,,r of A. fhen, ,; 7 I 7 k ,
    bi-

    a~•rly, bu, 7 I 7 A am1 I


    L ,
    r1:equm•d pla111• paS!>es· lli11>U);h U
    i.
    1 1 f I I · '
    4 i -14 J 14k, Sc,, it$ vc•dor ••c~ulll""11
    (r o.).ni o
    ~..., +-7
    r. 111=a.11,
    --, I\ I\ "
    (7 "j 7 "A) ( I I I II/
    r.(- J4 i 14j 1 14k)
    -➔ /\ A /',
    r .(-14i 14j- 14k) <J8 +98
    I
    • II I I I /,'
    t,,/\/\(\1\A

    1l,, , '" 11 ,I'", ,,.. ,11 ..11 ,,1 1111• ,,,,.... ,,1,1111 j, (•I 1 // / 1 . /,) ( i I I• A) Orn,11y 1 ,
    0
    ; ,.. I\ ,.,
    l\l\~1111 I ''"'"' //111I l/11 /•l1111, ,1,/111, I l'/'I /II/ ,.,,,1111/011 /, I ( / I 2 / A)
    ,,,,,,. ,,,,,.,,,,,,, ,. ,· (I I J) ~(././I / 1 •I k)
    0 ~ I
    ,,11111111i 1111 11 11 , 1 fl /) 1 ;.() / I / IA))'1IH,<'H lh1·,11111h 11pu111twl1l '1>oijilfcHiv,•q
    ,,• ,- A J A A A Of

    m
    ) / / 1 il k I! ll11•pl11 ,w t • (i 1 2 j A) 3,nnt~ NQW,
    " " ' 'ln!ilh1·

    o
    ,,11, 11 lllh 111111 111 11 ,li,u1fol 11,100 lh10111-1h lh•· l"1J111 i 1 / anti , (II) II .~hou ld he p,u.illelf,,tlw fl(,~ \IIPLL 9 If the line

    .c
    I111,
    a1Jd 1,encefind the equatt

    du
    r✓.... c, 1 /I t , 1 ' 1 A1 1 c i SOL.UTION We kno
    ; A

    I'"•~··· fl111111f111111,• 11111111 / I

    oe
    " 1111 "' 111, 1 I coplanar, if
    1111 111<1111111 \'C, ,.,, 1,, 1111 f\lvo-11 ph11w IH 11
    • I\
    I 12 / t
    I\ A :<2 -xi Y2 -
    ch
    t -, I I' I'\ (\ /\
    11 m1
    W, "'"' "' lh,;J /, 11 (JI 1 / 1 I () (i 1 1/ A) 2 1 '.! •l O.Th,1r,1fort•, lhcpl~ncisparJl.•I 12 ~
    te
    lu tlu 11111 1 111-111. , tin gltl••H pl.1t1t• I 0 11h1i1,~ tl111 }',lvnn tl 1w .
    and, the equation of
    1 \11•11 •' 7 / t/11111,,. ,,,., /01 11111/ rm 1,•o/1111,•q111rl/m1,1 of' t/1,• 11/11111• ,•1Jr1111/11 /ug 1/t,• two /1111•• X-XI y-yl
    m

    , ·,,,, ,,, , ,u .,,, '•k) 111111,


    • rA
    ,
    ,AAA
    ,, , "'i ~u, ,, (:11 A/\A
    2.1~~kl
    I :: :~
    fro

    A A A
    ,1,1t1111111 < ,II'• 11 liw · '"'"" lh11111f1li p11in11, l1o1vl1)J.I jHIHl ll011 v,·,·tor, rr; 21 t- j - :lk Mol
    l /\ A A Here, .r1 =1 y 1 = -1
    ''l It I I/ I J /. ,.•• ,,. ,,., lyc•ly 1111, I 111·,, 111 11•1111,•I lo Iht • v1•,·l,111' h1 i t-2j +M ,m.i lf given lines intersect
    d

    ,,; 11 '/ ',I ,,w11Jwly '1'111•1·1,r,., , ., 1111• 1•1111111 <'1111t.1i11i,1g lht•H<' twu lint'• pa,-s.•, thM'l\~ 3-1 k..-1
    de

    1 11·
    1 2 3
    • , > > •
    111,1111, f,.wJ , 11; I'"' 111,,11 v1•1 t"1N11 1 ,11 1,I 111 ,11111 111 11'''1 " '•1.I I< ul11r 1111lw v1•dur 11 /1 1,t~, l ::!
    oa

    Nuw,
    ,.. I 2 (3-8)-(k +
    "I I I
    nl

    , - 10~ 2~ +2-
    ,,• '
    "i • I ~ !l JI)/
    I
    j ltf j II k"
    /,'
    ,,
    w

    l'hl' '"\Uation l>f the pl


    ~
    r- t .t,+l
    do

    :,o, 1111 \It t lrn, 'Jlfl1Hnu ,,j lfu, 11•q1dH·d 1'l.u11 1. ' 3

    .
    , "' ,, ; I
    I /'JOI I 141/ /HJ ( '/ / " I 1/,) / '1111 I 10 / "
    Ilk l
    ~
    ;
    I /~(I/ I JO/ /1/,J ,JII I HI 1,f
    ., I
    ,• (II// I 1, / ~I) I/
    ' ' Lil'
    'I h1 '·" 11 ,,,Jlfll 1•qw11J1,11 ,,t 111, I, ( II I I// 1 k\ l hl i I ~ I

    I II I I 1, 1/ ,f 11/'
    o m
    .c
    du
    1/7 !/1
    m • (j

    oe
    !117
    ,nd, th(-1:qu.)hon of 11,,. pl,~rv· u,nt.ainm~ th•-m it:
    ch
    r-x1 y Yi z-~I x Zz y -yz z -zt
    te

    11 m1 n1 0 o,, '1 mi ni 0
    12 mz nz '2 mz nz
    m

    d
    Im, l'J 1,.1/J 1,z1 1,Xz '.3,Y2 k,7.z (J, 4=2,tni=3,n1 =4,fi=l,r.ii=2 riz=l
    fro

    gi,,•·r hn ·» int<·",ed, th,:,n they mvi:.-t be oopl.a!llll.


    1

    3-1 f,,1 0 l
    d

    2 3 4 (J
    de

    1 2 1
    2(3 ~) (1'+1)(2 4) ](4 '3) 0
    oa

    9
    ... 10,2t,2 1 0 :-21' ~ 0::c-,,r 2
    nl

    Titt.'(Juati,,n ,,f th,, pl.an••< m:,talning the g,ven Jini,s i~


    w

    r I y-..J z 1
    do

    ;., '3 4 0
    l 2 l I
    (;, J)(1 H) <11+ l)(:L 4J ➔ {Z 1114 3, .. 0
    ' JtC,, 'l.y ..- 7 +7 J () 'l ,t.: ll
    I 'i:r 2y Z (, O,f I,/11/ll X' .ty t 6
    XAf.iYr 1 ,,, ",furw /h(II thP liw ,Jj ,n/i•r',f'' /totl tw11 "f 'h p/.l
    fl1pJu,r • ' I I 1 JI I l z ' I Al¼, fwtf l/ltf•/1111 1'I
    ur IJ/1/h th11 /me ,1
    l 2 trMtindll
    " • tP th•• Ju••' ,,t Lr, r
    :l!jJfU)N 'fhi, ••yuati<,n <>J fht· pJan1- ,.,,,,t,illl I', n t r
    t 2y t 'lz aand 2x 'I 'iy + 4z 11 th 11 0 w1w1<11 1, ' t'"t~• '
    '.) j Jla' - / /
    ltr (x+2y; 'r.t 8) I ,. (2X t. y '½ z - 18 I 11/J 0
    ' X(2%i.l)ty(3?. ♦ 2) ➔ (4:l,t J
    28.74

    • -' 1 I f/ I l z + l tlwn
    It 1t 1, 11.ir,11J,,t t,> the luw '"· 3 '
    1 2

    l'utting- J.. - i in (i), W<' obtain


    10
    -li - u-+2.:-3 0
    Tlw coordinate,- ,1f ,lll)' point ,m lht• line r; ~ = Y~ - - z; J are given by
    1 '•,fii;

    \ ·1_ y+ I =i I "'µ ⇒ 1. = ~1 _ I , y = 2µ - l, z - 3~1 l


    I 2 3
    Ckarh ,(~1 1, 2µ I, 3µ l ) lies on plane given in equation (ii).
    I-1,•n, c the line of intersection of the given planes is coplanar with the given !in~ vector e

    m
    - 4, .11 + 2:: 3 = 0 is the plane containing them. an,;
    find
    i\l.lTFR Ld the.? direction ratios of the line of intersection of the planes x + 2y + 32 " 8 and 7. x+ 3 -

    o
    ~~d tJ
    2x + 3!t + 4z = 11 be proportional to I, m, 11. Then,

    .c
    /+2m+ 311=0

    du
    8
    21+ 3111+411 0 · perpe~,
    ⇒
    I 111
    8 -9 6--1 3-4

    x+2y=8 and 2x+ 3y= l 1


    I
    = 11 ⇒ -=-=- 111
    -1 2 -1
    11

    rutting== O in x •· 2y + 3z. = 8 and 2x + 3y + 4z = 11, we obtain


    ch
    oe 9.
    ::11
    valueol
    Soh ing these tv;o equations, we obtain
    te

    ., =-2,y=S. 10. Find


    !:,o, lhe coordinates of a point on the line of intersection of given planes are(-2,5, 0) andhe11c. x-11-
    m

    the equation of the line is 11. Find


    fro

    r+2=y-S=z-0 {..
    ... 11
    l 2 -1
    We haYe to show that this line is coplanar with the line
    d

    X+1=y+I=z+l
    de

    ... tiil 1~. Show


    1 2 3
    13.
    oa

    -2-(-1) 5-(- 1) 0-(- 1) -1 6 1


    Now, -1 2 -1 = - 1 2 -1 = - 8 + 12-4=0
    nl

    1 2 3 l 2 3 1-i
    w

    Hence, the lines (i) and (ii) arc coplanar.


    do

    The equation of the plane containii1g lines ( i) and (ii) is 15.


    x-2 y-5 z-0
    -1 2 -1 =0 or, 8(x+2)+2(y 5)-4z=0 ⇒ 4x+y-2=+3-0 16.
    I 1 2 3
    EXERCISE 28,t3 copl
    l" If the
    j
    1. Show thatthe lines r
    1
    = (2 j -
    A I\
    LEVEL-1
    /\
    3k) + i.. ( i + 2 i
    3k) and ,
    /\
    -f
    I\ ►
    lij.
    \fth,:
    the pl
    are coplanar. Also, find the equation of the plane containiJw l11t'm. • 19.
    0 ii''
    1 Find ~
    X +l !/ - 3 z + 2 X I/ 7 4 +7 . AIS<l, /jf\l
    2. Show that the lines - = - =- - and = -·- = - - are coplanar. the pol
    - 3 2 l 1 3 2 4)to
    <•quation of the plane containing them.
    ttl~pl,ANE
    28.75
    . d the equRtion of the plane <"ont . , .
    fin aimng the liiie ::_:!:_l _y - 3 z + 2 .
    1: - 3
    ---=--
    2 l
    and the pomt
    ~ _ 7) ami sh(TW that the line · = Y - 7 z ~- 7
    1
    (( . . 1 - 3 = 2
    abo lies in the same plane.
    . ,:1 tht! equation of the plane wh.kh co t .
    ~ f 1t L • n ams tv.•o pa,.a lle1 lmes
    .
    r - .i !I - '3 _ - - 2 , - 3 t/ + 2
    = - - and - - _ . z
    -4 5 1 - ~ = -
    .I 5
    · , x ~ _ _ll+6 Z- }
    <;ht>\\' that tltc Imes - - - =- _, 11d 3 .
    .~ . ,~ s - 2" •-t- 21•1+•., • r •s -
    - o -2
    - x + 3y + 4z - 4 mtersect.
    ·
    Find the equation of lhe plane in which the)' lie a 11d 1 . . . .
    ➔ A a so their po111t o( mtersechon.
    <;how that the plane whose vector equation is ( 1. ') "
    ~ • ➔ A A r · + 2 J - k) = 3 contains the line whose
    • ' • • A /\ /\
    ,·ectorequation 1s r = 1 + J + A(2 i + j + 4k).
    • Find !ht? equation of the plane dete · d b . .

    m
    · ~ = JI_ = ::: - 7 and ~ = y + 5 _ r~iie Y the mtersect1on of the ]jnes
    2'

    o
    3 -2 6 1 - 3 -

    .c
    ~- Find the.\'edor equation of the plane passing through the points (3, 4, 2) and(?, o, o) and
    i.:
    perpendicular ~ 1 pla~e 2;, -Sy -15 = 0. Also, show that the plane thus obtained

    du
    hi' . /\/\A
    contains t e llle r = I + 3 j - 2k + 1. (i - j + k). [CBSE ]
    2012

    oe
    . x-1 _ y-2 z-3 x-1 y-2 z -3
    o If the Imes -.,- - - k = - - and - - = - - = -
    -,, - 2 2 k 1 s are perpendicular' find the
    ch
    1·alue of k and hence find tl1e equation of the plane containing these lines. [CBSE 2012]
    . d the coordina tes o f tl1e pom
    1.0. F.n . t w l1ere the Line -x - -2 = -y +-1 = z- - -2 mtersect
    . the plane
    te

    3 4 2
    r-y+: -5 =0. Also, find the angle between the line and the plane.
    m

    u Find the Yector equation of the plane passing through three points with position vectors
    /\\ '\ f\j\/\ I\ l\i\.
    fro

    i - ,i- 2 k, 2 i- j + k and i + 2 j + k. A !so, find the coordinates of the point of intersection of


    ➔ /\AA AAA
    this plane and the line r = 3 i - j- k + "- (2 i- 2 j + k). [CBSE 20, 31
    d

    . 5-x y-7 z+3 x-8 2y - 8 _ z - 5


    !:?. Show that the Imes--= - - = - -and-- = -- - - - -are cop1anar. (CBSE 20 ,I
    de

    -4 4 -5 "/ 2 3
    13. Find the eqµation of a p lane which passes through the point (3, 2, 0) and contains the line
    oa

    ~ = ~ = z-4 [CBSE 20 ,q
    l 5 4 .
    x+3 y-1 z -Sandx + l =y- 2 = z-Sarecoplanar.Hence,fi.ndthe
    nl

    ,
    1... Sh tha th Ii
    ow t e nes--=--=- 1 2 5
    w

    -3 1 S . - lCBSE2o rJ
    equation of the planecontaiJ'\ing these lines. ,., ,·
    do

    I3•, lfth . x-3 y+2 z+4 li . th lanelx+my-z = 9,then findthevalneof/- +m~.


    eline-- ==-- ==-- esin ep
    2 -1 3 x-1 y, -2 Z-1 3 d x-3 _y-2 ::-l
    - - an -- an.•
    16- Find the values of i, for which the lines = ,! 1 1 2 -
    'J...2 2

    coplanar. y _ ...3:- are cop lanar, find tht' valuc'S ,,fa.


