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Solution
x +3 y=1(1)
{4 x− y=3(2)
1
Substitutes(1)into( 2):4 (1−3 y )− y=3=¿ y=
13
1 1 10
Substitutes y=
13
into(1): x +3
13( )
=1=¿ x=
13
10 1
So x= , y=
13 13
Exercise 1.2 .2 Find the point∩of the two lines 3 x + y=3 andx +2 y=1.
Solution : 3 x + y=3(1)
{
x +2 y=1(2)
Exercise 1.2 .3 Dothe three lines , x+ 2 y =1,2 x− y=1∧4 x+ 3 y =3 have a common point of ∩? If so , find one
Solution
x +2 y=1(1)
{
we have system of equations : 2 x − y=1(2)
4 x +3 y=3(3)
1
Substitutes(1)into( 2):2 (1−2 y )− y=1=¿ y=
5
1 1 3
Substitutes y= ∈(1) : x+ 2
5 5 ()
=1=¿ x=
5
3 1
Due ¿ x= , y= also satisfied ( 3)
5 5
3 1
the∩ point is( , ).
5 5
Solution
x + y−3 z=2(1)
{
We have 2 x+ y+ z=1(2)
3 x+ 2 y −2 z=0(3)
1 1 −3 2 R1→R1 1 1 −3 2
[ ]
Using Gaussian Elimination 2 1 1 1 = R 2 → R 2−2 R 1 0 −1 7 −3
3 2 −2 0 R 3 → R 3−3 R 1 0 −1 7 0 [ ]
R1→R1 1 1 −3 2
¿ R2→R2
[
0 −1 7 −3
R 3 → R 3−R 2 0 0 0 3 ]
Followingthe solving above there is no solution
Solution
lets x=Gaston
y=Ichabod
z=Siegfried
w=Bruhilde
4 x=150+ y (1 )
{4 y =17 x−660 ( 2 )
4 x + z=290 ( 3 )
¿> x=60
¿ as we know w=x + y + z
¿ 50+90+ 60
¿ 200
So Gaston=60 pounds
Ichabod=90 pounds
Siegfried=50 pounds
Bruhilde=200 pounds
¿ the≤system.
x + y =2
{
Example : 2 x + y=3 So x =1, y=1
x +1=2
inconsistent system.
Solution
we have 2 h 4 = 3 6 7 = R1→R1 3 6 7
[ |][ |]
3 67 2 h 4 R 2→ 3 R 2−2 R 1 0 3 h−12 2 [ |]
if 3 h−12=0=¿ h=4
a consistent system.
1 h3 2 46 R1→R1 2 4 6
we have
[ |] [ |]
2 46
= =
1 h 3 R 2 →2 R 2−R 1 0 2 h−4 0 [ |]
if 2 h−4=0
h=2
a consistent system.
Solution
We have 1 1 4 = R 1→ R 1 1 1 4
[ |]
3 h 12 R 2→ R 3−3 R 1 0 h−3 0 [ |]
if h−3=0
¿> h=3
( a ) . one solution
Solution
we have 1 h 2 = 2 4 k = R 1 → R 1 2 4 k
[ |] [ |]
2 4k 1 h 2 R 2 →2 R 2−R 1 0 2h−4 4−k[ | ]
The augmented ¿ one solution if 2 h−4 ≠ 0=¿ h≠ 2
( b ) . no solution
¿> h=2∧k ≠ 4
¿ 4−k=0
¿> h=2∧k=4
( a ) . one solution
we have 1 2 2 = R 1 → R 1 1 2 2
[ |] [
2 h k R 2 → R 2−2 R 1 0 h−4 k −4 | ]
The augmented ¿ one solution if h−4 ≠ 0
¿> h≠ 4
( b ) no solution
The augmented ¿ no solution if h−4=0∧k −4 ≠ 0
¿> h=4∧k ≠ 4
¿ k −4=0
¿> h=4∧k=4
is the solutionunique ?
