RD Sharma Maths Class 11 Volume 1 2023-2024

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CLASS XI VOLUME-1
As per the latest revised syllabus prescribed by CBSEfor

Class XI under 10+2 Pattern of Senior School Certificate Examination
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Dr. R.D. SHARMA
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B.Sc. (Hons) (Gold Medalist), M.Sc. (GoldMedalist), Ph.D.

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Professor and Head of Department of Sciences and Hiwianities

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Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University (DSEU)

Aryabhatt DSEUAshok Vihar Campus, Delhi
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DHANPAT RAI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD.

22, ANSARI ROAD, DARYAGANJ, NEW DELHI-110002
E-Mail: ish.dhanpat@gniail.com
MATHEMATICS - XI (Volume 1) CONTENTS IN BRIEF
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Preface to the Revised Edition m
1. SETS 1.1-1.53
2. RELATIONS 2.1-2.26
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3. FUNCTIONS 3.1-3.43
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4. MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES 4.1-4.16
5. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.1-5.42
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6. GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 6.1-6.13
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7. VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT SUM
OR DIFFERENCE OF ANGLES 7.1-7.31
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8. TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE 8.1-8.20

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9. VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT MULTIPLES AND

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SUBMULTIPLES OF AN ANGLE 9.1-9.44

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10.1-10.26
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10. TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS

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11. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION 11.1-11.28

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12. COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.1-12.62

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13. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 13.1-13.18

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14. LINEAR INEQUATIONS 14.1-14.32
15. PERMUTATIONS 15.1-15.48
16. COMBINATIONS 16.1-16.30
17. BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.1-17.51
18. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 18.1-18.54
19. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS 19.1-19.58
20. SOME SPECIAL SERIES 20.1-20.25

MATHEMATICS - XI (Volume 1) CONTENTS IN DETAIL
1. SETS 1.1-1.53
1.1 Sets 1.1
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1.2 Description of a set 1.2
1.3 Types of sets 1.8

1.5 Universal set 1.14
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1.6 Power set 1.14
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1.7 Venn diagrams 1.19
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1.8 Operations on sets 1.19
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1.9 Laws of algebra of sets 1.22
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1.10 More results on operations on sets 1.28
1.11 orr
Some important results on number of elements in sets 1.34
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2. RELATIONS 2.1-2.26
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2.1 Introduction 2.1
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2.2 Ordered pairs 2.1
2.3 Cartesian product of sets 2.1

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2.4 Some useful results 2.7

2.5 Relations 2.11
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3. FUNCTIONS 3.1-3.43
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3.2 Function as a special kind of relation 3.1

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3.3 Function as a correspondence 3.2

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3.4 Equal functions 3.4

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3.5 Real functions 3.9
3.6 Domain and range of a real a function 3.12
3.7 Some standard real fimctions and their graphs 3.18
3.8 Operations on real functions 3.25
4. MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES 4.1-4.16
4.2 Angles 4.1
4.3 Some useful terms 4.1
4.4 Systems of measurement of angles 4.2
4.5 Relation between degrees and radians 4.4
4.6 Relation between radians and real numbers 4.5
4.7 Relation between three systems of measurement of an angle 4.6

(vi) MATHEMATICS-XI
5. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.1-5.42
5.2 Trigonometric functions of a real number 5.1
5.3 Values of Trigonometric Functions 5.3

5.4 Trigonometric Identities 5.6
5.5 Signs of Trigonometric Functions 5.18
5.6 Variations in values of trigonometric functions in different quadrants 5.20

5.7 Values of Trigonometric Functions at allied angles 5.23
5.8 Periodic functions 5.27
5.9 Even and Odd functions 5.28
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6. GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 6.1-6.13
6.2 Graph of sine function 6.1
6.3 Graph of cosine function 6.5
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6.4 Graph of tangent function 6.8
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6.5 Graph of cosecant function 6.9
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6.6 Graph of cotangent functions 6.11
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6.7 Graph of secant function 6.12
7. VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT SUM OR

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DIFFERENCE OF ANGLES 7.1-7.31

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7.2 Values of Trigonometric Functions at the sum or difference 7.1

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7.3 More useful results 7.3

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7.4 Maximum and Minimum values of Trigonometrical Expressions 7.23
7.5 To express a cos x b sin x in the form r sin(x ± a) or r cos {x ± a) 7.25

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8. TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE 8.1-8.20

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8.2 Formulae to transform the product into sum or difference 8.1
8.3 Formulae to transform the sum or difference into product 8.6

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VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT MULTIPLES AND

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SUB-MULTIPLES OF AN ANGLE 9.1-9.44
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9.2 Values of Trigonometric Functions at 2:r in terms of values at a: 9.1
9.3 Values of Trigonometric Functions at 3ar in terms values at x 9.28
9.4 Values of TrigonometricFunctionsat x in terms of values at x/3 9.29
9.5 Values of Trigonometrical Functions at some important points 9.33
10. TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS 10.1-10.26
10.1 Some Definitions 10.1
10.2 General solutions of Trigonometric Equations 10.1
10.3 General solutions of Trigonometrical Equations of the form 10.14
sin^ a: = sin^ a, cos^ x = cos^ a, tan^ x = tan^ a

10.4 Trigonometric Equations of the form 10.16
a cos AT 4- fj sin X = c, where a,b,c € R such that |c| < yja^ + b^

CONTENTS IN DETAIi (vii)
11. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION 11.1-11.28
11.1 Statements 11.1
11.2 The Principles of Mathematical Induction 11.3
12. COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.1-12.62
12.2 Integral powers of iota (i) 12.1
12.3 Imaginary quantities 12,4
12.4
12.4 Complex Numbers
12.5 Equality of complex numbers 12.5
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12.6 Addition of complex numbers 12.5
12.7 Subtraction of complex numbers 12.6
12.8 Multiplication of complex numbers 12.6
12.9 Division of complex numbers 12.8
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12.10 Conjugate of a complex number 12.8
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12.11 Modulus of a complex number 12.9
12.12 Reciprocal of a complex number 12.11
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12.13 Square roots of a complex number 12.31
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12.14 Representations of a complex number 12.34
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13. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 13.1-13.18

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13.2 Some useful definitions and results 13.1

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13.3 Quadratic Equation 13.2

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13.4 Quadratic equations with real coefficients 13.2
13.5 Quadratic equations with complex coefficients 13.8

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14. LINEAR INEQUATIONS 14.1-14.32

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14.2 Inequations 14.1
14.3 Solutions of an Inequation 14.2

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14.4 Solving linear inequations in one variable 14.2

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14.5 Solution of system of linear inequations in one variable 14.10

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14.6 Some applications of linear in equations in one variable 14.20
14.23
14.7 Graphical solution of linear inequations in two variables
14.8 Solution of simultaneous linear inequations in two variables 14.26
15. PERMUTATIONS 15.1-15.48
15.1 The Factorial 15.1
15.2 Fundamental Principles of Counting 15.5
15.3 Permutations 15.18
15.4 Permutations under certain conditions 15.29
15.5 Permutations of objects not all distinct 15.36
16. COMBINATIONS 16.1-16.30

(viii) MATHf-:MATICS-Xll
16.2 Combinations 16.1
16.3 Properties of "C^ or, C {n, r) 16.2
16.4 Practical problems on combinations 16.8
16.5 Mixed problems on permutations and combinations 16.18
17. BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.1-17.51
17.2 Binomial theorem for Positive Integral Index 17.2
17.3 Some important conclusions from the binomial theorem 17.3
17.4 General term and Middle terms in a binomial expansion 17.14
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18. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 18.1-18.54
18.1 Sequence 18.1
18.2 Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) 18.2
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18.3 General term of an A.P. 18.4
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18.4 Selection of terms in an A.P. 18.12
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18.5 Sum to n terms of an A.P. 18.15
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18.6 Properties of arithmetic progressions 18.32
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18.7 Insertion of arithmetic means 18.41
18.8 Applications of A.P.

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19. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS 19.1-19.58
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19.1 Geometric Progression (G.P.) 19.1
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19.2 General term of a G.P. 19.1

19.3 Selection of terms in G.P. 19.12
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19.4 Sum of the terms of a G.P. 19.17

19.5 Sum of an Infinite G.P. 19.30
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19.6 Properties of Geometric Progressions 19.37

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19.7 Insertion of Geometric Means between two given numbers 19.44

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20. SOME SPECIAL SERIES 20.1-20.25

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20.1 Sum to n terms of some special series 20.1

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20.2 Method of difference 20.11
20.3 Sum of some special series 20.15

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CHAPTER 1
SETS
1.1 SETS
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It is a well known fact that any attempt to define a set has always led mathematicians to
unsurmountable difficulties. For example, suppose one defines the term set as "a well defined
collection of objects". One may then ask what is meant by a collection. If one answers that a
collection is an aggregate of objects or things. What is then an aggregate? Perhaps then one may
define that an aggregate is a class of things. What is then a class? Now, one may define a class as
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a collection. In this manner question after question, since our language is finite, we find that
after some time we will have to use some words which have already been questioned. The
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definition thus becomes circular and worthless. Thus, matliematicians realized that there must
be some undefined (or primitive) terms. In this chapter, we start with two undefined (or
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primitive) terms — "element" and "set". We assume that the word "set" is synonymous with
the words "collection", "aggregate", "class" and is comprised of elements. The words
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"element", "object", "member" are synonymous.
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If a is an element of a set A, then we write a ^ A and say a belongs to /4 or is in /I or a is a member
of A. If a does not belong to A, then we write a g A. It is assumed here that if A is any set and a is
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any element, then either a e A or a e A and the two possibilities are mutually exclusive. TIius,
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one camiot say "consider the set A of some positive integers", because it is not sure whether
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3 e A or 3 A.
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Throughout this chapter we shall denote sets by capital alphabets e.g. A, 6, C, X, Y, Z etc. and the
elements by the small alphabets e.g. a, b, c, x, y, z etc.
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The following are some illustrations of sets:

ILLUSTRATION 1 The collection of vowels in English alphabets. This set contains five elements,
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namely, a, e, i, o, u.
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ILLUSTRATION 2 The collection offirst five prime natural numbers is a set containing the elements 2,
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3,5, 7, n.
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ILLUSTRATION 3 The collection of all States in the Indian Union is a set.

ILLUSTRATION 4 The collection of past presidents of the Indian union is a set.
ILLUSTRATIONS The collection ofcricketers in the zvorldzuho were out for 99 runs in a testmatchis
a set.
ILLUSTRATION 6 The collection of good cricket players of India is not a set, since the term "good
player is vague and it is not well deifned".
Similarly, collection of good teachers in a school is not a set. However, the collection of all
teachers in a school is a set.
In this chapter we will have frequent interaction with some sets, so we reserve some letters for
these sets as listed below:
N : for the set of natural numbers.
Z : for the set of integers.
Z^ : for the set of all positive integers,
Q for the set of all rational numbers.
1.2 MATHEMATICS-XI
Q"*": for the set of all positive rational numbers.

R : for the set of all real numbers.
: for the set of all positive real numbers.
C : for the set of all complex numbers.
EXERCISE 1.1
What is the difference between a collection and a set? Give reasons to support your answer?
Which of the following collections are sets? Justify your answer:
(i) A collection of all natural numbers less than 50.
(ii) The collection of good hockey players in India.
(hi) The collection of all girls in your class.
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(iv) The collection of most talented writers of India. INCERTl
(V) The collection of difficult topics in Mathematics.
(Vi) The collection of novels written by Munshi Prem Chand. [NCERTj
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(vii) The collection of all months of a year beginning with the letter J. INCERT!
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(vih) The collection of all questions in this chapter. [NCERTl
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(ix) A collection of most dangerous animals of the world. INCERT]
(x) The collection of prime integers.
If A == {0,1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6,7, 8, 9,10}, then insert the appropriate symbol eor gin each of the
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following blank spaces:
(i) 4 A (ii) -4 A (hi) 12 ....A
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(iv) 9....A (v) 0 A (vi) -2 A

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ANSWERS
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Every set is a collection but a collection is not necessarily a set. Only well defined collections
are sets. For example, group of good cricket players is a collection but it is not a set.
(i), (hi), (vi), (vii), (vih), (x)
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(i) e (ii) g (hi) g (iv) € (v) e (vi) g

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(iv) The collection of most talented writers of India is not a set as there is no specific
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criterion to determine whether a writer is talented or not.

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(vi) The collection of all months of a year beginning with the letter / is a set given by
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{January, June July}.

(vii) The collection of novels written by Munshi Prem Chand is a set because one can
determine whether a novel is written by him or not.
(viu) The collection of all questions in this chapter is a set because if a question is given one
can eashy decide whether it is a question of this chapter or not.
(ix) The collection of most dangerous animals of the world is not a set because there is no
criterion to determine whether an animal is most dangerous or not.
A set is often described in the following two forms. One can make use of any one of these two
ways according to his (her) convenience,
(i) Roster form or Tabular form (ii) Set-builder form
Let us now discuss these forms.
SETS 1.3
1.2.1 ROSTER FORM
In this form a set is described by listing elements, separated by corrunas, within braces { }.
ILLUSTRATION 1
The set of vowels of English Alphabet may be described as (a, e, i, o, u}.
ILLUSTRATION 2
The set of even natural numbers can be described as {2,4,6,.. J. Here the dots stand
for 'and so on’.
ILLUSTRATION 3
If A is the set of all prime numbers less than 11, then A = 12, 3, 5, 7}.
NOTE The order in which the elements are written in a set makes no difference. Thus, (a, e, i, o, u} and
(e, a, i, 0, u] denote the same set. Also, the repetition of an element has no effect. For example, {1,2,3,2} is
the same set as II, 2,3}.
1.2.2 SET-BUILDER FORM
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In this form, a set is described by a characterizing property P{x) of its elements x. In such a case
the set is described by [x: P{x) holds } or, {x | P (x) holds}, which is read as 'the set of all x such
that P (x) holds'. The symbol' [' or is read as 'such that'.
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In other words, in order to describe a set, a variable x (say) (to denote each element of the set) is
written inside the braces and then after putting a colon the common property P(x) possessed by
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each element of the set is written within the braces.
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ILLUSTRATION 4 jhe set E of all even natural numbers can be written as
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E = {x: X is a natural number and x = 2n for n e N]
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or. £= {x:x gN, x=2n,neN] or, E={x eN :x = 2n,neN)
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ILLUSTRATION 5 The set A = (1,2. 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8) can be written as ./I = {x e W : x < 8}.
ILLUSTRATION 6
The set of all real numbers greater than -1 and less than 1 can be described as
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{x eR : -1 <x <1|.
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ILLUSTRATION 7 The set A = 10,1,4, 9,16,...} can be writteii asA = (x^:eZj.

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ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
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BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

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Type I ON DESCRIBING OR REPRESENTING SETS IN TABULAR FORM OR ROSTER FORM

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EXAMPLE 1 Describe the following sets in Roster form:

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(i) The set of all letters in the word 'MATHEMATICS'

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(ii) The set of all letters in the word 'ALGEBRA'

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(iii) The set of all vowels in the word 'EQUATION'

(iv) The set of all natural numbers less than 7.
(v) The set of squares of integers.
SOLUTION (i) We observe that distinct letters in the word 'MATHEMATICS' are:
M,A,T,H,E,I,C,S
Since the order in which the elements of a set are written is immaterial and the repetition of
elements has no effect. So, required set can be described as (M, A, T, H, E, I, C, Sj.
(ii) We find that the word 'ALGEBRA' has following distinct letters: A, L, G, E, B, R
Hence, required set can be described in Roster form as follows: [A, L, G, E, B, Rj.
(iii) Clearly, word 'EQUATION' has vowels: A, E, I, O, U.
So, required set can be described as {A, E, I, O, U\.
(iv) Natural numbers less than 7 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Hence, required set can be described as
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1.4 MATHEMATICS-XI
(v) Since square of a negative integer is same as the square of its absolute value. Therefore,
squares of integers are 0,1,4,9,16,25, Hence, required set is (0,1, 4, 9,16, }.
Type n ON DESCaiBlNG OR REPRESENTING SETS IN SET-BUILDER FORM
EXAMPLE 2 Describe the following sets in set-builder form:
(i) The set of oil letters in the word 'PROBABILITY'. (ii) The set of reciprocals of natural numbers.
(hi) The set of all odd natural numbers. (iv) The set of all even natural numbers.
SOLUTION (i) Given set in set-builder form can be described as follows:
{a: : X is a letter in the word 'PROBABILITY'}
(u) Given set can be described in set-builder form as follows:
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{x: a: is reciprocal of a natural number) or, x:x = -,neN or. ~:neN
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(iu) An odd natural number can be written in the form(2ji -1). So, given set can be described as:
i-T:x = 2n-l,neN} or, 12h-1 :n e A/|.
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(iv) An even natural number can be written as 2n, where n e N. Therefore, set of all even natural
numberscanbe written in the form {x:x = 2n,neN] or, [2n:neN]
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EXAMPLE 3 Write the set of all integers whose cube is an even integer.
SOLUTION We know that the cube of an even integer is also an even integer. Hence, the required
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set is the set of all even integers which can also be written in the set-builder form as {2n: n e Z}.
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EXAMPLE 4 Write the set of all real numbers which cannot be written as the quotient of two integers in
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the set-builder form.
SOLUTION We know that all rational numbers are expressible as the quotient of two integers.
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Therefore, the required set is the set of all irrational numbers which can be written as
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{x: X is real and irrational} or, {x: x e R but x e Q}.

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Type III ON DESCRIBING A SET IN ROSTER FORM WHEN IT IS GIVEN IN SET-BUILDER FORM
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EXAMPLE 5 Describe each of the following sets in Roster form

(i) {x :xis a positive integer and a divisor of 9} (ii) (x:x € Z and | x| < 2)
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(hi) {x :xis a letter of the word 'PROPORTION'] (iv) ● x : x= andl <n<3, wheren e N ■
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(v) (x: X is a positive integer less than 10 and 2^-1 is an odd number] [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
(vi) {x X is a positive factor of the number 2f’~\lf‘ -1), where 2^ -1 is a prime number}.
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INCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION (i) Since x is a positive integer and a divisor of 9. So, x can take values 1,3,9.
{x: X is a positive integer and a divisor of 9 ] = 11, 3, 9}
(ii) We find that X is an integer satisfying I x| ^ 2 and, I x| = 0,1,2=> x = 0,±l,±2.
So, X can take values-2, -1, 0,1, 2. Thus, (x:x eZ and[x[ £ 2} = {-2, -1, 0,1, 2),
(iu) We find that distinct letters in the word 'PROPORTION' are P, R, O, T, N, I. So, x can be
P, R, O, T, I, N. Hence, {x: xis a letter in the word 'PROPORTION'} = {P, R, O, T, 1, N)
(iv) We have.
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X = whereneN and 1 <n < 3.
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= 1, 2, 3=> x = ^
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X = , where n => x=-
n^ +1 1^ -I-1 ' 2^ -f 1 ' 3^ 1 2'5'10
SETS 1.5
Hence, < a: : a: =
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and 1 <« < 3, whereneN 111.
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(v) We find that 2^ -1 is an odd number for all positive integral values of In particular, 2^-1
is an oddnumber for a: =1, 2, 3, 9.Hence, required set is|l, 2, 3,..., 9}.
(vi) We find that the positive factor of -1} are 1, 2, 2^, 2^, ... 2^ \ 2^-1,
2(2^^ -1), 2^(2f’ -1),..., 2P-\2P -1). Therefore, the given set in roster form is
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1,2,22,...,2P-' ,(2P-l),2(2P-^) ...
,2^“^ (2P-1)|.
EXAMPLE 6
Write the set of all vowels in English alphabet which precede s.
SOLUTION The vowels in English alphabet which precede s are a, e, i, o. So, the set
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A = {<1, e, i, 0} is the set of all vowels in English alphabet which precede s.
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EXAMPLE 7
Write the set A ={x:x eZ, < 20) in the roster form.
SOLUTION We observe that the integers whose squares are less than 20 are: 0, ± 1, ± 2,± 3, ± 4.
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Therefore, the set A in roster form is A = (- 4,-3, -2,-1, 0,1, 2, 3, 4).
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EXAMPLE 8 Match each of the set on the lej^ described in the roster form with the same set on the right
described in the set-builder form. INCERTl
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(i) IF, R,/,N,C,A,1} (a) [x :xisa positive integer and is a divisor of 18 |
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(ii) (01
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(b) {a: : a: is an integer and x -9 = 0)
(iii) {1, 2, 3, 6, 9,18} (c) [x: X is an integer and a: +1 = 1}
(d) {a: :xisa letter of the word 'PRINCIPAL')
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(iv) 1-3,3)
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SOLUTION (i) Clearly, |F, K, 7, N, C, A, L]

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= {P, R, 1, N,C, 1, P, A, L]= {x;A:.isaletterof the word'PRINCIPAL')

Hence, (i) matches with (d).
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(ii) {0} = (at : a: is an integer equal to zero) = {a: : a: is an integer and a: + 1 = 1}

Hence, (ii) matches with (c).
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(iii) 11,2, 3, 6,9,18)

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= Set of all positive divisors of 18 = {a: : a: is a positive integer and is a divisor of 18}
Hence, (iii) matches with (a).
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(iv) Clearly, (- 3, 3} = {a: : a: is an integer «ind x -9 = 0).Hence, (iv) matches with (b).
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Type IV ON DESCRIBING A SET IN SET-BUILDER FORM WHEN IT IS GIVEN IN ROSTER FORM

EXAMPLE 9 Write the set
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1.,, , , . r INCERT)
2 3 45 67 8910] ^
SOLUTION We observe that each element in the given set has the denominator one more than
the numerator. Also, the numerator begins from 1 and do not exceed 9. Hence, in the set-builder
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form tlie given set can be written as x\x = ,neN,n<9 ●.
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EXAMPLE 10 Write the setX=U 1 1 J_ J_ in the set -builder form.

4'9'16 ' 25 '
SOLUTION We observe that the elements of set X are the reciprocals of the squares of all natural
numbers. So, the set X in set builder form is X =
1.6 MATHEMATICS-XI
EXAMPLE u Write the following sets in Roster form:

(i) A=[a,j:neN,a„î = 3(ijjandai = 1) (ii) S = {«„:« eN, 2 = ^^^+1+««/«1 =«2 =^1
SOLUTION (i) We have, rtj = 1 and + j = Soti all n e N
Putting « = 1 in , we get: ^2 = = 3 x 1 = 3.
Putting n = 2 in + 1 = 3fl„ , we get: ^3 = 3^2 = 3 x 3 = 3^.
Putting « = 3 in j = 3fl„ , we get: - 3a^ = 3 x 3^ = 3^.
Similarly, we obtain : - 3a^ = 3 x 3^ = 3^, = 3<^ = 3 x 3^ = 3^ and so on.
Hence, A = {a^, a2, ^3, <*4, fle,-..) = U, 3, 3^, 3^, 3^, 3^, }
(ii) We have, = 1, ^2 = ^ ^1+2 = ^^1+ 1 + Putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4, m
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î+2=«n+l + «H'We get
ci'^ = CI2 0-^ ~ \ + \ —1^4 = i?3 + ^2 =2 + 1 = 3^ <75 “ ^4 ■*■ ^3 ~ 3 + 2 =5;
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fl5=f^+fl4 = 5+ 3 = 8 and so on.
Hence, B = {oj , ^2 . «3 / ^4 ' ^ / ^6 ' ,}={1,1,2, 3,5, 8, }= {1,2, 3,5, 8, }
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EXAMPLE 12
State which of thefollowing statements are true and which arefalse. Justify your anszuer.
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(i) 35 e |x: X has exactly four positive factors]
(ii) 128 € ly: the sum of all positive factors of y is 2y}
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(iii) 3 i {x: -5x^ +2x^ -112x + 6 =0}
(iv) 496 €{y: the sum of all the positive factors of y is 2i^ INCERT EXEMPLAR)
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SOLUTION (i) Positive factors of 35 are 1,5,7,35. Thus, 35 has four positive factors. Therefore,
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35 e (x: X has exactly four positive factors} is a true statement.

(ii) Positive factors of 128 arel, 2, 2^,2^, 2^,2^,2^,2^.Thesum
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of these factors is
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1 + 2 + 2^ + 2^ + ...+2^ = 2-1
= 255, which is not equal
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to 2X 128.
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So, the given statement is not true,

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(iii) We find that 3^ -5x 3^ + 2x 3^ -112 x 3 + 6 0.Therefore,

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3 «{x: x^ -5x^ + 2x^-112x + 6 = 0}. Hence, the given statement is true,

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(iv) Positive factors of y = 496 are : 1, 2, 4, 8,16, 31, 62,124, 248 and 496. Clearly, their sum is
2 X 496 = 2y. Therefore, 496 belongs to the given set. Hence, the given statement is not true.
EXAMPLE 13 Given thatE = {2, 4, 6, 8,10). represents any member of E, then, write the following
sets containing all numbers represented by (i) n + 1 (iii) n^. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION GivenE = {2, 4, 6, 8,10}.
(i) LetA =[x:x=tt + l, « e£}.Tlien, A = {2 + 1, 4 + 1, 6 +1, 8 + 1,10 + 1} = {3,5,7, 9,11}
(ii) Let B = |x; X =n^, n e£).Then, 6 = J 2^, 4^, 6^, 8^, 10Î = (4,16, 36, 64,100}
EXERCISE 1.2
BASIC
1- Describe the following sets in Roster form:

(i) |x: X is a letter before e in the English alphabet),
(u) {xeN:x^<25}.
1.7
(iii) {at e N : X is a prime number, 10 < x < 20}.

(iv) (x6N:x=2«,neN}. (v) {xeK :x>x).
(vi) {x: X is a prime number which is a divisor of 60}.
(vii) {X: X is a two digit number such that the sum of its digits is 8}.
(viii) The set of all letters in the word'Trigonometry
(ix) The set of all letters in the word 'Better'.
(x) {x:xel?, 2x + ll=15} (xi) {x: x^ = X, X e R]
(xii) {x: X is a positive factor of prime number p]
(xiv) I w:
w-2
(xiii) {t:t^=t,teR] w+3
= 3,zv gR
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Describe the following sets in set-builder form:
(i) A = (1,2,3,4,5,6) (ii) B = {1,V2/V3,V4,15,...} (iii) C={0,3,6,9,12,...}
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(iv) 0 = 110,11,12,13,14,15} (v) £ = {01 (vi) (1,4, 9,16 100}
(vii) (2, 4, 6, 8 } (viii) (5, 25,125, 625}
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List all the elements of the following sets:
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1
(i) A =1 X : x^ <10, X eZ I (ii) B = X: X =
2«-l '
1 <n<5l>
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(iii) C =
X: X is an mteger,- 2 "2
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(iv) D = (x : X is a vowel in the word "EQUATION"}

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(v) £ = j X: X is a month of a year not having 31 days j

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(vi) f = (x: X is a letter of the word "MISSISSIPPI" }

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Match each of the sets on the left in the roster form with the same set on the right described
in the set-builder form:
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(i) |A,P,L,£} (i) {x:x+ 5 =5, X € Z }

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(ii) 15,-5} (ii) {X: X is a prime natural number and a divisor of 10 }

(iii) 10} (iii) (x: X is a letter of the word "RAJASTHAN" }
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(iv) {1,2,5,10} (iv) (x: X is a natural number and divisor of 10}

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(v) {A,H,/,K,S,T,N} (v) (x : x^ - 25 = 0}

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(vi) (2,5) (vi) |x: X is a letter of the word "APPLE"}

Write the set of all vowels in the English alphabet which precede q.
Write the set of all positive integers whose cube is odd.
Write the set 1 2 ^ _i A A ZL in the set-builder form.
2'5 ' 10 ' 17 ' 26 ' 37 ' 50
If X = (1, 2, 3} and n represents any member of X, write the following sets containing all
numbers represented by (i) 4n (ii) n + 6
(iii) ^ (iv) n-\.
State which of the following statements are true and which are false. Justify your answer,
(i) 37 s (x: X has exactly two positive factors]
(ii) 128 e [y: the sum of all positive factors of y is 2i/}
(iii) 7747 e{t :tis a multiple of 37}
1,8 MATHEMATICS-XI
10. LetX = {l, 2, 3, 4,5, 6).If/t represents any member of X, express the following assets :
(i) neX but2/1 «X (ii) n + 5 =8 (ui) His greater than 4. [NCERT EXEMPLAR)
' 1- If y = |1, 2, 3,..10} and o represents any element of Y, write the following sets, containing
all the elements satisfying the given conditions :
(i) flsY and (ii) rt + 1 = 6, a g Y (iii) <7 < 6 and a g Y [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ANSWERS
1. (i) [a, b, c, d] (ii) (1,2,3,4) (iii) {11,13,17,19} (iv) {2,4,6, 8,...}

(v) ^ (Vi) {2, 3,5} (vU) {17,26, 35, 44,53,62,71,80}
(viii) {T,R,I,G,0,N,M,E,Y} (ix) {B,E,T,R} (X) 12}
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(xi) (0,1} (xii) {l,pl (xiii) 1-1, 0,1} (xiv)
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2
2. (i) l:r:A:€N,A:<7} (ii) 1x:x = 1/h,hgN} (iii) lx:x = 3n,hgW)
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(iv) 1x:xgN, 9<x<16} (V) lx:x = 0} (vi) Ix^ :x gN, 1 <x <10}
(vii) lx: X -2n, n e N} (viii) {5":hgN,1 <h<4}
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1 11 1
3. (i) A=10, ±1,± 2, ± 3} (ii) B = {1,^
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3'5'7 ' 9
(iii) C =10,1,2, 3, 4} (iv) D={A,£, 7,0, U} oroFr

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(v) E = {Feb., April, June, Sept., November} (vi) F = {M, 7, S, P]
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4. (i)^ (vi); (ii)-/- (v); (iii) -)● (i); (iv) ^ (iv); (v) ^ (iii); (vi) (ii)
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c. \a,e,i,o\ 6. {2h + 1 :n gZ,h>0} 7. ( :n G N, H <7

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8. (i) {4,8,12} (ii) {7,8,9}

'“Mi"'!} (iv) 10,1,2}
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9. (i) False (ii) True (iii) False

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(i) 14,5,6} (ii) 13} (iii) 15,6)

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11. (i) {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} (ii) 15} (iii) 11,2,3,4,5)

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1.3 TYPES OF SETS

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EMPTY SET A set is said to be empty or null or void set ifit has no element and it is denoted by
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In Roster method, îs denoted by {}.

It follows from this definition that a set A is an empty set if the statement x g A is not true for
any x.
ILLUSTRATION! {x G R : x^ =-2) = <j).

ILLUSTRATION 2 lx€N:5<x<6} = 4».
ILLUSTRATION 3 The set A given byA = lx:xisan even prime number greater than 2) is an empty set
because 2 is the only even prime number.
A set consisting of at least one element is called a non-empty or non-void set.
NOTE If A and B are any two empty sets, thenx e A ijf (if and only if) x & Bis satisifed because there is
no element x in either A or B to which the condition may be applied. Thus, A = B. Hence, there is only one
empty set and we denote it by 4), Therefore, article 'the' is used before empty set.
SINGLETON SET A set consisting of a single element is called a singleton set.
1.9
SETS
ILLUSTRATION 4 The set {5} is a singleton set.

ILLUSTRATION 5 The set[x:x &N and x^ = 9| is a singleton set equal to {3}.
FINITE SET A set is called a finite set if it is either void set or its elements can be listed (counted, labelled)
b\j natural numbers 1,2,3,... and the process of listing terminates at a certain natural lumber n (say).
CARDINAL NUMBER OF A FINITE SET The number n in the above definition is called the cardinal
number or order of a ifnite set A and is denoted by n(A).
INFINITE SET A set whose elements cannot be listed by the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, ..., n.for any
natural number n is called an infinite set.
ILLUSTRATION 6 Each one of the following sets is a finite set:
(i) Set of even natural numbers less than 100. (ii) Set of soldiers in Indian army.
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(iii) Set of even prime natural numbers. (iv) Set of all persons on the earth.
ILLUSTRATION 7 Each one of the folloioing sets is an infinite set:
(i) Set ofall points in a plane. (ii) Set ofall lines in a plane. (iii) (.T e K : 0 < a: <!}.
EQUIVALENT SETS
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Two finite sets A and B are equivalent if their cardinal numbers are same,
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i.e. n{A) = n(B).
EQUAL SETS Tzvo sets A and B are said to be equal if every element of A is a member ofB, and every
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element of B is a member of A.
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If sets A and B are equal, we write A = B and A* B when A and B are not equal. oor r
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If A = {1,2,5,6} and B = {5,6,2,1). Then A = B, because each element of A is an element of B and
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vice-versa. Note that the elements of a set may be listed in any order.
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A set does not change if one or more elements of the set are repeated. For example, the sets
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A = {1, 2, 3) and B = {2,2,1,3,3} are equal because each element of A is in B and vice-versa. Tliat is
why we generally do not repeat any element in describing a set.
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It follows from the above definition and the definition of equivalent sets that equal sets are
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equivalent but equivalent sets need not be equal.

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For example, A = {1,2,3} and B = {a, b, c\ are equivalent sets but not equal sets.
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Type I ON IDENTIFYING WHETHER GIVEN SET IS EMPTY OR NOT

EXAMPLE 1 Which of the following sets are empty sets?
(i) A = {x:x^~ 3 = 0 and x is rational \ (ii) B = {x: x is an even prime number ]
(iii) C = (x: 4 <x <5, X eN) (iv) D = \x: x^ =25, and X is an odd integer]
SOLUTION (i) We know that there is no rational number whose square is 3. So, x -3 = 0 is not
satisfied by any rational number. Hence, A is an empty set.
(ii) We know that 2 is the only even prime number. Therefore, B = {2). So, B is not an empty
set.
(iii) Since there is no natural number between 4 and 5. So, C is an empty set.
(iv) Since X =5, -5 satisfy x^ =25 and ±5 are odd integers. Therefore, D ={-5,5}.Thus,Disa
non-empty set.
1.10
MATHEM/ :ICS-XI
Type II ON EQUAL SETS

example:.
Find the pairs of equal sets, from the following sets, if any, giving reasons:
A={0],B = \x:x>15and j <5),C = (x : a:-5 = 0|, D ={a: ; = 25}
E = {x:xis an integral positive root of the equation x'^ -2x ~15 = 0}. INCERi]
SOLUTION Wehave, /I = 10), B = {a:: jr > 15 and x <5) = (fi, C ={a-: a:-5 = 0) = [5),
D={x:x^ =25\={~5,5], and, E = {5). Clearly,C = E.
EXAMPLE 3
Which of the following pairs of sets are equal ? Justify your anszver.
(i) A=[x:x is a letter in the word "LOYAL" I, B = {x\x is a letter of the word "ALLOY" )
(ii) A=[x:xeZ and < 8}, B = [x:x&R and x^ - Ax + 3 = Oj
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SOLUTION (i) Wehave,A={L,0, y,A, L|=|L,0,y,/l)and, B = {A,L,L,0,y} =|L, O, y,
Clearly, A = B.
(ii) A={x:xGZandx^ <8) ={-2,-1, 0,1, 2} and, B ={x: x s R andx^ ~Ax+ 3 = 0} ={1, 3|.
We observe that 0 eA but 0 g B. So, B.
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Type III ON FINITE AND INFINITE SETS
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EXAMPLE 4 State which of the following sets are finite and xohich are infinite:
(i) A = {x:xeZ andx'^-5x+6 = 0} (ii) B = {x:xeZ and is even)
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(iii) C = {x:xeZ and x^ = 36} (iv) D = {x:xeZ and x>-10)
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SOLUTION (i) A = [x:xeZ and -5x + 6 = 0} = (2, 3). So, 4 is a finite set
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(ii) B = {x:xeZ and xîseven}= - 6,-4, - 2, 0, 2, 4, 6,...}. Clearly,Bisaninfiniteset.

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(iii) C = {x:xeZ and x^ = 36)= (6, ~6). Clearly,.A is a finite set.

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(iv) D = {x:xeZ and x>-10| = {-9, - 8,-7,,..). Clearly, D is an infinite set.

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BASIC
Which of the following are examples of empty set ?

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(i) Set of all even natural numbers divisible by 5. (ii) Set of all even prime numbers,
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(iii) [x:x^-2 = 0 and x is rational}.

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(iv) (x: X is a natural number, x < 8 and simultaneously x > 12).

(v) {x :● X is a point common to any two parallel lines }.
2. Which of the following sets are finite and which are infinite ?
(i) Set of concentric circles in a plane, (ii) Set of letters of the English Alphabets,
(iii) {x e N : X > 5) (iv) {x e N : x < 200) (v) |x 6 Z : X < 5} (vi) {x e R : 0 < x < 1).
3. Which of the following sets are equal ?
(i) A = (1,2,3} (ii) B = {x e R : x^ - 2x + 1 = 0)
(iii) C={1,2,2,3) (iv) D = (x eR : x^-6x^+llx-6 = 0).
4. Are the following sets equal ?
A = (x : X is a letter in the word reap), B = (x : x is a letter in the word paper),
C = (x : X is a letter in the word rope).
SETS 1.11
5. From the sets given below, pair the equivalent sets: A - {1,2,3}, B = {t, p, q, r, s}, C = {a, p, y},
D = \a, e, i, o, m).
6. Are the following pairs of sets equal ? Give reasons,
(i) A =12, 3), B = {A::.t is a solution of + 5x + 6 = 0)
(ii) A ={x:x is a letter of the word "WOLF" ), B ={x: xis a letter of the word "FOLLOW" }
[NCERT]
7. From the sets given below, select equal sets and equivalent sets.
A = |0,rt),B = {1,2, 3,41 C= {4,8,121, D = {3,1, 2, 41,£ = U, 01, F = (8, 4,121
G = {1,5,7,111, H=[a,b].
8. Which of the following sets are equal?
A = lx:xeN,x<31, B = {1,2}, C = {3,1}, D = {x: x e N, xisodd,x<5),
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£ = {1,2,1,1},F={1,1,3}.
9. Show that the set of letters needed to spell "CATARACT" and the set of letters needed to
spell "TRACT" are equal. [NCERT]
Flo j. Is T an empty set? Justify your answer.

x +5 _ 4x-40
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10. Letr = U: 0
13-x
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x-7
ANSWERS
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1. (iiil, (iv), (v) 2. (i) Infinite (ii) finite (hi) Infinite (iv) Finite (v) Infinite (vi) Infinite.
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6. (i) No (u) Yes
3. A = C = D 4. No 5. A,C;B,D
Equal sets : B =D,C =F Equivalent sets : A,E, H ; B, D,G ;C, F orr
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7.
8. A=B=E, C=D=F 10. Yes
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FHNTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

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6. (ii) We have, A = {x: X is a letter of the word "WOLF"l ={W,0, L,F}

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B = {x : X is a letter of the word "FOLLOW"! = (W, O, L, F]. Clearly, A = 6.

9. A = Set of letters of the word "CATARACT" = {A, C, K, T},
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B = Set of letters of the word "TRACT" ={A, C, R, Tl. Clearly, A = B.

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1.4 SUBSETS
SUBSETS Let A and B be two sets. If every element of A is an element of B, then A is called a subset of B.
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If A is a subset of B, we write A c B, which is read as "A is a subset of B" or "A is contained in B".
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Thus, A c B iff a e A ^ a e B.
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The symbol "=>" stands for "implies".

If A is a subset of B, we say that B contains A or, B is a super set of A and we also write B A.
If A is not a subset of B, we write A B.
Obviously, every set is a subset of itself and the empty set is subset of every set. A subset A of a
set B is called a proper subset of B, if A ^ B and we write A c B. In such a case, we also say that B is
a super set of A. An improper subset is a subset containing every element of the original set. A
proper subset contains some but not all of the elements of the original set. The empty set is a
proper subset of a given set.
Thus, if A is a proper subset of B, then there exists an element x e B such that x s A.
It follows immediately from this definition and the definition of equal sets that two sets A and B
are equal iff A c B and B c A.
Thus, whenever it is to be proved that two sets A and B are equal, we must prove that A c B and
Be A.
1.12 MATHEMATICS-XI
ILLUSTRATION 1 Clearli/{ll c (1, 2, 3J, but fl, 4/ ct{l. 2, 51.

ILLUSTRATION 2
Clearly,NcZc:Q c:RcC,whereN, Z,Q, R and C have their usual meanings.
ILLUSTRATION 3 If A is the set of all divisors of 68 and B is the set of all prune divisors of 68, then B IS
the subset of A and we write B cz A.
ILLUSTRATION 4 Consider the sets 3], B^{1,5,9],C= (1, 3,5,7, 91- We ifnd that
(i) (j) c: B ns (j) is subset of every set. (ii) A <x Bas 3 eAbut 3 €B.
(Hi) <z C because each element of A belong to C. Also, B czC.
ILLUSTRATION 5 If A ~{a,e, i, 0, u\ and B = [a, b, c, d\, then neither A cz B nor Bcz A, because
i eAbuti & B and d e B but d e A.
ILLUSTRATION 6 Given X = {1, 2, 3,..100}. Then, write the subsect
(i) A of X, whose elements are odd numbers, (ii) B of X, whose elements are even numbers.
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(Hi) C ofX, whose elements are represented by x + 2, where x eX.
(iv) D ofX, zuhose elements are perfect squares [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION (i) Wehave, A = {,v:eX and jr is odd} = {1, 3,5,7,97, 99}
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(ii) Wehave, 6 = {a; eX: is even} = {2,4, 6, 8,..., 98,100}
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(iii) We have, C = [y eX: y ~x + 2, x eXj.
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Now, x=l and y=x + 2 => y = 3-,x=2 and y = a: + 2 => y=4,
a: = 97 and y = x + 2 => y = 99; a:=98 and y=x-i-2 => y=100
Hence, C = {3, 4, 5 99,100}
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(iv) We have, D = {x e X: a: is a perfect square} => D = {1, 4, 9,16, ., 81,100}
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1.4.1 SOME RESULTS ON SUBSETS

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THEOREM 1 Every set is a subset of itself.

PROOF Let A be any set. Then, each element of A is clearly in A itself. Hence, Aq A.
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THEOREM 2 The empty set is a subset of every set.

PROOF Let A be any set and ^ be the empty set. In order to show that <j) c A, we must show that
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every element of (j> is an element of A also. But, ([)contains no element.

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every element of ^ is
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in A. Hence, (j) c A.
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THEOREM 3 The total number of subsets of afinite set containing n elements is 2".
PROOF Let A be a finite set containing n elements. Let 0 < r < «. Consider those subsets of A
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that have r elements each. We know that the number of ways in which r elements can be chosen
out of n elements is Therefore, the number of subsets of A having r elements each is
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Hence, the total number of subsets of A is ”Cq + + ”C2+... +"C,I = (1 + 1)" = 2”.
ILLUSTRATION 1 Two finite sets have m and n elements. The total number of subsets of the first set is
56 more than the total number of subsets of the second set. Find the values ofm and n.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR}
SOLUTION Let A and B be two sets having m and n elements respectively. Then,
Number of subsets of set A = 2”', Number of subsets of set B = 2”.
It is given that, 2"' =56 + 2”
2'"-2” =56 => 2" (2 -1) =2^ (2^ -1) fi = 3 andm - « = 3 => n = 3 andm = 6.
m
i.e.
ILLUSTRATION 2 IfX = [4” - 3« -1: H e N} and Y = |9 (h -1): n e N}, prove that XcY.
SOLUTION Let x„ = 4” - 3n -1,« g N. Then, = 4- 3-1= 0. For any n > 2, we find that
X,, = 4" - 3/1 -1 =(1 + 3)" - 3/1 -1
SETS 1.13
^ = "Cq + "Ci(3) + ''C2 (3^) + "C3(3^) +... + "C,I(3”) - 3« -1 [Using Binomial Theorem]
= 1 + 3n + "C2 (3^) + "C3 (3^) +... + ”C„ (3") - 3n -1 [V
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.r,II = 3^ "C2 + "C3 (3) + "C4 (3^) +... + %, (3 )
x„ =9\ "C2 + "C3 (3) + "C4 (3^) +... + "C„ (3

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^ Xfj is some positive integral multiple of 9 for all n ^ 2.

Thus, X consists of all those positive integral multiples of 9 which are of the form
9 |"C2 + 3 X "C3 + 3^ X ”C4 + ... + X "C„ i together with 0.
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Clearly, Y = {9{n-1) :n sN} consists of all integral multiples of 9 together with 0. Hence,
XeY.
1.4.2 SUBSETS OF THE SET R OF REAL NUMBERS
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Following sets are important subsets of the set K of all real numbers:
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(i) The set of all natural numbers N = {1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, ....|
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(ii) The set of all integers Z = {... - 3, - 2,-1, 0,1, 2, 3, ...1 oorr
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(iii) The set of all rational numbersQ =■ x:x=— ,m,neZ,n*o\.
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(iv) The set of all irrational numbers. It is denoted by T.

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Thus, T = {x:xeR and xgQ).

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Clearly, N czZ czQ<^R,T c=K and N ctT.

1.4.3 INTERVALS AS SUBSETS OF R
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On real line various types of infinite subsets are designated as intervals as defined below:
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CLOSED INTERVAL Lc'f a and b be two given real numbers such that a <b. Then, the set of all real
numbers x such that a< x 
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-00 b + CO
Fig. 1.1 Closed interval
For example, [-1,2] = (x e i? : -1 < x < 2} is the set of all real numbers lying between -1 and 2
including the end points. Clearly, it is an infinite subset of R.
OPEN INTERVAL If a and b are two real numbers such that a <b, then the set of all real numbers x
satisfying a<x <b is called an open interval and is denoted by (a, b) or ] a,b [.
Thus, (fl, &) = {x e R : <x <&].On the real line, {a, b) maybe graphed as shown in Fig. 1.2.
— CO b + w
Fig. 1.2 Open interval
Here, encircling a and b means that a and b are not included in the set.
For example, (1,2) = {x e R : 1 < x < 2} is the set of all real numbers lying between 1 and 2
excluding the end-points 1 and 2. This is an infinite subset of R.
1.14 MATHEMATICS-XI
SEMI-OPEN OR SEP4I-CLOSED INTERVAl

If n and b are two real numbers such that a<b, then the
sets {a,b]={x e R :a <x <b) and [«?, t) ={.y e R <:c <&} are known as semi-open or semi-closed
interxmls. (a, b} and [a, b) are also denoted by ja, bj and [a, b [ respectively.
On real line these sets may be graphed as shown in Figs. 1.3 and 1.4 respectively.
< <-
— 50 b + 00 CO b -I- CO
Fig. 1.3 Semi-open interval Fig. 1.4 Semi open interval
The number is called the lengtli of any of the intervals {a, b), [a, b], [a, b) and (a, b].
These notations provide an alternative way of designating the subsets of the set R of all real
numbers. For example, the inter\'al [0, oo) denotes the set R'*’ of all non-negative real numbers,
while the interval (- co, 0) denotes the set R~of all negative real numbers. The interval (-oo, oo)
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denotes the set R of all real numbers.
1.5 UNIVERSAL SET
Floo
In any discussion in set theory, there always happens to be a set that contains all sets under
consideration i.e. it is a super set of each of the given sets. Such a set is called the universal set
ee
and is denoted by U.
eer
Thus, a set that contains all sets in a given context is called the universal set.
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ILLUSTRATION 1
When we study two dimensional coordinate geometry, then the set of all points in
oorr
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xy-plane is the universal set.
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ILLUSTRATION 2 When we are using sets containing natural numbers, then N is the universal set.
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ILLUSrR.\TION 3
If A = n, 2,31, B = 12,4,5,6} and C = II, 3,5, 7}, then U = (1,2,3,4,5,6,7} can be
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taken ns the universal set.

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ILLUSTRAl ION 4 When we are using intervals on real line, the set R of real numbers is taken as the
universal set.
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1.6 POWER SET

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POWER SET igf (I Then the collection or family of all subsets of A is called the power set of A
and is denoted by P (A).
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That is, P(/l) = {S:ScA}.

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Since the empty set and the set A itself are subsets of A and are therefore elements of P{A). Thus,
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the power set of a given set is always non-empty.

ILLUSTRATION 1
Let A^ 11,2,31. Then, the subsets of A are: , {!}, (2), {3}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {2, 3}
and {1, 2, 3|. Hence, P(A) = !<^, {!}, {21,13}, (1, 2}, {1. 3}, 12, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}.
lLLo.jrRAriON2
If A is thevoid set then P(A) has just one element î.e.P(^) = l^}.
ILLUSTRA110X3
Show that n [P [P (P (<(})]} = 4.
SOLUTION We have, ?(({)) ={(|))
pipm = p[p{P{m] = i(M-i*!,mi 14îiii-
Hence, P [P {P (({>))] consistsof 4 elements i.e. n IP [ P (P {^))]) = 4.
We know that a set having n dements has 2" subsets. Therefore, if A is a finite set having n
elements, then P(A) has 2” elements.
ILLUSTRATION 4
If A = {a, lb} },ifnd P (A).
SETS 1.15
SOLUTION Let B = {b\. Then, A = {a, B).

Therefore, ?{/!)=((}), {a], {B]Mf ^1) = {<t>/ {^*1/ IIMl/ («/ {b })}■
EXAMPLE 1 Consider the follozuing sets: A ={1, 2], 6 ={1, 4, 8), C ={1, 2, 4, 6, 8|.
Insert the correct symbol c or ct between each of the following pair of sets:
(i) ^...B (ii) A... B (iii) A...C (iv) B...C
SOLUTION (i) Since null set is subset of every set. Therefore, (j) c B.
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(ii) Clearly, 2 eA but 2 g B. So, A cc B.
(iii) Since all elements of set A are in C. So, A czC.
(iv) Clearly, all elements of set B are in set C. So, B c C.
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EXAMPLE 2 Let A = {a,b, c, d}, B={a,b, c] andC =[b, d]. Find all sets X such that:
(i) X c B and X <= C (ii) XcA atzd X(t B.
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SOLUTION (i) We have,
P(A) =!<}), [a], {b\, (c), {fl,&}, {0, c], {a, d\...l P (6) ={<^, [a], [b\. {c], {a, &}, {a, c], [b, c), [a, b, c\]
Fr
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and, P{C)=\<Âb]r{d]Ab.d}\
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Now,X c: B and X cz C X e P (B) and X e P (C) => X e {(Ji, {?;)} => X = (ft, [b]
for
(ii) We have,
X c /I and X cx B
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X is a subset of A but X is not a subset of B
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XeP(A) butX gP(B)

X = {d],{a>b, d],\b, c, c, dl {a. d\, [b, d],{c, d],[‘^.b, c, d\.
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EXAMPLE 3 Write the following subsets ofR as intervals:

(i) {x: a: s K, -4 <x <6} (ii) {x:xeP,-12<x<-10}
(iii) {x: X e K, 0 <x <7} (iv) {x:xeP, 3<x<4}.
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Also, find the length of each interval.

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SOLUTION (i) 1x:xeP,-4<x<61 = (-4, 6]. Length = 6-(-4) =10

(ii) {x:xeR,-12<x<-10)=(-12,-10).Length =-10-(-12) =2
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(iii) {x: X e P, 0 < X <7} = [0,7). Length =7-0 = 7

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(iv) (x: X e K, 3 £x <4} = [3, 4]. Length =4 - 3 =1

EXAMPLE 4 Write the following intervals in the set-builder form:
F
(i) (-7,0) (ii) [6,12] (iii) (6,12] (iv) [-20, 3)

SOLUTION (i) (-7, 0) =(x:x eK and-7<x<01 (ii) [6,12] = (x: x eP and 6 <x <12}
(iii) (6,12] = lx: X e R and 6 < x ^ 12} (iv) [- 20, 3) = {x: X 6 P and - 20 ^ x < 3}
EXAMPLE 5 Let A- {1, 2, {3, 4}, 5}. Which of the following statements are incorrect and why?
(i) {3,4} c A (ii) (3, 4} 6 A (iii) {{3,4}}cA (iv) 1 e A
(v) 1 c A (vi) {1, 2,5} c A (vii) {1,2,5} € A (viii) {1,2, 3} cA
(ix) (j) e A (x) 4) cz A (xi) {<14 c A
SOLUTION {3,4} is an element of set A. Therefore, {3,4} s A is correct and {3, 4) c A is
incorrect. So, (i) is incorrect and (ii) is correct. As {3,4} is an element of set A. Therefore, {{3, 4}} is
a set containing element { 3,4 } which belongs to A. So, {{3, 4)} c A. Hence, (iii) is correct.
Since’l is an element of set A. So,l e A is correct and 1 c Ais incorrect. So, (iv) is correct and (v) is
incorrect.
1.16 MATHEMATICS-XI
Since 1,1, 5 are elements of set A. Therefore, {1, 2,5} is a subset of set/I. Hence, (vi) is correct
and (vii) is incorrect.
As 3 is not an element of set A. So, {1, 2, 3} c A is incorrect. The null set is subset of every set.
So, c: A is correct and (j) e A is incorrect. Hence, (ix) is incorrectand (x) is correct.
As (j><= A but {(J)}is not a subset of A.So, (xi) is incorrect.
BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

EXAMPLE 6
Prove that A c (J> implies A = (ft.
SOLUTION We know that two sets A and B are equal iff A c B and BaA. Also, we know that
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(j) c A. It is given that A c: 4>. Thus, we have A cz (j> and <|> c A => A = 4i
EXAMPLE7 Let A = 11, 2, 3, 4j, B = {1, 2, 3} and C = {2, 4). Find all sets X satisfying each pair of
conditions:
(i) X c: B and X C (ii) X <z B,X ^ B and X ctC (iii) X c A, X c B and X c: C.
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X z B and X a: C
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=> X is a subset of B but X is not a subset of C
XeP(B)butX«P(C) => X = {1},{3},{1,2),{1,3},{2, 3}, {1,2, 3}
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(ii) We have.
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X c B, X B and X ct C
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X is a subset of B other than B itself and X is not a subset of C
XEP(B),XgP(C)andX,tB=> X ={1|,13}, (1, 2|, (1, 3}, {2, 3}
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(Hi) We have.
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X c A, X c B andX c C
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X e P (A), X e P (B) and X e P (C) => X is a subset of A, 6 and C X = (|), {2}.

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BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

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EXAMPLE 8 Let A, B andC be three sets. //A e B and B .a C, is it true that A c C? Ifîot ^ve an
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example. (NCERTl
SOLUTION Consider the following sets: A = {a\, B = {{a\, b\ and C = {[a), b, c).
dd
Clearly, A e B and B c C. But, A cz; C as fl e A but g C. Tlius, the given statement is not true.
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EXAMPLE 9 Let Bbea subset of a set A and let P {A: B) ={X e P (A)\X cd B|.
F
(i) Show that: P (A : (fi) = P (A) (ii) IfA=\a,b,c,d\andB={a,b\.

List all the members of the set P (A : B).
P (A : B) = |X e P (A): X zj B| = (X e P(A): B c X| = Set of all those subsets of A which contain 6
.●. P (A: (})) = Set of all those subsets of A which contain <J) = Set of all subsets of set A = P (A),
(ii) If A = {a, b, c, d\ and B = [a, b]. Then,
P(A : B) =Set of all those subsets of set A which contain B = {<?, b], {a, b, c], [a, b, fr}, {rt, b, c, d]
EXAMPLE 10 In each of the following, determine whether the statement is true orfalse. If it is true, prove
it. If it is false, give an example.
(i) If X e A and A e B, then x eB (ii) //A c B and B^C,thenAeC
(iii) IfAcB and BcC,thenA<zC (iv) lfA(xB and B<zC,thenA<tC
(v) IfxsA and A a B, then x € B (vi) If A .c B and x g B, then x g A
SOLUTION (i) False; Consider sets A = (I) and, B = {{1},2).
Clearly 1 e A and A € B, but 1 g B. So, x e A and A e B need not imply that x e B.
SETS 1.17
(ii) False: Let .4 ={1), B =|1, 2} andC ={{1,2},3|. Then, we observe that /I c: B and B eC but
A iC. Thus, A<zB and B eC need not imply that A eC.
(iii) True: Let x e A. Then, A c: B ^ x sB ^ xeC [●●● B<zC]
Thus, xeA=> x g C for all a: g i4 ^ A (zC. Hence, A<zB and B czC A aC.
(iv) False: Let^ = {1, 2}, B ={2, 3} and C={1,2,5|. Then, tz B and B cx C. But, A c C.
Thus, /4 <2 B and B<zC need not imply that A ctC.
(v) False: Let A - (1, 2} and B = {2, 3, 4,5). Then, we observe that 1 e i4 and A <t B, but 1 g B.
Thus, .Y G i4 and A B need not imply that x e B.
(vi) True: Let A ciB. Then, we observe that: x eA => x sB <=> x e B => x s A.
EXAMPLE 11 Let P be the set of prime numbers and let S = {f: 2^ -1 is a prime}. Prove that Sc: P.
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
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SOLUTION In order to prove that S c P, it is sufficient to show that x e S => .t g P.
We know that xeS=>xeP<^x^P^x^S. Therefore, to prove that S c P, it is sufficient to
show that a: g P => x g S.
So, let a: g P. Then, x g P => a: is a composite number.
We have to prove that x g S.
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If possible, let us assume that x g S. Then,
xeS^ 2^-1 is a prime number
rF
r FF
=> 2’^-1 =»J, where is a prime number ^ 2’^=m + l
This is not true for every composite number. Because, for x = 4, 2^ = 2"^ = 16 cannot be written as
forfFreo
u
the sum of a prime number m and 1. Therefore, our supposition is not correct. Consequently,
s
X g S. Tlius, xgP=^xgSox€S=5>XGP. Hence, S c P.
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EXERCISE 1.4
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BASIC
eeBo Bks
1. Which of the following statements are true ? Give reason to support your answer,
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(i) For any two sets A and B either Aq B ox Bq A.

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(ii) Every subset of an infinite set is infinite, (iii) Every subset of a finite set is finite,
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(iv) Every set has a proper subset, (v) {a, b, a, b, a, b, ...| is an infinite set.
(vi) {a, b, c} and {1,2,3} are equivalent sets, (vii) A set can have infinitely many subsets.
d
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(viii) The set of all integers is contained in the set of all rational numbers.
in
(ix) The set of all crows is contained in the set of all birds.
FFind Y
(x) The set of all rectangles is contained in the set of all squares,
(xi) The set of all real numbers is contained in the set of all complex numbers.
(xii) The sets P ={a\ and B ={{(?)} are equal.
(xiii) The sets A = {x: x is a letter of the word "LITTLE") and, 6 = (x: x is a letter of the
word "TITLE") are equal.
2. State whether the following statements are true or false:
(i) lelL2,3) (ii) a .a \b, c, a] (iii) \a] G {a, b, c]
(v) The set {x : x + 8 = 8} is the null set.
(iv) {a, {)} = {a, a, b, b, a]
3. Decide among the following sets, which are subsets of which:
A = {x: X satisfies x^ - 8x + 12 = 0), B = {2, 4, 6} , C = {2, 4, 6, 8,....}, D = {6}.
4. Which of the following statements are correct? Write a correct form of each of the incorrect
statements,
(i) a c {a, b, c) (ii) {rt} € {<7, b, c ) (iii) a€{{a],b] (iv) (i7)c{{fl},l»}

1.18 MATHEMATICS-XI
(v) [b, c] [a, [b, c]} (vi) c}) (vii)(j)6K&l (viii) ^(z{a,b,c)
(ix) {x: X + 3 = 3} = <|>
5. Let A = {a, b, {c, d], e]. Which of the following statements are false and why?
(i) {c.d]Â (ii) {c, d] s A (iii) {{c,d]\<zA (iv) aÂ
(v) aczA (vi) {a, b,e} czA (vii) {a,b, e} eA (viii) {a, b,c] czA
(ix) c|) e (x) {({)} c/l
6. Write down all possible proper subsets each of the following sets:
(i) {1,2} (ii) {1,2,31 (iii) ID
7. What is the total number of proper subsets of a set consisting of n elements?
BASED ON LOTS
8. Let A - {{1, 2, 3}, {4,5}, |6,7, 8}}. Determine which of the following is true or false:
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(i) 1671 (ii) {1,2, 3} c A (iii) |6,7, 8} 6y4 (iv)l(4,5})cA
(v) (j) e (vi) (|) c A
9. Let A = (4>, {({)), 1, {1, (j)}, 2). Which of the following are true?
(i) <1)6 A (ii) {([il eA (iii) {IleA (iv) {2, 4)1 c A
(v) 2cA (vi) (2, {1}} Cl A (vii) 1(21, {111 c A
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(viii) {<{), {([)}, {!,({)}} c A (ix) {{(|)}}cA.
10. Write down all possible subsets of each of the following sets:
rree F
(i) {^] (ii) (0,11
r FF (iii) [a,b,c] (iv){l,{l}l (v) (4)1
11. What universal set (s) would you propose for each of the following:
fofr oF
(i) The set of right triangles. (ii) The set of isosceles triangles.
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BASED ON HOTS
YYouro
12. If A is any set, prove that: A c 4) <=> A = 4»-

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13. Prove that: A c B, B c C and C c A => A = C.

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14. How many elements has P (A), if A = 4> ?

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15. If X ={8" - 7)1 -1 :n eNl and Y ={49 {n-l):n eN|, then prove that Xc Y.
ANSWERS
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1. (i) F,A={1,2, 31,B={fl,&l (ii) F, A = (1, 2} is a finite subset of N.

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(ui) T (iv) F, 4) does not have a proper subset

(v) F, Given set ={i7, b} (vi) T (vii) F
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2. (i) T (ii) F (iii) F (iv) T (v) F (viii) T (ix) T (x) F (xi) T

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(xii) F (xiii) T 3. DÂc^BczC

4. (i) ae{a,b,c] (ii) [a]cz\a,b,c] (iii) {fl} e{{rt},lJl
(iv) M]c\{a\,b] (v) [b,c]e[a,{brC]] (vi) [a,b] d {fl, [b, c}l
(vii) 4>c \a, b\ (viii) ^<^{a,b,c} (ix) {x: a; + 3 = 3) 4>
5. (i) F (ii) T (hi) T (iv) T (v) F (vi) T (vii) F
(viii) F (ix) F (x) F 7. 2" -1
6. (i) 4>,{1},{21 (ii) 4>,|1),|21,{31,{1,21,{2,31,{1, 31 (iii) 4>
8. (i) F (ii) F (iii) T (iv) T (v) F (vi) T
9. (i) T (ii) T (iii) F (iv) T (v) F (vi) T (vii) T
(viii) T (ix) T
10. (i)4>,|fli (ii) 4*, {01, {11, (0,1! (iii) <S?Aa]Ab],{c\Aa,b]Ab,c\Aa.c\Aa,b,c]
(iv) 4>,{1UUI1, {1,11)1 (V) 4>, {<)>}●
11. (i) The set of all triangles in a plane, (ii) The set of all triangles in a plane. 14. 1
1.19
SETS
HINTS TO SELECTUD PROBLEMS
15. Let x,,=8” -7ri-l={\+ 7f -7n -1 = "C2 7^ + "C3 7^ . -f "C„ 7

n
= 49 ("C2+ "€37+....+ ) for n > 2.

For?i =1, = 0. Thus, X contains all positive integral multiples of 49 of the form 49 k, 1'
h-2
where k,, = "Cj + ”€3 (7) + "C4 (7^) + ... + "C„ (7 ).
Also, y contains all positive integral multiples of 49 including zero. Thus, X c Y.
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1.7 VENN DIAGRAW^
Sometimes pictures are very helpful in our thinking. First of all a Swiss mathematician Euler
gave an idea to represent a set by the points in a closed curve. Later on British mathematician
roow
John-Venn (1834-1883) brought this idea to practice. That is why the diagrams drawn to
e
represent sets are called Vewi-Euler diagrams or simply Venn-diagrams. In Venn-diagrams the
re
universal set U is represented by points within a rectangle and its subsets are represented by
points in closed curves (usually circles) within the rectangle. If a set A is a subset of a set B, then
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the circle representing A is drawn inside the circle representing B as shown in Fig. 1.5 (i). If A and
e
B are not equal but they have some common elements, then to represent A and B we draw hvo
intersecting circles. (See Fig. 1.5 (ii)). Two disjoint sets are represented by two non-intersecting
sFr
circles. (See Fig. 1.5 (iii)).
li
foro U
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--●.B a
fk B
I
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\ .
A
I
/ -
Y
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Fig. 1.5 (i) Rg.1.5 (ii) Fig. 1.5 (III)
1.8 OPERATIONS ON SETS

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In this section, we shall introduce some operations on sets to construct new sets from given
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ones.
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UNION OF SETS ^ ^ union of A and B is the set of all those elements which
belong either to A or to B or to both A and B. TP
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We shall use the notation A u B (read as "A union B") to denote the
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union of A and B.
F
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Thus, A u B = l.r : ;r e A or a: e B}.

Clearly, x sAu B o.iceA or AreB. Fig. 1.6 Union of two sets
And, .vseAuB o x Â and x €B.
In Fig. 1.6 the shaded part represents A u B. It is evident from the definition that A c A u B,
B<= A u B.
If A and B are two sets such that A c; B, then A u B = B. Also, A u 6 = A, if B cz A.

ILLUSTKATION I If A = It 2,31 and B = it 3,5, 7}, then A u B = /I, 2, 3,5, 7}.
"* If A = lx: X = 2n + l,n & Z} and B = {x: x = 2n, n s Zl, then
A u B = (a : A is an odd integer} u |a : a is an even integer} = {a : x is an integer} = Z.
n
NOIE //■ Aj, A2, A„ is a finitefaynily of sets, then their union is denoted b\/ _^Âj or, by
A3UA2U...UA,,.
ILLUSTRATIONS Let A = {1, 2,3}, 6 = {3,5}, C = {4,7, 8}. Then,A u B u C = {1,2, 3, 4,5,7, 8}.
1.20
MATHEMATICS-XI
INTERSECTION OF SETS ^ B be tu’o sets. The intersection of A and B is the set of all those
elements that belong to both A and B.
The intersection of A and B is denoted hy A nB (read as "A
intersection B").
Thus, A r\B=-{x:x sA andx e B}.
Clearly, x & A nB o x eA and x sB.
In Fig. 1.7 the shaded region represents A nB.
Fig. 1.7 Intersection of two sets
Evidently, A nB cz A, A nB c: B.
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If A and B are two sets, then AnB=A, iÂzB and A n B = B,ii B <z A.
n
note If A-^, A2,A^ is a finite family of sets, then their intersection is denoted by n A^ or, by
i= 1
ee
n /I2 n... nA,y
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ILLUSTRATION 4 liA = {1, 2, 3,4, 5} and B = (1, 3, 9,12}, then AnB=\l, 3}.
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ILLUSTRATION 5 UA = (1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6,7), B = {2,4, 6, 8,10} andC = {4, 6,7, 8, 9,10,11}, then
ee
AnB = {2, A, 6].Therefore, A nB nC ={A, 6\.
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ILLUSTRATION 6 If A = {x: x = 2n, n eZj and B = lx: x = 3n,n e Zj, then
A nB=[x:x = 2n,n eZ] n { x : x = 3n,n eZ]
ffosor
= - 4, -2,0,2,4,6,...} n {..., -9, -6, -3, 0,3,6,9,...}
os k
= [..., - 6, 0, 6,12,...} = {x : a: = 6n, n e Z].
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ILLUSTRATION 7 If A = { x: x = 3n, n e Zi and B = {x: x = 4n, e 2}, then find AnB.

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SOLUTION Clearly,
Bo
reeB
X eA nB
X = 3n andx = An,neZ
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<=>
X is a naultiple of 3 and x is a multiple of 4
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X is a multiple of 3 and 4 both o x is a multiple of 12 o x = 12«, n e Z
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Hence, 71 n B = {x : x = 12«, n e Zj.

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DISJOINT SETS ^ B are said to be disjoint, ifAnB = ^

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li A nB ^ then A and B are said to be intersecting or overlapping sets.

F
Fi
ILLUSTRATION 8 2, 3, 4,5, 6}, B = (7, 8, 9,10,11} and C = {6,8,10,

12,14}, then A and B are disjoint sets, while A and C are intersecting sets.
DIFFERENCE OF SETS Bet A and B be tzvo sets. The difference of A and B, Fig. 1.8 Disjoint sets
written as A~B, is the set of all those elements of A which do not belong to B.
Thus, A-B = {x: X eA and x eB} or, A - B = {x e A : x ^ B\.
Clearly, x e A - B x e A and x g B. In Fig. 1.9, the shaded part represents A ~B.
Fig. 1.9 Difference A - B Fig. 1,10 Difference B-A

1.21
SETS
Similarly, the difference B - /I is the set of all those elements of B that do not belong to A i.e.
B~A = {x&B:xÂ].
In Fig. 1.10, the shaded part represents B-A.
ILLUSTRATION 9 If A = {2,3,4,5, 6, 7} and B = /3,5, 7, 9,11,13}, then A-B = {2,4, 6} and
B-A = {9,11,13}.
SYMMETRIC DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS Let A and B be txvo sets. The symmetric difference of sets
A and B is the set (A~B) u(B-A) and is denoted by AAB.
oww
Thus, AAB={A-B)u{B-A)= {x:xÂnB].
The shaded part in Fig. 1.11 represents AAB.
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Fig.1.11 Symmetric
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difference
ILLUSTRATION 10 If A = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and B = 11,3,5,6,7,8,9}, then A-B = {2, 4},
FFllro
B~A = 19}. Therefore, AAB = {2,4,9}.
reF
ILLUSTRATION 11 If A = (x € R : 0 < x < 3} and B = (x e R : I <x < 5}, then
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uoru
A-B = |xeR:0<x<l}, and, B ~ A = {x e R : 3 < x <5]
AAB = (x eK : 0 <x <11 u l:c eR : 3 <x £ 5} = {x e R : 0 cv <1 or 3 <a-<5}.
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COMPLEMENTOF A SET Let U be the universalset and let A be a set such that
fk
A<zU. Then, the complement of A ivith respect to U is denoted by A' or A^ or
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U ~ A and is defined as the set of all those elements of U zvhich are not in A.
Y
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BB
Thus A' = {x eU : X i A). Clearly, x e A' <=> x g A. Fig, 1.12 Complement

of a set
ILLUSTRATION 12 Let the set of natural numbers N = (l,2,3,4,...} be the universal set and let
Y
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A = (2,4,6,8,...}. Then, A' = {1,3,5,...} = Set of odd natural numbers.

}fU = n, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8, 9} andA = {1, 3,5, 7,9}, then A' = (2,4, 6, 8}.
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ILLUSTRATION 13
Following results are direct consequences of the definition of the complement of a set:
(i) L(' = {x € Lf: X e (i} = ^ (ii) = |x ell: X «(|)} = U
nidn
(iii) (A')' ={x6U;xÂ'1 =|xeU:xeAl=A

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(iv) A u A' = {x etJ : X e A) o{x elf :x g A) = [J

F
Fi
(v) A n A' = {x e Lf : X e A) n|x eU : X s A)

BXERCISE 1.5
BASIC
1. If A and B are two sets such that A(Z B, then Find: (i) A n B (ii) AuB
2. If A = i 1, 2, 3, 4,5}, B ={4,5, 6,7, 8},C = (7, 8, 9,10, ll) and D = {10,11,12,13,14}. Find:
(i) A u B (ii) AuC (iii) BuC (iv) BuD
(v) A u B u C (vi) A u B w D (vii) B u C u D (viii) A n(6 uC)
(ix) (AnB)n(BnC) (x) (AuD)n(BuC).
3. Let A = lx : X s N}, B = {x : X = 2n, n € N}, C = {x: x = 2n -1, n e N) and, D = {x: x is a prime
natural number). Find:
(i) A n B (ii) A n C (iii) A nD (iv) BnC
(v) BnD (vi) C nD
1.22 MATHEMATICS-XI
4. Let A ={3,6,12,15,18,21), fi = {4, 8,12,16, 20), C = {2, 4, 6, 8,10,12,14,16} and

D = {5,10,15, 20}. Find:
(i) A-B (ii) >l-C (iii) A-D (iv) B-A
(V) C-A (Vi) D-A (vii) B-C (viii) B-D
5. Let U = 11, 2, 3, 4,5, 6,7, 8, 9), A = {1, 2, 3, 4), B = {2, 4, 6, 8} and C = (3, 4,5, 6). Find:
(i) (ii) B' (iii) (A n O' (iv) (A u By
w
(v) (A')' (Vi) (B-C)'
6. Let U = {1, 2, 3,4,5, 6,7, 8, 9), A = (2, 4, 6, 8} and 6 = {2, 3,5,7). Verify that:
(i) (AuB)'=A'nB' (ii) (An BY = A' uB'.
ANSWERS
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1. (i) (ii) B
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2. (i) |1,2, 3,4,5,6,7,81 (ii) {1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,11}
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(iii) {4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11! (iv) {4,5,6,7,8,10,11,12,13,141
uFFll
e
(v) {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,111 (vi) {1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6,7, 8,10,11,12,13,14)
(vii) {4,5, 6,7, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14) (viii) {4,51 (ix) 4. (x) {4,5,10,11}
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3. (i) 6 (ii) C (iii) D (iv) 4) (v) {21 (vi) D-|2|
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4. (i) {3,6,15,18,21} (ii) {3,15,18,21} (iii) {3,6,12,18,21}
okso
(iv) {4,8,16,20) (v) {2,4,8,10,14,16} (vi) {5,10,20}
(vii) {20} (viii) {4,8,12,16}
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5. (i) {5,6,7,8,91 (ii) {1, 3,5,7,91 (iii) {1,2,5,6,7,8,91

(iv) {5,7,9} (V) A (vi) {1,3,4,5,6,7,91
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1.9 LAWS OF ALGEBRA OF SETS

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In this section, we shall state and prove some fundamental laws of algebra of sets,
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THEOREM 1 (Idempotent Laws) For any set A : (i) AuA=A (ii) A n A = A.

(i) A u A = {:t: a: g A or X G A) = {;r: a: e A} = A
nidn
PROOF
(ii) AnA = {x : x g A and x e A) = {x: x e A) = A.