    17· [f the lines x =5, L =~and x = a, =T- 2-rL
    3 - a -2 x + 1 y I I _ z nre coplanM, find thc· ('tt~l<l tions of
    1& x l y+ 1 2 d - ·-
    · If the straight lines-; == k = an -5- - 2 k
    2
    th . , } A A A A /\
    e planes contauung them. . . lines 1 (/ + j) ... ~- (i + 2 j -k) and
    19 • that contains I11~ . .
    · Fmd the vector equation of tl1e p 1ane rpend icul,1r drawn trom the pomt (2, l,
    the point (- 1, 3, -4). Also, find the length of tile pe (CBSE 2019I
    4) to the plane, thus obtained.
    p;

    28.76 MA1'He1.1~l1c.
    · ·~11

    ----- - - - - -
    ➔
    ---ANsw.•~s
    A A A
    2. X + y + Z = 0 3. X + y + z :c 0
    1. r · (i -2 j + k) + 7 = 0
    4. llx - y - 3z = 35 5_(2, 4, _ 3), 45x -17 y + 25z + 53 = 0
    ➔ A /\ A

    7. 2x - z + 13 = 0 8. r. (5 i + 2 j- 3k) = 17 9. k = 2, - 22x + 19y + 5z.,


    31
    ➔ I\ /\ A Svt,s titutin
    -1
    10. (2, -1, 2), sin -I ( ~) 11. r·(9i + 3j-k) = 14, (1, 1,-2) 13. x - y+z -1 .,
    0 fhiS is the
    17. 1,4, 5 18. y±z+l:Q Letdbe th
    'I 14. x - 2y+z=0 15-. 2 16. 0, ± .,fi. d
    I' ➔ I\ A A
    1•1. r.(i-j-k)=0,./3
    d

    m
    28.13.7 ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN SKEW LINES

    o
    .. Recall from Remark in section 28.6.2 that two skew-lines 11 and l2 (say) do not intersect and

    .c
    not parallel, but do lie in parallel planes. So, the shortest distance 'd' between /1 and 1 is same~ EXA :-.I.Pl E :?
    2

    du
    the distance between parallel planes P1 and P2 containing 11 and /2 respectively. Thesho~ thrcmgh (0,
    distance 'If is also equal to the distance between any point on one of the lines /1 (say) and the SOLUTIO.N

    oe
    plane P2 containing the other line½ and parallel to plane P1.
    This suggests us the following algorithm for finding shortest distance between two lines.
    ch
    ALGORITHM
    STTP I Obtain the equations of two lines. ¼t the lines J;,e-
    te

    [, :
    \
    l1: x - x1 = y-y1 = z -z1and i2:x-_x2 '°' y_-y2 = z-z2
    ~ ~
    m

    11 m1 n1 Ii mi . - , lin
    OearlY
    • illJ.:11 '
    fro

    Take a point Pon one of the lines. Clearly, line Z1 passes through (x1, y1, 41). So, takepuint P;;; The plane"
    (xi, Y1,z1),
    ~TEJ• ;J
    Find the plane P2 containing 12 and parallel to".11 asfoflows. The equation ofa plane co11tain111;
    d

    ½~ . ~

    n
    de

    a(x - x2)+b(y-y2)+c(z-z2) =O ...1,·1


    where, a ½+ btni + c~ = o ...(ti:
    oa

    If it is parallel to 11 , then
    AL--.., it pclS,
    al1 + bm1 + cn1 = o ,,,ti•i'.
    nl

    Thus th€'
    Solving (ii) and (iii) by cross-multiplication and substituting in (i), we obtairt the eq11:iw~t
    w

    planeP2 .
    do

    5TIP !V F'.nd the distance between point P and plane p2 obtained in step Ill. This is th,• 1,·qtti,.,·.l,:i,~'
    distance between the given lines.
    Following examples will illustrate the same.

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    [ LEVEL-1 ]
    Type I ON FINDING THE $HOFITC!lT Dl8lANCI:' Bl:!lWPiEN rwo LINl!S IN SYMMETRIC: fORM
    EXAMPLE J Find the shortest distance between llw s~n.t1-llttt'li
    x-1
    l1 : - - = -y ·ll = z 2. 11t11f 12 •
    , 1 2
    Y
    (.)
    z I I
    2 1 4 . 4 3
    1
    SOLUTION Clearly, line /1 passes through the point p (1 , t, 2).
    The equation of.a plane containing line 1 is
    2
    a (x + 2) + b (y - 0) + c (z + 1) = O
    f!lE pt.ANE
    28.77
    4P-3b+C = 0
    l"fte~e araUel to line 11, then
    !fit 15 P 2a+b+ 4c = 0
    ',(>111110 b by cross•multiplica
    . "'(ii) and (iii) C
    tion we get
    , (
    ~ ~=--=-
    -13 -14 10
    .. (iri)
    . [!tuting values of a, b, c in (i), we obtain
    ~ubS -13 (x + 2) -14y ~ 10 (z + 1) = 0 or, 13x + 14 -10- .
    , i·s the equation of the plane containing line l andy all4 ~I 16lin= 0 .(iv}
    Jl,L' dis 2 par. e to · e /
    fbe the shortest tance between the gt'ven lines Th !·
    Lei' . b tw . p · en,
    d;: DLStance e een point (1, -1, 2) and plane (ir)
    13-14-20+16 5

    m
    d = J 132 + 142 + (-10)2 = .J46s

    o
    .c
    id are
    tne as ~~MPLEl Fi11d the distance between the line 7 =(- i + 3k) + i, (i _2 /) tmd tlie lir.e ,-:,1.•.~mg

    du
    1/irough (0, -1, 2) and (1, - 2, 3).
    !'test
    d the ,oLUT!ON The vector equation of the line passing through points (0, - 1_, 2) and (1 ,- ,
    1 3) is

    oe
    t. I\/\/\/\
    i = (- j + 2 k) + ~I (i - j + k) ch
    Thus, the equations of two lines are
    --, AA A/\
    11: r =(- i + 3 k) +11,(i-2j)
    te
    -(i)
    ➔ I\ I\ 1\/\,/\
    12: r = (- j + 2k) + µ (i - j + k) -{ii}
    m

    ➔ " "
    Oearly, line 11 passes through the point a =- i + 3k.
    fro

    Pas ~ plane containing line ½and parallel to line 11 is normal to the. vector n given bj
    ➔
    d

    ~ing
    ➔ AA/\/\/\
    '" "j k"I
    Ii " /\ "
    de

    n = (i - 2 j ) x (i - j + k) = ] 1 - 2 0 = - 2 i - j + k
    ... (i)
    11 - 1 1
    oa

    .(ii)

    Also, it passes through the point ➔


    a =- "j + 2 k.
    " .
    nl

    (iii)
    Thus, the equation of the plane containing 1z and parallel to 11 15
    no/
    w

    (➔
    r - ➔
    a) • ➔
    n =O or, ➔ ➔
    n =➔
    a •➔
    n or, ➔( " " "
    r · - 2 1·-·+
    J k)= 3 .(fu)
    do

    r -
    test Leidbe the shortest distance between the lines l1 and 12· TI_:!en,
    . fr -+ __ / + 3k on the plane (iii)
    d = Length of the perpendicular om a -
    A r
    "- = l(- i + 3k) · (-2i - j+k) ~_.,,
    A A A 31 l 2 +J-31
    .,/6 2
    =-p
    /4 + 1 t- 1
    r iJ WEEN TWO LINES WHEN ONE' IS IN
    YPe II ON FINOJNG THE SHORTEST DISTANi~::~ETAIC FORM , 1/-t 1 ::-ll
    SYMMETRIC FORM AND OTHER IN U • th,• 1111 ,,, \ - • and
    b:1\1\(rLE 3 Find the sh.ortest disfancr /Je/t/Jt't'II 2 ,} -1

    lt +3y - 5Z- 6=0=3x-2y - z+ 3•


    SOiur . gtlwline2,, 3y s~ -o =0 ".h :!11-=-.. Jis
    · ION 1
    The equ.ati{m of a pi.ane contiun~
    or (2x+3y - 5z-6)+?, (3x-2y - z+ 3)- _ ... (i)
    ' .t(311,+2)+y(3 - 2l)-z(5+"-)+ 31.- 6 - 0
    i)
    28.78

    x 2 Y + 1 z - O then
    If it is parallel to the line - - =- - =4 '
    2 3
    - 7
    2 (3), +2)+ 3 (3-2).)-4 (5 + i.) = 0 ⇒ - 0.-7 -0 ⇒ ,,,, =- -
    4
    7
    Putting).= - in (i), we obtain
    4
    13x - 2c,y + 13..:+ 45; 0 ,
    as the equation of the plane containing the second line and parallel to the fir.~t llne
    Clearly the line x - 2 = .t::.1 = z-O passes through the point (2, - 1, O).So, the shr, ..
    , 2 1 4 flri;l d'
    'd' between the given liue~ is equal to the length of perpendicular from (2, -1, OJ rin '"
    ~~ ~
    1
    I13x 2-26x(-1) +13x O+ 45 _ 97
    d =r ;32 +(-26)2 + 132 -13J7

    m
    , . . x-I y- 4 Z-4
    E\AMrLE 4 Fmd the equation of tlie plane through the line - =- - =- and parallel/ .,
    .. 3 2 -2 "''fit

    o
    1 2
    x + = l -y = z + . Hence find tlie line shortest distance between the lines.

    .c
    2 4 1 '
    x - 1 y-4 z - 4 ALGORIT

    du
    SOLUTION The equation of a plane containing the line - - -= · - = - is
    3 2 -2
    a (x-1) - b (y - 4) + c (z -4) =0

    oe
    where 3a+ 2b-2c = 0
    If(J').1sparalle I tote
    h !incx-+l
    - =1 --
    -y -, the.n
    = -z +2
    ch
    2 4 1
    2a-4b+c=0
    te

    From (ii) and (jjj), we obtain


    a b c a b c
    - = - = - or,- =- =- ⇒ ,a := (it,b=7i.,c = l61,,
    m

    -6 -7 -16 6 7 - 16
    Substituting the values of a, b and c in (i), we obtajn
    fro

    6x+7y+ 16z = 98 ·
    The shortest distance between the given lines is equal to the length of the perpendicular'L
    on -x + -1 = y_- l =-z +-2 to t h e pane
    l ('lV). The· coordmates
    . of a point
    . on .i.,-e
    d

    .
    any point
    2 4 1
    de

    x+l = y-J =z - 2 are(-1 1 - 2).


    2 -4 J ' '
    oa

    Shortest distance = Length of the perpendicular from (- 1, 1, - 2) to plane (iv)


    I -6 + 7 - 32- 98 I 129
    nl

    = ,J36 + 49 +256 -J341


    w
    do

    I LEVEL-1 I
    2
    1. Find the shortesf distance between the lin1>s .:...:. = !L - 5 =: 0
    .111d
    I - Ll
    ,
    Vr
    1
    I
    - I 2 :l ..
    JI ' •
    2 find the ghort<:'St di&lance betwe,m the linC'~ · , - l ,. Y+ 1
    1
    . 7 (,
    3. Find the 9horrest di,-,tanw lw iw<'1m tlw
    3x-y-2z ~4=0 2x 1_y1 z 11

    65 8
    2. 2/29 3.
    1. ,J122 ✓1 4
    .ii)

    i ).

    o m
    '

    .c
    --Q
    Fig. 28.33

    du
    /.l.GORITHM • .
    -,p r IVnft' the t'(JUations of the line passing th h
    ·~ r - x 1 = y - )'1 = :: - z 1 roug P and normal lo the given plane as

    oe
    ,) a /, C

    :2ll Write the? coordinates of imnge Q ns (x1 + ar, y1 + br, z + er).


    ch
    ) 1
    ::?!!! Fi11d the coordinates of the mid-poi11t R of PQ.
    Obtain tire value of r by substituting the coordinates of R in t11e equation of the plane.
    te
    <::" I\
    """ r Put tlre mlue of r in the coardi11ates ofQ.
    The abo,e algorithm is illustrated in the following examples.
    m

    " ~RK • The coordinates (ll, v, w) of flie foot of the perpendicular from the point (x1, y1, z) to the
    fro

    . W- Z1 raxl +by1+CZ1J
    "ll ur - bv+c::+d=Onregmen /Jy 1t - X1-= V- - YI
    -= - -= - 2 2 2 ·
    · a b c a .1.b + c
    '
    •\L\RJ... 2 The coordinates (a., ~, y) of the image of the point (x1, Y1, z1) in the plane
    d

    cx.-x1 P-Y1 y-zt 2(ax1+biJ1+ezi+d)


    de

    t:i.!ru• -c-.1.d
    - •
    -
    -
    Oare
    •
    inven
    6'
    by--
    a =- b - = -c- a2 + b2 +c2 ·
    oa

    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
    I LEVEL-1 I
    nl

    " . ? ] ) in the plane 3x -y + 4z = 2· .