x +2 y + z −1 w=2
x− y + z +w=1
2 x+ y −z=1
4 x+2 y + z=5
Solution
1 2 1 −1 2
[
we have 1 −1 1
2 1 −1 0
4 2 1
1
0
|]
1
1
5
R1→R1 1 2 1 −1 2
¿ R 2 → R 2−R 1
R 3 → R 3−2 R 1
R 4 → R 4−4 R 1 [ 0 −3 0
0 −3 −3 2
0 −6 −3 4
2
|]
−1
−3
−3
R 1→ R 1 1 2 1 −1 2
¿ R 2→ R 2−R 1
R3 → R 3−R 2
R 4 → R 4−2 R 3 [ 0 −3 0
0 0 −3 0
0 0 3
2
0
|]
−1
−2
3
R 1→ R 1 1 2 1 −1 2
¿ R 2→ R 2
R 3→ R 3
R4→ R4+R3 [ 0 −3 0
0 0 −3 0
0 0 0
2
0
|]
−1
−2
1
solution ∃.
Solution
1 2 1 −1 2
[
we have 1 −1 1
2 1 −1 0
4 2 1
1
0
|]
0
1
3
R1→R1 1 2 1 −1 2
¿ R 2 → R 2−R 1
R 3 → R 3−2 R 1
R 4 → R 4−4 R 1 [ 0 −3 0
0 −3 −3 2
0 −6 −3 4
2
|]
−2
−3
−5
R 1→ R 1 1 2 1 −1 2
¿ R 2→ R 2−R 1
R3 → R 3−R 2
R 4 → R 4−2 R 3 [ 0 −3 0
0 0 −3 0
0 0 3
2
0
|]
−2
−1
1
R 1→ R 1 1 2 1 −1 2
¿ R 2→ R 2
R 3→ R 3
R4→ R4+R3 [ 0 −3 0
0 0 −3 0
0 0 0
2
0
|]
−2
−1
0
row−echelon form .
Solution
( a ) . 1 2 0 This ¿ not∈reduced row−echelon form .
[ ]
0 1 7
1 0 0 0
[ ]
( b ) . 0 0 1 2 This ¿∈reduced row −echelon form .
0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 5
[ ]
( c ) . 0 0 1 2 0 4 This ¿∈reduced row−echelon
0 0 0 0 1 3
form .
row−echelon form .
Solution
2 −1 3 −1
[ 1 0 2 1
1 −1 1 −2 ]
R 1→ R 1 2 −1 3 −1
¿ R 2 →2 R 2−R 1 0 1
[
1 3
R 3 →2 R 3−R 1 0 −1 −1 −3 ]
R 1→ R 1 2 −1 3 −1
¿
[
R 2→ R 2 0 1 1 3
R 3 → R 2+ R 3 0 0 0 0 ]
R1 −1 3 −1
¿
R 1→
2
1
R2→R2 0 1
R3→R3 0 0
[
2 2
1
0
2
3
0
]
1
R 1→ R 1+ R 2 1 0 2 0
¿
R2→R2
R3→R3
2
0 1 1 3
0 0 0 0[ ]
Exercise 1.2 .21 Row reduce the following ¿ obtainthe
row−echelon form .Then continue ¿ obtainthe
0 0 −1 −1
[ 1 1 1
1 1 0 −1
0
]
R 1→ R 2 1 1 1 0
[
¿ R 2→ R 3−R 2 0 0 −1 −1
R3→R1 0 0 −1 −1 ]
R1→R1 1 1 1 0
[
¿ R 2 →−R 2 0 0 1 1
R 3 → R 3−R 2 0 0 0 0 ]
R 1 → R 1−R 2 1 1 0 −1
So= R 2→−R 2 0 0 1 1
R 3 → R 3−R 2 0 0 0 0[ ]
Exercise 1.2 .22 Row reduce the following ¿ obtainthe
Solution
3 −6 −7 −8
[ −1 −2 −2 −2
1 −2 −3 −4 ]
R 1→ R 3 1 −2 −3 −4
[
¿ R 2→ R 2 −1 −2 −2 −2
R 3 → R 1 3 −6 −7 −8 ]
R1→R1 1 −2 −3 −4
R 3 → R 3−3 R 1 0 0[
¿ R 2 → R 2+ R 1 0 −4 −5 −6
2 4 ]
R1 → R 3
1 −2 −3 −4
¿
R 2→
R3→
R2
R3
2
[
−4 0 1
0 0
5
4
1
3
2
2
]
R 1 → R 1+2 R 2 −1
5
¿ R 2→ R 2− R 3
4