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F
THEOREM 2 (identity Laws) For any set A: (i) A u (j) = A (ii) Anil = A.
Fi
i.e. (j) and U are identity elements for union and intersection respectively.
PROOF (i) A U(t) = {x:x g A or X e(|)) = {x:x € A) =A
(ii) A nU = \x .● X eA and xgU)={x:x€A}=A
THEOREMS (Commutative Laws) For any two sets A and B.

(i) A u B = B u A (ii) A n B = B nA
i.e. union and intersection are commutative.
PROOF Recall that two sets X and Y are equal iff X c Y and Y c X. Also, X c Y if every
element of X belongs to Y.
(i) Let X be an arbitrary element of A u B. Then,
xgAuB=> xgA or X€B=^> xgB or xgA => xeBuA
A B^ BkjA.
Similarly, B u A c A u B. Hence, A <j B = B ^ A.
SETS 1.23
THEORE... (Associative Lazvs) lfA,B and C are miy three sets, then
(i) (A u B) uC =/L u(B uC) (ii) .A n(B nC) =(A n B) nC [NCERTEXEMPLAR]
i.e. union and intersection are associative.
Fr.aOF (i) Let X be an arbitrary element of (A u B) u C. Then,

j: e(A u B) uC
a: 6 (A u B) or a: 6 C
(x 6 A or a: e 6) or a: e C
X € A or (a: e B or a: eC) => x e A or x e (B u C) => x e A u(B uC)
(AuB)uCc Au(BuC).
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Similarly, A u(B uC)c (A u B) uC. Hence,(A u B) uC = A u(6 uC).
(ii) Let X be an arbitrary element of A n (B n C). Then,
X e A n(B nC)
=> xeA and xe(BnC)
e
^ X e A and (x 6 B and X eC)
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(x e A and x € B) and xeC => xe(AnB) and xeC => xs(AnB)nC
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A n (B n C) c (A n B) n C.
Similarly, (A n B) nC e A n (B n C). Hence, A n (B oC) - (A n B) nC.
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THEOREMS (Distributive Laws) IfA,B and C are any three sets, then
(i) A u(B nC) =(A u B) n(A uC) (ii) A n (B u C) =(A n B) u (A n C)
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i.e. union and intersection are distributive over intersection and union respectively.
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[NCERT EXEMPLAR
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^ROOF (i) Let X be an arbitrary element of A u (B n C). Then,

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Y
xe(Au(BnC))
Bo
X e A or X €(B nC)
reB
=> X e A or (x e B and x e C)
(x e A or X e B) and (x € A or x e C) [■.' 'or' is distributive over 'and']
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X e (A u B) and x e (A u C) => x e ((A u B) n (A u C))

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Au(BnC) c (AuB)n(AuC)
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Similarly, (A u 6) n(A uC) q A u (B nC). Hence, A u(B nC) = (A u B) n(A uC).

(ii) Let X be an arbitrary element of A n (B u C). Then,
innd
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X e A n(6 uC)
Fi
F
^ X e A and x e (B u C)
=> X e A and (x e B or x e C)
=> (x e A and x e B) or (x € A and x e C) ^ x e (A n 6) or x e (A n C) =i> x e (A n B) u (A n C)
An(BuC) c (AnB)u(AnC)
Similarly, (A n 6) u(A nC)c A n(B uC). Hence, A n (B uC) =(A n B) u (A nC).
THEOREM 6 (De-Morgan's Laws) If A and B are any tivo sets, then
(i) (AuB)'=A'nB' (ii) (AnB)'=A'uB'.
PROOF (i) Let x be an arbitrary element of (A u B)'. Then,
X 6 (A w B)' => X € (A u B) => X g A and g B => x e A' and x e B' => x € A' n B'.
(A u B)' c A' n B'.
Again, let y be an arbitrary element of A' n B'. Then,
1/ e A' n 6’ => y € A' and y e B' y € A and y«B=> ygAuB:^ ye(AuB)’
A'nB'c(AuB)'
1.24 MATHEMATICS-XI
Hence, {A u B)' =A'nB'.

(ii) Let X be an arbitrary element of {A n B)’. Then,
X e{A nB)' ^ x g(i4 o B) => x g i4 or x g B => x g A' or x e B' => x e A' u B’
{AnBYÂ'^B'.
Again, let y be an arbitrary element of A' u B'. Then,
y e A' u B' y g A' or y g 6' => y g A or y g B => y g(A n B) => y e{A n BY
A' u B' c (A n BY.
Hence, (A n B)'= A'u B'.
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EXAMPLE 1 IfaeN such that aN = {ax: x e N). Describe the set 3N n 7N.
SOLUTION We have, a N ={ax :xeN\
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3N = {3x: X e N) = (3, 6, 9,12,...,) and, 7N = 17x; x e N| = {7,14, 21, 28,...}
Hence, 3A/ n 7N = |21, 42,...) = {21x; x g N) = 21N.
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EXAMPLE 2 If A = {1, 3,5, 7,11,13,15,17}, B = (2, 4, 6,..., 18} and N is the universal set, then find
A'u((AuB)nB').
SOLUTION Clearly, {A^B)nB' =A [●.' A, 6 are disjoint sets]
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A' u {(A u B) L-)=A'uA= N. oroFr
r ur
EXAMPLES For any natural number a, we define aN = {ax \ x eN}. If b, c, d eN such that
s ff
bN ncN - dN, then prove that d is the l.c.m. ofb and c.
k
SOLUTION We have,
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bN =\bx:x eN} = The set of positive integral multiples of b

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cN = {cx:x eN] ~ The set of positive integral multiples of c

bN ncN - The set of positive integral multiples of b and c both.
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bN ncN = [kx :xeN\, where k is the l.c.m. of b and c.

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Hence, d = l.c.m. of b and c.

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EX.\MPLE4 Suppose A^, A2,... A3Q are thirty sets each with five elements and B^, B2, B,j are n
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30 n
sets each with three dements. Let U A,- = U B .■= S. Assume that each element of S belojigs to
FFin
1=1 j=\
exactly ten of theAj'sand exactly 9 of Bfis. Find n.

SOLUTION Since each Aj has 5 elements and each element of S belongs to exactly 10 of A, 's.
.ju 1 30
S =
U 'A => n(S)=i I h(A) — (5 X 30) = 15
10
...(i)
1 = 1 J = 1
Again, each By has 3 elements and each element of S belongs to exactly 9 of Bfs
s = U B: =>n(S) =l 'Z n{B:] = ^(3«) = ^ ●●●(ii)
j=l ^ j=i ^ ^ 3
From (i) and (ii), we get : 15 = — ^ n = 45.
3
EXAMPLE 5 For any two sets A and B, prove that AuB=AoB<»A=6.

SOLUTION First let A = B. Then, A u B = A and AnB = A=> Au 6 = AnB
1.25
SETS
Thus, A=B => A^B = A r\B

Conversely, let A<j B= A r\B. Then, we have to prove that A =B. For this, let
X e A => X eAu B
=> X eAnB [●.● A\jB =A n B]
^ X e A and x eB ^ x eB
A(zB ...(h)
Now, let
y e B ^ yeAuB
=> y e A n 6 [●.● A u B = A n B]
=> y € A and y e B => y e A
B c A ...(hi)
ww
From (ii) and (ih), we get A = B.
Thus, AuB = AnB => A=B ...(iv)
From (i) and (iv), we obtain : AuB = AnB <=> A=6.
Let A, B and C be the sets such that A u B = A u C and AnB = AnC. Show that B-C.
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EXAMPLE 6
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SOLUTION We have,
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A u B = A uC
FFr
(A u B) n C = (A u C) n C
(AnC)u(BnC) = C [v(AuC)nC=C]
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(AnB)u(BnC) = C
orr [\-ArxC=AnB] ...(i)
sfo
Again, AuB = A u C
(A u B) n 6 = (A u C) n B
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B = (AnB)u(CnB) [●●● (A u B) n B = B]
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B=(AnB)u(BnC) ●●●(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get B = C.
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EXAMPLE 7 Let A and B be sets, i/AnX = BnX = ândA^X = BuXfor some set X, prove that
A=B.
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SOLUTION We have.
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AuX = B uX for some setX
An(AuX) = An(BuX)
dd
A = (A n B) u(A nX) [vAn(AuX)=A]

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inn
=> A = (A n B) u t|) [.-. A nX = (j)(given)]

A = AnB=>AcB
F
Again, AuX = BuX

Bn (AuX) = Bn (BuX)
(B n A) u(B nX) = B [.-. Bn(BuX)=B]
(B n A) u (ji = B [v B nX = (j)(given)]
BnA=B=>AnB = B=> BtzA ...(h)
From (i) and (ii), we get A = B.
EXAMPLES for rtny fioo sets A and B, proue that: P (A) = P (B) => A = B.
SOLUTION Let x be an arbitrary element of A. Then, there exists a subset, say X, of set A such that
X eX.
Now, Xc A
X e P (A)
XeP(B) [vP(A)=P(B)l
1.26
MATHEMATICS-XI
XczB
xeB
[●.● X eX andXc B /. a: e B]
Thus, X => a: € B for all e B.
A cz B
Now, let y be an arbitrary element of B. Then, there exists a subset, say Y, of set B such that y e Y.
Now, y c B
=> y eP(6)
YeP{A) [v P{A)=P{B)]
y c /\ => y gA
Thus, y e B => y e A for all y s B.
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Be A ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we obtain A = B.
EXAMPLE 9 Bor any tzoo sets A and B prove that: P{AnB) - P(A) nP (B).
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SOLUTION In order to prove that P {A nB) = P (A) n P (B), it is sufficient to prove that
re
P (A nB) c P (/I) n P (B) and P (A) n P (B) e P {A n B).
ree
First let
F
X eP {A nB)
rF
=> XcAnB=>XeA and Xe B => X e P {^) and X e P (B) => X e P (A) n P (B)
P n B) c P (yl) n P (B) fsfoor
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Now, let y e P (A) n P (B). Then,
kosk
y e P (/I) n P (B) y e P (A) and Y e P (B) => Y c A and Y c B => Y c A n 6
Yo
=> YePiAnB)
oo
Y
P{A)r^P{B)eP{AnB) ...(ii)
BB
From (i) and (ii), we get: P {A nB) =P (A) n,P (B).

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EXAMPLE 10 Bor any two sets A and B prove that P (A) u P (B) c P (A u B). But, P{A<jB) is not
necessarily a subset ofP (A) u P (B).
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SOLUTION LetXeP(A)uP(B).Then,
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XeP(A)uP(B)
=> X e P (A) or X e P(B) =>XcA orXcB=>XcAuB=>XeP(AwB)
innd
Re
PiA)uP{B)eP(AKjB)
Fi
Let A ={1,2} and B = {3, 4,5}. Then, we find that X = {1, 2, 3, 4} c (A B). Therefore,
F
X e P (A u B). But,X g P (A), X g P (B).So,X g P (A) u P (B). Thus, P (A u B) is not necessarily

a subset of P (A) u P (B).
EXERCISE 1.6
BASIC
1. Find the smallest set A such that A u{l, 2} ={1, 2, 3,5, 9).
2. Let A = {1, 2, 4, 51 B = {2, 3, 5, 61 C = {4, 5, 6, 71. Verify the following identities:
(i) Au{BnC)=(A^B)n{AuC) (ii) A n{B uC) ={A n B) ei(A r^C)
(iii) An(B-C)=(AnB)-(AnC) (iv) A-(B uC) =(A-6) n(A-C)
(v) A-iBnC)={A-B)^{A-C) (vi) A n (B AC) =(A n B) A (A nC).
3. If U = {2,3, 5, 7, 91 is the universal set and A = {3, 71, 6 = {2, 5, 7, 9), then prove that:
(i) (Au6)'=A'nB' (ii) (A n B)' = A' u B'.
1.27
SETS
BASED ON LOTS
4. For any two sets A and B, prove that

(i) B c AuB (ii) AnB<=A (hi) A c B^ AnB = A [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
5. For any two sets, prove that:
(i) A u (v4 n B) = A (ii) A n(A u B) = A
20
6. Each setX, contains 5 elements and each set y, contains 2 elements and UX,. =S= U yr-W
r=l r=l
each element of S belongs to exactly 10 of the X^® and to exactly 4 of y^®, then find the value
of n.
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BASED ON HOTS
7. For any two sets A and B, show that the following statements are equivalent:
(i) AcB (h) A - B = (|) (hi) A vj B = B (iv) A nB=A.
8. For three sets A, B and C, show that
(i) A n B = A n C need not imply B = C. (ii) AcB => C-B cC-A
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9. Find sets A, BandC such that AnB,Ar\C and BnC are non-empty sets and
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Fre
A nBnC
10. For any two sets A and B, prove that: AnB = <|)=>Ac B'.
rr F
11. If A and B are sets, then prove that A - B, A n B and B - A are pair wise disjoint.
12. Using properties of sets, show that for any two sets A and B, (A u B) n (A u B') = A.
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sfoo
13. For any two sets of A and B, prove that:
(i) A'uB = U => AcB (ii) B' c A' => AcB
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14. Is it true that for any sets A and B, P (A) u P (B) = P (A B)? Justify your answer.
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15. Show that for any sets A and B,

eBB
(i) A = (AnB)u(A-B) (ii) Au(B-A) = AuB

ANSWERS
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1. A = {3,5,9} 6.20 9. A={1,2|,B = {1,3),C=(2, 3} 14. False

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HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
5. (i) A vj (A n B) = (A u A) n (A u B) [●.● u is distributive over n]

dd
= A n (A u B) = A [●.● A c A u 6]
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(h) A n (A u B) = (A n A) u (A n B) = A u (A n 6) = A
7. (i) => (ii): We know that, A“B = |:ii:€A:j:g6|
F
Since AcB. Therefore, there is no element in A which does not belong to 6. Therefore,
A - B S5 <ji Hence, (i) ^ (h).
(ii) ^ (hi): We have, A-B = (})=> AcB=> AuB = B. Hence, (ii) => (hi),
(hi) => (iv): We have, AuB = B=> AcB AnB = A. Hence, (hi) => (iv).
(iv) ^ (i): We have, AnB=A => AcB. Hence, (iv) => (i).
Consequently, (i) o (h) <=> (hi) <=> (iv).
8. (i) Let A = (1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 4,5, 6| and C = {1, 3,4,7,8}. Then, A n B = A n C, but B C.
(ii) Let X e C - B. Then,
X eC -B=> xeC and x g 6 x s C and xgA => xeC-A
C-BcC-A
9. A={1,2}, B=|1,3|,C={2, 3)
10. xeA=> xgB => xeB'. [v AnB = (|)l
AcB'
1.28
MATHEMATICS-XI
11. A - B -{x: X eA and x i B}, B - A ={ x e B and x £ A] A - B and B - A are disjoint

sets
Now, xeA and xsB => x i An B
{A - B) and A nB are disjoint sets.
Similarly, B -A and A n B are disjoint sets.
12. {/I u B) n{^ u B') = ((/I u B) n/1) u({.A u B) u B')
= A u((A uB)nB') = A u( A n B') u (B n B') = A u( A nB') = A
13. (i) Let a: € A. Then, a: eA=>xsU => xeA''<jB=>xeB [v xÂ']
AcB
(ii) Let xeA. Then, xeA xiA'=> at0B'=> xsB [v B'cA']
A c B
1.10 MORE RESULTS ON OPERATIONS ON SETS
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THEOREM 1 If A and B are any two sets, then
(i) A-B = AnB' (ii) B-A=BnA' (iii) A-B=A o AnB = <j)
Flo
(iv) (A-B)uB=AwB (v) (A-B)nB = 4) (vi) A c B o B's A'
(vii) A-(AnB)=A-B INCERT EXEMPLARl
ee
(vui) (A-B)w{B-A)=(AuB)-(AnB)
Fr
PROOF (i) Let a: be an arbitrary element of A - B. Then,
X e{A- B) => xeA and a: g S => a: e A and x eB' => xeAnB'
A-B c AnB' for ...(i)
ur
Again, let y be an arbitrary element of A n B'. Then,
y e A nB' => y e A and y e B' => y e A and ygB=> y eA-B
ks
AnB'c(A-B) ...(ii)
Yo
Hence, from (i) and (ii), we obtain A-B = A nB'.

oo
(ii) Proceed as in (i).

eB
(iii) In order to prove that A-B = A<=>AnB = <l),we shall prove that:
(a) A-B = A=>AnB = 4> and. (b) A n B = (|)=> A - B = A.
r
First, let A - B = A. Then we have to prove that A n B = <j). If possible, let A n B ;* <|). Then,
ou
ad
A nB ij)
There exists x eA nB
Y
xeA andx eB
nd
X e A - B and a: e B [vA-B = A]
Re
(a: 6 A andA: g B) and a: e B [Using definition of A - B ]

Fi
xeA and (a: g B and x eB)

But, a: g B and at € B both can never be possible simultaneously . Thus, we arrive at a
contradiction. So, our supposition is wrong. Therefore, A n B = <|).
Hence, A-B=A=>AnB = ^ ...(i)
Conversely, let A B = cj). Then we have to prove that A - B = A. For this we shall show that
A - B c A and A c A - B. Let a: be an arbitrary element of A - B. Then,
X eA -B=> X eA and x eB xeA
A-Be A.
Again let y be an arbitrary element of A. Then,

y e A => y eA andy g B [v AnB = 4>]
y e A -B [Using definition of A - B]
A c A - B.
So, we have A - B c A and A c A - B. Therefore, A - B = A.

1.29
SETS
Thus, AnB = (|)=> A-B=Â ...(ii)

Hence, from (i) £ind (ii), we obtain :A-B = AoAnB = ^.
(iv) Let :r be an arbitrary element of (A - B) u B. Then,
xe(A-B)uB
=> xeA-B or xeB=>(xeA and x^B) or xeB
=> (xeAorxeB) and {x^Bor xeB) ^ xeAuB
(A-B)uBcAuB
Let y be an arbitrary element of A vj B. Then,
y eA uB
=> yeA or yeB=>(yeA or ye B) and (y g B or y e B) => (ye A and y 0 B) or y e B
=> y 6 (A - B) u B
ww
AuBc (A-B)uB
Hence, (A-B)uB=AuB
FF loo
(v) If possible let(A - B) n B (]x Then, there exists at least one elements, (say), in (A - B) n B.
Now, X e(A-B) r\B
ree
=> xe(A-B) andxeB => (xeA andx^B) andxeB =>xeA and(x^B andxeB)
But, ^cssBandxeB both can never be possible simultaneously. Thus, we arrive at a
reeF
contradiction. So, our supposition is wrong. Hence,(A - B) n B = <j>.
(vi) First, let A c B. Then we have to prove that B' c A'. Let 3: be an arbitrary element of B'.
oroFr
r ur
Then,
s ff
xeB' => x^B => xgA=> xeA' [vAcB]
k
B'cA'.
YYouo
koso
Thus, A c B => B' c A'. ...(i)

Conversely, let B' c A'. Then, we have to prove that Ac B. Let y be an arbitrary element of A.
BBoo
Then,
r ee
yeA^ y € A' => y^B'=^ yeB [vB'c A'].

AcB.
ad
ouur
Thus, Bc A'=> Ac B ...(ii)

Yo
From (i) and (ii), we obtain that AcB o B' c A'.

(vii) We have.
d
Re
idnY
A-(AnB)=An (AnB)' [V A-B = AnB']

= An(A'uB') [By De Morgan's law]
FFin
= (AnA')u(AnB') [By distributivity of n over u]

= ^Kj(Ar\B') = AnB' =A-B
(viii) Let x be an arbitrary element of (A - B) u (B - A). Then,
xe(A-B)u(B-A)
=> xeA-B or, xeB-A
=> (xeA emd xi^B) or (xeB and xÂ)
=> (xeAor x^B) and(x jSB or xÂ)^xe(AuB) and x g(A nB) =>x e(A^ B) -(A nB)
.-. (A -B) u(B - A) c (A u B) -(A n B). ...(i)
Again, let y be an arbitrary element of (A u B) - (A n B). Then,
ye(A^B)-(AnB)
=> y € A u B and y 9^ A r\B
=> (y e A or y e B) and (y A or y B)
1.30 MATHEMATICS-XI
=> {y ^ A and y € 6) or (y e 6 and y g A)

=> y e(A-B) or y e(B-A) => y e(A - B) u(B - A)
(A uB)-(A nB)c (A-B) u(B-A). -(ii)
Hence, from (i) and (ii), we obtain : (A - B) u (B - A) = (A u 6) - (A n B).
THEOREM 2 If A, B and C are any three sets, then prove that:
(i) A-(BnC)-(A-B)u(A-C) (ii) A-(BuC)=(A-B)nvA-C)
(iii) An(B-C)=(AnB)-(AnC) (iv) A n(B AC) =(A n B) A(A nC)
PROOF (i) Let X be any element of A - (B n C). Then,
xeA-{BnC)
=> X 6 A and a: g(B nC)
=> X e A and (a: g B or .r g C)
llowow
{x e A and x €B) or {x e A and a: g C)
=> a: e (A - B) or a: e (A - C) => a: e (A - B) u (A - C)
A - (B n C) c (A - B) u (A - C)
Similarly,(A - 6) u(A -C) c A -(B nC). Hence, A-{B nC) =(A-B) u(A-C)
ee
(ii) Let a: be an arbitrary element of A - (B u C). Then
Fr
a: 6 A - (B uC)
=> a: e A and a: g(B uC)
r FF
=> X e A and (a: g B and a: g C)
er
fofr For
=> (a: 6 A and a: g 6) and (a: g A and a: gC)
u
=> a: e (A - B) and a: e (A - C) => a: e (A - 6) n (A - C)
ks
A-{BuC)^{A-B)n{A-C)
YYour o
s oo
Similarly, (A -B) r\{A - C)q A - (B uC). Hence, A -(B uC) = (A - B) n(A -C).
(iii) Let a: be any arbitrary element of A n(B -C). Then
eeBoBk
X € A n(B -C)
X e A and x e(B -C)
r
ouru
X e A and (x e B and x g C)
ad
(x 6 A and x e B) and (x g A and x g C)

Yo
X 6 (A n B) and x g (A n C) ^ x e (A n B) - (A n C)
A n(B-C)c (A nB)-(A nC)
d
Re
Yin
Similarly, (A nB) -{A r\C)Q A n{B -C). Hence, A n(B -C) = (A n B) -(A nC).
(iv) An(BAC) = An [(B -C) u (C - B)]= [A n (B -C)] u [A n (C - 6)] [By distributive law]
FFind
= [(A n B) - (A n C)] u [(A n C) - (A n B)] [Using (iii)]

= (AnB) A(AnC)

EXAMPLE 1 Let A and B be two sets. Using properties of sets prove that:
(i) AnB'=^=>AczB (ii) A' u B = U => A c B
A = (A n U)
=> A = A n(B u B') [v BuB'=U]
=> A = {A r\ B) u (A n B’) [*.● n is distributive over union]
A = (A n B) u (li [●.● A n B' = (})]
1.31
SETS
A = AnB
A ^ B
(ii) From (i), we have

A r\B' =4)
(AnBJ = 4)'
«c=> N u(B')' = iJ [V 4>' = U]
u B = U [V (B')’=B]
Thus, ^nB'=(|) <=>A'uB = [i and, AnB' AcB
A'uB=U=>AcB
ALITER We have,
ooww
A'^ B = U
A n{A' u B) =A nU [Taking intersection with A]

{AnA')yj{AnB) = A [vAnU=A]
4)u(AnB)=A=>AnB = A=>A c: B
Let A and B he two sets. Prove that: {A - B) ^ B = A if and only ifBczA.
e
EXAMPLE 2
ere
SOLUTION First let, (A - B) u B = A. Then, we have to prove that B <z A.
Now, (A-B)uB=A
rFl
Fre
(AnB')'^B=A [v A-B = AnB']
rrF
(AuB)n(B'uB)=A=>(AuB) nU = A => A ^ B = A => B cz A.
Conversely, let B cz A. Then, we have to prove that (A - B) u B = A.
sffoo
ouur
Now, (A-B)uB=(AnB')uB= {A ^ B) n{B'^ B) ={A ^ B)nU = AuB
=A [v Be A .-.AuB = A]
kosk
EXAMPLE 3 Let A, BandC be three sets such that A u B =^C and A nB = (^ Then, prove that
Yo
A=C-B.
oo
Y
SOLUTION We have, A u B = C.
BB
C -B = (A uB) -B
rre
= {A<jB) nB' [v X-y=XnY']

= (AnB')u{BnB') = {AnB')^^= AnB'= A-B= A [v AnB = (l)]
ouu
Y
ad
EXAMPLE 4 Let A and B be any two sets. Using properties of sets prove that:
dY
(i) (A-B)uB=AuB (ii) (A-B)uA =A

(iii) (A-6)nB = 4) (iv) (A-B)nA=AnB'
innd
(v) Au(B-A)=AuB [NCERTEXEMPLAR](vi) A-(A-B) = AnB [NCERTEXEMPLAR ]

Re
(vii)A-(AnB)=A-B [NCERTEXEMPLAR] (viii){A uB)-B=A-B [NCERTEXEMPLAR]

Fi
F
SOLUTION (i) We find that

(A-B)uB=(AnB')L;B [v A-B=AnB’l
= (A u B) n (B' u B) [■.* vj is distributive over n]
= (AuB)nU= AuB [v B'uB = U]
(ii) (A-B)uA=A [v A-Be A]
(iii) (A -B) n B=(A nB') nB= An{B' nB)= A n(])=([)
(iv) (A-B)nA=A-B = AnB' [v A-Be A]
(v) Au(B-A)=Aw(6nA') [v X-y =XnY']
= (AuB)n(AuA') [By distributing of u over n]
= (AoB)nii
= (AuB).
(vi) A-(A-B)=A-(AnB') [v X-y=XnY'l
= A n(A nB')' [v X-y =XnY']
1.32
MATHEMATICS-XI
= An(A'uB) [By De' Morgan's law]

= {AnA')^{AnB)
= <|)u(/l r\B)=AnB
{vii) A-(A nB) = A n(i4 nS)' [v X-Y=XnY']
= An (A' uB')
= {AnA') '^{A r\B') =^kj{A r\B') =An B' =A-B
(viii) (AuB)-B = (Au6) nB' [v X-Y=XnY']
oww
-{AnB') '^{B nB') ={AnB') <j ^ = A n B' =A - B.
EXAMPLE 5 any two sets A and B prove by using properties of sets that:
(i)(AuB)-(AnB)=(A-B)u(B-A) (ii) (A n B) u(A - S) = A (iii) (AuB)-A=B-A
SOLUTION (i) We have.
e
re
(A u 6) -(A n B) =(A w B) n(A n B)' [v X-y=Xny'j
FFrllo
= (AuB)n(A'uB') [v (A nB)'=A' uB'j
reF
= X n (A' u B'), where X = A u B
e
= (X nA')u(XnB')
ouru
'v X nA'={A<<j B) n A'={A nA') ^(B nA')
osrF
= {BnA') u(A nB')
= û{B nA') = B n A' Similarly, X nB' = A nB'
= (AnB')u(B nA’)
fkfor
= (A-B)u(B-A) A -B= A nB' and B - A = B nA']
kso
(ii) (A n B) u (A - B) =(A n 6) u (A n B')
ooo
Yo
Y
= X u (A n B'), where X = A n B
BB
= (XvjA)n(XuB')
V XuA=(AnB)uA=A[v AnBcA]
Y
r ree
= A n(A u B') XuB'=(AnB) uB'=(A\jB')n (BuB')

= (AuB')nU=AuB'
ouu
ad
Ydo
= A [vAcAuB']
(iii) (A u B) - A = (A u B) n A' [v X-Y=XnY']
nidn
= (AnA')u(BnA')
Re
= (j)u(B n A') [-.■ A n A' = (|)]

F
Fi
= BnA'
= B-A [v B-A = BnA']

EXAMPLE 6 For sets A, B C Hsmg properties of sets, prove that:
(i) A-(BuC) = (A-B)n(A-C) [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
(ii) A-(BnC) = (A-B)u(A-C)
(iii)(AwB)-C =(A-C)u(B-C)
(iv)(An6)-C {A-C)n{B-C) INCERT EXEMPLAR]
A-(BuC) = An(BuC)' [v x-y = Xny']
= An{B' nC) [v (BuC)'=B'nC'l
= (A nB') n(A nC')= iA-B)n{A-C)
(ii) A-(BnC) - A n{B nC)' [v X-y =Xnr]
SETS 1.33
= An{B'uC) [v (BnCy = B'uC]

= {AnB')Kj{AnC')= (v4-B)u(A-C) [●.■ r\ is distributive over u]
(iii) {A^B)-C={AuB)nC [v X-Y=XnY']
= {AnC) u(B nC') = (/l-C)u(B-C)
(iv) {A nB)-C={AnB)nC' = {A nC') n(BnC') ={^1 -C) n(B-C)
EXAMPLU7
For sets A, B and C wsm^ properties of sets, prove that:
(i) /l-(B-C) = (v4-B)u(AnC) (ii) A n(B -C) = (AnB)-{A nC)
A-{B-C) = A-(BnC') [v B-C = BnC]
= A n(BnC')' [V X-y = XnV']
ww
= A o(B' uC) [v (BnC)'=B'u(C)'=B'uC]
= (,4nB')u(^nC) = (A-6) nC)
(u) ^n(B-C) = An{BnC) [v B-C = BnC]
= {AnB)nC
Flo
ee
= (|) u((^ nB) nC)
rere
= {{AnB) nA')u{{AnB) nC) [●.● (AnB) nA' = (|)]
rFF
= {AnB)n{A’^C')= (AnB) n(AnC)'= (AnB)-(AnC)
uurr
foor EXERCISE 1.7
ks s
BASED ON HOTS
Yoo
For any two sets A and B, prove that: A -B'=B-A

oook
2- For any two sets A and 6, prove the following :

eBB
(i) A n(A' u B) = A n B (ii) A-(A-B)=AnB

(iii) A n (A u B)' = (j) (iv) A-B=AA(AnB).
uurr
3- If A, B, C are three sets such that A c B, then prove that C - B <z C - A,

ad
“I- For any two sets A and B, prove that

Yo
(i) (Au6)-B=A-B (ii) A-(AnB) =A-B

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
dY
(iii) A-(A-6)=AnB (iv) Au(B-A)=Au6

INCERT EXEMPLAR]
Re
(v) (A-B)u(AnB)=A
innd
3- Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. Justify your answer,
FFi
(i) (A-B) u(A nB) = A for all sets A and B

(ii) A -(B -C) =(A -B) -C for all sets A, B and C.
(iii) If A c: B, then (a) AnC c BnC (b)
' AuC c BuCforallsetsA,BandC.
INCERT EXEMPLAR!
(iv) If A c C and B c C, then A u B c C for all sets A, B and C.
ANSWERS
3- (i) True (ii) False (iii) (a) True (b) True (iv) True
'I- We know thatX-Y =X nY'. So A'- B'= A'n(B')'= A' nB = B n A'=B-A

2- (ii) A-(A-B)=A-(AnB') = An(AnB')'=An(A'u(B')')=An(A'uB)= AnB
3- Let X e C - B. Then,
xeC -B=> xeC and x s B => x eC and a:«A=> xeC-A A c B]
C-BcC-A.
1.34 MATHEMATICS-XI
1.11 SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS ON NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN SETS
If A, B and C are finite sets, and U be the finite universal set, then
(i) n{A^B)=n(A)+n[B)-n(AnB) or, n{AnB)=n{A)+n{B)-n{AuB)
(ii) n (A u B) =n{A) + n{B) <=> A, B are disjoint non-void sets,
(iii) n(A-B)= n{A) -n(AnB) i.e.n{A - B) + n{A n B) = n(A)
(iv) n(B-A) =n(B)-n(AnB) or,n(B-A) +«(A nB) =«(B)
(v) ji (A AB) - No. of elements which belong to exactly one of A or B
= «((A-B)u(6-A))
= tt(A-B) + n(B-A) [●.● (A - B) and (B - A) are disjoint]
ww
= «{A) -n{Ar\B)-hn{B)-n{Ar\ B)
= n(A) + n{B) - 2 «(A n B)
(vi) n(A wBuC)=»(A)+»(B)+n{C)-«(AnB)-«(BnC) -«(A nC) + m (A n B nC)
Flo
(vii) Number of elements in exactly two of the sets A, B, C
e
= n{A nB) + ti{B nC) + n{C A) - 3n{A n B r^C).
ere
(viii) Number of elements in exactly one of the sets A, B, C
FFr
= «(A)+n(B) + «(C)-2«(AnB)-2n(BnC)-2?i(AnC)+ 3w(AnBnC)
uurr
(ix) n (A' u B') =n((A n B)' )=n(U) ~n{A n B)
orr
sfo
(x) n (A' n B') =n((A u B)') =n(U)-n{A u B).
kks
Yoo
oooo

EXAMPLE 1 If S and T are two sets such that S has 21 dements, T has 32 dements, and SnT has 11
eBB
dements, how many elements does S wT have? [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

SOLUTION Wehave,«(S) =21, «(T) = 32 and n{SnT)=ll
urr
n{SuT) = «(S) + tt(r)-n(SnT) => n(SuT) = 21+ 32-11 =42

ad
YYo
Hence, S u 7 has 42 elements.
EXAMPLE 2 IfXandY are two sets such that XuY has 18 dements X has 8 dements and Y has 15
dd
elements, how many elements doesX n Y have? [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

Re
inn
SOLUTION We have, «(X u Y) = 18,«(X) = 8, n (Y) = 15

F
«(XnY)=H(X) + «(Y)-«(XuY) => «(XnY) =8 + 15-18 =5

Hence, X n Y has 5 elements.
EXAMPLES
IfX and Y are two sets such that X has 40 dements X u Y has 60 elements andX nYhaslO
dements, how many elements does Y have? [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have, »(X) = 40, n (X u Y) = 60 and n (X n Y) = 10.
m(XuY) =n(X) + «(Y)-«(XnY)
60 = 40 + «(Y) -10 => 60 =«(Y) + 30 => n{Y) = 30
Hence, Y has 30 elements
EXAMPLE 4
If A and B are two sets such that n{A) = 17, n(B) = 23 and n(A uB) = 38, find
(i) «(A n B)I (ii)n(A-B) (iii)«(B-A) (iv) mnnber of dements in exactly one of A and B.
[NCERT]
SOLUTION We have, n (A) = 17, n (B) = 23 and n (A u B) = 38.
(i) w(AnB)=n(A)+«(B)-«(AuB) =17 + 23-38=2
1.35
SETS
(ii) n{A-B)=n{A)-n{AnB)^n{A-B)=17-2=15
(iii) n {B - A) =n{B) {A r\B)=>n{B-A) =23-2 =21
(iv) Niunber of elements in exactly one of A and B = n{A) + n{B) - 2jt{A n B)
= 17+23-2x2 = 36
EXAMPLE 5 Let A and B be two sets such that n (A) = 35,«(A n B) = 11 and n ((A ^B)) =17. If
n(U) =57. find:
(i) n{B) (ii) n(A-B) (iii) n(B-A)
h((AuB)')=17
=> «(U)-n(A uB) =17 => 57-n(AuB)=17 => n(A uB) =57-17 = 40
ww
»(A)+n(B)-«(AnB)=40 => 35+ n(B)-11 =40 => n(B)=16
(ii) n{A-B)= n{A)-n{A nB) = 35 -11 = 24
(in) n{B-A)=n{B)-n{AnB) =16-11=5
EXAMPLE 6
Flo
In a group of400 people, 250 can speak Hindi and 200 can speak English. Hoiv many can
e
speakbothHindiand English? [NCERT]
rere
Let H denote the set of people speaking Hindi and E denote the set of people
r FF
SOLUnON
speaking English. We are given that: n (H) = 250, n(E) = 200 and «(H u E) = 400 and we have to
uurr
find n(H nE).
for
Now, h(H u£) = Ji (H) + II (£)-tt(HnE)
=> n (H n £) = rt (H) + u (£) - ii (H u £) = 250 + 200 - 400 = 50.
kss
Hence, 50 persons can speak both Hindi and English.

ooook
Yo
EXAMPLE? In a class of 35 students, 24 like to play cricket and 16 like to play football. Also, each
eBB
student likes to play at least one of the two games. How many students like to play both cricket and
football? INCERTl
urr
SOLUTION Let C be the set of students who like to play cricket and F be the set of students who
ad
like to play football. Then, C u F is the set of students who like to play at least one game and,
Yo
C n f is the set of all students who like to play both games. It is given that n (C) = 24, n{F)= 16,
dY
n (C u F) = 35 and we have to find n (C n F).

Re
innd
n (CnF)=«(C) + ii(F)-tt(CuF)=24 + 16-35=5.

If A and B are two sets and U is the universal set such that n(U) = 700, n(A) = 200,
Fi
EXAMPLE 8
n(B) = 300 and n (A n S) = 100. Find n (A' n B').

SOLUTION We have. A' n B' = (A u B)'
n{A' nB')= n(iAuBY)= n(U) -«(A u B)
= n (U) - [n (A) + n (B) - n (A n B)] =700 -{200 + 300 -100) = 300.
EXAMPLE 9 Out of500 Car ozvners investigated, 400 owned car A and 200 ozvned car B, 50 owned both
A and B cars. Is this data correct? [NCERTl
SOLUTION Let U be the set of all car owners investigated, X be the set of persons who owned car
A and Bbe the set of persons who owned car B.It is given thatn(U) =500, n{X) = 400, n(Y) = 200
and n(XnY) =50.
Now, n(XuY)=H(X) + n(Y)-«(XnY) => «(XuY) =400 + 200-50 =550
1.36
MATHEMATICS-XI
Clearly, XuYcU. Therefore, w(XuY) <«(LT). But, we find that as per the given data,
n{X u Y) > n{U). This is not possible. Hence, the given data is incorrect.
EXAMPLE 10 In a group of 50 people, 35 speak Hindi, 25 speak both English and Hindi and all the people
speak at least one of the two languages. How many people speak only English and not Hindi ? How many
people speak English?
SOLUTION Let H denote the set of people speaking Hindi and E the set of people speaking
English. Then, it is given that: n{H u£) = 50, n(H) = 35, «(H n£) = 25.
Now, rt(E-H) = = 50-35 = 15
w
Thus, the number of people speaking English but not Hindi is 15.
Now, n(HuE)= n(H)+«(£)-n(Hn£) r> 50 = 35 + fi(£)-25 => n{£)=40
Hence, the number of people who speak English is 40.
roow
e
EXAMPLE 11 There are 40 students in a Chemistry class and 60 students in a Physics class. Find the
re
number of students which are either in Physics class or Chemistry class in the following cases:
(i) the two classes meet at the same hour.
(ii) the two classes meet at different hours and 20 students are enrolled in both the subjects.
reF
uFFll
SOLUTION Let A be the set of students in Chemistry class and B be the set of students in Physics
e
class. It is given that n {A) = 40 and n (B) = 60. We have to find n (4 u B) in both the cases,
sFr
(i) If two classes meet at the same hour, then there will not be a common student sitting in both
the classes. Therefore, n{A nB) = 0.
foro
fk
uor
n(y4uB) = n(A)+n{B)~n{AnB) =40+ 60-0 = 100
(ii) If two classes meet at different hmings then there can be some students attending both the
okso
classes. It is given that the number of such students is 20 i.e. n(AnB) = 20.
Y
tt(v4uB) = n(A)+n{B)~n(AnB) = 40 + 60-20 = 80.

Yo
oo
BB
EXAMPLE 12 In a survey of 700 students in a college, 180 were listed as drinking Limca, 275 as
drinking Miranda and 95 were listed as both drinking Limca as well as Miranda. Find how many students
were drinking neither Limca nor Miranda.
rYree
SOLUTION Let U be the set of all surveyed students, A denote the set of students drinking Limca
ouu
and B be the set students drinking Miranda. It is given that n {U) = 700, n {A) = 180, n{B)= 275
ad
Ydo
and n{A C\B) = 95. We have to find n {A' n B').

Now, n(A'nB') = n{A^B)'= n{U)-n(A^B)= n{U) ~{n(A) + n(B)-n(A nB)}
nidn
= 700 - (180 + 275 - 95) = 700 - 360 = 340.

EXAMPLE 13 There are 200 individuals with a skin disorder, 120 has been exposed to chemicalCy 50 to
Re
chemical C2 and 30 to both the chemicals Cj and C2- Find the number of individuals exposed to
F
Fi
(i) chemical Cj or chemical C2 (ii) chemical Cj but not chemical C2 (Hi) chemical C2 but not
chemical Cl. [NCERT]
SOLUTION
Let U denote the universal set consisting of individuals suffering from the skin
disorder, A denote the set of individuals exposed to chemical Cj and B denote the set of
individuals exposed to chemicalC2. It is given that: «(L/) = 200, n(A) = 120, «(B) = 50 and
n(A r\B) - 30.
(i) The number of individuals exposed to chemical or chemical C2 is given by n (/I u B).
Now, n(A uB) = n(A) + n(B)-n(A nB) = 120 +50-30 = 140
Hence, required number of individuals is 140.
(ii) The number_of individuals exposed to chemical Cj but not chemical C2 is given by n (A n B).
Now, n(AnB)= w(A)-n(AnB)= 120-30 = 90
Hence, required number of individuals is 90.
(iii)_ The number of individuals exposed to chemical Cj but not chemical Ci is given bv
n(AnB).
1.37
SETS
Now, (A nB) = n(B) -n{A r\B) = 50 - 30 = 20

n
Hence, required number is 20.

EXAMPLE 14 In a class of 35 students, 17 have taken Mathematics, 10 have taken Mathematics but not
Economics. Find the number of students who have taken both Mathetnatics and Econojnics and the
number of students who have taken Economics but not Mathematics, if it is given that each student has
taken either Mathematics or Economics or both.
SOLUnON Let A denote the set of students who have taken Mathematics and B be the set of
students who have taken Economics. It is given that n (A u B) = 35, n {A) =17 and n(.A - B) =10.
Now, n{A)=n{A-B) + n{Ar^B) => 17 =10 +n{AnB) => n{AnB) = 7
Thus, 7 students have taken both Mathematics and Economics.
ww
Now, n{A B) = n{A) + n{B) -n{A r\B) => 35 = 17 +n{B) - 7 n(B) - 25
n{B-A)=n (B)-n {AnB)= 25 -7 =18
Thus, 18 students have taken Economics but not Mathematics.
Flo
e
EXAMPLE 15 If A and B are finite sets such that n{A) =mj and n(B) =m2, then find the least and
ere
greatest values ofn{A u B).
FFr
SOLLmON We know that
uurr
n{A u B) = n(A) + n(B) -n(A r\ B)
=> n(A u B) < n(A) + n(B) orr [v ii(AnB)>0]
sfo
=> n{A u B) < mi + m2
So, the greatest value of n{A u B) is nii + m2. It may be noted that n{A u B) = mj + m2 only when
kks
Yoo
n{A nB) = 0 i.e. when Ar\B = ^ i.e. when A and B are disjoint sets.
oooo
Also, we know that

eBB
AqA<jB and BcAvjB

=> m(A)<«(AuB) and«(B) <«(A uB)
urr
=^> mi<n{A'oB) and m2 < «(A o B)

II (A u B) > mi and n (A u B) > m2
ad
=>
YYo
n (A u B) > max {mi, m2} ...(ii)

So, the least value of «(A u B) is max {mi, m2}.
dd
Itmaybenotedthat«(AuB)=max{mi,m2lonlywheneitherAc Bor Be A.
Re
inn
From (i) and (ii), we obtain

max (mi, m2} < w (A u B) < mj + m2 or, max {n(A), n{B)) < «(A u B) < «(A) + ii(B)
F
EXAMPLE 16 If A and B are two sets such thatn{A) = 35, n(B) = 30 and n{U) =50, then find
(i) the greatest value ofn{A u B) (ii) the least value of [A nB)
SOLUTION (i) We know that
A'.jBcU => n(A uB) <ji{U) => n(A u B) <50
So, the greatest value of ii(A u B) is 50.
(ii) From (i), we have
n{AuB) <50
=> n{A) + n{B)-n{AnB)^50 => 35 + 30-«(A nB) <50 => 15 <(AnB) => n(AnB)>15
So, the least value of ii(A n B) is 15.
EXAMPLE 17 If A and B be tzuo sets containing 3 and 6 elements respectively, what can be the minimum
number of elements m A u B ? Find also, the maximum number of elements in A u B.
SOLUTION We have, n{A'u B) =n{A) + n{B)-n{A nB).
1.38
MATHEMATICS-XI
This shows that n (A u B) is minimum or maximum according as n (A n 6) is maximum or

minimum respectively.
Case I Wfie/i n(A n B) is mmimum, i.e. n{A n B) = 0 ; This is possible only when AnB = ^.Inihis
case, nB) = 0.
n{A uB) = n{A) + «(B) -0 = n{A) + «(B) = 3+ 6 = 9
So, maximum number of elements in /I u B is 9.
CaseU Wienn{A nB)ismaximum: This is possible only when c B. In this case, 7i{AnB) = 3.
n{AuB) =n{A)+n{B)-n{A n B) = 3 + 6 - 3 =6
So, minimum number of elements in A u B is 6.
ALITER We know that
max [n{A), n{B)] <n{AuB)<n(A) + n(B) => max {3, 6| <«(A u B) < 3 + 6 => 6 ^«(/I uB) <9
w
Hence, the minimumand maximumnumber of elements in u B is 6 and 9 respectively.
EXAMPLE 18
A market research group conducted a survey of2000 consumers and reported that 1720
consumers liked product Fj and 1450 consumers liked product P2. What is the least number that must
Flo
have liked both the products ? [NCERTl
ee
SOLUTION Let U be the set of all consumers who were questioned, A be the set of consumers
who liked product Fj and B be the set of consumers who liked the product P2. It is given that
Fr
n (U) = 2000, n (A) = 1720, n (B) = 1450.
n(AuB) = n(A)-i-n(B)-n(AnB)^ 1720 + 1450-n(AnB) = 3170-n(AnB)
or
ur
Now, AuB d U
sf
^n(AuB) <n(U)=> 3170-«(.1 nB) < 2000 => 3170-2000 <?i nB) (>1 n B) £ 1170
Tlius, the least value of n (/I n B) is 1170. Hence, the least number of consumer who liked both
ok
Yo
the products is 1170.

Bo
EXAMPLE 19 A survey shows that 63% of the Americans like cheese whereas 76% like apples. lfx% of
the Americans like both cheese and apples/find the value ofx.
re
SOLUTION Let A denote the set of Americans who like cheese and let B denote those who like
apples. Let tlie population of America be 100. Then, n{A) = 63, «(B) =76.
ou
ad
Now, n[A r\B)=n{A)+n(B)-i!{AuB) n(A n B) =63+ 76-n(A^ B) =139-n(AuB)

But, «(A u B) < 100.
Y
=> -n(AuB)>-100 => 139-w(A uB) >139-100=> 139-n(A uB)> 39 =>n(A nB)> 39 ...(i)
nd
Now, A r\Bd A and A n B c B

Re
rt (A n 6) < n(A) and n{A n B) < n{B) n(A n B) < 63 and ii(A n B) < 76 => n{A n B) < 63 ...(ii)
Fi
From (i) and (ii), we obtain : 39 < w (A n B) < 63 ^ 39 < a: < 63.
EXAMPLE 20 In a town of 10,000 families it was found that 40% families buy newspaper A, 20%
families buy newspaper B and 10% families buy newspaper C. 5% families buy A and B, 3% buy B and C
and 4% buy A and C. If 2% families buy all the three news papers, find the number offamilies which buy
(i) A only (ii) B only (Hi) none ofA, B and C. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let F, Q and R denote the sets of families buying newspaper A, B and C
respectively. Let U be the universal set. Then,
n(P) = 40% of 10,000 = 4000, «(Q) = 20% of 10,000 = 2000, n(R) = 10% of 10,000 = 1000,
«(F n Q) = 5% of 10,000 = 500, n (Q n R) =3% of 10,000 = 300, n(RnP) =4% of 10,000 = 400
n(PnQnR)= 2% of 10,000 = 200 and n(U) = 10,000.
(i) Required number = n{P nQ' r\R') =n(P n(Q u R)')
= w{F)-n[Fo(QuR)l [v n(A nB') =}t(A)-n(A nB)]
= n(P) -n[(F nQ) w(F nR)]
= n(P) ~[n{P nQ)+n{P r,R)-n{(P nQ)r^{P n R)] ]
SETS 1.39
= n{P) ~[n{P r^Q)+n{P nR)-n{P nQrxR)]

= 4000 - (500 + 400 - 200) = 3300
(ii) Required number = n (P' nQ n R') =» (Q n P' n R') = ?i (Q n (P u R)')
= n{Q)-n{Qn{P^R)) [v
L n{AnB')=n{A)-n{AnB)]
= n{Q)-n[{QnP)u{QnR)]
= n{Q)-[n{QnP) + n(QnR)- n{(Q r.P)n{Qn R)} ]
= n(Q)-[n(PnQ)+n(QnR)-«(PoQnR)]
= 2000 - (500 + 300 - 200) = 1400
(iii) Required number = n (P' n Q' n R') = n [(P uQ u R)']= «(Lf) -n{P ^Q^R)
= n{U)- [«(P) + n(Q) + 7i(R) - n{P n Q) - «(Q n R)
-n{R nP) + n(P r\Q nR)]
w
= 10000 - [4000 + 2000 +1000 - 500 - 300 - 400 + 200] = 4000.
ALITER 1 It is given that n (P n Q n R) = 200 and n (P n Q) = 500. So, the number of families
Flo
buying newspaper A and B only is 500 - 200 = 300. Similarly, the
reeee
number of families buying news papers B and C only is 300 - 200 = 100
FFr
and news papers C and A only is 400-200 = 200.
(i) It is given that 4000 families buy news paper A. So, the number of for
ur
families buying news paper A only= 4000 - (300 + 200 + 200) = 3300. Fig. 1.13
(ii) Similarly, the number of families buying news paper B oidy
kkss
Yo
= 2000-(300+ 200+ 100) =1400

oo
The number of families buying news paper C only = 1000 -(200 + 200 + 100) =500
eB
(iii) The number of families buying none of the news papers

= «(Lf) -n (P uQ u R) = 10000 - (3300 + 300 + 200 + 200 +100 +1400 + 500) = 4000
r
ALITER 2 In the adjacent Venn diagram, let a, b, c, d, e, f and g denote the number of families
ou
ad
buying news paper(s) represented by the respective regions.

YY
It is given that
a + b + d + e = 4000, b + c + e + f = 2000, d + e+f + g = 1000,
ndd
Re
b + e= 500, e+f = 300, d + e = 400 and e = 200.

Now, e = 200 and d + e = 400, e + / = 300, b + e - 500
Fi
d= 200,/=100, (7 = 300.
Substitutingb = 300, d = 200, e = 200,/ = 100ind + e+f + g = 1000,
^ + c + e +/ = 2000 and a + b + d + e = 4000, we obtain
g =500, a = 3300 and c =1400. Fig. 1.14
(i) Number of families buying news paper A only = a = 3300
(ii) Number of families buying news paper B oidy = c = 1400
(iii) Number of families not buying any news paper
= 10,000 - {a + b + c + d + e + f + g)
= 10,000 -(3300 + 300 +1400 + 200 + 200 +100+500) = 4,000
EXAMPLE 21 A college awarded 38 medals in Football, 15 in Basketball and 20 to Cricket. If these medals
went to a total of 58 men and only three men got medals in all the three sports, how many received medals
in exactly two of the three sports ? [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let f denote the set of men who received medals in Football, B the set of men who
received medals in Basketball and C the set of men who received medals in Cricket. It is given
1.40 MATHEMATICS-XI
mat /j(f) = 38,«(B) = 15,»(C)=20, n(f uBuC)=58 and n(FnSnC) = 3.

Now,
rt{FuB^C)^niF)+n{B) + n{C)-n{F nB)-n{BnC)-n(F r\C) + n(F nBnC)

58 = 38 + 15 + 20 - J7 (f n B) - «(B n C) - tt (f n C) + 3
=>
n{f nS)+ji(BnC) + «(F nC) =76 - 58 = 18
Number of men who received medals in exactly two of the three sports
= n(F r\B) +n{B nC) + 71 {F nC) ~ 3 n{F n B nC)- 18 - 3x 3= 9
Thus, 9 men received medals in exactly two of the three sports.
ALlTbR In the adjacent Venn diagram let a, b, c, d, e, f and g denote the number of men who
received medals in the game(s) represented by the respective regions. It is given that
w
Number of medals awarded in Football = 3S =i> a + b + d + e = 3S
F B
Number of medals awarded in Cricket = 20 =^d + e+f + g = 20
Flo
Number of medals awarded in Basketball = 15 => b + c + e +/ = 15
e
Number of medals awarded in all three sports = 3=> e = 3.
rree
Total number of medals awarded =58=> a + b+ c + d +e +f + g =58
r FF
We have to find a number of medals awarded in exactly two of the three
uurr
sports which is equal tob + d + f.
for
Now, a+ b + d + e = 38, b + c + e+f =15 and d + e+f + g = 20
kss
=> a + b + d + e + b-hc + e+f + d + e+f + g = 38 + 15 + 20

ooook
Yo
=> ia + b + c + d-he+f + g) + {b + d + 2e+f)=73

=> 58 + (B + fr + 2x3 + /)=73=> b + d + f = 9
eB
EXAMPLE 22 In a survey of 25 students, it was found that 15 had taken Mathetnatics, 12 had taken
urr
Physics and 11 had taken Chemistry, 5 had taken Mathetnatics and Chemistry, 9 had taken Mathematics
ad
and Physics, 4 had taken Physics and Chemistry and 3 had taken all the three subjects. Find the number of
Yo
students that had taken

dY
(i) 07-ily Chemistry. (ii) only Mathejnatics.

Re
(iii) only Physics.

innd
(iv) Physics atjd Chemistry but not Mathematics.

(v) Mathematics and Physics but not Chejnistry. (vi) only one of the subjects.
Fi
(vii) at least one of the three subjects. (viii) none of the subjects.
SOLUTION Let M denote the set of students who had taken Mathematics, P the set of students
who had taken Physics and C the set of students who had taken Chemistry. It is given mat
n (U) = 25, n (M) = 15, n (P) = 12, n (C) = 11, n (M n C) = 5, «(M n P) = 9,«(P n C) = 4
and, n(M n P nC) = 3
(i) Number of students who had opted Chemistry only.
= n(M'nP'nC) = »((MuP)'nC)
= «(C)-n((MuP)nC) [v n(A nB') =n(A) -n(A nB)]
= n{C) - n ((A4 n C) u (P n C)
= n(C)-{n(MnC)+n(PnC)-n(MnPnC)}= 11 -(5 + 4-3) = 5
(ii) The number of students who had opted Mathematics only.
= n(MnP'rC') =n(Mn(PnCy) =n(M)-n(M n(P uC)) =n (M)-n((M nP)u(M r^C))
SETS 1.41
= «(M)-{«(MnP) + «(MnC)-;i(MnPnC)) = 15-(9+5-3)=4

(iii) The number of students who had opted Physics only
= Ji(PnM'nC') =«(Pn(MuC)')=H{P)-«(Pn(MuC))= n(P)-n((P nM) ^{P nC))
= tt(P)-ln(PnM)+n(PnC)-M(PnMnC)} = 12-(9 + 4-3) = 2.
(iv) Required number of students = n{P nC r\M')
= «(PnC)-n(PnCnM) [■.■n{AnB')=n(A)-n{AnB)]
= 4-3=1
(v) Required number of students = ii{M n P nC')= n{M r\P) ~n{M ,nP r\C) = 9-3 = 6
(vi) Required number of students
= «(M) + «(P) + n (C) - 2 {)i(M r^P)+n{PnC)+ n (M nC) + 3it (M n P n C)}
ww
= 15 + 12 +11 - 2 (9 + 4 + 5) + 3 X 3 = 38-36 + 9 = 11
(vii) Required number of students = (M u P u C)
= n (M) + n{P] +n (C) - n (M n P) -n{P nC) -}i (M n C) + «(M n P n C)
Flo
= 15 + 12 + 11 -9-4-5 + 3 = 23
(viii) Required number of students = n (M' n P' n C')
ee
rere
= n(MuPuC)'= n(L/)-n(MuPuC) =25-23 = 2.
r FF
ALITHR1 Consider the Venn diagram shown in Fig. 1.16. Let<?, b, c, d, e,/, ^denote the number
of students in the respective regions.
uurr
From the Venn-daigram, we find that
foor
n (M) = a + b + d + e,n{P) = b + c + e + f,
ks s
n{C) = d + e + f + g,
Yoo
oook
n{M nP) = b + e, n{P ,nC) = e + f,

n{M nC) = d + e and, n{M nP nC) = e
eBB
In order to find the required values, we need to find the values of

0, b, c, d, e, f and g. So, let us first determine these values.
uurr
Fig. 1.16
ad
It is given that :«(MnPnC) = 3=> e = 3

Yo
n{M nP) = 9 => b + e = 9=> b + 3 = 9 =>b = 6

«(PnC)=4 => e + f = 4 => 3+/ = 4 =>/=!
dY
n (M nC) = 5=> d + e= 5=> fr+3=5=>rf = 2

Re
innd
n (M) = 15 => a + b + d + e = 15 => rt+6 + 2+ 3 = 15 => a = 4

FFi
n(P) =12=> 6 + c+ e+ / = 12=> 6 + C+ 3+1 =12=> c = 2

n(C) =11=> d + e+f + g =11^ 2+3+l+g=ll=> g = 5
Thus, we have a = 4,b=6,c = 2, d = 2,e = 3,f = l and ^ = 5.
(i) Number of students that had taken Chemistry only = ^ = 5
(ii) Number of students that had taken Mathematics only = a = 4
(iii) Number of students that had taken Physics only = c = 2.
(iv) Number of students that had taken Physics and Chemistry but not Mathematics
= /=l
(v) Number of students that had taken Mathematics and Physics but not Chemistry
= b = 6
(vi) Number of students that had taken only one of the subjects = ^7 + c + ^= 4 + 2 + 5= ll
(vii) Numberof studentsthat had taken at least one of the three subjects
= (i + b + c + d + e+ f + g = 23
1.42 MATHEMATICS-XI
(viii) Number of students that had taken none of the subjects

= 25 -{a + b + c + d + e + f + g) = 25 ~23 = 2.
ALITER 2 It is given that 3 students had taken all three subjects and 9 had taken Mathematics and
Physics. So, number of students who had taken Mathematics and Physics but not Chemistry is 6
as shown in the Venn diagram. 5 students had taken Mathematics and Chemistry and 3 students
had taken all the three subjects. So, 2 students had taken
Mathematics and Chemistry but not Physics. It is given that 15
students had taken Mathematics. So, number of students who had
taken only Mathematics= 15 -(6 + 3 + 2) = 4.
Similarly, we compute the other values shown in the Venn
diagram. It is evident from the Venn diagram that the number of
ww
students that had taken
(i) Chemistry only is 5.

(ii) only Mathematics is 4.
Flo
Fig. 1.17
(iii) only Physics is 2.
e
(iv) Physics and Chemistry but not Mathematics is 1.
rere
(v) Mathematics and Physics but not Chemistry is 6.
r FF
(vi) only one of the subjects is 4 + 2 + 5 = 11
uurr
(vii) at least one of three subjects is4 + 6 + 2 + 2 + 3 + l+ 5 = 23
for
(viii) none of the subjects = 25 - 23 = 2.
kss
EXAMPLE 23 In a survey of 100 students, the number of students studying the various languages were
found to be: English only 18, English but not Hindi 23, English and German 8, English 26, German
ooook
Yo
48, German and Hindi 8, no language 24. Find the number of students who were studying (i) Hindi
eBB
(ii) English and Hindi (iii) English, Hindi and German.

SOLUTION Let E, H and G be the sets of students studying English,
urr
Hindi and German respectively. Let U be the set of students

ad
surveyed i.e. the universal set.

Yo
In the above Venn diagram, let a,b, c, d, e, f and g denote the

dY
number of students in the respective regions.

Re
innd
Clearly, n {(i) = 100. It is given that:

Fig. 1.18
Fi
Number of students studying English only = 18 => = 18

Number of students studying English but not Hindi =23 => a + e = 23
Number of students studying English and German = 8 => e+g = S
Number of students studying English =26 ^ a + d + e + g = 26
Number of students studying German =48 ^ c + e+g + f = 4S
Number of students studying German and Hindi = 8 => g + f = S
Thus, we obtain : a =18, a + e = 23, e+g = 8,a + e + g + d= 26, e+g+f + c = 48 and g + / = 8
a =18, e =5, g =3, d =0, f =5, c = 35
It is given that 24 students study no language. Therefore, the number of students who study at
least one language is 100-24 =76
i.e. n(E 'u H '.jG) = 76 ^ a + b + c + d + e + f + g = 7618 + 1j + 35 + 0 + 5+ 5+ 3= 76 => i7=10
(i) The number of students studying Hindi =b + d + g+f =10 + 0+ 3+5 =18
SETS 1.43
(ii) The number of students studying English and Hindi =d+g = 0+3 = 3
(iii) The number of students studying English, Hindi and German = ^ = 3.
EXAMPLE 24 In an university, out of 100 students 15 offered Mathematics only; 12 offered Statistics
only; 8 offered Physics only; 40 offered Physics and Matheynatics; 20 offered Physics and Statistics; 10
offered Mathematics and Statistics; 65 offered Physics. Find the number of students who
(i) offered Mathematics (ii) offered statistics (iii) did not offer any of the above three subjects.
SOLUTION Let M, S and P be the sets of students who offered Mathematics, Statistics and
Physics respectively. Let x be the number of students who offered
oww
all the three subjects. It is given that 10 students offered
Mathematics and Statistics. Therefore, number of students who
offered Mathematics and Statistics but not Physics is 10-.v.
Similarly, number of students in different regions are marked in
e
Fig. 1.19. It is given that 65 students offered Physics.
re
FFrlo
(40-x) + x-i-{20-x) + 8 = 65 => 68-x = 65 => x = 3
(i) From Fig. 1.19, we find that
rF
ee
Fig. 1.19
The number of students who offered Mathematics =15 + (10-x) + x + 40-x = 65-x = 65 - 3 = 62
rF
ouru
(ii) The number of students who offered Statistics =12 + (10-x) + x + (20-x) = 42-x = 42-3 = 39
(iii) The number of students who offered any of three subjects
fosor
= 15 + 12+8 + (10-x)+(40-x)+(20-x) + x
skf
= 105-2x=105-2x 3 = 99
ooko
.'. Number of students who did not offer any of the three subjects = 100 - 99 = 1.
Yo
Y
EXAMPLE 25 Out of280 students in class XII of a school, 135 play Hockey, 110 play football, 80 play
Bo
reeB
volleyball, 35 of these play hockey and football, 30 play volleyball and hockey, 20 play football and
volleyball. Also, each students plays at least one of the three games. How many students play all the three
ooY
games?
uur
ad
SOLUTION Let H, F and V be the sets of students who play hockey, football and volleyball
dY
respectively. Let x be the number of students who play all the three games. It is given that 35
students play hockey and football. So, number of student who play
innd
Re
hockey and football only is (35 - x). Similarly, the number of students
Fi
F
playing various games are written in the regions representing them in

Fig. 1.20.
It is given that each student plays at least one of the three games.
h(HuPuV)=280
=> (70 + x) + (35 - x) + (30 - x) + X + (20 - x) + (55 + x) + (30 + x) = 280
=> 240 + x = 280=>x=40
Fig.1.20
Hence, 40 students play all the three games.

EXAMPLE 26
From 50 students taking examination in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, 37 passed
Mathematic, 24 Physics and 43 Chemistry. At most 19 passed Mathematics and Physics; at most 29
passed Mathematics and Chemistry and at most 20 passed Physics and Chemistry. If each student has
passed in at least one of the subjects, find the largest number of students who could have passed in all the
three subjects. [NCERT EXEMPLARl
1.44 MATHEMATICS-XI
SOLUTION Let M, P and C be the sets of students passing in Mathematics, Physics and
Chemistry respectively. It is given that : n(MuPuC) =50,n{M) = 37,n(P) =24,n(C) =43,
n(M n P) < 19, n (M n C) < 29 and n (P nC)< 20.
We know that
n{M u P uC) =n(M) +n{P) +n(C) -n{MnP)-n (M nC) -n(P nC) +n(M nP nC)
50 = 37 + 24 + 43-{n(MnP) + «(MnC) + n(PnC)} + n(MnPnC)
=> 50 = 104 n P) + n(M nC) + «(P riC)} + «(M n P nC)
=> 54 + «(MnPriC) =n(MoP) + w(MnC) + «(PnC)
=> 54 + n{MnPnC)<19 + 29 + 20
=> ?i(MnPnC)<14 [●.● n (M n P) < 19, n (M nC) < 29, n (P nC) < 20]
ww
Hence, the largest number of students that could have passed in all the three subjects is 14.
EXAMPLE 27 A school awarded 58 medals for Honesty, 20for Punctuality and 25for Obedience. If these
Flo
medals were bagged by a total of 78 students and only 5 students got medals for all the three values, find
e
the number of students who received medals for exactly two of the three values.
rere
SOLUTION Let H, P and O be the sets of students who bagged
r FF
medals in Honesty, Punctuality and Obedience respectively. It is
given that «(H) =58,«(P) = 20,«(O) = 25, n(HuPuO)=78 and
uurr
n(HnP nO) =5.
for
Let X denote the number of students who got medals in Honesty and
kss
Punctuality only, y denote the number of students who got medals in

Honesty and Obedience only and z denote the number of students
ooook
Yo
who got medals in Punctuality and Obedience orUy.

eBB
Now, n(HuPuO)=78 Fig. 1.21
n{H) + n{P) + n{0)-n{HnP)-n(PnO)-n{HnO)+n{HnPnO)=7S

urr
58 + 20 + 25-n(HnP)-H(PnO)-n{HnO)+5=78
ad
Yo
«(HnP) + n(PnO) + n(Hn 0) = 30 => (x + 5) + {i/+5) + {2+5) = 30 => x + y+z=15

dY
Hence, required number of students = x + i/+z=15

ALITER Number of students who bagged medals in Honesty only = 58 -{x + y -4- 5) =53 - .t -y
Re
innd
Number of students who bagged medals in Pimctuality only = 20 -(x+5 +z) =15 -x-z
Fi
Number of students who bagged medals in Obedience 6nly = 25-(y+ 5 + z) = 20-y-z

It is given that medals were bagged by a total of 78 students.
(53 - X - y) + X + (15 - X -z) + y + 5 + z + 20 - y -z = 78
=> 93-(x + y + z) =78 => x + y + z = 15
Hence, number of students who bagged medals in exactly two of the three values = x + y + z = 15.
EXERCISE 1.8
BASIC
1. If A and B are two sets such that n(Au B) = 50, n (A) = 28 and n (B) = 32, find 77 (A n B).
[NCERTl
2. If P and Q are two sets such that P has 40 elements, P u Q has 60 elements and P n Q has 10
elements, how many elements does Q have?
3. In a school there are 20 teachers who teach mathematics or physics. Of these, 12 teach
mathematics and 4 teach physics and mathematics. How many teach physics? (NCERTl
SETS 1.45
4.
In a group of 70 people, 37 like coffee, 52 like tea and each person likes at least one of the
two drirUcs. How many like both coffee and tea? [NCERT]
3.
Let A and B be two sets such that :n(A)= 20, n(A uB) =42 and n(AnB)=4. Find
(i) m (ii) n(A-B) (hi) n(B-A)
6.
A survey shows that 76% of the Indians like oranges, whereas 62% like bananas. What
percentage of the Indians like both oranges and bananas?
7.
In a group of 950 persons, 750 can speak Hindi and 460 can speak English. Find:
(i) how many can speak both Hindi and English
(h) how many can speak Hindi only (hi) how many can speak English only.
8.
In a group of 50 persons, 14 drink tea but not coffee and 30 drink tea. Find:
(i) how may drink tea and coffee both (ii) how many drink coffee but not tea.
w
9.
In a group of 1000 people, there are 750 who can speak Hindi and 400 who can speak
Bengali. How many can speak Hindi only? How many can speak Bengali ? How many can
Flo
speak both Hindi and Bengali?
10.
In a class of 60 students, 25 students play cricket, 20 students play tennis, and 10 students
e
ree
play both the games. Find the number of students who play neither?
FFr
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
11.
In a survey of 400 students in a school, 100 were listed as taking apple juice, 150 as taking
orange juice and 75 were listed as taking both apple as well as orange juice. Find how many
for
ur
students were taking neither apple jihce nor orange juice. [NCERT]
12.
In a committee, 50 people speak French, 20 speak Spanish and 10 speak both Spanish and
kkss
French. How many speak at least one of these two languages? [NCERT]
Yo
13.
In a group of 65 people, 40 like cricket, 10 like both cricket and tennis. How many like tennis
oo
only and not cricket? How many like tennis? [NCERT]

eB
BASED ON LOTS
14.
In a survey of 60 people, it was found that 25 people read newspaper H, 26 read newspaper
ur
T, 26 read newspaper /, 9 read both H and 7,11 read both H and T, 8 read both T and 7,3
ad
YYo
read all three newspapers. Find:

(i) the numbers of people who read at least one of the newspapers,
(ii) the number of people who read exactly one newspaper. [NCERT]
d
Re
15. Of the members of three athletic teams in a certain school, 21 are in the basketball team, 26
in
in hockey team and 29 in the football team. 14 play hockey and basket ball, 15 play hockey
F
and football, 12 play football and basketball and 8 play all the three games. How many
members are there in all?
16.
A survey of 500 television viewers produced the following information; 285 watch football,
195 watch hockey, 115 watch basketball, 45 watch football and basketball, 70 watch football
and hockey, 50 watch hockey and basketball, 50 do not watch any of the three games. How
many watch all the three games? How many watch exactly one of the three games?
17.
In a survey of 100 persons it was found that 28 read magazine A, 30 read magazine B, 42
read magazine C, 8 read magazines A and B, 10 read magazines A and C, 5 read magazines
6 and C and 3 read all the three magazines. Find:
(i) How many read none of three magazines? (ii) How many read magazine C only?
18. In a survey of 100 students, the number of students studying the various languages were
found to be: English only 18, English but not Hindi 23, English and Sanskrit 8, English 26,
Sanskrit 48, Sanskrit and Hindi 8, no language 24. Find:
1.46 MATHEMATICS-XI
(i) How many students were studying Hindi?

(ii) How many students were studying English and Hindi?
19. In a survey it was found that 21 persons liked product P^, 26 liked product P2 and 29 liked
product P3. If 14 persons liked products Pj and P2; 12 persons liked product P3 and P^; 14
persons liked products P2 and P3 and 8 liked all the three products. Find how many liked
product P3 only. [NCERTl
20. In a survey of 200 students of a school, it was found that 120 study Mathematics, 90 study
Physics and 70 study Chemistry, 40 study Mathematics and Physics, 30 study Physics and
Chemistry, 50 study Chemistry and Mathematics and 20 none of these subjects. Find the
number of students who study all the three subjects. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
21. In a group of 50 students, the number of students studying French, English, Sanskrit were
w
found to be as foUows : French = 17, English = 13, Sanskrit = 15, French and English = 9,
English and Sanskrit = 4, French and Sanskrit = 5, English, French and Sanskrit = 3. Find the
number of students who study
Flo
(i) French only (ii) English only (iii) Sanskrit only
(iv) English and Sanskrit but not French (v) French and Sanskrit but not English
ree
(vi) French and English but not Sanskrit (vii) at least one of the three languages
(viU) None of three languages.
rF
22. Out of 100 students; 15 passed in English, 12 passed in Mathematics, 8 in Science, 6 in
English and Mathematics, 7 in Mathematics and Science; 4 in English and Science; 4 in ail
ur
fo
the three. Find how many passed :
(i) in English and Mathematics but not in Science,
s
(iii) in Mathematics only.
ok
(ii) in Mathematics but not in Science,

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(iv) in more than one subject only. [NCERTEXEMPLAR]

Bo
ANSWERS
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1. 10 2. 30 3. 12 4. 19 5. (i)26 (ii) 16 (iii) 22 6. 38%

7. (i)260(ii) 490 (iii) 200 8. (i) 16 (ii) 20 9. (i) 600 (ii)250 (iii) 150
ou
ad
10. 25 11- 225 12. 60 13. 25, 35 14. (i) 52 (ii) 30 15. 43 16. 20,325
Y
18. (i) 18 (ii) 3 19. 11 20. 20

17. (i) 20 (u) 30
(iii) 9 (iv) 1 (V) 2 (vi) 6 (vii) 30 (viii) 20
nd
21. (i) 6 (ii) 3

Re
22. (i) 2 (ii) 3 (ui) 3 (iv) 9

Fi
5. (i) n {A <jB)= n{A) + n{B) -n{A nB)^ ?i(B) = 26

(ii) n(A-B) =n(A)-n{A nB) => n(A ~B)-16
(iii) n{B-A)= n{B) -n{A r\B)=> 22
7. (iii) Let A and B denote the sets of persons who can speak Hindi and English respectively.
Then, n (A u B) = 950 , ?i(A) =750 and «(B) = 460.
(i) n{A n B) = n{A) + «(B) -«(A u B) =750 + 460-950 =260
(ii) Required number =n{A - B) = m(A) -n{A n B)
(iii) Required number =« (B - A) ~n(B) -«(A n B).
8. (ii) Let A and B be sets of persons who drink tea and coffee respectively. Then,
n (A u B) = 50, n (A - B) = 14, «(A) = 30.
(i) n (A - B) = 14 => n{A)-n{A nB) =U=> n{A n B) = n{A) -14 = 30 -14 = 16
SETS
1.47
(ii) Required number =n(B-A)= n{B) -n{An B).
FF
Now, n{AuB}=niA) + n{B)-n{AnB) => 50 = 30 + «(B)-16 => n{B) = 36.
n{B-A)=n{B)-n{AnB)^ n(B = 36-16 = 20
Let A and B be the sets of persons who can speak Hindi and Bengali respectively. Then,
Y
n{A^B) =1000, n(A) =750 and n(6)=400.
o
No. of persons who can speak Hindi only = n{A - B) = n{A) ~n(AnB)
d
o
No. of persons who can speak Bengali only =n{B - A) =n{B) -n{B r\ A)
ll
No. of persons who can speak both Hindi and Bengali = n{Ar>B)= n{A) + n{B)~ n {A u B).
15. Let A, B and C be the sets of members of basketball, hockey and football teams respectively.
Then, »(A)=21, «(B)=26, n(C)=29, n(AnB)=14, ?i(B nC) =15, n(AnC) =12
B
ow r
and n(AnBnC)=8.
ref
Required number = n (v4 w B u C)
fon
= n(A) + n(B) +f7(C) -?i(A n B)-n(B nC)-n(A nC) +Ji(A n B nC).
16. ^ = Total number of television viewers = 500, «(F)=285, n(H) =195, n(F nB) =45,
e
ti(FnH)=70, ft (HnB) =50, h (F n H'n B') =50.
ou
Now, n(F' nH' n B') =50
rF
=> tt[(f uH uB)']=50
ur
=> N-«(f uHuB)=50
oi
=> 500-[n(F)+!i(H) + fj(B)-n(FnH)~?i(FnB)-?7(Hr,B) +n(F n H n B)]=50

re
ks
n(FnHnB)= 500 - 285 -195 -115 + 70 + 50 + 45 - 50 = 20.