    ~\\\PL£ 1 Find the image of the l?omt (3'. - -, ( _ 2 l) in the plane ~x - y + 4~. =2. The~1, PQ 1s
    w

    3
    >)U:nox Let Q be the image ot the pOJ.nt P. , 'pQ are proportional to 3, - ~' 4. Sm~e l'Q
    ~ to the plane. Therefore, directio~ ratio~ ~f ro ortionaf to 3, -1, 4, Tiwretore, t'quatton
    do

    ~<S'Ses.througli p (3, - 2, 1) and has direction ratio, P p


    PQ ts P(3, - 2. 1)

    , r l, 41 I I)
    q(3r ' ,,
    Fig. 29.34
    28.80

    X-3 y+2 z- J
    = =~ r
    3 1 4 /
    Let the coordinates of Q be (31 + 3, . r 2, 4r t I>: I A•t R bP tl1C' mid point r,f l'Q, Hi. ~
    theplane3x -y+4z-2.111ecoor<h11atc~ol I< ,m 1 N,/!j ~,

    (
    3r + 3 + 3
    2'
    r - 2 - 2 41" + I + I
    2' 2
    J Ol,
    r1r 2
    1 (,
    '
    1

    2
    4 ..,
    /
    1

    /..f ... I
    l ~
    1
    Since R li<'S on the plane 3, y + 4z 2.
    3r 3r;G)-(-r2- 4J+4(2r+IJ =2:-? i3r -11 ~ I'

    I Puttingr=-1in(3r+3, r 2,4r l),weobta intlwcoordi11atc11ofQa~(0, 1, 'l),


    11 Hence,theimageof(3, -2,1) intheplane3x y r4z-2is(0, 1,-3)
    I'
    D.AMJ'LE z Find t/ie length and the fool ()f the perpendicrllnr from the p<tinl (7, 14 SJ t I'
    2x + 4y- z = 2.Also,ftnd the imageof lhepo/111 Pin thl'plane.

    m
    ' fr~;?i.,,,,.
    -> "
    S0ll"l10N Lct M be the foot of the perpendicular from Pon the pJane 2x -~ 4y z _ lOui r = (i

    o
    2 n,,.,
    PM is normal to the plane. So, its direction ratios are proportional to 2, 4, -1. Since ['1<,j
    1,sQ lies on

    .c
    l through P (7, 14, S}. Therefore, its equation is ' pa,5e5
    • x-7 y-14 z-5 "
    (i ~ 3 f
    ,,

    du
    --=--=--=r
    2 4 -1
    let the coordinates of M be (2r + 7, 4r + 14, - r + 5). Since R is the mi

    oe
    Since M lies on the plane 2x + 4y - z = 2. Therefore,
    f(l - 2 J..:
    2 (2r + 7) + 4 (4r + 14) - (-r + 5) = 2 =;. 21r + 63 = 0 ⇒ r = - 3
    ch
    P(7, 14,5}
    te
    Oearly, R hes

    i
    I
    m

    c,.-1}
    fro
    d
    de

    '
    (r - 3 "j
    Q(x1} Y1, ZJ)
    oa

    Fig. 28.35
    So, the coordinates of M are (1, 2, 8).
    nl

    PM= 1/(7-1)2+(14- 2/+(5 - 8)2 ~ 3.../21.


    w

    Hence, length of the perpendicular form P = 3✓21. . ,


    do

    t Q l:r1, Y1,z1) be thj image of P in lhe giveD p lilne. Tiien, the coo1·dln,1tt', 1' 1 ti ''
    J+7 Y1 + 14 Z1 + 5
    - , ,- . But, the coordinates of Ma.re given as ( t, 2, 8).
    ~ 2 2 2
    + 7 = 1 YI < 14 = 2 Zi + 5
    ,x I 8 11
    2 ' 2 ' 2 - ~ -1' 1 - 5, !/1 - JO, · 1
    Hence, coordinate& nf Qare ( 5, 1IJ, I JJ.
    EXAMPLE 3 Find the image of /h1' poiltl lll/v/11!( 11osilio11 ,,,•c'/111 ,
    A
    \ J' I
    I ,' •II ,.,,.
    ,,
    I
    ➔ /\/', /' · 11'1 \~
    r · (2 i - j + k) + 3 = 0. INCl•lfl I \I'~' I •I
    A r " • ' ' \l
    SOLUTTON LetQ be the l.tnagc of tlw point I' (i , 1 j I II.) J,1 ll1t• J'l<ill<' I ·I ' I 1,1 ,l.111'' :<'
    Then,.PQ is normal to the plane. Since l'{.J p,1~~1·~ tllrnugh I' ,111d Js '""·111.1 I t,, tl1P )-\1""11 f
    it is parallel to the normal vector 2 i-f - k. Tlwn 1(01·••, w, tor ,•qu,1lron ,,1lim' i'l..1 H
    28.81

    -~---....:...-~~~......_ ,

    \Q
    Flg.28.36
    ~

    m
    I\ I\ I\ 1\/\,/\
    r = (i + 3j +4k) + t..(2i -j + k).

    o
    },S-Q lies on line PQ so, let the position vector of Q be

    .c
    -~ " ';' /\ ~ ~ A A /\ I\
    (1 -1- ..-, J + 4k) + "-(21 - J + k) = (1 + 2 tc) i + (3-A) j + (4 + 1,,) k.

    du
    Since Ris the mid-point of PQ. Therefore, position vector of R is

    oe
    A A "-AAA
    [(l+2tc)i+(3-tc) j +(4+A)k]+[i+3j+4k] = (l + 1) 0t + ( 3 - ).)~
    - J -,- f 4 + -")·'k
    2 2 \ 2
    ch
    -), I\ I\ A

    Qeady, R lies on the plane r (2 i - j + k) -1c 3 -'-0.


    te

    J A (3-
    (i..+l)i+ /,.) A ( A) kA} -(2i-j+k).+3=0
    j+~-4+ A A A.
    m

    2 2
    fro

    ⇒ 2t,-'-2-3+~+4+ "'+ 3 = 0 ⇒ ].. = - 2.


    2 2
    Putting A= -2 in {i), we obtain the position vector of Q as
    d

    ~
    de

    A /\ /\ A A A- I':, I\
    (i + 3 j + 4-k) - 2 (2 i - j + k) = - 3 1 + 5 J + 2 k.
    I LEVEL-2 I
    oa

    . x-1 y- 3 _ z - 4 ;1itheplane2x-y +z+ 3=0.


    =1- ---=s
    nl

    EXA.\fPl"E4 Find the image of lme


    3 4 ,, A •\ .
    h vector b = 3 i + j-5k and the pLm>' "'
    w

    10 1
    SOL1JTloN We observe that the line is parallel e
    ➔ ,-: ,-: A ➔.; =6 _ 1 _ 5 =o. So, the gi\'en line is parallel to the
    do

    are
    llOrmal to the vector 11 = 2 1 - J+ k such that b , 3 = owill pass through th<' im.~
    · · h Jane 2x - Y + - + · 1·
    given plane. Consequently, its image rn t e P e A]so, the unagc is p<Uallel t,, the> St'•-"' m<'
    Q(x1, Y1, z ) of point P (1, 3, 4) in the gtven plan ·
    1
    lneco-ordinates ofQ are gbren by p(l,3,4)
    ... .... ····--r" ... .. •• J-.,...~ - ,_.1
    - ···•·• -y"
    ... ""'I - -~

    'Q (~_l' V1'..~1)


    -·-············ ······..Fl~-2a.31
    28.82

    X1 -1 _ Yl - 3 = ~4 =-2l-
    ( 2xl-3 + 4+3J
    - - - -2--,
    2 - - 1 1 z2+(- 1) +i-

    X1-l Y1 - 3 z1--1 __ 2 fliod the i


    ⇒ - 2 - =--=-, = - 1- - 1-
    1,. f ind thcr

    --
    X1 -1 = -2 .'ft -3 =-2, zl -4 =-2 find t},ec
    2 ' -1 1 3, x+1 _y
    = x1 = - 3, y1 =5,z1 =2 2
    The required line pa~ses through (- 3, 5, 2) and is parallel lo the given line. So, its equation
    x+3 y - S z-2 11 4- find the
    - = - - = -- -~ ,..
    . A
    .

    m
    3 1 -5 r -(2 I - f
    EXAMPT.F. 5 Find tire image of /he point P (1 , - 2, 3) in the plane 2x + 3y - 4z + 22=0 .,

    o
    111el!)Ut1\J
    parallel to tlze line~ =I=.:._ Also, find the di~tance between point P and iJs image. equation

    .c
    l
    1 4 5 '
    5_ find the

    du
    SOLUTION Let Q be the image of the point P (1, -2, 3) iu the plane 2x; Jy - 4z _ 22 , 2x-2y~
    0
    measured paraUel to the line x = }!__ = .:. and R be the point of in tersectiou of the line passia. 6. Find the

    oe
    1 4 5 .• parailel to
    through P and Q and the given plane.
    ch
    .'
    I.
    7. Find the
    3x-y-z
    te
    8. Find the·
    P(l, -2, 3)
    9•
    m

    ./
    I
    fro

    ➔ ,/\ ,.
    I IR r- ( z - ; -r

    10. Find the


    d

    2x+3y-4u-22=0 /
    /
    - ' "
    de

    r {i-2 ;
    I 11. Find the,:
    ./
    oa

    Q point p (.
    Fig. 28.38
    plane.
    l~- Find the
    nl

    -'> \
    The equation of line PQ, which passes through P and is parallel to~ =;!_=~, is r \o i-3 j
    w

    1 4 5 13.
    x-1 =y+ 2 =z-3 Find the c
    do

    1 4 5 ~r- 31{ +
    l4. Find th.,
    Clearly, R is on thi~ line. So, let the co-ordina tes of R be given by ~x - 2.11 + 4
    x-1 y+2 z-3 . (' . 15.
    =--= =Aor, Ai-l,41.-2,51, , J) Find the _i:
    l 4 5
    from the ~
    Point R (),; 1, 4-7.- 2, 5,,. + 3) lies on the plane 2x 1 3y 4z 1 22 0. Also, find
    2(1.+1)+3(47', 2J - 4(5i, ; 3)+22 = 0 > 6). 6 , ,., I.
    So, the co-ordinates of I< are (2, 2, 8). --l. (-6/61 _
    Let (x1, Y1, z1) be the co-ordinates of Q, Then, '
    .::1 + 1 = 2 11'1 - 2 - 2 zr + 3 "'8 <l, (l, 2, 1), 2
    2 ' 2 ' 2 5. (
    -1112 ?
    => X·1 = 3, YJ = 6, zt = 13 --, 8 '
    . ' -- ., •1(1,:'1 • (- 3, 5, 2)
    Hence, theco-ordinatesofQ are (3,6, 13)and JJQ = ✓(3 1)2 + (6+ 2) 2 1-(13-.'.lr ~,
    28.83

    [ LEVEL-1] _- - - _ EXERCISE 28.15


    fuid the image of the pomt (0, O, O) in the pl .
    J. . . ane 3.\ + 4y - 6z + 1 - o
    Find the reflecllon of the pomt (1, 2, _ 1) in tl - ·
    l, . ie P1ane ;:Ix - Sy+ 4z" 5
    3 Find the coordinates of the foot of the peipend· 1 d ·
    · ,. + l y - 3 z -1 H tcu ar rawn from the point (5, 4, 2) to the line
    ·· ---=--. enccorotherw· d d
    2 - 3 -1 · ise e uce the length of U1c perpendicular,

    4. Find the image of


    ➔ A ~ /\
    the point with position vcctoi- 3 + +
    •
    i j 2k in the plane

    m
    r •(2 i - J + k) = 4. Also, fmd the position vectors of the foot o.£ U1e perpendicular and the
    i j 2k.

    o
    equation of the perpendicular line tlu·ough 3 + +

    .c
    s. Find the coordinates of th~ foot of the perpendi.culru· from the point (1, 1, 2) to the plane

    du
    2x - 2y + 4z + S = 0. Also, find U1c length of the perpendicuJac
    6. Find the distance of the point (1, - 2, 3) from U,e plane x - y + z = 5 meas ured along a line
    1/ ~

    oe
    X
    parallel to.:....=~==~-
    2 3 -6
    ch fCBSE200Sl

    ,, Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular f~oJlL the point (2, 3, 7) to the plane
    3x -y-z =7. Also, .find the length of the perpendicufar.
    te

    8. Find ·the image of the point (1, 3, 4) in the pla11e 2x - y + z + 3 = O.


    A A I\
    9. Find the distance of the po.in t with position ve<-ior - ~ - 5 j - lOk from the point of
    m

    ➔ I\ I\ ./\ ~ J': A
    fro

    intersection of the line r = (2 i - j + Jk) + ?,{:31 +. 4 I + l 2k) with the plane


    ~ A. /\ /\
    r-(i -1· + k) =5. fCBSE20111
    d

    lO. Find the length and the foot of the perpendicular from th e pomt · (1 ' ·1' 2) to the Plane
    de

    ➔r-(i-2
    ' " "
    i + 4k) + 5 =0. ·
    [CBSE 2002CJ
    di , fth
    ,. • dicular and the perpendicular st~ce _o e
    oa

    lL Fmd the coordinates of the foot of the perpe~ _ Find also the image of the pomt m the
    point P ( 3, 2, 1) from the plane 2x - Y + z + - 0· fCBSE 2010, 2012, 20191
    nl

    12 P~e. . , wut vector perpendicular to the plane


    · Ptnd the direction cosmcs of the (NCERTI
    w

    ➔ " " " hr h the origin.