R 3→ R 3
[
1 0
2
−1
0 1 0 −1
0 0 1 2
]
1
R 1→ R 1+ R 3
2 1 0 0 0
So= 5
R 2 → R 2− R 3
R3→R3
4
0 1 0 −1
0 0 1 2 [ ]
Exercise 1.2 .23 Row reduce the following ¿ obtainthe
Solution
2 4 5 15
[ 1 2 3 9
1 2 2 6 ]
R 1→ R 3 1 2 2 6
[
¿ R 2→ R 2 1 2 3 9
R 3 → R 1 2 3 5 15 ]
R 1→ R 1 1 2 2 6
[
¿ R 2→ R 2−R 1 0 0 1 3
R 3 → R 3−2 R 1 0 1 1 3 ]
R 1 → R 1−2 R 2 1 2 0 0
So= R 2 → R 2
[
0 0 1 3
R 3 → 2 R 3−R 1 0 0 0 0 ]
Exercise 1.2 .24 Row reduce the following ¿ obtain the
Solution
4 −1 7 10
[ 1 0 3 3
1 −1 −2 1 ]
R1→R2 1 0 3 3
¿ R2→R1
[
4 −1 7 10
R 3 → R 3−R 2 0 −1 −5 −2 ]
R1→R1 1 0 3 3
[
¿ R 2→ R 2−4 R 1 0 −1 −5 −2
R3→R3 0 −1 −5 −2 ]
R1 → R 1 1 0 3 3
So= R 2→−R 2 0 1 5 2
R 3 → R 3−R 2 0 0 0 0 [ ]
Exercise 1.2 .25 Row reduce the following ¿ obtainthe
Solution
3 5 −4 2
[ 1 2 −1 1
1 1 −2 0 ]
R 1→ R 3 1 1 −2 0
[
¿ R 2 → R 2 1 2 −1 1
R 3 → R 3 3 5 −4 2 ]
R1→R1 1 1 −2 0
¿ R 2→ R 2−R 1 0 1 1 1
[
R 3 → R 3−3 R 1 0 2 2 2 ]
R 1→ R 1 1 1 −2 0
¿ R 2→ R 2
[
0 1 1 1
R 3 → R 3−2 R 2 0 0 0 0 ]
R 1 → R 1−R 2 1 0 −3 −1
So= R2→R2
R3→R3
0 1 1
0 0 0 [1
0 ]
Exercise 1.2 .26 Row reduce the following ¿ obtain the
−2 3 −8 7
[ 1 −2 5 −5
1 −3 7 −8 ]
R1→R2 1 −2 5 −5
¿
[
R 2 → R 1 −2 3 −8 7
R 3 → R 3−R 2 0 −1 2 −3 ]
R1 → R 1 1 −2 5 −5
[
¿ R 2→ R 2+2 R 1 0 −1 2 −3
R3→R3 0 −1 2 −3 ]
R1→R1 1 −2 5 −5
¿ R2→R2
R 3 → R 3−R 2 0 0[
0 1 −2 3
0 0 ]
R 1 → R 1+2 R 2 1 0 1 1
So= R 2→ R 2
[
0 1 −2 3
R3 → R 3−R 2 0 0 0 0 ]
Exercise 1.2 .27 Find the solution of the system whose augmented
¿.
Solution
1 2 0 2
[ 1 3 4
1 0 2 |]
2
1
R1→R1 1 2 0 2
¿ R 2 → R 2−R 1 0 1 4
[
R 3 → R 3−R 1 0 −2 2 |]
0
−1
R 1→ R 1 1 2 0 2
¿ R 2→ R 2 0 1 4
[
R 3 → R 3+2 R 2 0 0 10 |]
0
−1
x+2 y=2(1)
{ y +4 z=0 ( 2 )
10 z=1 ( 3 )
1
¿> z=
10
1 1 −2
Substitutes z=
10 ( )
∈ ( 2 ) : y =−4
10
=
5
−2 4 14
Substitutes y= into ( 1 ) : x=2+ =
5 5 5
14 −2 1
So x= , y= , z=
5 5 10
¿.
Solution
1 2 0 2
[ 2 0 1
3 2 1 |]
1
3
R1→R1 1 2 0 2
¿ R 2→ R 2−2 R 1 0 −4 1
R 3 → R 3−3 R 1 0 −4 1 [ |] −3
−3
R1→R1 1 2 0 2
¿ R 2 →−R 2 0 4 −1
R 3 → R 3−R 2 0 0 0 [ |]
3
0
x +2 y =2
{ 4 y −z=3
0=0
3+ t
lets z=t=¿ y =
4
3+t
Substitutes y= ∈x+ 2 y=2
4
¿.