Yo
Required number = «(F n H n B) = 20

Yo
F
Required number =n(F n H' n B') +n(F' n H' n B) + n(F n H n B')]

eB
= ti(F) + ii(H) + ti(B)~2{n(FnH)+ti(H nB)i-?i(Bn F)| + 3 (F n H n

18. We have, a =18, a + b = 23, d + e = 8, a + b + d + e = 26,
ou
ad
d + e+/ + g = 48,
and, + 6 + c + d + e + / + g = 100 - 24 =76
. a = 18,b = 0,c = 10,d=5,e = 3,f=5 and, g = 35
nd
Re
(i) n{H)=b + c + e+ f = 18 (ii) n {H r\ E) = b + e = 3

Fi
Fig, 1.22
FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBOs)
!● If A and 6 are two finite sets, then n(A) + n{B) is equal to
If is a finite set containing n elements, then the number of subsets of A IS
i
8. The set (x e R : 1 < .r < 2} can be written as
If A and B are finite sets such that A cz B, then n (A u B) =
5. If A and B are any two sets, then A - B is equal to
8* When A=^, then the number of elements in F(A) is
When A = (}), then the number of elements in P(P(A)) is
8. The power set of set A = {1, 2} is
9* For all sets A and B, A-{Ar>B) is equal to
18‘ For all sets A and B, B - (A n B) is equal to
MATHEMATICS-XI
1.48
n. Given the sets A = {1, 3,5), B = {2, 4, 6} and C = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8). Then, the universal set of all
the three sets A, B and C can be
12- IfU={l,2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9,10},A ={1, 2, 3,5), B = {2,4, 6,7) and C = (2, 3, 4, 8). Then,
(i) (Bl;C)' = (ii) (C-A)'=
If A and B are two sets, then A n(A u B)’ is equal to
14. If A and B are two sets, then ((A' u B') - A)' is equal to
15.
For any two sets A and B, [B'u (B’ - A)]’ is equal to
1^* For any three sets A, B and C, (A -B) -(B - C) is equal to
12- For any three sets A, B and C, (A - B) n (C - B) is equal to
18- If A and B are two sets, then (A n B')' ^ {B n C) is equal to
For any three sets A, B andC,(A u B uC) o(A n B'nC') n C'is equal to
w
20. Lets = {x: xisapositivemultipleof 31ess than 100) P ={x: x is a prime number less than 20)
Then,n(S)+n (P) =
Flo
21- If n(AnB)=10,n(BnC)=20 and n(AnC) = 30, then the greatest possible value of
n(A nBnC) is
ee
22. If A, 6 and C are any three non-empty sets such that any two of them are disjoint, then
Fr
(A uBuC) n(A nBnC) =
23. If n (A n B) =5, M (A nC) =7 and n (A n B nC) =
for 3, then the minimum possible value of
ur
ji(BnC) is
24. A and B are any two non-empty sets and A is proper subset of B. If n(A) =5, then the
minimum possible value of n (A A B) is
ks
25. For any two sets A and B, if n{A) = 15, h(B) =12, A n B ^ and B A, then the maximum
Yo
oo
and minimum possible values of«(A A B) are and respectively.

> n (B) and the difference of the number of
eB
26. If A and B are two finite sets such that n (A)

elements of the power sets of A and B is 96, then n (A) -n{B) =
ANSWERS
ur
ad
Yo
4. 5. AnB 1
1- n(AoB) + ?i(AnB) 2. 2" 3- [1,2) n(B)
7. 2 8.
P(A) ={()., (1), (2), (1,2)) 9- AnB' 10. BnA'll- {0,1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 8)
13. 14. A
nd
12.
(i) {5,9,10) (ii) {1,2,3,5,6,7,9,10)
Re
15. B 16. a-B 17.

(AnC)-B 18- A'uB 19. BnC'
Fi
20. 41 21- 10 22.

<t> 23. 3 24. 1
25. 25,5 26. 2

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQs)
Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement of the
question:
1- If a set contains n elements, then write the number of elements in its power set.
2* Write the number of elements in the power set of null set.

3- Let A = \x:xeN,xisa multiple of 3) and B = {x: a: e N and a: is a multiple of 5 ). Write
AnB.
4. Let A and B be two sets having 3 and 6 elements respectively. Write the minimum number
of elements that A u B can have.
SETS 1.49
5. If A = {xeC:x^ = 1} and B = {x gC ::c^ = lUhen write ^ - B and B
6. If A and B are two sets such that A <zB, then write B' - A' in terms of A and B.
7. Let A and B be two sets having 4 and 7 elements respectively. Then write the maximum
number of elements that A u B can have.
8. If A = \{x,y):y = - , 0 x e B} and B = \{x,y):y = -x, X sR\, then write A n B.

X
9. If-^ = l(^/y) ■ y = ^G and B =i(x, y): y X e R), them write A n B.
oww
la. If A andB are two sets such that ft (A) = 20,«(B) = 25 and «(AuB)=40, then write
n (A n 6).
11. If A and B are two sets such that n (A) = 115, n (B) = 326, n (A - B) = 47, then write n (A u B).
ee
ANSWERS
FFrlo
n
1. 2 2. 1 3. [x:x eN, X is a multiple of 15}
r
4. 6
rF
5. A-B = (}),B-A={r,-2}
ee
6. <l> 7. 11 8. <t> 9. {(0,1)1
10. 5 11. 373
rF
ouru
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)
ffosor
Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:
os k
1. For any set A, (A')'is equal to
(a) A’ (b) A
ook
(c) 4> (d) none of these

Yo
Y
2. Let A and B be two sets in the same universal set. Then, A - B =

Bo
reeB
(a) A n B (b) A' nB (c) A n B' (d) none of these

oouY
3. The number of subsets of a set containing n elements is

ur
(a) n (b) 2"-l

ad
n
(c) (d) 2
dY
4. For any two sets A and B, A n (A u B) =

(a) A (b) B (C) (j) (d) none of these
nind
Re
5. If A = {1, 3, 5, B| and B = {2, 4|, then

F
Fi
(a) 4 e A (b) |4) c A (c) B c A (d) none of these
6. The symmetric difference of A and B is not equal to

(a) (A-B) n(B-A) (b) (A-B)u(B-A)
(c) (AuB)-(AnB) (d) {(AuB)-A)u{(AuB)-B}
7. The symmetric difference of A = {1,2,3) and B = {3,4,5} is
(a) {1,2} (b) 11,2,4,5} (c) {4,3} (d) {2,5,1,4,3}
8. For any two sets A and B, (A - B) u (B - A) =

(a) (A - B) u A (b) (B-A)uB
(c) (AuB)-(AnB) (d) (A w B) n (A n B)
9. Which of the following statement is false :
(a) A - B = A nB' (b) A-B=A-(AnB)
1.50 MATHEMATICS-XI
(c) A-B=A-B' (d) A-B={A^B)-B
For any three sets A, B and C

(a) yln(B-C)={^nB)-(.4nC) (b) An(B-C)=(AnB)-C
(c) Au(B-C)=(AuB)n(AuC) (d) A u (B - C) = (A u B) - (A u C).
Let/l = {a::x eR, X >4} and B ~{x eR : x <5]. Then, A n B =
(a) (4,5] (b) (4,5) (c) (4,5) (d) [4,5]
12. Let U be the universal set containing 700 elements. If A, B are sub-sets of U such that
n (A) = 200,n(B) = 300 andn(A n B) = 100. Then,n(A' nB') =
(a) 400 (b) 600 (c) 300 (d) none of these.
Let A and B be two sets such that n (A) = 16, n (B) = 14, n (A u B) = 25. Then, n (A n S) is
w
13.
equal to
(a) 30 (b) 50 (c) 5 (d) none of these
14.
Flo
IfA = (1, 2, 3, 4,5), thenthenumber of proper subsetsof Ais
e
(d) 32
rree
(a) 120 (b) 30 (c) 31
r FF
15. In set-builder method the null set is represented by
(a) {) (b) O (c) {x:x^y^ (d) = x)
uurr
for
IQ If A and B are two disjoint sets, then n (A u B) is equal to
(a) ?i(A) +n(B) (b) «(A) +h(B) -n{A n B)
kss
(c) n{A) + n{B) + n{AnB) (d)«(A)n(B)

ooook
Yo
17. For two sets A u B = A iff

(c) A ^ B (d) A = B
eB
(a) Be A (b) Ac B
18. If A and B are two sets such that n (A) = 70, n (B) = 60, n (A u B) = 110, then «(A n B) is
urr
equal to
ad
(a) 240 (b) 50 (c) 40 (d) 20

Yo
19 If A and B are two given sets, then A n (A n 6)*^ is equal to

dY
(b) B (c) O (d) A n B''

Re
(a) A
innd
20. If A = l:c: X is a multiple of 3} and, B={x\xisa multiple of 5), thenA -B is

Fi
(a) A nB (b) AnB (c) A n B (d) A n B
21 In a city 20% of the population travels by car, 50% travels by bus and 10% travels by both car
and bus. Then, persons travelling by car or bus is
(a) 80% (b) 40% (c) 60% (d) 70%
22. If A n B = B, then
(a) A c B (b) Be A (c) A = O (d) B = O
23 An investigator interviewed 100 students to determine the performance of three drinks,

milk, coffee and tea. The investigator reported that 10 students take all three drinks milk,
coffee and tea; 20 students take milk and coffee; 25 students take milk and tea; 20 students
take coffee and tea; 12 students take milk only; 5 students take coffee only and 8 students
take tea only. Then the number of students who did not take any of three drinks is
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 25 (d) 30
SETS 1.51
24. Two finite sets have m and elements. The number of elements in the power set of first set is
48 more than the total number of elements in power set of the second set. Then, the values
of w and n are:
(a) 7,6 (b) 6,3 (c) 6,4 (d) 7,4
(NCERT EXEMPLAR]
25. In a class of 175 students the following data shows the number of students opting one or
more subjects. Mathematics 100; Physics 70; Chemistry 40; Mathematics and Physics 30;
Mathematics and Chemistry 28; Physics and Chemistry 23; Mathematics, Physics and
Chemistry 18. How many students have offered Mathematics alone?
oww
(a) 35 (b) 48 (c) 60 (d) 22
26. Suppose Ai, A2,...,A^q are

30
thirty
n
sets each having 5 elements and Bj, are n sets
each with 3 elements, let U = U B; = S and each element of S belongs to exactly 10 of the
i = l j=i’
ee
A,® and exactly 9 of the then n is equal to
FFrlo
r
(a) 15 (b) 3 (c) 45 (d) 35
rF
ee
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
27. Two finite sets havem and n elements. The number of subsets of the first set is 112 more than
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that of the second. The values of m and n are respectively
(a) 4, 7 (b) 7,4 (c) 4,4
ffosor (d) 7,7
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
os k
28. For any two sets A and B,An{A<j B)' is equal to
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(a) A (b) B (c) ^ (d) A n B

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Y
29. The set (A uB') u (BnC) is equal to

Bo
(a) A'uBuC (b) A'uB (c) A'<jC (d) A'nB

reeB
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
30. Let Fj be the set of all parallelograms, F2 the set of all rectangles, F3 the set of all rhombuses,
ooY
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F4 the set of all squares and ig the set of trapeziums in a plane. Then Fj may be equal to
ad
(a) ¥2 n F3 (b) F3AF4 (c) F2 U F3 (d) F2UF3UF4UF1

dY
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
31. If X = (8" -7n-l:neN}andY = |49n -49 : n € N). Then,
nind
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(a) X c y (b) YczX (c)X = Y (d) XnY =41

F
Fi
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
32. A survey shows that 63% of the people watch a News channel whereas 76% watch another
channel. If x % of the people watch both channel, then
(a) X = 35 (b) x = 63 (c) 39<x<63 (d) x = 39
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
33. IfsetsA and Bare defined as A =|(x, y):y=i,05txeR|,B = {{x, 1/) :y = ~x, X eR}, then
(a) An6 = A (b) AnB = B (c) A n B = (^ (d) AuB = A
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
34. EachsetXr contains5elementsandeachsetYr contains2elementsand u X^ =S= ^jY^.W
r = l r = l
each element of S belongs to exactly 10 of the X^’® and to exactly 4 of the Y^'®, then n is
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 100 (d) 50
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
1.52 MATHEMATICS-XI
35. Two finite sets have m and n elements respectively. The total number of subsets of first set is
56 more than the total number of subsets of the second set. The value of m and n
respectively are;
(a) 7,6 (b) 5,1 (c) 6,3 (d) 8,7
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
36. Tlieset(AuBuC)n(AnB'nC')'uC' isequalto
(a) BnC (b) AnC (c) BuC (d) AnC
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
37. If A and B are two sets, then An{AuB) equals
(a) A (b) B (c) <]> (d) AnB
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
than 100} , P = [a:: x is a prime less than 20|.
w
38. Let S = (;c :x is a positive multiple of 3 less
Then, n(S)+n(P) is
(a) 34 (b) 41 (c) 33 (d) 30
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[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
39. In a town of 840 persons, 450 persons read Hindi, 300 read English and 200 both. Then the
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number of persons who read neither is
Fr
(a) 210 (b) 290 (c) 180 (d) 260
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
40. In a class of 60 students, 25 students play cricket and 20 students play tennis and 10
for
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students play both the games. Then the number of students who play neither is
(a) 0 (b) 25 (c) 35 (d) 45
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[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Yo
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41. Let S = the set of points inside the square, T = the set of points inside the triangle and C - the
set of points inside the circle. If the triangle and circle intersect each other and are contained
B
in a square. Then,
re
{a)SnTnC=^ (b)SuTuC=C (c)SuTuC = S (d) SuT = SnC

[NCERTEXEMPLAR]
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ANSWERS
Y
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (c)

nd
16. (a) 17. (a)

Re
10. (a), (b), (c) 11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c)
18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (b) 21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (c)
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27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (d) 30. (d) 31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (b)
35. (c) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (b) 41. (c)
SUMMARY
1. A set is a well defined collection of objects.

2. A set is described either in set builder form or tabular form.
3. A set consisting of no element is called the null set and is denoted by
4. A set consisting of a single element is called a singleton set.
5. A set consisting of a definite number of elements is called a finite set, otherwise the set is
called an infinite set.
6. The number of elements in a finite set A is called its cardinal number or order and is
denoted by«(A).
SETS 1.53
7. Two sets A and B are equal if they have exactly the same elements.
8. A set A is said to be a subset of a set B, if every element of A is also an element of B.
9. If a, b are real numbers such that a <b, then the set
(i) [x:x eR and a^x <b]is called the closed interval [a, b]
(ii) \x:x eR and a <x <b] is called the open interval {a, b)
(iii) {x: AT e 1? and o < a: <&} is called the semi-open or semi-closed mterval {a, b).
(iv) [x:xeR and a <x <b}is called the semi-open or semi-closed interval (a, b].
10. The total number of subsets of a finite set consisting of n elements is 2".
11. The collection of all subsets of a set A is called the power set of A and is denoted by P (A).
The union of two sets A and B is the set of all those elements which are either in A or in B or
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12.
in both and is denoted by A u B. Thus, A u B = \x:xeA or xeB]

13. The inteisection of two sets A and B is the set of all those elements which are common to
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both A and B and is denoted by A n B. Thus, AnB = {x:xeA and x e B).
14. The difference A - B of two sets A and B is the set of all those elements of A which do not
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belong to B i.e. A - B = {x:xeA and a: g B}. Similarly, B-A = \x\xeB and xÂ).
eer
15. The symmetric difference of two sets A and B is the set (A - B) u (B - A) and is denoted by
FFr
A AB.
oor r
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16. The complement of a subset A of universal set U is the set of all those elements of U which
s ff
are not ‘he elements of A. Tlie complement of A is denoted by A' or A*^.
For any tliree sets A, B and C, we have
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17.
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(i) A u A =AandA n A s=A (Idempotent laws)

(ii) A u (j) = A and A nil = A
eBB
(Identity laws)
(iii) A u B = B u A and A B = B n A (Commutative laws)
(iv) (AuB)uC=Au(BuC) and (AnB) nC= A n(BnC) (Associative laws)
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(v) Au(BnC) = (AuB)n(AuC) and A n(B uC) =(A n B) u (A nC)

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(Distributive laws)
(vi) (AuB)' = A'nB'and (A nB)' = A'u B' (De' Morgan's laws)
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18. If A, B and C are finite sets and U be the finite imiversal set, then
Re
ind
(i) «(A u B) = H (A) + «(B) - M (A n B)

FFin
(ii) n(AuB) = ?i(A)-f-n(B) <=> A, Bare disjoint non-void sets

(iii) n{A-B) = n{A)-7i{A nB) i.e.,n(A - B) + n(A nB) =n{A)
(iv) tt(AAB) = n(A-B) + n(B-A) = n(A) + n{B)-2n(A n B)
(v) H(AuBuC)=n(A) + n(B)+H(C)-»(AnB)-n(BnC)-tt(CnA)+«(AnBnC)
(vi) Number of elements in exactly two of sets A, B and C
= n{AnB)+n(BnC)+}i{C nA)-3n{AnBnC)
(vii) Number of elements in exactly one of sets A, B and C
= (A) + n(B) + H(C) -2n(A n B) -2n(B nC) -2«(A nC) + 3n(AnBnC).
CHAPTER 2
RELATIONS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In previous chapter, we have discussed various operations on sets to create more sets out of
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given sets. In this chapter, we shall study one more operation which is known as the cartesian
product of sets. This will finally enable us to introduce the concept of relation.
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2.2 ORDERED PAIRS
e
ORDERED PAIR An ordered pair consists of two objects or elements in a given fixed order.
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For example, if A and B are any two sets, then by an ordered pair of elements we mean a pair
FFr
{a, b) in that order, where a e A, b sB.
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NOTE An ordered pair is not a set consisting of two elements. The ordering of the two elements hi an
ordered pair is important and the two elements need or
not be distinct.
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ILLUSTRATION 1 The position of a point in two dimensional plane in cartesian coordinates is
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represented by an ordered pair. Accordingly, the ordered pairs (1, 3), (2, 4), (2, 3) and {3, 2) represent
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ooo
different points in a plane.

EQUALITY OF ORDERED PAIRS Two ordered pairs equal iff ai = a2 and
eB
i.e.
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It is evident from this definition that (1,2) (2,1) and (1,1) (2,2).
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1LLUSTRATION2 Find the values of a and b, if {3a -2, b + 3)={2a-l, 3).

SOLUTION By the definition of equality of ordered pairs, we obtain
(3fl -2, b + 3) = (2a -1, 3) 3a -2=2a -1 and b + 3
d
= 3 a=l and b = 0
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2.3 CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF SETS

F
CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF SETS Let A and B be any two non-empty sets. The set of all ordered pairs
{a, b) such that aeA and b eBis called the cartesian product of sets A and B and is denoted byAxB.
Thus, A X B ={{a,b): a e A andbeB).
If
A = (|) or B = then we define Ax B = <j).
ILLUSTRATION 1 If A = {2, 4, 6) and B = (1, 2}, then
A X B = {2, 4, 61 X fl, 2| = ((2,1), (2, 2), (4,1), (4, 2), (6,1), (6, 2)}
and. B X A = {1, 2) X |2, 4, 6) = 1(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6)}
It is evident from the above illustration that to write A x B, we take an element from set A and
form all ordered pairs with this element as first element and elements of B as second elements.
Next we choose another element from A and corresponding to each element in B we form
ordered pairs with this element as first element and elements of B as second elements. This
process is continued till all elements of A are exhausted.
2.2 MATHEMATICS-XI
ILLUSTRATION 2 If A={a,b] and B = {1,2,31 find /I B, Bx A, Ax A, Bx B, and

{AxB)n{BxA).
SOLUTION We have, A = {a, b} and B = {1, 2, 3}
AxB = {{a, 1), {fl, 2), {a, 3), {b, 1), (b, 2), {b, 3)}
BxA = ((l,n),(l,i-),(2,fl),(2,&),(3,fl),(3,ij)|
Ax A = !((?, a), {a, b), {b, a), {b, /;)!
BxB = 1(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3,1), (3, 2), (3, 3)1
Clearly, (A x B) n f B x v4) = 0.
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CARTESIAN PRODUCT OFTHREE SETS Let A, B andC be three sets. Then, Ax BxC is the set of all
ordered triplets having first element frotn A, second element from B and third element from C.
i.e. AxBxC = {{a,b,c):asA,b eB,ceC]
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ILLUSTRATIONS If A = {1, 2), B = [3,4:}andC = {4,5, 6}. T/im,
e
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AxB = {l,2)x!3,4| = {(1,3), (1,4), (2, 3), (2, 4)1
FFr
and. A X B X C = {(1, 3, 4), (1, 3,5), (1, 3, 6), (1, 4, 4), (1, 4,5), (1, 4, 6),(2, 3, 4), (2, 3,5),
(2, 3, 6), (2, 4, 4), (2, 4, 5), (2, 4, 6)}
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orr
It should be noted that A x B x C * {A x B) x C ^ A x {B x C).
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NOTE
If Aj, A2, A A,j are n sets, then the cartesian product Aj x A2 x - - ● x Ai these n sets is the
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set of all n-tuples of the formfij^, 02, ^3,..., «„)/ where Cj e A, 02 e A2, ●●●/ ^ Aj-
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i.e. Ai X A2 X „..x A„ = {(fl;i, ^2, 03,..., n„);fli eAi,fl2 ^ Ail

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2.3.1 NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN THE CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF TWO SETS

THEOREM If A and B are two finite sets, then n{Ax B) = n (A) x n (B).
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and B = [bi,b2.b^,...,b„] be two sets having mandn

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PROOF Let A = {ai,a2,a^,..

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elements respectively. Then,

AxB = !(fli,bi),(fli,i'2)/(^'i/^J3)'---'(^T^«)
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{02, b{), {02, b2), (^2, ^3) ● ● ●' (‘’2' ^ti)

inn
F
{n„,,bi), {a,f, , 62), {a,„ , b^) (a,,,, i’,,)!

Clearly, in the tabular representation of A x B there m rows of ordered pairs and each row has
are
n distinct ordered pairs. So, AxB has mn elements.

Hence, n (A x B) = mn = n{A)xn{B) Q.E.D.
REMARK (i) If either Aor B is an infinite set, then Ax Bis an infinite set.
(ii) IfA,B,Carefinitesets,then n{Ax Bx C) =n{A) x n{B) x n{C)
2.3.2 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF SETS
Let A and B be any two non-empty sets. To represent AxB graphically, we draw two mutually
perpendicular lines, one horizontal and other vertical. On the horizontal line, we represent the
elements of set A and on the vertical line, the elements of B. If o e A, b e B, we draw a vertical
line through a and a horizontal line through b. These two lines will meet in a point which will
RELATIONS 2.3
denote the ordered pair {a, b). In this manner we mark points corresponding to each ordered pair
in X B. The set of points so obtained represents AxB graphically as illustrated below.
ILLUSTRATION If A ={1,2, 3]a7idB = {2,A],findAx B and show it graphically.
SOLUTION Clearly, AxB = ((1, 2), (1, 4), {2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 2), (3, 4)}. YA
(1,4) (2,4) (3,4)
In order to represent AxB graphically, we draw two perpendicular ^
lines OX and OY as shown in Fig. 2.1. Now, we represent the set by
three points on OX and the set B by two points on OY. The set Ax B is 2 (1,2) (2,2) (3,2)
represented by the six points as shown in Fig. 2.1.
■>
0 1 2 3 X
Fig. 2.1
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2.3.3 DIAGRAMATIC REPRESENTATION OF CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF TWO SETS
In order to represent A x B by an arrow diagram, we first draw Venn diagrams representing sets
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A and B one opposite to the other as shown in Fig. 2.2. Now, we draw line segments starting
from each element of A and terminating to each element of set B.
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s ff
If A = {1, 3,5) and B = {a, b], then following figure gives the arrow diagram of A x B.
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Type I ON EQUALITY OF ORDERED PAIRS

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EXAMPLE 1 Find x and y, if{x + 3,5) = (6, 2x + y).

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SOLUTION By the definition of equality of ordered pairs

(x +3,5) = (6, 2x + y)
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=> X + 3 = 6 and 5 = 2x + y
=> X = 3 and 5 = 2x + y=>x = 3,5 = 6 + y=> x = 3 and y = -1
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Type II ON FINDING THE CARTESIANPRODUCTOF TWO SETS

EXAMPLE 2 IfA={l,3,5, 6} and B = [2, 4},/i'jirf AxB a7id Bx A.
SOLUTION We have, A = (1, 3,5, 6} and B = [2, 4). Therefore,
AxB = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (3, 2), (3, 4), (5, 2), (5, 4), (6, 2), (6, 4)\
and, B X A = |(2,1), (2, 3), (2,5), (2, 6), (4,1), {4, 3), (4,5), (4, 6)1
EXAMPLES If A ={1,2, 3},B={3,4\andC =|1, 3,5!,/mrf
(i) Ax(SuC) (ii) Ax{BnC) (iii) (A X B) n (A X C)
SOLUTION (i) Clearly, BuC={l, 3,4,5)
.-. Ax(BuC) = {1,2, 31 X {1,3, 4,51
= 1(1,1), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (2,1), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2,5), (3,1), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3,5)}
(ii) Clearly, B n C = {3}.
A X (B n C) = {1, 2, 31 X {31 = {(1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 3)1
2.4 MATHEMATICS-XI
(iii) AxB = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), {2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)},
and. >lxC = {(1,1),(1,3), (1,5),(2,1), (2, 3),(2,5),(3,1),(3, 3),(3,5)1
(AxB)n(AxC) = 1(1,3),(2,3),(3,3)1.
EXAMPLE4 Let A = {l,2,3]andB = \x: x sN, x isprimeless than 5\. Find Ax B and Bx A.
SOLUTION We have, A = {1, 2, 3} and, B = [x:x eN, xis prime less than 5 } = { 2,3 )
AxB = [1,2, 31 X (2,3! = {(1,2),(1,3),(2,2),(2, 3),(3,2),(3, 3)1
and. BxA = {2,3) X {1,2, 31 = {(2,1),(2, 2), (2, 3),(3,1),(3, 2),(3, 3)1
EXAMPLE 5 If AxB = {(rt, 1), (fl, 5), ((7, 2), {b, 2), {b, 5), {b, 1)1 find BxA.
SOLUTION Clearly, BxA can be obtained from AxB by interchanging the entries (or
components) of ordered pair in ,4 x B.
BxA ={ (1, af (5, af (2, fl), (2, cf), (5, b), (1, b))
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EXAMPLE 6 If A = {1, 2], form the set A x A x A.
SOLUTION Wehave,A={l,2).
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,4x A = {(1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (2, 2)1
and. 21 X /I X A = {(1,1,1), (1,1, 2), (1, 2,1), (1, 2, 2), (2,1,1), (2,1, 2), (2, 2,1), (2, 2, 2)}
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EXAMPLE 7 IfRis the set of all real numbers, what do the cartesian products Rx R and Rx Rx R
represent?
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SOLUTION The cartesian product of the set R of all real numbers with itself i.e. Rx Ris the set of
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all ordered pairs (x, y) where x, y e R. In other words, Rx R= |(x, y): x, y € Rl.
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Clearly, R x R is the set of all points in XV-plane. The set R x R is also denoted by R^.
s ff
Similarly, we obtain: Rx Rx R = |(x, y, z): x, y, z € R}
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Clearly, it represents the set of all points in space. The set R x R x R is also denoted by R
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EXAMPLE 8 Express A = [{a, b):2a + b = 5, a, & e W} fls the set of ordered pairs.
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SOLUTION Here, W denotes the set of whole numbers (non-negative integers).

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We have, 2a + b =5, where a,b eW.

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a = 0=>b = 5, a = l-^b = 3 and, a = 2 ^ b = 1

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For a> 3, the values of b given by the above relation are not whole numbers.
2l = {(0,5), (1,3), (2,1)}
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Type III ON FINDING SETS A AND B WHEN A x B OR SOME ELEMENTS OF A x B ARE GIVEN
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EXAMPLE 9 lfAxB= {(a, 1), {b, 3), {a, 3), {b, 1), {a, 2), {b, 2)], find 2l and B.
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SOLUTION Clearly, A is the set of all first components in ordered pairs in 2l x B and B is the set of
all second components in ordered pairs in A x B.
A = la,b] and B = {1, 2, 3|
EXAMPLE 10 Let A and B be two sets such that AxB consists of 6 elements. If three elements of A x B
are : (1, 4), (2, 6), (3, 6). Find AxB and BxA.
SOLUTION Since (1,4), (2,6) and (3,6) are elements of A x B. It follows that 1,2,3 are elements of
v4 and 4,6 are elements of B. It is given that A X Bhas6elements.So,/l = (1,2, 3} andB = {4, 6}.
Hence, A X B = {1, 2, 3} X (4, 6} = {(1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 6))
and, 6 X A = {4, 6} X {1, 2, 3} = |(4,1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (6,1), (6, 2), (6, 3)}
EXAMPLE n The cartesian product Ax A has 9 elements among which are found (-1, 0) and (0,1).
Find the set A and the remaining elements of Ax A.
SOLUTION Given that (-1, 0) e A x 2l and(0, \) sAx A.
Now, (-l,0)eAxA => -1, OeA and, (0,1) e A x A => 0,1 e A
RELATIONS 2.5
-1, 0,le^
It is given that Ax A has 9 elements. Therefore, A has exactly three elements.
Hence, A =1-1,0,11 and remaining elements of A x A are(-l, -1), (-1,1), {0, -1), (0, 0), (1, -1),
(1,0), (1,1).
EXAMPLE 12 Let A and B be huo sets such that n (A) = 5andn{B) = 2. If a, b, c, d, e are distinct and
(a, 2), {b, 3), (c, 2), {d, 3), (e, 2) are in A x B,find A and B.
SOLLTriON It is given that {a, 2), {b, 3), (c, 2), {d, 3), (e, 2) are elements of Ax B. Tlierefore,
a, b, c, d, e e A and 2, 3 e B.
It is also given that n (A) = 5 and n (B) = 2.
a, b, c, d, e eA and «(A) = 5 => A = {a, b, c, d, e]
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2, 3 € B and «(B) = 2 => B = {2, 3|
Type IV ON GRAPHICAL AND DIAGRAMATIC REPRESENTATION OF A x B
EXAMPLE 13 Let A ={-l, 3, 4} and B = {2, 3|. Represent the following products graphically i.e. by
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lattices: (i) A x B (ii) B x A (iii) Ax A
SOLLJTION (i) We have, A = {-1, 3, 4) and B = {2, 3}. AY
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AxB = {(-1,2),(-1,3),(3, 2),(3, 3),(4, 2),(4, 3)1
3 (3,3)
In order to represent AxB graphically, we follow the .(4,3)
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(-1,3)..
following steps:
F
(-L2)L * (4.2)
Draw two mutually perpendicular lines one oor r '2
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Step I (3,2)
horizontal and other vertical. 1
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Step n On the horizontal line represent the elements of X
set A and on the vertical line represent the -1 o"T 2 5 4 ^

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elements of set B.
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Step III Draw vertical dotted lines through points re Fig. 2.3 Graphical representation
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ofAxS
presenting elements of A on horizontal line and
horizontal lines through points representing
re
elements of B on the vertical line. Points of intersection of these lines will represent
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AxB graphically as shown in Fig. 2.3.

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(ii) Clearly, BxA = |2, 3| x {-1, 3, 4) = {(2,-1), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3,-1), (3, 3), (3, 4))
Here, we represent B on the horizontal line and A on vertical line. Graphical representation of
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B X A is as shown in Fig. 2.4.

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AY
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(2,4) (3,4)
4 ●» (3,4)
(-1,4)-.. 4- ■t ,..(4,4)
3 » (3,3) (-l,3)..f 3- .(4,3)

(2,3);
2. 2
1
1
X
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1 ; 2 :3
> -.V o 1 5 ^
X
(-1,-1)4 -1 (-i,3)t
...;.. (-1,4)
-1 *● *
(2,-1); (3,-1)
Fig, 2.4 Graphical representation of S x A Fig. 2.5 Graphical representation of A x A
(iii) We have, A ={1, 3, 4)

Ax A = {-1, 3,41x i-1, 3,41
= {(-1,-1),(-1,3),(-1,4),(3,-1),(3,3),(3,4),(4,-1),(4, 3), (4, 4)}
Graphical representation of A x A is shown in Fig. 2.5.
2.6 MATHEMATICS-XI
EXAMPLE 14 M A = {1,3,5), 6 = |a‘, y) represent the following products by arrow diagrams:

ii) AxB (ii) Bx A (iii) A.y A (iv) Bx B
SOLUTION (i) We have, A = (1, 3,5) and B = |:r, y)
AxB = 11, 3,5} X {X, yl = {(1, x), (1, y), {3, x), (3, y), {5, x), (5, y))
Following arrow diagram represents AxB. (see Fig. 2.6).
ww
Fig. 2.6 Arrow diagram of A x S Fig. 2.7 Arrow diagram of S x A
(ii) We have, B ={x, yl and .<4=11,3,5}.
Flo
BxA= {x, yl X (1, 3,5} = {(x, 1),(x, 3),(x,5),(y, 1), (y, 3), (y,5)1
ee
It has been represented by the arrow diagram shown in Fig. 2.7.
rere
(iii) Wehave,A=[l, 3,5)
rFF
ylxyl = {1,3,5} X [1,3,51 = [(1,1), (1,3), (1,5), (3,1), (3, 3), (3,5), (5,1), (5, 3), (5,5)1
uurr
foor
ks s
Yoo
oook
eBB
Fig. 2.8 Arrow diagram of A x A Fig. 2.9 Arrow diagram of S x S

uurr
(iv) We have, B = {x, y)

ad
BxB = lx, y) X {x, yl = {(x, x), (x, y), (y, x), (y, y)}
Yo

dY
EXERCISE 2.1
Re
innd
BASIC
FFi
(a 2^ '5 V
1. (i) If “+1,1;-- find the values of a and b.
l3 3) ,3 ' 3/
(ii) If (x +1,1) =(3, y - 2), find the values of x andy.
2. If the ordered pairs (x, -1) and (5, y) belong to the set {{n, b):b =2a ~ 3], find the values of
X and y.
3. If a e {-1, 2, 3, 4,5} and b s {0, 3, 6}, write the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) such that
fl + & =5.
4. If € {2, 4, 6, 9} andB e {4, 6,18, 27}, then form the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) such that a
dividesb and a <b.
5. If v4 = |1, 2] and B = {1, 3}, find AxB and B x ,4.
6. Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4). Find AxB and show it graphically.
7. If .A = {1, 2, 3) and B = {2, 4), what are A x B, B x A, A x A, B x B, and (A x B) n (B x A)?
8. If A and B are two sets having 3 elements in common. Ifn{A) =5, n(B) = 4, find Ji(A x B) and
n[(AxB)n(BxA)].
RELATIONS 2.7
9. Let A and B be two sets. Show that the sets Ax B and Bx A have an element in common ijf
the sets A and B have an element in common.
10. Let A and B be two sets such that n(A) = 3 and n (6) = 2.
If {x, 1), (y, 2), (z, 1) are inAx B, find A and B, where a:, y, z are distinct elements.
11. Let A - {1, 2, 3, 41 and R = {{a, b) :n eA,b eA, a divides b}. Write K explicitly.
12. If A = {-1,1), find A X A X A
13. State whether each of the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false,
re-write the given statement correctly:
(i) If P = {)ii,«} and Q = \n, m], then P x Q = [(w, n), {n, m)}
(ii) If A and B are non-empty sets, then A x B is a non-empty set of ordered pairs {x, y)
ww
such that X eB and y e A.
(hi) If A = |1, 2}, B = 13, 4), then Ax{Bn^)=^
14. If A = 11, 2}, form the set A X A X A.
Flo
15. If A = {1, 2, 4} and B = {1, 2, 3}, represent following sets graphically:
ee
(i) A X B (h) BxA (hi) Ax A (iv) B X B
rere
r FF
ANSWERS
1. (i)fl = 2,t-l (ii) x = l,y = 3 2. x=l,y=7 3. |(-1,6),(2,3),(5,0)1

uurr
foor
4. {(2, 4), (2, 6), (2,18), (6,18), (9,18), (9, 27)1
5. AxB={(l,l),(l, 3),(2,1),(2, 3)1 and BxA =|(1,1),(1,2),(3,1),( 3, 2)1
ks s
Yoo
6. A X B = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4) 1.
oook
7. AxB = I (1,2), (1,4), (2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 2), (3, 4)1
eBB
B X A = {(2,1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (4,1), (4, 2), (4, 3) 1

AxA = {(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3)1
uurr
BxB = {(2, 2), (2, 4), (4, 2), (4, 4)1.

ad
(A X B) n (B X A) = {(2, 2) 1
Yo
8. tt(A X B) = 20, »[(AxB)n (BxA)] = 9 10. A={x,y,zl,B = {l,21

dY
11. K = ((1,1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 4) 1
Re
innd
12. AxAxA = ((-1,-1,-1),(-1,-1,1),(-1,1,-1),(-1,1,1),(1,-1,-1),( 1,-1,1),

(1,1,-1),(1,1,1)1
FFi
13. (i) F (ii) F (hi) T

14. A X A X A = 1 (1,1,1), (1,1, 2), (1, 2,1), (1, 2, 2), (2,1,1), (2,1, 2), (2, 2,1), (2, 2, 2) 1
8. n{A X B) -n{A)xn{B) = 5x4 =20. From theorem 9 on page 2.10//A and B haven elements in
common , then (A x B) and BxA have n elements in common. Therefore,
n[(AxB)n(BxA)] = 3^=9.
*2.4 SOME USEFUL RESULTS
In this section, we intend to study some results on cartesian product of sets which are given as
theorems.
* May be skipped. Not from examination point of view.

2.8 MATHEMATICS-Xl
THEOREM 1 For any three sets A, B, C, prove that:

(i) Ax(BuC)=(AxB)u(ylxC) (ii) Ax{Br^C)= (AxB)n(AxC).
PROOF (i) Let {a, b) be an arbitrary element of A x (B u C). Then,
(a,b) s A X (B wC)
a eA and & e B u C [By definition]
a € A and {b e B orb eC) [By defL Ition of union]
(fl e A and b € 6) or (fl e A and b e C)
(fl, b) € A X B or (fl, b) eAxC => {a, b) e (A x B) u (A x C)
Ax(BuC) s(AxB)u(AxC) -(i)
Now, let {x, y) be an arbitrary element of (A x B) u (A x C). Then,
{x, y) e (A x B) u (A X C)
ww
(a:, y) e A X B or, {x,y) gAxC
(a: e A and y e B) or, (a: € A and y e C)
a: E A and (y e B or y e C)
FF loo
a: E A and y e (B uC) => (a:, y) e A x (B uC)
(A X B) u (A X C) c A X (B u C) ...(ii)
ree
Hence, from (i) and (ii), we obtain
Ax(BuC)=(AxB)u(AxC).
reFe
(ii) Let {a, b) be an arbitrary element of A x (B n C). Then,
(fl, b)eAx(BnC) oroFr
r ur
aeA andb e (BnC) [By definition]
s ff
E A and (b e B and b g C)
(fl E A and b eB) and (aeA and b g C)
k
YYouo
koso
(fl, b) G A X B and (a,b) e A x C [By definition]

(f?,b)e(AxB)n(AxC)
BBoo
Ax(BnC) c (AxB)n(AxC) -ii)

r ee
Now, let (x, y) be an arbitrary element of (Ax B) r\(Ax C). Then,

(x, y) G (A X B) n (A X C)
ad
ouur
(a:, y) g (A X B) and (x, y) g A x C

Yo
=>
(x E A and y e B) and (x e A and y g C)
X G A and (y g B and y e C)
d
Re
X G A andy e (B nC) => (x, y) g A x (B nC)

idnY
(AxB)n(AxC) c Ax(BnC) ...(ii)

FFin
Hence, from (i) and (ii), we obtain

Ax(BnC) = (Ax B)n(AxC) Q.E.D.
THEOREM 2 For any three sets A, B, C, prove that: A x (B -C) =(A x B) - (Ax C).
PROOF Let (a, b) be an arbitrary element of A x (B - C). Then,
(fl, b)GAx(B-C)
fl E A andb e (B -C)
fl E A and (b eB and b eC)
(aeA and b eB) and (a g A and b G C)
(fl, b) e (A X B) and (a, b) e(AxC) => (fl, b) e(Ax B) - (Ax C)
Ax(B-C) c (AxB)-(AxC) ...(i)
Now, let (x, y) be an arbitrary element of (A x B) - (A x C). Then,
(x, y) E (A X B) - (A X C)
(x, y) G A X B and (x, y) g A x C
(x G A and y e B) and (x g A and y G C)
2.9
RELATIONS
xiaA and (y e B and y 2 C)

X & A and ye (B - C) => (x, y) e A x (B - C)
(AxB)-(AxC) c Ax(B-C) ...(ii)
Hence, from (i) and (ii), we get
Ax{B-C) = (AxB)-(AxC) Q.E.D.
THEOREM 3 If A and B are any two non-empty sets, then prove that: AxB = BxA o A = B.
PROOF First, let A = B. Then we have to prove that Ax B = B>i A.
Now, A =B
Ax B = Ax A and Bx A = A x A [v6=A]
Ax B = Bx A
Conversely, let A x B = B x A. Then we have to prove that A = B.

Let X be an arbitrary element of A. Then,
w
a; e A
(x,b) sAx B for all fo e B
Flo
(x,b) eBx A [■: Ax B = Bx A]
xeB [By definition]
Ac B
ee
Now, let y be an arbitrary element of B. Then,
Fr
yeB
(fl, y) 6 A X B for all a € A for [●.● A X B = B X A]
ur
=> (fl, y) e B X A
y eA [By definition]
6c A
ks
Hence, A = 6. Q.E.D.
Yo
oo
THEOREM 4 If A c B, show that Ax Aq {Ax B) n{Bx A).

eB
PROOF Let (a, b) be an arbitrary element of A x A. Then,

(a,b) e A X A
a s A andb eA
r
{a eA,b sA) and (<? e A, e A)

ou
ad
(fl e A, b e B) and {a sB,b e A) [●.●

\ Ac B :.a,bEA=>a,bEB]
Y
{a, b) e{Ax B) and {a, b) e (B x A) => (a, b) e(Ax B) nt(Bx A)

A X A c (Ax B) n{Bx A)
nd
Re
Hence, A^ B => Ax A^{Ax B) n{Bx A). Q.E.D.

THEOREM 5 If A c B, prove that A x C c BxCfor any set C.
Fi
PROOF Let {a, b) be an arbitrary element of A x C. Then,

(a,b) 6 A X C
a E A andb eC
a eB and b eC ['.● A c B a eA=> a E B]
{a,b) eBxC
Thus, (a,b) eAxC ^ {a,b) eBxC for all {a, b) e{Ax C).
AxC ^ BxC. Q.E.D.
THEOREM 6 If A c BandCa D, prove that Ax C c Bx D.
PROOF Let {a, b) be an arbitrary element of A x C. Then,
{a,b) eAxC
^ a E A andb eC
=> a eB and b eD [●.● A c B and C c D]
2.10 MATHEMATICS-XI
=> (fl, b) e B X D
Thus, {a,b) e Ax C ^ {a,b) e Bx D for all {a, b) e{Ax C).
AxC ^ BxD Q.E.D.
THEOREM 7 For any sets A, B, C, D prove that: (Ax B) n(C x D) = (A nC)x (B n D)
PROOF Let {a, b) be an arbitrary element of (/I x 6) n (C x D). Then,
{a,b)eiAxB)n(CxD)
(a,b) eAxB and {a,b) eC x D
{a sA and b eB) and (<7 e C and b eD)
{a e A and a e C) and {b eB andb eD)
oww
a e (/I n C) and be B nD {a,b) e{A r\C) x {B r\D)
(AxB)n(CxD) c (^nC)x{BnD)
Similarly, (v4 n C) x {B n D) c x B) n (C x D)
Hence, (A x B) n (C x D) = (^ n C) x {B n D)
e
Q.E.D.
FFrlo
re
COROLLARY For any sets A and B, prove that (Ax B) n{B x A) ={A n B)x {B n A).
THEOREM 8 For any three sets A, B, C prove that:
ree
F
(i) Ax{B'^Cy =(AxB)n(AxC) (ii) A x (6'n C')'=(A x B) u (A x C).
PROOF (i) We have,
rF
Ax(B'uC')' = Ax((B')'n(C')') [By De-Morgan's law]
fsoor
ouur
= Ax {BrÔ = (A X B) n (A X C) [See Theorem 1]
skf
(ii) Ax{B'nCy = Ax((B')'u{C')') [By De-Morgan's Law]
= Ax(BuC) = (AxB)u(AxC) [See Theorem 1]
ooko
Yo
Q.E.D.
Y
Bo
THEOREM 9 Let A and B be two non-empty sets having n elements in common, then prove that Ax B
reB
and 6 X A have elements in common.
PROOF We have.
uur
oY
{Ax B) n{C xD) = (A nC) X (B nD) [See Theorem 7]

ad
{Ax B) r\{Bx A) = (A n B) x {B r\ A) [On replacing C by B and D by A]

dY
(A X B) n (B X A) = (A n B) X (A n 6)
It is given that A n B has n elements, so {A r\ B) x {B n A) has n"^ elements.
innd
Re
But, (A X B) n (B X A) = (A n B) x (A n B) [Proved above]

Fi
F
(A X B) n (B X A) has n^ elements.
Hence, Ax B and B x A have n~ elements in common. Q.E.D.
THEOREM 10 Let A be a non-empty set such that Ax B = Ax C. Show that B = C.

PROOF Let b be an arbitrary element of B. Then,
{a,b) e A X B for all gA
=> {a,b) eAxC for all rt g A [v Ax B=AxC]
=> beC
Thus, b eB => b eC
B C ...(i)
Now, let c be an arbitrary element of C. Then,
(fl, c) 6 A X C for all fl € A
{a, c) eA X B for all a g A [●.● Ax B = AxC]
2.11
RELATIONS
ceB
Thus, c eC => c £ 6
CcB ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get B =C.
EXERCISE 2.2
BASIC
1. Given A = (1, 2, 3J, B = {3, 4[, C = {4,5, 6}, find (A x B) n{B x C).
2. If A =(2, 31,B=(4,5},C={5, 6}, find A x (B uC), A x (B nC), (A x 6) u(AxC).
3. If A ={1, 2, 3}, B =(41,C ={5), then verify that:
(i) A X (B u C) = (A X B) u (A X C) (ii) A X (B nC) =(A X B) n(A X C)
w
(iii) Ax{B--C)=(AxB)-(AxC).
4. Let A = |1, 2), 6 = {1, 2, 3, 4), C = {5, 6} and D = \5, 6,7, 8). Verify that:
(i) Ax C cz D (ii) A X (B n C) = (A X B) n (A X C)
Flo
5. If A = (1, 2, 3!, B = {3, 4) and C = (4,5, 6), find
(i) Ax{BnC) (ii) (A X B) n(A X C) (iii)Ax(BuC) (iv) (A x B) u(A x C)
reeee
BASED ON HOTS
FFr
6. Prove that: (i) (A u B) x C = (A x C) u (B x C ) (ii) (A n B) x C = (A x C) n (B x C)
7. If AxBcCxD and Ax B^ prove that A c C and 6 c D. for
ur
ANSWERS
1. {3,4}.
kkss
2. A x (B uC) = {(2, 4), (2,5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3,5), (3, 6)1
Yo
Ax(BnC)={(2,5),(3,5)|,
oo
(A x B) u (A X C) = 1(2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 4), (3, 5), (2, 6), (3, 6)|.
eB
4. K = {(1,1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4) |
5. (i) 1(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)1 (ii) i(l,4),(2,4),(3,4)|
(iii) 1(1, 3), (1, 4), (1,5), (1, 6), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2,5), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3,5), (3, 6)1
r
ou
ad
(iv) {(1, 3), (1,4), (1,5), (1, 6), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2,5), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3,4), (3,5), (3, 6)1
YY
2.5 RELATIONS
members in the royal family of Dasrath s

Let A and B denote the sets of all male and female
ndd
Re
kingdom. Clearly, A = { Dasrath, Ram, Laxman, Shatrughan, Bharat } and B = ( Kaushalya,

Kaikai, Sumitra, Sita, Urmila, Shrutkirti, Mandvi}.
Fi
If we write R for the relation "was husband of" then the

:> Kaushalyi^
fact that Dasrath was husband of Kaushalya, Kaikai and Dasrath
Ram
—> Kaikai
—>■ Sumitra
Sumitra, Ram was husband of Sita, Laxman was husband Laxman —> Sita
Bharat —^ Urmila
of Urmila, Bharat was husband of Mandvi and Shatrughan Shatrughan
was husband of Shmtkirti can be represented as:
Fig. 2.10
Dasrath R Kaushlya, Dasrath R Kaikai, Dasrath R Sumitra,
Ram R Sita, Laxman R Urmila, Bharat R Mandvi and
Shatrughan R Shrutkirti.
Now, if we omit the letter R between the pairs of names and write them as ordered pairs, then
the above fact can also be written as a set R of ordered pairs as given below:
R = { (Dasrath, Kaushalya), (Dasrath, Kaikai), (Dasrath, Sumitra), (Ram, Sita),
(Laxman, Urmila), (Bharat, Mandvi), (Shatrughan, Shrutkirti) ).
2.12 MATHEMATICS-XI
Clearly, Rc Ax B.
A visual representation of this relation R in the form of an arrow diagram is shown in Fig. 2.10
Thus, we see that the relation "was husband of" from set A to set B gives rise to a subset R of
Ax B such that (a:, y) eRijf xRy.
Keeping this example in mind, we may define a relation as follows.
RELATION Let A and B be two sets. Then a relation R from AtoB is a subset of A x B.
Thus, 1? is a relation from AtoBc^RQAxB.
If K is a relation from a non-void set A to a non-void set B and if {a, b) e R, then we write aRb
ooww
which is read as 'a is related to b by the relation R. If (a, b) g R, then we write aRb and we say that
a is not related to b by the relation R.
ILLUSTRATION 1 If A = {1, 2, 3| and B = la, b, c}, then R = ((l, b), (2, c), (I, a), (3, a)}, being a subset
of A X B, is a relation from A to B. Here, (1, b), (2, c), (1, a) and (3, a) s R, so ive write IRb, 2Rc, IRa and
e
3Ra. But, (2, b) g R, so we write 2Rb
re
ILLUSTRATION 2 If A = la,b, c, d}, B = (p, q, r, sj, then which of the following are relations from A to
rFFl
ree
F
B? Give reasons for your answer,
rF
(i) Ri={{a,p).(b,r),(c,s)\ (ii) R2=[{q,b),{c,s),(d,r)]
(Hi) «3 = {(a, p), (a, q), {d, p), (c, r), (b, r)l (iv) R4 = {{a, p), {q, a), (b, s), {s, b)].
fsfoor
ouur
SOLUTION (i) Clearly, R-^^ Ax B. So, Rj is a relation from A to B.
kosk
(ii) Since {q, b) g R2 but (q, b) i Ax B. So, R2 ^ A x B. Thus, R2 is not a relation from A to B.
Yo
(iii) Clearly, R3 c A x B. So it is a relation from A to B.

oo
Y
(iv) R4 is not a relation from A to B, because (q, a) and (s, b) are elements of R4 but [q, a) and
BB
(s, b) are not in Ax B. As such R4 ^ A x B.

rre
TOTAL NUMBER OF RELATIONS Let A and B be two non-empty finite sets consisting of m and n
elements respectively. Then, Ax B consists of m« ordered pairs. So, total number of subsets of
oYuu
mn
ad
A X Bis 2 . Since each subset of A x B defines a relation from A to B, so total number of relations
from A to B is 2^”". Among these 2"*” relations the void relation (}) and the universal relation Ax B
dY
are trivial relations from A to B.

innd
Re
2.5.1 REPRESENTATION OF A RELATION
A relation from a set A to a set B can be represented in any one of the following forms:
Fi
F
(I) ROSTER FORM In this form a relation is represented by the set of all ordered pairs
belonging to R.
For example, if R is a relation from set A = {- 2, -1, 0,1, 2} to set B = {0,1, 4, 9,10} by the rule
aRb ^ a^ = b. Then, 0 R 0, - 2 R 4, -1 R 1,1 R 1 and 2 R 4.
So, R can be described in Roster form as R = 1(0, 0), (-1,1), (-2, 4), (1,1), (2, 4)}
(II) SET-BUILDER FORM In this form the relation R from set A to set B is represented as
^ = {(«?/ b):aeA,b€B and a, b satisfy the rule which associates a and b\.
For example, if A = {1,2, 3, 4,5}, B = 1, 1 1 i i i ....} and R is a relation from A to B
2'3'4'5'6 '
n 1 w 1 w
given by R = (1.1), V 2,^2J , 3,- , 4,- , 5
3) [ 4) {
Then, R in set-builder form can be described as: R =\{a,b): a eA,b eB and b = -
RELATIONS 2.13
It should be noted that it is not possible to express every relation from set A to set B in set-builder
form. For example, the relation K = {(1, fl), (1, c), (3, &)} from set A = {1, 2, 3, 4} to set
B = (fl, c} cannot be described in set-builder form,
(iii) BY ARROW DIAGRAM In order to represent a relation from set A to a set B by an arrow
diagram, we draw arrows from first components to the second components of all ordered pairs
belonging to R.
For example, relation R = {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 2), (1, 3), {3, 4)} from set A = {1, 2, 3, 4,5} to set
B = {2, 3,4,5, 6,7} can be represented by the arrow diagram shown in Fig. 2.11.
ww
7
6
Flo (-2-4) 4 ; (2,4)

3
e
eree
2
<■ iziS 1 g:i)' ■>
FFr
-3 -2 -1(0,0)1 2 3
X' X
oorr YV
uur r
Fig. 2.11 Arrow diagram Fig. 2.12 Lattice
sf
(iv) BY LATTICE In this form, the relation R from set A to set B is represented by darking the
dote in the lattice hr Ax B which represent the ordered pairs in R.
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For example, if R={(-3, 9), (-2, 4), (-1,1), (0, 0), (1,1), (2, 4),(3, 9)} is a relation from set
A = {-3,-2,-1, 0,1, 2, 3} to set B = (0,1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6,7, 8, 9}, then K can be represented
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by the lattice shown in Fig. 2.12.

2.5.2 DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A RELATION
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the set of all first components or coordinates of

Let R be a relation from a set A to a set B. Then,
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the ordered pairs belonging to R is called the domain of R, while the set of all second
components or coordinates of the ordered pairs in R is called the range of R.
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Thus, Dom (R) = {a: (a, b)e R) and Range (R) = {b: {a,b) eR}.
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It is evident from the definition that the domain of a relation from A to B is a subset of A and its
range is a subset of B. The set B is called the co-domain of relation R.
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ILLUSTRATION 1 If A = {1, 3,5,7|, B = {2, 4, 6, 8,10} and let R = ({1, 8), (3, 6), (5,2), (1, 4)) be a
relation from A to B. Then,
Domain (R) = (1,3,5) and Range(R) = (8, 6, 2, 4}
ILLUSTRATION 2 Let A = {1,3,5,7} and B = { 2,4,6,81 be two sets and let Rbea relation from A to
B defined by the phrase "(x, y) 6 R<=> x > y". Under this relation R, we obtain 3R2,5R2,5R4,7R2, 7R4
and 7R6
i.e. R = 1(3, 2), (5, 2), (5, 4), (7, 2), (7, 4), (7, 6)j.
Domain (R) = (3,5,7) andRange(R) = (2,4,6)
ILLUSTRATION 3 If R is a relation from set A = {2,4,5} to set B = (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8} defined by
xRy o X divides y.
ii) Write Ras a set of ordered pairs, (ii) Find the domain and the range ofR.
SOLUTION (i) Clearly, 2R2, 2R4, 2R6, 2R8, 4R4, and 4R8.
R = ((2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (2, 8), (4, 4), (4, 8))
2.14 MATHEMATICS-XI
(ii) Clearly, Domain (i?) = {2,4 } and Range (R) = { 2,4,6,8 }

RELATION ON A SET Let A be a non-void set. Then, a relation from A to itself i.e. a subset of A x A, is
called a relation on set A.
2.5.3 INVERSE OF A RELATION
INVERSE RELATION Let A, B be two sets and letRbea relation from a set A to a set B. Then, the inverse
ofR, denoted by R"\ is a relation from BtoA and is defined by R~^ = {{b, a): {a, b) e R}.
Clearly, (fl, cf) sR {b,a) eR"^
Also, Dom (R) = Range (R and. Range (R) = Dom (R
ILLUSTRATION 1 Lef A ={1, 2, 3), B~{a,b, c, d\ be two sets and let R ={(1, a), (1, c),(2, d), (2, c)}
be a relation from A to B. Then, R~^ = {{a,l),{c,l),{d,2),(c,2)] isarelationfromBtoA.
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Also, Dom(R)=^ll,2} = Range{R ^), and Range(R) = {a,c,d} = Dom{R ^).
ILLUSTRATION 2 Let A be the set of first ten natural numbers and let Rbea relation on A defined by
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(.V, y) e R <=> + 2y = 10i.e. R ={(x, y):xeA,y eAandx + 2y = 10}. Express Rand R~âs sets of
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ordered pairs. Also, determine (i) domains ofR and R“^ (ii) ratiges ofR and R~^.
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SOLUTION We have,
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10 -;r
(x,y) e R ^ X + 2y = 10 o y = —-—, X, y e A where A ={1, 2, 3,4,5, 6,7, 8, 9,10}.
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, 10-1
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Now,
2 2
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Tliis shows that 1 is not related to any element in A. Similarly, we can observe that 3,5,7,9 and
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10 are not related to any element of A under the defined relation.

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Further we find that:

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For X = 2, ^y=i^
2
= 4 € A. Therefore, (2, 4) € R
. 10-4
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For a: = 4, y= = 3 e A. Therefore, (4, 3) € R

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2
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For X =
^ 10-6
= 2sA. Therefore, (6,2) e R
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For X = 8,
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Therefore, (8,1) e R
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Thus, R = {(2, 4), (4, 3), (6, 2), (8,1)) ^ R~^ = {(4, 2), (3,
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4), (2, 6), (1, 8)}
Clearly, Dom(R) =(2, 4, 6, 8} = Range (R"^) and. Range (R) ={4, 3, 2,1} = Dom(R“^).
Tijpe I ON EXAMINING WHETHER A SET OF ORDERED PAIRS REPRESENTS A RELATION OR NOT
EXAMPLE 1 If A = {1,2,3), B = {4,5,6}, luhich of the following are relationsfrom A to B? Give reasons
hi support of your answer:
(i) Ri = {(l,4),(l,5),(l,6)| (ii) R2=1(1,5), (2,4), (3,6)}
(iii) R3 = {(1,4), (1,5), (3,6), (2,6), (3,4)} (iv) R4=1(4,2),(2,6),(5, 1), (2,4)}.
SOLUTION (i) Clearly, Rj c A x B. So, it is a relation from A to B.
(ii) Clearly, R2 £ A x B. So, it is a relation from A to B.
RELATIONS 2.15
(iii) Clearly, Ax B. So, it is a relation from A to B.

(iv) Since (4,2) e R4 but (4,2) € A x B. So, R4 is not a relation from A to B.
Type II ON DESCRIBING A RELATION AND ITS INVERSE AS A SET OF ORDERED PAIRS AND
FINDING THEIR DOMAINS AND RANGES
EXAMPLE 2 A relation R is defined from a set A = (2, 3, 4, 5 } to a set B = { 3, 6, 7,10} as follows:

{x, y)eR <=> X divides y. Express Rasa set of ordered pairs and determine the domain and range ofR.
Also, find
SOLUTION Recall that a j b stands for 'a divides b'. For the elements of the given sets A and 6, we
find that 216,2 ] 10,313,316, and 5110.
(2, 6) e R, (2,10) e R, {3, 3) e R, (3, 6) e R and (5,10) e R.
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Thus, R=|(2,6),{2,10), (3,3),{3,6),{5,10)1.
Clearly, Dom (R) = { 2,3,5 } and. Range (R) = { 3,6,10 |.
Also, R-l = {(6,2), (10,2), (3,3), (6,3), (10,5) 1.
EXAMPLE 3 IfRis the relation "less than "from A = { 1,2,3,4,5 }toB = ( 1,4,5}, write down the set of
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ordered pairs corresponding to R. Find the inverse of R.
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SOLUTION It is given that (a:, y) e R <=> x < y, where xeA and y e B.
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For the elements of the given sets A and B, we find that
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1<4, 1<5, 2<4, 2<5, 3<4, 3<5 and 4 < 5
(1,4) e R, (1,5) e R, (2,4) e R, (2, 5) e R, (3, 4) 6 R, (3, 5) g R and (4, 5) 6 R.
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Thus, R = 1 (1, 4), (1,5), (2,4), (2, 5), (3,4), (3, 5), (4, 5)}.
R-1 = {(4,1), (5,1), (4, 2), (5, 2), (4, 3), (5, 3), (5, 4) | = {{x, y): a: e B, y g A and x > yl-
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EXAMPLE 4 A relation R is defined on the set Z of integers as: (a:, y) e R <r> x^ + y^ = 25.
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Express R and R~^ as the sets of ordered pairs and hence find their respective domains.
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SOLUTION We have,
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(.r, y) G R + y^ = 25 o y = ± ■JlB-x^
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We observe that from the above relation x = 0 gives y = ± 5.

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(0,5) e R and (0, -5) g R

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Similarly, x = ± 3 => y = ^25 ~ 9 = ± 4

(3, 4) G R, (- 3,4) G R, (3, -4) G R and (-3, -4) g R
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X =
±4=>y = ^25-16=± 3
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(4, 3)gR,(-4, 3)gR,(4, - 3) e R and (-4, - 3) g R

x = ±5=i>y=.j25 - 25 =0
(5,0)GRand(-5,0)eR
We also notice that for any other integral value of x, the value of y given by y = ± x^ is not
an integer.
R = {(0, 5), (0, -5), (3, 4), (-3, 4), (3, -A), (-3, -A), (4, 3), (-4, 3), (4, -3), {-A, -3), (5, 0), (-5, 0) 1
^ R-^ = {(5, 0), (-5, 0), (4, 3), (4, -3), (-4,3), (^, -3), (3, 4), (3, -4), (-3, 4), (-3, -A), (0,5), (0, -5))
Clearly, Domain (R) = { 0, 3, -3,4, -A, 5, -5 ) = Domain (R~^).
EXAMPLE 5 Let R be the relation on the set N of natural numbers defined by
R = [{a, b): a + 3b =12, a eN,b eN}.
Find: (i) R (ii) Domain of R (iii) Range of R
SOLUTION (i) We have, a+ 3b = 12 => a = 12-3b
2.16 MATHEMATICS-XI
Putting^ = 1, 2, 3 respectively in the above relation, we get r? = 9, 6, 3 respectively.

For b-4c, a = 12-3b gives a = 0 which does not belong to N. Also, values of a given by a = 12 - 3b
do not belong to N for all b>4.
R = 1(9,1), (6, 2), (3, 3)1
(ii) Domain of = (9, 6, 3}
(iii) Range of i? ={1, 2, 3}
Type III ON REPRESENTING A RELATION BY USING AN ARROW DIAGRAM
EXAMPLE 6 Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6}. Define a relation Ronset Aby R = {(a:, y)\y = x + 1\
(i) Depict this relation using an arrow diagram (ii) Write down the domain, co-domain and range o/R.
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SOLUTION (i) Putting X = 1,2, 3, 4,5, 6 respectively in y = x + 1, we get y = 2,3, 4,5, 6,7
respectively.
(1, 2) e R, (2, 3) e R, (3, 4) 6 R, (4,5) 6 K, (5, 6) e K and (6,7) g R.
For a: = 6, we get y = 7 which does not belong to set A.
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Hence, R =|(1,2), (2, 3), (3,4), (4,5), (5, 6)1
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The arrow diagram representing R is as follows.
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(ii) Clearly, Domain (R) =(1, 2, 3, 4,5), Range (R) = {2, 3, 4,5, 6).
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EXAMPLE 7 Figure 2.14 shows a relation R between the setsPandQ. Write this relation R in (i) Roster
form (ii) Set builder form. What is its domain and range?
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F
SOLUTION (i) It is evident from the figure that

R = 1(9, 3), (9, - 3), (4, 2), (4 - 2), (25,5), (25 -5)}
(ii) It is evident from R, that it consists of elements (x, y),
where x is the square of y i.e. a: = y^.
Therefore, relation R in set builder form is R = {(a:, y): x = y^ , x eP,y eQ}.
The domain and range of R are {9,4, 251 arid (-5, -3,-2, 2, 3,5} respectively.
REMARK In the above example, the range of relation R is not same as the set Q. The set Q is known as the
co-domain.
Type IV ON PROVING RESULTS BASED ON THE DEFINITION OF A RELATION

EXAMPLES Let R be a relation on Q defined by R ={{a,b):a,b eQ and a~b & Z\.
Show that:
(i) (a, fl) E R for alia eQ (ii) (a, b) eR => (b, a) eR

(iii) (a,b)eR and (b,c)eR => (a,c)eR. [NCERT]
RELATIONS 2.17
SOLUTION (i) For any fl 6 Q, we have

a-a = 0 eZ
=> {a, fl) s R

Hence, (fl, a) eR for all a eQ.
(ii) Let (fl, b) e R. Then,
(fl,&) gR
=> fl-fa G Z, where fl, b G Q
b -fl eZ [v b-fl = -(fl-b)]
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=> {b,a)eR
(hi) Let (fl, b) G R and (b, c) g R. Then,
(fl, b)GR and (b,c)eR
^ fl - b G Z and b-ceZ ^ (fl-b) + (b-c)€Z ^ a-cgZ ^ (fl, c)eR
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Let R be a relation on N defined by R ={{a,b):a,b eN and a-b I.
EXAMPLE 9
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Art? the following true:
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(i) (fl, fl) € R/or fl//fl G N (ii) (fl, b)eR => {b,a)eR
(hi) (fl, b) G R, (b, c) G R (fl, c) g R [NCERT]
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Justify your answer in each case.
SOLUTION (i) We observe that a = a^ is true for a = 1 gN only. Therefore, (1,1) gR. But,
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(2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4) etc do not belong to R. So, (fl, fl) g R for all fl e N is not true,
(ii) We observe that (4, 2) g R, because 4 = 2^. But, (2, 4) R as 2 4^.
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So, (fl, b) e R ^ (b, fl) G R is not true for all a,b eN.
(hi) We observe that (16, 4) g R and (4, 2) g R. However, (16, 2) g R.
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So, (fl, b) G R and (b, c) g R (a, c) g R is not true for all a, b, c g N.

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EXAMPLE 10 Let a relation Rj on the set R of all real numbers be defined as {a,b) e R^ 1 + flb > 0/or
all a, b eR. Show that: (i) (a, fl) g R^^/or a//fl g R (ii) (fl, b)€Ri => (b,a) eRiforalla,b eR
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SOLUTION (i) For any fl gR, we find that 1 + fl^ >0^ (a, a) eRi.Thus,(fl, fl) g R^forallfl g R.
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(ii) Let (fl, b) G R|. Then,

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(fl, b)GRi^ 1 + flb >0=^ l+bfl>0=> (b,fl)GRi

Thus, (fl, b) gR;^ ^ (b, fl) G Rj for allfl, b 6 R.
EXAMPLE!! Let R be the relation on the set Z of all integers d^ned by {x, y) s R => x - y is divisible
byn. Prove that:
(i) {x, x) sR for all X eZ (ii) (x, y) € R => (y, x) G R for all x,y ^Z
(hi) (x, y) G R flnd(y,2) G R => (x,z) eRfor all x, y,z eR.
SOLUTION (i) For any x € Z, we have
x-x = 0 - 0xn=> x-xis divisible by« ^ (x, x) eR
Thus, (x, x) G R for all x g Z.
(ii) Let (x, y) g R. Then,
(x, y) G R
^ X - y is divisible by n
=> x-y = Xn for sameXsZ
2.18 MATHEMATICS-XI
y-x = (-A.)n
y - X is divisible by n [●.● XeZ ^ -XeZ]
=>
{y, x)eR
Thus, {x, y) eR => {y, x) e R for all x,y eZ.
{iii) Let (x, y) eR and (y, z) e R. Then,
{x,y)eR => - y is divisible by n ^ x - y = >.« for some A. e Z
(y,z)eR => y-z is divisible by n => y-z = for some n e Z
{x, y) e R and (y, z) e R
=> x-y = Xn and y-z =
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{x-y)+{y-z) = In + nn
=> x-z = {X + ]x)n
=> a: - z is divisible by n [●.● X + )i e Z]
=> {x, z) e R
Thus, {x, y) 6 R and (y, z) e R ^ (a:, z) € R.
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EXERCISE 2.3
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BASIC
1. If/l = {1,2,3 },B= (4,5,6}, which of the following are relations from/I to B? Give reasons in
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support of your answer.
(i) {(1,6), (3,4), (5, 2) I (ii) ((1,5), (2,6), (3,4), (3,6)1
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(iii) {(4,2), (4,3), (5,1)1 (iv) B.
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2. A relation R is defined from a set A = (2,3,4,5) to a set B = { 3, 6,7,10 } as follows:
(a:, y) € R a: is relatively prime to y
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Express R as a set of ordered pairs and determine its domain and range.
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3. Let A be the set of first five natural numbers and let R be a relation on A defined as follows:
Bo
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(a:, y) eR a: <y
Express R and R“^ as sets of ordered pairs. Determine also
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(i) the domain of R (ii) the range of R.
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4. Find the inverse relation R~^ in each of the following cases:

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(i) R = {(1,2),(1,3),(2,3),(3,2),(5,6)1
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(ii) R ={(a:, y) :a:, y eN, At + 2y = 8}

(iii) R is a relation from ( 11,12,13 1 to ((8,10,12| defined by y = a: - 3.
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5. Write the following relations as the sets of ordered pairs:

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(i) A relation R from the set { 2,3,4,5,6 j to the set {1,2,3 1 defined by a: = 2y.
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(ii) A relation R on the set {1,2,3,4, 5, 6, 7 1 defined by

(a:, y) € R o x is relatively prime to y.
(iii) A relation R on the set { 0,1,2,..., 10 } defined by 2x+ 3y = 12.
(iv) A relation R from a set A = { 5, 6, 7, 8 1 to the set B = (10,12,15, 16,18} defined by
(x,y) eR o a: divides y.
6. Let R be a relation in N defined by (a:, y) e R <=> a: + 2y = 8. Express R and R"^ as sets of
ordered pairs.
7. Let A = {3,5} and B = (7,11}. Let R =[{a, b) :a e A,b eB, a - b is odd ). Show that R is an
empty relation from A into B.
8. Let A = (1, 2} and B = {3, 4}. Find the total number of relations from A into B.
9. Determine the domain and range of the relation R defined by
(i) R = {(a:, a: + 5): a: e {0,1, 2, 3,4,5}} [NCERT]
(ii) R ={(a:, at'^) :x is a prime number less than 10 } [NCERT]
RELATIONS 2.19
10. Determine the domain and range of the following relations:

(i) R = {{a,b):aeN,a<5,b = 4)
(ii) S = {{a, b)-.b = \a -l \, a eZ and | «| < 31
11. Let A = \a, b\. List all relations on A and find their number.
12. Let/I ={x, y,z}andB ={a, l;}.Find the total number of relations from A into B. [NCERTl
13. Let K be a relation from N to N defined by R = {{a, b)\a,b eN and a = b^].

Are the following statements true?
(i) (fl, fl) € R for alia eN (ii) {a,b)eR => (b,fl)€R
(iii) (a, b) eR and (b, c) eR => (fl, c) e R
14. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 14). Define a relation on a set A by R ^[{x, y) \2>x ~y = Q, x,y .Â).
Depict this relationship using an arrow diagram. Write down its domain, co-domain and
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range.
15. Define a relation R on the set N of natural numbers by
R = {(a:, y): y = .r + 5, a: is a natural number less than 4, a:, y e N).
Depict this relationship using (i) roster form (ii) an arrow diagram. Write down the domain
and range orR.
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16. A = {1, 2, 3,5} and B = {4, 6, 9). Define a relation R from A to B by
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R = {(a:, y): the difference between x and y is odd, at e A, y e B}. Write R in Roster form.
[NCERTl
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17. Write the relation R = {(a:, a:^) : a: is a prime number less than 10 } inrosterform. [NCERT]
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18. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6). Let R be a relation on A defined by
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R = {{a, b):a,b €A,bis exactly divisible by a )
(i) Write R in roster form (ii) Find the domain of R (iii) Find the range of R. [NCERT]
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19. Figure 2.15 shows a relationship between the sets P and Q. Write this relation in
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(i) set builder form (ii) roster form. What is its domain and range? [NCERT]
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P Q
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5 ■» 3
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4
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Fig. 2.15
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20. Let R be the relation on Z defined by R = {(i7, b) :a,b eZ, a -b is an integer}. Find the
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domain and range of R. [NCERTl
21. For the relation R^ defined on R by the rule (fl, 1?) e Rj <=> l + ab>0.
Prove that: {a, b) e R^ and (b, c) e R^ => (a, c) e R^ is not tnie for all a,b,ce R.
22. Let R be a relation on N .xN defined hy {a, b) R {c, ct) a + d = b + c for all («, b),
{c, d) sN X N. Show that:
(i) (a, b) R {a, b] for all (a, b) e N x N
(ii) (iJ, b) R{c,d) => (c, d) R (a, b) for all {a, b), (c, tf) e N x N
(iii) (fl, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R{e,f)=> (a, b) R{e,f) for all (a, h), (c, d),{e,f)^NxN
ANSWERS
1. (i) It is not a relation from A to B.