    '·(6 i- 3 j-2k) +1 = O passing t oug . LI . d awn from the ori&'ID to the pl,1ne
    do

    13 F' . £00t of the perpend1ct a1 r !NCERTI


    lild the coordinates of the S/? ') to th,• rt,uw
    ·
    14. i~ - 3
    Y+ 4z - 6 = O.
    2ind the length and the foo
    t of erpend icLLlat from the poi,,t ([NCtllT
    P . .
    1
    P.Xl'l\11'1 \RI
    the perpeodkul.11 d1~t.1n~<'
    lS -~ - 2y + 4z + 5 = 0. . of the perpend1cula1 am1 ·i' '
    '4 i: to 1·lw pl.ml' r ·( ~ 1 1 J ' ~ l -" ·
    > ' , (l
    · find the position vector of the foot " 0
    , tr 2i .-1/ + [CH~! Wtt>I
    froin the point p w ith position vcc o ANS.VF.RS
    Also,find the image<lf Pin the pla ne, • ·
    I. ( I, 6, (I),.!,(,
    -- ;• W/2M
    1 2· (73/ 25 "I () .J ' ' I, t,
    . (-6/61, -8/61, 12/61) '": I A)
    -►
    . 3 . 2k
    4. (1 2 1)t 2 t+-J-1
    •l1
    I\ I\ A
    I
    r ,= 3 '":r + '":/ I 2k I "(21 I
    7. ('i, l, t>); JI l
    • 2 2 -
    , . (-1/12, 25/ 12, -1/6), 13/.✓ 24 6. IJ3 J6, ( . I /12, 25/ 12, l/ 121
    8 10. 12
    · (~3, 5, 2) 9. 13
    28.84
    l~ (12/ 29 , - 16/ 2Q,24/ 29)
    11 (1, 3, 0), .J6 12, - 6/ 7 ' 317 ' 217 n,., ;1,1,)i:!
    ls. 3 '!+2 k
    > 7 '> 11 12'.. -27'-k
    1+2' 112 '
    - " I\
    (,l) ( •' • I
    ~ 'i

    y HINTS TO "JCCPT" SFl.l;CTEo PRoBL£1i14 I JW t'•lu.i


    _ __ _ _____ ____ - - - "
    '- - I
    . ➔ ( 'i _'i j _lk) + 1 =•0. To• find the ,direction Ctl,l- ne, <:f If~ 2
    12. The equation of the plane JS 1 • 6
    . . VI,e 1nu.st write the equation m normn1rorm ,1s follow '
    normal through !he ongm, (.1) flt +
    We have, (,) /,X - -
    ➔ I\ I\ )\.
    r•(6i-3j-2k)~l = 0
    '[]1eequ,1
    ➔ A t\ I\ 7.
    ⇒ r·(-6i+3j+2k) =1 is

    m
    ➔ (-6i+3J+2k> _ ⇒ -:-(-~1+ 3 J+~k) =.l

    o
    1
    ⇒ ,. ,/36+9+4 - J36+9+ 4. 7 7 7 7

    .c
    .. 632
    Hence, direction cosines of the normal vector throughth.e origm are - , , .

    du
    7 7 7
    5. Toe dis
    13 TI1e direction ratios of OP are proportional to 2, - 3, 4.

    oe
    is
    0 (0, 0, 0) 5
    (a --
    ch
    3- 3
    9. The equ
    te

    to the:ir.
    m

    (a) .r -5
    Fig. 29.39
    fro

    {c) ~-~

    So, cartesian equations of OP are ~ = y_ = =.


    2 -3 4 IO. Theva'i
    d

    The coordinatt-,s of P are given by ~ = -1L = !. = r, and the!'


    de

    2 -3 4
    ~

    So, the coordinates of Pare (2r, - 3r, 4r). It lies on 2x - 3y + 4z- 6 =0. ta} r (z"
    oa

    : 4r + 9r + 16r - 6 = 0 ⇒ r = 2. 11• .-\. r,fanc


    29
    . are (12
    - , -18
    - , 24)
    ,.1.'h, ,·). I
    nl

    Hence, the coordinates of P _ .


    w ~ zy
    w

    S (M• •
    ·o• (-l} l
    MUL TfPL/5 CHOICE QUESTION
    do

    l :? . 'the dist;
    Mark the correct alternative in each fJfihe following;
    1 The Plane 2x (1 ~ ~-) JI t 3 /,Z O pa•,S<!S through tlw iJit(,r~crlion tif H\\' f11•111''' rne,,-,ts th
    \n) I
    {a) 2x - !J ~ 0 and y "lz O (b) 2., 1 ;)z , 0 ,m.l .'I ()
    (c) 2x !f + 3z O and If "\z () (d) rn\1u- 11f Minh<' l.l. ,\ l '&:to
    2. TI1e acute angle petwr!c•n tlw p l~1w~ 2;r I/ I J. <, ,11111 1 1 y 1 '.' 'l i~ -~ '
    (a) 45" (b) 60" k) 'IO•· (dl 71;•· 4 11111 I'·(: +4
    3. The equation o f lIJ<! p IaJ1P lhr<1t1~:1a i Iw I111,•, r11•,·ll•H1 ol tlll' )•l.1111"' I I :! II I ,l
    \;\) - 2. i
    2x ~ y z =a-5 and ptirpcl'ldku l;ir 10 1111• pllllu •'l,I' I '111 I II I H () i~ 1-1. [
    (a) 7x - 'l.y + 3z i 81 • 0 (h) ?'l\' 1 1,1.y 9 1 iltl O
    f a pl
    t' - l Ii
    (c) 51x - l5y -50z + J73 O (dJ '"""' ol 1li11w ---- -
    3 -
    ,'I

    4 . ·n,e distance l;>ctwcen the plan<'" 2 r I 2y .i: 1 :1 o111,tl ,1.r 1 4,11 .1:, t 11 11 h 3/4
    1 I t lh u,t' lS, ·r(a)
    (a) - (b) - {I) (ti)
    j
    111111•· "' '' h~ equa
    i 4 6 <lt\q .,:" , ' S~l
    -~.
    rhe iniage of the point (1, 3, 4) in lh-. 2885
    t ) , P1an,, 2, 1
    (,t) (.3,!i, 2 (b) ( 3,5, 2) (t' · 1 +z + ~ ll IS
    The equation of the plnm, contuinin, th , ) ( :l, 5, 2) (d) (1, 5, 2)
    ~. x 1 y +1 z O I,; l two Iin, ·s
    2 =- --1 = 3 and ·' Cl Y 2 , : z 1 1 •
    • 2 3 I ,~
    (a) Sx+y-5;;-7 = 0
    (c) S.,-y-5::-7 = 0 (b) 1 .Y +Sz-7,. O ax
    ., " (d) none of these
    Ihe.,.,uatlon of the plane · 0 /\ /\ "
    --, r:c1-1-1>..(i+i+k)+µ(i-21'+3k•· 1
    , m sea ar product forrr.

    m
    -4 /\ I\ (\
    ta) r -(5 i - 2 j - 3k) = 7 ➔ /\ A I\
    (b) r-(Si + 2j -3k) = 7

    o
    -4 A /\ /\

    .c
    (c) r-(51 -2j + 3k) "'7
    (d) none o f these

    du
    "~ ➔ /\ /\ /\ /\ /\ /\
    s. The
    .
    distance of th e u.ue r =2 i - 2 j + 3 k + >., ( j _
    7. + 4k) from thep,ane
    , ~ ': _" " _
    r-(1 +:,J +le)=:,,

    oe
    IS
    5 25 10
    \a) 3,/3 (b) 3./3
    ff (d) none of these (c)
    ch
    3v3
    • The equation of the plane through the line x + y + z + 3 = O= 2x -y + 3z + 1and parallel
    te

    to the line :: = 1l = ~ is
    1 2 3
    m

    la/ x-Sy+3z = 7 (J:>) x - 5y+3z = -7


    fro

    k) x- Sy+ 3z = 7 (d) x+Sy+ 3z = -7


    ➔ A/\ I\ AA/\

    iD. The vector equation of the pJane containing the line r =(- 2 i - 3 j + 4k) + X( 3 1- 2 i - U
    d

    /\ I\ A
    and the point i + 2j + 3k~s
    de

    ➔ I\ I\
    (a) ;,(i.;. 3k) =10 (b) °1-(i - 3k) =10 (c) r ·(3 i + k) "'10 (d) none of these
    oa

    11 A plane meets the coordina te axes at A , B,


    C such that the centroid of .l1l8C i,, the point
    . x JL z -k the.n k=
    nl

    (11, b, c). U the equation of the !?lane J.8 '; + b + c- ' .


    =
    w

    (d) none or these


    (a} 1 (b) 2 (~) 3 . 1 3 y ,1 - •
    do

    " . and the poin t where the lme , l


    «. The distance between the pomf (3, 4, 5>

    (d) ,wne oi Uw.,11


    meets the plane x + y + z =- 17, is
    (a) 1 (};>) 2
    (c) 3 . '
    pl,11,,•, r t.lr I t A)
    13
    · A vector parallel to
    ➔ A A A

    r-(i + 4 j -2k) = 2 j1; " '1. 7 7I I I IA (d) ',' I 'I I , I '1


    " A " ',' 1"J r',k (t·) 1tq,,'J1,1t,,,111 t ,l
    ()
    a -2i+7 j ➔ 1Sk (b) 21 + . ( I 1, I) ,111.I I I
    14 If I tht! point , 1I ••f'I" I'
    · x a1 plane passes thro1Jg 1 I' wl,H' '••ti 111 u •' '""" "'''
    --.:._= !I ~ I - ~ then its per pen( ,c (d) I
    3 O - 4 (c) 7I" ,, , ,11 ut 11 111 II
    1· (a)3;4 (b) 4 / 3 1t e lhil't-' 1 "" ~.
    l . The eq· u,1tion•oftbe•
    '
    pla:ne par~U( ~o
    '
    1
    ::/) is
    . t 2 I "h l-
    °
    and 1;>assing through the poin
    MATlif:MAl1r,.
    28.86 "<I, I
    (b) x ~ 4y t 2z + 4 - 0
    (a) x -4y ➔ 2z + 4 .., O (d) nonc> of thei,.c
    (c) x 4y ·I 2z - 4 c: 0 . i; J0) from tlw point of intcrsc•chon
    J6. The dist.mn: of lhc p(nnl ( I,,,, ' ~ ('. t; k,..) of th~ hr
    ➔ ') ') k" , (~') + ",· k) and the plarw r. 1 J + = 5 is
    r=2t-J-i 2 t,.,,,'1 1 12 d
    () (b) 11 (c) 17 . () nom•oftfv,~
    9
    ah . . th Jane throuah the int1,rsc>chun cJJ Lh ! planes ax+ by , cz + d
    1
    17. r c cqua1nm o1 r P "
    ,~ + my +nz 1 I' _ oand parallel to the 1me Y ,
    . 0 z o · /Jard
    (a) (bl-am)y+(cl-im)z +di ap •O (b) (am bl)x 1 (mr bn)z+md bp ri
    (c) z11 a _ cl) .t + (bn -cm) 11 • nd cp "'0 (d)_ none of these , , ,
    18. The equation of the pli1ne which cuts equal intercepts of un1t length on the rr,ordina¼a,
    is
    (a)x+y+z=l (b)x+y+z=O (c)x+y z=1 (d)x+y+z,.2

    m
    19. The locus rt·presented by xy + yz "'0 is
    (b) a pair of parallel lines

    o
    (a) a pair of perpendicular lines
    (d) a pair perpendicular planes or

    .c
    Cc) a pair of parallel plane~
    [N<:J;PT EXF.MPI.

    du
    :?O. The reflection of the point (a., p, y) in the xy-plane is
    (a) (a,P,O) (b) (0,0,y) (c) (-u,-P,r)
    (d) (a,p,-·()

    oe
    [NCfRT EXr 4PL 11.. Ifthe
    21. Theplane2x-3y + 6:z-11 =Omakesananglesin-J <J. withx-axis. The value of aisequa:'O
    ch
    la) ./3 (b) ..fi (c;) 3_ (cl) ~ 13. The.
    te
    2 3 7 7
    (NCE.RT D'E\il'L
    2 3 =z - 4 and the px~
    m