Solution
1 1 0
[ 1 0 4 |12 ]
R 1→ R 1 1 1 0
¿
R 2→ R 2−R 1 0 −1 4 [ |11 ]
x+ y =1(1)
{ − y +4 z =1(2)
lets z=t=¿ y =4 t −1
¿.
Solution
1 0 2 1 1 2
[ 0
1
1
1
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
1
2
|] 1
3
2
R 1→ R 1 1 0 2 1 1 2
¿ R 2→ R 2
R 3→ R 3−R 1
R 4 → R 4−R 1 [ 0
0
0
1 0 1
2 −2 −1
0 −1 −1
2
0
1
|]
1
1
0
R 1→ R 1 1 0 2 1 1 2
¿ R 2→ R 2
R 3 → R 3−2 R 2
R4→ R4 [ 0
0
0
1 0 1 2
0 −2 −3 −4
0 −1 −1 1
|]
1
−4
0
R 1→ R 1 1 0 2 1 1 2
¿ R 2→ R 2
R 3→ R 3
R 4 → 2 R 4−R 3 [ 0
0
0
1 0 1 2
0 −2 −3 −4
0 0 1 6
|]
1
−4
4
x +2 z+ w+ v=2(1)
{ y +w+ 2 v=1(2)
−2 z−3 w−4 v=−4(3)
w+6 v =4 (4 )
¿> z=−4+ 7 t
¿> x=6−9t
Exercise 1.2 .31 Find the solution of the system whose augmented
¿.
Solution
1 0 2 1 1 2
[ 0 1
0 2
1 −1
0
0
2
1
0
2
2
1
2
|] 1
3
0
R 1→ R 1 1 0 2 1 1 2
¿ R 2→ R 2
R 3→ R 3
R 4 → R 4−R 1 [ 0 1
0 2
0 −1
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
1
1
|]
1
3
−2
R 1→ R1 1 0 2 1 1 2
¿ R 2→ R 2
R 3 → R 3+ 2 R 4
R 4 → 2 R 4+ R 3 [ 0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
2
2
3
3
|]1
−1
−1
{ y + w+2 v =1(2)
2 w+3 v=−1(3)
−1+3 t
let v=t=¿ w=
2
−1+3 t 3−t
Substitutes v=t , w= into ( 2 ) : y=
2 2
−1+3 t 3−t
Substitutes v=t , w= , y= into ( 3 )
2 2
1+3 t 5−t
¿> x=2+ −t−2 s= −2 s
2 2
Solution
7 14 15 22
[ 2 4 3
3 6 10 |]
5
13
R1→R1 7 14 15 22
[
R 2 →7 R 2−2 R 1 0 0 −9
R 3 →7 R 3−3 R 1 0 0 25 |]
−9
25
{7 x+14 z=1
y+15 z=22
Solution
3 −1 4 6
[ 0 1 8
−2 1 0 |]0
−4
R 1→ R1 3 −1 4 6
¿ R 2→ R 2
[
0 1 8
R 3 →3 R 3+2 R 1 0 1 8 |]
0
0
¿ 3 x− y+ 4 z=6
{y +8 z=0
Solution
9 −2 4
[ | ]
−17
13 −3 6 −25
−2 0 −1 3
R 1→ R 1 9 −2 4 17
¿ R 2→ 9 R 2−13 R 1 0 −1 2
R 3 →9 R 3+2 R 1 0 −4 −1[ |]
−4
−7
R1 → R 1 9 −2 4 17
¿ R2→R2
[0 −1 2
R 3 → R 3−4 R 2 0 0 −9 |]
−4
9
9 x−2 y+ 4 z=17
{ − y+ 2 z=−4
z =−1
5
Substitutes z=−1∧ y =2∈9 x−2 ( 2 ) + 4 (−1 )=7=¿ x=
3
5
So x= , y=2 , z =−1
3
Solution
65 84 16 546
[ 81 105 20
84 110 21 | ]
682
713
R1→R1 62 84 16 546
[
¿ R 2→ 65 R 2−81 R1 0 21 4
R 3 →65 R 3−84 R1 0 94 21 | ]
104
481
R1→R1 62 84 16 546
¿ R2→R2
[
0 21 4
R 3 →−21 R 3−94 R 2 0 0 65 | ]
104
325
¿> x=2
So x=2 , y =4 , z=5
Solution
8 2 3
[ |]
−3
8 3 3 −1
4 1 3 −9
R1→R1 8 2 3
[ | ]
−3