(ii) It is a subset of A x B, so it is a relation from A to B.
(iii) It is not a relation from A to B as it is not a subset of A x B.
(iv) It is a relation from A to B.
2.20 MATHEMATICS-XI
2. R={ (2,3),(2, 7),(3,7), (3,10), (4,3), (4,7), (5,3), (5,6), (5,7)}

3. R = { (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (4,4), (4,5),
(5,5)1
(5,5)}
Domain of = {1,2,3,4,5 } = Range of R.
4. (i) R-l = {(2,1), (3,1), (3,2), (2,3), (6,5)} (ii)R-^ = ((3,2), (2,4), (1,6)1
(iii) R-^ = {(8,11), (10,13)}
5. (i) {(2,1), (4,2), (6,3))
(5,7), (6,5), (6,7), (7,2), (7,3), (7,4), (7,5), (7,6)}

(iii) 1(0,4), (3,2), (6,0)) (iv) ((5,10), (5,15), (6,12), (6,18), (8,16)}
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6. R=((2,3),(4,2),(6,l)| R-i = {(3,2), (2,4), (1,6)} 8. 16
9. (i) DomainR=10,l,2, 3, 4,5}, Range R= {5, 6,7,8,9,10)
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(ii) Domain R = {2, 3,5,7), Range R = {8, 27,125, 343}
10. (i) DomainR ={1, 2, 3, 4), RangeR ={4)
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Domains = {0,-1,-2,-3,1,2, 3), Range S ={0,1, 2, 3,4}
(ii) S = {(0,1)), (-1, 2), (- 2, 3), {- 3, 4), (1, 0), (2,1), (3, 2)}
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11. 16 12. 64 13. (i) No (ii) No (iii) No
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14. Domain (R) - {1, 2, 3, 4), Co-domain (R) = A,Range(R) = {3,6,9,12}
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15. (i) R = {(1,6), (2,7), (3, 8)} (ii) Domain (R) = [1,2,3], Range (R) = { 6,7,8 )
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16. R = {(1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 9), (3, 4), (3, 6), (5, 4), (5, 6)}
17. R = {{2, 8), (3, 27), (5,125), (7, 343)}
18. (i) R = {(1,1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1,5), (1, 6), (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 6), (4, 4),
(5.5), (6, 6)}
(ii) Domain(R)={l, 2, 3, 4,5, 6} (iii) Range(R)={l,2, 3, 4,5, 6}
19. (i) R={{x,y)-.y = x-2,xeP,yBQ} (ii) R = {(5, 3), (6, 4), (7, 5)}
Domain (R) ={5, 6,7), Range (R) = 3, 4, 5
20. (i) Domain (R) = Z, Range (R) = Z
RELATIONS 2.21
8. We have, n (A) = 2, n (B) = 2. Therefore, n (A x B) = 2 x 2 = 4. So, there are 2* = 16

relations from A to B.
9. (i) R={(i,:c+5):.V6{0,1,2, 3,4,5)} = 1(0,5), (1, 6), (2,7), (3, S), (4, 9), (5,10)}
Domain (R) = {0,1, 2, 3, 4,5} and. Range (R) = {5, 6,7, 8, 9,10}
(ii) R ={(x, : x is a prime number less than 10} = {(2, 8), (3, 27), (5,125), (7 , 343)}
Domain (R) = {2, 3,5,7}, and Range (R) = {8, 27,125, 343}
10. (i) R = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 4)}. Therefore,Domain (R) = {1, 2, 3, 4}, Range (R) = {4}
(ii) S= {(- 3, 4), (-2, 3), (-1, 2), (0,1), (1, 0), (2,1), (3, 2)}
Domain (S) = {- 3, - 2, -1, 0,1, 2, 3}, and Range (S) = {0,1, 2, 3, 4}
ww
12. Here A has 3 elements and B has 2 elements. Therefore, total number of relations from A to
3x2
Bis 2 = 64.
13. (i) No, because (2, 2) g R. (ii) No, because (4, 2) e R but (2, 4) g R.
Flo
(iii) No, because (16, 4) e R and (4, 2) e R but (16, 2) g R.
ee
14. R ={(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4,12)}. Domain (R) = (1,2, 3, 4}, and Range(R) = {3, 6, 9,12}.
rere
rFF
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foor
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15. (i) R = {(x, y): y = X + 5, a: is a natural number less than 4, a:, y e N) = {(1, 6), (2,7), (3,8)}
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(ii) Domain (R) ={1, 2, 3}, and Range (R) =(6,7, 8}

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6
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>
2
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innd
3
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Fig. 2.19
16. We have, A = {1,2, 3,5}, B = {4,6,9}

R = {(a:, y): the difference between x andy is odd, a' € A, y e B}
^ R = 1(1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 9), (3, 4), (3, 6), (5, 4), (5, 6)}
17. We have, R = {(a:, a:^): a: is a prime number less than 10}
R = 1(2, 8), (3, 27), (5,125), (7, 343)1
18. (i) We have, R = {{a,b)\a,b e A,b is exactly divisible by a], where A = (1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6}.
.-. R = 1(1,1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1,5), (1, 6), (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, Q, (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6))
(i) Domain R= (1,2, 3,4,5, 6) (ii) Range R ={1,2, 3, 4,5, 6}
19.(i) ((a:, y): y = a: -2, a: e (5, 6,7}, y e {3, 4,5)} (ii) {(5, 3), (6, 4), (7,5)1
Domain R = |5, 6,7}, and Range R = {3, 4,5}
2.22 MATHEMATICS-XI
20. The relation K on Z is defined by R =[{a,b): a, h gZ, a -b is an integer}

Since fl - & is an integer for all a , b e Z. So, domain (J?) = Z = Range (K).
n f 1
21. We find that: 1,— eRi and — ,-4 eRiasl+ —^- > 0 and 1 + -(-4)>0.
I 2j ^ 2 ) ^ I 2
But, 1+lx -4 ^0. So,(l,-4)gRi.
22. (i) We know that a + b = b + a ioT all a, b e N. Therefore, (a, b) R {a, b) for all a,b eN
(ii) (a,b) R{c, d) a + d = & + c => c + b = d + a => {c, d) R (a,b)
(iii) {a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R(e,f)
^ a + d = b + c and c + f = d 4- e
a + d + c + f = b + c + d + e => a + f = b + e => {a, b) R {e, f)
ww
FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)
1. Let n (A) =m and »(B) =ti Then, the total number of non-empty relations that can be
Flo
defined from A to B is
e
2. The smallest reflexive relation on a set A is the
ere
3. If A and Bare two sets such that n( A) =5 and n(B) = 7, then the total number of relations on
FFr
A X B is
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4. A relation R on a set A is a symmetric relation iff
orr
sfo
5. If R and S are two equivalence relations on a set A, then R n S is
6. If (1, 3), (2,5) and (3, 3) are three elements of A B and «(A x B) = 6, then the remaining
kks
X
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oooo
three elements of A x B are
7. The total number of reflexive relations on a finite set having n elements is

eBB
8. IfR ={(JT, y) :x, y e W, + y^ = 25}, then Domain (R) = and Range (R) =.
urr
9. The relation R = {{x, y): x, y e Z, x^ + y^ = 64} is

ad
YYo
10. If A ={x :x 6 W, X <2j, B ={x: X gN, 1 <x <5}andC={3,5}, thenA x (BnC) =

11. If R = {{x, y): where x e R and -5 :£ x ^ 5} is a relation, then range (R) =
dd
Re
12. If n (A n B') -9,n (A' n B) = 10 and n (A u B) = 24, then n {A x B) =

inn
13. If A = {3,5, 6, 9} and R is a relation in A defined as R = {(x,y): x + y < 18}, then R in roster
F
form is
14. If m(Ax B) = 200 and n (A) =50, then the number of elements in P(B) is
15. If A ={1, 2, 3, 4, 4,5, 6}, then the number of subsets of A containing elements 2,3 and 5
is
ANSWERS
1 2. Identity relation 3. 2
35
4. R =R"^
2
n -n
5. an equivalence relation 6. (1,5), (2, 3), (3,5) 7. 2
8. {0, 3,4,5},{0, 3,4,5} 9. symmetric 10. {{0, 3), (1,3)}

11. [- 3,17] 12. 210
RELATIONS 2.23
13. R = {{3,3), (3,5), (3,6), (3,9), (5,3), (5,6), (5,9{, (6,3), (6,5), (6,6), (6,9), (9,3), (9,5), (9,6)1
14. 2^ 15. 8
question:
1. HA = {1,2,4},B = {2,4,5}andC=|2,5},write{^-C)x(B-C).
2. If«(A) = 3, H (B) = 4, then write n{Ax Ax B).
3. If R is a relation defined on the set Z of integers by the rule (x, y) e R <=> = 9, then
write domain ofR.
ww
4. IfR = 1(a:, y): a:, y e Z, + y^ <4} is a relation defined on the set Z of integers, then write
domain of R.
Flo
5. If R is a relation from set A = {11,12,13) to set 6 = |8,10,12) defined by y = a.' - 3, then
e
write R“ I
reree
6- Let A = {1, 2, 3) and R = {{a, b) -b^ \ <5, a,b
r FF
e A). Then write R as set of ordered
pairs.
uurr
7. Let R = {(a:, y): a:, y e Z, y = 2a: - 4). If {a, - 2) and (4,
foor
e R, then write the values of
a and b.
ks s
8. IfR = 1(2,1), (4,7), (1,-2),...), then write the linear relation between the components of
Yoo
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the ordered pairs of the relation R.

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9. IfA = {l,3,5)andB = {2, 4},listtheelements of R, if R = {(a:, y): at, y e A x B and a: > y).
10. If R = [{x, y): a:, y s W, 2a: + y = 8), then vmte the domain and range of R.
uurr
11. Let A and B be two sets such that«(A) = 3 and n (B) = 2. If (x, 1), (y, 2), (z, 1) are in A x B,
ad
write A and B.
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12. Let A = |1, 2, 3,5), B = (4, 6, 9) and R be a relation from A to B defined by

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R = {(a:, y): a: - y is odd ). Write R in roster form.

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innd
ANSWERS
Fi
1. 1(1, 4), (4, 4)1 2. 36 3. Domain (R) = {- 3, 0, 3)

4. Domain (R) = |-2,-1, 0,1, 2) 5.1(8,11), (10,13)1
6. 1(1,1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2,1), (2, 3), (3, 2)} 7. = 1,& = ±2
8. y = 3a:-5 9. {(3, 2), (5, 2), (5,4)1
10. Domain (R) = (0,1, 2, 3, 4), Range (R) = (0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
11. A={.Y,y,2},B=U,21 12. R = 1(1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 9), (3, 4), (3, 6), (5, 4), (5, 6)}
Mark the correct alternative in each of the follozving:

1. If A = 1 1,2,4 1, B = 1 2,4,5 1, C = I 2,5 1, then (A - B) x (B -C) is
(a) 1(1,2), (1,5), (2,5)1 (b) 1(1,4)}
(c) (1,4) (d) none of these.
2.24 MATHEMATICS-XI
2. If K is a relation on the set /I = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} given by xRi/<=>i/ = 3x, then R=

(a) ((3,1), (6,2), (8,2), (9,3)} (b) {(3,1), (6,2), (9,3)1
(c) ((3,1), (2,6), (3,9)1 (d) none of these.
3. Let A = 11,2,3 I, B = 11,3,5 ]. If relation R from A to B is given by R = | (1,3), (2,5), (3,3) I-
Then, R”^ is
(a) {(3,3), (3,1), (5, 2)1 (b) {(1,3), (2,5), (3,3)1
(c) {(1,3), (5,2)1 (d) none of these.
4. If A = {1,2,3 1, B = {1,4,6,9 j and R is a relation from A to B defined by 'x is greater than y.
The range of R is
(b) {4,6,9} (c) { 1 1 (d) none of tliese.
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(a) 11,4,6,9}
5. If R = {(:c, y): X, y e Z, x^ + < 4) is a relation on Z, then domain of R is
Floo
(a) {0,1,2} (b) 10,-I,-2} (c) { -2, -1,0,1,2 1 (d) none of these.
6. A relationR is defined from {2,3,4,5 } to {3,6,7,10}by: a: R y <=> x is relatively prime to y.
e
eere
Then, domain of R is
(a) 12,3,5} (b) 13,5} (c) {2,3,4} (d) {2,3,4,5 1.
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7. A relation (j) from C to R is defined by a: (|) y o | a: j = y. Which one is correct?
oorr
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(a) (2+30<|>13 (b) 3({)(-3) (c) (1+0<|>2 (d)
s ff
8. Let R be a relation on N defined by a: + 2 y = 8. The domain of R is
(d) 11,2,3,41.
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(a) {2,4,8} (b) {2,4,6,8 1 (c) 12,4,6)

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9. R is a relation from {11,12,13 } to { 8,10,12 } defined by y = a: - 3. Then, R Ms

eBB
(a) 1(8,11), (10,13)1 (b) {(11,8), (13,10)1

(c) I (10,13), (8,11), (12,10)1 (d) none of these.
uurr
10. If the set A has p elements, B has q elements, then the number of elements in A x B is
ad
(d) p^
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{a) p + q (b) p + q + 1 (c) pq

11. Let R be a relation from a set A to a set B, then
dY
(a) R = A u B (b) R=AnB (c) Rq Ax B (d) R c B X A.

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nind
12. If R is a relation from a finite set A having m elements to a finite set B having n elements,
FFi
then the number of relations from A to B is
(b) 2"'” -1
nw
(a) 2 (c) 2m?7 (d)
13. If R is a relation on a finite set having n elements, then the number of relations on A is
2
(a) 2' (b) 2
n
(c) (d) n".
14. Let «(A) = m and n (B) = n. Then the total number of non-empty relations that can be defined
from A to B is
mil
(a) (b) (c) mn-\ (d) 2 -1
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a)

10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (d)
RELATIONS 2.25
ACTIVITY
OBJECTIVE To explain the meaning of Cartesian product of two sets.

MATERIALS REQUIRED Cardboard, chart paper, pencil, scale, nails etc.
STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION
Step I Take a cardboard and a chart paper. Fix the chart paper on the cardboard.
Step II Draw two mutually perpendicular lines on the chart paper, one horizontal and one
vertical.
ww
Step III Take two sets ^ and B. LetA 02, ^3,^4, %} andB = {b-^,b2,b^,b^}.
Step IV Mark points A^, A2, A3, A4, A5 on horizontal line to represent points flj, ^2/
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and ^5 respectively. Similarly, mark points Bi,B2, B3 and B4 on the vertical line to
e
represent bj, ^2, b^ and b^ respectively.
ree
Step V Draw vertical lines through Aj, A2, A3, A4, A5 and horizontal lines through
Fr
rF
Bl, B2, B3 and B4. At the points of intersection of the horizontal and vertical lines fix
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nails. Points represented by these nails represent AxB. for
STEPS OF DEMONSTRATION
s
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Step I Let the points of intersection of horizontal and vertical lines be

Yo
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Cii, Ci2/ C13, C14, C15, C21, C22/ C23/C24, C25, C31, C32, C33, C34, C35, C41, C42,
C 43/ ^44,045.
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Step II Clearly, point C,y in step II represents the order pair {Oi, bj); f = 1, 2, 3, 4,5 = 1, 2, 3, 4.
ur
ad
y/^
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B4
*
dd
^41 1^42 ;^43 ’^44 ;‘^45

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C3J I C32 ; C33 1 C34 ■ C35

F
«2
C2I C22 . C23 C24 C25
81 Y--
. - -
*^11 : ^12 ^13 c 14 ■ ^15

4. .4.
●»
o
A2 A^ A^ A^ X
Fig. 2.20
SUMMARY
1 ● An ordered pair consists of two objects or elements in a given fixed order.

2. bj) =(/?2/^2) (2j=fl2 and bj =b2
3. If A and B are two non-empty sets, then A x B = {{a, b):aeA,b eB\ is called the cartesian
product of A and B. If A and B are finite sets having m and n elements respectively, then
AxB has mn elements.
2.26 MATHEMATICS-XI
4. R X R = {(at, y):x,y .€R\is the set of all points in xy-plane.

5. R X R X R = {{x,y,z)\x,y,z^R] set of all points in three dimensional space.
6. For any three sets we have
(i) Ax(BwC) = (AxB)u(/lxC) (ii) Ax{Br^C) = {AxB)n{AxC)
(iii) Ax(B-C)=AxB-^xC (iv)AxB = BxA A=B
(v) (AxB)n(BxA) = (AnB)x(BnA) (vi) A x (B'uC')' = (AxB)n(AxC)
(vii) Ax{B'nC')' =(AxB)u(AxC) (viii) AxB=AxC => B=C
7. Let A and B be two sets. A relation from A to B is a subset of A x B.
mtJ
relations can be
8. If A and B are finite sets having m and n elements respectively. Then, 2
ooww
defined from A to B.
9. If R is a relation from set A to set B, then

Domain (R) = {x;{x, y)eR}, Range (R) = (y: (j:, i/) e R)
10. A relation from a set A to itself is called a relation on A.
e
ree
11. Let A, B be two sets and let R be a relation from set A to set B. Then the inverse of R, denoted
rFl
by R” is a relation from B to A and is defined by R ^ ={(b, <?): (o, e R).
Fre
rrF
Clearly, (fl, e R (/;, fl)eR“^
Domain (R) = Range(R“^), and Range (R) = Domain(R~ ^).
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sffoo
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Yo
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Y
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rre
ouu
YY
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dd
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iinn
F
CHAPTER 3
FUNCTIONS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
w
In this chapter, we shall study about one of the most important concepts in mathematics known
as a function. Functions form one of the most important building blocks of Mathematics. The
word "Function" is derived from a Latin word meaning operation and the words mapping and
Flo
map are synonimus to it. Functions play a very important role in differential and integral
calculus. In this chapter, we shall introduce the concept of a function as a correspondence
ee
between two sets. We shall also study function as a relation from one set to the other set.
Fr
3.2 FUNCTION AS A SPECIAL KIND OF RELATION
DEFINITION Let A and B be two non-empty sets. A relation ffrom A to B, i.e., a subset ofAxB, is
or
called a function (or a mapping or a map) fro?n A to B, if
ur
(i) for each aeA there exists b eB such that (a, cf) e /
sf
(ii) (a, b) ef and (a, c) ef => b = c.
ok
Thus, a non-void subset/of /I x B is a fimction from A to B if each element of A appears in some

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ordered pair in/and no two ordered pairs in/have the same first element.
Bo
If (a, b) e/, then b is called the image of a under/.

ILLUSTRATION i Let A = (1,2,3), B = {2,3,4 }andfyf2 andf^ be three subsets of Ax B as given
re
below:
/l ={(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}, /2 = 1 (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 4)} ,f^ = {(1, 3), (2, 4)).
ou
ad
Then.-f^ is a functionfrom AtoB but f2 aiidf^ are not functions from A to B./2 is not a function from A to
Y
B, because 1 e A has two images 2 and 3 in B and f^ is not a function from AtoB because 3 e A has no
image in B.
nd
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If a function /is expressed as the set of ordered pairs, the domain of /is the set of all first
components of members of/and the range of/is the set of second components of members off
Fi
i.e. Domain off=[a: (a, t) e /}, and Range of f = [b \ (a, b) s /}

ILI.USI R.\TiON2 If AT, 1/ e {1,2,3,4),then which of the following are functions in the given set ?
(a) -fi={{x,y):y = x + l\ (h) f2={{x,y)-.x + y>4]
(c) /3 = {(y,y):y<x] (d)/4={(^/ i/):.t + y=5)
Also, in case of a function give its range.
SOLUTION If we express f\, fi/ /$ arid f^ as sets of ordered pairs, then we have
/l = {(1,2), (2, 3), (3, 4)1,
/2 = {(1,4), (4,1), (2, 3), (3, 2), (2, 4), (4, 2), (3, 4), (4, 3)1,
/3 = {(2,1), (3,1), (4,1), (3, 2), (4, 2), (4, 3)) and /4 = {(1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4,1)).
(a) We have, /j = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)). We observe that an element 4 of the given set has not
appeared in first place of any ordered pair of/j. So,/j is not a function from the given set to itself,
(b) We have, /2 = {(1, 4), (4,1), (2, 3), (3, 2), (2, 4), (4, 2), (3, 4), (4, 3)}. We observe that 2, 3, 4
3.2 MATHEMATICS-XI
have appeared more than once as first components of the ordered pairs in /2- So, /2 is not a
function.
(c) We have, /3 = {(2,1), (3,1), (4,1), (3, 2), (4, 2), (4, 3)}. We observe that 3 and 4 have
appeared more than once as first components of the ordered pairs in So,f^ is not a function,
(d) We have, ={(1,4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4,1)). We observe that each element of the given set has
appeared as first components in one and only one ordered pair of So, /4 is a function in the
given set. In this case. Range of / = {1, 2, 3, 4}.
ILLUSTRATION 3 Let f be a relation on the set N of natural numbers definedby f -\{n, 3n) :n eN)./s
/ a function from N to N. If so, find the range of f.
SOLUTION We find that for each neN, there exists a unique 3neN such that (n, 3n) e/.
Therefore, / is a function from N to N. Clearly, Range of / = {/ (n); n e h/J = {3«:« e N\.
ww
ILLUSTRATION 4 Let fbea subset of ZxZ defined by f = {{ab, (a + b)):a,b e Z}. Is f a function
from Z into Z. Justify your answers. [NCERT]
FF loo
SOLUTION We observe that: 1x6 = 6 and 2x3 = 6
(1 X 6,1 + 6) e/and(2x 3, 2 + 3) e/ => (6,7) e/ and (6,5) g/
ree
Thus, (6,7) e/and (6,5) g fhutSitJ. Hence, / is not a function fromZ to Z.
3.3 FUNCTION AS A CORRESPONDENCE
reFe
DEFINITION Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then a function ' f from set A to set B is a rule or
oroFr
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method or correspondence which associates elements of set A to elements of set B such that:
s ff
(i) all elements of set A are associated to demerits in set B.
(ii) an element of set A is associated to a unique element in set B.
k
YYouo
In other words, a function ffrom a set A to a set B associates each element of set A to a unique element of
okso
set B.
BBoo
Terms such as "map" (or "mapping"), "correspondence" are used as synonyms for "function".
r ee
If/is a function from a set A to a set B, then we write f: A Bor A B, which is read as/is a
function from AtoB or f maps A to B.
ad
ouur
If an element a eAis associated to an element b eB, then b is called ‘thef-image of a' or 'image of a
Yo
under f or 'the value of the function f at a'. Also, a is called the pre-image of b under the function/.
We write it as: b = f{a)
ILLUSTRATION I^l A = (1, 2, 3, 4) and B — {a, b, c, d, e\ be two sets and let fy f^, /3 and ,f^ be rules
d
idnY
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associating elements of set A to elements of set B as shown in figures 3.1 - 3.4.

FFin
We observe that/i is not a function from set A to set B, because there is an element 3 e A which is
not associated to any element of B.
FUNCTIONS 3.3
Also, /2 is not a function from A to B because an element 4 e A is associated to two elements c

and einB. But,/3 and are functions from A to B, because under/3 and/4 âch element in A is
associated to a unique element in B.
3.3.1 DESCRIPTION OF A FUNCTION
Let/: A B be a function such that the set A consists of a finite number of elements. Then, / (:r)
can be described by listing the values which it attains at different points of its domain. For
example, if A = {-1, 1, 2, 3} and B is the set of real numbers, then a fimction /: A ^ B can be
described as/ (-1) = 3,/ (1) = 0,/(2) = 3/2 and/(3) =0. In case, A is an infinite set, then/cannot
be described by listing the images at points in its domain. In such cases functions are generally
described by a formula. For example, f :Z Z given by f{x) =x^+lor/:K->R given by
/ (x) = etc.
ww
3.3.2 DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION
Let f :A -> B. Then, the set A is known as the domain of / and the set B is known as the
co-domain of/. The set of all /-images of elements of A is known as the range of/or image set of A
under/and is denoted by / (A).
FF loo
ree
Thus, /(A) = [/(x):j:gA1 = Range of/. Clearly, / (A) c B.
ILLUSTRATION 1 3,4, 5, 6 }. Consider a rule/(x) = x^.
Let A = {-2, -2, 0,1,2 / and B = { 0,1,2,
reFe
Under this rule, we obtain f{-2) =(-2)^ =4, /(-I) =(-l)^ =1, /(O) =0^ =0, /(1) =1^ =1 a}^d
oor rF
rur
/ (2) = 2=4. We observe that each element of A is associated to a unique element o/B.So,f:A~^B
s ff
given bnff{x) = x^ isafunction. Clearly, domain(f) = A = {-2,-1,0,1,2 } and range (f ) = { 0,1,4 ).
k
ILLUSTRATION 2 Consider a rule / (x) = 2x - 3 associating elements ofN (set of natural numbers) to
YYoou
okso
elements ofN. This ride does not define a function from N to itself, because f (1) = 2x1-3 = -IgN i.e.
BBoo
1 G N (domain) is not associated to any element ofN (co-domain). Thus, every rule relating elements of
r ee
one set to elements of another set need not be a function.

ILLUSTRATION 3 Let A = (-2, -1,0,1,2} and f:A~^Zbe given byf(x) = x^ - 2x - 3. Find:
ouur
ad
Yo
(i) the range off (ii) pre-images of 6,-3 and 5.

SOLUTION (i) We have,/{x) = x^-2x-3.
d
idnY
Re
/(-2)=(-2)2-2(-2)-3=5 /{-l)=(-l)2_2(-l)-3 = 0,/(0)=-3,

FFin
/(l)=l^-2xl-3=-4and/(2)=2^-2x2-3=-3.
So, range (f) = {/(-2), /(-I), /(O), /(I), /(2)} ={0,5, - 3, - 4)
(ii) Let X be a pre-image of 6. Then,
/(x)=6=> x^-2x-3=6=> x^-2x-9=0=> x=l± Vio
Since x = 1 ± Vio g A. So, there is no pre-image of 6.
Let X be a pre-image of - 3. Then,
/ (x) = - 3 => x^ - 2x - 3 = - 3 => x^ - 2x = 0 => x = 0, 2.
Clearly, 0, 2 g A. So, 0 and 2 are pre-images of - 3.

Let X be a pre-image of 5. Then,
/(x) =5 => x^ - 2x - 3 =5 => x^ - 2x - 8 = 0 => (x -4) (x + 2) =0 => x =4, - 2.
Since, - 2 g A but 4 g A. So, -2 is a pre-image of 5.

3.4 MATHEMATICS-XI
3.4 EQUAL FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION Two functions f and g are said to be equal iff

(i) domain off= domain of g (ii) co-domain off = co-domain of g,
and (iii) f {x)=g (a:) for every x belonging to their common domain.
If two functions / and g are equal, then we write f=g-
ILLUSTRATION 1 Let A = (1, 2 }, B = {3, 6] and f:A^B given by f{x)=x^ +2 and g:A-^ B
given by ^(a:) = 3x. Then, we observe that f and g have the same domain and co-domain. Also we have,
/ (1) = 3 = g(l) and / (2) = 6 = ^(2). Hence, f=g.
- 4
ILLUSTRATION 2 Let f: R-\2] ^ R be defined by f (x) =
Y (o^d g:R -> R be defined by
g{x) = x + 2. Find whether f =gor not.
w
X 2-4
SOLUTION Wehave,/(x) = —-,x:>^2.
x-2
Flo
(x-2)(x + 2)
f(x) = = X + 2 for all x 2. => /(x) = g{x) for all x^2.
x-2
ee
Thus,/(x) =^(x) for allx e R -{2}. But,/ (x) andg (x)have different domains. Infact, domain
Fr
of / = R - (2) and domain of ^ = R. Therefore, f * g-
ILLUSTRATION 3 Let f:Z-^Z andg:Z -> Z be functions defined by / = l(n, n^):ne Z) and.
or
ur
g = {{n, I «|2) :n 6 Z). Show that: f =g-
sf
SOLUTION Clearly, Domain off = Domain of ^ = Z and. Co-domain of / = Co-domain of ^ = Z.
[●●● |nP = -1^1
ok
Wehave, /(«) =?r andg(n) =]n| =■ n

Yo
Bo
/ («) =g («) for all « E Z.

Hence, f =g-
re
ou
ad

Y
EXAMPLE 1 Express the following functions as sets of ordered pairs and determine their ranges
(i) f: A R, f (x) = x^ + I, where A ={-l, 0, 2, 4).
nd
Re
(ii) g:A^N,g{x) =2x, where A = (x;x eN, x <10}.

Fi
SOLUTION (i) We have, /(x) = x^ +1.

/(-1)=(-1)2 +1=2,/(0)=q2 +1=1,/(2) =22+1 =5and/(4) =42 +1=17
So, / = {(x, / (x)) :xeA]= {(-1, 2), (0,1), (2,5), (4,17)). Hence, Range of {/) = {2,1,5,17)
(ii) Wehave,g(x) =2x and A = {1, 2, 3, 10). Therefore,
g(l)=2xl=2, ^(2) =2x2 = 4, g(3)=2x 3=6, g(4) = 2x 4 = 8,g(5) =2 x 5 =10,

g(6) =2x6=12, g{7) = 2 X 7 = 14, ^(8) =2x8=16, g(9) =2x9=18 and, g(10) = 2 x 10 = 20.
.■.^ = l(x,g(x):xE7l} = {(1,2), (2, 4), (3, 6) (10,20)).
Hence, Range of ^ = ^(/l) ={g(x) :x e A) ={2, 4, 6, 8,10,12,14,16,18, 20).
EXAMPLE 2 Find the domain for which the functions f (x) = 2x2 _ = 1 - 3x are equal.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION The values of x for which /(x) and g(x) are equal are given by
FUNCTIONS 3.5
f{x)=g{x) => 2x^~l=l-3x => 2x‘^ + 3x~2=0 (.t + 2)(2.y-1) =0 => x = -2,1/2.
Thus,/(x) and g(x) are equal on the set {- 2,1/2}.

EXAMPLES Is g = {(1,1), (2, 3), (3,5), (4,7)) a function? If this is described by the formula,
^(at) = ca' + p, then what valuesshouldbeassigned to aand^? [NCERTEXEMPLARI
SOLUTION Since no two ordered pairs in g have the same first component. So, ^ is a function
such that ^(1) = 1, g(2) = 3, g{ 3) =5 and ^(4) = 7.
It is given that g(x) = ocr + p.
^(1) =1 and g{2) = 3^ a+p = l and 2a+p=3^ a=2,p = -l.
EXAMPLE4 Given A = hi, 0, 2, 5, 6, 111, B = 1-2, -1, 0, 18, 28, 108} and f (x) =x^-x-2. Is
ww
f{A) = B? Find f (A).
SOLUTION We have, f(x)=x^-x~2.
Floo
/(-I) =(-1)2-(-1)-2 = 0, /(0)=o2-0-2= -2, /(2)=22-2-2 = 0,
/(5)=52-5-2=18, /(6)=62-6-2 = 2S and /(11) =ll2-11 -2 =108.
ee
eer
Hence, f {A)=\f (x):x eA] = \f (-1), / (0), / (2), f (5), / (6), / (11)1 = 10, - 2,18, 28,108)
We observe that -1 e B, but -1 g / (.A). So, / (A) ^ B.
FFr
EXAMPLES Let f:R ^ Rbegivenbijf {x)=x^ + 3. Find : (i) {.v:/(x)=28) (ii) the pre-images of
oorr
uur r
39 and 2 under .f
s ff
SOLUTION (i) We have, f(x) = x^ + 3
sk
YYoo
f (a-) =28 x-2 + 3=28 =0 x2 =25 => x=±5

ooko
Hence, lx:/(x) =28) ={-5,5|.

eBB
(ii) Let X be a pre-image of 39. Then, the image of x under / is 39.

i.e.
f {x) = 39 => x2 + 3 = 39 => x2 = 36 => x = ± 6
uurr
So, pre-images of 39 are - 6 and 6.

ad
Yo
Let X be a pre-image of 2. Then, the image of x under / is 2.

i.e.
/(x)=2=> x2 + 3= 2=> x2=-1
dY
Re
We find that no real value of x satisfies the equation x2 = -1. Therefore, 2 does not have any
ind
FFin
pre-image under/.
EXAMPLE 6 Let f-.R ^ Rbea function given by f(x) = + 1. Find:
(i)/"L-Sl (ii) /"M261 (iii)/“Ml0, 37}
SOLUTION Recall that if /: A -> B is a function and y e B. Then, / “ ^ (y) = {x e A :/(x) =y). In
other words, / ~ ^ (y) is the set of pre-images of y.
(i) Let / ^ (- 5) = X. Then, / (x) = - 5 => x2 +1 = - 5 ^ x2 = - 6. Clearly, this equation is not
-5. So, / “ ^{-5}=(|).
solvable in R. Tlxerefore, there is no pre-image of
- 1
(ii) Let/ (26) = X. Then, / (x) = 26 => x2 + 1 = 26 ^ x = ± 5. So, pre-images of 26 are -5 and
5. i.e./~M26}={-5,5).
-1
(hi) Let/ (10) = .X. Then, / (x) = 10 => x2 +1 = 10 x2 = 9 => x = ± 3. So, pre-images of
10 are -3 and 3. i.e./“^ (10) = {-3, 3).
3.6 MATHEMATICS-XI
Let/ ^37) = .\:.Then, f{x) = 37 => +1 = 37 =5> = 36 => .t = ± 6. So, pre-images of 37 are-6
and 6. Hence, /“’ {10, 37} ={3,-3, 6,-6|.
tXAMPLET Let / = {(1,1), (2, 3), (0,-1), (-1,-3)} be a function described by the formula
/ (x) =ax + b for some integers a, b. Determinea,b. [NCERT]
SOLUTIOM Clearly, / (1) = 1, / (2) = 3, / (0) = -1 and / (-1) = - 3. It is given that / (x) =ax + b.
/(I) = 1 and/(2) = 3 fl + b=l and2fl + & = 3 =>fl = 2,b=-l.
Substituting the values of a and b in /(x) = ax + b, we get: / (x) = 2x -1.
Clearly,/(O) = -l and / (-1) = - 3 are true.
Hence, a-2ar\db =-l.
1, ifxeQ
If f :R ^ R be defined as f (x) =
ww
EXAMPLES
-1, ifxgQ.
Find (i) /(l/2},/(7c),/(V2) (ii) Range off (Hi) pre-images of 1 and-1.
FF loo
SOLUTION (i) It is evident from the definition of / that at every rational point the function
attains value 1 and at every irrational point attains value -1.
ree
1
ieQ
2
=> /^[2)
- = 1, x gQ => /(tt) =-l and V2 gQ => / (V2) =-l.
(ii) We find that / (x) attains values 1 or -1 according as x is rational or irrational and a real
reFe
rational numbers have image 1 and all irrational
number is either rational or irrational. Thus, all oroFr
r ur
numbers have image -1. Hence, Range of / = |1, -1}.
s ff
(iii) Since/ (x) = 1 for all x e Q. Therefore, pre-images of 1 are rational numbers i.e/ “ ^ (1) = Q.
k
Also, -1 is the image of every real number which is not rational. Therefore,
YYouo
koso
/ ■ ^ (-1) = R - Q = Set of irrational numbers.

BBoo
EXAMPLE 9 Letf:R^Rbe such tlwt f (x) = 2^. Determine:

r ee
(i) Range off (ii) (x: / (x) = 1} (iii) whether f{x + y)=f (x) / (y) holds.
SOLUTION (i) Since 2'^ is positive for every x e R. So, / (x) = 2^ is a positive real number for
ad
ouur
every x e R. Moreover, for every positive real number x, there exist log2 x e R such that
Yo
/(logjj;) = 2‘°S2* = [●,● = x]

d
Hence, the range of/is the set of all positive real numbers,
Re
idnY
(ii) /(x)=l=> 2'^ =1 => 2^=2^^ ^ X = 0. Therefore, |x :/(x) =1| ={0}.

FFin
(iii) We have, /(x)=2^.

/(x + y)=2^^y=2^x2J^=/(x)/(y)
Hence, / (x + y) =/ (x) /(y) holds for all x, y € R.
EXAMPLE 10 Let A be the set of two positive integers. Let f:A^Z^ (set of positive integers) be
defined by f (n) = p, where pis the highest prime factor ofm If range of f = |3}. Find set A. Is A uniquely
determined?
SOLUTION It is given that the set A consists of two positive integers. So, let A ={«, m}. Since
range of / = |3}.
/ (n) = 3 and / (/m) = 3
Highest prime factors of n and m both are equal to 3.
(« = 3 andm = 6) or (« = 3 and w = 9) or(w = 3 andm=12) or (n = 6 and m =12) etc.
FUNCTIONS 3.7
Either ={3, h\, or A ={3, 9], or A =[3,12], or A ={6,12} etc.

Clearly, A is not uniquely determined.
EXAMPLE 11 LetA^N and f: A ^ Abe defined by: f (n) = the highest prime factor ofn. If range off
is A, determine A. Is A uniquely determined?
SOLUTION For any neA, we have
/ (n) = Highest prime factor of n
=> f{n) takes prime values only => Range of / consists of prime numbers only
But, it is given that range of / is A. Therefore, set A consists of prime numbers only.
Hence, A = Set of some prime numbers. Clearly, A is not uniquely determined.
ww
EXERCISE 3.1
BASIC
1. Define a function as a set of ordered pairs.
Flo
2. Define a function as a correspondence between two sets.
e
ree
3. What is the fundamental difference between a relation and a function ? Is every relation a
function ?
Fr
rF
4. Lety4 = {-2, -1, 0,1, 2) and f :A Zhe a function defined by / (x) = - 2x - 3. Find:
uurr
(i) rangeof/i.e./(/I) (ii) pre-images of 6, -3 and 5.
for
3a: - 2 , X< 0
5. If afunction/: R ^ Rbe defined by/(x) 1 , x = 0.Find:/(l),/(-l),/(0),/{2).
s
4x + 1 , X >0
kks
6. A function /: R -> R is defined by / (x) = x^. Determine

Yo
oooo
(i) range of/ (ii) {x:/(x)=4} (iii) {y:/(y)=-l}.

eB
7. Let/: R"^ ^ R, where R"*" is the set of all positive real numbers be such that / (x) = log^ x.
Determine: (i) the image set of tlie domain of / (ii) {x:/ (x) = - 2} (iii) whether
/ ixy) =f (x) + / (y) holds.
ur
ad
8. Write the following relations as sets of ordered pairs and find which of them are functions:
YYo
(i) l(x, y): y = 3x, X e |1, 2, 3}, y g {3, 6, 9,12}}.

(ii) {{x,y):y >x + l,x=l, 2andy = 2, 4, 6} (iii) |(x, y): x + y = 3, x, y e (0,1, 2, 3}}
dd
9. Let/: R R and g:C C be two functions defined as/ (x) = x^ and g (x) = x^. Are they
Re
in
equal functions?
F
10. If / g, h are three functions defined from R to R as follows:

(i)/W=^^ (ii) g (x) = sin X (iii) h{x)=x^ +1
Find the range of each function.
11. Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4) and Y =|1,5, 9,11,15,16}. Determine which of the following sets are
functions from X to V
(i) /i= {(1,1), (2,11), (3,1), (4,15)1 (ii)/2=l(l,l),(2,7),(3,5)}
(iii) /3 = 1(1,5), (2, 9) (3,1), (4,5), (2,11)). [NCERT]
12. Let A = [12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17) and f:A~^Z be a function given by/(x) = highest
prime factor of x. Find range of/.
13. If /: R -> R be defined by / (x) = x^ + 1, then find /“^ {17} and /“^ {- 3).
14. Let A = [p, q, r, s} and B = {1, 2, 3}. Which of the following relations from A to B is not a
function?
3.8 MATHEMATICS-XI
(i) R^={{p,lUq,2UrA)As,2)\ (ii) R2={{pAhiqA)ArAUSrl)]

(iii) R3={(p,l),(^,2),(p,2),(s, 3)1 (iv) K4=K;?,2),((/, 3),(r,2),(s,2)l.
15. LeiA = {9,10,ll,12,13}andlet/:>l->Nbedefinedby/(«) = the highest prime factor
of n. Find the range off. [NCERTl
,0<x<3
16. The function / is defined by f{x)=- . The relation g is defined by
3x, 3<a:<10
x^ ,0<x <2 [NCERTl

g{x) = \ Show that/is a function and g is not a function.
3a-, 2 <A<10
/qi)-/(i)
17. If/(a) = A^, find (1.1)-1
[NCERT]
w
18. Express the function / :X->R given by /(a)=a^+1 as set of ordered pairs, where
X= 1-1,0, 3, 9,7}. [NCERT EXEMPLAR!
Flo ANSWERS
reee
4. (i) /(A) ={-4,-3, 0,5} (ii)(|),i0,2),-2. 5. / (1) =5, / (-1) =-5, / (0) =1, / (2) = 9
FFr
6. (i) R^ (set of all real numbers greater than or equal to zero) (ii) 1-2, 2) (iii) (j)
7. (i) ^ (ii) l^”^} (iii) Yes for

ur
8. (i) 1(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9)1; Function (ii) 1(1, 4), (1, 6), (2,4), (2, 6)}; Not a funcrion
kkss
(iii) 1(0, 3), (1, 2), (2,1), (3, 0)1; Function.

9. No, Since domain of / ^ domain of g.
Yo
ooo
10. (i) R-^ ={AeR| A>0} (ii) {AeR:-l<A<l| (hi) |a e R : a > 1|.
eB
11. (i) 12. {3,13,7,5,2,17} 13. (17) = 1-4,4),/-' (-3)=4>

17. 2.1
14. (iii) 15. Range(/) =|3,5,11,13}.
r
ou
ad
18. / = |(-1, 0), (0,1), (3, 28), (9, 730), (7, 344)}
YY
function because (2, 9) and

nndd
11. (iii)/3 = {(1,5), (2,9), (3,1), (4,5), (2,11)} is not a

Re
(2,11) e/3, which means that 2 is related to two elements in y.

Fi
12. Clearly, / (12) = highest prime factor of 12 = 3. Similarly, / (13) =13, / (14) =7, / (15) =5,
/ (16) =2 and /(17) =17. Hence, range (/) ={3,13, 7,5, 2,17}.
15. A ={9,10,11,12,13} and /: A N is defined by / (n) = the highest prime factor of n.
/(9) = 3,/(10)=5,/(ll)=ll,/(12) = 3and/(13)=13
Hence, range (/) = {/(9), /(lO), /(ll), /(12), /(13)| = {3,5,11,13}
.2
, 0<a<3
16. We observe that/ (a) = 3a, associates all numbers in [0,10] to numbers in R
3<a<10
and no number in [0,10] is associated to two or more numbers. Hence,/ is a function. But, g
is not a function because 2 is associated to two distinct elements viz. 4 and 6.
17. We have,/(a) = x^
/(1.1)-/(1) _ (1.1)^-1^ (1.1+1) (1.1-1) = 2.1
(1.1)-1 (1.1)-1 (1.1-1)
FUNCTIONS 3.9
3.5 REAL FUNCTIONS

In this section, we will discuss functions having domain and co-domain both as subsets of the
set R of all real numbers. Such functions are called real functions or real valued functions of the
real variable as defined below.
REAL VALUED FUNCTION A function f :A Bis called a real valued function, ifB is a subset ofR
(set of all real numbers).
If A and B both are subsets of R, then / is called a real function.
In section 3.3.1, we have discussed the description of a function. Generally, domain and
w
co-domain both are infinite subsets of R in case of real functions of real variable. Therefore, a real
function is generally described by some general formula. In other words, images of various
elements in the domain of a real function are provided by some general formula. For example,
^ -1
f :R R given by f (x) =x^ + a: + 1 or, /: A —> B given by / (a:) = etc. In practice, real
roow
e
x^ -4
re
functions are described by giving the general expressions or formulae describing them without
mentioning their domains and co-domains. Following are some examples of real functions.
reF
uFFll ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
e
sFr
EXAMPLE 1 Iff{x) = 3x^ + 9,fmd f(x-l).
foro
uor
SOLUTION We have, / (x) = 3x‘^
fk + 9. Replacing xby (x-l), we obtain
okso
f(x-l) = 3(x-l)^-5(x-l)^ + 9 = -12x^ +13x^-2x + 7
Y
Yo
oo
BB
EXAMPLE 2 Iffix) = x + -X , prove that = f(x^) + 3f \Xj

- .
SOLUTION We have.
rYree
ouu
f{x)=x + -^ f(x^)=x^ + \>\fix)]^-

1
x + - and/ — = — + x.
ad
Ydo
X X) X \XJ
=’ + 4'l+3fi- + il^ =f{x^) + 3f(x)

nidn
X + —
X) x^J V xj
Re
1 f ^ 2x + l 3
F
EXAMPLE 3 Iff (x) = — , X ^ — , then show that f f (x) = , provided that

Fi
x*
2x + l 2 . , 2x “1“ 3 2
SOLUTION We have, / (x) = ——

2x +1
1 1 1 2x +1 2x +1
/(/W)=/ 2
2x +1 2 + 2x +1 2x + 3
2 + 1 + 1
2x + l 2x + l
2x + l 3
Clearly,/(/(x)) = is real for 2x +3^ Oi.e.f {f (x)) is defined for 2x-t- 3 ^ Oi.e. x .
2x+ 3
2x + l 3
Hence, / (/ (x)) = provided that ^ ^
2x + 3 '
x-1
EXAMPLE 4 ///(x) = X * ~1, then show that f (/ (x)) = - —, provided that x 0.
X +1 ' X
3.10 MATHEMATICS-XI
x-1
SOLUTION We have, / (x) = , a: 56 -1.
AT + 1
x-1
1
x-1 x + 1 x-1
/(/W)=/ a:-1
Replacing x by in the formula for / (at)
a: + 1 a: + 1
+ 1
a: + 1
AT-l-X-1 -2 1
a: -1 + AT + 1 2x X
We find that — is meaningful for a: 0. Hence, / (/ (a:)) = - —, provided that x ^0.

X X
x^-16
ww
, a: -4
EXAMPLE 5 Let f be defined byf{x)=x-4 and g be defined by ^(x) = a:+ 4
,x = -4
Flo
Find X such that f{x)=g {x)for all x.
e
SOLUTION We have,
ree
/ (a:) = ^ (x) for all a: e R
[v f(x)=x-4 .■./(-4)-4 = -8]
Fr
/(-4) = g(-4)=> -4-4 = >.=> X = -8.
rF
a:-1 3/(x) + l
EXAMPLE 6 Iff is a real function defined by f (a:) then prove that: f (2x) =
uurr
=
a: + 1 ' for /W + 3 ■
.v-1
SOLUTION We have, / (a:) =
s
x + 1
kks
.Y - 1 + AT + 1
Yo
[Applying componendo and dividendo]

oooo
=>
1 a: + 1 /W-1 Y-1 -Y-1
fjx) + l fix) + l
eB
= -Y => Y
fix)-l 1-/W
x-1
ur
Again, f{x) = x+1

ad
YYo
-1
2y-1 I1-/WJ
[Using (i)]
dd
f{2x) =
Re
2y + 1
2 mil
in
+ 1
F
^ 2f{x) + 2-l+f{x) _ 3/(y) + 1

2/(y) + 2 + 1-/(y) /(y) + 3
EXERCISE 3.2
BASIC
1. If/(y) = y^ - 3y + 4, then find the values of x satisfying the equation f{x) =f{2x +1).
2. If fix) ={x-a)^ (x -&)1 iindfia+b).
ax -b
3. Ify=/(Y) = show that Y = fiy). [NCERT EXEMPLAR!
bx-a'
1
4. If/(Y) = show that / \f 1/(y)|] = y.
1 -y'
FUNCTIONS 3.11
x + l
5. If fix) = show that / [f (x)] = x.
x-1 '
X , when x < 0
6. If /(x) = I X, when 0 ^ x < 1 [NCERT]
w
1
— , when X > 1
X
Find: (i)/(1/2) (ii)/(-2) (iii)/(I) (iv)/(V3) and

7. If/(x)=x3-J-,showthat/(x)+/^- = 0.
e
x’^
re
row
8. If fix) = - , show that /(tan 0) = sin 20.
1 +x"^
eeF
x-1 f 1 1
ullo
9. If/(X) = , then show that: (i) / — = -fix) (ii) / —
FF
x + l V xj m
BASED ON HOTS
srr
roF
1/n
10. If/(x)=(fl-x") ,a>0 and « e N, then prove that /(/(x)) - x for all x.
M \ I
k
uor
11. If for non-zero X, fl/(x) + b / — = — 5, where «
ofof then find/(x).
\xj X
Y
kos
ANSWERS
Yo
B oo
1. x = -l,2/3 2.
rY
1
eerB
1 1 a 5
6- (i) ^ (ii) 4. (iii) 1 (iv)
V3
(v) does not exist 11. --bx
+ b
u

ou
d
o
ad
x^ , when x < 0
nY
nid
6. We have, / (x) = x , when 0 < x < 1. Therefore,

Re
F
Fi
- , when X > 1
X
«ii] = ^
/I N 1
(ii)/(-2) = (-2)2 = 4 (iii)/(l) = 71 = 1
(iv) /(V3) = /
V3
(iv)/(-V3) = (-73)2 ^ 3
11. We have.
/I 1
a fix) + b f — = —5 ... (i)
\xj X
1\
=> a f — +b fix) = X - 5 Replacing x by — ... (ii)
X
Adding (i) and (ii), we get

1
(fl + b) = x + --10
X
3.12 MATHEMATICS-XI
1 1
=> /w+/ - X + --10 ...(iii)
\XJ a +b X
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get

1 1
m-f - = X ... (iv)
\xj a - b [x
Add (iii) and (iv) to obtain/(a:).
3.6 DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A REAL A FUNCTION
Mathematically to define a function one has to provide its domain, co-domain and the images of
elements in its domain either by giving a general formula or by listing them one by one. As the
ww
domain and co-domain of real functions are subsets of R. Therefore, conventionally, real
functions are described by providing the general formula for finding the images of elements in
its domain. In such cases, the domain of the real function/ (x) is the set of all those real numbers
Flo
for which the expression for / (at) or the formula for / (a:) assumes real values only. In
e
otherwords, the domain off (a:) is the set of all those real numbers for which/ (x) is meaningful.
eree
3a: - 2
For example, a real function / (a:) described by the general formula f{x)-—= assumes real
FFr
x^ -1
uurr
3x-2
values for all a: e i? except for A‘ = ± 1, because denominator of ^ becomes zero for a: = ± 1.
orr x^ -1
sfo
So, domain of / (a:) is the set of all real numbers other than -1 and 1 i.e. domain (/) = R - (-1,1}.
kks
Yoo
Following examples will illustrate the procedure for finding the domain of a real function of a
oooo
real variable.
eBB

urr
EXAMPLE 1 Find the domain of each of the following real valued functions:
ad
YYo
x-1
(ii) fix) = at-3
dd
2.Y-3 x^ -I- 3at + 5

Re
inn
(iii) fix) = (iv)/(Y) = [NCERT]

Y^ - 3y + 2 -5y + 4
F
SOLUTION (i) We have, / (y) =

—^.Clearly, / (y) assumes real values for all real values of y
except for the values of y satisfying y + 2 = 0 i.e. y = - 2. Hence, Domain (/) = R -[-2).
Y-1 Y-1
(ii) We have,/(y) = . We observe that/ (y) is a rational function of y as / -3 is a rational
y-3
expression. Clearly, / (y) assumes real values for all y except for the values of x for which
Y - 3 = 0 i.e. Y = 3. Hence, Domain{f)-R- {3}.
2y - 3 2y - 3
(iii) We have, / (y) = . Clearly, / (y) is a rational function of y as —^ is a
Y^ - 3y + 2 y'^ - 3y + 2
rational expression. We observe that / (y) assumes real values for all y except for all those values
of Y for which Y^ - 3y-I-2 = 0i.e.Y=l,2. Hence, Domain (/)= K-|1, 2}.
FUNCTIONS 3.13
+ 3x + 5 + 3x + 5 .
(iv) We have, / (x) = —z . Clearly, / (.t) is a rational function of x as — IS a
x^-5x + 4 -5x + 4
rational expression in x. We observe that / (x) assumes real values for all x except for all those
values of xfor whichx ~5x + 4 = 0 i.e. x = l,4. Hence, Domain (/) = K~{1,4).
EXAMPLE 2
Find the domain of each of the folloioing functions:
(i)/w = 41^ (ii) / (x) = , ^ (iii)/W =
fl-x
SOLUTION (i) We have, /(x) =/x-2. Clearly, / (x) assumes real values for all x satisfying
X - 2 > 0 => X > 2 => X e [2, oo). Hence, Domain (/) = [2, oo).
ww
(ii) We have, / (x) =
-j==^. Clearly, / (x) assumes real values for all x satisfying
l-x>0^1>x=^x<l=^xe(-oo, 1). Hence, Domain (/) =(- oo, 1).
(iii) We have, / (x) = -J^-x^. Clearly, / (x) assumes real values for all x satisfying
Flo
e
4-x^>0=> -(x^-4)>0 x^-4<0 => (x-2)(x + 2)<0 => xe[-2,2].
ree
Hence, Domain (/) = [-2,2].
Fr
rF
1
EXAMPLE 3
Find the domain of the function /(x) defined by f (x) = /4 -x +
uurr
for
SOLUTION Clearly, / (x) is defined for all x satisfying
s
4 - X > 0 and x^ -1 > 0
kks
Yo
=> X “4 <0 and (x -1) (x +1) > 0 => x <4 and (x < -1 or x>l) => x e(-oo, -1) u(l, 4].
oooo
Hence, Domain(/) = (-co,-1) u(l, 4].

eB
3.6.1 RANGE OF REAL FUNCTIONS
The range of a real function of a real variable is the set of all real values taken by / (x) at points in
ur
its domain. In order to find the range of a real function / (x), we may use the following
ad
algorithm.
YYo
ALGORITHM
dd
Step I Puty=f{x).
Re
in
Step II Solve the equation y =f (x)forxin terms ofy. Let x = <[>(y).

F
Step III Find the values ofy for which the values ofx, obtainedfrom x = ^ (y), are real and in the domain
off
Step IV The set of values ofy obtained in step 111 is the range off.
Following examples will illustrate the above algorithm.

X-2
EXAMPLE 1 Find the domain and range of the function f (x) given by f (x) =
3-x
x-2
SOLUTION We have,/(x) =
3-x
Domain off: Clearly, / (x) is defined for all x satisfying 3 - x 9^ 0 i.e. x 3. Hence, Domain
if)=R-{3}.
3.14 MATHEMATICS-XI
Range off: Lety = /(x). Then,

x-2 3y + 2
y = => 3y-xy = x-2=> x{y+ l) = 3y+ 2 => x =
3-x y +i
Clearly, x assumes real values for all y except y + 1 = 0 i.e. y = -1. Hence,Range (/) = K - Ij.
EXAMPLE 2 Find the range of each of the following functions:
(ii) fix) = -JieT? (iii) fix) = —^ (iv) f {x) = —^
1
(i) fix) =
■Jx-S 1 + x'^ 2-x
SOLUTION (i) We have, / (x) = ^ Clearly, / (x) takes real values for all x satisfying
fx-5
x-5>0 => x>5 => X e (5, oo). Therefore, Domain (/) - (5,co).
ww
For any x > 5, we have
1
X -5 > 0 ^ fx - 5 > 0 ^ > 0 => / (x) > 0.
fx-5
Thus, / (x) takes aU real values greater than zero. Hence, Range (/) =(0, co).
Flo
e
(ii) We have, / (x) = flS-x^. We observe that / (x) is defined for all x satisfying
eree
16 - x^ ^ 0 ^ x^ -16 < 0 ^ (x - 4) (x + 4) < 0 => - 4 < x < 4 => x e [-4,4]
FFr
Domain if) = [-4,4].
uurr
Lety =/(x). Then,
y = -Jl6 -x^ => y^ = 16 - x^ => x^ = 16 - y^ orr
sfo
^ X
Clearly, x will take real values, if

kks
Yoo
16 - y^ > 0 => y^ -16 < 0 => (y - 4) (y + 4) < 0 => - 4 < y < 4 => y e [- 4, 4]
oooo
Also, ^16 -x^ > 0 foraUxe[-4, 4]. Therefore, ye [0,4] for all x e [-4, 4].
eBB
y =
Hence, Range/) = [0,4].

urr
(iii) We have, / (x) = —2 ●

1 + x-
observe that /(x) takes real values for all x e R. Hence,
ad
YYo
domain(/)=R. Let y=/(x).Then,

1 ±
X 2 n
dd
y=f(x)=> y = => x y-x + y - 0=> X =

Re
1 + x^ 2y
inn
Clearly, x will assume real values, if

F
1 ~ 4y^ > 0 and y ^ 0 => 4y^ -1 < 0 and y?i0=> y^--^£0 and y ^ 0
IV i') 1 1
^-2 y V
V + — ^0 and y
^ 2J ^
0 => - l.y.
2 ^
~ and y 0 => y e - 2' T
_ 2_
-{0}
1 1
Also, y = 0 for X = 0. Hence, Range (/) = -
2'2.'
(iv) We have, / (x) = For/(x) to be real, we must have 2-x^ 0 => x ^ ±-j2.
2-x
Domain (/) = R-|-V2, V2}.Let/(x) =y.Then,

2y-3
y = /(x)=>y =
2-x
^ 2y - x^ y = 3 => x^ y = 2y-3=>x=±
V y
We observe that x will take real values other than - V2 and V2, if
FUNCTIONS 3.15
2y-3
> 0 => 1/ e {- CO ,0) u [3/2, oo) [See Fig. 3.5]
y
+ +
<■
- os
0 3 os
Fig. 3.5 Signs of
Hence, range (/) = (-co,0)u [3/2, oo).

X 2-9
EXAMPLE 3 Find the domain and range of the function f (x) = —
x-3
2 -9
SOLUTION We have, f{x)=-
X - 3
ww
Domain off: Clearly, / (x) is not defined for x - 3 = Oi.e. x = 3.Therefore, Domain (f) =R - {3}.
v2 _Q
Range off: Let/(.t) =1/. Then,/(.r) =y => A —3
= i/ =>x+3=y [v xj^3]
Flo
It follows from the above relation that y takes all real values except 6 when x takes values in the
e
set R - {3}. Therefore, Range (/) = R-{6).
eree
4-x
EXAMPLE 4 Find the domain and range of the real valued function f (x) given by f (x) =
FFr
x-4
4-x
SOLUTION Wehave,/(x) = oorr
uur r
x-4
sf
Domain of f: We observe that / (x) is defined for all x except at x = 4. At x = 4, / (x) takes the
sk
Yoo
indeterminate form — . Therefore, Domain (/) = R-{4).

oook
Range off: For any x e Domain (/) i.e. for any x 4, we have
eBB
4-x
fix) = = -l.Therefore, Range (/) ={-!}.
x-4 x-4
uurr

ad
Yo
2 ^
X
EXAMPLES Letf=\ x, 1 + x2 :x €R[ be a function from R into R. Determine the range off.
dY
Re
[NCERT]
innd
x2
FFi
SOLUTION We have, / (x) =

x2 +1
Domainoff Clearly,/(x)isdefinedforallx e Rasx^ + 1 ?£ Oforany x e R. So,Domain(/) = R.
Range off: Let/(x) = y.Then,
fix) = y
2
X
= y ^ x2 = x2 y + y => x2 (1 -y) = y => x2 - -± ^ X ±
y
x2+l 1-.V p-y
Clearly, x will take real values, if + +
<■
^>0 — 00 0 1 00
1-y
Fig. 3.6 Signs of
3.16 MATHEMATICS-XI
L? <0=>0<y<l=>ye[0,l) [See Fig. 3.6]

y-1
Hence, range (/) = [0,1).
1
EXAMPLE 6 Find the domain and range of the function f =< x: ■.xe.R,x¥‘±l>.
l-x^
SOLUTION We have, / (jr) = ^

l-x‘^
oww
Domain off: Clearly, /(x) is defined for all xsR except for which x^-1^0 i.e. x=±l.
Therefore, Domain of/ = R-{-l,l).
Range off: Let / (x) = y. Then,
e
= y=> l-x =-=5> X 2 ^ i_y-i
1 , 2 1 y-l
/(x)=y => => x = ±
re
l-x2 y y y l|y-o
FFrllo
Clearly, x will take real values, if
rF
+ +
ee
<
y-l >0
— oo
0 1 00
ouru
y-O
sor rF
Fig. 3.7 Signs
y < 0 or y>l=> y €(-oo, 0) u [1, oo) [See Fig. 3.7]
Hence, range (/)=(- oo, 0) u [1, co).
kffo
1
EXAMPLE? Find the domain and range of the function f (x) = 2 - sin 3x
os
ook
Yo
Y
1
SOLUTION We have, / (x) =
Bo
2-sin 3x
reeB
Domain off: We know that

ouY
-1 < sin 3x < 1 for all X € R

ur
-1 <-sin 3x <1 forallx eR

ad
Yo
1 < 2 - sin 3x ^ 3 for all x e R [Adding 2 throughout]

d
1
nidn
2 - sin 3x ^ 0 for any x e R => / (x) = is defined for all x e R

2 - sin 3x
Re
F
Hence, domain (/) = R.

Fi
Range off: As discussed above

1 < 2 - sin 3x S 3 for all x eR
< 1 for all X € R => -</(x)<l forallxeR => /(x)e -, 1

3 2-sin 3x 3 .3
Hence, range (/)=—,!

3
EXERCISE 3.3
BASIC
1. Find the domain of each of the following real valued functions of real variable:
3x-2 2x + l
(i)/W = -
X
(u) f{x)= —
x-7
(iii) / W =
x + 1 (iv)/(i)=^ X -9
FUNCTIONS 3.17
+ 2.Y + 1
[NCERT]
(V) fix) =
x^-Sx + 12
2- Find the domain of each of the following real valued functions of real variable:
1 x-2
(i) / (x) = ^x-2 (ii) / (x) = (iii) f{x)=^9-x'^ (iv) f (x) = ■y3-x
BASED ON LOTS
3- Find the domain and range of each of the following real valued functions:
ax + b ax ~b
(i) fix) = (ii) fix) = cx -d
bx-a
[NCERT]
(iii) /ix) = p-l
w
(iv) fix) =
x^2
(V) fix) = (Vi) fix) = |x-l| [NCERT]
2-x
Flo (viii) f{x)=^9-x^

(vii)/(x)=-M [NCERT] [NCERT]
ee
1
(ix) fix) = (x) fix)=-Jx^-ie
Fr
Vl6-x^
ANSWERS
for
ur
1- Domain 2- Domain Range
(i) R~{0] (i) [2,<») [0, x)
ks
Yo
(ii) R-{7\ (ii) (- CO, -1) u (1, co) (- CO, -1] u (0, x)
oo
(ui) R-1-1] (iii) [-3,3] [0, 3]

eB
(iv) R-i-3,3) (iv) [2, 3) [0, x)

(v) R-(2,6]
ur
3- Domain Range Domain Range

ad
Yo
(ii) K-J-
a a
R- R -
b c c
d
Re
(iii) [1, x) [0, x) (iv) [3, x) [0, x)

in
(v) R-(2} 1-1} (vi) R [0, X)

F
(vii) R (-X, 0] (viii) [- 3, 3] [0, 3]

1
(ix) (-4, 4) X (x) (-X,-4]u[4, x) [0, x)
1.
x^ + 2x + l jx +1)^
(v) /(x) = is defined for all x satisfying
- 8x + 12 ix - 6) (x - 2)
(x - 6) (x - 2) 0 i..e. x 2, 6. Therefore, Domain (/) = R - {2, 6}

3- (iii) f (x) = -fx-l is defined for ail x satisfying x -1 > 0 i.e. x ^ 1. So, domain if) = [1, x).
Let y = ^x -1. Clearly, y > 0 for all x e [1, x). So, range if) = [0, x).
(vi) fix) = I X -11. Clearly, / (x) is defined for all x € R. So, domain if) = R.
3.18 MATHEMATICS-XI
Also,/(a:) = | X -11 > Oforalla: gK.So, range(/) =[0, oo).

(vii) f {x)=- \ a:|. We observe that/ (a:) is defined for all x &R. So, domain (/) =R.
Also,! a:[ > 0 for allx e R => -| x| < 0 for all x e R =>/(x) < 0 for all x e R.
So, range (/) = (- oo, 0].
(viii) We have, / (x) = ^9 -x^ . Clearly,/(x) takes real values if

9-x^ >0 => x^-9<0 => (x-3)(x+3) <0 => xg[-3,3]
Domain (/)=[-3, 3]
w
Also, / (x) = -^9^-^^ > 0 for all x e [- 3, 3],
Let y=^9-x^. Then, = 9 -x^ => x^ + = 9 => x = -^9
Flo
reee
Clearly, x e R, if y e [- 3, 3]. But, y > 0. Therefore, y e 10, 3]. Hence, range (/) = [0, 3]
FFr
3.7 SOME STANDARD REAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
In this section, we shall discuss some standard real functions which frequently occur in the
uurr
study of calculus.
for
CONSTANT FUNCTION If k is a fixed real number, then a function f (x) given by
f (x) =k for all X e R is called a constant function.
kkss
Sometimes we also call it the constant function k.

Yo
oooo
We observe that the domain of the constant function / (x) =kis the set R of all real numbers and
range of / is the singleton set {k}.
eB
The graph of a constant function/ (x) =kisa straight line parallel to x-axis (See Fig. 3.8) which is
above or below x-axis according as k is positive or negative. If cf = 0, then the straight line is
rr
coincident to x-axis.
ou
ad
YY
y A
nndd
Re
Fi
<■
>
X' O X
y'v
Fig. 3.8 Constant function Fig. 3.9 Identity function
IDENTITY FUNCTION The function that associates each real number to itself is called the identity
function and is usually denoted by I.
Thus, the function I :R ^ R defined by I {x)=x for all x eR is called the identity function.
Clearly, the domain and range of the identity function are both equal to R.
The graph of the identity function is a straight line passing through the origin and inclined at an
angle of 45® with X-axis.
FUNCTIONS 3.19
=| a:| = j
X , when x > 0 is called the
MODULUS FUNCTION The function f{x) defined by f{x) - X , when x < 0
modulus function.
It is also called the absolute value function. Va
We observe that the domain of the modulus function is the set R of all
■f-
real numbers and the range is the set of all non-negative real numbers
>
i.e. = {x eR :x>0}. X' o X
The graph of the modulus function is as shown in Fig. 3.10. for

X > 0, the graph coincides with the graph of the identity function i.e. y-'i'
the line y = x and for x < 0, it is coincident to the line y = - x.
ww
Fig. 3.10 Modulus function
PROPERTIES OF MODULUS FUNCTION The modulus function has the following properties:
FF loo
(a) For any real number x, X .
7T
ree
COS X , 0<x<-
For example, -^/cos^ = | cos x | = ■ - cos X ,
7t
2
— <X<K
2
reFe
(b) If a, b are positive real numbers, then oroFr
rur
(i) x^ <0^ o |x|<fl -a<x<a (ii) x >a o |x|>fl x<-flor, x>fl
s ff
(iii) x^ < o x <fl <=> ~a<x<a (iv) x >a o Ix| > X <-or, X ><7
k
YYouo
(v) a^<x^<b^ o a<\x\ x €{-b,-a)(j(a,b)

BBoo
(c) For real numbers x and y, we have

r ee
(i) ix + y| = |x|+|y| o (x>0 and y ^ 0) or, (x < 0 and y < 0)

(ii) |x-y| =|x|-|y| <=> (x>0,y>0 and | x | > | y |) or, (x < 0 , y < 0 and | x | > | y |)
ad
ouur
(iii) |x±y|<[x| + |y|

Yo
(iv) |x±y|> |x| -ly|

d
GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION (FLOOR FUNCTION) For any real number x, we use the symbol
idnY
Re
[x] or, [x J to denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Y-^
FFin
For example, [275] = 2, [3] = 3, [0.74] = 0,[-7.45] = - 8

etc. 3
2
The function /: R —> R defined by f {x) = [x] for all x sR is 1
called the greatest integer function or the floor function. <■
o
■>
-3-2-1 1 2 3
X' X
It is also called a step function. -1
-2
Clearly, domain of the greatest integer function is the set R of -3
all real numbers and the range is the set Z of all integers as it
attains only integer values.
yV
The graph of the greatest integer function is shown in Fig. 3.11 Greatest integer function
Fig 3.11.
PROPERTIES OF GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION Ifnisan integer and x is a real number between n
and n + \, then
(i) [-n] = (ii) [x + cf] = [x] + k for any integer k.
3.20 MATHEMATICS-XI
(iv) M + [-*] = I
-1 , ifx^Z
(ui) [-X] =-[x]-l 0 , if X eZ
2[x] + 1 , iix^^Z
(v) = (vi) [x]>k^ x>k, where /c e Z
2[x] / if X eZ
(vii) [a:] <k ^ x <k + 1, where/c eZ (viii) [.y] >k ^ x>k + 1, werek sZ
(ix) [.t] <k X < k, where cf e Z (x) [.Y + 1/] = [x] + [y + X- [y]] for all y, y g K
2 n-1
(xi) [y] + Y + - + Y + — + ... + Y + = [ky] , ?i e N.
n n
SMALLEST INTEGER FUNCTION (CEILING FUNCTION) For any real number y, we use the
ww
symbol [y] to denote the smallest integer greater than or V A
equal to x.
For example, f4.7~| =5, [-7.21 =-7, [0751 =1 etc.
Flo
The function / :K deifned l?y f{x)=[x~\for nllxeR is
e
called the smallest integer function or the ceiling function.
rere
<■
X' o X
r FF
It is also a step function.
We observe that the domain of the smallest integer function
uurr
is the set R of all real numbers and its range is the set Z of all
foor
integers. The graph of the smallest integer function is as r V
kss
shown in Fig. 3.12. Fig. 3.12 Smallest integer function

Yoo
ooook
PROPERTIES OF SMALLEST INTEGER FUNCTION Following are some properties of smallest

eBB
integer function:
(i) [-«1 = -[«1, whereneZ (ii) [-y1=-[y1 + 1, whereYgR-Z
uurr
(iii) [y + w1 = [y1 + «, where x e R - Z and eZ

ad
Yo
p -1 fl, ifYsZ 2[y1-1, ifYsZ

(IV) M + r-A:l= jo ; HxeZ (v) M-[-*! =
dY
2[y1 , ifYgZ
Re
innd
FRACTIONAL PART FUNCTION For any real number x, we use the symbol {y} to denote the
fractional part or decimal part of x.
Fi
For example, [3.45] = 0.45, [- 2.75] = 0.25, 055] = 0.45, y A
[3] = 0,[-7] = 0 etc.
The function f :R -> R defined h\j f (y) = for all x eRis

(0,1)
called the fractional part function.
We observe that the domain of the fractional part function is < -2 -1 0 1 2 3
X' X
the set R of all real numbers and the range is the set [0,1).
It is evident from the definition that / (y) = {y} = y - [y]
for all Y g J?
r V
The graph of the fractional part function is as shown in Fig. 3.13 Fractional part function
Fig. 3.13.
FUNCTIONS 3.21
a:| 1 ,
x>0
SIGNUM FUNCTION The function/deifned by f{x)=- X

or, / (i) = -| 0 , X = 0
0 , :r = 0 ' a:<0
is called the signumfinction.

The domain of the signum function is the set R of all real numbers and the range is the set
{-1,0,1}. The graph of the signum function is as shown in Fig. 3.14.
ya YA
y = a^,a>l
(0,1)
w
<■ (0,1)
<■ >
<■ 0
o X' X
X' X
4 (0,-1)
Flo
e
rree
4,y- ^Y'
r FF
Fig, 3.14 Signum function Fig. 3.15 Exponential function/(j:) = «■*' for a > 1
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION If a is a positive real number other than unity, then a function that associates
uurr
each X toa^ is called the exponential function.
for
In other words, a function f :R -> R defined by / (x) = a^, where > 0 and n 1 is called the
kss
exponential function.
ooook
Yo
We observe that the domain of an exponential function is R the set of all real numbers and the
range is the set (0, a>) as it attains only positive values.
eB
As > 0 and a^l. So, we have the following cases:

Case I When a>l: We observe that the values of y =/ (x) =a^ increase as the values of x
urr
increase.
ad
Yo
<1 for X < 0
Also, / (x) = a^ =1 for x = 0

dY
>1 for X > 0 .

Re
innd
Thus, the graph of / (x) - a'^ for a > 1 as shown in Fig. 3.15.
Fi
We also observe that:

2^<3^<4^<...for allx>l
YA
2^ = 3^=4^=...=lforx=0 y = 3^
jfy = 2*
2.V > 3^ forallx<l
3/ = 2V (0.1)
So, the graphs off (x) = 2^’, / (x) = 3^, / (x) = 4^ etc. are as
shown in Fig. 3.16. y= ‘
<-
Case II When 0 < < 1: In this case, the values of X' O X
y =/ (x) = a^ decrease witli the increase in x and y > 0 for

allx gR.
Also,
r> 1 for X < 0
y = f (x) = J = 1 for X = 0 Fig. 3.16 Graphs of exponential functions
<1 for X > 0
3.22 MATHEMATICS-XI
Thus, the graph of / (x) = for 0 < a < 1 is as shown in Fig. 3.17.
A Y
y =<?*, 0<fl<l
(0,1)
■>
<■
X' o X X
X' o X
ww
^ V'
ir
Fig. 3.17 Graph of exponential function
/(x) = tor 0 < (i< 1 Fig. 3.18 Exponential functions
The graphs of / (x) =
Flo
0 < a < 1 for different values of a are shown in Fig. 3.18.
e
We have, 2<e <3. Therefore, graph off (x) = is identical to that off (x) = for a > 1
eree
REMARK I
and the graph of /(x) =e~^ is identical to that of f{x) =a^ for 0 <a <1.
FFr
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION If a>0 and a^l, then the function defined by f (x) = log^ x, x > 0 is
oorr
uur r
called the logarithmic function.
sf
We have learnt that the logarithmic function and the exponential function are inverse functions
i.e. logfl X = y <=> X = A^.
sk
Yoo
ooko
We observe that the domain of the logarithmic function is the set of all non-negative real
numbers i.e. (0, oo) and the range is the set R of all real numbers.
eBB
As A > 0 and a^l. So, we have the following cases.