    22. The sine of the angle between the straight lin.e x - "":Y -
    . 3 4 5
    fro

    2x-2y-,.:z=5is
    'aJ - r;;
    6,,p
    10
    (b) s,fi (c) 2./J (d) Ji
    10
    15.
    le.. The·
    d

    5
    de

    fNCERT EXE!\il' l'

    23, The distance of the plane ;, r, 3.7 i + ~-j-2- k) = 1 from the origin is 1~. The
    oa

    7 7 -.
    <a) 1 (b) 7 (c) 1/7 ( d) none of the5e r-(3;
    nl

    ['Jcll-fl\E\ ,, l
    w

    24. The vector eq~tion of the line passing through the point (-l 5 4) and r,,.•rpt•n,h,'\l!u
    the plane ,z = O1~ , , r•
    lq
    do

    -, I I t / /,
    (a) r =-i-,.5j+4k+1,(i+ /) -t A " /\
    (b) r "" .. ii 5 j + (4 + 'A) k
    -,.l//1 .:!O. Ii p (1,
    (c) r = i-5 j-4k+ 1,k (d) 1► • i.. "k equan

    1. la) 2. lbJ 3, (d) 4 . (<J (bJ


    !i , h , (.,) (,\) 10
    1O. (a) 11. (q 12, (r) 11, (11) " X-}
    14, (q I~. (,t) 1,, (bl " • -..c:..
    19. (d) 20. Id) 21. (<.) :n,. {d) :2:1. (") :U (t,) 2
    6. 3, -9
    FILL IN fNE BLANK 1 \'PE auesr10NStF n
    th 'I, (:~, 2.,
    l . IftheplanexT2y 2z-d,d;, 0 I& al 11 'i unil dtat,incc f,orn tht' point (l, z,H, '
    Th.. ,.,~...... 1 t~ ,,I ~
    1 14. 6x-i..4
    2. . e p nes 3x-6y 2z 7 and 2x 1 y }.z 5 ""' p<:rpendinilar. nwn th•· 1'-1 11

    3. !h;·~·~~~ti~n of the plane passing through (1, 2, 3) and paralhd to the p lane 2.i +:iy~J:
    JS~u ................ .
    o m
    .c
    du
    oe
    ch
    te

    = :· ;1L'1e passes through the points (2, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0) and (0, 0, 4). The equation of the plane
    m

    : S - . ··•--....... [NCER:--EXEMPLARJ
    fro

    4-,/\,/\/\
    .; T:.eca..~cequation of the plane r · (i + ji k) = 2 is ................... .[NCERT E\EMPLAR,
    • T.--.e !!lrercer-:s made by the plane 2x - 3y + 5z + 4 = -0 on the coordinate axes are ....,_..
    d

    [l\CER:' f'(E\lPL"-RI
    de

    ➔ I\/\ A AA.A
    • ::'le angl.e between the line r = (5 i - j - 4k) + ).. (2 i - j + k) and the plane.-
    oa

    ?
    "
    (3 -.;_·-t)-5=0is .......- .......... ·
    ~ '.:!-e f00to£.:he perpendicular from the origin to a plane has the coordinate, (5 -3 -11 The
    nl

    er..:a,; • thtepIaneis
    ' ................1... 1
    w

    ; -r{_::onor 2 y-2z-6=0ami4x+2y -4z=01•


    -ne O!Slance between the paralle Panes .l'. T [Clhf ic?
    do

    . the ori .,in to the plane, then tht' uw;J.tn


    ?.'I !.f P<l, 0, - 3J is the foot of !he perpend icular from ~ (Ca<. ..,,111

    -----~
    eql.lationof the plane is...................

    l 10
    , .:.::!_=y-2 _z-3
    2 -3 - 6
    2. O
    A VSWERS

    ll /iv I
    " 3,-9 6 H
    I'
    ~ \
    "· , 2, 2, 2) 10. 1
    :;Ull
    \
    I
    "
    I
    i t 6.t:- 4y+3z = l2 15. x+y-rZ"' 2

    t'. . -+ A A A J9. 3
    ,. 7 ·(5i- 3 j-2k) = 38
    I
    Ill ( unn 1 A11 wr nau
    110,, rv t

    I'• 'I l'Plld ll 11 I. 11


    Will,• 111,• 11111•1, ,·pis m,1d1• hy lh•· pl,1111 ?'1' 1111 tlz I.? <>11 tf1 1 •c,,,,,din:it";v,.
    W111,, 11"' ,,1t ,11 111 wliwh Iii•• pl,1111 • th I 1if/ '}7, ~ dl v1r!1•1, lh1• Jln<· i-R;,rnn,t J•»nmi;p:

    m
    ( 1, 1, 'iJ 1111d ( l, "I, :1)

    ."
    W111,• th,• 1 h~tmw,• l>,·tw1·<'n lht· r,1rnlll'i pla111•1-1 :tx y f 3z

    o
    (2; 1 1 "/ 6A)
    "

    .c
    \\11 ,ti· llw pl 11w , 14 i11 nnrmal form.

    du
    I I I I
    W111,•1h,•d1'lh111,1 11fllwpl;11w I (Zi / 1 2k) = l2 from thP. origin
    ' ,

    oe
    ,
    Wril,• tlw 1·qwit 1n11 ol lJw rla1w r 11 1 ).b ➔ µ c in scalar product form .
    ., , .-,.
    ch
    Wrill' l'I v,•dm 11<>n'l11tl 111 tlw pl<1n<• r I b f m c.
    W, ill• llw 1•qu.1tlon of Iha pl.inc pa!:ii;ing through (2, - 1, 1) and parallel to .,'Je
    te

    3.l-1 21( % 7, oonnals.


    - > -, - , . -,-, ..,.
    m

    4 W1·1ll· th,• ,·quation of the p l.me containing the lines r = a + ). b and r "' a-µ ,.
    -> ➔ --->
    fro

    ..,..._
    Writt• Uw pm,ilion vedor of the point w heru the Jine r = a + lb meets the planer ·" =
    Wnt,• llw va lut• of /r for whi<:h the line x - 1 "' ¥ - J "" z - 1 is perpendicular to thel!Offllil
    d

    2 3 k
    de

    -+ A I· /'t
    th, plan1· r •(2i 1 3j -1 4k) - 4.
    y- 2 z+ 3 o.
    oa

    Wrillc' th<· ,ingl<.> bc,tw11(1n lhe line x 'I and the plane x + y + -1 =
    2 1 2
    Wr,h• llw ml<•rc-.. pt cu t ,,ff by the plane2x ~ y z 5 0n x-axis.
    nl

    riHd lhv l1•n15lh of lh<• pnpr·ndicular drawn from the origin to th<• plane
    w

    2x 1y ➔ 6z + 2 t o. l -,
    do

    Wntl' Ifu• v1•ct9r <'qua1io11 of Hw Un,• pahs ing Ihrough 11,c• puini ( I 2, 1) an,!°'
    ► I f' A
    tl11•pl11nc• r ,(21 f / f 2/c) ,;, ~

    21 W1i1t· tl11•v••1 to, 1•q11atlw1 of llu- pl,1111•, pw;f'i lni, lhnmgh tlw po 1111(o1, /o, <),ui.11i.11oiU, •'
    , f, I I' 't
    pfit11,• I ( H / ~ /•/ 2. I•
    Vind th, • v1•111,r 1•q11,,ti1JJ1 ol ,, 1,hu1t• whid1 I~ ,fl o.1 disl,1rn·,• nl 1, ,it, 11<'11' th<'<'II$ 1
    111
    I /. " I
    normal VN lt,r i;, 2, 1 t i <,A •
    ' fJJ' ,1 p J11111· w I Ill'I1 Ih ,1 1 " d h1t.11,, 1, ul 5,/ \
    ' II11' 1·qw,ht,n 111
    2 Wnlt• llllllr, 1111111 II 11, ' •r "'
    •\
    norm,,1to whkh 1~1•1111ully 1111-lhwd 1, 1<·1,11nl111,1l,• ,._,,~ I
    , I' I r\
    Fi nd lht> ,1C'U(l' a11gl1 • lwlwt:'1•11 llw pl,1111•~ r (1 'J. I U)
    28.89

    ANSWERS
    4. /ry+cz1 d =O

    10. 4 "· Jfo.

    ➔ ➔
    12, b X C
    16. - 13
    4

    17, 45°

    m
    ➔

    o
    A A ,'\
    ~1, r •(i+j+k) =a +b+c

    .c
    -1(11)
    l zi

    du
    24. cos

    - - -- -- -- ---.:..- ~ ---,,-_.....,W~ + ~~__J:__~- ACTIVITIES


    oe
    ch
    t ~..
    ~CTIVITV-1
    :: ' ' .
    te
    - '.

    OSJECTIVE To verify that the angle between


    • , , · ·t
    i fwo,"· , .Z~gJe
    , ,.. .b""'·•
    .,,. .. een therr
    ·
    normals. ·• · i , •· •
    m

    ' ' .::_ -,. •l

    1
    MATERJALS REQUIRED Plywood p,ieces, wires. '· ,·
    fro

    1
    STEPS OF CONSTRlJCTlON ·1,
    :Jl)- t=:,", ,._
    ·t-~ '°.. f
    .'
    d

    fill'! Take two pieces of plywood of size -~S 4Jt1'~ 3B on·(siiY.))md.joi~ them with the help of
    de

    hinges as shovn:i in Fig. 28.40. Corui(q¢,,thesr ~o PlY.wood pi<.'CeS as two planes.


    ~ 1: '
    ~ Fix two vertical wires on. each plane to show'Tlqrmals.to the p lanes.
    oa

    SEf.m Cut slots in the tvvoplanes tp ·nx ~ thlr<l' p lywpod 'pi!lre showing third plane as
    nl

    shown in Fig. 28.40.


    w
    do
    28.90
    MA•H~f<AAll•t
    1~e pi..P.
    STEP I I . ot. 111
    Let I3 be the hne . ....,,.r.-el.·tion of pl.int', P1and P3 ilnd /4 be
    . the Hne of inter1i1;, I·
    "'- -
    plane:, Pz and 1,_. re~rc.>C· tivelv. Cle,1rlv, • ,mr,lc bt'fwcen 1mes 13 and 1-1 rn th. • ,,.criVir
    between the pl.11w~
    oeJEaCf
    Line 11 15 nonl'la) to thC' pl,1111' P1 mid lint',, li('S in plane 1'1 .So, line,, is Pf'rpenr1'1'J
    11 ►iven
    the liile /).Slmilitrly, lii\e 12 is perpendicular to the hnc /4 So, the ang)p b,·twten
    1,1A
    ,,1me as thl? angle bt'l\\"l't'n 11 a nd 12·
    14 u:, _
    ,rfPSOF
    Hence, the an5-le between two planes is same as the angle between theu nonnnls

    OBSERVATIONS {i) T,\·o planes are parallel if their normals are parallel. 1
    (ii) Two planes a1e perpendicular if thelJ' normals are perpendicular.

    m
    ACTI\'IT\ ·2

    o
    .c
    OSJECTI\1£ To find the distance of a point from a plane.

    du
    MATE..'llAtS REOUIRf" ·wooden board, hinges and an iron rod.

    oe
    STEPS OF COh.'STRUCTIC
    .... -
    ch
    Take two wooden boards of appropriate size and connect them by hinges m5tt.
    way that one is horizontal and the other is vertical.
    te

    Take a triangular lamina and fix it on the vertical wooden board in a groO\ e ir. • .,.
    m

    1/l'ay that it is parallel to the horizontal plane and can move up and dow"ll.
    fro
    d
    de
    oa

    0 - + -p -
    nl

    P1
    w

    Fig 28 41
    do

    Take a, ir<m rod and adj1»,l ltbuch a way th<1t ii rt>mains \'l'rtl.:,d \\ ith l,>11 ,•r 1 '
    hc,n,:ontal plan1- ,tnd passes 111rough the poillt who~,• di,t,uu ,, is h• t,,, 1,,un,I 1
    pl"n<'. /.,hr,, m,irk 1J ,., pulrtl ,m tlu rod
    STEPS Of DFI or TRJlrlC,N
    1
    1 1 H:'/'"' .r•11I H 11, .. h1111,:.1111lnJ 1•li!111 , l'i 11·p1t•,~·u1-; 11t.,, , dh ,,l ,1, , .111,I h,
    lamma J-•illrtl l, ·1 1,, lli, r,J,,111 11 ,, , , ,, ,1•11ti-d l,1 / 1 I 1 111
    Tlw vr,rl1'.. <1J ,od 111, 1'1 6 Ilo,· I"" 1✓,,, 11 ,I pl 11 111 , 111< 1 ui,t I' 1,
    ' f I'
    Iii, p,,n, 1 11,a, ~,,I' 11 iJI
    d1~fill1Cl' 1~ tu L>t> dr-1, ,.,11,11•d ]11)111 1111• Im, 111111t.rl pi.
    1111
    Slf : ► ill
    Mov<... lhe trit1ugld.:ir Ja111111J 11 1;w ud /,i11w 1n, ,11 d , 1 1kit lh , l th►, "'111tii.:n1• ''
    point/' lllilrkt•d on iii, \1'111, .ol nut

    Measllrf! t Iw il•11glh ol 1h1• rud Jru111 f J lo, I' I hts lt•n1,; U, 1,; lh,· di,1.1111<' 1H I,, tr\f
    the hori.a>ntal pl11nr• 1'1•
    \'l\.
    ftl~pLANE
    28.91
    ~cttVlrY·3 ___...-.;...- _-1
    crtVE To find the equation of the plane passi .
    11
    oe,JE
    ,h'el' vector. ' ' l'lg- irough ,I fix~,d point and 1wq)('ndir11IM to
    I"
    ERIALS REQUIRED Wooden plan I--, lrans11 r I I . .
    1,1AT , a en ~ 1e,•t, Stei>I wire$ anti sold<•J'ing materi.al.
    srEPS OF CONST~UC'TIOIII

    gE.I Take a wooden plank of size 10 cm x 12 cm.