R 2→ R 2−R 1 0 1 0 2
R 3 →2 R 3−R 1 0 0 3 −15
8 x+2 y +3 z=−3
{ y=2
z=−5
Solution
−8 2 5 18
[ −8 3 5
−4 1 5 |]
13
19
R1→R1 −8 2 5 18
R 2→ R 2−R 1 0 1 0
R 3 →2 R 3−R 1 0 0 5[ |]
−5
20
−8 x+ 2 y +5 z=18
{ y=−5
z=4
So x=−1 , y =−5 , z =4
Solution
3 −1 −2 3
[ 0
−2 1
1 −4
0 |] 0
−2
R 1→ R 1 3 −1 −2 3
R 2→ R 2
[
0 1 −4
R 3 →3 R 3+2 R 1 0 1 −4 |]
0
0
{3 xy−4
− y−2 z=3
z=0
So x=1+ 2t , y =4 t , z=t , t ∈ R
Solution
−9 15 0 66
[ −11 18 0
−1 1 0
0 0 1
|]
79
4
3
R1
R1→ −3 5 0 22
3
¿ R 2→ 9 R 2−11 R 1
R 3→ 9 R 3−R 1
R4→ R4
[ 0 −3 0
0 −6 0
0 0 1
|]
−15
−30
3
Solution
( a ) . A + B= 1 0 + 0 1
[ ][ ]
0 1 1 0
So=[ 1 1 ]
1 1
( b ) . A + B=[ 2 1 2 ] +[ −1 0 3
]
1 1 0 0 1 4
So= [ 11 1 5
2 4 ]
( c ) . So A + B isnot defined∈this case because theorders of both
A+ (− A )=0
Solution
( a ) . A= 1 2 So=¿− A= −1 −2
[ ] [ ]
2 1 −2 −1
0 1 2 0 −1 −2
[ ]
( c ) . A= 1 −1 3 So=¿− A= −1 1 −3
4 2 0 −4 −2 0 [ ]
Exercise 2.1 .3∈the context Preposition 2.7 , describe− Aand 0
Solution
( a ) . A= 1 2
[ ]
2 1
¿> 0 ( A )=[ 0 0 ]
0 0
3 6
¿>3 ( A )=[
6 3]
( b ) . A=[−2 3 ]
0 2
So=¿ (−2 ) A= [ 40 −4
−6
]
¿> 0 ( A )=[ 0 0 ]
0 0
−6 9
¿>3 ( A )=[
0 6]
0 1 2
[
( c ) A= 1 −1 3
4 2 0 ]
0 −2 −4
[
So=¿ (−2 ) A= −2 2 −6
−8 −4 0 ]
0 0 0
[ ]
¿> 0 ( A )= 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 3 6
[ ]
¿>3 ( A )= 3 −3 9
12 6 0
, show− A is Unique .
Solution
IA= A=¿−IA =− A
So A is unique
Solution
Solution
Solution
law
By using distribute multiplication
scalar
we have k ( pA )=( kp ) A
Solution
( a ) . A= 1 2 3 , E= 2
[ ] []
2 1 7 3
9
So−3 A= −3 −6[
−6 −3 −21 ]
( b ) . B= 3 −1 2
[ ]
−3 2 1
So 3 B−A= 8 −5 3
−11 5 −4[ ]
( c ) .C= 1 2
[ ]
3 1
Solution
1 2
[ ]
( a ) . A= 3 2
1 −1
−3 −6
[ ]
So−3 A= −9 −6
−3 3
( b ) . B= 2 −5 2
[ ]
−3 2 1
So 3 B−A ,∈this case the additon isnot defined because the orders
( c ) .C= 1 2
[ ]
5 0
1 2
[ ][
So AC = 3 2 1 2
1 −1
5 0 ]
11 2
[ ]
¿ 13 6
−4 2
( e ) . E= 2
[]3
1 2
[ ][ ]
So AE= 3 2 1
1 −1
3
[]
¿ 9
−2
( h ) . D= −1 1
[ ] 4 −3
−1 1 1
So DE=[
4 −3 ][ 3 ]
¿[ 2 ]
−5
1 1
1 2[ ]
Exercise 2.1 .11 Let A= −2 −1 , B= 1 −1 −2 ∧¿
2 1 −2 [ ]
1 1 −3
[
C= −1 2
−3 −1 0 ]
0 . Find the following if possible .