< 0 for0<x<l
uurr
Case I When a > 1: In this case, we have y = log^ x ● = 0 for x = 1

ad
>0 for x>l

Yo
Also, the values of y increase with the increase in x. So, the graph of y = log^ x is as shown in
dY
Fig.3.19.
Re
innd
YA YA
FFi
f(X) = [OggX
fl > 1 »
(1,0)
<■ <■
O
X' o (1,0) X X' X
f{x)=\og^
y> V 0<a<l
Fig.3.19 Logarithmicfunction/(x) = log^xfora >1 Fig. 3.20 Logarithmic function / (x) = log„ x for 0<«<1
f> 0 for 0 < X < 1
Case II When 0 < A < 1; In this case, we have y = log^ x = 0 for x = 1
<0 for X > 1
FUNCTIONS 3.23
Also, the values of y decrease with the increase in x. So, the graph of y = log„ x is as shown in
Fig. 3.20.
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION Following are some useful properties of
logarithmic function:
(i) log„ 1 = 0, where > 0, 9^ 1
(ii) logrt = 1, where a >0, a¥^l
(iii) logfl (.vy) = log^ I Î + loga \ y\> where a>0, and xy > 0
(iv) log, - log„ I a: I - logfl I y I, where fl > 0, fl 1 and - > 0
yj y
(v) log„(x") = n log„ I A' I, where a>0, a* \ and x” > 0
ww
(vi) log^, -a — log,, X, where a>0,
n
and x > 0
(vii) X^°Sa y = y , where x>0, y>0, fl>0,
FF loo
(viii) If (7 > 1, then the values of / (x) = log^ x increase with the increase in x.
[ < 0 for 0 < X < 1
ree
i.e x<y log„x<logfly. Also, log^ x =0 forx = l
>0 forx>l.
reeF
(ix) If 0 < < 1, then the values of / (x) = log^ x decrease with the increase in x.
oroFr
[ > 0 for 0 < X < 1
r ur
i.e x<y o log^ x >log„ y. Also, log^ x - = 0 forx=l
s ff
<0 for X > 1
1
k
YYouo
(X) logfl X = for (7 > 0, 1 and x > 0, x 1.

koso
logx'^
Functions f {x) =loga x andg(x) =a^ are inverse of each other. So, their graphs are mirror
BBoo
REMARK 2
r ee
images of each other in the line mirror y = x.

RECIPROCAL FUNCTION The function that associates a
real number x to its reciprocal 1/x is
ad
ouur
called the reciprocal function. Since 1/x is not defined for x = 0. So, we define the reciprocal
Yo
function as follows:
d
DEFINITION Thefunction f: R - [0] R defined by f{x) = — is called

Re
idnY
X
1
the reciprocal function.

FFin
X'
%
Clearly, domain of the reciprocal function is K - {0} and its range is ^ o
X
also R - {0}.
We observe that the sign of — is same as that of x and — decreases 'W'r

X X
Fig. 3.21 Reciprocal function

with the increase in x. So, the graph of /(x) = —
X
is as shown in
Fig. 3.21.
SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION The function that associates a real number x fo + Vx is called the
square root function. Since Vx is real for x > 0. So, we defined the square root function as follows;
DEFINITION The function f :R'*' R defined byf(x)=+fx is called the square root function.
Clearly, domain of the square root function is R'^ i.e. [0, oo) and its range is also [0, oo).
3.24 MATHEMATICS-XI
We observe that the values oi f {x)=-\-4x increase with the increase in x. So, the graph of
f {x)-+ 4x is as shown in Fig. 3.22.
y A
y = ii^
<■
o
oww
o X X' X
X'
Y'V
e
rv
re
Fig. 3.22 Square root function Fig. 3.23 Square function
FFrlo
SQUARE FUNCTION The function that associates a real number x to its square i.e. is called
rF
ee
the square function. Since is defined for all x e K. So, we define the square function as follows:
DEFINITION The function f:R^R defined by f (x) = x^ is called the square function.
rF
ouru
Clearly, domain of the square function is R and its range is the set of all non-negative real
ffosor
numbers i.e. [0, oo). The graph of / (x) = x^ is parabola as shown in Fig. 3.23.
os k
CUBE FUNCTION The function that associate a real number x to its cube is called the cube
function. We observe that x^ is meaningful for all x e R. So, we define the cube fimction as
ook
Yo
Y
follows:
Bo
DEFINITION The function f:R^R defined by f (x) = x^ is called the cube function.
reeB
We observe that the sign of x^ is same as that of x and the values of x^ increase with the increase
oouY
ur
in X. So, the graph of/(x) =x^ is as shown in Fig. 3.24. Clearly, the graph is symmetrical in
ad
opposite quadrants.
dY
nind
Re
F
Fi
<■ >
O O X
X' X
Y'ir
Fig. 3.24 Cube function Fig. 3.25 Cube root function
1/3 IS
i
CUBE ROOT FUNCTION The function that associates a real number x to its cube root x
called the cube root function. Clearly, x^^ ^ is defined for all x e R. So, we define the cube root
function as follows:
DEFINITION
The function f-.R-^R defined by f (x) = x^'^ ^ is called the cube root function.
Clearly, domain and range of the cube root function are both equal to R.
3.25
FUNCTIONS
; same as that of X and

1/3 IS ^ increase with the increase in x. So, the graph of
Also, the sign of X
1/3
f(x) = x is as shown in Fig. 3.25.
REMARK 3
A function f-.R^Ris said to be a polynomial function iff (:c) is a polynomial in x. For
example, f (x) = x'^ - x + 4^,g{x) = x^ + 3x^ + yfl x-1 etc are polynomial functions,
REMARK 4 A function of the form f (:r) = where p (x) and q (.t) are polynomials and q (x) ^ 0, is
q{x)
fix)
called a rational function. The domain of a rational function f (;r) = is the set of all real numbers,
qix)
except points where q (a:) = 0.
w
3.8 OPERATIONS ON REAL FUNCTIONS
In this section, we shall introduce various operations, namely addition, subtraction,
Flo
multiplication, division etc. on real functions.
e
ADDITION Letf:Di~>R and g:D2^Rbe two real functions. Then, their sum f + gis deifned as
ree
thatfmctionfrom nD2toR which associates eachxeDi nD2 to the number f {x) +g(Ar).
FFr
In other words, if /: Dj ^ R and g: D2 ^ R are two real functions, then their sum / + g is a
urr
function fromDi nD2 to R such that
if + g) (x) =f{x) + g ix) for all a: g Dj n D2.
orr
sf
PRODUCT Let f :Di R and g:D2 -> R be two real functions. Then, their product (or pointwise
kks
multiplication) f gis a function from Dj n D2 fo R and is defined as

Yo
ooo
if g){x) = fix)gix) forallx^D^nDj

eB
DIFFERENCE (SUBTRACTION) Let f :DiR and g:D2 ^ R be two real functions. Then the
difference of gfrom f is denoted by f -g and is defined as
ur
if-g)ix) =fix)-g(x) forallxeDir^D2

ad
YYo
QUOTIENT Letf-.D-^ Randg:D2 -> Rbetworealfunctions.Then the quotient off by gisdenoted

by — and it is a function from D| n D2 - |a: : g (a:) = 0} fo R defined by
dd
g
Re
in
f fix)
^ (x) = for all x eDin,D2~{x'.g (a:) = 0}
F
gix)
MULTIPLICATION OF A FUNCTION BY A SCALAR Letf:D R ba a real function and a be a scalar
(real number). Then the product a / is a function from D toR and is defined as
iaf)(x) = af(x) forallxeD.
RECIPROCAL OF A FUNCTION J//:D ^ R is a real function, then its reciprocal function f^ iIS a
f1 1
function from D ~{x:f (x) =0} to R and is defined as 7 = 7T v
I) j ix)
REMARK1 The sum, difference product and quotient are definedfor realfunctions only on their common
domain. These operations do not make any sense for general functions even if their domains are same,
because the sum, difference, product and quotient may or may not be meaningful for the elements in their
common domain.
3.26
MATHEMATICS-XI
REMARK 2
For any real function f \D n R andn eN,zve define
{fff....f){x)=f{x)f{x)...f(x) = (/W)" forallxeD
ii-times »?-times

EXAMPLE 1 Find the sum and difference of the identityfunction and the modulus function. [NCERT]
SOLUTION We know that /: R R defined by f{x) = x is the identity function and g: R R
defined by g(x)=[x| is the modulus function. Clearly, fandg have the same domain.
Therefore, f + g-.R ^R and f -g:R ^ R such that
if + g)(x) = f{x)+g{x) = x + \x\
_ I X +X , ifx>0 _ 2x , if x>0
w
1 X-A- , if X < 0 " 0 , ifa:<0
if -g) (x) = / (x) (a) = A -| A I = j

A -A , if a:>0 0 , ifA>0
and.
T-(-x) , ifx<0 2a , if A < 0
Thus,
Flo
f + g- R -> R and f -g:R ^ R are defined as
ee
if A>0
2a , 0 , if X > 0
(/ + ^)(x) = 0 / if A < 0 and, if-g)(x) =
Fr
2a / if A < 0
EXAMPLE 2 What are the sum and difference of the identity function and the reciprocalfunction ?
[NCERT]
or
ur
SOLUTION Let / and g denote respectively the identity function and the reciprocal function.
sf
Then, /: K R andg:R - \0\ ^ R such that /(a) = a for all a e R and, g(a) = — for all
A
ok
Yo
A € R -{0). The domains of / and g are R and R - {0} respectively. Also, we haveR n R - [0}
= R - {0).Therefore, / + ^: R - {0} ->■ R and f - g: R - {0} ^ R are given by
Bo
if + g){x) = fix)+g{x) = A + - and, if-g){x) = fix)-g{x) = x--

re
X X
EXAMPLE 3 Let /: [2, oo) ^ R and g :[-2, co) ^ R be two real functions defined by f ix)- fx-2
ou
ad
and g (a) = fx + 2. Find f + g and f -g.

Y
SOLUTION Let Dj = [2, oo) and D2 = [- 2, 00). Then, n D2 = [2, 00). Thus, / + g; [2, 00) -> R
nd
and / - g: [2, 00) -> R are given by

Re
(/ + g) (x) =/(x) + g(A) = â-2 + ^x + 2 for aU a e [2, x)

Fi
and, (/ - g) (x) =/ (x) - g (a) = â-2 - fx + 2 for all a e [2, x).

EXAMPLE 4
Find the product of the identity function and the modulus function.
SOLUTION Let / and g denote respectively the identity function and modulus function. Then,
f:R-^R such that /(.a) = x for all a and, g:R^R such that g (x) = | a ( for all a. Clearly,
/ and g have the same domain. Therefore, the product / g is a function from R to itself and is
given by
A^ , if X > 0
if g)ix) = /(x)g(A) = x| a| = ' if A < 0
EXAMPLE 5 Find the quotient of the identity function by the modulus fimction.
SOLUTION Let / and g denote respectively the identity function and the modulus function.
Then, f :R R is defined as/ (a) = a and, g: R ^ R is defined as g (a) = | a |. Clearly, / and g
have the same domain.
FUNCTIONS 3.27
And, g(A:)=0 => |:cl=0 x = 0.

Therefore, the quotient of / ^ i.e. — is a function from R - (01 ^ R and is defined as
g
x>0
L (x) = IS^ = ±
X
kS g{x) 1^ X
= -1 , .r < 0
-X
EXAMPLE 6 Find the product of the identity function and the reciprocal function.
Then,/: R -> R is defined as f {x)=x for all x e R and,^: R - {0) -> R is defined asg (x) = - for
ww
all a: G R - |0j. We find that Domain (/) n Domain (g) = R n R -10) = R -10}. Therefore, the
product ^ is a function from R - {0} to R and is defined as
FF loo
ifs) (^) =/ {^) 5 (^) = ^ ^ -
X
=1 all X G R - {01
Thus,/g: R - {0} ^ R is given by (/^) (x) =1 for allx e R -{0}.
ree
EXAMPLE 7 Find the quotient of the identity function by the reciprocal function.
rFee
F
Then,/: R R is defined as/(x) =x for all x g R and,^: R -{0} - R is defined as^(x) =— for
oor r
rur
allx gR -{0}. Wefind that Domain (/) n Domain (g-) = R n R -10| = R - (Oj.And,^ (x) ^ Ofor
s ff
anyxGR -{0}.
k
/ f(x)_ X = x2
YYoou
Lis a function from R-{0}R and is given by — (x) =

ookos
g K.gJ g{x) 1/X

BBo
f. f
Hence, — :R -{0) ^ R is given by (x)=x^ for all X G R -jO}.
re
g
X
EXAMPLE 8 Let cbe a non-zero real number and f:R->R be a function defined by / (x) = -
ouur
ad
Yo
for all X G R. Find (i) cf (ii) c^f (iii) \cj

- /.
dY
Re
SOLUTION Clearly, cf, c^f and - / are functions from R to itself such that
idn
FFin
X
(i) {cf) (x) = c/(x) = c X —c = X for all X G R
(ii) (c^/) (x) = c^/(x) = X ~ = cx for all X G R

c
(iii) i /(x) = -X —=-^ for allx 6 R.

i / (x)= KCJ c c
1
EXAMPLE 9 Let f and g be two real functions defined byf{x) = X + 4
andg{x)={x + i)^.
/ 1 1
Find the following: (i) f + g (ii) f-g (iii) / g (iv) — (v) 2/ (vi) — (vii) —
g f g
1
SOLUTION We observe that /(x) = X is defined for all x # - 4. So, domain (/) = R - 4}.
+ 4
Clearly, ^(x) =(x + 4)^ is defined for all x g R.So, domain (^) =R. We find that
3.28 MATHEMATICS-XI
Domain (/) n Domain {^) = J? - {- 4}. Therefore,

1 + (;c. + 4)'’
..3 {.t+4)‘^+l
(i) / + g; R - (- 41 R is given by (/ + g) (x) =f(x)-\-g (;t) = a: —
+ 4 a: + 4
-(a:+ 4)^ = 1 -(a:+ 4)^

1
(ii) / -g: R - {- 4} ^ R is defined as (f~g) {x) = / (at) -g (a:) =
a: + 4 a: + 4
(hi) fg:R- {-4} -> R is given by (fg) (x) = f{x) g(A:) = —^

a:+ 4
x (at + 4) ^ = (a: 4- 4)^
(iv) ^(:r)=0 (a: + 4)^=0 => a: = -4.
oww
/
Domain - =Domain (/) n Domain (g) ~{A::g(A:) = 0} = R-{-4). Therefore,
f. f]
-:R-{-41 ->R is given by - (at) =
fix) 1
g R(a:) (a:+ 4)^
e
= x+^ 4 for all a: e R - {- 4].
FFrlo
re
(v) 2/: R -{-4| R is given by (2/) (a:) = 2 (/ (a:))
ree
F
1
(vi) We observe that f{x)^0 for any a: e R - 4}. Therefore, —: R - (- 4} R is given by
'/
rF
1 1 1
T (X)- = (A- + 4)
/ fix) l/ix + 4)fsoor
ouur
~ 1
skf
(vii) We observe that g (.r) = (a: + 4) = 0 for a: = - 4. Therefore, -: R - {- 4} ^ R is given by
g
ooko
Yo
1 1 1
Y
- (A) =
r(a) (;c + 4)^
Bo
reB
EXAMPLE 10 Let f and g be real functions defined by f (a:) = fx + 2 and g (a:) = Then, find
each of the following functions:
uur
oY
ad
(i)/ + R (ii)/“g (iii)/g (iv) — (v) Jf (vi) gg

dY
SOLUTION We have, / (a) =^x + 2 and g (x) = -^4-a:^. Clearly, f (x) is defined for all x
innd
Re
satisfying
Fi
F
x + 2>0=> x^-2=> Are[-2, 00), Therefore, Domain (/)=[- 2, x)

We observe that g (.r) is defined for all x satisfying
4 - a:^ > 0 => AT^ ~ 4 < 0 => (a: - 2) (at + 2) £ 0 => a: e [- 2, 2]. Therefore, Domain (g) = [- 2, 2].
We find that: Domain (/) n Domain (g) = [- 2, x) n [- 2, 2] = [- 2, 2]. Therefore,
(i) / + g: [- 2, 2] R is given by (/ + g) (x) = / (x) + g
(x) = ^x + 2 + ^4-x^
(ii) /-g:[-2,2]-4Risgivenby(/-g)(x) =f(x)~g(x) = ^x + 2-^4-x^
(iii) ^ 2, 2] -» R is given by
(fg) (a) = fix) g (X) = fx + 2 X ^4-x^ = ■Jix+2)^ (2-x) = (x + 2) ^~x
(iv) We have, g (x) = ^4-x^. Therefore, g (x) = 0 => 4 - x^ = 0 =5> X = ± 2. Therefore,
Domain = [-2,2]-{-2,2) = (-2,2)
g
FUNCTIONS 3.29
/. (f fix) ^ ^ 1
Thus, —: (- 2, 2) -> R is given by — (3:) =
g U gix) ^4-x^
(v) Since domain (/) = [-2, co). Therefore,
(ff)(x)=f(x)f(x) =\f(x)f = Qx + 2)'^ = 3: + 2 for all X e [-2, co)
(vi) Since domain (g) = [-2, 2). Therefore,
igg) (^) = g(^) g{x) = \g (-v)]^ = 4- for all X e [- 2, 2]
EXAMPLE 11 Let f be the exponential function and g be the logarithmic function. Find:
(i)(/ + g) (1) (ii) (/g)(l) (iii) (3/)(l) (iv) (5g){l)
ww
SOLUTION Wehave,/;R ^R givenby/{x) and, giR'*’ -> R given by g(a) = logg a.
(i) We find that: Domain (/) n Domain (g) = R n R
+
= R'". Therefore, / + g: R"" ^ R is
Floo
given by
e
+
if + g)ix) = fix) +g{x) = e^ + loge a for all a e R
eere
if + g) (1) = e'^ + loge 1 = e + 0 = e.
FFr
(ii) Domain (/) n Domain (g) = R nR'*' = R~^. Therefore, fg-R^ ^ R is given by
oorr
uur r
ifg)ix) = fix) gix) = eWo^^ X => (/g)(l) = loge 1 = ex 0=0
s ff
(iii) Clearly, (3/)(a) = 3(/(a)) = 3e^. Therefore, (3/)(l) = 3e^ = 3e
sk
YYoo
(iv) Clearly, (5g) (.r) = 5 (g (a)) = 5 log^ a. Therefore, (5 g) (1) = 5 log^ 1 =5x0 = 0.
ooko

eBB
EX.AMPLE 12 Find the domain of each of the followingfunctions given by

(i) fix) = , [NCERTEXEMPLAR! (u) / (a) = ^
uurr
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
7a-| a| fx+\x\
ad
Yo
1 1
(iii) fix) = (iv) fix) =
^lx-[x] fx + [a]
dY
if A>0
, ^, . We know that | a | = \
a: ,
Re
SOLUTION (i) We have, / (a) =

nind
if A < 0
^]x-\x\ [ -X ,
FFi
A-A =0 , if A > 0
A -| a| = A + A = 2a , if A<0
a-Ia|<0 for all a

1
does not take real values for any a e R => / (a) is not defined for any a e R.
yl^\x\
Hence, Domain (/) = (^
1 A if AÔ
(ii) We have,/(a) = .We know that I a
if A < 0
yjx+\x\ -X ,
A + A, if A > O 2a , if A ^ O
A + l a| = if A < 0
A +1 A 0 , if A <0
A - A ,
Thus, /(a) = assumes real values, if a +1 a | > 0 => a > 0 => a e (0, co). [Using (i)]
+ X
Hence, Domain (/) = (0,00).

3.30 MATHEMATICS-XI
1
(iii) We have, / (a:) = . We know that 0 < a: - [a:] < 1 for all x eR. Also, x - [x] = 0
1
forxeZ. Thus,/(x) = is defined, if
x-[x]>0=> X & R-Z [●.' X - [x] = 0 for X s Z and 0 < x - [x] < 1 for x e K - Z ]
Hence, Domain(J) =R -Z.
(iv) We have, / (x) = ^ . We know that
X + [x] > 0 for all X > 0

X + [x] = 0 for X = 0
X + [x] < 0 for all X < 0
ww
Clearly,/(x) = is defined for all x satisfying x + [x] > 0. Therefore, from (i), we find
yjx + [X]
that. Domain (/) = (0, co).
Flo
ee
EXAMPLE 13 Find the domain of definition of the function f (x) given by
eer
FFr
/(x) = log4 ] logs log3{18x-x^-77 ●
oorr
uur r
s ff
SOLUTION We have, (x) = log4 ■ log5 log3 (18x-x^-77) ●. Since log„ x is defined for all
sk
YYoo
ooko
X > 0. Therefore, / (x) is defined if

eBB
logs 11°S3 (18x-x^ -77)1 >0 andl8x-x^ -77 >0

=> log3(18x-x^-77)>5° and x^-18x+77<0
uurr
=> logs (18x-x^-77) (x-11) (x-7) <0

ad
Yo
=> 18x-x^ -77 > 3^ and 7 <x<ll

dY
=> 18x - x^ - 80 > 0 and 7 < x < 11

Re
innd
=> x^ -18x + 80 <0 and 7 <x <11

FFi
=> (x -10) (x - 8) < 0 and 7<x<ll^ 8<x<10 and 7 <x < 11 => 8 < x <10 ^ x e{8, 10).
Hence, the domain of / (x) is (8,10).
1
EXAMPLE 14 Find the domain of definition of the function f{x)givenbyf{x) =
log 10 (1-x)
1 1
SOLUTION We have, /(x) = +
J7+2. Let g(x) = and h (x) =^x + 2.
logic -^) log 10 (1-x)
Then, f {x)=g (x) + h (x). Therefore, Domain (/) = Domain (g) n Domain (h).
1
Now, six) = is defined for all x for which logio (1 - x) is defined and
logio (1 -X)
log 10 (l-x)7t0^ l-x>0 and l-x^*! ^ x<l and x 0 =^> x e(-co , 0) u (0,1)
Domain (^) = (- oo, 0) u (0,1).
FUNCTIONS 3.31
And, h(x) = is defined for all a: satisfying a: + 2>0=> x>-2 => xg[-2,<x>).
Domain (h) = [- 2, co).
Hence, Domain (J) = Domain (^) n domain (h) = (- oo, 0) u (0,1) n [- 2, co) = [- 2, 0) u (0,1)
EXAMPLE 15 Find the range of each of the following fmictions:
(i) /(a:)=|.r-3| INCERT EXEMPLAR] (ii) / (x) =1-j x - 2 j [NCERT EXEMPLAR!
x-4
(iii) fix) = [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
x-4
SOLUTION (i) We have, (x) = |x-3|. Clearly, /(x) is defined for all xeR. Therefore,
Domain (/) = R. We find that
ww
I X - 31 > 0 for all x e R
=> 0 0 < /(x) <<x> for all x e R => / (x) e [0, oo) for all x e R
FF loo
Hence, Range (/) = [0, oo).
ree
(ii) We have, /(x) = 1 - | x - 2|. We observe that /(x) is defined for all x eR. Therefore,
Domain (/) = R.
reeF
Now, 0 
-X <1 - j X - 2] <1 for all X e R ^ -X </(x) <1 for all x e R => /(x) e(-x, 1]
Hence, Range (/)=(-'»,!]
k
YYouo
x-4
kos o
(iii) We have, / (x) = . Clearly, /(x) is defined for all x e R except at x = 4. Therefore,
x-4
BBoo
Domain (/) = R - {4|. We find that

r ee
x-4
= 1 , if X > 4
lx-4| x-4
ad
fix) =
ouur
x-4 -]-ix-4) if X <4

Yo
x-4
Thus,/(.v) takes only two values -1 and 1. Hence, Range (/) ={-l, 1).
d
Re
idnY
EXAMPLE 16 Find the domain and range of each of the following functions given by
1
FFin
(i) fix) = (ii) fix) = 1 -j x-3|

1
SOLUTION (i) We have, / (x) = -j=
^jx-[x]
Domain off: We know that 0 < x - [x] < 1 for all x € R and, x - [x] = 0 for x € Z.
1
0 < X - [x] < 1 for all X e R - Z => / (x) = exists for all x € R - Z.
Hence, Domain (/) = R-Z.

Range off: As discussed above
0 < X - [x] < 1 for all X e R - Z
=> 0 < fx - [x] < 1 for all X e R - Z
1
=> 1 < < 00 for all X € R - Z ^ 1 < /(x) < oo for all x e R - Z => Range (/) = (1, co).
yjx - [X]
3.32 MATHEMATICS-XI
(ii) Wehave,/(x) = 1-| x - 3|.Clearly,/(.r)isdefinedforallA: eR.Therefore,Domain(/) = R.

Range off: For any x eR,we find that
|x-3|>0=>-|x-3|<0^1-|:r-3|<l=>/(:r)<l=> f {x) e(-oo, 1]
Hence, Range (/) = (-co, 1].
1 -| x\
EXAMPLE 17 pifjd f/jg domain of the real function f (x) defined by f (x) =
p-\x\
1 - I XI
SOLUTION We have, / (x) = -—We observe that f{x) is defined for all x satisfying
2-|x
-i--
1 -
^>0. -00 0 1 2 + =0
2- X
w
1-|AT|
Fig. 3.26 Signs of for different values of \x
2-|x|
l-\x\
Now, > 0 => ——- >0=>|3:|<1 or, |x[>2 [●.● See Fig. 3.26]
Flo
2-Ul I x| - 2
ee
a: e[-l, 1] or, x e(- oo, - 2) u (2, oo) => a: e(-oo , -2) u(2, oo) u[-l, 1]
Fr
Hence, domain (/) = (- co , - 2) u (2, oo) u [-1,1].
1
EXA.MPLE 18 find the domain of the function f given by f{x) = [NCERT EXEMPALR]
for
ur
V[.vp-M-6
1
SOLUTION We have, f{x) =
ks
Yo
oo
Clearly, f{x) is defined for all x satisfying <■ -●t
— oo -2 3 CO
eB
[x]^ -[xj-6 > 0

Fig. 3.27 Signs of [x]^ -[x] -6 for different values of x
{[x]-3){[x] + 2)>0
ur
[x] < -2 or [.r] > 3

ad
X e (-0C, - 2) or x e [4, oo) => x e (-x, - 2) u [4, x)

Yo
Hence, domain (/) = (-x, - 2) la [4, x).

EXERCISE 3.4
d
Re
in
BASIC
F
1 /
Find/ + g, f-g, cf{ceR,c^0), fg, — and — in each of the following:
'/ 8
(i) /(x) = x^ +1 and ^(x) = x + 1 (ii) / (x) = fx -1 and g (x) = fx + 1.

2- Let /(x)=2x + 5 and g{x)~x^ + x. Describe (i)/ + ^ (ii) f-g (iii)/g (iv) f/g. Find the
domain in each case.
=|
1 , -2<x<0
3- If/(x) be defined on [- 2,2] and is given by /(x) x-1 , 0<x<2
and g{x) =/{ 1 XI) + I /(x) |. Find g(x).

Let /, g be two real functions defined by / (x) = fx +1 and g {x) = p - x^. Then, describe
each of the following functions:
(i) / + g (ii) 8-f (hi) / g (iv) f/g
(v) (vi) 2f-Sg (vii)/2+7/ (viii) ^
f
FUNCTIONS 3.33
5. If / (:c) = loge (1 - x) and g (.t) = [x], then determine each of the following functions:
(i)/ + g (ii) fg (iii) Lg (iv) %
/
Also, find (/ + g)(-l),(/g)(0), L if - .

BASED ON LOTS
I 1 2
6 If // g, h are real functions defined by f (x) Jx +1, g (x) = — and h (x) = 2x - 3, then find
^ X
the values of{2f + g~ h) (1) and (2 f + g -h) (0).
ooww
fl -X , <0
7. The function/is defined by/(a:) =<^ 1 , a: = 0. Draw the graph of/(a:), [NCERT]
a: + 1 , a: > 0
/
8. Let/, be defined, respectively by/(a) = a: + l,g(A:) =2Ar-3.Fmd/+g,/-ând
e
g
re
[NCERT]
rFFl
ree
F
9. Let /: [0, co) ^ R and g:R->R be defined by f{x)=Jx andg(A:)=A:.
Find/ + g,/-^,/^ and
rF
[NCERT]
g
fsfoor
ouur
10. Let / (x) = X and g (a:) = 2a: +1 be two real functions. Find (/ + g) (a:), (/ -g) (a:), (Jg) (a:)
(f^
kosk
and — (a:). [NCERT]
g
Yo
oo
Y
ANSWERS
BB
1. (i) f + g-R-^R given by{f + g){x) = x^ + x + 2

rre
f-g:R^R given by (f -g)(x) = x^ - X

oYuu
ad
cf :R -> R given by (cf) (a;) = c (a:^ + 1)

dY
fg:R^R given by (fg) (a;) =(x + 1)^ (a:^ - a: +1)

innd
r 11
Re
1 1
:R-{-!}-> R given by - (x) =
f f +1
Fi
F
f ( f')
-:R -{-!)-> R given by i (x)=x^+x + l
g J
(ii) / ± g: [1, co) ^ R defined by (/ + g) (x) = fx-1 ± ^x + 1
cf: [1, co) -> R defined by (cf) (x) = c ^x -1
fg: [1, co) -> R defined by (fg) (x) = yjx'^ -1
1 fl ^ 1
-:(l,co)^R defined by — (x) = .
f^ f yjx-1
f.
:[l,oo)->R defined by
f
(x) = ZEI
g g ]jx + l
2. (i) (f + g) (^) = + 3x + 5; dom (f + g)=R (ii) (f-g)(x) =5 + x - x^; dom (f-g)=R
3.34 MATHEMATICS-XI
2x^5
(iii) {fg){x) = 2;c^ + + 5a:; dom {fg) = R (iv) ^ (.t)=^ X + X
, dom - = R - {0,1}
-a:, -2<x<0
3. ^(a:)=- 0, 0<x<l
2{x-l), l<x<2
-I- (i) / + ^:[-l, 3]^-R defined by (/ +g) (a:) = Ja: + 1 +yj9-x^

(ii) 3]^R defined by (g-f) (x) =^9 - x^ - ^x + 1
oww
(iii) ^:[-l, 3]-^R defined by (^) (a:) = ^9 + 9a: -a:^ -x^
f (f) a: + 1
(iv) [-1, 3] ^ R defined by — (a:) =
g g ^9-x^
e
FFrlo
re
g 9-x^
(v) f— :(-1, 3] ^ R defined by \f)
^ (a^) =
ree
x + 1
F
(vi) 2/ -^/5 ^1, 3] ^ R defined by (2/ g){x) = 2 ^x + 1 --^45 -5a:^
rF
(vii) + 7 /: [-1, oo) ^ R defined hy {f^ +7f) (x) =x + I+7 ^x + 1
fsoor
ouur
skf
5 f s'] 5
(viu) Z: (_ 3^ 3) R defined by - {x)=-j=^—●
p-X^
ooko
Yo
Y
5. (i) f + g-(- CO, 1) ^ R defined by (f + g) (x) = log,, (1 - x) + [x]

Bo
reB
(ii) /^:(-CO, 1)->R defined by (/g)(x) = [x] log^ (1 - x)

/. ' f'' logg (1 - x)
(iii) —: (- CO, 0) R defined by — (x) =
uur
oY
g gj M
ad
[x]
dY
(iv) —: (- 00, 0) u (0,1) -)■ R defined by § (x) =

/ /. loge (1 - x)
innd
Re
/Vi— does not exist

is n
= 0
(/ + g)(-l) = loge2-l and, (/^) (0) = 0,
g Jv2;
Fi
F
l/J^2
6. 2 (-\/2+1), 0, does not exist.
8. / + g: R -> R defined by (/ + g) (x) = 3x - 2; / - g-: R -> R defined by (/ - ^) (x) = - x + 4
/.:R - -> R defined in/
7 (x) =
x + 1
g g 2x-3
9. / + ^: [0, oo) R defined by (/ + g)(x) =^/x + x; /-g: [0,oo) -> defined by (/-g)(x)=Vx-x
f r f' 1
^: [0, oo) ^ R defined by {fg) (x) = x^^^; —: (0, oo) R defined by — (x) =
g g
/ r
x"
10. (/ + g)(x)=(x + l)2,(/-g)(x)=x^-2x-l,(/g)(x)=2x3+x2, L (x) = 2x + l
g
FUNCTIONS 3.35
l-x, a: < 0 A
7. We have, / (at) = I, x = 0 . Y
X + 1, X >0
\
l-X, x<0 ■f-
Let / (a:) = y. Then, y - ● 1, a: = 0

(0,1)
X + 1, a: >0 <r >
X- (-1,0) o (1,0) X
The graph of / (a:) is as shown in Fig. 3.28.
oww
\rr
Fig. 3.28
8. f: R R and g:R ^ R are given hy f{x) = a: +1 and g (x) = 2x - 3. Clearly, D (f)=R and
D (g)=R. Therefore,
e
FFrlo
re
(i) D(J + g)=D{f)nD{g) = R and, {/+ g) (x) =f {x) + g{x) = x+ l+ 2x - 3 = 3x-2
(ii) D(J-g)=D(f)nD{g)=R and. {f - g) {x) =f (x) - g{x) =x + \-2x + 3 =-x + 4
ree
F
(iii) D{fg)=D(J)n,Dig)=R and, ifg)ix)=fix)g{x)={x + l)(2x-3) =2x^-x-3
rF
(iv) d[=(1 = D(/)nD(g)-{Ar:sW = 0} = R-{|| and, 7 fix) x + 1
(X) =
fsoor
ouur
■.S J ^ g g{x) 2x-3
skf
9. It is given that/:[0,oo)-»R and ^: R K are such that/(x) = Vx and r (x) =x. We find
ooko
that
Yo
Y
^ (f g) = [0, oo) n R = [0, oo). Therefore,

Bo
reB
/ + R: [0, co) ^ R is given hy (J + g) (x) = f{x)+g(x) = Vx + x

D {f -g) = D (f) r\D{g) = [0,co)nR = [0, oo). Therefore,
uur
oY
/-R:[0,'»)"> Misgiven by (/-g)(x) =f(x)-g(x) =Vx-x

ad
îfg) = ^ if) ig) = [0, a))nR = [0, oo).Therefore,

dY
/g: [0, oo)-> R is given by (/r) (x) =/(x) ^ (x) = Vx x = x^^^

innd
Re
D — = D (/) n D (g) - {x: ^ (x) = 0} = (0, oo). Therefore,

Fi
F
/. 7' /w V? 1
— : (0, co) -> R is given by — (x) =
g S) gix) X Vx
10. We have, / (x) = x^ and g (x) = 2x +1. Clearly, D (J) =R and D (g) = R.
.-. D(/±g) = D(/)nD(g) = RnR = R
Difg) = D(/)nD(g) = RnR = R
(f
= D(/)nD(g)-{x:gM = 0} = RnR-|-i|
1
D = R -
g 2
Thus, / + g: R-> R is givenby(/+ g) (x) = /(x)+g{x) =x“ + 2x + l

/-g:R ^R is given by(/-g)(x) =/(x)-g(x) =x^-2x-l
3.36 MATHEMATICS-X!
(/g): K->R is given by (/^)(a:) = f{x)g{x) = x{2x-\-\)

11 (f) fix) X
g
:R-
—^ R is given by — (x) = g(x) 2x + l
1. Let A and B be any two sets such that n{A) =p and n{B) =q, then the total number of
functions from /I to B is equal to
1
2. = then f{xj) =
:r-l V
ax + b
3. liy=f(x) = then/(y) =
llow ow
cx-d
4. The domain of the function/(x) =-7= is

-X
S. The range of the function/(a:) =[A:]-A:is
ree
x + 2 .
6. The range of the function f{x) = IS
x +2
rF
r FF
The range of the function /(x) = log^j x, > 0 is forFe fo
8. Let / and g be two functions given by / = {(2, 4), (5, 6), (8,-1), (10, - 3)1 and
ou
g = 1(2, 5), (7,1) (8, 4), (10,13), (11, -5)1-Then, domain of/ + gis
ks
9. Let / and g be two real functions given by / = {(10,1), (2, 0), (3, -4), (4, 2), (5,1)} and
oo
g =1(1, 0), (2, 2), (3, -1), (4, 4), (5, 3)1- Then the domain^ is given by
YourY
10. The domain for which the functions/(x) = 3x^ -landg(x) = 3 + x are equal is
B
r eBokse
xî-l .
; The domain of the function/(x) = IS
x^-3x + 2
ou
ad
x-1 /l^
12. If/(x) = then / — +/(x) is equal to
Your
x+r ^x
x-1 y 1\
d
Re
13. If/(x) = then /(x) / — is equal to

x+r
in
V xj
FindYF
! 1. If/(x) =[x]^ -5 Ix] + 6, then the set of values of x satisfying/(x) = 0is

1
15, The domain of the function /(x) = V9 - x + is equal to
Vx^ -16
2-x
T The domain and range of the function/(x) = are .and. respectively.
x-2
1
17. The domain of the function/(x) = is
-j[xf-3[x] + 2
x-4| IS
.
IS. The range of the function/(x) =
x-4
19. The domain of the function /(x) = x + [x] is

20. The range of the function /(x) = Vl -x^ is ,
FUNCTIONS 3.37
10
1
21. The domain of the function /(.r) = ^ IS
11=1 \2x-n
UI-2.IS
22. The domain of the function f{x) =
UI-3
23. If f{2x+ 3) =4a:^ + 12j: + 15, then the value of/(3^; + 2) is
24. The number of elements of an identity function defined on a set containing four elements
IS
ANSWERS
1. f 2.1-x 3. :r 4, (-CO, 0) 5. (-1, 0] 6. i-l,l|
w
7. R 8. (2, 8,10) 9. 12,3,4,5) 10. 11. R-{1,2) 12.0
13. -1 14. [2,4) 15. (-oo,-4)u(4,9] 16. R-12), 1-1)
Flo
17. (-00,1) u [3, oo) 18. 1-1,1} 19. R 20. [0,1]
reeee
21. R-
2 2 -'I 22. R-1-3,3} 23. 9x^-12x+24 24.4
Fr
for
ur
Answer each of the folloiving questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement of the
question:
kss
1. Write the range of the real function f{x) = | |.

Yo
1 ●y 1
oo
2. If / is a real function satisfying f\x + xj ^ for all x eR -10), tlien write the
x^
eB
expression hrf{x).
- n t:
3. Write the range of the function / (x) = sin [:r], where — <x<-.
r
4
ou
ad
●y 9
4. If f (x) = cos [tc ] X + cos [ - 71 ] X, where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal
YY
to X, then write the value of / (ti).

ndd
Re
7C
5. Write the range of the function/ (x) = cos [x], where <x <—.
Fi
6. Write the range of the function / (x) = x e R.

ca*
7. Let/(x) =
x + 1
,x^~l. Then write the value of a satisfying / (/ (x)) = x for all x^-1.
1 f f\X\
8. If / (x) =1 —, then write the value of / / —
X ^ \X J
x-2
9. Write the domain and range of the function /(x) =
2-x
10. If / (x) = 4x -x^, X e R, then write the value of / {a + 1) -/ {a -1).

●y
11. If /, g, h are real functions given by / (x) = x^, g (x) = tan x and, h (.x) = logg x, then
f r“^
K
write the value of (hogof)
ViJ-
3.38 MATHEMATICS-X!
12. Write the domain and range of function / (:c) given by / (x) = . ^
■^x — |xj
13. Write the domain and range of / (:r) = -yjx - [a:].
14. Write the domain and range of function/(x) given by/(:c) =^{x] -x.
15. Let A and B be two sets such that«(/i) =pandn(B) = write the number of functions from A
to B.
16. Let / and ^ be two functions given by

/ = {(2, 4), (5, 6), (8, -1), (10, - 3)1 and^ = {(2,5), (7,1), (8, 4), (10,13), (11, -5)j.
Find the domain of / +g.
17. Find the set of values of x for which the functions f{x) = 3x -1 and g(x) = 3 + a: are equal.
w
18. Let / and g be two real functions given by
/ = {(0,1),{2, 0), (3,-4), (4, 2), (5,1)1 andg = ((1,0), (2, 2), (3,-1), (4, 4), (5, 3)1.
Flo
Find the domain of fg.
ANSWERS
reee
2- / {^) = -2, where | a:| > 2 3. {-sin 1, 01
FFr
1. [0,co)
4. 0 5. [1, cos 1, cos 2} 6. [1, e) 7. a=-l
urr
8.
X
9. D(/)=R-12),R(/)={-ll
for 10. 4(2-a)
x-1
kkss
11. 0 12. D(/) = 4) = K(/) 13. D(f)=R,R(f)=[0A)

14. D(/)=2,R(/)=(01 15. qP 16. {2,8,10}
Yo
ooo
17. {-1,4/3} 18. {2, 3, 4,5}

eB

r
ou
ad

YY
1. Let A ={1, 2, 3},B ={2, 3, ■^, then which of the following is a function from A to B?
(a) {(1,2), (1,3), (2, 3), (3,3)1 (b) {(1,3), (2,4)1
nndd
(c) {(1,3), (2,2), (3,3)1 (d) {(1,2), (2,3), (3,2), (3,4)}.

Re
2. If/:Q ->Q is defined as/ (x) =x^, then/ (9) is equal to

Fi
(a) 3 (b) -3 (c) {-3,31 (d) 4

3. Which one of the following is not a function?
(a) {(x,y):x,i/eR,x^=}fi (b) {(x,y):2,yeR,y^=4
(c) $x,y):x,yeR,x = y^] (d) {{x,y):x,yeR,y = x^\
1 r 2^
4. If/(2) =cos(log a:), then/(A:^)/(y^) / ^ +/(2^ y^) ● has the value
U J
(a) -2 (b) -1 (c) 1/2 (d) none of these
fx']
1
5. If/(x) = cos (log 2), then/(a:)/(y) — <f — +/(Ary) ( has the value
^ I \VJ
(a) -1 (b) 1/2 (c) -2 (d) none of these
6. Let f (x) =\ X -11. Then,
FUNCTIONS 3.39
(a) f{xh=[fix)f- (h)f{x + y)=f{x)f{]/)

(c) f{\x$=\f(x)\ (d) none of these
7. The range of / (x) = cos [x], for-7t/2<A:<Tt/2 is
(a) {-1,1,0} (b) jcosl, cos 2,1} (c) {cos 1, - cos 1,1) (d) [-1,1]
8. Which of the following are functions?
(a) {{x, y):\p- = .r, j:, y e R| (b) {{x,y):\/=\x],x,ysR]
(c) {{x,y):x^+ = l,.i:,y eRj (d) \{x,y)-.x^ y^=l, x,yeK}
1 + x 3a: + x^
9. If/(a:) = log and g (x) = then / (g(A:)) is equal to
1-x l + 3x^'
(a)/(3x) (b) \f{x)}^ (c) 3f(x) (d) -fix)
ww
10. If i4 ={1, 2, 3}, 6 ={a:, y|, then the number of functions that can be defined from A into B is
(a) 12 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) 3
FF loo
1 +A- 2a:
11. If/(x)=log|^- -a:

, then/
l + :r2
is equal to
ree
(a) tf(.v))2 (b) {/(.t)l 3 (c) 2/(x) (d) 3f{x)
rFee
12. If / (.v) = cos (log a:/then value of / (a:) /
(4) --^ |/ ^ +/(4A:)|i IS
F
oor r
rur
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 0 (d) ±1
s ff
2^ + 2"^
13. If/(.i:) = , then / (a: + y) / (a: - y) is equals to
k
YYoou
ookos
(a) |{/^(2i)+/(2y)} (b)i{f(2.v)-/(2y)}

BBo
(c)~{f(2x)+f{2y)} (d) i{/(2^)-/(2y)}

re
ouur
14. If 2/ (.t) - 3 / — = (x ^ 0), then / (2) is equal to

ad
Yo
(c) -1 (d) none of these

-4
dY
Re
15. Let /: K -> R be defined by / (x) = 2 a: +1 a: j. Then / (2 a:) + / (- a:) - / (a:) =

idn
(a) 2 a: (b) 2U (c) -2x (d) -2|x|

FFin
.2
16. The range of the function f(x) =-^

-a: .
IS
a:^ + 2a:
(a) R (b) R-{1} (c) K - {-1/2,1} (d) none of these

x +1 .
17. If a: 1 and / (a:) = x-1
is a real function, then / (/ {/ (2)) is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
18. If /(a:) = cos (logf a:), then / va:^

— /fil- 2 [
1 I a: i
ly;
● is equal to
(a) cos(A:-y) (b) log (cos (a:-y)) (c) 1 (d) cos (a: + y)
1
19. Let/(x)=x, g(x) =-and
X
h (x) =/(x) g (x). Then, h(x) =1 for
(a) X eR (b) xgQ (c) xeR - Q (d) X e R, X 0
3.40 MATHEMATICS-XI
●4 2
Sin X + cos ,
20. lff{x) = ;_2 — for X eR, then /(2002) =
sm -v + cos X
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

21. The function f :R ^ Ris defined by / (x) = cos^ x + sin^ x. Then, / (R) =
(a) [3/4,1) (b) (3/4,1] (c) [3/4,1] (d) (3/4,1)
22. Let A = - 4<3t<4} and f :A -> R be defined by f (x) = — for X e A.
Then A is
(a) {1,-1} (b) -U:0<x<4} (c) (11 (d) 1;c:-4<a:<0)

23. Uf:R->R and g:R ^R are defined by / (;c) = 2.t + 3 and g (:c) =x^ + 7, then the values
of X such that g (/ (x)) = 8 are
w
(a) 1,2 (b) -1,2 (c)-l,-2 (d) 1,-2
24. If / : [- 2, 2] —> R is defined by f (x) = |

-l,for-2<A:<0
, then
x-1 ,for0<x<2
Flo
{:c E [- 2, 2]: a: < 0 and/ (| |) = a:} =
ee
(a) (-1} (b) 101 (c) {-1/2} (d) <1)
Fr
10+ x 200 X
25. = X e {-10,10) and f {x)=k f , then k =
10-x' 100 + x^
for
ur
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.6 (c) 0.7 (d) 0.8
a
26. If / is a real valued function given by/(x) =27x + and a, 6 are roots of 3x + — = 12.
x^ ^
ks
Yo
Then,
oo
(a)/(a)^/(P) (b) / (a) = 10 (c)/(P) = -10 (d) none of these

1 1 1
eB
27. If f (x) = 64.V^ + and a, B are the roots of 4x + — - 3. Then,

x^ ^
(a)/(a)=/(p)=-9 (b)/(cc) =/(P) = 63
ur
(c)/(a);^/(P) (d) none of these

ad
Yo
I
28. If3/(x)+5/ — = — 3 for all non-zero X, then/ (x) =
l^x/ X
1/3 1 3 c ^
d
(a) _ - + 5x - 6 (b) — + 5x-6

Re
14 IX 14 X
in
3 ^
(c) ^ - + 5x + 6 (d) none of these
F
14 X
4X
29. If /: R -> R be given by /(x) = for allx 6 R. Tlien,
4^ + 2
(a)/(x) =/(l-x) (b)/(Ar)+/(l-x) = 0

(c) /(x)+/(l-x) = 1 (d)/(x) + /(x-l) = 1
30. If / (x) = sin [71^] X + sin [-x, where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to
X, then
(a) f{n/2) = 1 (b) /(K) = 2 (c)/(tc/4) = -1 (d) none of these
31.
The domain of the function / (x) = ^2 - 2x - x^ is
(a) [-V3, V3] (b) [-1-V3,-l4■^/3]
(c) [-2,2] (d) [-2-^^, -2 +VI]
FUNCTIONS 3.41
+ 3
32. The domain of definition of / (:c) = IS
{2~x){x-5)
(a) (-oo,-3]u(2,5) (b) (-co,-3)u(2,5)
(c) (- CO, - 3] u [2,5] (d) none of these
33. The domain of the function / (x) =

\{x + l) {x-3)
1 x-2
(a) [-1,2)^[3,«>) (b) (-1,2)0 [3, CO)

(c) [-l,2]u[3,oo) (d) none of these
34. The domain of definition of the function / (.x) = ^x-1 + ^ -X IS
(a) [1, oo) Cb) (-X, 3) (c) (1, 3) [1, 3]

x-2 1 -a: .
ww
35. The domain of definition of the function / (x) = + IS
yx + 2 yl + x
(a) (- CO, - 2] u [2, co) (b) [-1,1]
Floo
(c) ^ (d) none of these
36. The domain of definition of the function /(x) = log | x | is
ee
(a) R (b) (- co, 0) (c) (0, CO) (d) R-IOl
eer
37. The domain of definition of / (x) = ^4x - x^ i
FFr
(a) R-[0,4] (b) R-(0,4) (c) (0, 4) (d) [0, 4]
oorr
uur r
38. The domain of definition of / (x) = ^x-3 - 2^x - 4 - ^ X -
3 + 2 yjx-4 is
s ff
(a) [4, 00) (b) (- CO, 4] (c) (4, co) (d) (-^,4)
The domain of the function/(,r) = -Js | x| - x^ - 6 is
sk
YYoo
39.
ooko
(a) (-3,-2)u(2, 3) (b) I- 3,-2)u[2, 3)

eBB
(c) [-3,-2]u[2, 3] (d) none of these

X
40. The range of the function f (x)= — is
uurr
ad
(a) R-{0} (b) R-i-1,1} (c) {-1,1} (d) none of these

Yo
x + 2
41. The range of the function/(x) = x + 2
, X - 2 is
dY
(a) {-1,1} (b) {-1,0,1} (c) {1} (d) (0, cc)

Re
ind
42. The range of the function / (x) = | x -1 | is

FFin
(a) (-co,0)^ (b) [0, cc) (C) (0, CO) (d) R

43. Let/(x)=V? +1. Then, which of the following is correct?
(a) /(a:i/) =/(x)/(y) (b) /(xy) >/(x)/(y) (c) /(xy) </(x)/(y) (d) none of these
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
44. If[x] -5 [x]+ 6 == 0, where [{denotes the greatest integer function, then
(a) X€[3,4] (b) X€(2, 3] (c) X e [2, 3] (d) xe[2,4)
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
1
45. The range of/(x) = is
1 -2cosx
(a) [1/3,1] (b) [-1,1/3]

(c) (-CO,-l)u[l/3,co) (d) [-1/3,1] [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
1
46. The domain of the function/(x) = -V4-x + is equal to
3.42 MATHEMATICS-XI
(a) {-CO,-l)u(l,4) (b) (-00, -1] u(l, 4]

[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
(c) (-co,-l)u[l,4] (d) (-<»,-l)u[l,4)
47. Domain of f{x) = , rt > 0 is
(a) {-a, a) (b) [-a, a] (c) [0, a] (d) {~a, 0]
(NCERT EXEMPLAR]
48. If f{x) =ax + b, where rt and b are integers,/(-I) =-5 and f{x) = 3, thenfl and b are equal
(a) a = -3,b =~1 (b) a = 2,b= -3 (c) (7 = 0,b = 2 (d) a = 2,b = 3
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
4-.-C
49. The domain and range of the real function of defined by f{x) ~ x-4
is given by
ww
(a) Domain = R, Range = {-1,1} (b) Domain = R - {!}, Range = R
(c) Domain = R-{4}, Range = {-1} (d) Domain = R-|-4}, Range = {-1,1}
FF loo
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
50. The domain and range of real function/defined by f{x) = -Jx-1 is given by
ree
(a) Domain = (l,oo), Range = (0, oo) (b) Domain = [l,oo). Range - (0, oo)
rFee
(c) Domain = [1, x). Range = [0, x) (d) Domain = [1, oo). Range = [0, oo)
F
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
oor r
rur
x^+2x + l
s ff
51. The domain of the function/given by f{x) =
X 2-X-6
k
(a) R-l-2, 3} (b) R-j-3,2} (c) R -[-2, 3] (d) R -(-2, 3)

YYoou
ookos
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
BBo
52. The domain and range of the function/given hy f{x) =2 -|a:-5|, is

(a) Domain =R"^, Range = (-X, 1] (b) Domain = R, Range = (- x, 2]
re
(c) Domain = R, Range =(- x, 2) (d) Domain = R"*", Range = (- x, 2]

ouur
ad
Yo
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
1 /l^
53. lff{x)=x^ -5-, then/(a:)+/ — is equal to
dY
\xj
Re
X
idn
(a) 2a;3 (c) 0 (d) 1 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

FFin
54. The domain of the function/defined by f{x) ~ ■■, X

IS
(a) Ro (b) R (c) R- (d) none of these

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b)

9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (c)
17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (a) 21- (c) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (c)
25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (a) 31. (b) 32. (a)
33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (d) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (c)
FUNCTIONS 3.43
41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (d) 45. (c) 46. (a) 47. (b) 48. (b)
49. (c) 50. (c) 51. (a) 52. (b) 53. (c) 54. (d)
SUMMARY
1.
Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then a relation / from to B is a function, if
(i) for each a e A there exists b eB such that (a, b) ef
(ii) e/and (fl, c) e/ b=c.
In other words,/ is a function from to B if each element of A appears in some ordered pair
in / and no two ordered pairs in / have the same first element.
If (n, b) e f, then b is called the image of a under/.
ww
2
A function / from a set A to a set B is a rule associating elements of set A to elements of set B
such that every element in set A is associated to a unique elements in set B.
FF loo
The set A is called the domain of / and the set B is called its co-domain.
3.
The range of a function / is the set of images of elements in the domain.
ree
4. A real function has the domain and co-domain both as subsets of set R.
5.
If /; Dj R and g:D2 -> R are two real functions and c 6 R, then
reFe
(i) / ± ^ n D2 ^ R is defined as (/ ± g) (a') =/ (x) ± g (x) oroFr
rur
(ii) /g: Dj n D2 ^ R is defined as (/g) (x) =/ (x) g (x)
s ff
/. / fix)
(iii) Dj n D2-{x :g (x) =0}-> R is defined as — (x) =
k
Six)
YYouo
8 8
okso
(iv) c/: Dj n D2 R is defined as (cf) (.x) = c / (x).

BBoo
r ee
ad
ouur
Yo
d
idnY
Re
FFin
CHAPTER 4
MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The word 'Trigonometry' is derived from two Greek words : (i) trigonon and, (ii) metron. The
ww
word trigonon means a triangle and the word metron means a measure. Hence, trigonometry
means the science of measuring triangles. In broader sense it is that branch of Mathematics
which deals with the measurement of the sides and the angles of a triangle and the problems
Floo
allied with angles.
4.2 ANGLES
ee
ANGLE Consider a ray ok. If this ray rotates about its initial point O and takes the position
eer
OB, then
FrF
we say that the angle Z AOB has been generated.
Thus, an angle is considered as the figure obtained by rotating a given oor r
ur r
B
ray about its initial point.
s ff
The revolving ray is called the generating line of the angle. The initial ❖
position OA is called the initial side and the final position OB is called
sk
YYoou
terminal side of the angle. The initial point O on the initial side about
oooko
which the ray rotates is called the vertex of the angle. O

A
eBB
MEASURE OF AN ANGLE The measure of an angle is the amount of rotation Initial side
performed to get the terminal side. Fig. 4.1
SENSE OF AN ANGLE The sense of an angle is determined by the direction of rotation of the initial side
uurr
into the terminal side. The sense of an angle is said to be positive or negative according as the initial side
ad
rotates in anticlockwise or clockivise direction to get to the terminal side.

Yo
Negative angle A
dY
Re
ind
FFin
Positive angle
Fig, 4.2 Positive angle Fig. 4.3 Negative angle
RIGHT ANGLE If the revolving ray starting from its initial position to final position describes one
quarter of a circle, then we say that the measure of the angle formed is a right angle.
4.3 SOME USEFUL TERMS
QUADRANTS Let X'OX and YOY' be two lines at right angles in the plane of the paper. These lines
divide the plane of the paper into four equal parts which are knozun as quadrants. The lines X'OX and
YOY' are known as x-axis and y-axis respectively. These two lines taken together are known as the
coordinate axes. The regions XOY, YOX', X! OY' and Y' OX are known as the first, the second, the third
and the fourth quadrant respectively.
ANGLE IN STANDARD POSITION An angle is said to be in standard position if its vertex coincides with
the origin O and the initial side coincides with OX i.e. the positive direction of x-axis.
4.2 MATHEMATICS-XI
II QUADRANT 1 QUADRANT
X' X
<■ ■>
o
IlIQUADRANT IV QUADRANT
Y'V
Fig. 4.4
ANGLE IN A QUADRANT An angle in standard position is said to be in a particular quadrant, if the

terminal side of the angle in standard position lies in that quadrant.
QUADRANT ANGLE An angle in standard positioii is said to be a quadrant angle, if the terminal side
ww
coincides with one of the axes.
TRIANGLE OF REFERENCE If from any point P on the terminal side of an angle in standard
Floo
position a perpendicular PM is drawn on x-axis, then the right angled triangle OMP, thus formed, is
called the triangle of reference of the Z XOP. (See Fig. 4.5)
ee
CO-TERMINAL ANGLES Two angles zuith different measures but having the same initial sides and the
eer
same terminal sides are hwwn as co-terminal angles.
FFr
Angles of measure 30°, 390° and - 330° are co-terminal angles. oor r
ur r
s ff
4.4 SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES
There are three systems for measuring angles, viz. (i) Sexagesimal or English system, (ii)
sk
YYoou
Centesimal or French system, (iii) Circular system.

oooko
4.4.1 SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM

eBB
In this system a right angle is divided into 90 equal parts, called degrees. The symbol 1 ° is used
to denote one degree. Thus, one degree is one-ninetieth part of a right angle. Each degree is
uurr
divided into 60 equal parts, called nunutes. The symbol 1' is used to denote one minute. And
ad
each minute is divided into 60 equal parts, called seconds. The symbol 1'' is used to denote one
Yo
second.
dY
Thus, 1 right angle = 90 degrees (90°)

Re
1°= 60 minutes (= 60')

ind
FFin
1'= 60 seconds (=60")

th
I 1
RLMARK Instead of defining degree as — part of a right angle, we may define it in terms of one
90 J
complete revolution as follows:
ONE COMPLETE REVOLUTION If the terminal side of an angle coincides with the initial side after
rotation in anticlockwise direction, then we say that the terminal side has made one complete revolution
Initial side A
Tenninal side B
Fig. 4.6
th
f 1
DEGREE MEASURE If a rotation from the initial side to terminal side is of a revolution, the
V 360
angle is said to have a measure of one degree.

MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES 4.3
It is evident from this definition of degree measure that 1 complete revolution = 360°
The angles of measures 180°, 270°, 420°, - 30°, - 420° are shown in the following figures.
270“
■>
O A
<■
X' 420“ X
180°
w
tr~\
<r >
O
B A V B ry
(i) Angle of measure 180° (ii) Angle of measure 270° (iii) Angle of measure 420°
e
roow
re
<■ >
X' 420“ X
reF
uFFll
e
y* V ^
(iv) Angle of measure - 420° (v) Angle of measure - 30°
sFr
Fig. 4.7 Angle of measure
foro
ofk
uor
4.4.2 CENTESIMAL SYSTEM
In this system a right angle is divided into 100 equal parts, called grades; each grade is
subdivided into 100 minutes, and each minute into 100 seconds.
kos
Y
Yo
The symbols 1^, V and 1’' are used to denote a grade, a minute, and a second respectively.
reeBB
oo
Thus, 1 right angle = 100 grades (= 100^)

1 grade = 100 minutes (=100')
uurY
1 minute = 100 seconds (=100")

4.4.3 CIRCULAR SYSTEM
ad
In this system the unit of measurement is radian as defined below.

doo
RADIAN One radian, luritten as 1^, is the measure of an angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an
nY
arc of length equal to the radius of the circle.

nid
Consider a circle of radius r having centre at O (see Fig. 4.8). Let A be a

Re
point on the circle. Now, cut off an arc AP whose length is equal to the
F
Fi
radius r of the circle. Then by the definition the measure of Z AOP is 1

radian (=1*^).
of an angle, therefore it
Since a radian is chosen as the unit of measurement
should be a constant quantity. This we shall show in the following two

theorems.
THEOREM 1 Radian is a constant angle.

PROOF Consider a circle with centre O and radius r. Take a point A on the circle and cut off an
arc AP whose length is equal to the radius r. Join OA and OP. Then, by definition Z AOP -1^.
Produce AO to meet the circle at B so that
Z AOB = a straight angle = 2 right angles.

Since the angles at the centre of a circle are proportional to the arcs subtending them.
ZAOP arc AP
ZAOB arc APB
4.4 MATHEMATICS-XI
ZAOP r 1
V arc APB = — (2 Tcr) = nr
ZAOB n r
ZAOP 1
ZAOB K
ZAOP = - ZAOB = ^ straight angle

TC n
_ a straight angle [v ZA0P=1‘^]

K
I*" = Constant [●.● A straight angle and n both are constants]

Hence, radian is a constant angle Q.E.D.
w
THEOREM 2 The number of radians in an angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the centre is equal to
arc
Flo
radius
AOQ ~ 9^ and let arc AQ = s. Let P
reeee
PROOF Consider a circle with centre O and radius r. Let Z
be a point on the arc AQ such that arc AP = r. Then, Z AOP =1^. Since angles at the centre of a
FFr
circle are proportional to the arcs subtending them.
ZAOQ _ arc AQ for
ur
Z AOP arc AP
kkss
arc AQ
ZAOQ = xl [vZAOP = l‘']
Yo
arc AP
oo
eB
9 = - radians.
r
r
ou
4.5 RELATION BETWEEN DEGREES AND RADIANS

ad
Consider a circle with centre O and radius r. Let A be a point on the circle. Join OA and cut off an
YY
arc OP of length equal to the radius of the circle. Then, Z AOP = 1 radian. Produce AO to meet
the circle at B.
ndd
Re
Z AOB = a straight angle = 2 right angles

Fi
We know that the angles at the centre of a circle are proportional to the B
arcs subtending them.
ZAOP arc AP
ZAOB arc APB
ZAOP
i (Circumference)
r
=> V arc APB =
2right angles nr
=> ZAOP =
2 rightangles
71
180*^
ZAOP =
n
180°
Hence, One radian = ^7u radians =180°.
TC
REMARK 1
In Fig. 4.11, arc {APBQA) = 2 nr. So, the measure of angle made this arc at this centre O
Inr
of the circle is radians i.e. 2n radians. Also, the measure of this angle Ay
r
B
is the measure of one revolution i.e. 360°.
2n radians = 360° n radians =180°
Since one complete revolution subtends an angle of 2n radians at the x' ^ X
centre of the unit circle shown in Fig. 4.12.

D
ZAOB = --x 2n = -radians, ZAOC =- (2rt) = n radians
4 2 2 'irr
Fig. 4.12
and, ZAOD=-{2n)= — radians.
4^ 2
w
Thus, quadrant angles are integral multiples of^. All integral midtiples of — are called the quadrant
angles.
Flo When an angle is expressed in radians, the word radian is generalli/ omitted.
REMARK 2
eeee
71
REMARK.^ We know that 180® = turadians. Therefore, 1 ° = radian.
180
Fr
7t 71 71 7t 7t
Hence, 30° = X 30 = — radians, 45° = X 45 = — radians, 60° = X 60 = — radians.

180 6 180 4 180 3
for
ur
n 71
90® = x90 = radians etc.
180 2
ks
REMARK 4 We have, k radians =180°
Yo
180° 180
oo
1 radian = x7 = 57° 16' 22" (approx).

77 22
eB
Again, 180° = 7t radians

7t 22
1° = radian = radian = 0.01746 radian.
r
180 7x180
ou
ad
YY
4.6 RELATION BETWEEN RADIANS AND REAL NUMBERS
In this section, we shall show that radian measures and real numbers can be considered as one
nd
Re
and the same i.e. every radian measure is a real number and every real number can be
considered as radian measure of some angle. For this, let us consider the unit circle with centre O
Fi
and let A be any point on it as shown in Fig. 4.13.
p
Consider OA as initial side of an angle ZAOB, where 8 is a point on the P'
B
t
circle.
arc AB I
Now, ZAOB = =» ZAOB = arc AB [*.● OA = 1 unit] unit
A
OA o
So, the length of arc AB is the radian measure of ZAOB. Let XAX' be the y
tangent to the circle at A. Let the point A represent the real number zero, Q Q
positive real number are represented by points on AX and negative real
number by points on AX'. Let a positive real number xbe represented by a VX’
point P on AX. Let us now rope the line AP in anticlockwise direction along Fig. 4.13
the circle such that AP = arc AP'. Then,
4.6 MATHEMATICS'XI
arc AP' = radian measure of ZAOP' => AP = radian measure of ZAOP'

X - radian measure of ZAOP'
Thus, every positive real number is the radian measure of some positive angle and vice-versa.
Now, let 1/ be a negative real number represented by a point Q on AX'. If we rope the line AQ in
clockwise direction along the circle such that AQ = arc AQ', then
arc AQ' = radian measure of ZAOQ’
Arc AQ'
AQ = radian measure of ZAOQ' V ZAOQ’ = = Arc AQ'
1
1/ = radian measure of ZAOQ'

Thus, every negative real number is the radian measure of some negative angle and vice-versa.
Hence, radian measures of angles and real numbers can be considered as one and the same.
w
4.7 RELATION BETWEEN THREE SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT OF AN ANGLE
Let D be the number of degrees, R be the number of radians and G be the number of grades in an
angle 0.
Flo
reeee
90°=1 right angle:=> 1°=^ right angle => D°= ^ right angles
FFr
D
e = right angles ● ●●(ii)
90
2
for 2R
ur
Also, K radians = 2 right angles 1 radian = —K right angles ^ R radians = right angles
n
2R
kkss
0 = right angles ...(ii)
7T
Yo
And, 100 grades = 1 right angle

oo
1
1 grade = right angle G grades = — right angles
eB
100 100
0 = ~ right angles ...(iii)

100
r
D G
ou
2R
ad
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we obtain: — = —

90 100 7T
YY
This is the required relation between the three systems of measurement of an angle.
ndd
SOME USEFUL POINTS

Re
(i) The angle between two consecutive digits in a clock is 30° = — radians .
Fi
V 6
(ii) The hour hand rotates through an angle of 30° in one hour i.e. (1 /2)° in one minute,
(iii) The minute hand rotates through an angle of 6° in one minute.
EXAMPLE 1 Find the degree measure corresponding to the following radian measures:
27tV n nV 11Y
(i) (ii) (iii) i (iv) -2^ (V) 6^ (Vi)
15 8 U6
flSQ']
SOLUTION We know that 7t radians ~ 180° and so, 1*^ = . Therefore,
V Tt
2;cY (In 180
(i) — X = 24°
15 U5 71
4.7
MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES
0 0
'n K 180 V 45
22- = 22°f-x 60 = 22° 30'
(H) — X
[8 8 K 2j 2J V2
'iy_ n4 180Y 7 ^
/
1 180 315
x7 14 —
(iii) — X
4j 7t ; 4 22 22 22
ft
7 f 1 (1
= 14° 19' 5
f r
= 14° — X 60 = 14° 19 — = 14° 19’ —X 60
22 11 11
o O
180 nso 6^1 ( 6

(iv) (-2)*^ = x -2 X 7 X (-2) -114— =-^-114° — x60 ^
7C 22 11 11
It
114° 32 —
8
114° 32'f—X
11
60 = -(114° 32'44")
11
w
V /^90x7x6V 3780 V
o
ri8o ri80 7 ^
(V) 6^ = X 6 X 7 X 6 343 —
7C 22 11 11 11 j
Flo
/ \
= 343°
( 7
— X 60 = 343°
(420')
= 343’ 38' f — X 60 = 343° 38' 11 n
ee
11 11 11
Fr
O
11V /'315 V
O
11 180 11 nso 3^
(Vi) X X 7 X — 39-
16 j 7t 16 22 16 8 8
for
ur
= 39°
(3
-x60 =39° 22
VI- X 60 = 39° 22’ 30
ft
8
ks
EXAMPLE 2 Find the radian ?neasures corresponding to the following degree measures:
Yo
(v) 40° 20’ (vi) 520°

oo
(iv) 5° 37' 30
n
(i) 340° (ii) 75° (iii) -37° 30’

eB
K
SOLUTION We know that 180°= and, 1° = . Therefore,
U80
ri77iV
ur
■K
(i) 340°= 340 X
ad
180 9 )
Yo
71 rsTif
(ii) 75° = 75x
180 U2j
nd
Re
30 l“
(iii) Clearly, 30' =
Fi
60) 2
O
iV 75 75 71 /'5tcY
-37° 30'=- 37-
2) 2) 2 ^ 180 24
0
(30^ (1 1 75V (75 1 (5

— .Therefore, 37' 30
f f
37-
(iv) Clearly, 30" = — 2) 2) 2 60 8
60 2)
5V /'45V r45 71
\C
7t
So, 5° 37' 30
ft
5
8; 8; 8 180 32
o O
V n2l7rV
O 0
20 ^ 1 121 n2i 7C
(v) Clearly, 20'= — = —3 . Therefore, 40° 20'= 40 —

8) 3 ) 3
X
180 540
k60
/'26tiY
(vi) Clearly, 520° = (520 x 180
7C
V 9
4.8 MATHEMATiCS-XI
EXAMPLE 3 Find the length of an arc of a circle of radius 5 cm subtending a central angle measuringl5°.
SOLUTION Let s be the length of the arc subtending an angle 0^^ at the centre of a circle of radius r.
TC 71
Then,6=-. Here,r=5cm and 0=15° = 15 X
r 180 12
5 7t
0=i
% s
=> s = cm.
r 12 5 12
EXAMPLE 4 Find in degrees the angle subtended at the centre of a circle of diameter 50 cm by an arc of
length 11 cm.
SOLUTION Here, r = 25 cm and s = 11 cm
0 = f-T
ww
180V rii 180
0
^ /
n
=25 ofl-X 60
126
0 = — x7 = 25 -
25 ; "125"^
=> — X — = 25° 12'
71 125 22 / \ 5 J 5J 5
Flo
EXAMPLE 5 Find in degrees the angle through which a pendulum swings if its length is 50 cm and the
e
tip describes an arc of length 10 cm.
eree
SOLUTION Here,r=50cm and s=10cm.
FFr
.-. 0= -
uurr
UJ
0 0 0
orr o
sfo
ri— X.180^
=> 0 =
10
^x7l 126
11 —
5 ^
= 11°
f5
—x60 = 11°27' 16"
50 j l5 5 71 y 22 11 11 11
kks
Yoo
EXAMPLE 6 A horse is tied to a post by a rope. If the horse moves along a circular path always keeping the
oooo
rope tight and describes 88 metres when it has traced out 72° at the centre, find the length of the rope.
eBB
SOLUTION Let the post be at point P and let PA be the length of the rope in B
tight position. Suppose the horse moves along the arc AB so that Z APB = 72°
and arc AB = 88 m. Let r be the length of the rope i.e. PA = r metres.
urr
ad
K
Here, 0 = 72°= 72 X and s = 88 m
YYo
180 5 )
arc 2k 88
0 = => r = 88x- = 70 metres.
dd
radius 5 r 271
Re
inn
F
BASED ON LOTS
EXAMPLE 7 In a circle of diameter 40 cm the length of a chord is 20 cm. Find the length of minor arc
corresponding to the chord.
SOLUTION Let arc AB = s. It is given that OA = 20 cm and chord AB = 20
cm. Therefore, A OAB is an equilateral triangle.
K 7t
Hence, Z AOB = 60°= 60 x
180 3)
arc 7t S 20k
0 = => S = cm.
radius 3 20 3
EXAMPLE 8 The angles of a triangle are in A.P. The number of degrees in the least is to the number of
radians in the greatest as 60 ; n Find the angles in degrees.
SOLUTION Let the measures of angles of the triangle be {a - d)°, a° and {a + d)° Then,
(a-d) + a + {a + d) = 180° => 3rt = 180° => a = 60°
So, the angles are (60 - d)°, 60°, (60 + d)°. Clearly, (60-d)° is the least angle and (60 + d)° is the
greatest angle.
Greatest angle = (60 + fr)° = |(60 + d)

It is given that:
Number of degrees in the least angle 60
Number of radians in the greatest angle 7t
oww
(60-d) 60
n
= => 3(60-d) = (60 + d) =i‘ 120=4d=> d = 3Q.
n
(60+ d)
180
Hence, measures of the angles are (60 - 30)°, 60°, (60 + 30)° i.e. 30°, 60°, 90°.
e
EXAMPLE 9 The angles of a triangle are in A.P. The number of grades in the least, is to the number of
FFrlo
re
radians in the greatest as 40: tl Find the angles in degrees.
SOLUTION Let measures of the angles of the triangle in degrees be {a - fr)°, a° and {a + d)°. Then,
ree
F
(fl-d) + + (fl + if) =180 => 3fl = 180 =^> rt = 60
rF
So, measures of the angles are (60 - d)°, 60° and (60 + d)°. Clearly, measure of the least angle is
(60° - d)° and that of the greatest angle is (60 + d)°.
fsoor
ouur
Now,
skf
1001^ f 101^
Measure of the least angle =(60 -d)° = |(60 -d) x 90 J = .(60-d)x^| [v 90°= 100^]
ooko
Yo
Measure of the greatest angle =(60 +d)°= |(60 + d) x

Y
Bo
reB
It is given that:
Number of grades in the least angle 40
Number of radians in the greatest angle

uur
oY
n
ad
10
(60-d)x:^ 40 600-lOd 180 40
dY
X -
(60 + d) -
TC n 9 (60 + d) Tc K
innd
180
Re
=> 600-10d = 120 + 2d =>12d = 480 => d = 40.