    ~
    --
    Take a piece of thin wooden todand fix itin the wooden plank to 1·epresent thenvrmal
    vector n .

    m
    ·
    Take tlu-ee pieces o f. steel ''Ill.res
    . to represent vectors ➔
    r , -►
    a and ➔
    r- ➔
    11.

    o
    .c
    Join three wires to form a triang le.

    du
    Take a transparent acrylic sheet and join the trian gle formed in step IV with the
    ➔ ➔
    transparent sheet in such a way that one side representing r - « touches the sheet, the

    oe
    other two sides are in space and vertex at the bottom of wooden p lank as ~hownin
    Fig. 28.42.
    ch
    te

    A
    p
    N
    m
    fro
    d
    de
    oa
    nl

    0
    w

    Flg. 28.42
    do

    STEPS OF OEl~OI ST R,I: TIO~ i in With t<'ft•teil\V to ori~11H 1


    k represan l the or g .
    j . • • •
    ~ll'J Let the pointO on the wooden P an ' • d '.,.~ ,-,,ttv<'IV 1lwn, \ I' c •1
    • . nd I' lw a i,11 r , . 1
    I •. t rsofpointi;,, a , • ► •
    etthe position vec o , ,,•tor II in llu· pl.111,, ·""' I/ ' d
    ·t•!,J•nt•; n, ,,n h-d vt
    ~:rli'.!I The vertical wooden rod ON f<'P'
    lies in the plane.
    '1 1: (/
    ➔ ..L. n•➔ ⇒ A- f~)· 11 -o~
    ... !

    :. AP - (, n • ; ,. th1m11111 •'""''1l"''"1 "·""llil'''~'t"m


    11
    . f the pla111! I'''"~ "
    Tills js the vector eg ua tJOl1 ° ►
    ➔ • Jar to vectut rr.
    vector a and perpert d icu
    28.92

    T>.CTIVW-!t~
    th
    OElJECTIVE To find the vector equation of the plane passing rough a fixed point and P3raJ¼I
    two given vectors. · ~,
    MATERIALS REQUIRED Plywood board, wires, nails etc.

    STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION
    filf PI Take a plywood board of size 35 cm "35 cm (say).
    ~ • ll Mark a point A on the board whose position vector with reference to
    ➔ ~lair
    coordinate axes is /l.
    illf . 17,e plane represented by the plywood board is parallel to two vectors
    ➔ ➔ ➔
    band;~--"',a!
    ➔
    z9.1 ,,TR'
    point A fix two wires AB =I bl and AC =I cl parallel to vectors band c respeetiv~y. nie tenn~'
    a!Jlongst

    m
    hl.[.f.l Choose an a.rbitrary point Pon the plywood board and join A and P by a wire_
    prob!~

    o
    fil£..: Take a point Q on AB and join it with P by a wire such that PQ is parallel 00 objectJ.Ve5, i
    Similarly, take a point Ron AC such that PR is parallel toAB.JoinPandRbyawire~ alterilj

    .c
    •• haVe

    du
    The term
    C maxuniZed
    probletnS f~

    oe
    Fonnally, tiJ
    linear functi
    ch
    formoflin,
    Q Ii B
    te

    Fig. 28.43
    ;:~~i~
    m

    OBSERVATIONS
    fro

    hll1 With reference to some origin O, let the position vectors of A and p be -; and ; 29..2 ....
    -, ➔ ➔
    respectively. Il;en,AP = r-a. In this se ·
    genera. dd
    d

    - ➔
    2.lIE 1 AB = b and Q is a point on AB. Suppose ttJ
    de

    ➔ ➔
    :. AQ=mb forsomescalarm. pre>du~cts
    is
    onm ·
    oa

    ➔ ➔
    Similarly, AR =n c for some scalar n. hours of tini
    ➔ • ➔ ll'lanltfactwl
    nl

    => QP =AR = nc ''illing to ~


    ST£!' Ill In triangle AQP I we obtain ~e above J
    w

    ➔ - ➔ ------
    do

    AP=AQ+QP
    lteu
    -; ➔ ➔ ➔

    ~ r-a=mb+nc -M<1c'k,..
    ,w.,e-
    _,, ~ ➔ ➔

    ⇒ r=a+mb+nc ~t~chine
    I ~ -► , ~Pr~~~(;;
    .
    Thus, r = a + m /J + 11 ,c for some !lealam III and 1'.,
    . • I t ·--
    This IS the vc:ctor .,qu.ation
    ...., ,
    of ti1 e f •. ,
    Pane passi ng through a point w ith po~ition v,,,i,,r ' JI~· . 0 lt\ax.itn,j ,!
    I!\ <>iv
    parallel to vectors b and c. Ii" en tha
    1 1e:ni::e, the
    REMAJ{t, ~he alJUVe equatwn i9 know11 ,,s the prmtmP/ri,: c-qur,t/oir oj l/w p/,,11e a~ 111 mid~ .1•; ''~ s than
    l\1ach· or
    parameters.
    , ➔ -1
    Then.on-parametric
    _.__
    form of/hi•' pltme 1's ( r• ➔) ·• ->
    fl •( bxc) ' • ') - ~-t~•
    , Oor,r(/J>-C- J.ne B,
    6x
    or, fr b c] = [ a b ,; ].
    LINEAR PROGRAMMING

    29.1 INTRL ~ ''- n '


    n. .,.rn, 'programming' means planning and ·t 1 re f ers to a particular
    •
    11,e ,~.. . . , . plan of action from
    amongst several _altemative_s _for ma~un1zmg pr?fit or minimizing coi;t etc Programming

    m
    problems deal with deternunmg ?Pt1mal all.ocat.10n of limited resources to meet the given

    o
    (tjectlves, such as least cost, maxunum profit, highest margin or least time, when resources
    have alternative uses.

    .c
    The term 'Linear' means that all inequations or equations used and the function to be

    du
    maximized or minimized are linear. That is why linear programming deals with that class of
    .
    ~roblems for which all relations among the variables involved are linear.

    oe
    formally, linear programming deals with the optimization (maximization or minimization) of a
    ch
    linear function of a number of varia bles subject to a number of conditions on the variables, in the
    form of linear inequations or equations in variables involv.ed.
    te
    b mil. chapter, we shall discuss mathematical form uJation of linear program~g problems
    lhat arise in trade industrv commerce and military operations. We shall also dISCUSs some
    m

    elementary techni~ues to s~l.ve Tuiear programming ptoblems in two variables only.


    fro

    ~.2 _ E l"'cU G '1/.. r Mir G PROBLfMS .


    ln this section we shall discuss the general form of a linear pro~mming probl~m. To gwe ~e
    general descr4Jtion of a linear programming problem, let us consider the followmg_ problem.
    d

    d t5 viz chairs and tables. Pro<:L>ssmg of these


    de

    SupPOl,e that a furniture dealer makes two pro u~ ·. es hours on machine A and 6 hou.rs
    2
    products is done on two machines A an d B. A ch~rr r;qu~ hours on machine B. There Me 1t,
    2
    oa

    l'J!l mac~ 8. A table re~u.ire:; 4 hours ?n ma;z;; h~:Cs on machine B. Profits i-,,au~ed b) th.•
    0
    houn; of time per day available on maclune A d ,,, '00 respectively. Th.- mdnut<lcturer i,.
    !Ii u£ . a:n d a table 'are< 300 an ' oducts
    :, . . his pro t··1t
    nl

    <an acturer from a chalf to max1mtze


    th
    Willing to know the daJ1y product of each of e two pr .
    w

    n.. Jl · tabular form.


    "II! above data can be put in the fo_o_:~g ~-
    do

    - -- Table

    Mad,in"A.
    Chair
    2hn,
    r 4 hrs

    ¼chint B
    2 hrs
    6hrs
    , r ,;oo
    fr,,fit(in Rs) ~ ",00 . ,n~ltu.• ~ \ .
    di ,I,~ ui.t vt,1hl,'t>p,•rd,n II
    h
    t _1 1J .,nuJ;1t t,u, 1 f l p,i,~~ 1 hPltt,;\,1\ nu1.. Uh' \
    • <i lllaxin,_jze his profit, i,uppc,•,<' Iha
    11
    "' " 1, i,,.. 1 11
    /I w II t ·' • ' '' " ·•, ,t, i. 1, • \ , I., I h,~ 11111,t I,,•
    I i "'' 1!/ •
    ½given that a chair requiret> 2 hc,u
    15 . th /Ill Jl hll
    · , A 10 ,rodu"' 11 ''' ,'~' 111 ,,_.. ,:.r + Is ;r
    lb :,l,mt,,rh f,,r
    1 ence, the total time taken by 1oai:hin<v<1ilHl)h, "" u1,1d 1u 11 • 1
    ess than or equal to the total hours .:1
    lllachin" 8, we have
    6x+2y ~ 20.
    29.2

    Th,• tot;i l prrillr (11 1• , , Ji,1in, ,ond y f,1hl1•1i I~, 'l!lr! 1


    iwv,,, nc•g;,tlv,·, 'Jh,·1,•fon•, 1 II uJ1d I/ 11
    Th11H 1 w,, hilV(' fo 111,1><111111'.,•
    Prt,/ir .10(h 1 ',OOy
    Subjf'tl In tlw u111i.l1 ,1i1tl.'
    2 .1 1 4y I<,
    (}\ 211 20 29•
    3 sor
    , ~ (), I/ /) fn fhi'> r-,ec
    11 A~ dbCtlfi,
    0 1 nf nlf tlw p1,i11l11 (.r, f/) in llw ~c,J11llo1111c•I o/ fhr• ,11,nvr• 1111 '.'"'., r·c,rn, fr, 1lt1b, t/w rn11r,u(,,\t<1rt (J
    h,1s lo chon~,• th,11 prnt1l, ,,, thos1• pol11l11 Im w hld 1 ilw J)l'O(il ,()()x I· 'iOO,r; ha~ th,, rn~xirn,,~
    val1Je. 5ul;,j1•ct to

    m
    111
    In th,, ;ibove disrus.~1011 d 11 chilir , rn,1,, t 12.'i() ,111cl a labfr· ro11t~ '( 'lO(JO lh<•n th<• Mal CIJlf ,,/

    o
    ai
    producmg x ch,1irs and y tc1hlt•H is f2'i0x 1 ,')()O()y. N Pw, 1hr, manufiwhm•r wi ll bt: inter,,_.,1i,~ h,

    .c
    chuoi,(' thil1 point, nr tho.sc• puinh, in 1111• Kol111lon .Y<·I of fhe· iJbovc lln1:ar rn0Mr11ln~, frir w/ii(h th,
    «.r1

    du
    co~t l250x , '100011 l,,11, th1• minlm11m v11f11".