Solution
1 1
[ ][
( a ) . AB= −2 −1 1 −1 −2
1 2
2 1 −2 ]
3 0 −4
[ ]
So= −4 1 6
5 1 −6
1 1
( b ) . BA= 1 −1 −2 −2 −1
[
2 1 −2
1 2
][ ]
So= 1 −2
−2 −3[ ]
( c ) . So AC ,∈this case the multiplication is not defined because
1 1 −3 1 1
[
( d ) .CA= −1 2
−3 −1 0
0 −2 −1
1 2 ][ ]
−4 −6
[ ]
So= −5 −3
−1 −2
Solution
then−a−c=0=¿ a=−c
−b−d=0=¿ b=−d
X Y T if possible .
Solution
−1 0
T
T
we have X = −1 ∧Y = 1
1 2[ ] []
−1 0 −1 −2
[] [
So X T Y = −1 [ 0 1 2 ] = 0 −1 −2
1 0 1 2 ]
0
T
[]
So X Y = [−1 −1 1 ] 1 =[ 1 ]
2
Solution
Solution
but AC =AB
Solution
Let A= 0 1 , B= b 1 b 2 , C= c 1 c 2
[ ] [
0 0 b3 b 4 c 3 c4] [ ]
So∈order ¿ define AC =AB∈this case b 3=c 3 andb 4=c 4
(b 1 , b 2 ,c 1 , c 2 ∈ R)
Exercise 2.1 .17 Give example of any matrices ( any sizes ) . A , Band C
Solution
−1 −2 −1 −2
¿> [
0 ] [ 0 0 ]
= ( True )
0
Solution
Determine ¿ is a nonsingular ¿
So A= a −a , B= b d , a → h∈ R
[
c −c b d] [ ]
Exercise 2.1 .19 Give an example of matrices of any ¿ A , B such
Solution
Let A= 3 −3 , B= 1 2
[ ] [ ]
2 −2 1 2
3 −3 1 2 0 0
¿> AB=[ ][
2 −2 1 2 ] =[
0 0]
with AB ≠ BA .
Solution
Let A= [ ac bd ] , B=[ eg hf ]
Suppose a=e=−1 , b=f =−2 ,c=1, h=2∧d =g=2
−1 −2 −1 −2
¿> BA=[
2 2 ][ 1 2 ]
¿ [−1 −2 ]
0 0
Then AB ≠ BA
So A= [ ac bd] , B=[ ge hf ] ,a → h ∈ R
x1
[]
Exercise 2.1 .21Write the system∈the form A x 2 where A is
x3
x4
an appropriate ¿
Solution
1 −1 2 0 x 1
[
¿ 1 0 2 0 x2
0 0 3 0 x3
1 3 0 3 x4
][ ]
x1
[]
Exercise 2.1 .22Write the system∈the form A x 2 where A is
x3
x4
an appropriate ¿
Solution
1 3 2 0 x1
¿ 1
0
1
[ ][ ]
0
0
3
2
6
0
0
0
1
x2
x3
x4
x1
x
x3
x4
[]
Exercise 2.1 .23 Writethe system∈the form A 2 where A is
an appropriate ¿
Solution
1 1 1 0 x1
[ 1
−1
1
1
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
3
][ ]
x2
x3
x4
Exercise 2.1 .24 A ¿ called idempotent if A 2=A . Let A∧show that A is idempotent .