Fi
F
Hence, measures the angles of the triangle are 20°, 60° and 100°.
EXAMPLE 10 Express the angular measurement of the angle of a regular decagon in degrees, grades and
radians.
r2n-4^
SOLUTION We know that the angle of an n sided regular polygon is equal to right
n
angles. Let 9 be the angle of a regular decagon. Then,

2xl0-4'i 8 8
6 = = —right angles = — x90 = 144° [●.' 1 right angle = 90°]
10 5 \5
8 8
Again, 0 =—right angles - — xlOO = 160^ [●.T right angle = 100^]
5 V5
8 n
\C
And, 9 = 1 right angle = —
j right angles =
X —
5 2 5;
4.10 MATHEMATICS-XI
EXAMPLE 11 If the arcs of same length in txvo circles subtend angles of 60° and75° at their centres. Find
the ratio of their radii.
SOLUTION Let rj and V2 be the radii of the given circles and let their arcs of same length $ subtend
angles of 60° and 75° at their centres.
\C
Now, 60° - 60 X
7C 71 rsTtV
- and, 75° = 75 X
180 j 3j 180 12
-, and 5ti _ s
7U
V 0= -
3 ri 12
71 . 5ti n 5k , r- ^ .
-ri=s, and => -r^= — r2 ^ 4r;i=5r2 => ri:r2=5:4
ww
Hence, rj: r2 =5:4
EXAMPLE 12 A circular wire of radius 3 cm is cut and bent so as to lie along the circumference of a hoop
whose radius is 48 cm. Find in degrees the angle which is subtended at the centre of the hoop.
Flo
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
e
eree
SOLUTION It is given that the radius of the circular wire is 3 cm.
Length of the circular wire = 27t x 3 = 67: cm [●.* Circumference = 2 7t r]
FFr
Radius of the hoop = 48 cm.
uurr
Let 0 be the angle subtended by the wire at the centre of the hoop. Then,
orr
sfo
0 =
arc
=> 0 =
fen'f 71 71
— X
180
= 22° 30'
radius 48 8 8 7t
kks
Yoo
EXAMPLE 13 The perimeter of a certain sector of a circle is equal to the length of the arc of a semi-circle
oooo
having the same radius. Express the angle of the sector in degrees, minutes and seconds.
eBB
SOLUTION Let r be the radius of the circle and 0 be the sector angle. Then,
Perimeter of the sector = 2r + r 0, Length of the arc of a semi-circle of radius r = nr

urr
It is given that
2r + rQ = nr => 2 + 0 = k
ad
YYo
0 =(7t-2) radians = ^ (ti:-2)x

180
=i8o-rM = 180°-114° 32' 44" = 65° 27' 16"
7t n
dd
EXAMPLE 14 The minute hand of a watch is 1.5 cm long. Hozv far does its tip move in 40 minutes?
Re
inn
(Use 71 = 3.14)
F
SOLUTION In 60 minutes, the minute hand of a watch completes one rotation i.e., it rotates
through 360°.
f360^
Angle traced by the minute hand in 1 minute =
60 )
7C (4k \C
^ Angle traced by the minute hand in 40 minutes =(40 X 6)° = 240°= 240x
180, 3 )
Now,
0 =
arc 4k arc f 4n
=i> arc X 15 cm = 2 71 cm = 2 x 3.14 cm = 6.28 cm
radius 3 15 3
Hence, the tip of the minute hand travels 6.28 cm in 40 minutes.

EXAMPLE 15 Find the angle between the minute hand of a clock and the hour hand when the time
is 7:20 AM.
SOLUTION We know that the hour hand completes one rotation in 12 hours while the minute
hand completes one rotation in 60 minutes.
Angle traced by the hour hand in 12 hours = 360°
22 rS60 X —
22^ = 220°.
Angle traced by the hour hand in 7 hrs 20 min. i.e — hrs =
3 12 3 j
Also, the angle traced by the minute hand in 60 min = 360°.
r360
Angle traced by the minute hand in 20 min = 60
X 20 = 120°
oww
Hence, the required angle between two hands = 220° -120° = 100°.
EXAMPLE 16 Find in degrees and radians the angle betiveen the hour hand and the minute-hand of a
clock at half past three.
SOLUTION The angle traced by the hour hand in 12 hours = 360°
e
7 (360 X —
J']
FFrlo
re
The angle traced by the hour hand in 3 hrs 30 min. i.e. — hrs = = 105°
12 2
rFee
The angle traced by the minute hand in 60 min = 360°
360
rF
The angle traced by the minute hand in 30 min = 60
X 30 =180°
7t 5n
fsoor
ouur
= — radians.
Hence, the required angle between two hands =180°-105° =75° = 75 x 180 12
skf
BASED ON HOTS
ooko
Yo
EXAMPLE 17 The moon’s distance from the earth is 360,000 hns and its diameter subtends an angle of
Y
31' at the eye of the observer. Find the diameter of the moon.
Bo
reB
SOLUTION Let AB be the diameter of the moon and let E be the eye of the observer. Since the
distance between the earth and the moon is quite large, so we take diameter AB as arc AB. Let d
ooY
uur
be the diameter of the moon. Then, d = arc AB.

ad
We have, B, Moon
dY
f i' '^1
e = 3T= = iix
71
and, r = 360000 kms
60 60 180
innd
Re
A
arc
9 =
Fi
F
radius
311
31 n d
60 "" 180 360000 £
7T Fig.4.16
d = — X X 360000 km =3247.62 kms
60 180
Hence, the diameter of the moon is 3247.62 km.

EXAMPLE 18 If the angular diameter of the moon be 30', how far from the eye a coin of diameter 2.2 cm be
kept to hide the moon ?
SOLUTION Suppose the coin is kept at a distance r from the eye to hide the moon completely. Let
E be the eye of the observer and let AB be the diameter of the coin. Then, arc AB = diameter
AB = 2.2 cm.
4.12 MATHEMATICS-XI
/■ 30^ 1 K (
We have, 0 = 30' = — — X
60 2 180 1360
Moon
arc
9 =
radius B
Coin
K 2.2 K
360 r
2.2 X 360 2.2 X 360 X 7

r cm => r = = 252 cm. £(eye)
TC 22 Fig. 4.17
EXAMPLE 19
Assuming that a person of norma! sight can read print at such a distance that the letters
subtend an angle of 5' at his eye, ifnd what is the height of the letters that he can read at a distance of 12
metres.
w
SOLUTION Let h be the required height in metres. Here h can be considered as the arc of a circle
of radius 12 m, which subtends an angle of 5' at its centre.
Flo
5\ fl 71
Here, 0 = 5'= — X and, r =12 m.
{60 12 180
ee
h
Fr
arc K n
0 = => /7 = metre =1.7 cm.
radius 12x180 12 180
EXAMPLE 20 For each natural number k, letCj^ denote the circle with radius k centimetres and centre at
for
ur
the origin. On the circle Cj^, a particle moves k centimetres in the counter-clockzvise direction. After
completing Us motion onCj^, the particle moves onCf^ + 1 in the radial direction. The motion of the particle
ks
continues in this manner. The particle starts at (2, 0). If the particle crosses the positive direction of the
Yo
x-axis for the first time on the circle C„, then find the value of n.
oo
SOLUTION The path of the particle is shown by bold line segments and arcs. It is given that on
eB
the circle of radius k centimetres the particle moves k centimeters. Therefore, angular
displacement on kth circle is given by
r
ou
A V
ad
Y
nd
Re
Fi
' Icm %
<■
X" 4cm
'? AO(1,0) X
C2
C3 . \
C4.
Ae Ag
C5
r'v
Fig.4.18
k
0 = — radian = 1 radian.
k
Thus, angular displacement on each circle is 1 radian.

If the particle crosses the .r-axis for the first time on circle C„ then
Total angular displacement = n radians.

th
As the particle crosses the positive direction of the j:-axis for the first time on the n circle C„.
Total angular displacement > 2tc radians

71 >271
n = 7 n is the natural number such that n > 2n]
EXERCISE 4.1
BASIC
1. Find the degree measure corresponding to the following radian measures (Use n = 22/7 :
9k 5n
(iii) (iv) (-3)^ (v) 11*^ (vi)
V 5
w
2. Find the radian measure corresponding to the following degree measures:
(i) 300° (ii) 35° (iii) -56° (iv) 135° (v) - 300°
Flo
(vi) 7° 30' (vii) 125° 30' (viii) -47° 30'
2rt
3. The difference between the two acute angles of a right-angled triangle is radians.
ee
Fr
Express the angles in degrees.
4. One angle of a triangle is — X grades and another is — :r degrees while the third is —
3 ® 2 ® 75
for
ur
radians. Express all the angles in degrees.
5. A rail road curve is to be laid out on a circle. What radius should be used if the track is to
change direction by 25° in a distance of 40 metres?
ks
6. Find the angle in radians through which a pendulum swings, if its length is 75 cm and the
Yo
oo
tip describes an arc of length (i) 10 cm (ii) 15 cm (iii) 21 cm.

7. Find the degree measure of the angle subtended at the centre of a circle of radius 100 cm by
eB
an arc of length 22 cm (Use k - 22/7).

BASED ON LOTS
r
ou
ad
8. The angle in one regular polygon is to that in another as 3:2 and the number of sides in first
is twice that in the second. Determine the number of sides of two polygons.
Y
9. The angles of a triangle are in A.P. such that the greatest is 5 times the least. Find the angles
in radians.
nd
Re
10. The number of sides of two regular polygons are as 5 : 4 and the difference between their
angles is 9°. Find the number of sides of the polygons.
Fi
11. If the arcs of the same length in two circles subtend angles 65° and 110° at the centre, find the
ratio of their radii.
12. Find the length which at a distance of 5280 m will subtend an angle of 1' at the eye.
13. A wheel makes 360 revolutions per minute. Through how many radians does it turn in 1
second?
14. A railway train is travelling on a circular curve of 1500 metres radius at the rate of 66
km/hr. TTirough what angle has it turned in 10 seconds?
15. The radius of a circle is 30 cm. Find the length of an arc of this circle, if the length of the
chord of the arc is 30 cm.
16. The angles of a triangle are in A.P. and the number of degrees in the least angle is to the
number of degrees in the mean angle as 1:120. Find the angles in radians.
17. Find the magnitude, in radians and degrees, of the interior angle of a regular
(i) pentagon (ii) octagon (iii) heptagon (iv) duodecagon.
4.14 MATHEMATICS-XI
18. The angles of a quadrilateral are in A.P. and the greatest angle is 120° Express the angles in
radians.
BASED ON HOTS
19. Find the distance from the eye at which a coin of 2 cm diameter should be held so as to
conceal the full moon whose angular diameter is 31'.
20. Find the diameter of the sun in km supposing that it subtends an angle of 32' at the eye of an
observer. Given that the distance of the sun is 151.92 x 10^ km.
ANSWERS
1. (i) 324° (ii) -150° (iii) 648° (iv) -171°49'5"
ww
(v) 630° (vi) 57° 16' 21"
7n 14k 3k
(ii)^ (iii) - (iv) ^4
2. Wy
Floo
36 45
. . 5n 7C 25171 1971
ee
(V)-- (vi)-^ (vii) (viii) -
24 360 72
eer
3. 81°, 9° 4. 24°, 60°, 96° 5. 91.64 m
FFr
^ 7 Y oorr
uur r
6. — (ii) - (iii) 7. 12°, 36' 8. 8,4
[l5J 25
s ff
n n 5n
9. — 10. 10, 8 11. 22:13 12. 1.5365
sk
YYoo
9 3 9
ooko
11 7t 71 239 71
eBB
13. 12ti 14. 15. IOti cm 16.

90 360' 3' 360
f 5 tcY 5 t: Y
17. (i) \ ^5 J ;108“ (ii) f^T;135‘> (iii) [7
uurr
3 71
,128° 34'17" (iv) — ; 150°
ad
I 4 J V 6
Yo
n 4ti 571 2ti

18. / —/ — 19. 2.217m 20. 1.4147x10^ km
dY
3 9 9 3
Re
ind

FFin
4.
(2
— X
Y (1
— x.y
90 Y =
f3A:Y
— and.
n
— X
180 ri2:rY
3 ) 3 100 5 J 75 75 K ) 5 ;
(3— X Y + f3— X Y + ^ Ux = 180° => ;c = 40°

1.5 J U ) \ 5 J
71
5. Here, 0 = 25°= 25 x and arc = 40 meters.
180
17. A heptagon has seven sides and the number of sides of a dudecagon is twelve .
18. Let the measures of angles in degrees be a - 3d, a - d, a + d, a + 3d. Then,
Sum of the angles = 360° => 4<7 = 360° => a =90°.
Also, Greatest angle = 120° ^ a + 3d= 120° ^ d = 10°.

1. If D, G and R denote respectively the number of degrees, grades and radians in an angle,
then
(a) D_ ^ G_
100 “ 90
2R
71
(b)°=^
90 100
"
n
D C 2R D G R
(c) — = (d) — =
90 100 n 90 100 2tc
2. If the angles of a triangle are in A.P., then the measure of one of the angles in radians is
2;t
(.)f
/ \ ^
(0^ (d)^
w
3. The angle between the minute and hour hands of a clock at 8:30 is
(c) 60® (d) 105®
Flo
(a) 80° (b) 75°
4. At 3:40, the hour and minute hands of a clock are inclined at
ree
. , 2ti‘' 77t" 1371 37t^
(b) (C) (d)-
12 18
rF
5. If the arcs of the same length in two circles subtend angles 65® and 110° at the centre, then
the ratio of the radii of the circles is
ur
fo
(a) 22:13 (b) 11:13 (c) 22:15 (d) 21:13
If OP makes 4 revolutions in one second, the angular velocity in radians per second is
s
6.
ok
Yo
(a) 7c (b) 2n (c) 4 K (d) 8t:

Bo
7. A circular wire of radius 7 cm is cut and bent again into an arc of a circle of radius 12 cm. The
angle subtended by the arc at the centre is
re
(a) 50® (b) 210° (c) 100® (d) 60® (e) 195°
8. Tlie radius of the circle whose arc of length 15 tt cm makes an angle of 3n/4 radian at the
ou
ad
centre is
Y
1
(a) 10 cm (b) 20 cm (c) n I 4
cm (d) 22 — cm
2
nd
Re
ANSWERS
Fi
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b)
SUMMARY
1. The measure of an angle is the amount of rotation from the initial side to the terminal side.
2. The sense of an angle is positive or negative according as the initial side rotates in
anti-clockwise or clockwise direction to get the terminal side.
3. Three systems of measuring angles are:
(i) Sexagesimal system (ii) Centesimal system (iii) Circular system
In sexagesimal system:
1 right angle = 90 degrees (= 90°)
1 ° = 60 minutes (= 60')
r = 60 seconds (= 60")
4.16 MATHEMATICS-XI
In centesimal system:
1 right angle = 100 grades {=100®)
1® = 100 minutes (= 100')
V = 100 seconds (=100")
In circular system, the unit of measurement is radian. One radian is the measure of an angle
subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of length equal to the radius of the circle,
radians = 180°
4. The relation between three systems of measurement of an angle is

^ ^ 2R
90° “ 100 TC
ww
Flo
e
rere
r FF
uurr
foor
kss
Yoo
ooook
eBB
uurr
ad
Yo
dY
Re
innd
Fi
CHAPTER 5
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
oww
5.1 INTRODUCTION
In earlier classes, we have studied trigonometric ratios for acute angles as the ratio of the sides of
e
a right angled triangle. In this chapter, we will extend the definitions of trigonometric ratios to
re
any angle in terms of radian measure and study them as trigonometric functions.
FFrllo
5.2 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF A REAL NUMBER
rF
ee
In the previous chapter, we have learnt that the radian measures of angles and real numbers can
be considered as one and the same. In other words, every real number can be considered as the
ouru
sor rF
radian measure of an angle and radian measures of angles are real numbers. In fact, we have
learnt that corresponding to every point P, representing a real number x, on the real line there is
a point P' on the unit circle centred at the origin such that the radian measure of ZAOP’ is x (see
kffo
Fig. 4.13) and the radian measure of every angle determines a point on the real line representing
a real number on the real line. So, let a: be a real number
os
Y A
represented by a point on the real line. Then there is a point P
ook
Yo
B (0,1)
Y
on the unit circle with centre at the origin of the coordinate P{a, b)
axes such that the radian measure of 2aOP is x and
Bo
so arc
reeB
\
AP = X. X' X
ouY
Let the coordinates of point P be {a, &).Then, we define cosine

and sine functions of radian measure (or real number) x as
ur
follows:
ad
Yo
cosAT = fl and sin x = b

d
Thus, if a: is any real number then the consine of x i.e. cos a: is Fig. 5.1
nidn
the x-coordinate of the point P on the unit circle such that arc AP = x. Similarly, sine of x i.e. sin a:
Re
is the y-coordinate of point P.

F
Fi
REMARK 1 In Fig. 5.1, x is the length of arc AP of the unit circle. Therefore, cos x and sin x are also
known as circular functions of the real variable x.
R!iMARK2 In Fig. 5.1, AOMP is a right triangle right angled at M. The trigonometric ratios ZMOPare
cos ZMOP = OM ^ -a = a, sin ZMOP -

PM
OP ”l OP "l "
=> cos ZAOP = a and sin ZAOP = b [v ZMOP = ZAOP]
cos ZAOP = cos X and sin ZAOP - sin x
Thus, the trigonometric ratios sine and cosine of an acute angle of radian measure x are same as the
corresponding trigonometric function of a real number x.
REMARK Froyn the above definition it follows that if P is a point on the unit circle such that length of
arcAP = X or equivalently P is a point where the terminal side of the angle with radian measure x meets the
unit circle, then the coordinates of the point P are {cosx, sin a:).
5.2 MATHEMATICS-XI
Ya
V X
A‘
<■
X' X
Fig. 5.2
5.2.1 VALUES OF SINE AND COSINE FUNCTIONS
Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin of the coordinate axes. Suppose the circle cuts the
ww
coordinate axes at A, B, C and D. The coordinates of these Va
points are /i (1, 0), B (0,1), C(-1,0) and D(0,-1). Clearly, B (0,1)
3n p
ZAOB = -, ZAOC = n and ZAOD =
2'
Flo
2 X
X- X
X
We shall now find the values of sine and cosine functions at
e
<■ >
e
3ti C(-l, /i(L0)
0,^ , n, and 2k.
rere
rFF
2 2
Values of sine and cosine functions at x = 0: When x = 0, point

uur r
r\f
P coincides with A and the terminal side OP coincides with
ffoor Fig. 5.3
OA. The coordinates of A are (1, 0).
sks
cos 0=1 and sin 0 = 0
Yoo
ooko
Values of sine and cosine functions atx = — : We observe that ZAOB = — and the coordinates of B
2 2
eBB
are (0,1).
K n
cos —=0 and sin—=1.
uurr
2 2
ad
Values of sine and cosine functions at x = k : Clearly, ZAOC = k and the coordinates of C are
Yo
(-1, 0).
dY
cos 71 = -1 and sin ti = 0

Re
3k
innd
Values of sine and cosine fiinctions at x- — : The coordinates of point D are {0, -1) and
FFi
3k
ZAOC =
2
3k 3tc
cos = 0 and sin = -l
2 2
Values of sine and cosine functions at x = 2k: The coordinates of point A are (1, 0) and one
complete revolution subtends an angle of measure 2k at the centre O.
cos 271 = 1 andsin27i = 0
If the terminal side OP of ZAOP takes one complete revolution from the position OP, it again
comes back to the same position,
cos (2ti + x) =cosx and sin (2ti + x) =sinxfor allx e R
We also observe that if the terminal side OP of ZAOP takes any number of complete revolutions
in anticlockwise or clockwise directions, it again comes back to the same position.
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.3
cos (2nTt + .t) = cos:r and sin (2«tc+x) = sinA: for all x e R and n e 2.
It is evident from Fig. 5.2 that
sin 0 = 0, sin 7t = 0, sin 2n - 0, sin Stt = 0
Also, sin (~n) = 0, sin (~2n) = 0, sin (~3k) = 0
w
sinnTi = 0 for all« eZ
3n 5n
and. cos—= 0, cos = 0, cos = 0
2 2 2
71 3n)
cosi — =0, cos - = 0, cos =0
2 J 2J
e
wr
7X
oo
cos (2n + l) = 0, foralhisZ.
r
2
F
FFllu
Thus, sinx = 0 => X =nn,ii eZ and, cosx = 0 =^> x =(2« + l) —,?7 6Z
2
5.2.2 OTHER TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
In the previous subsections, we have defined sine and cosine functions. In this section, we shall
rese
define other four trigonometric functions in terms of these two functions.
uro
Fkr
o
We define
cosec X =
smx
foo
-— , where x ^ nn, neZ ; sec x = —-— , where x ^ (2« + l)
fr cosx
71
2
,neZ
kso
Y
sm X K cosx
tan X = , wherex (2n + l) « eZ ; cotx=-^ , whereX ^ nn, neZ
2'
Y
cosx sm X
B
Yo
oo
5.3 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

eBr
functions for 0, ^
n
In this section, we will find the values of trigonometric and —. In section

rue
2
oud
TC 7C
5.2.1, we have learnt that sinO = 0, cosO =1, sin-=1, cos-=0, sin7i = 0, cos7t = -1,
2 2
no
ad
. 37t
sm = -l, sin 2ti = 0 and cos27t =1.
Y
2
1
ndi
We have also learnt that cosec x = , where n ^ nn, neZ. Therefore, cosec 0, cosec n and
Re
sm X
F
cosec 2tc are not defined.

Fi
71 1 3ti 1
cosec — = =1 and cosec = -l
2 7t 2 . 3ti
sm sm
2 2
1
Similarly, sec x = implies that
cos X
sec 0 = 1 1 sec n =
=1,
1
= -1, sec 2n =
1
= 1 and, sec — = sec
n 371
are not defined.
cos 0 cos n cos 271 2 2
smx
tanO = implies that
cosx
sin 0 smTt sin27i 71 3ti

tanO = = 0, tan n = = 0, tan 2tc = = 0 and tan —, tan are undefined.
cosO COS7T COs27t 2 2
cosx
cotx = implies that
smx
5.4 MATHEMATICS-Xl
71 Stt
cos- cos --
Tl 3tc 2
cot - = — = 0, cot = 0 and cotO, cotTi, cot 2Tt are not defined.
2
sm
71 2 sm —
Stt
2 2
Let us now find the values of all trigonometric functions

at ^ and
7T
Values of trigonometric functions at : Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin of the
4
7T
coordinate axes. Let P be a point on the circle such that ZXOP = —. Draw PM perpendicular from
4
71 71
P on OX.In right triangle OMP, we have ZPOM =-.Therefore, ZOPM = - .Thus, we obtain
ww
4 4
7t yA
ZPOM = ZOPM = - => OM=PM
4
J>
Applying Pythagoras theorem in AOMP, we obtain
Flo
e
n/i
OM^ + PM^ =OP^ <
eree
X' c X
20M^ =1 [●.● OM = PM and OP =1]
FFr
uurr
=5- OM =4==>0M =PM = 1
y,y
V2 V2
orr Fig. 5.4
sfo
r 1 Mu t: 1
So, the coordinates of P are —? 7= . Hence, cos— = -?= and sin — = -7=.
kks
Yoo
V2'V2 4 V2 4 V2
oooo
Now,
eBB
1
cosec X =
1
=> cosec - =
71
^ = V2;; sec X = ^ sec - =
7t
^=V2
sm X 4 71 cos X 4 71
sm cos -
4 4
urr
7t 7:
ad
sm - COS -
YYo
smx 71 cosx 71
tan X = => tan - = ^71 = 1; cot X = — ^ cot — = 4=1
COS X 4 sm X 4 71
COS - COS -
4 4
dd
Re
inn
Vij/ues of trigonometric functions at — : Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin of the
3
F
coordinate axes. Let P be a point on the circle such that ZXOP = 3

Join PA.In AOAP, we have
7T yA
OA=OP =1 Unit.Therefore, ZOPA = ZOAP. But, ZAOP=~. p
3
Using angle sum property in AOAP, we obtain TC
J03-
ZOAP + ZOPA + ZAOP = 71 => - + 2 ZOPA =Tt=i> ZOPA = ^K <
X
3 3
7t
Thus, in AOAP, we obtain: ZOAP - ZOPA ~ ZAOP = —
3
So, AOAP is an equilateral triangle and hence perpendicular PM Fig. 5.5

drawn from vertex P to the opposite side OA bisects it.
OM = AM =-unit
2
Applying Pythagoras theorem in AOMP, we obtain
OP^ =OM^ + MP^ => 1^ = if + MP^ => PM =

Vs
2) 2
So, the coordinates of P are 1 2/± n

. But, ZAOP = —. So, the coordinates of P are cos —, sin —
n n
[2' 2 , 3 3 Sj
n 1 n V3
cos — = — and sin
3 2 3 2
1 ;r 1 2 1 7C 1
Now, cosec X = => cosec — - ; secA: = ^ sec — = = 2
Sin X 3
sm
K
V3 cos a: 3
COS —
7T
3 3
w
n K
sm - cos —
tanA: =
smAT
=> tan — =
7T
^ = Vs ; cot a: =
COS a:
=>
71
cot — =
3 _ 1
Flo
COS a: 3
COS
71 smA: 3 7U
Sin —
V3
3 3
e
rree
71
Values of trigonometric functions at — : Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin of the
6
r FF
K
coordinate axes. Let P be a point on the circle such that ZXOP = —. Draw PM perpendicular
6
uurr
from P on OX.
for
71
kss
In right triangle OMP right angled at M, we have ZPOM = —.
Va
6
ooook
Yo
Ti:
Therefore, ZOPM = —.
3
eB
\
(n/6\
In Fig. 5.6, we have seen that in a right triangle if the measures of <
X' 0 M J
urr
angles other than the right angle are — and —, then the sides
3 6
ad
Yo
V3
opposite to them are of length
^ and ^ respectively. Thus, in
dY
Fig. 5.6
VI
Re
AOMP, we obtain: OM = and PM = —

innd
2 2
Fi
So, the coordinates of P are 2^ —1 . But, the coordinates of P are cos—, sin
n K
2 '2 6 6
71 VI , . 71 1
cos— - — and sm — - —
6 2 6 2
Now,
1 n 1 1 71 1 2
cosec a: = cosec — - - 2; sec a: = => sec — -
sm X 6
sm
71
-
cos X 6
cos —
71
VI
6 6
71 71
sm- cos-
tan a: =
smA:
tan — =
71
6 _ 1 ; cot a: = —
cos AT
=> cot - =
71
^ = VI
COS X 6
sin
71
-
VI sm a: 6
sm
71
6 6
5.6 MATHEMATICS-XI
In the above discussion, we have obtained the values of various trigonometric fimctions for
n n K n 3tc
V» / / / — and 2k. These values are listed below for ready reference.
6 4 3 2
Angle
K K K 71 3k
0 71 2k
Trigonome\ 6 4 3 2 2
trie Function
1 1 V3
sm 0 1 0 -1 0
2 V2 2
1 1
cos 1 0 -1 0 1
w
2 V2 2
1 not not
tan 0 1 V3 0 0
V3
Flo
defined defined
not 2 not not

V2
e
cosec 2 1 -1
defined V3 defined defined
rree
2
r FF
not not
sec 1 V2 2 -1 1
73 defined defined
uurr
not 1 for not not
cot 73 1 0 0
defined 73 defined defined
kss
5.4 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

ooook
Yo
IDENTITY An equation involving trigonometric functions which is true for all these values of the
variable for which the functions are defined is called a trigonometric identity.
eB
For example, sin^ a: = 1 -cos^x, sec^x-1 =tan^x are trigonometric identities as they hold for
all values of variable x except those values for which seex and tan a; are not defined. But,
urr
sin a: = cos a: is a trigonometric equation not a trigonometric identity because it does not hold for
ad
all values of x.
Yo
dY
5.4.1 FUNDAMENTAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
In this section, we shall state and prove three fundamental trigonometric identities as a theorem.
Re
innd
THEOREM Prove that:
(i) cos^x + sin^ X =1 for all x eR

Fi
(ii) 1 + tan^ a: = sec^ xfor all x & R -|(2n-l) ^: 77 g Z

(iii) 1 + cot^ X = cosec^ xfor all x eR- ^k : n e 2}
rROOF (i) Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin O of coordinates axes. Let P{a, b) be a
point on the circle such that arc AP = x. Then, ZAOP = a:. Using VA
the definition of trigonometric functions cos a: and sinx, we Sip,l)

obtain: fl = cos X and b=smx mi’)
1
Now, X’
V
OP=l
C(-1.0)
yl(a-0)^ + (b-0)^ =1
a^ -hb^ -1=> cos^x + sin^x =1
Y' 'i'
Fig. 5.7
7Z '7 y
(ii) If a: (2« -1) — , then cos a: 9^ 0. So, dividing the identity cos a: + sin a: = 1 throughout by
cos^ AT, we obtain
cosÂT + sinÂT 1
2 2 for all X ¥= (2n -1)
COS AT COS a:
2 ● 2
cos AT sin X
2 2
=> l + tanÂ:=secÂ: for all a:^{2ii-1)~
COS a: cos X COS" a:
7 7 7
(iii) If a: then sin 0. So, dividing both sides of the identity cos a: + sin a: =1 by sin x,
we obtain
2 ● 2
cos AT + Sin X 1
ww
for all X ^nn
:-2 ●2
Sin a: sm a:
2 ●2
cos a: Sin x 1
- + cot^ a: +1 = cosec^ a: =s> 1 + cot^ x = cosec^ a: for all xjûk
FF loo
:..2 :_2 ●2
Sin a: sin a: sin a:
Q.E.D
ree
REMARK 1 The identity 1 + tan x = sec x is also written in the following forms:
7 7 7 7
rFee
sec a:-1 = tan AT and sec a: - tana: = 1
7 7
F
REMARK 2 The identity 1 + cot^ x = cosec a: is also written in the following forms: oor r
rur
7 7 7 7
cosec a:-1 = cot x and, cosec a: - cot a: = 1
s ff
REMARKS We have, sec^x~ tan^ a: = 1
1 1
k
^ (secA: + tan a) (secA:-tan a;) =1 ^ sec a: - tan and, secA+ tan A =

YYoou
a =
ookos
sec A + tan A secA-tan A
i.e. sec a + tan a and sec a - tan a are reciprocal of each other.
BBo
REMARK 4 We have, cosecÂ - cot^ A = 1

re
=> (cosec A-cotA) (cosec A + cot a) = 1

1 1
ouur
ad
=:> cosec a - cot a = and cosec a + cot a =

cosec A + cot A cosec A - cot A
Yo
i.e. cosec a + cot a and cosec a - cot a are reciprocal of each other.
dY
We shall now discuss more identities involving trigonometric functions in the following
Re
idn
examples.
FFin
EXAMPLE 1 Prove the following identities:

(i) sin® A - cos® A = (sin^ A - cos^ a) (1 - 2 sin^ a cos^ a)
(ii) cot^ A + cot^ A = cosecÂ - cosecÂ
(Hi) 2 sec^ A - sec"* a - 2 cosec^ a + cosec^ a = cot^ a - tan a
(iy) (sin A + cosec a) + (cos a + sec a)^ = tan'^ a + cot^ a + 7

SOLUTION (i) LHS = (sin® a-cos® a) = (sin^ a)^ - (cos'* a)^
= (sin^ A -cos^ a) (sin^ a + cos^ a)
= (sin^ A -cos^ a) (sin^ a + cos^ a) (sin'* a + cos'* a)
5.8 MATHEMATICS-XI
= (sin^ X - cos^ x) (sin'^ x + cos^ x)

= (sin^ X - cos^ a:) (sin^ a: + cos^ a: + 2 sin^ .r cos^ a: - 2 sin^ x cos^ a:)
= (sin^ X - cos^ x) ■ (sin^ x + cos^ x)^ - 2 sin^ x cos^ x ■
= (sin^ X - cos^ x){\-2 sin^ x cos^ x) = RHS

(ii) LHS = cot^ x + cot^ a: = (cot^ x)^ + cot^ x
- (cosec^ AT -1)^ + (cosec^ x-1)
9 9
1 + cot X = cosec'^ x]
= cosec^ a: - 2 cosec^ a: + 1 + cosec^ a: -1 = cosecx - cosec^ x = RHS
(iii) LHS = 2 sec^ a: - sec'^ a: - 2 cosec^ a: + cosec'^ x
ww
= 2 sec^ x - (sec^ x)^ - 2 cosec^ a: + (cosec^ x)^
= 2 {1 + tan^ at) - {1 + tan^ x)^ - 2 (1 + cot^ a:) + (cot^ x + 1)^
FF loo
= 2 + 2 tan^ x -(1 + tan'^ x + 2 tan^ x) -2 -2 cot^ x + (cot^ x + 2 cot^ x +1)
- cot^ x-tan^ X = RHS
ree
(iv) LHS = (sin X + cosec x)^ + (cos x + sec x)^
9 9 9 9
reFe
= sin X + cosec x + 2 sin x cosec x + cos x + sec x + 2 cos x sec x
= (sin^ X + cos^ x) + (cosec^ x + sec^ x) + 2 + 2 oroFr

r ur
= 1 + (1 + cot^ x) + (1 + tan^ x) + 4 = tan^ x + cot^
s ff
x + 7 = RHS
I'XAMPLE 2 Prove the following identities:

k
YYouo
tanx + secx-1 1 + sinx

okso
(i) (1 + cot X - cosecx) (1 + tan x + sec x) = 2 (ii)

tan x-secx + 1 cos X
BBoo
[NCERT EXEMPLAR)
r ee
SOLUTION (i) LHS = (1 + cot X - cosec x) (1 + tan x + sec x)

1 V 1 1 (sin x + cosx-1) (sin x + cos x + 1)
ad
cos X sm X
ouur
= 1 + 1 +
Yo
sm X sm X cos X cos X sm X cos X

/ V
(sin X + cos x)^ -1 sin^x + cos^x + 2 sin x cosx-1

d
Re
idnY
sm X cos X sm X cos X
2 sin X cos x
FFin
= 2 = RHS
sm X cos X
9 9
tan X + sec X -1
(ii) LHS = (tan X + sec x) - (sec x - tan x) 9 9
tan X - sec x + 1
[●.' sec x-tan x = l]
tan X - sec x + 1
(sec X + tan x) {1 - (sec x - tan x)} (sec X + tan x) (tan x - sec x + 1)

tan X - sec x + 1 tan X " sec x + 1
1 sm X 1 + sin X
= sec X + tan x = + = RHS
cos X cos X cos X
EXAMPLE 3 If tan X + sin x = w and tan x - sin x = n, show that -n^ = Ayfinn.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have, tan x + sin x = m and tan x - sin x=n
-n^ = (tan x + sin x)^ - (tan x - sin x)^ = 4 tan x sin x ...(i)
and. 4 4^ = 4 .^(tairF+'siir^Ttarrx^^siirxy = 4 -\/tan^ ,v -sin^ a:

sin^ X sin
,^2 ;_2
X - sin a: cos
2
x sin^ a: (1 -_ cos^ a:)
= 4 sin^ a: = 4 _4
\ cos^ X
2
cos X
\ cos X
;_4
sm X sin^ X
= 4 = 4 = 4 tan X sin X ...(iO
y cos^ X cos X
From (i) and (ii), we obtain: )i?~ -r?" =4yfmn.

EXAMPLE 4 If cos X + sin X -42 cos x, prove that cos x - sin x = V2 sin x.
SOLUTION We have,
ww
cos x + sin x = 42 cos x
(cos X + sin x)^ = (42 cos x)^ => cos^ x + sin^ x + 2 sin x cos x = 2 cos^ x
2 2
Flo
cos X - sin X = 2 sin X cos X => (cos x + sin x) (cos x - sin x) = 2 sin x cos x
e
2 sin X cos x 2 sin X cos x
['.● cos X + sin X = VI cos x]
ree
cos X “ sin X = cos X - sm X =
cos X + sm X 42 cos X
Fr
cos X - sin X = VI sin X
rF
ALITER We know that
uurr
(cos x +sin x)^ +(cos x-sinx)^ =2 for
(VI cos x)^ +(cosx-sinx)^ = 2 [●.* cos X + sin X = VI cos x]
s
kks
(cos X-sin x)^ =2-2 cos^x=> (cos x-sin x)^ =2 sin^x=> cos x-sin x = VI sin x.
Yo
oooo
cos x = n, prove that a^ +

2 2
EXAMPLE 5 I/'fl cos X + [j sin X = m and a sin x~b = ?« + n .
eB
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have, m = a cos x + b sin x and n = a sin x ~b cos x.
=(a cos x +/i sin x)^ + (fl sin x - & cos .x)^
ur
ad
= (fl^cos^ x + !i^sin^ X + 2ab sin x cos x) + (a‘^ sin^ x + b'^ cos^ x - 2ab sin x cos x)
YYo
= (cos^ X + sin^ x) + b^ (sin^ x + cos^ x) = a^ + b^

dd
X = ± ■Ja^ +b^ -c^.

Re
EXAMPLE6 7/rt cosX-&sin X =c, s/iouj (7sin X + cos

in
SOLUTION Clearly, >y

F
'y
(a cos X -b sin x) + (a sin x + b cos x)"^
= a (cos X + sin x)+b (sin x + cos x) - 2ab sin x cos x + 2ab sin x cos x = a^ +b^
(a sin X +1; cos x)^ = +b^ - (a cos x-b sin x)^
(a sin X + & cos x)^ = a^ +b'^ -c^ [●.● a cos X - b sin x -c]
rt sin X + 6 cos X = ±
EXAMPLE 7 If sec X + tan x=p, obtain the values of sec x, tan xand sin x in terms of p.
SOLUTION We know that: sec x + tan x and sec x - tan x are reciprocal of each other,
1
sec X + tan X = p => sec x - tan x
P
1 1
(sec X + tan x) + (sec x - tan x) = p + and, (sec x + tan x) -(sec x - tan x) =p —
P V
5.10 MATHEMATICS-XI
1 1 +1 -1
2 sec a: = p + and, 2 tan x = p — ^ sec x = i and, tan a: = —
P P 2p 2p
tan a:
sinx = ^ sin x =
sec a: +1
8
1 - tan X
EXAMPLE 8 Prove that: 2 sec^ x - sec^ x ~2 cosec^ x + cosec^ a: = 4
tan X
SOLUTION 2 sec^ a: - sec^ a: - 2 cosec^ x + cosec^ x

= 2 (1 + tan^ a:) - (1 + tan^ x)^ - 2 (1 + cot^ a:) + (1 + cot^ x)^
= 2 (1 + tan^ X -1 - cot^ x) + (1 + 2 cot^ x + cot^ x) - (1 + 2 tan^ x + tan^ x)
ww
= 2 (tan^ X -cot^ x) +(2 cot^ x - 2 tan^ x) + cot^ x- tan^ x
1 1 - tan^x
- tan ^ X =
FF loo
4 4
= cot X-tan X =
tan*^ X tan^ X
ree
reeF
EXAMPLE 9 Prove that: 3 (sin x - cos x)** + 6 (sin x + cos x)^ + 4 (sin^ x + cos*^ x) -13 = 0.
oroFr
r ur
SOLUTION We have,
3 (sin X - cos x)^ + 6 (sin x + cos x)^ + 4 (sin^ x + cos^ x) -13
s ff
2
k
= 3 j (sin X - cos x)^

YYouo
+ 6 (sin X + cos x)
koso
+ 4 \ (sin^ X + cos^ x)^ - 3 sin^ x cos^ x(sin^ x + cos^x)[ -13

BBoo
r ee
= 3 (1 - 2 sin X cos x)^ + 6 (1 + 2 sin x cos x) + 4 (1 - 3 sin^ x cos^ x) -13

= 3 (1 - 4 sin X cos X + 4 sin^ x cos^ x) + 6 (1 + 2 sin x cos x) + 4 (1 - 3 sin^ x cos^ x) -13
ad
ouur
Yo
= 3 + 6 + 4-13=0
EXAMPLE 10 Given (1 + cos a) (1 + cos p) (1 + cos y) = (1 - cos a) (1 - cos p) (1 - cos y).

that:
d
Re
Show that one of the values of each member of this ec\uality is sin a sin p sin y.
idnY
SOLUTION We have,
FFin
(1 + cos a) (1 + cos P) (1 + cos y) = (1 - cos a) (1 - cos P) (1 - cos y)

Multiplying both sides by (1 + cos a) (1 + cos P) (1 + cos y), we get
(1 + cos a)^ (1 + cos p)^ (1 + cos y)^ = (1 - cos a) (1 - cos P) (1 - cos y)
(1 + cos a) (1 + cos p) (1 + cos y)
=> (1 + cos a)^ (1 + cos p)^ (1 + cos y)^ = (1 - cos^ a) (1 - cos^ p) (1 - cos^ y)
=> (1 + cos a)^ (1 + cos p)^ (1 + cos y)^ = sin^ a sin^ P sin^ y
=> (1 + cos a) (1 + cos P) (1 + cos y) = ± sin a sin P sin y
Hence, one of the values of (1 + cos a) (1 + cos p) (1 + cos y) is sin a sin p sin y.
Similarly, by multiplying both sides by (1 - cos a) (1 - cos p) (1 - cos y), we find that one of the
values of (1 - cos a) (1 - cos p) (1 - cos y) is also sin a sin p sin y.
EXAMPLE 11 Prove that: sec^ x + cosec^ x > 4.
SOLUTION sec^ x + cosec^ a: = (1 + tan^ x) +1 + (cot^ x) = l-¥ tan^ a: + cot^ a:

= 2 + tan ^ AT + cot^ x - 2 tan a: cot a: + 2 tan x cot x
w
= 2 + (tan X - cot x)^ + 2
= 4 + (tan X - cot x)^ > 4 [●.● (tan X - cot x)^ > 0]
EXAMPLE 12 If 10 sin*^ a +15 cos'^ a = 6, find the value of 27 cosec^ a + 8 sec^ a,
e
SOLUTION We have,
re
row
10 sin^ a + 15 cos** a = 6
10 sin^ a + 15 cos^ a = 6 (sin^ a + cos^ a)^
eeF
ullo
FF
10 tan^ a + 15 = 6 (tan^ a + 1)^ [Dividing boths sides by cos^ a]
(2 tan^ a - 3)^ = 0 => tan^ a = —
srr
2
roF
27 cosec^ a + 8 sec^ a = 27 (1 + cot^ a)^ + 8 (1 + tan^ a)^
k
uor
=27
ofof 2
1 + - + 8 1 + -
3^^ = 27 X
125
+ 8 X
125
= 250.
3J 2J 27 8
Y
kos
sin A cos A
EXAMPLE 13 //
Yo
= p and - q, find tan A and tan B.

B oo
sin B cos B
rY
SOLUTION We have,
eerB
sin A cos A
= p and
sin A cos B _ p
u
= q
sin B cos B sin B cos A q
ou
d
tan A _ p tan A tan B

o
ad
= X.(say) => tan A = p X and tan B = qX -(i)

tan B q P
nY
Nov^, sin A = p sin B

nid
tan A tan B
Re
= p
F
■J]~+ tan^ A .^1 + tan^ B

Fi
p X qX
= V => (1 + q^ )?) = p^ q^ (1 + p^ )?)
-^1 + p^
1 q'^-l
(17^ -p^ q^) = q^ - I = ^ X = ± —
qil~P^
tan A = ± - I- ]r and, tan B = +
[Using (i)j
qp-P^ l|l-p2
EXAMPLE 14 If tan ^ a: = 1 - a^, prove that sec a: + tan ^ a: cosec a: = (2 - Also, find the
values of a for which the above result holds true.
SOLUTION We have.
5.12 MATHEMATICS-XI
cosec X
1 + tan ^ a:
■3
sec X + tan x cosec x = sec x
sec X
= -Jl + tan^x 11 + tan ^ a: X cot a:

= (1 + tan" = (1 + 1 - [v tanÂ: = l-fl^]
Now,
tan^ A:>0forallA:=> 1 -a^ >0 => -1 <0 ^ -1 <a<l ...(i)
Since LHS of sec a- + tan ^ a- cosec a: = (2 - a^)
is real for all x&R. So, RHS must also be real.
2-«^>0=>fl^-2^0=>-V2<fl<V2 ...(ii)
ww
From (i) and (ii), we find that the given relation holds true for all ae[-\, 1].
EXAMPLE 15 If a cos^ X + 3a cos -A sin^ x=m and asm^x+ 3a cos^x sin x=n, then prove that:
FF loo
2/3 2/3 2/3
(m + n) + {m~n) = 2a
ree
SOLUTION We have,
a cos^ A+ 3a cos x sin^ x = m and <7 sin^ x + 3r? cos^ x sin x = n
reeF
a cos ^ x + 3a cos X sin^ x + rt sin ^ x + 3fl cos^ x sin x = m + n
^ x + 3aco? '■ sin^ x -fl sin^ x - 3fl cos^ x sin x oroFr

r ur
and. a cos = m-n
s ff
a (cos X + sin x) ^ - m + n and, a (cos x - sin x) = m-n
nV3 n1/3
m + n m-n
k
YYouo
cos X + sm X and, cos x - sin x

kos o
a a
2/3 n2/3
m + n ni-n
BBoo
9 9
(cos X + sin x) + (cos x - sin x) +
\ a J
r ee
2/3 2/3
{m + n) {m-n)
2(cos^ X + sin^ x) = 2/3
ad
2/3
ouur
a a
Yo
2/3 2/3 = 2a 2/3

(m + n) + (m -n)
// 2 tan^ a tan^ p tan^ y + tan^ a tan^ p + tan^ p tan^ y + tan^ y tan^ a =1,
d
EXAMPLE 16
Re
dinY
prove that sin^ a -i- sin^ P + sin^ y =1.

FFin
SOLUTION We have,
2 tan^ a tan^ p tan^ y + tan^ a tan^ p + tan^ p tan^ y + tan^ y tan^ a =1
Dividing throughout by tan^ a tan^ p tan^ y, we get
2 + cot^ y + cot^ a + cot^ p = cot^ a cot^ p cot^ y
2 + cosec^ y -1 + cosec^ a -1 + cosec^ p-1 =(cosecâ -l)(cosec^P -l)(cosec^y -1)
cosec a + cosec P + cosec y -1 = cosec ^ a cosec^ p cosec^ y - cosec^ a cosec^ p
9 9 9
9 9 9 9 9 9 9
- cosec^ P cosec^ y - cosec^ y cosec'^ a + cosec"^ a + cosec P + cosec y -1
9 9 9 9 9 9
cosec^ a cosec^ p cosec^ y = cosec a cosec p + cosec p cosec y + cosec y cosec a
9 9 9
1 - sin^ y + sin^ a + sin^ p [Multiplying throughout by sin a sin Psin y]
sin^ a + sin^ p + sin^ y = 1
ax by (?:c sin 0 by cos 0

EXAMPLE 17 If + = a and, = 0, prove that
cos 0 sin 0 cos^ 0 sin^ 0
2/3
(ax) + (&y)2/3=(fl2^^2j2/3
SOLUTION We have,
ax sin 0 by cos 0 sin ^ 0 cos ^ 0
= 0 => ax sin^ Q - by cos^ 0 = 0 =>
cosÔ sinÔ hy ax
n2/3 n2/3
sin^0 cos^0 sin^0 cosÔ
2/3 2/3
by ax
{by) (ax)
sinÔ cos^0 sin^0 + cos^0
2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3 [Using ratio and proportions]
(by) (ax) (by) ■i-iax)
ww
sin^0 cosÔ 1
2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3
(by) (ax) (ax) + {by)
FF loo
2/3 2/3
sin^0 = {by) (ax)
and, cos^ 0 =
ree
2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3
(flx) + {by) {ax) + {by)
1/3 1/3
{by) {ax)
reeF
sin 0 = and, cos 0
^(ax)^^ ^ + (by) 2/3 ^(axW^~+(by)^^ôroFr
r ur
ax
by ●y ●y
Substituting these values in -b , we get
s ff
cos 0 sin 0
2/3
+{&y)2/3 + Qjy)V 3 2/3 2/3 a^-b^
k
(ax) ^{by)
YYouo
koso
{V(«x)2/3^(^y)2/3| + (&y)2/3l =fl2_^2

2/3
(ax)
BBoo
r ee
3/2
● (flx)2/^+(by)2/3 . = fl2 _^2 ^ (fl.ic)2/3 +^^yj2/3 ^ ^^2 _j,2^2/3

ad
ouur
Yo
EXAMPLE 18 + m'^ + 2 mm' cos x = 1, + 2 mi' cos x = 1, nmf

mil + m'm'+ (mu'+ m’?i) cos X = 0, proye (i) m^ + ii^ =cosec^ x (ii) m'^+n’^ = cosec^x.
d
Re
idnY

m^ + m'^ + 2 mm' cos x = 1 and ?i^ + + 2 mi' cos x =1
FFin
=> m' + 2 mm' cos x + m it?"

cos X - m^ cos^ X + m^ = 1
and, «'^ + 2 mi' cos x + rP~ cos^ x-«2 cos^ x + n 2=1
9 9 9 9 9 9
(m' + m cos x) + m (1 - cos x) = 1 and, (n' + n cos x) + n (1 - cos x) = 1
(m'+mcosx)^ = 1-m^ sin^ x ...(i) and, (n'+ ii cos x)^ =l-«^sin^x ...(ii)
Now, (m' + m cos x) (ii' + n cos x) = m' n' + (mu' + m' n) cos x + mn cos^ x
(m' + m cos x) (ii' + n cos x) = - mn + mn cos x [●.● mn + m' n' + (mn' + rri ii) cos x = 0]
(m' + m cos x) (»' + n cos x) = -mn (1 - cos^ x)
(m' + m cos x) (n' + ii cos x) = -mn sin x
9 9 9 9 4
(m' -i- m cos x) (ii' + n cos x) = m n sin x [On squaring both sides]
(1 -m^ sin^ x) (1 -n^ sin^ x) = m^ sin^ x [Using (i) and (ii)]
5.14 MATHEMATICS-XI
9 9 9 9 9 4 2 2-4
1 -(m + n ) sin x + m n sin .v = m n sm .v
2
1 = sin^ x => cosec X
(ii) As the given relations do not alter by replacing m by m' and n by n'. Therefore, on replacing
mby m' and?iby n' in +n^ =cosec^x, we get w' +«'^ = cosec^x.
●4 4
Sin X cos X 1
EXAMPLE 19 If prove that
a b a +b '
● 4h 4n
sm X cos X 1 sm X cos X 1
(i) (ii) 2n-l
, neN
(a + b)^
3 2n-l
a b^ a (a + b)
SOLUTION We have.
. 4 4
sm X cos X 1
ww
+
a b a +b
f
sm
■ 4
X cos
4 X
^
=> (a + b) = 1
Floo
a b
● 4 4 ^
ree
sm X cos X
=> (a + b)
a b
= (sin^x + cos^ x)^
rFee
b . 4 a
● 4 4 4
sin^x + cos"^ X + 2 sin^x cos^x
F
sm X + cos X + - sm X + - cos X =
b oor r
rur
a
b . 4
- cos^x-2 sin^x cos^ x= 0
s ff
- sin X 4-
a b
2
osk
●2
YYoou
'b- sm
. 2 a ^ 2 . 2 ^ sm X a
- cos" xi' = 0 => ,Vfl- sin^x
2
X - - cos X ^ tan X = -
oook
a \b Mb b cos
2
X b
eBB
:-2 2
sm X cos X
a b
uur r
;-2 2 ● 2 2
ad
sm X cos X sm X + cos X
Yo
a b a+b
:-2 2
1 b
dY
sm X cos X :-2 2
=> sm X cos X =
Re
a b a +b a +b ' a +b
idn
FFin
.●_8
=^ (sin^x)^ +-^(cos^x)^
sm X cos X
(i) 3
a b^ a^ b^
1 (7 1 b
3
+ —
[Using (i)]
a a + b b^ a +b
a b a+b 1
+
(a + bf (a + b)^ (a + b)^ (a + b)^

2n
(ii)
■
sm
4«
X +
cos^'x (sin^x) 2?i +
(cos^ x)
2ti
1 a 1 b f
a
2h-1
a
2n-l
^2n-l a
2«-l a + b
^2«-l ^ a +b
a b a +b 1
+
2/r 2}i 2ii 2h-1
(a + b) (a + b) (a + b) (a + b)
4 ●4
COS a sm a
EXAMPLE 20 // = 1, prove that
cos^ P sin^ P
cos^ P sin^ P
(i) sin^ a + sin^ P = 2 sin^ a sin^ p (ii) 2 ●2
= 1
COS a sm a
SOLUTION We have.
4 :-4
cos a sm a
+ = 1
cos^ p sin^ P
cos^ a sin' p + sin^ a cos^ p = cos^ p sin^ p
cos^ a (1 - cos^ p) + cos^ P (1 - cos^ a)^ = cos^ P (1 - cos^ P)
cos^ a - cos^ a cos^ P + cos^ p - 2 cos^ a cos^ p + cos^ a cos^ p = cos^ p - cos^ p
ww
cos^ a - 2 cos^ a cos^ P + cos^ p = 0
(cos^ a - cos^ P)^ = 0 => cos^ a - cos^ p = 0 => cos^ a = cos^ p
FF loo
●●●(i)
1-sinâ =1-sin^P sinâ=sm^p ...(ii)
ree
(i) sin^ a + sin'^ p =(sin^ a -sin^ p)^ + 2 sin^ a sin^ p =2 sin^ a sin^ P [v
● 2
= sin ^ P] sm a
reeF
(ii)
cos^ p sin'^ p cos^pcos^p sin^psin^p
2 ~T"2 2 ●2
cos a sm a cos a sm a oroFr
r ur
cos^ P cos^ a
2 2
sin P sin a
s ff
2
+
●2
cos
^ P + sin^ P [Using (i)and (ii)]
cos a sm a
k
YYouo
EXAMPLE 21 If a is any non-zero real number, show that cos x and sin x can never be equal toa + ~.
kos o
SOLUTION We have following cases:

BBoo
Case I When fl > 0: In this case, we have

r ee
{ 1 ^2 \2 \2
+ 2xy/ax-^=(yfa-^ V fv^-44a~
1 1
+ - + -2x 4ax + 2>2 >0
ad
.4a 4a 4a~ 4a~

ouur
a
Yo
CaseII When x < 0: Let a =-b. Then, b > 0

1 1 n
a + - - -b — = - b + -
d
Re
b b)
idnY
But, b + ->2 => -(b + - < -2=> a + - < -2 [From Case I]

FFin
b \ b a
a + - ^2for> 0 and, a + - <-2 for fl <0. But, -1 <sin x < 1 and -1 <cos x < 1 for allx.
a a
1
Hence, sin x and cos x cannot be equal to a + - for any non-zero a.
a
EXAMPLE 22 IfA= cos^ X + sin^ X, prove that —<A<lfor all values ofx.
SOLUTION We have, A =cos^x-i-sin^x =cos^x-i-(sin^x)^
Now, -1 < sin X ^ 1 for all x
0 <sin^ X <1 for all X

(sin xy < sin^ x [For 0 < X < 1, x" < X for ail 77 € N - {1}]
cos^x-i-(sin^x)^ <cos^x -f sin^ x for allx
5.16 MATHEMATICS-Xi
A <1 for all X

Again,
A = cos^x + sinÂ: =1-sin^:t + (sin^ = 1 —4 +
1 2
—sin Y + (sin y)
2 2 3 n
= —+ --sm
. 2 f
.Y
4 4 U
1 ^2 3 /1 2 3 3
●2
Now, —sin~Y >0 forallY=^~+ —sin'^Y >—for all y => A ^ — for all y ...(ii)
4 U 4 4
3
From (i) and (ii), we obtain — < A < 1 for all x.
4
EXERCISE 5.1
ooww
BASIC
the following identities (1-16)

£ ^ 2 2
1. sec^Y-sec^Y = tan^Y + tan^Y 2. sin Y + cos Y = 1-3 sin y cos x
3. (cosec Y - sin y) (sec y - cos y) (tan y + cot y) = 1
e
4. cosec Y (sec Y-1) - cot Y (1 - cos y) = tan y-sin y
re
:_2 2
rFFl
1 - sin Y cos Y
ree
sm Y - cos Y
5.
F
sm Y
:_3 3
COS Y (sec Y - cosec y) sm Y + cos Y
rF
-3 -1
● 3 3
tan Y cot Y sm"'Y + cos Y sm Y-cos"y
6. = (sec Y cosec y + 1) 7. = 2
1 - cot Y 1 - tan Y fsfoor sm Y + COSY smY-cosY
ouur
2 2
8. (sec Y sec y + tan x tan y) - (sec y tan y + tan x sec y) = 1
kosk
cos Y 1 + cos Y + sin Y
9.
Yo
1 - sin Y 1 + cos Y - sin Y

oo
Y
BB
BASED ON LOTS
rre
tan^Y cot^ Y 1-2 sin^Y cos^ Y

10.
ouu
1 + tan^ Y 1 + cot^ Y sm Y cos Y

Y
ad
:_2 2
cos Y
dY
sm Y
11.1- sm Y cos Y
1 + cot Y 1 + tan Y
innd
2
1 - sin Y cos'^ Y
Re
1 1 .-2 2
12. + sm YCOS Y
2 2 2 ● 2 2 2
2 + sm Y cos Y
Fi
ysec X- cos x cosec Y - sm x

F
13. (1 + tan a tan P)^ + (tan a - tan P)^ = sec^ a sec^ P

14.
(1 + cot Y + tan y) (sin y - cos y) sm
● 2
X cos
2
Y
3 3
sec Y-cosec x
2 sin Y cos Y - cos x

15. = cot Y
1 - sin Y + sin^ y-cos^ y
16. cos Y (tan y + 2) (2 tan y +1) = 2 sec y + 5 sin y
2 sin Y 1 - cos X + sin Y
17. lffl = then prove that is also equal to a.
1 + cos X + sin Y' 1 +sin Y
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
18. If sin Y = , find the values of tan y, sec y and cosec x

a + b
b a +b a-b
19. If tan X =-, then find the value of + [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
a a -b Vrt+b
a a sin X - b cos x a^-b^
20. If tan X =-, show that
b asin X + b cos x
BASED ON HOTS
w
21. Ifcosecx-sin sec x - cos .v then prove that fl" 6^ +1?^) = 1.
22. If cot X (1 + sin x) = 4 m and cot x (1 - sin x) = 4 n, prove that - n^) = miL
e
4-3(m^-l)2 , where nP" ^ 2
23. If sin X + cos x =m, then prove that sin^ x + cos^ x =
re
o
4
rw
24. If = sec X - tan x and b = cosec x + cot x, then show that ab +a-b+1=0.
F
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ullo
FF
1 - sin X 1 + sin X 2 n
25. Prove that: + , where — < x < tc
e
yl + sinx yl-sinx cos X 2
srre
26. If 7], = sin” x + cos” x, prove that
koF
(i) h-Th_Ts-Ty (ii) 2T6-3T4+1=0
fofr (iii) 6Tio -ISTg +10T6 -1=0
uor
o
ANSWERS
Y
kos
a a^+b^ a^+b^ 2 cos X

Yo
rBB
18. tan X = sec X , cosec X = 19.

2ab ' Vcos^x-sm'x
oo
lab a^-b^ :_2

eY
re

u
17. We have.
d
ou
2sinx 2 sin X (1 - cos X + sin x)

o
ad
a =
1 +cosx + sinx (1 + cosx + sinx) (1 -cosx + sinx)

nY
a -
2 sin X (1 - cos x + sin x) 2 sin X (1 - cos x + sin x)
(1 +sinx)^ - cos 2
nid
1 + 2sinx4-sin^x-cos^x
Re
X
F
2sinx (1 -COSX+ sinx) 1 -COSX+ sinx

Fi
a =
2sinx + sin^x + sin^x 1 + sinx
b
19. We have, tan x = -
a
b b
1 + 1 1--
a +b a-b a 1 + tan X 1 - tan X cos X + sin X cos X-sinx
+ a.
\ a-b a +b b b
I 1
1 - tan X 1 + tanx Vcosx-sinx Vcosx+sinx
1-- 1 + 1
a a
COSX+ sinx+ cos X-sinx 2cosx
47^ cos x-sm

:^2
X cos X-sin
●2
X
21. Wehave, cosec x - sin x =fl, sec x-cos x
1-sin^x 3 , 1 - cos^ X = b^^ cos

2
X 3
.
sm
2
X
= 0 = rt / = b^
sinx cos X sinx cosx
5.18 MATHEMATICS-XI
●
sm
2
X cos^x P . 3 P b b
and cosx =
a
=> tan ^ X = —;r=> tan x = - => sin X =
cosx smx a
+b^
2
COS X *5
Substituting these values of sin x and cos x in —; = a , we obtain

smx
2
a
= a^ => ab =1 => =1
ij ^(a^ + b^)
22. We have, cotx (1 + sin x) = 4m and cot x (1 - sin x) = 4n
cotx + cosx = 4m and cotx - cos x = 4«
(cotx + cosx)"^ -(cotx-cosx) =16m -16ft and (cotx + cosx) (cotx-cosx) = 16 mn
ww
4cot xcos X =16 (m^ -n^) and cot^x - cos^x =16 mn
2 4
Flo
cos X cos X
.=>
sinx
= 4(m^-«^) and 1-2
= 16 wfi
ee
sm X
rere
4
cos X ,,, 2 2\2 J cos X
- = 16(m -n ) and = 16mn=> 16(m^-n^)^ =16m« => (m^-n^)^ =m«
r FF
:_2 1-2
sm X sm X
1 - sin X 1 + cos X
uurr
24. We have, <7 = sec x - tan x and b = cosec x + cot x => a =
foor and b =
cos X sm X
ks s
(1 - sin x) (1 + cos x) 1 - sin X 1 + cos x
ab + a-b + l = +1
Yoo
ooook
sm X cos X cos X sm X
2 2
1-sin x + cos x-sin X cos x + sm x-sm x cosx-cos x + sm xcosx
eBB
sm X cos X
l-(cos^x+sin^x)
uurr
1-1
= 0
ad
Yo
dY
5.5 SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Re
Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin O of the coordinate axes. Clearly, this circle meets
innd
the coordinates axes at A (1, 0), B (0,1), C (-1, 0) and D(0, -1).
FFi
Let P{a, b) be a point on the circle such that length of arc AP = x

or equivalently, let P{a, b) be the point where the terminal side
of the angle ZAOP with radian measure x meets the unit circle. X'
Then, <r
C(-l,
(i) cosx=fl forallxeK
(ii) sinx =6 forallxeK
D(0,-1)
sinx
(iii) tan X = - for all X 5* (2n +1) — , n e Z
cosx a ^ 2 5.8
cosx fl f 1, rr
(iv) cotx = = - for all x^niz,neZ
sinx b
1
(v) secx = - for all X 56 (2n + l)—,«sZ (vi) cosec X - for all x^nn,neZ
a 2 b
We observe that as the point P{a, b) moves on the unit circle, point M moves between C and A
and N moves between D and B. Consequently, OM = a varies between -1 and 1 and ON = PM = b
also varies between -1 and 1 i.e. -l<a<l and Therefore, -l<cosx<l and
-1 < sin a: < 1 for all x.
Also,
> 0 , t > 0 in I quadrant ; a <0 ,b >0 in II quadrant
(7 < 0,1? < 0 in III quadrant; a>0 ,b <0 in IV quadrant.
Thus, the signs of trigonometric functions in various quadrants are as discussed below :
In the first quadrant: We have, « > 0 and b >0
cos a: = £7 > 0, sin a: =1? > 0, tan a: = - > 0, coIa: = - > 0, secAT - — > 0 and cosec a: = — > 0
a b a
ww
Consequently, all the six trigonometric functions are positive in the first quadrant.
In the second quadrant: We have, <7 < 0 and b>0
£7
cos a: = £7 < 0, sin a: = I) > 0, tan a: = - <0, COtAT = - <0, secAT = - < 0 and cosec a: = - > 0
Flo
a b a b
ee
Consequently, in the second quadrant sin a: and cosec a: both are positive and all other
trigonometric functions are negative.
rere
r FF
In the third quadrant: We have, £7 < 0 and b <0.
a
cos a: = £7 < 0, sinx-b <0, tanx=-
->0, cotA:=->0, secAT = - < 0 and cosec a: = — < 0
uurr
£7 b b
foor
a
Thus, in the third quadrant tan x and cot a: are positive and all other trigonometric functions
are negative.
ks s
Yoo
In the fourth quadrant: We have, £? > 0 and b <0.

oook
a 1 1
cos a: - <0, cot a: = - <0, sec a: - - > 0 and cosec a: = - < 0
= a>0,smx=b <0, tanx=-
eBB
a b a b
Thus, in the fourth quadrant cos a: and sec a: both are positive and all other trigonometric
functions are negative.
uurr
The signs of trigonometric functions in different quadrants can be summarised as under :

ad
Yo
ya
n
dY
1
(+) sin X and cosec x
(-) cos X, tan x, cot x, (+)A11
Re
innd
secx
X' X
FFi
<● ■>
o
(+) tan X and cot x (+) cos X and sec x
(-) sin X, cos X, sec x, (-) sin X, tan x, col x,
cosec X cosec X
III IV
Y'^
Fig. 5.9 Signs of trigonometric functions
SIMPLE RULE TO REMEMBER A crude aid to memorise the signs of trigonometrical ratios in different
quadrants is the four-word phrase "ALL SCHOOL TO COLLEGE". The first letter of the first word in
this phrase is 'A'. This may be taken to indicate that all trigonometric ratios are positive in the first
quadrant. The first letter of the second word is 'S'. This indicates that sine and its reciprocal are positive in
the second quadrant. The first letter of third word is'T. This may be taken as to indicate that tangent and
its reciprocal are positive in the third quadrant. The first letter of thefourth word in the phrase is 'C which
may be taken as to indicate that only cosine and its reciprocal are positive in the fourth quadrant.
5.20 MATHEMATICS-XI
5.6 VARIATIONS IN VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN DIFFERENT

QUADRANTS
Consider a unit circle centred at the origin O of the coordinate axes. The circle cuts the
coordinates axes at A(l, 0), B(0,1), C(-l, 0) and D{0, -1). Let P(a, b) be a point on the circle
whose equation is = 1 such that arc AP =xot equivalently radian measure of ZAOP is x.
Then, fl = cos X and b = sinx.
It is evident from Fig. 5.10 that

-1 ^ fl < 1 and - l<b<l ^ -1< cos :c < 1 and-1 < sin x < 1 for all x.
oww
x increases from 0 to ^& increases from 0 to 1
Further, we observe that in the first quadrant, as
and as x increases from ^ to t:, decreases from 1 to 0. But, b = sin x. Thus, in the first quadrant
e
VA
sin 'A increases from 0 to 1 and in the second quadrant it
FFrlo
re
B(0,1)
decreases from 1 to 0. In the third quadrant as x increases from P (fl, b)
rF
ee
3k
Ttto — the values oib decrease from 0 to -1 and in the fourth y, X
2 3„ *
X
>
rF
C(-l, o ^(1,0)
ouru
quadrant as x increases from — to 2k the values b of increase
fosor
from -1 to 0. Thus, in the third quadrant as a increases from Tt D(0,-1)
skf
3k
to sin A decreases from 0 to -1 and finally in the fourth Fig. 5.10
ooko
2'
Yo
3k
Y
quadrant as a increases from — to 2;i, sin a increases from -1

Bo
reeB
to 0.
Similarly, we can observe the variations in the values of other trigonometric functions. The
ooY
uur
following table exhibits the same.

ad
Trigonometric
dY
/ quadrant II quadrant III quadrant IV quadrant

function
innd
Re
increase from decreases from decreases from increases from

sine
Fi
F
Otol 1 toO Oto -1 -1 toO
decreases decreases from increases from increases from

cosme
from 1 to 0 Oto -1 -1 toO Otol
mcreases increases from increases from increases from

tangent
from 0 to 00 - 00 to 0 0 to 00 -oo to 0
decreases decreases from decreases from decreases from

cotangent
from 00 to 0 0 to - 00 00 to 0 0 to - CO
mcreases mcreases from decreases from decreases from

secant
from 1 to 00 - CO to -1 - 1 to - CO CO to 1
decreases increases from 1 increases from decreases from

cosecant
from 00 to 1 to CO - 00 to -1 -1 to - CO
12
Find sin :c and tan x, if cos ^ ^ ^ quadrant.
EXAMPLE 1
2
SOLUTION We know that: cos^ x + sinx=l => sin x = ± - COS X
In third quadrant sin x is negative.