    The two situalums di9W%ed Hl1nvc i;lvc Uw clcHc1·iplion of a typt- of linear pmgramming Th•! defini

    oe
    problems. Jn the abov<> (fo,cu~slon, I he profit fw1ctiOJ1 300x ·I 500y <Jr the coot funct ,n
    11 OBJf
    - 12SO.cr + 3000y ,s known a~ the objective fundicm , The inequaliuns 2x 1- 4y :; / f,, 6x + 2y '2/)
    Junction Z
    ch
    are known as the constrain t~ a nd x.:: 0, y c Oare known as the non -negativity restricti005.
    fan,tion.
    The general ma them a ticaJ dte.scriprion of a linear programming problem (LPP) i$ given below:
    te
    The obj
    Optimize Z ~ c1 x1 ➔ '2 x2 ; ,., + c,, x11 (objecttvejunctl{)o,J progra
    Subject to
    function w
    m

    11 11
    11 X1 + 12 X2 +1113 X3 + ·· · f- 11111X.,1 (S' , = , , )b1 objective
    fro

    1121 X1 t 1122 X2 + 1123 X3 +... + tii,, :X:,1 (S' ' "' , 2:) b2 COHSTIIAI

    (conslramt;J
    11,n l X1 + ">n2 X2 i· 11,,,3 X3 +,., + ll,mi X,, (S: , =, ~) b,,
    d

    1
    x1, X2, X3, ... , x,, cO
    de

    (non-negatiuitt; restrtctwns1
    whe1e all °ij 's, b; ·s and 'J's are constants and. x 's are variables.
    1 lnequatio
    oa

    The above linear programming problem may also be written in the matrix form as follows· rnu_,t bt> m
    X1 111 dicate th
    nl

    Optimize (maximize or minimize) Z = fcl Cz ..... Gil x2 NON•NEGA


    w

    m vo1"t!Q in
    do

    29.4 ~ Ar
    Subject to
    In the prev1
    rall t1-i2 ,. 11 111 X1 b1 (LPP). ln
    !'toblem fo
    '1:21 '½.i 1121, ~
    (:;;, C / .:j b2 lr\to a lllath
    Problems
    l 11m1 '¼2 .. 11,,,n x,, IJ,, following. al
    X1, ,½, X3, .,.,,, .In
    OR
    Optimize (Maximi:r.e or Minimize) % "ex
    "0
    ~.
    l\t..aoRrn- .,
    11
    In e-i
    1)ari 1
    Subject to AX (::, =, .:) B Iden
    X ,,:0, Iden
    Step
    XI 29.3
    all a12
    ,,,nere C :=[CJ C2 ... C,r], X = Xi
    ,A == a21 a22
    a111
    "2n I
    I I
    Xn
    aml am2 ... 11,,,,,
    29,3 SOME DEFINITIONS
    ,, th.is section, "\Te shall formally define vario st
    u• . • u erms used in a 1i . .
    JIS<liscussed m the previous sectio1,, the general f _ . near programnungprobJem.
    01
    Optimize (Maximize or Minimize) z _ m of a lu,ear Programming probJem is
    •b·1ec tto , X + ..... +c, x
    • - Cl XI + C2-2
    ~u 1 11
    11
    «11 x1 + 12 xz + ..... + 111 -'<11 ($, ==, ~)b
    11
    1
    '121 ~1 + 0 2~ Xz + ..... + ~2.n x,l ( $, ==, ;;,: ) b2

    m
    '' .. ..

    o
    a,,,1 Xi + 111112 X2, + .... + O,,m Xn {$, ==, <': { b

    .c
    111
    ..\ \ X2, .... ,, X11 <". 0

    du
    The definitions of vn1ious terms related to a LPP are as follows:
    OBJECTIVE FUNCTION lf Ci, Cz, ...., c,, nre constants and x1, x2 , ... , xn are variables, then the linear

    oe
    ..~mclio11 Z = C1 X1 + '2 X2 + ••, + c,, Xn which is to be maximized or minimized is called the objective
    f:inctio11.
    ch
    The objective function describes the primary purpose of the formulation of a linear
    te
    programming problem and it is always non-negative. In business applications, the profit
    function which is to be maximized or the cost fun,c tion which is to be minimized i.~ .called the
    objective function. ·
    m

    CONSTRAINTS The inequations or equatums in the variables _of a L.PP which describe the conditions
    fro

    ~rllier wlzic/1 the optimisation (maximization or minimization) is to be accorrrpltshed are called


    constraints.
    d

    1n ll1e constraints given in the general form of a LPP there may be any one of the three signs
    s,=,~
    de

    ln { l tl an) inaicate that the total use of the resources


    111uequations in the form of greater than or _e_ss 1 t ivhereas equations in the constraints
    oa

    st be more than (or less than) the speofied amott11


    111d' b full)' used
    10 tcate that the resources described are to e : . h describe that the ,,ariables
    nl

    ' N•i'fEGATIVITY RESTRICATIONS These are the conStraJnts w1HC


    w

    lllVolvect in a LPP are non-negative.


    do

    2 INEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS


    a-4 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF L H ofa Jinearprogrammingproblc>.m
    (In the previous section, we have introd uced the gene;:tio:i::f lineal' program r11i~? proble~,s
    J>[l>J>)• In this section
    · we s h a 11 diseuss
    - tJ1e
    f formu
    ing the verbaJdescrJption
    • of. n dec1swn probltmI
    . tobletnform l ti .' th rocessoftrans orm d re I'll forarnlnte lmenr pmgr,unm ll!(
    11\to a u a_ on is e p is not any set pr?ce u ·th adequatr pt·.iclkt'. I tow,"<'t)I', the
    Ptob1e:th!ne~atical form, Th:yr~e~ro the fonnulaL1m1 f1111t•'a,· pmg1•,1n1111ing j't\1bl<>111s
    loU . • act, one can on . formulation o '
    owmg algorithm will be helpful 1J7 t1,e
    AL(lORtTH . , , iteciH/011< 111,' l't'/11'<''1'11/M /111 ,/1\'19iC111
    Shn.. M
    ~ ln every LPP certain d.ects · tons · 1110s,• f/111111 till,••· '"'/w,., 'l'llllll'// rll'l' tt• />,• d,•t,•1111111,·rl.
    /.O /Jt' mnc/l', /Ill/;/'
    . nre YI'
    v ·b d · · n var1rib/es a X•11"' .
    !Ina les. These ec1s10 them b!f x1, :x2, • i idion of tht• vr1r/,,/J/,•s mfroduce.1 111
    Identify the vari.ables and denote , 11 as !I I/treat 1111
    $1_~.J.! • 11 and expres5
    Identify the objectiveJunct10
    step[.
    MATHE'-'ATt
    29.4 Cs.1•
    . /hi' form of maximizing profits or minuni .
    '-flJ i ' /11 ,l LPP, 111,· ,,1,;cctirrf1111ct1~11 may 1i_c, ,1· 1as,, ii11l't1Y fu11ction of lite decision variabl zmg C-0$t,
    So. ,ift,'r <'-"J'l'C:-.~i11 :-; tlu• ol,jrc/ll'(' flf m /l(III
    : · 'mizalion IdentifiJ the type if~· U-'tlllu •
    0 lru:obj,nt/i:
    find the IY/'<' <'fopti111b1I iclll i.,·. 111111 imi:wll<ltl or II/Int ·
    (1111.-thm.
    ,n "l\ · . . . f · 1'/'IIJS
    Id,•11fitv the ~,·tot ('1l11s/nm1ls, s/11/l'r III c ·
    oif drdsion v11riables and express them .
    · a. l~a, and'
    111cq11;1t io11, ,,, cq11,1/fo11~ ,,~ /he casl' 11111!/ he .. t,(A.,. .,.
    The following .:-,<1mplt's will i\lustrntc the formu lation of linear programming prr,bJe111s ,n Mll/3.
    Y,lti.Ou$ situa lfon1<. torlltl
    ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES /fJPr
    theft
    I LEVEL-1 j J.and
    ,orJ;
    Ti I OPTIMAL PRODUCT INE PROBLEMS

    m
    EXA.t..tPl.t 1 .4 factor11 pmd11ces two products P 1 a11d P2. Each of the product P1 requires 2 hr; '!Ir

    o
    m,ml.fmg, 3 hrs for g/i11di11g r111d 4 /1rs for polishing, and each of the prod~t P2 re~uires 4 hrs ;r

    .c
    •I
    ••
    ••'
    m,,uldillg, 2 lzrs for grinding a11d 2 /11,~ fo r polishing. The facl'On; has mouldmg tnachm:e availabl.efw

    du
    20 '1r:-. gr;nding machine for 24 hrs and polishing11U1chine availablefor 13 hrs. The profit is? 5 pPr ru:hf
    P1 .;.•1.'/~311a unit of P2 and the factory can sell all tlutt it produces. Formulate the problem as a /mw

    oe
    prcgr.,1i11g prol>l,•m to maximize the profit.

    !
    SOLL""TlOJ\. The given data may be put in the following tabular form:
    ch
    .. ------------!:°~duct Capacity
    te

    Resources ------.
    - - - -- - - - -
    Moulding 2 4 20
    m

    Grinding 3 2 24 Her1C
    fro

    - Polishing
    Profit inf
    4
    5
    2

    3
    13 - - -
    d
    de

    Suppose x units of product P1 and y units of product P? are produced to maximize the profit.-·
    Z denote the total profit. -
    oa

    ~1:'\ce each unit of product P1 requ ires 2 hrs for moulding ,ind each imit of product P;: 10\jWn:> ~c1d
    ~ .nrs_ for moulding. Hence, the total hours required for moulding for x units of product P. ,ll'>C
    \
    nl

    y Ull,lts of product P2 are 2x + 4y. This must be less than or equal to the total hours ,1\·c1ilal'«'
    moulding. I k-nce,
    w

    '¾-,
    2x,- 4y !>20 ..,
    do

    This is the first constraint. ?o


    ThE total hours requ~ed for grinding for x units of product p ,\llll J/ units ,,r pr,,,ltt,"I ', l'i-f
    1 Pre,
    3x + 2y. But, lh'-' maximum number of hours ava ilable fm grindin~ is , t,
    :. 3x +- 21( .., 24 Sur
    This i$ the serond nm~troi11l.
    Similarly, for p<,li~Jt.ing th,, rn11, lldi11t ,~ 41 1 2y Il
    Since x and y ar<, uon w·~<1tiv1• 111l•·~t·1,,, llll'n•flu·,, 1 u I/ o
    The total profit for x unit, o f pwd1u t 1'1 ,,11d 11 tlllil, <>1 1,, 1 ,d\ld /', h:•t , ~e
    to maximize the prohl, 111.. n Jor,• tli,• obj,•,·tlvc• lo11dio11 ,~ • Gt
    Maximize Z "'5.t , Iv 811.1,
    Hence, the linear programming pr,,ble111 tw tlw glv1•1> pmbh•n1 ,s ,ts tuUows: ~ h-i~
    Maxitmze Z =Sx + 3y
    ----
    ~
    APROGRAMMING
    ,1Nf:A

    1to the constrain ts 29.5


    511bjCC zx + 4y $ 20
    3x + 2y $ 24
    4x+ 2y $13
    pnd, X<'.0, y2:0 _

    pA~frLE 2 A toy company I ma'.wfacl1ires two types ofdo//; n basic version rlol/ A nnd 11 deluxe vr•rsion
    ,fall1B. Each doll oftype B akes twice ~s .long to produce /IS oneof fypeA, n11d the company would h1wr time
    1
    , ake a 111ax111ium of2,000 per day ifzt produces_o11ly the bas reversfo11 . The supply ofplnstic is sufficient
    : roduce 1500 dolls per day \both A and B combined). Thi' de/11xe versio11 requires 11 fancy dress of which
    t/1:reareonly 600 per day available. If the company makes profit off 3 and? S per doll respective/yon doll
    Aa,uf doll B; lzow many ofeach should be produced per day i11 order to maximize pro/ft?

    m
    £OLUTION Let x dolls of type A and y dolls of type B be produced per day. Then,
    Total profit= 3x + Sy.

    o
    .c
    5
    . each doll of type B takes twice as long to produce as one of type A, therefore total time

    du
    ::~ to produce x dolls of type A and y dolls of type Bis x + 2y. But, the company has ti.n,e to
    make a max.imum of 2000 dolls per day
    :. X + 2y $ 2000

    oe
    Since plastic is availa ble to produce 1500 dolls only.
    ch
    :. X + y $ 1500

    Also fancy dress is availa ble for 600 dolls per day only
    te

    :. y$600
    Since the number o f d olls cannot be negative. Therefore,
    m
    fro

    x2.0,
    Hence, the y20
    linear . problemforthegivenproblemisasfollows:
    prograrnnung .
    Maximize Z = 3x + Sy
    d

    Subject to tl1e constrain ts


    de

    x+ 2y :,; 2000
    x+ y :,; 1500
    oa

    y :,; 600 , d(o


    nl

    and x > 0 > 0 Three kinds ofwool nre reqwre . r


    ' - ' y - esofcloth,sayC1,C2,C3, etresofredwool,Smetresof
    w

    EXAMPt£3 A firm can produce three hJf O e unit of lengthC1 needs 2 m ln11d 2 metre!'ofblul.'wool·
    if
    it, say red wool, green wool and blue3woo . O red wool, 2 metres ofgreen w::,oThe firm lias mrly ,1 ~l<>c~ '!f
    do

    blue wool; one unit ofd oth Cz needs metres wool and 4 metres of blue r~JO ·;, t1ssumed that th,• h11-om,'
    6 ofcloth C2 15· ~ 10a11d o r1O 3
    1
    llrtdoneunit olclothC 3 needs 5 metres ofgreen, d 30 metres of blue woo,f. 11 t/r C is 1; s. Fc>rmulat.th,·
    16 metres of red wool, 20 metres 01••green woo . ~an

    obtQined from one unit of leng~h of cloi;~C::,.\: ma;imi:ze the incom:. 7 tab1 ,Jar form:
    Problern as a linear pro=ammmg
    0 pro t • the following
    be pu /'t
    soLlJ'frON " 1. in
    I' ,it fc>t.1/
    The given infor,n.al on
    --------- T can
    ____ -

    Cloth C1
    -
    Cloth C2
    Clo//1 C
    () 3 I ,,,,,, , .'I
    ll\><1/ .rmilr11>/,•

    -------
    Re{! Wool 2 ,'.I
    2
    5 I
    16
    20
    Green Wool 0 4 I 30
    Blue Wool
    ---- 3 z 8
    l
    10

    ---·------
    .... _lncorne (in ~) - -~ - - - - - - - - -
    29.6
    ~,Nt
    I
    ..e,• :r1, X2 and x 3 ,..,e the quantity produced 111 . m."u·es of the cloth of type C,, ' c a,ict C fifl.;iJ
    respectively. · 2
    S
    3 tot11l
    mce
    . 2 meh"es o f red wool .ii-11 required f or om• rne lr•ofdothC
    ' 1 andx 1 mctrcsofclothC
    . . 1 ~re
    prod u.:e ct, tI1eretore
    · 2.1 1 metres of rt•d woo 1 w 1 e ' . 9 . '
    ·11 b, ,·~quired for cloth C1, 1milarly cloth C2
    1
    ·equires 3.1:, mr tres of red wool ilnd doth Cl does not rt•qun·e red wool. Thus, the total qual\lily
    of red woofrequired is 2x1 + 3x + Ox3, · ·
    2
    But, the ma;,.inuun available q uantity of red wool is 16 metres.
    21·1 + ~-•2 + 0x3 s 16
    Similarly, the total quantities of green and blue wool requi red are
    Ox1 + 2.12 +5., 3 and 3x1 + 2x2 + 4x respectively.
    3
    But, the total quantities of green and b lue wool ,wailnble are 20 metres and 30 metres 5u]JjeC
    respectively.