Solution
A isidempotent if A 2=AA = A
2 0 2
[
A= 1 1 2
−1 0 −1 ]
2 0 2 2 0 2
A2= 1 1 2
[ 1 1 2
−1 0 −1 −1 0 −1 ][ ]
2 0 2
[
¿ 1 1 2
−1 0 −1 ]
So ¿is idempotent
Exercise 2.1 .25 For each pairr of matrices , find the (1,2 ) entry∧¿
Solution
Exercise 2.1 .26 Suppose A∧B are square matrices of the same
Solution
( e ) . A2 B 2= A ( AB ) B Not true
( f ) .( a+ B)3 =A 3 +3 A 2 B+3 A B2+ B3 Not true
1 2
1 −1[ ]
Exercise 2.1 .27 Consider the matrices A= 3 2 , B= 2 −5 2
−3 2 1 [ ]
C= [15 20] , D=[−14 −31 ] , E=[ 13] find the following if possible ,
if it is not possible explain why .
Solution
( a ) .−3 A T =−3 1 3 1 = −3 −9 −3
[ ][ ]
2 2 −1 −6 −6 3
( b ) .3 B− A =3 [ 2 −5 2 ]−[ 1
T 3 1
]
−3 2 1 2 2 −1
¿ [ 6 −15 6 ] −[ 1 3 1 ]
−9 6 1 2 2 −1
5 −18 5
¿[
−11 4 7]
( c ) . E B=[ 1 3 ] [ 2 −5 2 ]
T
−3 2 1
¿ [ −7 1 5 ]
( d ) . E E T= 1 [1 3 ]= 1 3
[] [ ]
3 3 9
2 −3
[ ][
T
( e ) . B B= −5 2
2 1
2 −5 2
−3 2 1 ]
13 −16 1
[ 1]
¿ −16 29 −8
−8 5
( f ) . C AT = 1 2 1 3 1
[ ][ ]
5 0 2 2 −1
¿ [55 7 −1
15 5 ]
( g ) . DT BE= −1 4 2 −5 2 1
[ ][ ][ ]
1 3 −3 2 1 3
13 2 1
¿ [−14
−7 1 5 3 ][ ]
This multiplicationis not defined
is not equal .
Solut ion
A+ A =[ 2 a 2 b ]
T
2b 2 c
1 a b
¿> ( A + A ) =[
b c]
T
is a symmetric ¿
2
a b 0 0 a b
A=[ ]
b c 0 0
+[ ]=[
b c]
Solution
AT =[ aji ]
A is Skew symmatric ¿> A T =− A
aji=−aij
2 aii=0
aii=o
Hence proved .
( rA + sB )T =r A T + s B T
Solution
Solution
Let a be 1× 2¿
so Imis2 ×2 ¿
let A= [ 1 2 ] , ℑ= [ 10 01]
¿> ImA= [10 01] [ 1 2 ]= [ 1 2 ] =A
So ImA= A is true
Solution
Solution
A ≠ I ∧A ≠−I
Exercise 2.1 .35 Find A−1 if possible . If A −1 does not exist , explain why .
Solution
2 11 0
we have [ A |I ]=
[
−1 3 0 1 | ]
R 1→ R 1 2 1
¿>
R 2 →2 R 2+ R 1 0 7 [ |11 02]
R1 1
¿
R 1→
R 2→
2 1
R2
7
0 [ | ]1
2
1
2
1
7
0
2
7
[ | ]
−1
R2
R 1→ R 1− 1 0 7 7
¿ 2
0 1 1 2
R2→R2
7 7
3 −1
Following [ I |A−1 ] So=¿ A−1 = 2
1
7
[ ] 7
2
7
Exercise 2.1 .36 Find A−1 if possible . If A−1 does not exist , explain why .
Solution
R 1→ R 2 5 3
¿
[
R 2→ R 1 0 1 |01 10 ]
¿ R 1→ R 1−3 R 2 5 0 |−31 10 ]
R 2→ R 2 0 1 [
R1 1
[ | ]
−3
R 1→1 0
¿ 5 5 5
0 1
R2→R2 1 0
−3 1
So A−1= 5
1 [ ] 5
0
Exercise 2.1 .37 Find A−1 . If A −1 does not exist , explain why .
Solution
2 1
we have [ A |I ]=
[ 3 0 |10 01 ]
¿ R 1→ R 2 3 0 0 1
[ | ]
R 2→ R 1 2 1 1 0
R1 1
¿
R1→
3
R 2→ 3 R 2−2 R 1
1 00
0 3 [ | ]
3
3 −2
1
¿
R1→R1
R 2→
R2
3
1 0
0 1
[ | ] 0
1
3
−2
3
1
So A =
−1
1
3
−2
3
[ ]
0