5
sm X
= -^ - cos
2
X sin X
= -f 13 13
ww
sm X 5 13 5
and, tan X => tan X = X
cos X 13 -12 12
3 37t
EXAMPLE 2 Find the values o/cos x and tan x, if sin x= — and n<x <
Flo
^ ^ 5 2
e
SOLUTION We know that: cos^ x + sin^ x = 1 => cos x = ± sin^ x
ree
Fr
In the third quadrant cos x is negative and tan x is positive.
rF
9 4
uurr
● 2
COS X - sm X COS X = - , 1
V 25 5 for
sm X 3 5 3
and, tan x => tan X =
s
— X — = —
5 4 4
kks
cos X
Yo
oooo
2 V6
EXAMPLE 3 Find all other trigonometrical ratios, if sin x = - and X lies in quadrant III.
eB
SOLUTION We know that: cos^ x + sin^ x=l => cos x = ± ^|i - sm“ x
● 2
ur
In the third quadrant cos x is negative.

ad
YYo
:_2 1
cos X -sm X ^ cosx = -
V 25 5
dd
Re
In the third quadrant tan x is positive.

in
2 V6
sm X
^ = 2V6
F
tan X = tan X X —
cos X 5 1
1 5 1
Now, cosec X ^ cosec X ; sec X sec X = - 5
sm X 2 V6 ' cos X
1 1
and, cot x = cot X =
tan X 2 V6’
3 71
EXAMPLE 4 If cos X = - —and 7i<x <
^ 2 2 '
find the value of^ tan^ x - 3 cosec^ x.
SOLUTION It is given that x lies in the third quadrant. Therefore, sin x is negative and tan x is
positive. Thus,
■ li 1 V3 -2
sin x = ± -cos X ^ smx = -Jl — => cosec X =
4 2 V3
5.22 MATHEMATICS-Xl
sin X -V3/2
And, tan X = V3.
cos X -1/2
9 9 4
Hence, 4 tan x ~ 3 cosec x = 4x 3-3x — =8.
3
3 7t 1 + tan -V + cosec x
EXAMPLE 5 If sec X = V2 and 2
<x <2%find the value of
1 + cot X - cosec x
1 1
oww
SOLUTION We have, sec .r = V2. Therefore, cosx = => cos X
secx " ^/2
It is given that x lies in the fourth quadrant in which sin x is negative.
1 1
sm X cos X cosec X = cosec X = - V2
V2 '
e
2 sin X
re
sin X 1 V2
and, tan x =
FFrllo
tan X = -l => cotx = -l
cos X V2 1
rF
ee
1 + tan X + cosec x 1 -1 -4i
= -1
1 + cot X - cosec X 1 -1 + VI
ouru
sor rF
kffo n 71
1 - sin X sec X - tan x , if— <x <-
EXAMPLE 6 Prove that: 2 2
3n
os
7C
1 + sin X
-secx + tanx,if — <x<
ook
Yo
2 2
Y
Bo
SOLUTION We have.
reeB
1 - sin X 71
, if — <x < —
(1 - sin x)^
ouY
1 - sin X 1 - sin X 1 - sin X cos X 2 2
^ 1 -sin^ X 1 - sin X
ur
1 + sin X 3n
cos X I cos X , if — <x <
ad
Yo
-cos X 2 2
d
7C TC
sec X tan X ,if — <x<-
2
nidn
2
7T 3ti
Re
- sec X + tan X, if — < X <

2 2
F
Fi
1 + cos X cosec X + cot X , if 0 < X < 71

EXAMPLE 7 Prove that:
- cosec X - cot X, if 7i< X < 27t
^1 - cos X
SOLUTION We have.
1 + cos X
, if 0 <x < 7c
1 + cos X (1 + cos x)^ 1 + cos X 1 + cos X sin X
1 + cos X
\ 1-
2
"y 1 - cos X cos X X
sm X
, if 7t<x<27r
-sm X
cosec X + cot X , if 0 <x < 7t

- cosec X - cot X, if t: < X < 2ti
2 71
, if 0 < X < -
1 - sin X 1 + sin X cos X 2
EXAMPLES Prove that: +
2
■y 1 + sin X
71
1 - sin X
, if — <X < 7C
cos X 2
SOLUTION We have,
1 - sin X
+ |1 + sin X (1 - sin x) + (1 + sin x) 2 2
[v V? = \x\]
y 1 + sin X ■y 1 - sin X ■Jl-sin ^ X ^COS^ X I cos X I
— ,ifO<x<-
cos X 2
2 rc
<X<71
cos X 2
EXERCISE 5.2
BASIC
1. Find the values of the other five trigonometric functions in each of the following:
12 1
ww
(i) cot X = — , X in quadrant III (ii) cos x = — , x in quadrant II
5 2
3 3
(iii) tan x = —, x in quadrant IE (iv) sin x = —, X in quadrant I
FF loo
4 5
12
2. If sin X = — and x lies in the second quadrant, find the value of sec x + tan x.
ree
71 3 71
If sin X = — , tan y = — and — <x < 7t < V <—, find the value of 8 tan x - >/5 sec y.
5 ^2 2 ^ 2
reeF
BASED ON LOTS oroFr
r ur
4. If sin X + cos X = 0 and x lies in the fourth quadrant, find sin x and cos x.
s ff
3 3ti
5. If cos X = - — and tc < x < —, find the values of other five trigonometric functions and
3 2
k
YYouo
cosec X + cot X
koso
hence evaluate
sec X - tan x
BBoo
ANSWERS
r ee
... . 5 12 , 5 13 13
1. (i) sinx = -- cos X = - — , tan X = — cosec X = - secx = -
13' 13 12 ' 5 ' 12
ad
ouur
2 -1
, tan X = - V3 , cosec x -
Yo
(ii) sin X = ^, cot X = secx= -2

V3 V3'
4 5 5 , 4
(iii) sin X = - 45 ' = - — , cot X = —
d
cos X = - cosec X = - sec X

5 ' 3'
Re
4 3
idnY
4' 3 5 4 5
(iv) cos X = — , tan x = — sec X = — cotx = cosec X = —
FFin
5 4 ' 4 ' 3' 3
2.-5 3.
7
4 -L J- 5. -
2 V2'V2 6
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEM
4. We have, sin x + cos x = 0 ^ sin x = - cos x => tan x = -1

sec^ X = 1 + tan^ X => sec^ x = l+ (-l)^ = 2 => sec x = -Jl ^ cosx = V2
5.7 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT ALLIED ANGLES
Two angles are said to be allied when their sum or difference is either zero or a multiple of
371
The angles allied to x are - x, — ± x, ti ± x, — ± X, 2t: ± X etc. In this section, we will express the
2
values of trigonometric functions at allied angles of an angle x in terms of the values at x.
5.24 MATHEMATICS-XI
5.7.1 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT - x
Consider a circle of unit radius centred at the origin of YA

S(O.l)
coordinate axes which cuts the coordinates axes at A{\, 0),
P(a. b)
B(0,1), C(-l, 0) and D{0, -1). Let P{a,b) be a point on the
Z AOP is x. ^C(-l,
X
circle such that arc AP = a; so that the measure of X
w
-X
Then, a = cos a: and & = sin a: . Let Q be the image of P in

ar-axis. Then, Z AOQ = -x and the coordinates of Q are Q{o,-b)
{a, -b).
rs/
e
a=cos{~x) and -b=sin{-x) Fig. 5.11
e
cosa: = cos (-x) and - sin a:= sin (- x)
o
rw
[●.● = cosa:, & = sina:]
r
F
cos (-x) = cosx and sin (- x) = - sin x
ullo
FF
tan (-x) =
sin (-x) _ - sin X = -tanx, cot(-x) = cos(-x)_ cosx cosx
= - cotx
cos(-x) cosx sin {-x) -sinx smx
e
rre
s
1 1 1 1
sec (-x) = = secx and, cosec (- x) =
oF
= - cosec X
cos(-x) cosx sin {-x)
k
sm X
fofr
uor
5.7.2 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT f-
o -X
u
Y
kos
Consider a unit circle centred at the origin of coordinates axes which cuts the coordinate axes at
Yo
rBB
A{1, 0), B(0,1), C(-l, 0) and D(0, -1). Let P{a, b) be a point on the circle such that are/IP =x
oo
eY
consequently ZAOP = x and hence a = cosx and b = sin x. Let Q be a point on the circle such that
arc/IQ =-^-xand so Z/iOQ =^-x. Consequently, measure of ZBOQ is x.

re
u
Draw perpendiculars PM and QN from P and Q respectively on OX. In triangle ONQ, we have
d
ou
o
ad
ZQON = ~ ZOh/Q = Therefore, by using angle sum property, we obtain ZOQN = x.

nY
YA
In triangles OMP and ONQ, we have B(0,1)
nid
Re
Q
F
ZOMP = ZONQ, ZPOM = ZOQN and, OP = OQ P{a,b)

Fi
X,
So, by using RHS criterion of congruence, we obtain C(-l, 3:1:2 . W

AOMP = AQNO X'
OM=QN and ON=PM

QN=a and ON =b D(0,-1)
r V
Fig. 5.12
So, the coordinates of Q are{b, a). Since ZQON = --x
b=cos
fn—X \ and A = sin
71
X
\ ^
V2 2
n K
sin X = cos —X and cos x = sin -X [●.● a - cosx and t = sin x]
V2 U
71 n
cos —X =sinx and sin X =cosx
71 f TC
Sin —X cos — X
71 cos;f 7C smx
tan X J. — = cotA:, cot —X = tana:
U cos
n
—X
sin a: \2 sm
It
— X
cos a:
\2 U
71 1 1 71 1 1
cosec —a: = S6Ca:, sec —x = cosec a:
\2 ■ (^ cosx U fn sin a:
sin —a: ^ cos —a:
\2
5.7.3 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT{7t-x)
Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin O of the coordinate axes and cutting the
coordinate axes at/l(l, 0), B(0,1), C{-1, 0) andD(0, -1). Let P{a, ii) be a point on the circle such
that arc AP =x consequently, the measure of ZAOP is x. Further, let Q be a point on the unit
circle such that ZAOQ = 7C-A:and so measure of arc AQ = 7t-x
w
arcQC ~K-(n-x)=x=> ^QOC = x [●.* arc AC = ti]
In triangles OMP and ONQ, we have
Flo
^POM = ^CQON, OP =OQ=l unit and ZOMP = ZONQ
So, AOMP s AONQ
e
rree
OM=ON and PM=QN
r FF
ON = a and QN = b
So, the coordinates of Q are {-a, B). Since, ZQOM =(7t-A:). <■
X'
uurr
-a = cos (ti-a:) and b = sin (ti-x)
for
cos (ti-x) = - cosx and sin (Ti - x) = sin x
['.■ a =cosx,b =sinx]
kss
D(0,-1)
Thus, we obtain
ooook
Yo
13
cos (tc-x) = -cosx and sin (ti-x) = sin x
eB
sin (ti-x) smx smx

tan (ti-x) = = -tanx.
cos (tc-x) -cosx cosx
cos{7t-x)
urr
-cosx cosx
cot (ti-x) = = - cot X.
ad
sin (tt-x) smx smx

Yo
1 1 1 1
cosec (ti-x) = = cosec X, sec (tx - x) = = - sec X
dY
sin(7T-x) sinx cos (tc-x) -cos X

Re
5.7.4 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT f^+ x

innd
Fi
Consider a unit circle centred at the origin of the coordinate axes which cuts the coordinate axes
at A(l, 0), B(0,1), C(-l, 0) and (0, -1). Let P{a,b) a point on the circle such that ZAOP =x
equivalently arc AP = x. Let Q be a point on the circle such that
YA
ZAOQ = ^ + X equivalently arc AQ mi)
71 P (a, b)
arcQC=7c- —+ x = —-x. => ZQON = — -X. Tl Vw
\2 J 2 2 X'
7t
;x
X
2_j >
In triangles OMP and OQN, we have C(-l.
ZPOM = ZOQN
ZOMP = ZONQ and, OP =OQ
D(0,-1)
r V
APOM = AOQN
Fig. 5.14
OM=QN and PM=ON
a = QN and b - ON => ON = b and QN = a
5.26 MATHEMATICS-XI
7C
So, the coordinates of Q are {-b, a). Since ZQOM = — +x
V2
7t Tl
-b = cos —+ X and = sin - + x
71
=> cos — + X = -sinx and sin —+ x =cosx [●.● a ~ cosx, b = sin x]
K2
n 7t
sm - + x cos - + X
fn ^2 cosx K U -smx
tan —+X = - cot X, cot —+X = -tan X
2
cos
71
- + X
-smx l2 sm
( -^ + x
cosx
V2 U
ooww
7t 1 1 7t 1 1
cosec —+ x = sec X, sec — +x = - cosec X
7T cosx 2 7t -sm X
sm - + x cos - + X
u \2
5.7.5 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT (n * x)
e
Consider a unit circle centred at the origin of the coordinate axes cutting the coordinate axes at
ree
rFl
A{\, 0), B(0,1), C(-l, 0) and D(0, -1). Let P{a, b) a point on the circle such that arc AP = x
Fre
consequently ZAOP = x.
rrF
S(0,1)
a = cosx and b = sinx.
Let Q be a point on the circle such that ZAOQ = tt + x or

ouur
equivalently, arc AQ = ti: + x.
sffoo
Arc CQ = x and ZCOQ = x
okks
Clearly, AOMP = AONQ

Yo
ooo
OM=ON and PM=QN=> a=ON and b=QN

eBB
ON = a and QN = b
Fig. 5.15
So, the coordinates of Q are {-a, -b). Since ZQOM =(tu+x).
uurr
-fl = cos(7i+x) and = sin (ti +x) =>

cos (tt: + x) =-cosx and sin (ti + x) =-sinx
ad
YYo
sin (ti + x) -smx cos (tc + x) - cosx

tan (ti+x) = = tanx, cot (ti+x) = = cotx
cos (ti + x) -cosx sin (tu + x) -smx
dd
1 1 1 1
Re
iinn
cosec (tu + x) = cosec X, sec (tt + x) = = -secx

sin (ti + x) -smx cos (ti+x) -cosx
F
5.7.6 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT (2k - x)

Consider a unit circle centred at the origin of the coordinate axes. Suppose the circle cuts the
coordinate axes at A(l, 0), S(0,1), C(-l, 0) and D(0, -1). Let P(a, b) a point on the unit circle
Ay
such that ZAOP = x. Then, a = cosx and b ~sinx. B(0,1)
Let Q be a point on the unit circle such that ZAOQ =2n-x. P(a. b)
Then, the measure of ZAOQ = x. Consequently, Q is image of X
X
P(a, b) in the line mirror along OX. So, the coordinates of Q are <- M
>
C(-l, ^(1,0)
(a, -b).
Q(a.-b)
fl = cos(27c-x) and-& =sin (27T-X)
=> cosx = cos(2tc-x) and -sin x = sin (27i+x)

Fig. 5.16
[●.● a = cosx, b = sin x]
=> cos(27t-x) = cosx and sin (2ti:-x) =-sinx
sin (2n-x) -smx cos(2;i-a:) cosx

tan(2n-x) = = -tanx, cot(2K-x) = = -cotx
cos(2tc-x) cosx sin {2n-x) -sinx
1 1 1
cosec (2ti-x) = 7^— - cosec X, sec (2;i -x) = = secx
sin(27i-x) sinx cos(2tc-x) cosx
5.7.7 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT (2n + x)
Consider a unit circle centred at the origin of the coordinates axes. The circle cuts the coordinate
axes at A{1, 0), 6(0,1), C(-l, 0) and D(0, -1). Let P be a point on the circle such that arc AP or
equivalently .ZAOP = x. Therefore, a = cos x and b = sin x.
The circumference of the unit circle is 2rt. Therefore, if we begin from P and travel distance 2k
ww
along the circle, we return to the same point P. YA
B(0,1)
rt = cos(27i+x) and = sin (2tc + x)
Floo
P{a,b)
cos X = cos (271 + x) and sin x = sin (27t + x)
X' X
X
cos (2tt+x) = cosx and sin(2rc + x)
ree
<■ ■>
C(-l,
tan (271+ x) =
sin (2ti + x) _ sinx - tan X,
rFee
cos(2tc+x) cosx
F
D(0,-1)
oor r
rur
cos (271+x) cosx Fig. 5.17
cot(2n + x) = = cotx
s ff
sin (2tc+ x) smx
1 1 1
osk
cosec (2tc + x) = —= cosec X, sec(27i + x) = = secx

YYoou
sin (271 +x) smx cos(2tc + x) cosx

oook
eBB
5.8 PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
A function f{x) is said to be a periodic function, if there exits a positive real number T such that
uur r
f{x + T) = f{x)for all x.

ad
If T is the smallest positive real number such that /(x + T) =/(x) for all x, then T is called the
Yo
fundamental period of /(x).

We observe that if/(x) is periodic with period T, then
dY
Re
/ \
idn
/(x + 2T) =/((x + T) + T) =/(x + T)=/(x),/(x+3T)=/ (x + 2T) +T =/(x +2T)=/(x)and soon.

FFin
In general, f{x + nT) =/(x) for aUx and neN.

5.8.1 PERIODICITY OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Consider a unit circle centred at the origin of the coordinate axes. The circle cuts the coordinate
axes at A{1, 0), B (0,1), C(-l, 0) and D(0, -1). Let P{a, b) be a point on the circle such that arc
AP = X or equivalently ./AOP = x.
= cosx and b = sin X.
Now, if we take one complete revolution from the point P along the circumference of the circle,
we again come back to the same point P. In other words, if x increases or decreases by 2ti, we
return to the same point.
<7 = cos (271+x) and =sin (27t+x)
cos X =cos (2ti + x) and sin x =sin (27T + x)
5.28 MATHEMATICS-Xl
Ay
Also, <7 = cos (-271+a:) and & = sin (-27t + a:)
cos{-2ti+.v) =cos X and sin {-In + a:) =sinAr (a,b)
(O
We also observe that if x increases or decreases by any X a
X
>
integral multiple of 2ti, we come back to the same point P. ^ C(-l,
cos (27771+at) = cos a: and sin (277ti + A') = sin a:, Jt e Z

Thus, cosine and sine functions are periodic functions.
It is evident from the above discussion that 2ti is the
smallest positive number such that Fig.
cos (271 + a:) = cosa: and sin (2ti + x) = sin a: for all a:
ww
Hence, cosine and sine functions are periodic functions with period 27t.
In sub-sections 5.7.5 and 5.7.7, we have learnt that
FF loo
tan (t: + a:) = x and tan (2ti + at) = a' for all a € P
tan (?J7t+a) =.r for all a e R and n e Z
ree
Also, 71 is the smallest positive real number such that tan (ti + a) = tan a for all a e R. So, tangent
function is also periodic with period tc.
rFee
Using the definition of cotangent, cosecants and secant functions, we obtain
F
1 1 oor r
rur
cot (tc+ a) = — = cot A for all A {^ nn) € R
tan(7i + A) tanA
s ff
1
cosec (271 +a) = —-— = cosec A for all a {^ nrt) e R
k
sin(27i+A) sin A
YYoou
ookos
1
sec(27i + A) = -—= sec A for all A ^{2n + l)^ eR
BBo
cos (271+a) cosa

re
Thus, consecant and secant functions are periodic with period 27i and cotangent is periodic with
period tl
ouur
ad
Yo
5.9 EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS
EVEN FUNCTION Afunction f{x) is said to be an even function, 7//(-a) =f{x)forallxin its domain.
dY
Re
ODD FUNCTION A function f{x) is said to be an odd function, iff{-x) =-f{x)forallxin its domain.
idn
FFin
ILLUSTRATION 1 Determine whether the following functions are even or odd or neither:
(i) /(a)=a3+a (ii) g{x) = 3x^ + 1 (iii) h{x) = A^ + A + 4
SOLUTION (i) We have, /(a) = a^ + a
=(-:x)^ +(-a) =-A^ - A =“(a^ + a) =-/(a) for all a eR.
So,/(a) is an odd function,
(ii) We have, g(x) = 3a^ +1
R(-^) = 3 (-a)^ +1 = 3a^ +1 =^(a) for all a e R
So, g(A) is an even function,
(iii) We have, h{x) = a^ + a + 4
/7(-a) =(-a)^+(-a) + 4 =A^-a + 4
Clearly, h{-x) is neither equal to h{x) nor to -h{x). So, h{x) is neither even nor odd function.
We have learnt that
sin (-:r) =-sinx, tan (-jc) =-tan x, cosec{-x) =-cosecx andcot(-x) =-cota:
So, sine, tangent, cosecant and cotangent functions are odd functions.
We have also learnt that cos {-x) = cos x and sec (- x) = sec x. So, cosine and secant functions
are even functions.
The values of trigonometric functions at-x, x, n ± x, ^ ± x and 2tc ± ac are given in terms of
values at a: in the following tabular form for ready reference.
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Trigonometric
sin cos tan cot cosec sec
Point/An^
-X -sinx cosx -tanx -cot a: - cosec X secx
Flo
TC
e
cosec X
— X cosx sinx cotx tanx secx
2
ere
n
FFr
- + x cosx -sinx -cotx - tanx sec X - cosec X
2
uurr
sinx -tanx -cotx cosec X -secx
n-x -cosx
orr
sfo
n+x -sinx -cosx tanx cotx - cosec X -secx
3ti
-X -sinx cotx tanx
kks
-cosx -secx - cosec X
2
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oooo
3k
+ x -cosx sinx -cotx -tanx -secx cosec X
2
eBB
2k-x -smx cosx -tanx -cotx - cosec X secx
2k+x cosx tanx cotx cosec X secx

urr
smx
K K
ad
From the above table we observe that the values of sine function at —±x = lx — ±x and
YYo
2 2
3k
±x = 3x^±x are cos x or - cos xdepending upon the quadrant in which the terminating ray
dd
is periodic with period 2k. So, the values of sine function at

Re
of the angle lies. Also, sine^function

inn
3k
2mk+ —±x and 2mk+ ±x are cosx or -cosx. But,
2nK + ^=(4« + l)| and
F
2 2
2«k+
^ =(4n+ 3) âre odd multiples of^.Therefore, the value of sine function at(2n-l) x
is cosx or — cosx depending upon the position of the terminating ray of the angle. We also note
from the table that the values of sine function atK±x = 2x^±x
2
and 2k±x = 4x-2 ± X are sin or
-sinx depending upon the position of the terminating ray of the angle. The periodicity of the
sine function gives that ihe values of sine fimction at «k± x = 2nx ^ ± x are sin x or -sinx
depending upon the quadrant in which the terminating ray of the angle lies.
We also note that at point expressible in the form {2n-l)—± x ithe values of cosine, tangent,
cotangent, secant and cosecant functions are ± sin ± cot x, ± tan x, ± cosec x and ± sec x
respectively. At a point expressible in the form 2n ^ ± x the values of cosine, tangent.
5.30 MATHEMATICS-XI
cotangent, secant and cosecant functions are ± cos x, ± tan x, ± cot x, ± sec x and ± cosec x
respectively.
The above discussion suggests us the following algorithm to find the value of a trigonometric
function at a point.
ALGORITHM
Step I Obtain the point x at which the value of a trigonometric function is to be determined.
Step II Check whether x is positive or negative. Ifx is 7iegative, say x = -y, then write f{x) = -/(y), iff
is an odd function. Otherwise, write f{x) =/(y). Here, f is the given trigonometric function.
/* 71'
Step III Express the positive value of X in step II, in the form x= — ±a., where as 0,— .
2 V 2,
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Step IV Determine the quadrant in which the terminating ray of the aijgle x lies and determme the sign
of the trigonometric fuiiction in that quadrant.
Step V If n is step III is an odd positive integer, f/ien sinx = ± cos a, cos x = ± sin a,
Flo
sec .r = ± cosec a, cosec x = ± sec a, where the sign on RHS of these values will be the sign
e
obtained in step IV.
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If n in step III is an even positive integer, sin a: = ± sin a, cos x = ± cos a,
FFr
tan x = ± tan a, cot.t = ± cot a, cosec a: = ± cosec a, sec x=± sec a, where the sign on
RHS of these values will be the sign obtained in step IV.
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orr
sfo
kks
Yoo

oooo
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate the following:

eBB
,.\ 7n 7tc 8ti^ \ ■ f 25t:'^

(i) sm — (ii) cos — (iii) cos (iv) sm
4 6 V 3 I 4
7ii
urr
« ^ 7C 71 y-, , »V
n n
SOLUTION (i) Clearly, sin — = sin 3x—+ — .Since 3x —+ lies in the IVth quadrant in
2 4 2 4
ad
YYo
which sine fimction is negative and 3 is an odd integer.

.
sm — = sm
7n . f.3 X —
n + —n “ cos — =
71 1
V2
dd
4 2 4 4
Re
7tz
inn
71 7n
(ii) Clearly, cos — = cos 2X —+ —
. Since — is in the in quadrant in which cosine function is
6 2 6 6
F
negative. Also the multiple of ^ is even.

7k - n K n V3
cos — - cos 2X —+— = - cos — =
6 2 6 6 2
St:
(iii) We know that cosine is an even function. Therefore, cos -— = cos —.
I 3 3
. I 8tT — 7U 71 871
Also,— = 5 X — + —. So, — is in the II quadrant in which cosine function is negative. Also, the
3 2 6 3
multiple of ^ is odd.
87t _ 71 71 . 7C 1 8ti 1
COS — = cos 5 X — + — = - sm — = —. Hence, cos cos—
3 2 6J 6 2 . 3 3 2
(iv) The sine function is an odd function. Therefore, sin = -sm

V 4 4
257t
Now,— = 12x- + - => lies in the I quadrant and multiple of — in this expression is even.
4 2 4
.
sin
25jt
= sm 12x —+ —
n n
= sm — =
7C 1
. Hence, sin -
2571^ = -sm
. 257t_ 1
4 2 A) 4 V2 4 J 4 ■ V2‘

(i) cosec 390° (ii) cot 570° (iii) tan 480° (iv) cos 270°
r
19jt
(v) tan — (vi) sin - (vii) cot - —
ww
3 3; ^ 4
1371 1371
SOLUTION (i) We have, 390° = — = 4 X — + —. This shows that — is in I quadrant in which
6 2 6
cosecant function is positive and the multiple of ^ is even.
Flo
e
ree
13tc . 7t 7t 7C _
cosec 390° = cosec = cosec 4X—+— = cosec — = 2.
6 2 6J 6
Fr
rF
1971 TC % 19t: .
(u) We have, 570°= — = 6 X — + — . It shows that is in the Illrd quadrant in which
uurr
6 2 6 6
for
cotangent function is positive and the multiple of ^ is even.
s
kks
1971 . r,- ^71 nr
cot 570° = cot ~ cot 6 X — + — - cot — = V 3
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oooo
6 2 6 6
Stc ^ 7c t: 8tc
=5x —+ — . Clearly, — is in the Ilnd quadrant in which tangent
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(iii) We have, 480° = —

2 6 3
function is negative and the multiple of ^ is odd.

ur
ad
8tc
= -cot^ = -V3
YYo
tan 480° - tan — = tan 5 x — + —

3 2 6 6
3ti 7T
dd
3x- + 0 . Clearly,270°isinthenegativedirectionofi/-axisi.e.on
(iv) We have, 270° = ^
Re
2
in
the boundary line of II and III quadrant. Also, the multiple of is an odd integer.
F
7t
cos 270° = cos 3x—+ 0 =±sin0=0
I 2 J
ALITER We know that cos (2n -1) — = 0. Therefore, cos— = 0.
2 2
19ti
(v) We have, — 12x —+— . Clearly, this angle lies in I quadrant in which tangent
3 2 3/
function is positive and tlie multiple of ^ is even.

tan
19tc
= tan 12x^2 + ^l
3
= tan^=V3
3
3
5.32 MATHEMATICS-XI
llTT
(vi) We have,
3 = 7 X ^ ^ ■ This angle lies in the IV quadrant in which sine function is
7t
negative and the multiple of — is odd.
2
. ll;t - n n n V3 f llJt'l . llTt V3

sm = sin 7x —X— =-cos- = . Hence, sin sm
3 2 6) 6 2 3; 3 2 2
IStt 15ti
(vii) We have, 7 X —+— . This means that is in the IVth quadrant in which
4 2 4 4
cotangent function is negative and the multiple of —2 is odd.
oww
IStt 71 7C K 15k
cot = cot 7x—+ - =-tan — =-l. Hence, cot - = -cot = -(-l)=l.
4 2 4 4 k 4 J 4 J
EXAMPLE 3 Prove that: cos 510® cos 330“ + sin 390* cos 120* = — 1.
17k 11k . 13k 2k
e
SOLUTION LHS = COS 510“ COS 330“ + sin 390“ cos 120“= cos cos— + sm — cos—
ree
6 6 6 3
rFl
Fre
K K K K K K - K K
= cos 5X — + — cos 3x — + — +sin 4x + cos 1 X —+—
2 3 2 3J 2 6 2 6
rrF
K K K K
- sm — sm — + sm — -sm —
ouur
3yV 3y \ 6yV 6J
sffoo
/3 V3 n 3 1
1 =RH5
2 2 Uj, 2) 4 4
okks
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EXAMPLE 4 Prove that: sin (- 420“) (cos 390“) + cos (- 660“) (sin 330°) = -1.
ooo
SOLUTION We know that sin (-x) = - sin x and cos (- x) = cos x

eBB
LHS = sin (- 420°) (cos 390°) + cos (- 660°) (sin 330°)

= -sin 420“ cos 390°+cos 660“ sin 330° = -sin — cos^^ + cos
uurr
sm
3 6 3 6
ad
. K K . K K r, K n . „ K K
YYo
= -sm 4x — + — cos 4x — + + cos 7x — + — sm 3x — + —

2 3 2 6 2 6 2 3
K^ Vs VI
dd
K K K \ f 1 \ f 1 3 1
= -sm —cos —+ sm — -cos— = -1 = RHS.
Re
3 6 I 6/ V 3j 2 2
iinn
2j'. 2) 4 4
F

.OK 2 2 1 /●●\ -^-2^ 2 7k 2^ 3
(i) sm — + cos - tan (n) 2 sm — + cosec cos
6 3 4 2 6 6 3 2
/●●●\ i2 ^ 5k - . 2 ^ ^ 2 3k
(m) cot — + cosec — +3 tan - = 6 (iv) 2 sin + 2 cos^ — + 2 sec^ — = 10
6 6 6 4 4 3
SOLUTION (i) LHS = sin^ -6 + cos 2 ^

-tan
2 ^
3 4
/ n2
fl
- + i~l=-l
K K K
sm — + cos — tan — +
(>J 3) 4; 2; V2 4 4 2
LHS = 2 sin^ — + cosec 2 7k 2 - ● k^2

●● 7k^ K
(ii) cos —= 2 sm — + cosec — cos —
6 6 3 6j 6 y 3;
\2 2 . n2
71 71 7t
= 2 sin — + cosec 71 + — cos —
6J (>J 3J
7t ^2 7C 2/ 7t
n2
= 2 sin — + - cosec — cos — [v cosec (71 +a:) = - cosec :t]
6J 6 3J
1 3
= 2 + (-2)2 X = - +1 = - = RHS
2J 2J 2 2
^2
oww
5tc
LHS = cot^ — + cosec — + 3 tan 2
71 n 7C
(iii) cot — + cosec Tc — +3 tan —
6 6 6 6J 6J 6J
71 ^2 n 7.^2 r 1
cot — + cosec — + 3 tan — = {VI)2 + 2 + 3 =3+2+l=6=RHS
6/ 6 6J V3
e
3ti x2
x2 ^2
2 3tc
re
2 ^ TC 7T 7t
(iv) LHS = 2 sin + 2 cos + 2 sec — = 2 sin + 2 cos — + 2 sec —
FFrllo
4 4 3 4 J 4j 3J
rF
71
n2 71
2
7T n2 . 37t 7X 7T
ee
= 2 sin — + 2 cos — + 2 sec — sm sm 7t — sin —
4J 4 3; 4 4J 4
ouru
sor rF
n2
1 1 f
= 2 + 2 + 2(2)2=1+1 + 8=10=RHS
V2 V2 kffo
71
cos + :r sec (-a:) tan (tt-a:)
EXAMPLE 6 Prove tfiat: [2 = -l.
os
( 7t
sec (2tc - x) sin (ti + x) cot —x
ook
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Y
\2
Bo
SOLUTION We have,
reeB
(n
cos + x sec(-x) tan (ti-x)
U (- sin a:) (sec x) (- tan x)
ouY
LHS = = -l=RHS
'ti (sec x) (- sin x) (tan x)
ur
sec (2tc - x) sin (n + x) cot -X

ad
\2
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d
EXAMPLE? Prove that:

cos(7t + x) cos(-x)
=cot2 X
nidn
(i)
fn
Re
sin (tt - x) cos — + x

F
Fi
3ti 3ti
(ii) cos + X cos (2tc + x) cot -X + cot (271+ x) =1
I 2 I 2
2
cos (tc + x) cos (- x) (- cos x) X (cos x) - cos X
SOLUTION (i) LHS = 1-2
= cot2 X = RHS
7C
(sin x) (- sin x) - sm X
sin (tt - x) cos — + x
u
(ii) We know that
37C 3tc
cos + X = sin X, cos (27c + x) = cos x, cot - X = tan X and cot (2tc + x) = cot x
1. 2 ^ 2
\
LHS = cos
3k (Sk
+ X cos (2tc + x) cot -X +cot(2Ti+x)
2 ^ 2
sm X cos X
= (sin x) (cos x) (tan x + cot x) = sin x cos x ●
cos X sm X
5.34 MATHEMATICS-XI
2
Sin X + cos X 1
sm X cos X sm X cos X X =1
EXAMPLES If A, B, C, D are angles of a cyclic quadrilateral, prove that

cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D = 0.
SOLUTION We know that the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary i.e.
A + C = TTand B + D = 7t. Therefore,.A = tc-C and B = k-D.
cos/I = cos(ti-C) = -cosC and, cos B = cos(tc-D) - -cosD
Hence, cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D = - cos C - cos D + cos C + cos D = 0
EXAMPLE 9 In any quadrilateral ABCD, prove that
(i) sin {A + B) + sin {C D) = 0 (ii) cos {A + B) = cos (C + D)
ww
SOLUTION (i) A + B + C+ D= 2ti
A + B= 2tu-(C+D)
sin (A + B) = sin {27t -(C + D)\
Flo
sin (A + B) = - sin (C + D) => sin (A + B) + sin (C + D) = 0 [■.- sin (2tc - x) = - sin x]
e
(ii) A -i- B + C + D = 2k
ree
A + B = 2ti-(C +D)
Fr
cos(A + B) = cos {27t-(C+D))=> cos(A + 6) = cos (C + D) [v cos(2ji-x) =cos x]
rF
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BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) for
EXAMPLE 10 Find the value of the expression
s
31 sin^ 3k -4,0 V
^'■^ + x +sin^ (Stc-x)
kks
X +sin (3ji + x) -2 < sin INCERT EXEMPLARI
2 )
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oooo
SOLUTION The given expression is

31 sin"*
j-2jsin^ ^ + ^ +sin^(5K-x)|
eB
3k 1 ● 4 / -●, v
X +sm (iir+x)
2 J
4
-2 |(cos x)^ +(sin x)^j = 3 (cos^x + sin^x)-2{cos^x + sin^x)
ur
= 3 \ (-cos x)^ + (-sin x)

ad
J
YYo
= 3|(cos^x + sm^x)^ -2 sin^x cos^ xj -2 j{cos^x+sin^x)^-3 cos^xsin^x(cos^x+sin^ x)

dd
= 3(1-2 sin^x cos^x) -2 (1 -3 cos^x sin^x) = 3-6 sin^x cos^x-2 + 6 sin^x cos^x =1.
Re
in
EXERCISE 5.3
F
BASIC
I. Find the values of the following trigonometric ratios:

5 71 IIt: 25Tl^
(i) sin — (ii) sinl7Tc (iii) tan — (iv) cos
6 I 4
17k 197t llrt^
(v) tan ~ (vi) sin — (vii) cos — (viii) sin -
4 6 6 6 ,
,
(ix) cosec
{ 2QK^ (x) tan
137t^
(xi) cos —
19ti
(xii)
41ti
sin —
V 3 \ 4 J 4 4
, .... 3971 (xiv) sin —

151te
(xm) cos —^ 6
2. Prove that:
(i) tan 225° cot 405° + tan 765° cot 675° = 0

8 Jt 23 7t 13 71 . 35 7t 1
(ii) sin — cos + cos sm
3 6 3 6 2
(iii) cos 24° + cos 55° + cos 125° + cos 204° + cos 300° = -
2
(iv) tan (-225°) cot (-405°)-tan (-765°) cot(675°) =0

(v) cos 570° sin 510°+sin (-330°) cos (-390°) = 0
11 71 471 3 2 A 2 17 71 3-4VI
(vi) tan —' -2 sin — cosec — + 4 cos
3 6 4 4 6 2
Tt 5t: 7t
(vii) 3 sin — sec — - 4 sin — cot — = 1
6 3 6 4
ww
3. Prove that:
cos (2ti: + x) cosec (2ti + .r) tan {n/2 + x)
(i) = 1
sec {n/2 + x) cos x cot (tt + x)
cosec (90° + x) + cot (450° + x)
tan(180° + x) + sec(180°-x) ^
Flo
(ii)
e
cosec (90° - x) + tan (180° - .x) tan (360° + x) - sec (- x)
eree
(k ^37: \
sin(7t+x)cos +x tan —-X cot (271-x)

l2 2 I V
FFr
(iii) =1
/^37I
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sin (2tt - x) cos {2n + x) cosec (- x) sin - -X
V 2
orr
sfo
Tt Tt
(iv) 1 + cot X - sec - + X 1 + cot X + sec — + X = 2 cot X
2 2
kks
Yoo
-^-x sec (tt-x) sin (-x)

oooo
tan
(V) =1
eBB
( ^
sin (Tt + x) cot (27t-x) cosec —x
\2
urr
BASED ON LOTS
ad
'y 7C ._2 Tt ● 2 7 Tt ● 2 —
4 Tt ^
YYo
4. Prove that: sin — + sm — + sm + sm =2

18 9 18 9
3 Tt 5 Tt' '5 Tt 3 Tt'
dd
5. Prove that: sec - X sec X - + tan + X tan X - = -l.

I 2 2 )
Re
2 2
inn
6. In a A ABC, prove that:

F
M+B') . C A +B C
(i) cos {A + B) + cos C = 0 (ii) cos = sm — (ill) tan = cot —
2 2 2 2
7. If A, B, C, D be the angles of a cyclic quadrilateral, taken in order, prove that:

cos (180° -A) + cos (180° +B) + cos (180° + C) - sin (90° + D) = 0
8. Find x from the following equations :
f Tt Tt Tt
(i) cosec — + 0 + X cos 0 cot — + 0 = sin —+0
\2 J [2 ) [2
( Tt Tt Tt
(ii) X cot - + 0 + tan — + 0 sin 0 + cosec — + 0 =0
\ 2 / U U
9. Prove that:
... 3Tt . 57t 2Tt 1 137t . 87t 27t . 5Tt 1
(i) tan4Tt-cos sm—cos—= — (ii) sin —-sm — + cos—sm — - —
2 6 3 4 3 3 3 6 2
5.36 MATHEMATICS-Xl
13jc . 2n 47t . 13ti 1 .. . . IOtt 13n 8;r . 5tc

(iii) sin sm + cos — sm = - (iv) sin ——cos—7- + cos —sin — = -1
3 3 3 6 2 3 6 3 6
5k 9k 17k 15k
(v) tan — cot — + tan cot = 0
4 4 4 4
ANSWERS
V3
1- (i) -
2
(ii) 0 (iii) -4^
V3
(iv) 4V2 (v)-l (vi)i2
Vs 2 1 1
(vii) - (viii) 12 (ix) - (X) -1 (xi) -
V2
(xii)
V2
ooww
2 Vs
(xiii) I/V2 (xiv) -1/2 8. (i) tan 0 (ii) sin 0
e
sin 70° .
1. The value of is
re
sinll0°
rFFl
ree
cos50° .
F
2. The value of IS
cosl30°
rF
3. The values of/(:c) = 2sm^jx'^ +x + l lie in the interval
fsfoor
ouur
4. If sin ;c + cosa: = a, then sin x - cos x =
K K 1 -sinx
kosk
5. If— <x < —, then is equal to
2 2' 1 + sin X
Yo
6. If secx + tan x = VS, then secx - tan x =

oo
Y
BB
2
7. If secx-tanx = —,the tan X =
3'
rre
8. If cosec X + cot x = a, then sin x =

oYuu
11
ad
9. If cosec X + cot X = —, then the value of tan x is

dY
-24
10. Ifsinx = , then the value of tan x is
25
innd
Re
1 1
11. If sin X + cosec X = 2, then sin x +cosec x =
Fi
F
K
12. The value of tan x +cot (k + x) +cot —+ x +cot(2K-x)is
\2 J
13. Thevalueof 3 (sinx-cosx)'^ + 6 (sinx + cosx)^ + 4(sin^x +cos^x)is
14. Given x > 0, the value of/(x) = -3 cos ^ls + x + x^ lie in the interval ...
15. If sin X + cos x = a, then sin^ x + cos^ X =
16. The value of cosl° cos 2° cos 3° ....cos 179° is
17. The value of tan 1 ° tan 2° tan 3° tan 89° is
K 1 + sinx
18. If — <x < K and = cfsecx,then k =
2 V1 - sin X
K
19. If — < X < K and
1 + sinx
|1 -sinx = cfsecx,then k -
2 1 - sinx Vl + sinx
1 + cos a; 1 - COS a:
20. If 7C < a: < 2ti and = k cosec X, then k -
1 -cosa: vI + cosa:
21. The minimum value of 9 tan ^ 0 -i’ 4 cot^ 0 is
If secA: =m and tan x =n, then—j(m + n) +

1
22.
m
is equal to
m +n
23. If cos a: + sinX +1 = 0, and 0 <x <2nthenx =

2f
24. If sinx = and X lies in the second quadrant, then cosx =
1+t^
1
25. If secx = t + —, then the value of secx + tan x is
4f'
w
26. If tanx + cotx =4, then tan^x+ cot'^x =
3n 2
27. If <x <n, then cosec
x + 2cotx is equal to
Flo
4
ANSWERS
ee
5
[-2, 2] 4. V2-fl2
Fr
1. 1 2. -1 3. 5. secx-tanx 6. ~ 7. —
V3 12
2a 44 24
8. 9. 10. - 11. 2 12. 0
for 13. 13 14. [- 3, 3]
ur
+1 117 7
15. i[4-3(fl^-l)^] 16. 0 17. 1 18. -1 19. -2 20. -2 21. 12

ks
4
Yo
3n l-f^l
oo
22. 2 23. 24. 25. 2f 26. 194 27. -1-cotx

2 1+t^
eB

ur
ad
question:
Yo
1.
Write the maximum and minimum values of cos (cos x).
2. Write the maximum and minimum values of sin (sin x).
d
Re
3. Write the maximum value of sin (cos x).

in
4. If sin X = cos^ X, then write the value of cos^ x (1 + cos^ x).

F
5. If sin X + cosec x = 2, then write the value of sin” x + cosec” x.

6. If sin X + sin^ a: = 1, then write the value of cos^^ x + 3 cos^*^ x + 3 cos® x + cos^ x.
7. If sin X + sin ^ x = 1, then write the value of cos® x + 2 cos^ x + cos^ x.
8.
If sin 0| + .sin 02 + sin 03 = 3, then write the value of cos 0j + cos 02 + cos 03 .
9. Write the value of sin 10° + sin 20° + sin 30° +... + sin 360°.
10. A circular wire of radius 15 cm is cut and bent so
as to lie along the circumference of a loop
of radius 120 cm. Write the measure of the angle subtended by it at the centre of the loop.
11. Write the value of 2 (sin^ x + cos^ a:) - 3 (sin^ x + cos^ x) +1.
12. Write the value of cos 1° + cos 2° + cos 3° + ... + cos 180°.
13. If cot (a + p) = 0, then write the value of sin (a + 2P).
5.38 MATHEMATICS-XI
14. If tan A + cot A = 4, then write the value of tan“^ A + cot^ A.

Write the least value of cos x + sec x.
15.
16.
Ifx = sin^^ X + cos^^ X, then write the smallest interval in which the value of x lie.
17. If 3 sinx + 5 cos X =5, then write the value of 5 sin x - 3 cos x.
ANSWERS
1. 1, cosl 2. sin 1,-sin 1 3. sin 1 4. 1 5. 2 6. 1 7. 1 8. 0

9. 0 10. 45° 11. 0 12. -1 13. sin a or cos P 14.194 15.2 16. (0,1]
17. 3 or - 3
ww

1
1. If tan X = X - ' then sec x - tan x is equal to
Flo
4x
e
1
(a) -2x,f
ree
(b) -t^,2x (C) 2x (d)
2x 2x
Fr
1
rF
2. If sec X = x + then sec x + tan x =
4x '
uurr
(a) X
X
(b) 2x,± (c)-2x,±
s for (d) ~^,x X
3k 1 - sin X
kks
3 If — < X < then is equal to

Yo
2 ' ■y 1 + sin X
oooo
(a) sec X - tan x (b) sec X + tan x (c) tan X - sec x (d) none of these
eB
1 + cos X
4. If 7t < X < 2 71, then is equal to
■y 1 - cos X
ur
(a) cosec x + cot x (b) cosec x - cot x (c) - cosec x + cot x (d) - cosec x - cot x
ad
YYo
y +1 1 + sin X
5. If 0 < X < , and if , then V is equal to
1-y 1 - sin X
dd
Re
X X
(a) cot — (b) tan — (c) cot — + tan — (d) cot — - tan —
in
2 2 ^ 2 2 2 2
F
1 - sin X 1 + sin X
6. If ^<x <n, then yl + sin X +
y 1 - sin X
is equal to
(a) 2 sec x (b) - 2 sec X (c) secx (d) - sec X

9 9 9
7. If X = r sin 0 cos 4>, y = r sin 0 sin 4> and z = r cos 0, then x + y + z is independent of
(a) 0, (|) (b) r,0 (c) f / <t> (d) r
8. If tan X + sec X = -Js, 0 < x < ti, then x is equal to
5 TC 2t:
(d)f
/ \ ^
(b)-
9, If tan X = —and x lies in the IV quadrant, then the value of cos x is

V5
^/5
(a)
V6
(b)4
V6 (0| (d) 4
V6
3tc
10. If
4
<a <n, then l2 cot a + —^—
sin"^ a
is equal to
(a) 1 - cot a (b) 1 + cot a (c) -1 + cot a (d) -1 - cot a
11. sin^ A + cos^ A + 3 sin^ A cos^ A =
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
12. If cosec X - cot x = —, 0 < x < —, then cos x is equal to
2 2 ^
(a) I (b)|
3
11
(0--
(a)-I
ooww
13. If cosec a: + cot ;c = —, then tan x =
2 '
21 15 44 117
(a) ~ (b) (c) (d)
22 16 117 44
14. sec^ x = 4xy

is true if and only if
e
(x + yf
ree
rFl
(a) x + yÔ (b) x=y,x^0 (c) x^y (d) X # 0, y 0
Fre
cosec" a: - sec^ a: .
15. If X is an acute angle and tan .r = ' then the value of is
rrF
V7 cosec
2
X + sec
2
x
(a) 3/4 (b) 1/2 (c) 2 (d) 5/4

ouur
sffoo
16. The value of sin^ 5°+ sin^ 10° + sin^ 15°+...+ sin^ 85° + sin^ 90° is
(a) 7 Cb) 8 (c) 9.5 (d) 10
okks
.21^ -21^ .a/it .A^Tl

Yo
17. sm — + sm —+ sin — + sm
oo
18 9 18 9
Y
BB
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c)2 (d) 0

18. If tan + cot A - 4, then tan'^ A + cot^ A is equal to
rre
(a) 110 (b) 191 (c) 80 (d) 194

ouu
tan^ 60° cosec 30°

YY
ad
19. If a: sin 45° cos^ 60° = , then a: =

sec 45° cot^ 30°
dd
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 16

Re
iinn
20. If A lies in second quadrant and 3 tan A + 4 = 0,then the value of 2 cot A -5 cos A +sin A
is equal to
F
(a) -53/10 (b) 23/10 (c) 37/10 (d) 7/10

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
11
21. If cosec a: + cot a: = —, then tan a: =
2 '
(a) 21/22 (b) 15/16 (c) 44/117 (d) 117/43
22. If tan 0 + sec 0 = , then cos 0 equals
-
c
2
+ c
-X (d) ^
e^ + c"^
23. If sec a: + tan x-k, cosx -

+1 2k k k
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2k k^ +1 k^ +1 k^-1
5.40 MATHEMATICS-X!
24. I£/(a:) =cos^:c + secÂ:, then

(a) f{x)<l (b) f{x)=l (c)K/W<2 (d) fix) >2
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
25. Which of the following is incorrect?

(a) sin X =-1/5 (b) cos a: = 1 (c) sec X =1/2 (d) tan a: = 20
26. The value of cos 1 ° cos 2° cos 3° ...cos 179® is
(a) 1/V2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) -1
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
27. The value of tan 1® tan 2° tan 3® ...tan 89®is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1/2 (d) not defined
ww
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
28. Which of the following is correct?
Floo
7t
(a) sin 1® > sin 1 (b) sin 1® < sin 1 (c) sin 1 ° = sin 1 (d) sinl® = sin 1
180
e
eere
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
4
29. If tan ® 6 is equal to
FFr
oorr
uur r
4 4 4 4 4 4
(a) —but not — (b) — or — (c) - but not — (d) none of these
5 5^ 55 5 5
s ff
[NCERT EXEMFLARl
sk
YYoo
30. If sin 0 and cos 0 are the roots of the equation ax -bx + c = 0, then a, b and c satisfy the
ooko
relation
eBB
(a) +b^ + 2ac =0 (h) -b^ +2ac = 0 (c) +c^ +2ab =0 (d) ~b^ -2ac =0
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
uurr
0 'y
31. If sin 0 + cosec 0 = 2, then sin 0 + cosec 0 is equal to
ad
Yo

32. Which of the following is incorrect?
dY
Re
(a) sin 0 = -- (b) cos 0=1 (c) sec0 = — (d) tan 0 = 20

nind
5 2
FFi
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
33. If for real values of x, cos 0 = a: + —, then

X
(a) 0 is an acute angle (b) 0 is a right angle

(c) 0 is an obtuse angle (d) No value of 0 is possible
ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (c)

9. (a) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (c)
17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (b) 21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (d)
25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (b) 31. (c) 32. (c)
33. (d)
SUMMARY
1. Following are some of the fundamental trigonometric identities;

1 1
(i) sm X or, cosec x =
cosec X sm X
1 1 1 1
(ii) cos X or, sec a: = (iii) cot X = or, tan x ~
sec X cos X tan X cot a:
sm a: cos X
(iv) tan X = or, cot a: = (v) sin cos x = 1
cos a: sm a:
2 2 1
(Vi) 1 + tan a: = sec x or, sec a: - tan a:
ww
sec a: + tan a:
2 2 1
(vii) 1 + cot X = cosec X or, cosec x - cot x =
cosec x + cot x
Flo
2. (i) sin (-a:) = -sin x or, cosec (-x) = - cosec x
e
(ii) cos(-x) = cos X or, sec (-x) = secx
eree
(iii) tan {- x) = - tan x or, cot {- x) = - cot x
FFr
n K fn
(iv)
uurr
sm — X = cos X, cos — X = sin X, tan — X = cot X, sec —X cosec X
U k2 U
orr
sfo
n n
cosec —X = sec X, cot — X = tan X
1.2
kks
Yoo
K n Tt n
oooo
(V) sm — + X = cos X, cos — 4- X = - sin X, tan — + x = - cot x, cot - + x = - tan x.

2 2 u u
eBB
7T n
sec + X = - cosec X, cosec —+x = sec x
u V2
urr
(Vi) sin(Tt-x) = sin X, cos (n - x) = -cos x, tan (n-x) = -tan x, cot(ji-x) = -cotx
ad
YYo
sec(jT-x) = -secx, cosec(ti-x) = cosecx

. (3n
(vii) sm -X - - cos X, cos -X = - sm X,
dd
2 I 2
Re
inn
tan
f3n ' 3tc
-X - cot X, cot -X =tanx
I 2 2
F
cosec
3k
-X
(3n
= - sec X, sec -X cosec X
2 2
. f3n 3ti
(viii) sm +X = - cos X, cos + X = sm X,
I 2 2
' 37t ' 3tc
tan + X = - cot X, cot + X = - tan X
1 2 I 2
(3k 3n
cosec +X = - sec X, sec + x cosec X
2 I 2
(ix) sin (2tc-x) = - sin X, cos(2tc-x) = cos x,
tan (27t-x) =- tan x, cosec(27c-x) =-cosec x
sec{2Ti:-x) = secx, cot(2k-x) - -cotx
5.42 MATHEMATICS-XI
(x) Sine and Cosine functions and their reciprocals i.e. Cosecant and Secant functions are
periodic functions with period 2jt. Tangent and Cotangent functions are periodic with
period jl
(xi) Cosine and secant functions are even functions and all other trigonometric functions are
odd functions.
w
Flo
e
reee
FFr
for
ur
kss
Yo
oo
eB
ur
ad
YYo
d
Re
in
F
CHAPTER 6
GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
ww
In the previous chapters, we have learnt that all trigonometric functions are periodic functions.
We have also learnt that sine, cosine, cosecant and secant functions are periodic with period 2 k
FF loo
whereas tangent and cotangent functions are periodic with period k. We also know that if a
function/(x) is periodic with period T, then /{ax + b) is periodic with period T/\a\. Therefore,
ree
sm{ax + b),cos{ax + b),cosec{ax+b) and sec(flx + i?) are periodic with period 2n/\a\ and
tan {ax + b) and cot {ax + b) are periodic with period n/\a\. For example, sin 2x and cos 3kx are
reFe
periodic functions with periods k and 2/3 respectively.
oroFr
rur
If the graph of a periodic function with period T is to be drawn in a given interval, then it is
s ff
sufficient to draw its graph only in an interval of length T. Because, once it is drawn in one such
interval, it can-easily be drawn completely by repeating it over the intervals of lengths T. As
k
YYouo
mentioned in the above paragraph all trigonometric functions are periodic functions. So, we will
okso
draw their graphs on the intervals of lengths equal to their periods.

BBoo
6.2 GRAPH OF SINE FUNCTION

r ee
We know that f{x) = sin x is a periodic function with period 2tt. Therefore, it is sufficient to
know the graph of /(x) = sin x in the interval [0, 2n]. Using the periodicity of the function, we
ad
ouur
Yo
can draw the graph of/(x) = sin x in other intervals such as [~2k, 0], [2ti, 4k] etc.
In order to draw the graph of /(x) = sin x in the interval [0, 2k], we require the values of sin x at
d
some points in [0, 2k]. These values are listed in the following table.
idnY
Re
FFin
K K K K 2tz 3n 5 n 7n 5jt 4k 3 K 5 7t 7k llK 2k

X 0 K
6 4 3 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 4 6
y = sinx 1 1 V3 ^/3 1 1 1 1 V3 1 1
0 1 0 -1 0
2 V2 2 2 ^/2 2 2 V2 2 2 V2 2
y = sinx -0.5
0 05 071 0.86 1 0.86 0.71 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.71 -Q86 -1 -0.86 -0.71 0
On suitable scale we plot the points (0,0)(k/6, 0.5),(k/4, 0.71),(k/3, 0.86) (k/2, 1),(2k/3, 0.86),
(3k/4, 0.71), (5k/6,03, (k,0), (7k/6,-05), (5k/4,-0.71), (4k/3,-0.86) (3k/2,-1),
(5k/3, -0.86), (7k/4, -071), (11k/6, -0.5) and (2k, O) in the xy-plane and join them by a free
hand curve to obtain the curve y = sin x i.e. the graph of /(x) = sin x in the interval [0, 2k] as
shown in Fig. 6.1.
6.2 MATHEMATICS-Xl
aY
(0,1)
t/ = sinx
X
x'
<€■
O
_
n
_
n
n 2n 5n 7t Tti ^ ^ 5tc / 2tc
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6/
(0,-1)
ww
t Y
Fig. 6.1 Graph of/(x) = siniin [0, 2ji)
As /(x) = sin X is a periodic function with period 2 k. The graph of /(x) = sin x in the interval
Flo
[-271, 0] is identical to its graph in [0, 2ti] as shown in Fig. 6.2.
e
ree
Fr
rF
y = smx
uurr
s for
kks
Yo
oooo
eB
Fig. 6.2 Graph of/(x) = sinxin[-27t,2n]

ur
ad
YYo

dd
Re
EXAMPLE 1 Sketch the graph of the function f{x) = 3 sin 2x.

in
SOLUTION We know that ^(x)=sinx is periodic function with period 2;i. Therefore,
F
/(x) = 3 sin 2x is periodic function with period TL So, we will draw the graph of/(x) = 3 sin 2xin
the interval [0, er] and to draw (or know) its graph in other intervals such as [-re 0],[re, 2re]etc, we
may use the periodicity of the function. The values of/(x) = 3 sin 2x at various points in [0, er]
are listed in the following table.
n n Tt 7t 7t 5?i K 7n 2jt 3t 5rt 7ji lljt n
X 0
12 8 6 4 3 12 2 12 3 4 6 8 12
K K K K 2k 3n 7n 5ji 4ti 3n 5jt 7n lln 2k

2x 0 7t
6 4 3 2 3 4 6 4 3 2 3 4 6
3/3 3/3 -3 -3/3 -3n/3 -3 -3

3 _3 3 3 3
2 /2 2 2 /2 2 2 /2 2 2 /2 2
y= 3sin2ar 0 -3 0
0 3
= 15 = 2.1 = 2.58 = 2.58 = 2.1 = 1.5 = -1.5 = -2.1 = -2.58 = -2.58 =-2.1 =-1.5
GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 6.3
The points (0,0) (tc/12,1.5), (rc/8, 2.1), (tc/6,258), (k/4, 3), (j:/3, 2.58), (3tc/8, 2.13),
(5ti:/12,1.5), (tt/2, 0)X7ti:/12,-1.5), (5n/8,-2.13), (27r/3,-2.58)(3ti/4,-3), (Sti/ 6,-2.58),
(77i/8, -2.13), (11 n/12, -1.5) and {n, 0) are plotted on a suitable scale in the A:y-plane and joined
by a free hand curve to obtain the graph of the function f{x) = 3 sin 2x1.6., the curve y = 3 sin 2x
as shown in Fig. 6.3
(0,3>t y
(0,2)
(0,1)
ww
X X’
<■
O 2n 3ti 5rt
6 4 3 21 3 4 6
Floo
(0,-1)
ree
(0,-2)
rFee
(0,-3)| y'
F
oor r
rur
Fig. 6.3 Graph of/(.r) = 3 sin 2x in [0, n]
s ff
EXAMPLE 2 Sketch the curves y = sin x and y = siii 2x on the same scale and same axes.
osk
YYoou
SOLUTION We observe that the functions /(x) = sin x and g(x) = sin 2x are periodic functions
oook
eBB
with periods In and n respectively. The values of these functions are tabulated below.
Values of/(x) = sin x in (0,2rt]

uur r
ad
In 3k 5k 7k 5k 4k 3k 5k 7k 11k
Yo
K K K K
X 0 n 2k
6 4 3 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 4 6
dY
1 1 V3 ^/3 1 1 1 1 V3 V3 1 1
Re
sinx 0 1 0 1 0
2 V2 2 2 2 2 V2 2 2 ■J2 2
idn
FFin
Values of g (x) = sin 2.y in {0, rt)
K K K K K 3k 5k K 7k 5k 2k 3k 5k 7k llK
X 0 2k
12 8 6 4 3 8 12 2 12 3 4 6 8 8
sin2t 1 -1
1 V3 1 1 1 1 V3 V3 1 1
0 1 0 0
2 V2 2 2 2 2 V2 2 2 V2 2
In order to draw the curves y = sin x and y = sin 2x, we plot the points given in the above tables
and join them by free hand curves as shown in Fig. 6.4.
6.4 MATHEMATICS-XI
tv
y = smA; t/ = sin2j;
(0,1)
o 2k
K 3n 5n 3- 7n
x' X
4 2 4 4 2 4
(0, -1)'
j/ = sin2x
w
y = sm X
Flo
Fig. 6.4 Graph of y = sin x and y = sin 2x in [0,2 n]
eeee
/ 71
EXAMPLES Sketch the graph of the function f{x) = 3 sm 2x— .
Fr
V 4y
SOLUTION We know that if f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then/(ax + b) is periodic
with period —. As sin x is periodic with period 2rt. Therefore,/(x) = 3 sin 2x-^ is periodic
for
ur
|fl| V 4,^
with period i.e. k. The values of/(3:) for different values of x are listed in the following table.
ks
Yo
oo
2k
K 7t n 7t jt 3n 5n K 7k 5n 4ti 3it 5k Ik Un 2k
2x-~ 0 3
eB
4 6 4 3 2 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 4 6
3rt llJi 5jt 17k 9k

Tl 5it 7n K 13ji 3tc 19k 7k 23k 25k
24
ur
X 8 24 8 Jt
24 4 24 2 24 4 24 24 24
ad
Yo
It 3>/3 3V3 3
3 sin 2x — 3 3 3 3 -3 -3V3 -3V3 -3 -3
4J 0 2 3 2 0 -3 0
2 2 2 vl 2 ^/2 >/2 2
d
Re
In the xy-plane, let us plot the points having x-coordinates given in the second row of the above
in
table and y-coordinate as the corresponding value in the third row. By joining the points so
f 7T I
F
obtained by a free hand curve, we obtain the curve y = 3sin 2x— i.e. the graph of the
V 4y
f ^
function f{x) = 3 sin 2x — as shown in Fig. 6.5.
V 4y
A y
X' X
<■ ■>
4
GRAPHS OFTRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 6.5
EXERCISE 6.1
BASIC
1. Sketch the graphs of the following functions;

n 5ti
(i) f{x) = 2 sin a:, 0 < a: < 71 (ii) e(AT) = 3 sin a:— ,0<a:<
4j'
” 4
2tc 7n
(iii) h{x) = 2 sin 3a:, 0 < a: < — (iv) (|>(A:)=2sin 2a:-— , 0<a:< —
3 V 3y 5
(v) (a:) = 4 sin 3 x- — , 0 < a: < 2tc (vi) 0(A')=sin — ,0<a:<47i

V 4 2 4
(vii) w(a:) =sinÂ:, 0 < a: <2ti u(a:) =[sin a:!, 0 â: ^27T
ww
(viii) f{x) = 2sin kx, 0 <x <2.
2. Sketch the graphs of the following pairs of functions on the same axes:
( n'
(i) fix) = smx, g{x) = sm x + (ii) / (a:) = sin x, g{x) - sin 2a:
FF loo
4:J
(iv) / (a:) = sin I, g (a:) = sin a:
ree
(iii) fix) - sin 2a‘, g (a:) = 2 sin a:
6.3 GRAPH OF COSINE FUNCTION
reFe
In earlier chapters, we have learnt that fix) =cos A:is a periodic function with period 2 Ttln order
oor rF
rur
to draw the graph of fix) = cos x it is sufficient to know its graph in [0, 2ii\. The values of
s ff
fix) = cos X at various points in [0, 2ti] are given in the following table.
k
n 71 JT 3ti 7jr 5ti 4jt 3n 5n 7n lire

X 0 71 In
YYoou
okso
6 4 3 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 4 6
●/3 1 1 1 1 V3 ^/3 \ 1
BBoo
1 1
cos j: 1 0 -1 0 1
2 V2 2 2 ■Jl 2 2 -.'2 2 2 V2 2
r ee
On a suitable scale, let us plot the points (0,1), (n/6, V3/2),(n/4, 1/V2),(tt/3, 1/2),(tc/2, 0),
(2;r/3,-l/2), (3:c/4,-1/V2), (57t/6,-V3/2), (ti,-1), (77t/6,-V3/2), (57t/4,-1/V2),
ouur
ad
(4ti/3, -1/2), (3ti/2, 0), (5tu/3, 1/2), (7tc/4, 1/%/2), (11ti/6, V3/2), and (2tu,l)in the Ari/-plane.
Yo
Now join these points by a free hand cur\'e to obtain the graph of the function fix) = cos x i.e. the
curve y = cos x as shown in Fig. 6.6.
d
idnY
Re
FFin
(0,1)
X’
(0,-1)
Fig. 6.6 Graphof/(A) = cosx,0<xS2jc
TlAe cosine function i.e. fix) - cos a: is an even function and the graph of an even function is
symmetric about y-axis. So the graph of fix) = cos x in [-2n, 2n] is as shown in Fig. 6.7.
MATHEMATICS-XI
w
Fig. 6.7 Graph oif{x) = cosa;,-2n^x^2n.
Flo
reeee
EXAMPLE 1 Draw the graph off{x) = 3 cos 2x.
SOLUTION We know that cos x is a periodic function with period 2 n. Therefore,/(x) = 3 cos 2x
FFr
is periodic with period n. So, it is sufficient to draw the graph of f{x) = 3 cos 2x in the interval
[0, rtJ.The values of 3cos 2.\-for different values of xin[0,7i]are listed below. for
ur
Jt 71 7t It n 3n 5jt n 7k 2r 3rt 7k llji
X 0 rt
12 8 6 4 3 8 12 2 12 8 3 4 6 8 12
kkss
3 3V3 -3-J3 3^/3

Yo
3</3 3 3 3 -3 3 3 3
3cos2jt V2
oo
3 0 2 -3 V5 0 2 3
2 ■12 2 2 >/2 2 2 V2
eB
Now, plot the points whose ^-coordinates are points in the first row of the above table and the
corresponding values in the second row as ^-coordinates. By joining these points by a free hand
r
curve, we obtain the graph of f{x) = 3 cos 2x as shown in Fig. 6.8.

ou
ad
YY
ndd
Re
X’
Fi
<●
y = 3 cos 2x
0^x<n
EXAMPLE 2 Sketch the graph off (x) = cos^ x.

9 1
SOLUTION We have,/(x) = cos x = — (1 + cos 2x)
1
We know that cos x is a periodic function with period 2n. Therefore, /(x) = 2
+ — cos 2x is also
2
2 71
So, it is sufficient to draw the graph of /(x) = cos x in the
periodic function with period ^
= 71.
interval [0, jr]. In other intervals like [it, 2it], [-it, 0], [2it, 3it] etc. the graph of/(at) is identical to its
in graph in [0, it]. The values of y (or /(x)) at some standard points are listed in the following
table.
n IT It It 2n Sn 7n Stc 47t 3n Sir 7it llir

X 0 It 2ii
6 4 3 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 4 6
3 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 3
y = cos^ X 1
4 2 4
0
4 2 4
1
4 2 4
0
4 2 4
1
By plotting the points having x-coordinates as points in the first now and y coordinates as the
corresponding values in tlie second row and joining them by a free hand cun'ê, we obtain the
graph of the function /(x) = cos^ x or the curve y = cos^ x as shown in Fig. 6.9.
ww
(0,1)
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ee
X'
eer
<■
o
FFr
oorr
uur r
''Y'
s ff
Fig. 6.9 Graph of/(A:) = cos^x,0 <x<27t
sk
YYoo
ooko
EXAMPLES
Draw the graphs off{x) = cos 2x and ^(x) = cos 2x -— on the same axes and the same
eBB
V 4
scale.
SOLUTION We know that cos x is a periodic function with period 2n. Therefore, /(x) = cos 2x
uurr
f
ad
and g(x) = cos 2x — are periodic fimctions with period re. So, to know about their graphs, it is
Yo
V 4/
sufficient to draw their graphs in an interval of length il Let us choose the interval [0,n]. The
dY
f It')
values of /(x) = cos 2x and g(x) = cos 2x — at various points in [0, ii] are listed below.
Re
V 4/
ind
FFin
It It It It It 3it Sir It 7it Sir 2it 3n 5i Til lln

X 0 It
12 8 6 4 3 8 12 2 12 8 3 4 6 8 12
1 1 1
ftx) V3
72
1 1
72
-V3 73 1 1 1 73
1 0 -1 72 0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 72 2
ys+i 1 -1-75 75+1 75-1 1

1 1 75-1 1-75 1 1-75
2^^ 1 272 0 >12 272 -1 272 0 272 s/2
72 72 272 272 72 2s/2
By plotting the points having their x-coordinates as points in the first row of the above table and
y-coordinates as the corresponding values of /(x) in the second row, we obtain the graph of/(x)
i.e. the curve y = cos 2x.
f 7l'\
Similarly, we draw the graph of g{x) = cos 2x — as shown in Fig. 6.10.
\ 4,/
6.8 MATHEMATICS-XI
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( ^
FF loo
Fig. 6.10 Graphs of/(x) = cos 2x and^(a:) = cos 2ar- —
\ 4
ree
EXERCISE 6.2
BASIC
rFee
1. Sketch the graphs of the following trigonometric functions:
oor rF
rur
( rr'l (
(i) /(x)=cos X-- (ii)g(x) = cos x + - (hi) /j(x)=cos^2x
s ff
\ 4/ V 4
(iv) 4i(x)=2cos X-— (v) \}/{x)=cos3x

(vi) h(x) = cos^^
k
YYoou
\
ookos
(vii) /(x)=cos7tx (vih) g{x) = cos 2n x

BBo
2. Sketch the graphs of the following curves on the same scale and the same axes:
re
71
(i) y - cos X and y = cos x — (ii) y = cos 2x and y = cos 2
4J
ouur
ad
X
(iii) y = cos X and y = cos — (iv) y = cos^ X and y = cos x
Yo
6.4 GRAPH OF TANGENT FUNCTION

dY
Re
We have learnt in the earlier chapters that the tangent function i.e. /(x) = tan x is a periodic
idn
function with period ti. So, it is sufficient to know the graph of /(x) = tan x over an interval of
FFin
length n, in particular the interval (-7t/2, tc/2). The values of /(x) = tan x at some standard
values of x are listed in the following table. As the tangent function is an odd function so the
values of/(x) = tan x at standard points in (-71/2, 0) are negative of the corresponding values in
(0, ti/2) and are also listed in the following table.
71 Sit 71 jt 71 II n !T n 5n 7t
X 0
2 12 3 4 6 12 12 6 4 3 12 2
/(ar)= tan x 'V3+r 1 0 ●/3-1 1 ^/3+l

—
-V3 -1 1 V3 GO
.V3-1. V3 .V3+1, V3 + 1 V3 V3-1
We also obser\'e that tanx is an increasing function in (0, tc/2) and as x ^ from the left the
values of /(x) = tan x tend to infinity. So, the curve y = tan x gets closer and closer to the line
a: = ^ as ^ from the left but it never touches the line ^ graph of /(x) = tan x is
symmetric in opposite quadrants as the function is an add function. By plotting the points
(-71/3, --v/3), (-7c/4, -1), {-ji/6, -l/VS), (0, 0), (7t/6, 1/-/3), (k/4, 1), (ti/3, V3) and joining
them by a free hand curve, we obtain the sketch of the curve j/ = tan a: as shown in Fig. 6.11.
y = tan AT
ww
X' X
<■
-n -n -n
O £ 7t jr
Floo
2 3 6 3 2
ee
eer
FFr
I I 4.y' oorr
uur r
Fig. 6.11 Graph of/(x) = tanx,--^<Ar< —
71
s ff
2
sk
YYoo
The function /(x) = tan x is a periodic function with period k. So, the graph of /(x) = tan x on
ooko
(n/2, 3n/2) and (-3rr/2, -ti/2) is same as its graph on(-7c/2, k/2) as shown in Fig. 6.12.
eBB
/^y
uurr
ad
Yo
dY
Re
X' X
nind
<■ + +
-3n -Tt -7C
0 n n 3ti
FFi
2 2 2 2
''
3n 3rt
Fig. 6.12 Graph of/(x) = tanx,- — <x< —
2
6.5 GRAPH OF COSECANT FUNCTION
In chapter 5, we have learnt that the cosecant function is the reciprocal of the sine function which
is periodic with period 2ti.So,/(x) = cosec xis periodic with period 2tc. Also,/(x) is defined for
6.10 MATHEMATICS-XI
all X 6 K - {?! 7t: 71 € Z }. In order to know about the graph of f{x) = cosec x, it is sufficient to draw
it on an interval of length 2n. Let us choose [0,2 ti] as interval. The values of f{x) = cosec x at some
standard points in [0, 2;:] are listed in the following table. We observe that when x is close to zero
or K in (0/ n) the values of f{x) tend to infinity. When x ^ 7c or x ^ 27t in (tt, 27c) the values of
/(x)^-a,.
jt n n K 2n 3n 5:t 7n 5ji 4jt 3ti

0*
+
X n Jt
6 4 3 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2
2 2
ww
V2 V2 -V2 -1.15
/(x)^ cosecj: ôo
V3 ^3 -2
2 1 2 -»-co CO -1
= L41 = 1.41 = -1.41
= 1.5 = 1.15
Floo
By plotting points {ii/6,2), (jt/4,V2), (tt/3,2/V3), (7t/2,l) (2tu/3, 2/V3), (37t/4,V2),
ee
(5ti/6, 2),(7ti/6,-2),(5Tt/4,-V2),(47r/3,-2/V3),(371/2,-1), (5ti/3,-2/V3),{7tu/4,-V2),
rFeer
(ll7t/6, -2) and following these observations, we obtain the graph of the function/(x) = cosec x
i.e. the curve y = cosec x as shown in Fig. 6.13.
F
oor r
rur
s ff
r /N
sk
YYoou
oooko
eBB
(0,1)
uurr
ad
X' X
Yo
<■ ■>
o n 5 7£ 2jt 5n
6 3 2 3 6
dY
Re
(0,-1)
idn
FFin
,,y'
= cosec x,-n<x<K,xpi0
The function/(x) = cosec xis a periodic function with period 2tl So, the graph of /(x) = cosec xin
the interval [-27t, 2ti] is as shown in Fig. 6.14.
4 » 4 i
Tt 3n
X' 'T T X
<
-2n 3tc -7t O 2n
'T f
oww
e
ree
rFl
Fre
4, y' I
Fig. 6.14 Graph of y = cosec x,- 2n<i<2;i
rrF
ouur
6.6 GRAPH OF COTANGENT FUNCTIONS
sffoo
In chapter 5, we have learnt that the cotangent function i.e. f{x) - cot x is a periodic function with
okks
period n. So, it is sufficient to know the graph of f{x) =cotx over an interval of length n, in
Yo
ooo
particular the interval (0, K).The values of/(x) =cotxat some standard values of xin(0, re) are
eBB
listed in the following table. We also observe that cotx is decreasing function in (0, n) and as
X -> O'^, the values of cotx -» + co. So, the curve i/ = cotx gets closer and closer to the line x = 0
uurr
i.e. y-axis as x —» 0^. We also observe that cotx - oo as x —> 7t which means that the curve
ad
y = cotx gets closer and closer to the line x =as x ti from left hand side.
YYo
By plotting the values of /(x) = cotx at various points in (0, n) and keeping in mind the above
dd
observations, we obtain the graph of /(x) = cotx in (0, k) as shown in Fig. 6.15. As f{x) = cotx is
Re
iinn
periodicfunction with period 71 so the graphs of/(x) = cotx in (-27t, - tt), (-ti, 0) and (n, 2k) are
similar to the curve y = cotx in (0, k) as shown in Fig. 6.15.
F
Y ' ‘
3n It 3rt
X
X' "T "T 2
<■ t
K jt 2k
-2 K -K O
T
'V Y'
Fig. 6.15 Graph of y = cot X,-2k<x<2k
6.12 MATHEMATICS-XI
n K n n 2n 3n 5n n * 7n 5n in 3n 5rt 7k llji 27t”

X 0-^ n
6 4 3 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 4 6
y = cot I >/3 1 1 -V3 + 00

1 1
— «
->Q0 1 0 -1 - 00
V3 1 0 -1
V3 V3 V3 V3
6.7 GRAPH OF SECANT FUNCTION
Similar to the other trigonometric functions the secant function is also a periodic function with
ww
period tl In order to known that graph of the secant function i.e. /(x) = seca:, it is sufficient to
draw it in an interval of length n, in particular the interval (~n/2, k/2). We observe that the
Floo
values of /(x) tend to infinity as a: -n/2 from right hand side. So, the graph of /(x) = seca:
comes closer and closer to x = -nl2 and x = k!2 but it never touches them. The values of
ee
f{x) = secar at some standard points in {-7t/2, nf 2) are listed in the following table.
eer
FFr
n* II It n It II Tt'*’ 2rt 3n 5n
X 0 n
2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 2 3 4 6
oorr
uur r
s ff
/(;c)“ secar 2 2 2
2 V2 1 V2 2 00 - 00 -2 -V2 -1
43 43 43
sk
YYoo
ooko
By plotting the points given by the above table and joining them by a free hand curve. We obtain
eBB
the graph of f{x) = seca: i.e. the curve y = sec;c as shown in Fig. 6.16.
uurr
ad
Yo
dY
Re
ind
FFin
It
X' T X
<■
T
- n O 71 371
2
● -(0-1)
▼ y’
371
16 Graph of y = sec x, - — <
GRAPHS OFTRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 6.13
EXERCISE 6.2
BASIC
Sketch the graphs of the following fitnctions:

1. f(x) = 2 cosec KX 2. fix) = 3 sec a: 3. fix) = cot 2x
4. f{x) =2 sec nx 5. /(x) =tan^j»: 6. /(x)=cot^x
7. /(:c)=cot^ 8. fix) = sec^ X 9. fix) =cosec^ X
10. f{x) =tan 2x
ww
FF loo
ree
rFee
oor rF
rur
k s ff
YYoou
okos
BBoo
r ee
ouur
ad
Yo
Yd
Re
idn
FFin
CHAPTER z
VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS AT SUM OR
DIFFERENCE OF ANGLES
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7.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we shall derive formulae which will express the values of trigonometric
functions at the sum or difference of two real numbers (or angles) in terms of the values of
Flo
trigonometric functions at individual numbers (or anlages).
e e
7.2 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT THE SUM OR DIFFERENCE
reer
rFF
7.2.1 COSINE OF THE DIFFERENCE AND SUM OF TWO NUMBERS
THEOREM For all values of A and B, prove that

uur r
(i) cos {A -B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B (ii) cos {A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin 6
ffoor
PROOF (i) Let X' OX and YOY' be the coordinate axes. Consider a unit circle with O as the
sks
centre.
YYoo
ooko
YA
eBB
P3 (cos(/4-B), sin(/^-B))
P| (cos A, sin A) A P2 (cos B, sin B)

uurr
X
B
ad
<r >
X' Po(LO)
Yo
dY
Re
Y'V
innd
Fig. 7.1
FFi
Let Pi, Pjand be three points on the circles such that ZXOPi=A, ZXO?2=B and
Z XOP3 =A-B (see Fig. 7.1, 7.2). As we have seen in Section 5.2 that the terminal side of any
angle intersects the circle with centre at O and unit radius at a point whose coordinates are
respectively the cosine and sine of the angle. Therefore, coordinates of P\,P2 andP3 are
(cos A, sin A), (cos B, sin B) and (cos (A - B), sin (A - B)) respectively.
We know that equal chords of a circle make equal angles at its centre and chords Pq P3 and P| P2
subtend equal angles at O. Therefore,
Chord Pq P3 = Chord Pj P2
-^{cos(A'^^^^-lJ^'+lshr(X-^^-Op = ■\/(c^~B^-cosA)^'+^sinB-sin^^
(cos (A - B) -1}^ + sin^ (A - B) = (cos B -cos A)^ + (sin B - sin A)^
7.2 MATHEMATICS-Xl
cos^{A~B) -2cos{A-B) +1 + sin^(/l -B) = cos^ B + -2cos/4 cos B

+ sin^ 6 + sin^ /4 - 2 sin /I sin B
2-2 cos {A -B) = 2-2 cos A cos 6-2 sin A sin B

cos (/I - B) = cos A cos B + sin sin B
Hence, cos {A -B)= cos /i cos B + sin A sin B
(ii) Clearly, cos {A + B) = cos {A - (- B))
cos (A + B) = cos A cos (- B) + sin A sin (- B) [Using {{)]
cos {A + B)~ cos A cos B + sin /I sin B [●.● cos (- B) = cos 6, sin (- B) = - sin B]
Hence, cos {A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
Q.E.D.
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REMARK This method of proof of the above formulae is true for all values of A and B ivhether positive,
zero or negative.
Flo
7.2.2 SINE OF THE DIFFERENCE AND SUM OF TWO NUMBERS
THEOREM For all values of A and B, prove that
e
eree
(i) sin {A-B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B (ii) sin {A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
FFr
K
PROOF (i) sin {A -B)= cos cos -X = sm X
oorr u
uur r
sin (A -B) cos
sk sf
Yoo
71 7t
cos (A + B)
ooko
sin (/4 - B) = cos — A cos B - sin — A sin B = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
eBB
sin {A -B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B

(ii) sin {A + B) = sin (/I - (- B))
uurr
ad
=> sin (>l + B) = sin ^ cos (- B) - cos sin (- B) [Using (i)]

Yo
sin (A + B) = sin cos B + cos A sin B [■.■ sin (- B) = - sin B]

Q.E.D.
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Re
7.2.3 TANGENT OF THE DIFFERENCE AND SUM OF TWO NUMBERS

innd
THEOREM For those values of A and Bfor ivhich both sides are defined, prove that
FFi
tan A + tan B tan A - tan B

(i) tan (A + B) = - (ii) tan (i4 - B) =
- tan A tan B 1 + tan A tan B
sin {A + B)
PROOF (i) tan (A + B) =
cos (A + 6)
sin A cos B + cos A sin B
tan {A + B) =
cos A cos B - sin A sin B
tan A + tan 6
tan {A + B) = On dividing the numerator and denominator
1 - tan A tan B by cos A cos B
(ii) tan (A-B)= tan (/i + ( - B))

tan A + tan (- B)
=j> tan (A -B) = [Using (i)l
1 - tan A tan (- B)
VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT SUM OR DIFFERENCE OF ANGLES 7.3
tan A - tan B
tan (A - B) =
1 + tan A tan B
Q.E.D.
Similarly, it can be proved that
cot A cot B -1 cot A cot B + 1
cot (A + B) = and, cot (i4 - B) =
cot B + cot A cot B - cot A
7.3 MORE USEFUL RESULTS
THEOREM Prove that:
(i) sin {A + 6) sin (A - B) = sin^ A ~ sin^ B = cos^ B - cos^ A
ww
(ii) cos {A + B) cos (A - B) = cos^ A - sin^ B = cos^ B - sin^ A
(iii) sin(A + B +C) =sin A cos B cosC + cos A sin B cos C+cos A cosB sin C-sin A sinBsinC
Flo
(iv) cos(A + B + C) = cos A cos B cos C - cos A sin B sin C -sin AcosBsinC - sin A sin BcosC
e
tan A + tan B + tan C - tan A tan B tan C
ree
(v) tan (A + B + C) =
1 - tan A tan B - tan B tan C - tan C tan A
Fr
rF
PROOF (i) sin (A + B) sin (A - B) = (sin A cos B + cos A sin B) (sin A cos B - cos A sin B)
uurr
= sin^ A cos^ B - cos^ A sin^ B for
= sin^ A (1 -sin^ B) -(1 -sin^ A) sin^B
s
kks
= sin^ A - sin^ A sin^ B - sin^ B + sin^ A sin^ B

Yo
oooo
= sin ^ A - sin ^ B = (1 - cos^ A) - (1 - cos^ B) = cos^ B - cos^ A

eB
(ii) cos (A + B) cos(A - B) = (cos A cos B - sin A sin B) (cos A cos B + sin A sin B)
- cos^ A cos^ B - sin^ A sin^ B
ur
= cos^ A (1 -sin^ B) -(1 -cos^ A) sin^ B

ad
YYo
= cos^ A -sin^ 6
dd
= (1 -sin^ A) -(1 -cos^ B) = cos^ B - sin^ A

Re
in
(iii) sin (A + B + C)
F
= sin ((A + B) + C)
= sin (A + B) cos C + cos (A + B) sin C
= (sin A cos B + cos A sin B) cos C + (cos A cos B - sin A sin B) sin C
= sin A cos B cos C + cos A sin B cos C + cos A cos 6 sin C - sin A sin B sin C
(iv) cos (A + B + C)
= cos ((A + B) + C)
= cos (A + B) cos C - sin (A + B) sin C
= (cos A cos B - sin A sin B) cos C - (sin A cos B + cos A sin B) sin C
= cos A cos B cos C - sin A sin B cos C - sin A cos B sin C - cos A sin B sin C
tan (A + B) + tan C
(V) tan (A + B+C) = tan {(A + B) + C)} = 1 - tan (A + B) tan C
7.4 MATHEMATICS-XI
tan A + tan B
+ tan C
1 - tan A tan B
_ ^
tan A + tan B
1- tan C
\
1 - tan A tan 6

1 - tan A tan B - tan B tan C - tan C tan A
Q.E.D.
ww
Type I ON FINDING THE VALUES OF sin (A ± B), cos (A ± B) AND tan (A ± B) WHEN VALUES OF
ONE OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT A AND B ARE GIVEN
3 9 7^ 7C
Flo
EXAMPLE 1 If sin A = r and cosB = — ,0<A< — ,0<B< — t/ie values of the foUoiuing:
^ 5
e
41
eree
(i) sin (A - B) (ii) sin (A + B) (iii) cos (A - B) (iv) cos (A + B)
3 9 7T
FFr
SOLUTION We have, sin A = — and, cos B = —, where 0 < A, B < —.
5 41 2
uurr
cos A - -Jl - sin^ A and, sin B - -^1 - cos^ B orr
sfo
^ 4 81 ^ ^
cos A = = — and, sin B = '1-
t 1681 " 41
kks
25 5
Yoo
oooo
(i) sin (A - B) = sin A. cos B - cos A sin B = 3 _^_4 133

5 ^ 41 5 ^ 41 “ 205
eBB
3 9 4 40 187
(ii) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B = —x — + —x — =
5 41 5 41 205
urr
..ox . „ . ^ ^ 4 9 3 40 156
(iii) cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B =—x — + —x
ad
— =
5 41 5 41 205
YYo
(iv) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B = 4 _^_ 3 40 _ 84

5 "" 41 5 ^ 41 “ 205
dd
Re
3 -12 Sir
inn
K
EXAMPLE2 //sinA=—, 0 < A < — cos B = , 7I<B < ifnd the following:
5 2 13 2 '
F
(i) sin (A - B) (ii) cos (A + B) (iii) tan (A - 6)

3 7t
SOLUTION We have, sin A = — , where 0 < A < —.
5 ' 2
cos A = +
■yjl -sin^ A - ^ -2- = i
25 " 5
sin A 3
In the I quadrant tangent function is positive. Therefore, tan A =
cos A 4
12 3:1
It is given that: cos B = and n<B <
^ 13 2
sin B = ± -^1 -cos^ B
L /'-12f 5
sin B = --^1 -cos^ B = -.^1 13 13

[●.● Sine is negative in the III quadrant]
sin B _ 5
In the III quadrant tangent function is positive. Tlierefore, tan B = cos B 12
3 -12 4 -5 -16
0)
sin {A -B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B = y ^
— — X
13 5 13 65
4 -12 3 -5 -33
(ii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B = — x X
5 13 5 13 65
3__5
tan A - tan B 4 12 16
(iii) tan (A - B) =
1 + tan A tan 6 11 + 3
- X 5
—
63
oww
4 12
4 12 371
EXAMPLES If cos A = —,
- cos B - — < A, B < In, find the values of the following:
■' 5 13 '
(i) cos (A + B) (ii) sin (A - B)
e
4 and. R =—
12 where
3 71
— < A, B < 2tl It is given that A and B
SOLUTION We have, cosA=^
— cos B
re
13 '
FFrllo
both lie in the IV quadrant in which sin A and sin B are negative. Thereto^
rF
16 144 5
sin A = - ^1 - cos^ A = - ^1 - --^1 -cos^ B =-
ee
and,sin B = 1 -
25 5 169 13
ouru
4 12 f-3 -5^ 33
sor rF
(i) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B = — X
5 13 V 3 A 13 65
-3 12 4 -5 -16
kffo
(ii) sin (A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B = --5 ^13 5
— X
13 65
os
1 5 , 371 — < B < 71. Find the value of
EXAMPLE 4 If cota=-, sec P = - — , where 7i<a < — and
ook
Yo
Y
2 3 2 2
tan (a + p). State the quadrant in which a + P terminates.