    m
    Ox1 + 2x2 + 5.\· 3 $ 20 and 3x 1 + 2x2 + 4x3 ::; 30

    o
    Also, we cannot produce negative quantities, therefore
    x· 1 20, x2 20, .r3 20

    .c
    and,
    The total inco111e is Z = 6x1 l0x2 + 8x3

    du
    -t

    Hence, the linear progtamming problem for the given problem is


    Maximize Z = 6:r1 + 10.\·2 + Bx3

    oe
    therenr.
    Subject lo the constraints prepare
    ch
    2.\·1 + 3x2 + Ox 3 $16 bottles
    Oxi + 2x2 +Sx3 S 20
    te

    3x1 + 2x2 T 4x3 530


    and, X120, X2 2 0, X3 20 medi ·
    m

    EXAMPLE .J Afumiturefirm manufactures chairs and tablas, each requiring !'he use of three 1m1chines Since
    fro

    A, B and C. Productiou of one chair requires 2 hours on machine A, 1 hour on machine B, and 1 lwriron bottles
    machi11e C. Each table teq11ires 1 Junir each on machines A and Band 3 hours on machine C. The profit
    le-t Z d
    realized by selling one chair is t 30 while for ll tnb1e the figure is? 60. The total lime available per weekon
    d

    maclzine A is iO hours, on mad1ine B is 40 hours, and on machine C is 90 hours. How many chairs and
    de

    tables should be made per week so as to maximize pmfit? Develop a mathematical formutation. Since 1
    SOLUTION The given data inay be put in the following tabular fonn:
    oa

    ---- ------r----- -·-----i----


    M 1
    I Ci1111r· I r:able I Available
    k (' time
    h per
    't .
    ' lS giv
    ac,11ne
    •

    __ ___ + ~;l our~


    •l
    nl

    A _ T __2 j---- wee


    1
    w

    I I
    do

    B 1 1 / 40
    I C _l____ l _ _ J ___ J I ~
    I Profit per unit I_ _ r 3Q__ _ _I _ ~ 60 I
    Let xchairs and y tables be produced per week to maxim.ize thf, profit. Thc-n, tht> tnt,,I pn 1fit t<>rt
    chairs and r; tables is 30x 1 60y.
    ft is given that a chair requires 2 hours on machi ,,c A and,, t.1ble 11•qtdre~ I hnm nn 11Md 1 int' ·I.
    Therefore, the total time taken by machine A lo produn• .r chnirs ,i nd JI l,1blc1, i$ (2.1 , y) hotn~-
    This must be less than or equal to total how·s avajJablt' on 111ad1liw A.

    :.
    Similarly, + ytotal
    2xthe $ 70
    time taken I,y macIu11c
    . BI, 0 p1·o•fu v ·11·1· .,,
    , <.c•"c
    A • t les 1s
    , 11 , nnd y .a, . (.,, + ,11). hours. Jlttl,
    ·the total time available per week 011 mac:hme B ls 40 hoLU·s.
    XTyS40
    T
    LINEAR PROGRAMMING

    3 . II)· the total time taken by machine C t 29. 7


    fJJl<I , ail bl k o produce t ch .
    pt,ll tiJ11e av a e per wee on Ula.chine C is 90 h . airs and y tables is x + 3y hours and the
    ' r + 3y S 90 ours.
    Since the number of chaits and tables cannot b .
    .. x~ 0 anyd >_ 0 e neg<lhve.
    let z denote the total profit. Then,
    Z = 30:r + 60y
    J{ence, the mathematical form of the given LPP is a~ follows·
    Ata:rimi:ze Z == 30x + 60y ·
    511~jedto
    2x + y $ 70

    m
    x+_lfS40

    o
    x+3y s 90

    .c
    and, x ~ 0, y ~ 0

    du
    D.Af\{PLE s A manufacturer of n line ofpatent medicines is preparing a production plan on medicinlfS
    :land B. There are sufficient ingredients available to make 20,000 bottles of A and 40,000 bolt/es of B but

    oe
    t!1ereareo11IJ 45,000 bottles into which either of tJ1e medicines can be put. Furthermore, it takes 3 hours to
    prq"1re enough 11111/eria/ to fill 1000 bottles of A, it takes one hour to prepare enough material to fill 1000
    ch
    t,oH/esof B a11d there are 66 hours available for this operation. The profit isr 8 per bottle/or A tmdt lper
    bottle for B. For111ui,1fe fhis problem as a linear programming problem.
    te

    SOLL'TJON Suppose the manufacturer produces x bottles of medicines A andy bottles of


    medicine B.
    m

    Since the profit is t 8 per bottle for A and ~ 7 per bot tle for B. So, tetal profit in producing x
    fro

    bottles of medicine A and y bottles of medicine Bis t (Bx+ 7y).


    Let Z denote the total profit. Then,
    d

    Z = 8x+7y
    de

    Since 1000 bottles of medicine A are prepared in 3 hours.


    -3x- hours.
    • ine A = 1000
    oa

    Time required to prepare x bottles Of· med ic


    I .15 . . B are Prepared in 1 hour.
    nl

    t given that 1000 bottles of medicine y


    . Of d"cine B = __1 hours.
    w

    Time required to prepare y bottles 1 me 1ODO . _ _


    do

    . A and ·I/ bottles of medtcn\e B '"


    Thu.~, total time required to prepare X bottles oJ_ me. d.JC!f\C
    3 e tion [s 66 ho1u-s.
    J.'.
    lOOo ~
    y hours. But, the total time avai.,a ble for tlus op ra •
    1000
    .]~+_]/_ < 66
    1000 1000
    ~ 3x + y s; 66,000 h ec.licin•·~ c,111 ht• put.
    Since there arc only 45 000 bottles into w hich t e m .•
    .. ' ll\d 1-ll tl()() bottll'~ ol 1-i.
    x + y s; 45,000 20 ()()0 bt~ltl<•s nl , t 1 •
    ltlsgiven that the ingredients are available for '
    '• 40 000 • > 0 I/ > (),
    x s; 20,000 and Y s; ' . Therefore, ·' ''
    ~""' the number of bottles can not bte negative.
    Sih-- ·
    .
    f II ws·
    I pp is ns O O •
    Iience, the matheinatical for.muJation
    . of the given "
    Maximize z = Bx+ 7y
    29.8

    Subject to
    3x + y s 66,000
    X+ Y !> 45,000
    X !> 20,0QQ
    V ~ 40,000
    and, ~ ~ 0, !' > O. if, ctures two 1ypes of lart1P9 say A and B. Both 14n
    EXAMPLE 0 A re~o111·cef11l honie decomtor
    go tltrough two teclmicin11s,ftrst 11
    ma;u;
    cutter, secon_ ll
    ; ,
    ishe~. Lamp A requireB 2 hours of£he cutters ,?'X
    1
    of cutter's and 2 hours offi.nis!w's time. n!
    1 1011
    amf l lrour of tlie finisher's_ti!ne. Lamp B ;eq~~;e;f time available each month. Profit on one lamp A
    76 0
    cutter has 104 hours mzd fi111sher has '. ; he can sell all that he produces, haw many efeaazt'{Pt
    ~ 6 00mzd 011011cl,1111p B 1s~ 11.00. Assuming 11111 ·
    · ,., .. tOobtain the best ret1,rn.
    of/amps should he manu;ac..ire . f llow · g tabnlar form:
    ·
    SOLUTION 111e above .m fonnat'10n c•ai1 be put m t11e o _111 -
    _ ... _

    m
    Cutter's lime=rFinisher's time
    Lamp Profit in ~

    o
    ~-------'----,- 2 1

    .c
    6

    2
    du
    11
    l~_4~---'-l____ ----

    oe
    Mnim= ,,ail,b::l:.:e_L__ __ :_6_ _
    - - - - - -- -
    Let the decorator manufacture x lamps of type A and y lamps of type B.
    ch
    :. Total profit =f ( 6x + 11y)
    te
    Total time takeJ1 by the cutter in preparing x lanips 0£ fype A and y lamps of type Bis (2x - }
    hours. But, the cutter has 104 hours only for each month.
    2x + y s 104
    m

    Similarly, the total time taken by the fin4;hednpreparing x !,imps of type A and y lamps-0fr.o.
    fro

    Bis (x + 2y) hours. But, the cutter has 76 hours ()l1ly for each month.
    x+ 2y s 76
    Since the n umber of lamps cannot be negative.
    d

    x?: 0 and y?: 0 ·


    de

    Let Z denote the total profit. Then, Z = 6x + 11 y.


    oa

    Since the profit is to be maxi.mi.7.,ed. So, the mathematical formulation of the given LPP "
    follows:
    Maximize L, = 6x ➔ 11y
    nl

    Subject to
    w

    2x+ys104
    do

    X + 2y :£ 76
    and, x ?: 0 , y ?: 0
    EXAMPLE 7 ,1 company makes two kinds of lea/her bells, A and 8. lie// I \ is hi~// q11,,lit11 /•di ,1 .I h
    l~wer quality The respective. profits aret 40 and~ 30 per 1,e/t. Emh bl'// of t1Ji•.:,1rc,JIW•"' /o1' """' m
    tune as a belt of type B, and if a/1 bell's were of type ti, tlti• co111pm111cpu/r/ 111,,A,· 11 ~~I /'i'/t, /\ •1,v
    supply of /e(lfher is sujjicienl for only 8()0 !Jt•I/ R 7wr dny (lwth A 1111r /I cc 11111,111,.,//. f!,•/1 ,1,. ,,11rr<'- ~ 1'1
    0

    / d
    buckle, and only 400 buckles per dm; are 11v11ilklh, '/'ileri• 11r(' 1,111i1 10111,11 , Al,•~ ,,,,iJ,1/,f,• fi,1 /\•/( l:l 11
    should be /he daily production of eac/1typ1• of /J,·lt? / '0111111/ut,, tt,;,
    t•ml•ll'III ,,_ 11I l'I'.
    11
    ,
    SOLUTION Suppose the company m.tk(•H per d ny ,1 ltl'lts 11/ ly l'l' \ ,ind 11,•l b 1>1 IV)'<' I•.
    Profit = 40x + 30y. ·11
    Let Z depote the profil. Then, Z =4{Jx ➔ 30y 11nd it i~ to b,, 1n,1xun 1;,.,,d. . . •
    1
    It is given thatlOOO belts of type B can be made pt'r day and e,w.b lwll u( lypl' ;1 requires twic, · ·
    much time as a belt of type B. So, 500 belts or lypc A can bt> ma<ll• In a d,ty.
    ;!9,9
    total time taken in preparing x belts of t
    SO, . ype A and.'/ be>lts of lypt> ll is ( x !I
    (OrnpanYis makinyg x belts of type A and .II belts of type H . . l , r;oo i JOOO J But the
    X < 1 2 111 <I C ,1y
    5()0 + 1000 - ⇒ X + y $ 1000 ,

    ,jnce the supply of leather is sufficient for only b


    ~ x + y s 800 800 elts per day.

    ·,; iS gi\·en that only 400 fancy buckles for type A ct


    an 700 buckles f ty
    da\". · or pc B are ~vail~ble pn
    X :, 400, !f ~ 700
    f-inally, the number of belts cannot be negative.

    m
    x 20andy20
    rnus., the mathematical formulation of the given LPP is as follows·

    o
    Maximize Z = 40x + 30y ·

    .c
    Subject ta

    du
    2x + ys1000
    x+y:.800

    oe
    X:, 400
    y s 700
    ch
    and, X 2 0, y 2 0.
    te

    T!fPe II DIET PROBLEMS


    EXAM.PLE Ii A dietician whishes to mix two types offood in such a way /hat the vitamin conti?ltfs of the
    m

    r:ixturecontain ,1t least 8 units ofVitamin A and 10 units ofvitamin C. Food 'l' contains 2 units per kgef
    i/J!amin A and 1 unit per kg of vitamin C while food 'II' contains 1 unit per kg of vitamin A and 2 units
    fro

    per kg of vitamin C. It costs ~ 50.00 per kg to purchase food 'I' and t 70.00 pl':rkg ta produce food 'II'.
    formulate the above linear programming problem to minimize /he cost of suc/1 a mixture. fCBSE 20U J
    d

    !iOLL'IION The gives data may be put in the following tabular form:
    de

    --R - - - - - - - - F d- - - - - - -- I Re1111irements
    esources _____ _ _ _ oo_ _ _ _ _ -j ·,

    i
    oa

    -- -- J_ 1 --- .!, _ _
    8
    nl

    ~itamin A 2 1 lO
    11_lamin C ___ _ _ 2
    1
    w

    Cost (in?) 5-;;- -- - _ _70


    do

    ltt . ~. - - --, -;- - Hood ' JJ'. Clearly, 1 :i!O,y _()


    the dietician mix x kg of food [ and Y kg O R 1 ·1,,•r.-t,,r., t,,t,ll ,.,,,t ,,r , ,.,
    S' d 'fl' costs s. 70

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