Bo
reeB
SOLUTION We have, cot a = ^ tan a = 2. Since p lies in the second quadrant. Therefore,
ouY
tan pis negative. Consequently,

ur
25 4
ad
1 + tan^ p = sec^ p tan p = —-1

Yo
9 3
d
2-^
nidn
tan a + tan p 3 2
tan (a + P) =
Re
1 - tan a tein p 4 11
1 -2x
F
3
Fi
3n 3k 57t
Now, 7t < a < and — — < a + P<—
2 2 2 2
We know that tangent function is positive in I and III quadrants.

— < a + P < — and tan(a + P)= — >0=> a+P lies in I quadrant.
2 2 11
Type II ON FINDING THE VALUES TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT MULTIPLES OF 12
EXAMPLE 5 Fmd the values of the following:

. 5t: 5 71 7t 71
(i) sin — (ii) cos— (iii) sin — (iv) cos —

12 12 12 12
SOLUTION (i) sm — = sin

5k . fK . n
- + - = sin - cos - + COS - sm - = -7= x —
K 7T . 7t 1 V3 + Li- ^ + 1
12 l4 6; 4 6 4 6 V2 2 ^^2 2 V2
7.6 MATHEMATICS-XI
57C Jt 7t 7t 71 7t . 7C 1 V3 1 1 V3-1
(ii) cos — = cos — + — cos — cos — sm — sin — = x = x — = =-
12 4 6 4 6 4 6V2 2 V22 2V2
7t 7t 7U' n n . 7t 1 VI 1 1 VI-l
(iii) sm — = sm
12 4 ~6 4 6 4 6V2 2 V22 2V2
(iv) cos — =
71
cos
7T 7t' 71
cos — cos - + sm - sm —
71 71 . 71
1 „ VI , 1,1 VI + 1
12 4 ~6 4 6 4 6 " VI ^ 2 VI"" 2 " 2VI
EXAMPLE 6 Find the values of the follozving:
5ti 7ti 1371
(i) tan — [NCERT] (ii) tan — (iii) tan (iv) tan [NCERT]
12 12 12 12
71 71 1
6 J V3 _ V3-1
tan — tan
ww
71 71 71
4
SOLUTION (i) tan — = tan
12 4 6
1 + tan
71
tan
71
1+4 VI + 1
4 6 VI
Floo
71 71 1
tan + tan - 1 +
(ii) tan
5ti
= tan
^ 71
- + —
71 4 6 _ VI ^ V3+1
e
12 4 6 71 71 1 VI-1
eere
1 - tan
^ VI
tan
4 6
FFr
. 7ti ^ 71 71 ...
71 1 VI + 1
(iii) tan — = tan —+— = - cot — =
[Using (i)]
oorr VI-1
uur r
12 2 12 12 71
tan
12
s ff
1371 71 71 VI-1
(iv) tan = tan 71 + — = tan — =
[Using (i)]
sk
YYoo
12 12 12 VI + 1
ooko
5tc 5ti
EXAMPLE 7 Prove that: tan — + cot — = 4.
eBB
12 12
SOLUTION From Example 6, we obtain: tan — = ^ => cot

5ti
=
1
_ ^ VI-1
^ 12 VI-1
uurr
12
tan ^ VI + 1
ad
12
Yo
5ti 5ti
Substituting the values of tan — and cot —, we obtain
12 12
dY
Re
5ti 571 VI + 1 + V3-1 (VI + i)^ + (VI-i)^

nind
LHS = tan
12 VI-1 'VI+1 (VI-1)(VI + 1)
FFi
(4 + 2VI) + (4-2VI) 8
-=4=RHS
3-1 2
Type III ON THE APPLICATIONS OF THE FOLLOWING FORMULAE:

(i) sin A cos B ± cos /I sin B = sin (/I ± B) (ii) cos .4 cos B ± sin /I sin B = cos {A T B)
7 71 71 7 n . 71 71 71 71 . 71
(i) sin cos — cos — sm —
(ii) sin — cos — + cos — sm —
12 4 12 4 4 12 4 12
2 71 71 . 2 71 . 71
(iii) cos cos — sm sm —
3 4 3 4
. 771 71 7ti . 71 . f7n 7l^ 71 VI

SOLUTION (i) sm — cos — cos — sm — = sm sm — = —
12 4 12 4 12 4j 3 2
71 71 t: . 71 71 7T 4ti t: ^/3
(ii) sin — cos — + cos — sin — - sin = sin — = sin — =
4 12 4 12 4 "^12 12 3 2
2t: 71 . 2tc . 71 r27t 71 11 7t llTI

m cos — cos — sm — sm — = cos + = cos cos
3 4 3 4 3 4 12 12
n n +1
= cos 71 - = - cos — [See Ex. 5 (iv)]
12 12 2V2
EXAMPLE 9 Prove that: COS —A

7C
cos —B -sin
71
--Alsinf--6Vsin{A
4
+ B) [NCERT]
71 71 71 ( 7t
SOLUTION LHS = cos --A cos 6 - sin -A sin —B
u 4
ww
cos — A
4 J U
+ —B = cos
|^-(A + B)|= sin{A + B) = RHS
Flo
EXAMPLE 10 Prove that: sin (« +1) A sin (« + 2) A + cos (n +1) A cos (n + 2) A = cos A INCERT]
e
SOLUTION LHS = sin (n + 1) A sin {n + 2) A + cos (n + 1) A cos (71 + 2) A
ree
= cos (n + 2)A cos (» + 1)A + sin (n + 2)A sin (« + 1)A
FFr
= cos {(77 + 2) A - (77 +1) A1 = cos A = RHS
uurr
Type IV ON APPLICATIONS OF THE FORMULAE:
orr
sfo
(i) sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B (ii) cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin 6
tan A ± tan 6
kks
(iii) tan (A ± B) =
1 + tan A tan B
Yo
oooo

eB
... (n \
(1) cos — + x +COS —X =v2cosx
r^ /o INCERT]
V4 V4
urr
371 3ti
(ii) cos = -V2 sin X INCERT]
ad
+ x -cos -X
^ 4 I 4
YYo
71 71
SOLUTION (i) We have, cos — + x + cos — X
u
dd
V4
Re
inn
71 71 .
cos — cos X - sin — sin x + cos — cos x + sm — sm .r
F
4 4 4 4
71 cos .r = ^2 X -71
= 2 cos — X cos X = V2 cos X
4 V2
371 f 3n
(ii) We have, cos + X - cos -X
I 4 I 4
●\ /
3ti . 3ti . 3ti 3ti .
cos cos X - sm sm X cos cos X + sm sin X
4 4 y V 4 4
1 1 f 1 1
cos X - sm X cos X + sm X
VV2 42 I 4i 42
1 1 . 2 .
sm X - sm X = - sm X = - 42 sin X
42 42 42
7.8 MATHEMATICS-XI
EXAMPLE 12 Prove tJiat: sin (x + y) _ tan ;c + tan y [NCERT]

sin (a: - y) tan x - tan y
SOLUTION LHS = sin (x + y _ sin x cos y + cos x sin y

sin (x - y) sin X cos y - cos x sin y
sin X cos y -f cos x sm y

cos X cos y Dividing the numerator
sm x cos y - cos x sin y and denominator by cos x cos y
cos X cos y
oww
tan X + tan y
= RHS
tan X - tan y
EXAMPLE 13 Prove tfiat: sin (B - C) ^ sin (C - A) sin {A - B) = 0

cos B cos C cos C cos A cos A cos B
e
FFrlo
re
SOLUTION We have,
sin (B - C) ^ sin (C - .A) ^ sin (A - B)
ree
LHS =
F
cos B cos C cos C cos A cos A cos B
rF
sin B cos C - cos B sin C sin C cos A - cos C sin A sin A cos B - cos A sin B
cos B cos C cos C cos A cos A cos 6
fsoor
ouur
sin B cos C cos B sin C sin C cos A cos C sin A sin A cos B cos A sin B
skf
H
cos B cos C cos B cos C cos C cos A cos C cos A cos A cos 6 cos A cos B
ooko
= tan B - tan C + tan C - tan A + tan A - tan B = 0 = RHS

Yo
Y
7C
Bo
tan - + X
reB
1 + tan X
EXAMPLE 14 Prove that: [NCERT]
n 1 - tan X
tan — X
uur
oY
ad
7t 7t Tl
tan - + X tan - + tan x 1 + tan tan X
dY
SOLUTION LHS = 4 X A
n K n
tan — X 1 - tan tan X tan -tan X
4 4
innd
Re
1 + tan X 1 + tan X 1 + tan X

Fi
F
= RHS
1 - tan X 1 - tan X 1 - tan X
EXAMPLE 15 If tan A - tan B = x and, cot 6-cot A =y, prove that cot (A -B) = —+ —.
X y
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We liave, tan A - tan B = x and, cot B - cot A = y
Now,
cot B - cot A = y
1 1 tan A - tan B X
tan B tan A tan A tan B

=y => = y => tan A tan B= —
tan A tan B y
1 +^
1 + tan A tan B
cot(A-B) =
1
I = = i+i
tan {A - B) tan A - tan B X
xy X y
ALITER We have, tan A - tan B = x and, cot B - cot A = y
1 1 cot B-cot A
= X and, cot B - cot A-y^ = X and, cot B - cot A=y
cot A cotB cot A cotB
y y
= X and cot B - cot A -y=^ cot A cot 6 = — and cot B - cot A = y
cot A cot B X
y
=^+1
cot (A-B) =
cot A cot B + 1 _ ^ = - + -
oww
cot B - cot A y X y
1 V? -2 . .-1
EXAMPLE 16 // tan a = :, tan p = and tan Y ^ +x + X
yjx {x^ + X + 1) + a: +1
prove that a + p = y.
e
SOLUTION We have,
ree
rFl tan a + tan p
Fre
tan (a + P) =
1 - tan a tan p
rr F
1
1) -yjx^ + x + l {x + 1) yjx{x'^+x + l)
ouur
+ x +
sfoo
tan (a + p) -
1
1 x{x^ -h x+l)-x
kks
^x(x^ + X + 1) +x+l
oooo
Yo
(x + l) -jx (x^+x + 1) _ yjx (x^+x + 1) x{x^+x + l)

^^x-Kx-'^+x-^
eBB
tan (a + p) =
x^ (x + 1) x2 'i x
4
tan (a + P) = tan y
uurr
a + p = y.
ad
YYo
m 1
EXAMPLE 17 If a and ^ are acute angles such that tan a = and tan p = prove that
m + 1 2m + l'
dd
a + p=-.
^ 4
Re
iinn
SOLUTION We have,
F
tan a + tan p
tan (a + P) =
1 - tan a tan p
m 1
+
m + 1 2m +1 2n? + m + m + l In? +2m+l 71
tan (a + P) = = 1 = tan —
m 1 2n? + 3m +1 -m 2n? + 2m + l 4
1 - X
m + 1 2m +1
r. ^
a +p = -
4
EXAMPLE 18 If A + B=~, prove that:
(i) (1 + tan A) (1 + tan B) = 2 (ii) (cotA-l)(cotB-l)=2
SOLUTION (i) We have, A + B = -

4
7.10 MATHEMATICS-XI
7T
tan {A + B) = tan —
4
tan A + tan B
= 1
1 - tan A tan B
tan A + tan B = 1 - tan A tan B
w
tan A + tan 6 + tan A tan B = 1 =5-1 + tan /I + tan B + tan ^4 tan B = 2
(1 + tan A) + tan B (1 + tan A) = 2 => (1 + tan A) (1 + tan B) = 2

(ii) We have, A + B = -
e
4
71
e
tan {A + B) = tan
wr
lloo
4
r
tan A + tan B
= 1
eF
1 - tan A tan B
u
tan A + tan B = 1 - tan A tan B
r FF
tan A + tan B + tan A tan B = 1
tan A + tan B + tan A tan B 1
rrse
tan A tan B tan A tan B
uo
koF
cot 6 + cot A + 1 = cot A cot 6
cot A cot B - cot A - cot B oofr - 1 => cot A cot B - cot A - cot B +1 = 2
sf
cot A (cot 6 -1) - (cot B -1) = 2 => (cot A -1) (cot B -1) = 2
ko
Y
A LITER We have, A + B = —
B
Yo
4
BY
oo
71
cot (A + B) = cot —
er
4
re
cot A cotB-1
uu
= 1 => cot A cot B = cot A cot B -1

cotA + cotB
od
Yo
ad
cot A cot 6 - cot A - cot B = 1 => cot A cot B - cot A cot B +1 = 1 +1

n
cot A ( cot B -1) “(cot B -1) = 2 =?■ (cot A -1) (cot B -1) = 2
n sm a cos a
EXAMPLE 19 If tan p = , show that tan (a -P) = (1 -n) tan a.
ndi
1 -7t sin^
Re
a
F
Fi
SOLUTION We have.
tan a - tan p
tan (a -p) =
1 + tan a tan p
sm a n sm a cos a
cos a 1 - n sin^ a nsm a cos a

tan (a -P) - sm a sm a cos a
tan P = ●y
1 -r X
l-77sin a
2
cos a l - n sin a
● 3 2
sm a - n sm a - « sm a cos“ a
tan (a -p) - 9 9 [On taking LCM]
cos a (1 - M sin a) + n sin a cos a
2
sm a - n sm a -n sin a (1 - sin a)
tan (a -P) = ●2
cos a - n sm a cos a + 17 sin ^ a cos a
sm a - n sm a sin a
tan(a-P) = (1 - «) = (1 - n) tan a
cos a cos a
(i) tan 3x tan 2x tan x = tan 3x ~ tan 2x - tan x

(ii) cot X cot 2x - cot 2x cot 3x - cot 3a: cot x = l INCERTl
SOLUTION (i) Clearly,

3a: = 2a: + a:
^ tan 3a: = tan (2a: + x)
ooww
tan 2a: + tan a:
=> tan 3x =
1 - tan 2a: tan a:
^ tan 3a: (1 - tan 2a: tan x) = tan 2x + tan x

^ tan 3a: - tan 3 a: tan 2x tan x = tan 2a: + tan x => tan 3a: - tan 2x - tan x = tan 3a: tan 2a: tan x
e
ree
(ii) Dividing both sides by tan x tan 2a: tan 3a:, we get
rFl
tan 3a: tan 2x tan x tan 3a: - tan 2a: - tan x
Fre
tan 3a: tan 2a: tan x tan 3a: tan 2a: tan a:
rrF
1 1 1
=> 1 = 1 =cotA: cot2A:-cot3A: cotA:-cot3A: cot 2a:
ouur
tan 2a: tan x tan 3x tan x
sffoo
tan 3a: tan 2a:
Type V ON THE APPLICATIONS OF THE FORMULAE:

okks
(i) sin (A + B) sin (A - B) = sin^ A - sin^ B (ii) cos (A + B) cos (A - B) = cos^ A - sin^ B
Yo
ooo
tan (x + y) _ sin x - sin y

BB

cot{x-y) cos^ A:“sin^ y
rr e
SOLUTION LHS = tan (a: + y) _ sin {x + y) sin (x - y) _ sin^ x - sin^ y = RHS

ouu
2 ● 2
cot (x - y) cos (x + y) cos (x - y)
ad
YY
cos X - sm y
EXAMPLE 22 Prove that: sin^ 6x - sin^ 4x = sin 2x sin lOx INCERT]

dd
SOLUTION We know that sin^ A - sin^ B = sin (A + B) sin (A - B)

Re
iinn
sin^ 6x - sin^ 4x = sin (6x + 4x) sin (6x - 4x) = sinl0xsin2x

F
EXAMPLE 23 Prove that: cos^ 2x - cos^ 6x = sin 4x sin 8x [NCERTl
SOLUTION LHS= COS^ 2x -cos^ 6x

= (1 -sin^ 2x) -(1 -sin^ 6x) = sin^ 6x -sin^ 2x = sin (6x + 2x) sin (6x-2x)
= sin 8x sin 4x - RHS
cos^ 33®-cos^57®
EXAMPLE 24 Prove that = -V2
. 2 21° . 2 69°
sm - sm
2 2
SOLUTION LHS =
cos^ 33°-cos^57° (l-sin^ 33°)-(1 sin ^57°)
. 2 21° . 2 69° , 2 21° ,2 —
69°
sm -sm sm
●“ sm
2 2 2 2
sin2 57°-sin^ 33°
. 2 21° . 2 69°
sm -sm
2 2
7.12 MATHEMATICS-XI
Sin (57®+33®) sin (57®-33®)

. f2V 69®) . 21® 69°')
sm + sin
2 2 2 2
sin 90° sin 24® sin 24®

= -V2=RHS
1
sin 45® sin (- 24°) sin 24®
V2
EXAMPLE 25 Prove that: sin

2f K X ■ 2 ^
8 2j'V2
+ — - sm sin X
2 J
SOLUTION Usingsin^ A-sin^ B = sin (A + B) sin (A - B), we obtain
.●_2 x\ 2 r^
LHS = sin — H - sm
ww
8 2 8 2
71 X')
sm
7t
— + —
X
+
71
—
X
sm
K
— + ^
. 71
= sm —smx =
.
^ sin X - RHS
8 2) Is 2; 8 2/ V 8 2 4 V2
Flo
EXAMPLE 2b Prove that: cos 2a cos 2p + sin^ (a - P) - sin^ (a + p) = cos 2 (a + P).
e
SOLUTION Using sin^ A - sin^ B = sin (A + B) sin (A - B), we obtain
eree
LHS = cos 2a cos 2p+sin^ (a-p)-sin^ (a + p)
FFr
= cos 2a cos 2P + sin (a - P + a + P) sin (a - P - a - P) oorr
uur r
= cos 2a cos 2p - sin 2a sin 2p
sf
= cos (2a + 2p) - RHS
sk
EXAMPLE 27 Prove that: sin^ A = cos^ (A - B) + cos^

Yoo
B - 2 cos (A - B) cos A cos B.

ooko
SOLUTION RHS = cos^ (A - B) + cos^ B - 2 cos (A - 6) cos A cos B

eBB
^ B + cos^ (A - B) - 2 cos (A - B) cos A cos B

cos
= cos^ B + cos (A - B) { cos (A - B) - 2 cos A cos B |

uurr
= cos^ B + cos (A - B) { cos A cos B + sin A sin 6-2 cos

ad
A cos 6}
Yo
= cos^ B + cos (A - B) {sin A sin B - cos A cos B)

dY
= cos^ B - cos (A - B) (cos A cos B - sin A sin B)

Re
= cos^ B - cos (A - B) cos (A + B)

innd
= cos^ B -(cos^ A - sin^ B) = cos^ B + sin^ B - cos^ A

FFi
= 1 -cos^ A =sinÂ =LHS
EXAMPLE 28 If 3 tan A tan B = 1, prove that 2 cos (A + B) = cos (A - B).

SOLUTION We have,
3 sin A sin B cos A cos B 3
3 tan A tan B = 1 => = 1=>
cos A cos B sin A sin B 1
cos A cos B + sin A sin B 3 + 1
cos A cos B - sin A sin B 3-1

[Applying componendo-dividendo]
cos (A - B)
= 2 => 2 cos (A + B) = cos (A - B)
cos (A + B)
VALUES OFTRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT SUM OR DIFFERENCE OF ANGLES 7.13
3
EXAMPLE 29 If COS (a -p) + COS (P - y) + COS (y - a) , prove that
cos a + cos P + cos y = sin a + sin P + sin y = 0
SOLUTION We have,
3
cos (a - p) + cos (p - y) + cos (y - ct) = —
2 cos a cos p + 2 sin a sin p + 2 cos p cos y + 2 sin P sin y

+ 2 cos Y cos a + 2 sin Y sin a = - 3
(2 cos a cos P + 2 cos P cos y + 2 cos y cos a) + (2 sin a sin p + 2 sin p sin y
+ 2 sin Y sin a) + 3 = 0
(2 cos a cos P + 2 cos p cos y + 2 cos y cos a) + (2 sin a sin P + 2 sin p sin y
0 0 0 0 0 0
+ 2 sin Y sin a + (cos a + sin a) + (cos P + sin p) + (cos y sin y) = 0
ww
0 0 0
(cos"^ a + cos'^ p + cos'^ y 2 cos a cos p + 2 cos p cos y + 2 cos y cos a)

+ (sin^ a + sin^ P + sin^ y + 2 sin a sin p + 2 sin P sin y + 2 sin y sin a) = 0
FF loo
0 0
=> (cos a + cos p + cos y) + (sin a + sin p + sin y) =0
cos a + cos P + cos y = 0 and sin a + sin p + sin y = 0
ree
EXAMPLE 30 /f sin B = 3 sin {2A + B), prove that 2 tan A + tan (/I + B) = 0.
SOLUTION We have,
reFe
sin B = 3 sin (2A + B)
oroFr
rur
sin {2A + B) _ 1
s ff
sin B 3
sin {(A + B) + A} 1
k
YYouo
sin j(A + B) - A) 3
okso
sin (A + B) + A| + sin {(A + B) - A} 1 + 3

BBoo
[Using componendo - dividendo]

sin {(A + B) + A} - sin |(A + B) - A} 1-3
r ee
{sin (A + B) cos A + cos (A + B) sin A] + {sin (A + B) cos A - cos (A + B) sin A) _ 1 + 3

{sin (A + B) cos A + cos (A + B) sin A} - {sin (A + B) cos A - cos(A + B) sin A} 1-3
ad
ouur
Yo
2 sin (A + B) cos A
= -2
2 cos (A + B) sin A
d
tan (A + B) cot A = -2 => tan (A + B) = - 2 tan A => 2 tan A + tan (A + B) = 0

Re
idnY
EXAMPLE 31 If 2 tan P + cot P = tan a, prove that cot p = 2 tan (a - P).

FFin
SOLUTION Clearly,
tan a - tan P
2 tan (a -P) =2
1 + tan a tan pj
2 2 tan P + cot P - tan p 1 [Using: tan a = 2 tan p + cot p]
1 + (2 tan p + cot P) tan P
= 2
tan P + cot p
1 + 2 tan^ p +1
1
2 ■ tan p + — >
2 (tan p + cot P) tan p

—— = cot p
2+2tan^p 2 (1 + tan^ P) tan P
Hence, cot p = 2 tan (a - P).
7.14 MATHEMATICS-XI
EXAMPLE 32 If COS (a + p) sin (y + 8) = cos (a - P) sin (y - 5), prove that cot a cot p cot y = cot 5.
SOLUTION We have,
cos (a + P) sin (y + 8) = cos (a - P) sin (y - 8)
=>
cos(a-p) sin (y + 5)
cos (a + P) sin (y - 8)
cos (a -P) + cos (a + P) sin (y + 8) + sin (y - 8)
[Using componendo-dividendo]
cos {a -p) - cos (a + P) sin (y + 8) - sin (y - 8)
2 cos a cos p 2 sin y cos 8
^ cot a cot p = tan y cot 8 ^ cot a cot p cot y = cot 8
2 sin a sin p 2 cos y sin 8
sin {x + 0)
EXAMPLE 33 Prove that: = cos (6 - (1>) + cot (x + 4>) sin (0 - (j)).
sin (x + (j))
ww
SOLUTION LHS =
sin (x + 0) sin {(x + (1)) + (0 - 4))}
sin (x + ({)) sin (x + (j))
FF loo
sin (x + (j)) cos (0 - ({)) + cos (x + 4>) sin (0 - 4i)
sin (x + 4))
ree
= cos (0 - 4>) + cot (x + 4>) sin (0 - 4>) = RHS
rFee
4
EXAMPLE 34 If cos(a + p)=-, sin (a - P) = and a, p lie between 0 and ■-, prove that
F
D
oor r
rur
56
tan 2a = — (NCERT EXEMPLAR]
s ff
33
SOLUTION It is given that a, P lie between 0 and tt/4. Therefore, -k/4 < a-p < tc/4 and
k
YYoou
0 < a + P < k/2. So, cos (a - P) and sin (a + P) are positive.

ookos
Now, sin(a + P) = -cos^ (a + P) => sin(a + p) = 1_16 ^ 3

BBo
25 5
re
cos(a-p) = ~sin^ (a -p) => cos(a-p) = 'J

12
and, 1 -
169 13
ouur
ad
sin (a + p) 3/5 3 sin (a -p) _ 5

Yo
tan (a + p) = — and, tan (a -P) =

cos (a + P) 4/5 4 cos (a ~P) 12
Now,
dY
Re
idn
3 5
- +
tan (a + P) + tan (a - P) 56
FFin
4 12 _
tan 2a = tan ((a + p) + (a-P)} = 3 5
1 - tan (a + P) tan (a -*P) 1 -
33
4 12
EXAMPLE 35 Prove that: tan 70° = tan 20° + 2 tan 50°.
SOLUTION We have,
tan X - tan y
tan (x-y) = => tan X - tan y = tan (x - y) (1 + tan x tan y)
1 + tan X tan y
Replacing x by 70° and y by 20°, we get
tan 70° - tan 20° = tan (70° - 20°) (1 + tan 70° tan 20°)
= tan 50° (1 + tan 70° cot 70°) = 2 tan 50°
EXAMPLE 36 If tan (a +x) =n tan (a -x), show that: (n +1) sin 2 x = fn -1 ) sin 2 a.
SOLUTION We have,
tan (a + x) = n tan (a - x)
tan (a + x) u
tan (a - a:) 1
tan (a + a:) + tan (a - a:) ;j +1

tan (a + a:) - tan (a - a:) n-1
sin (a + x) cos (a - a:) + cos (a + x) sin (a - x) n + 1
sin (a + x) cos (a - a:) - cos (a -f a;) sin (a - a:) n -1

sin (a + at) + (a - a:) n+1 sin 2a n+ l
=> {n + 1) sin 2a- = (n -1) sin 2a
sin {a + a:) - (a - at) n -1 sin 2a n -1
EXAMPLE 37 Prove that: cot a cot 2a + cot 2a cot 3a + 2 = cot a (cot a - cot 3a).
SOLUTION LHS = cot A cot 2a + cot 2a cot 3a + 2 = (cot a cot 2a +1) + (cot 2a cot 3a +1)
ww
cos A cos 2 a cos 2 a cos 3 a
+1 + +1
sin A sin 2a sin 2a sin 3a
FF loo
cos2a cosA + sin2A sin a cos 3a cos2A + sin 3Asin 2a
+
ree
J \
cos (2a - a) cos ( 3a - 2a) cos A cos A
sin A sin 2a sin 2a sin 3a sin A sin 2a sin 2a sin 3a
reFe
1 1 cos A
oor rF
sin A sin A
rur
cos A ● +
sin A sin 2a sin 2a sin 3a sin A sin a sin 2a sin 2a sin 3a
s ff
sin (2a - a) sin ( 3a - 2a)
= cot A ■
k

YYoou
okso
sin 2 a cos a - cos 2 a sin a sin 3a cos2a-cos3a sin 2a

BBoo
= cot A
r ee
= cot A {cot A - cot 2a + cot 2a - cot 34 = cot A (cot A - cot 3a) = RHS
f n 1
EXAMPLE 38 If tan (tt cos a) = cot (n sin x), prove that cos a -
= +
ouur
ad
4j 2V2‘
Yo
SOLUTION We have,
tan (tt cos a) = cot (n sin a)
d
idnY
Re
sin (n cos a) cos (n sin a)

cos {k cos a) sin (tc sin a)
FFin
sin (ti cos a) sin (ti sin a) = cos {k sin a) cos (n cos a)
=> cos (k cos a) cos (n sin a) - sin (n cos a) sin {k sin a) = 0
cos (ti cos a + 71 sin a) = 0
TZ
, n ±- =0
K cos A + 7T sm A = ± — cos
2 1)
1
cos A + sin A + —
2
1 1 1
cos A + Sin A +
[Multiplying both sides byl/ViZ ]
V2 42 2V2
n n 1 K 1
+ => cos A 1 - +
J.
cos A cos — + sin A Sin - - —j=
4 4 2V2 4 2V2
a +p
EXAMPLE 39 //fl tan a + b tan p = (rt + b) tan , where a p, prove that a cos P = I7 cos a.
2 )
7.16 MATHEMATICS-XI
SOLUTION We have,
a +p
tan ct + & tan p = (a + b) tan
I 2
N ■
a +p a + P^
<7 tan a - tan = b tan - tan p
2 )} 2 J
a +P
a sin a -
2 J
b sin -^P-p
2 O sin {A - B)
tan A - tan B
cos a cos
a + p"i cos
'a + p
cos p
cos A cos B
2 J . 2
g-P^ b sin
g-P
ww
a sin
2 , 2 J g-pA
=> a cos p = i» cos g g p sin ^0
cos g cos P 2 )
FF loo
EXAMPLE 40 i/sin g + sin p = and cos g + cos ^~b, show that
l2 _ 2 lab
ree
(i) cos (g + p) = — (ii) sin (g + P) =
reFe
b +a = (cos g + cos P) + (sin g + sin P)'^ oroFr
r ur
s ff
=> + fl = (cos g + sin g) + (cos'^ p + sin^ P) + 2 (cos g cos p + sin a sin p)
=1+1 + 2 cos (g - p) = 2 + 2 cos (g - P) ...(i)
k
YYouo
koso
0 0 0 o
and,b -a = (cos a + cos p) - (sin a + sin P)

BBoo
9 0 9 9 9 0
^ b -a^ - cos g + cos p-sin g - sin'^ p + 2 (cos a cos p - sin a sin P)
r ee
=> ij2 _ ^2 _ (^Qg2 _ gjj.^2 (cos^ P - sin^ g) + 2 cos (g + P)

=> h'^ ^ = cos (g + P) cos (g - p) + cos (P + g) cos (p - a)
ad
ouur
-a
+ 2 cos (g + P)
Yo
=> =2 cos (g + p) cos (g - p) + 2 cos (g + P) [●●● cos (P - g) = cos {- (g - p)) = cos (g - P)]
i)2 _ ^2 ^ ^ pj j2 j,Qg (a - p) + 2)
d
Re
idnY
=> b^ -a^ = cos (g + p) (b^ + a^) [ Using (i)]

FFin
b^-a^
Thus, - a ^ = (&^ + cos (g + P) => cos(g+P) =
(ii)sin(a + p) = -^1 - cos^ (a + p)

-a
2^2 4fl2^2 lab
^ sin (g + P) =
fl &2 + «2 &2+«2
EXAMPLE 41 If a and p are the solutions of the equation a tan x + & sec a: = c, then show that
2flc
tan(g + p)=-^
a -c2'
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have,
a tan x + b sec x = c ...(i)
c - a tan x = b sec x
(c - a tan x) - b sec^ x
=s> c^->ra^\ax)}x-lac tan x =b^(l + tan^:c)=> tan^x' {a^~b^)~2ac tanx + {c^-b^) = 0 ...(ii)
It is given that a and 3 are the solutions of equation (i). Therefore, tan a and tan p are roots of
equation (ii).
2ac c
tan a + tan P = y and, tan a tan p = -
a^~b ^ a
2ac
oww
tan a + tan p (a^-b^) 2ac
Hence, tan(a + P) = 2 2
1 - tan a tan P -c^
1-^
a^-b^
e
EXAMPLE If a and p are the solutions of a cos x + b sin x = c, then shozo that
FFrlo
re
a^-b^ 2c^-{a^+b^)
(i) cos (a + P) = „2 (ii) cos(a-P) = INCERT EXEMPLAR]
ree
+ b1,2 a„2 + b1,2
F
a
SOLUTION We have,
rF
a cos x + b sin x = c ...(i)
^ a cos X = c - b sin x
fsoor
ouur
=> a^ cos^ X = (c -b sin x)^
skf
=5- <7^(1 -sin^x) = c^-2hc sin x + b^ sin^ x=> (a^+b^) sin^x-2bc sin x + {c^-a^) =0 ...(ii)
ooko
Yo
Since a, p are roots of equation (i). Therefore, sin a and sin p are roots of equation (ii).
Y
Bo
reB
sin a sin P = ...(iii)

fl2+b2
Again, a cos x + b sin x = c
uur
oY
=> b sin X ~c - a cos x

ad
=i> b^ sin^ X = (c cos x)^

dY
=> b^ (1 -cos^ x) ={c - a cos x)^ => {a^ + b^) cos^ x -2ac cos x + -b^ = 0 ...(iv)
innd
Re
It is given thata, pare the rootsof equation (i). So, cos a, cos pare the rootsof equation (iv).
Fi
C 2-b2
F
COS a cos p = - -(V)

.,2
a + b1,2
Using (iii) and (v), we obtain

cos (a + P) = cos a cos p - sin a sin p = -
c 2-b2 2c^-(fl^+b^)
and, cos (a - P) = cos a cos p + sin a sin p = - +
a^-.b'^
sin X sin 3x sin 9x 1
EXAMPLE 43 Prove that: — 1 .j = — (tan 27X - tan x).
cos 3x cos 9x cos 27 x
SOLUTION We have,
sin X sin 3x sin 9x
H 1
cos 3x cos 9x cos27x
7.18 MATHEMATICS-XI
1 I 2 sin a: cos a: 2 sin 3a: cos 3a: 2 sin 9x cos 9x

+
2 [ cos 3a: cos x cos 9a: cos 3a: cos 27 a cos 9 a
1 I sin {x + a) ^ sin (3a: + 3.r) +

sin (9a + 9a)
2 [ cos 3.V cos A cos 9a cos 3a cos 27 a cos 9a
1 sin 2a sin 6a sin 18a

+
2 cos 3a cos A cos 9 a cos 3a cos 27 a cos 9a
1 sin (3a-a) ^ sin (9a - 3a) ^ sin (27a-9a)

2 I cos 3a cos A cos 9a cos 3a cos 27 a cos 9a
1 sin 3 a cos a - cos 3 a sin a sin 9a cos 3A-cos9Asin3a sin 27Acos9A-cos27Asin9A
ww
2 cos 3a cos a cos 9a cos 3a cos 27 a cos 9 a
lfsin3AcosA cos3AsinA sin9Acos3A cos9Asin3A sin27Acos9A cos27Asin9A

—< ! !
2[cos3acosa cosSacosa cos9acos3a cos9acos3a cos27acos9a cos27acos9a
1
Flo 1
e
= -2 {(tan 3a - tan a) + (tan 9a - tan 3a) + (tan 27a - tan 9a)} = —2 (tan 27a - tan a)
eree
EXERCISE 7.1
FFr
BASIC
oorr
uur r
4 5 n
1. Ifsin/1=— and cosB = —, where 0<y4, find the values of the following:
sf
5
sk
(i) sin {A + 6) (ii) cos {A + B) (iii) sin {A - B) (iv) cos {A - B)

Yoo
ooko
12 4 7t >>
71
2. (a) If sin A - and sin B = — , where — <A <k and 0 < B < —, find the following:
13 5 2 2'
eBB
(i) sin {A + B) (ii) cos (A + 6)

12
(b) If sin A = , cos B = - where A and B both lie in second quadrant, find the value
uurr
5 13 '
ad
of sin (A + B).
Yo
[NCERTl
24 3 3iz Sn
3. If cos A = and cos B = — , where k<A < and < B < 2ti , find the following:
dY
25 5 ' 2 2
Re
(i) sin (A + B) (ii) cos (A + 6)

innd
9 3tc 7t
FFi
4. If tan A = — cos B = — , where tc < A < and 0 < B < —, find tan (A + B).
4 ' 41 2 2'
12 71 3tc
5. If sin A = - cos B = — , where - < A < ti and <B <2tz, find tan (A -B).
2 ' 13 ' 2 2
V3 71 7C
6. If sin A = —, cos B = // where — < A < tt and 0 < B < — , find the following :
2 2 2
(i) tan (A + B) (ii) tan (A - B)

7. Evaluate the following:
(i) sin 78° cos 18° - cos 78° sin 18° (ii) cos47°cos 13°-sin 47°sin 13°
(iii) sin 36° cos 9° + cos 36° sin 9° (iv) cos 80° cos 20° + sin 80° sin 20°
12 24
8. If cos A = - — and cot B - where A lies in the second quadrant and 6 in the third
13 7'
quadrant, find the values of the following:
(i) sin (A + B) (ii) cos (A + B) (hi) tan (A + B)
771 71 5n 7t
9. Prove that: cos — + cos sin sm ■—
12 12 12 12
tan A + tan B sin {A + B)
10. Prove that:
tan A - tan B sin {A - B)
11. Prove that:
cos ll°+sin 11° cos 9°+sin 9° cos 8°-sin 8°
(i) = tan 56° (ii) s= tan 54° (iii) = tan 37°
cos ll°-sin 11° cos 9°-sin 9° cos 8°+sin 8°
12. Prove that:

71 7t 71 71
(i) sin a: cos — + x +cos — a: sin — + x =1
V3 6 K6
f 471 71 .V 4 71 71 V3
ww
(ii) sin — + 7 cos —+ 7 -cos — + 7 sin —+ 7
^ 9 V9 ^ 9 ^9 2
3ti 71 371 71
(iii) sin -5 cos —+5 +COS -5 sin —+ 5 =1
Floo
8 8 8 8
tan 69° + tan 66°
13. Prove that: = -l
ree
1 - tan 69° tan 66°
rFee
BASED ON LOTS
F
5 1 71
(i) If tan A=—6 and tan ^ ^ ' prove that A + B = 4 oor r

rur
14.
s ff
m 1 71
(ii) If tan A = and tan B = then prove that A - B=~
m-\ 2m-1 ' 4
osk
YYoou
15. Prove that:

oook
r\ 2 ^ ● 2 ^ 43
eBB
(i) cos — sm
12 4
(ii) sin^ (« + 1) /I - sin^ 77/1 = sin (2n + 1) A sin A
4
16. Prove that:

uur r
sin (/I + B) + sin {A - B)

ad
(i) = tan A
cos (A + B) + cos (A - B)
Yo
sin{A-B) sin(B-C) sin(C-A)

(ii) + = 0
dY
cos A cos 6 cos B cos C cos C cos A

Re
idn
sin (A - B) sin (B-C) sin(C-A)

(iii) = 0
FFin
sin A sin B sin B sin C sin C sin A
(iv) sin^ B - sin^ A + sin^ (A - B) -2 sin A cos B sin (A - B)
(v) cos^ A + cos^ B - 2 cos A cos B cos (A + B) = sin^ (A + B)
(Vi)
tan (A + B) _ tan^ A - tan^ B
cot(A-B) 1-tanÂtan^B
17. Prove that:
(i) tan 8a: - tan 6a: - tan 2a: = tan 8a: tan 6a: tan 2a:
(ii) tan — -f tan — + tan — tan — = 1

12 6 12 6
(iii) tan 36° + tan 9° + tan 36° tan 9° =1

(iv) tan 13a; - tan 9a: - tan 4a: = tan 13a: tan 9a: tan 4a:
7.20 MATHEMATICS-XI
2
tan 2A:-tan“.T
18. Prove that: = tan 3.x tan x
1 - tan ^ 2x tan ^ x
19. (i) If
sin (x + y) _n+b ,show that
tan X _a INCERT]
sin(x-y) a-b tan y b
1-m
(ii)Ifcos (0+ (j)) =m cos (0-(})), then prove that tan 0 = cotf fNCERT EXEMPLAR]
w
1 + m
sin {A - B) x-1
20. If tan A=x tan B, prove that
sin (A + B) x + 1
21. Iftan(A + B)=x and tan (A - B) =y, find the values of tan 2A and tan 2B.
e
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
re
row
22. If cos A + sin B =m and sin A + cos B=n, prove that 2 sin (A + B) = m + n - 2.
1 1
23. If tan A + tan B = a and cot A + cot B =b, prove that: cot (A + B) =
eeF
a b
ullo
FF BASED ON HOTS
24. If X lies in the first quadrant and cos x = —, then prove that
8
srr
roF
23 TVs-1 1
k
cos —+ x +cosf
n K
X + cos 2jt
X [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
V2
uor
^6 v4
ofof 3 17 2
f 3 tan X - tan ^ X
25. If tan x + tan x + — + tan X + — =3, then prove that = 1.
Y
kos
I 3. 3 . 1-3 tan^ X
Yo
B oo
26. If sin(a + p)=l and sin(a-P)=^, where 0<a, 35^/ then find the values of
rY
eerB
tan (a + 2p) and tan (2a + 3)-

u
27. If a, 3 are two different values of x lying between 0 and 2k which satisfy the equation
6 cos X + 8 sin x = 9, find the value of sin (a + 3)-
ou
d
o
ad
28. If sin a + sin 3 = and cos a + cos 3 = &/ show that

nY
2ab
(i) sin(a + p) = (ii) cos (a+ 3)=^
/ ox
b"^ + a
^
nid
Re
F
29. Prove that:

Fi
1 cot (x - a) - cot (x -b)

(i)
sin (x - a) sin (x -b) sin {a -b)
1 cot(x-a) + tan (x-b)
(ii)
sin (x - a) cos (x -I>) cos (a -b)
1 tan (x -b) - tan (x - a)
(iii) (.Qs (x - b) sin (a - b)
30. If sin a sin 3 - cos a cos 3 + 1 = 0, prove that 1 + cot a tan 3 = 0.

31. If tan a = x +1, tan 3=^-1/ show that 2 cot (a -3) =x^.
32. If angle 0 is divided into two parts such that the tangent of one part is X times the tangent of
X +1
other, and <|iis their difference, then show that sin 0 = sin INCERT EXEMPLAR]
X-1
sm a - cos a
33. If tan x = , then show that sin a + cos a = V2 cos x. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
sm a + cos a
34. If a and p are two solutions of the equation fltan.r+&secA: =c, then find the values of
sin (a + P) and cos (a + P).
ANSWERS
56 -33 -16 63
1. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
65 65 65 65
16 63 -56
2.(a)(i) (ii) (b)
65 65 65
4 187 5^/3-12
3. (ii) 4.
5 84 5 + I2V3
6. (i) 0 (ii) -V3
w
V3
(ii) I (iii) 4
1
(i) -
(iv) ^
7.
V2
-36 323 36
Flo
x +y x-y
8. (i) (ii) (iii) 18.
325 325 323 1 -xy 1 + xy
e
reee
2 2
26. -V3,-4
24 2(7C / o\ C -fl
27. --
34. sin (a + p) = —^ j, cos(a + p) ^
FFr
V3 25 <7 + c
for H/NTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

ur
7t 5;:'' 71 . 5n
9. LHS = cos —+— + cos = -sin — + sm = RHS
I2 12j
kkss
2 12 12 12
Yo
cosll°+sin 11®
oo
cos 11° 1 + tan 11® tan 45°+tan 11°

11. LHS =
eB
cosll°-sin 11° = tan (45°+11°) = tan 56° = RHS

1-tan 11° 1-tan 45° tan 11°
cos 11°
ur
19. (i)
sin (AT + y) _a + b
ad
YYo
sin(A:-y) a-b
sin (a: + i/) + sin (x-y) _ (a + b) + {a-b)
sin (A.' + y) - sin (A:-y) {ci + b)-{a~b)
d
Re
in
2 sin X cos y _2a tan X a

F
2 cos X sin y 2b tan y b

(ii) cos(0+(|))= 7ncos(0-(l))
cos (0-it)) _ 1
cos(9+(|)) m
cos(0-(j))+cos(0 + if)) 1+m
cos (0 - (f)) - cos (0 + 4>) 1 ~m
2 cos 0 cos (j) _ 1 + 777 cot (t) _ 1 + m =?* tan 0 =

1-m
cot 4)
2 sin 0 sin (t> 1 -m tan 0 1 -m 1 +771
29. (i) We have.

1 1
I sin (a -b)
sin (a: -rt) sin (x-b) sin (a-b) sin (x-a) sin (x-&)
7.22 MATHEMATICS-Xl
1 sin {{x -b) -(x -fl)l

sin {a - b) sin (x - a) sin (x - b)
1 sin (x - b) cos (x - (?) - cos (x - b) sin (x - a)
sin {a -b) sin (x -fl) sin (x -b)
1 sin (x-ij) cos (x-fl) cos (x-^) sin jx-a) 1
w
[cot(x-fl)-cot (x-b)]
sin(fl-ij) sin (x-fl) sin (x-i») sin (x-fl) sin (x-fc) sin(fl-b)
Similarly, we can prove other two parts.
e
32. Let a and P be two parts of angle 0. Then, a + p = 0. It is given that a-p = (j) and
re
tan a = A. tan p.
row
Now, tan a = ^ tan p
eeF
ullo
tan a _X
FF tanp 1
tan a + tan P _ X +1 [Applying componendo and dividendo]
srr
tan a-tanp X.-1
roF
k
sin a sin p
uor
ofof
cos a cos p _ X +1 sin a cos p + cos a sin p _ X +1
sin a sinp X-1 sin a cos P- cos a sin P X-1
Y
kos
cos a cos P
Yo
B oo
sin (a + P) X+1 sin 0 _ X+1 X+1

rY
^ sin 0 = sin (f).

eerB
sin(a-P) X-1 sin (|) X-1 X-1

u
sma-cosx
sm a - cos a
ou
cosa
[Dividing numerator and denominator by cos a]
d
o
33. tan x = —
ad
sm a + cos a sm a + cos a
nY
cosa
tan a -1 71 7C n
nid
tan X = => tanx = tan a — =>x = a — =^>a=x + —

Re
tana + 1 4J 4 4
F
Fi
-4j =-^(sinx + cosx)+ -^ (cosx-sin x) = V2

71 7C
sm a + cos a = sm x +— + cos x + — cosx
4 V2 ^
V2
sm a - cos a
ALITER tan x =
sm a + cos a
n2
Vl + tan^x =
sm a - cos a
sec X = 1 +
1 sm a + cos a
9 'y
1 (sin a + cos a) + (sin a - cos a) =>
1 2
cos X
(sin a + cos a) cos X
^ (sin a + cos a)
1 V2
=> sin a + cos a = Vl cos x
cos X sm a + cos a
7.4 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRICAL EXPRESSIONS
We have leamt that for those values of x for which trigonometrical functions are defined, we
have
-1 < sin .T <1,-1 < cos a: <l,-co < tan x <<x> cosec .t >1 or cosec .v < -1, sec a: > 1 or sec a: <-l
and, -00 < cotAT < co
In this section, we will find the maximum and minimum values of trigonometrical expressions
of the form a cos x + b sin x for varying values of a:.
Let f {x) - a cos x -hb sin a: Further, let = r sin a and b = r cos a.
ooww
This assumption is
construct a right angled triangle with a and b as two sides and r = 'Ja^ +b^ as hypotenuse.
r sm a
Then, a‘^ + b =r sm*" a + cos a and, - =
b r cos a
e
2 2 2 ^ I 0 2 Cl
+ b^ -r (sin a + cos a) and, - = tan a => r = Ja +1 and, tan a =-
ree
b ^ b
rFl
Fre
Substituting the values of a and binf (a:), we obtain
/ (a:) = r sin a cos a: + r cos a sin x = r (sin a cos x + cos a sin x)= r sin (a + at)
rrF
We know that
ouur
-1 < sin (a + .r) < 1 for all X
sffoo
-r <r sin (a +a:) <r for alia: [Multiplying throughout by r]
okks
=>
- ■â'^ +b^ < f (x) < +b^ for all a:
Yo
ooo
- + b^ < a cos a: + cf sin a: < for all x

BB
Hence, maximum and minimum values of a cos x + b sin x are

+b'^ and -^ja^ +b~
rr e
respectively.
ouu
ad
YY

dd
Re
iinn
EXAMPLE 1 Find the maximum and minimum values of 7 cos x + 24 sin x.

SOLUTION We know that the maximum and minimum values of a cos x + b sin x are + b^
F
and --â +b respectively. Hence, the maximum and minimum values of 7 cos x + 24 sin x
are
^7^ + 24^ = 25 and - + 24^ = - 25 respectively.
EXAMPLE 2 Find the maximum and minimum values of the following expressions:
(i) 3 cos X + 5 sin I X - - (ii) 4 sin x - 3 cos x + 7
I 6
f jrA
SOLUTION (i) Let/ (x) = 3 cos x + 5 sin x — . Then,
V
K n 5V3 . 5
/ (x) = 3 cos X + 5 sm X cos cos X sm — - 3 cos X + sm X — cos X
6 6 2 2
1 5>/3 .
/ (x) = — cos X + sm X
2
7.24 MATHEMATICS-XI
if + ^sVsf < — cos X +

5V3 .
sin X <
if + sVsf for all X.
l|l2j t 2 2 2
1|U 2
n2
if sVsf
+
if
+
rsvs
for all X
KU 2 2
=> —+ — < 3 cos X+ 5 sin fx-—I

4 4 6J
< J—
U 4
+ — for all X
7J
- Vl9 < 3 cos X + 5 sin x - < Vl9 for all X
V 6j
Hence, -n/19 and Vl9 are respectively the minimum and the maximum values of
ww
- cos X + 5- sm
3 . f x —n
6J
(ii) Let / (x) = 4 sin X - 3 cos x + 7
Floo
We know that
-t/4^+(-3)^ < -^4^ + {- 3)^ for all x
ee
< 4 sin X - 3 cos x
rFeer
=> - 5 < 4 sin X - 3 cos x < 5 for all X
-5 + 7<4sinx-3 cos x + 7 <5 + 7 for all x
F
2< /W < 12 for all X
oor r
rur
Hence, minimum and maximum values of 4 sin x - 3 cos x + 7 are 2 and 12 respectively.
s ff
sk
YYoou
oooko
Tt
EXAMPLE 3 Prove that 5 cos x + 3 cos x + — +3 lies between - 4 and 10.
3J
eBB
n
SOLUTION Let /(x) = 5 cos X + 3 cos x + — +3. Then,
3;
uurr
3 3V3
ad
7C n
/(x) = 5 cos X + 3 cos X cos —3 - sin x sin — + 3 = 5 cos x + — cos x - sin x + 3
Yo
2 3J 2
13 3V3
/(x) = — cos X - sin X + 3
dY
2 2
Re
idn
13 \2 3V3f 3V3 . < (—f fsVsf

FFin
i
+ cos X - sm X +
2 j 2 2 2 j 2
13 3V3 .
- 7 < — cos X - sm X < 7 for all X
2 2
13 3V3
-7 + 3 £ — cosx- sin X + 3 <7+3 for all x
2 2
7C
- 4 < 5 cos X + 3 cos X + — + 3 < 10 for all x [Using (i)]
3J
EXAMPLE 4 Find a and b such that the following inequality holds good for all x:
(
a <3 cos X + 5 sin x — <b.
6J
Also, find the greatest and least values of a and b respectively.

SOLUTION Let /(a:) = 3 COS X + 5 sin V.f jr - -\

6J
Then,
Vs .
fix) - 3 cos X + 5 V sin X cos —6 - cos X sin —1= 3 cos x + 5 1
sin X — cos X
6) [ 2 2
5V3 .
fix) cos X + sm X
2
+ ^< —1 cos X +
sVs .
sin X < +
fsVsf for all X
I 2 2 2
'T|l2 2
- Vl9 < 3 cos X + 5 sin f X - -1 < Vl9 for all x
ww
ej
Hence,fl <-Vl9 and b > Vl9.Thegreatestvalueoffl is-Vl9andtheleas tvalueofli isVl9.
7.5 TO EXPRESS a cos V b sin X IN THE FORM r sin (x ± a) OR r cos (x ± u)
Flo
e
Sometimes we need to express trigonometrical expressions of the form a cos x + b sin x in terms
eree
of sine or cosine of single term. We may use the foDowing algorithm to do so.
FFr
ALGORITHM
uurr
Step I Multiply and divide fix) = a cos x + b sin x by + b^ to get
orr
sfo
fix) ==/a^ + b^
a b
cos X + sm X ■
kks
Yoo
oooo
a
Step II 111 order to express f (x) in terms of sine of some term, replace i.e. coefifcient of cos x by
eBB
b
sin a and i.e. coejficient of sin x by cos a. This gives the following:
urr
f (x) =yja^ +b^ {sin a cos X + cos a sin x} = â^ + b^ sin {x + a)

ad
YYo
a
To express f (x) in terms of cosine of some term, replace co^cient of cos x i.e.
jn?*'
dd
Re
cos a and coefficient of sin x i.e. == by sin a. This gives the following:
inn
■Ja^ +b~
F
f (x) = +b^ (cos a cos X + sin a sin x) = +b'^ cos (x - a).

EXAMPLE 1 Reduce Vs sin x + cos x as a single term consisting (i) sine only (ii) cosine only.
SOLUTION Let / (x) = V3 sin X + cos x. Then,
fix) ~ V3 sin X + cos x
=>/W = ,2 JV3
< .
sm
1
X + — cos X
Multiplying and dividing by-^(V3)^ + 1^ i.e. by 2
1 2 2
7C 71 71 V3 71
=> / (x) = 2 { sin X cos 6
+ cos X sm —
6
= 2 sin X + —
6; 2
= cos — and —
6 2
sm
6
7.26 MATHEMATICS-Xl
Again,
1 . n . n
fix) = 2 < — sin

SI X + — cos X = 2 sin — sm x + cos — cos x
1 2 2 3 3
n n Tt
:=> f (x) = 2 <1 cos X cos — + sin :e sin —3 = 2 cos X —

3 3J
EXAMPLE 2 Express 3 cos x - 4 sin xas sines and cosines of a single expression.
SOLUTION Let/ (x) = 3 cos 3: - 4 sin x. Multiplying and dividing by + (- 4)^ i.e. by 5, we
get
3 4
fix) = V3^+(-4)2 . cos X- sin X
looww
_5 (3— 4 .
=>/W = cos X — sin X
5 5
3 . 4
=> f (x) =5 (sin a cos x - cos a sin x), where sin a = —
- and cos a = —
5 5
ree
3
^ f (x) =5 sin (a - x), where tan a 4
eeF
Again,
f 3 4
r FF
f ix) ■- 5 — cos X — sin T
V5 5
3
roFrr
, . 4
s fof
u
=> / (x) =5 (cos a cos x - sin a sin x), where cos a = —
— and sin a = —
5 5
4
k
=> f(x) =5 cos (a + x), where tan a = —

kos o
YYouor
EXAMPLE 3 Find the sign of the expression sin 100° + cos 100°.
BBoo
SOLUTION sin 100° + cos 100°

r ee
f 1
= V2 sin 100° + cos 100° = -J2 (cos 45° sin 100° + sin 45° cos 100°)
V2 V2
ad
ouur
Yo
= V2 sin (100° + 45°) = V2 sin 145°, which is a positive real number. [●.* sin 145° is positive]
EXERCISE 7.2
d
Re
dinY
BASIC
FFin
1. Find the maximum and minimum values of each of the following trigonometrical
expressions:
(i) 12 sin X -5 cos x (ii) 12 cos X + 5 sin X + 4
(iii) 5 cos x+3sin —-x +4 (iv) sin X - cos x 4-1

V6
2. Reduce each of the following expressions to the sine and cosine of a single
expression:
(i) 43 sin X cos X (ii) cos X - sin x (iii) 24 cos x + 7 sin x
BASED ON HOTS
3. Show that sin 100° - sin 10° is positive.

4. Prove that (2 -/3 + 3) sin x + 243 cos x lies between - (2^3 + fl5) and (2V3 + -s/15).
VALUES OFTRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ATSUMOR DIFFERENCE OF ANGLES 7.27
ANSWERS
1. Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
(i) -13 13 (ii) -9 17
(iii) -3 11 (iv) 1 - V2 I + V2
7C n
2. (i) 2 sin x— - 2 cos ~ + x (ii) -v/2 sin -X ,V2cos —+ x
ej' 3 U u
24 7
(iii) 25 sin (a + :c), where tan a = — 25 cos {x - a), where tan a = —
7 ' 24
ww
4. (2V3 + 3) sina: +2V3cosa: = (2V3 sin a: + Vs cos 'A) + (Vs cos a: + 3 sin x)
Now, -Vl5 ^ 2V3 sin a: + V3 cos X < V15 and, -Vl2 < V3 cos x + 3 sin a: < Vl2
Flo
Adding the two inequalities, we obtain
e
—Vl5 - V12 < 2V3 sin X + V3 cos x + V3 cos a: + 3 sin x < Vl5 + Vl2
eree
- (2V3 + Vl5) < (2V3 + 3) sin a: + 2VS cos x < (2V3 + Vl5)
FFr
uurr
1. The maximum value of 3 cos x + 4 sin x+5 is orr
sfo
2. The minimum value of 4 cos x - 3 sin x + 7 is
kks
Yoo
3. If sin 9 + cos 0=1, then the value of sin 20 is

oooo
7t
4. If A - 6 = —, then (1 + tan A) (1 - tan B) =
eBB
4'
7t
5. If A + 6 = —, then (1 + tan A) (1 + tan B) =
urr
4'
ad
3
YYo
6. If cos (A - B) = — and tan A tan B = 2, then sin A sin B =

5
dd
y z
7. then x +y+2 =
Re
COS0 2ti' 27t

inn
cos 0- cos 0+ —
3 J 3 J
F
71
8. The value of cot — + x cot — x is
u
1
9. If sinxcosy =—
4
and 3 tan x = 4 tan y, then sin (x -y) is equal to
10. If cos
2
- + x -sm
● if —X
^ = k cos 2x then k =
L6 ^6
1 1
11. If tan X = —
2
and tan y = —,
3'
then the value of x + y is
12. The value of tan 5x tan 3x tan 2x - tan 5x + tan 3x + tan 2x is
7t
* ot 71
13. The value of cos sin —is
12 2
7.28 MATHEMATICS-XI
ANSWERS
2
1. 10 2. 2 3. 0 4. 2 5. 2 7. 0 8. 1
1 1 n 1
10. - 11. - 12. 0 13.
16 2 4 V2
question:
1. If a + p-Y = and sin^ a + sin^ p-sin^ y = A.sin a sin p cos y, then write the value of X.
ww
1
2. If 2 cos 0 = y cos 0+— = 2 COS 0 + — , then write the value of — + — +
V 3 3 J X y z
3. Write the maximum and minimum values of 3 cos x + 4 sin 2 + 5.
Flo
'y
4. Write the maximum value of 12 sin 2-9 sin x.
e
eree
5. If 12 sin 2 - 9 sin^ 2 attains its maximum value at 2 = a, then write the value of sin a.
FFr
6. Write the interval in which the values of 5 cos 2 + 3 cos 2-)— +3 lie.
uurr
S)
7. If tan {A + B) = p and tan (A - B) = q, then write the value of tan 26. orr
sfo
8. If —— = — , then write the value of tan 2 tan y.
kks
cos (2 + y)
Yoo
n
oooo
2n
9. lia = b cos c cos — , then write the value of ah + bc-¥ ca.
3 3
eBB
10. U A + B = C, then write the value of tan A tan B tan C.

11. If sin a - sin p = a and cos a + cos P = &, then write the value of cos (a + P).
urr
1
ad
12. If tan a = and tan P^ = then write the value of a + P lying in the
YYo
r>- X 2+ 1 '
1 + 2 1 + 2
interval (0, k/2).

dd
Re
inn
ANSWERS
2
F
1. 2 2. 0 3. Maximum = 10, Minimum = 0 4. 4 5. -

3
m-n
6. [- 4,10] 8. 9. 0 10. tan C - tan A - tan 6
1 + pq m + n
a'^+b^-2 K
11. 12. -
2 4

1. The value of sin^ — - sin^ — is
12 12
(a) 1/2 (b) V3/2 (c) 1 (d) 0

2. If A + 6 + C = 7t, then sec A (cos 6 cos C - sin 6 sin C) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) -1 (c) 1 (d) none of these
3- tan 20° + tan 40° + -Js tan 20° tan 40° is equal to
(b)f
V3
(c) V3 (d) 1
a 1
4- If tan A = and tan B - , then the value of A + B is
a + 1 2a+ 1
(a) 0
(b)f (Of 4
5- If 3 sin X + 4 cos x=5, then 4 sin x - 3 cos a: =
(a) 0 (b) 5 (c)l (d) none of these

6. If in a A ABC, tan A + tan B + tan C = 6, then cot A cot 6 cot C =
ooww
(a) 6 (b) 1 (c) 1/6 (d) none of these
7. tan 3A - tan 2A - tan A is equal to
(a) tan 3 A tan 2 A tan A (b) - tan 3 A tan 2 A tan A
(c) tan A tan 2 A - tan 2 A tan 3 A - tan 3 A tan A (d) none of these
e
ree
tan A + tan B + tan C
is equal to
rFl
8. If A + B + C = 7c, then
tan A tan B tan C
Fre
(a) tan A tan B tan C (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) none of these
rrF
13
9. If cos P = — and cos Q = , where P and Q both are acute angles. Then, the value of P -Q is
14
ouur
sffoo 571
/ \ ^
(b)f
/ \ ^
id) ^
12
okks
10. If cot (a + p) = C, then sin (a + 2 P) is equal to

Yo
ooo
(a) sin a (b) cos 2 p (c) cos a (d) sin 2 a

eBB
cos 10° + sin 10° . , ^

11. - IS equal to
cos 10° - sin 10
uurr
(a) tan 55° (b) cot 55° (c) - tan 35° (d) - cot 35°
2 ^ ● 2 ^
ad
12. The value of cos — + X - sin — X is

YYo
6 16
1 1
(a) — cos 2a: (b) 0 (c) - — cos 2a: (d)-
dd
2 2
Re
iinn
cos (0| - 02) _

13. If tan tan ©2 =k, then
cos (01 + 02)
F
1+k 1 -k k + l k -1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1-k l + k k-l k + l
14. If sin (tc cos a:) = cos (ti sin a:), then sin 2x =
(a) ±1 4 (b)±| (c)±i (d) none of these
1 1
15. If tan 0 = — and tan <t> = —, then the value of 0 + 6 is
2 3
(d)f
/ \ ^
(b) 7T (c) 0
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
16- The value of cos (36° - A) cos (36° + A) + cos (54° + A) cos (54° - A) is
(a) sin 2A (b) cos 2A (c) cos 3A (d) sin 3A
7.30 MATHEMATICS-Xi
17. If tan (7t/4 + a:) + tan (ti/4 -x)=a, then tan^ {n/A + ;t) + tan^ (ti/4 - x) =
(a) +1 (b) +2 (c) a^-2 (d) none of these
2
18. If tan (A - B) = 1, sec (/I + B) = -j=,
●v3
then the smallest positive value of B is
25 71 19 7U 13 K 11 TC
(a) (b) (c) (d)
24 24 24 24
19. If A - B = K / A, then (1 + tan A) (1 - tan B) is equal to

(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 3
20. The maximum value of sin 2f2n
— + X + sm
. 2 r X IS
ww
3 3
(a) 1/2 (b) 3/2 (c) 1/4 (d) 3/4
21. If cos (21 - B) = ^ and tan A tan B = 2, then
Flo
1
e
(a) cos A COS B = - (b) cos A cos B
ree
5 5
1
Fr
(c) sin A sin B = - - (d) sin A sin B = -
rF
5 5
uurr
22. If tan 69® + tan 66° - tan 69° tan 66° = 2k, then k = for
(a) -1 (b) 1/2 (c) -1/2 (d) none of these
23. If a + P = ^, then the value of (1 + tan a) (1 + tan P)

s
is
kks
Yo
oooo
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c)-2 (d) not defined

INCERT EXEMPLAR]
eB
71 71
24. The value of sin —+ 0 -cos —6 is
4
ur
(a) 2cos0 (b) 2sin0 (c) 1 (d) 0

ad
YYo
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
25. The minimum value of 3 cos a:+ 4 sin a: + 8 is
dd
(a) 5 (b) 9 (c) 7 (d) 3

Re
in
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
F
ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8- (c)

9- (b) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (b)
17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (d)
25. (d)
SUMMARY
1. (i) sin {A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

(ii) sin (A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B
(iii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
(iv) cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tan B
(v) tan (A + B) =
1 - tan A tan B
tan A - tan B
(vi) tan (A - B) =
1 + tan A tan B
(vii) sin (A + B) sin (A - B) = sin^ A - sin^ B

(viii) cos (A + B) cos (A - B) = cos^ A - sin"^ B
2. (i) sin (A + B + C) = sin AcosBcosC + cosAsinBcosC + cos A cosB sinC -sin A sin B sin C
(ii) cos(A + B + C) =cosA cosB cosC - cos A sin B sin C - sin A cosB sinC - sin A sin B cosC
(iii) tan(A + B + C) =
w
1 - tan A tan B - tan 6 tan C - tan C tan A
3. (i) If A + B = 7t, then sin A = sin B, cos A = - cos B and tan A = - tan B
Flo
(ii) If A + B = 2k, then sin A = - sin 6, cos A = cos B and tan A = - tan B
ee
Fr
or
ur
sf
ok
Yo
Bo
re
ou
ad
Y
nd
Re
Fi
CHAPTER a
TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
8.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we will establish two sets of transformation formulae: One to transform the
ww
products of two sines or two cosines or one sine and one cosine into the sum or difference of two
sines or two cosines and the other to convert the sum or difference of two sines or two cosines in
the product of two sines or two cosines or one sine and one cosine. These two sets of formulae
are of fundamental importance and one should have thorough acquaintance with these
Flo
formulae.
e
eree
8.2 FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM THE PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE
FFr
In the previous chapter we have derived the following formulae:
sin A cos B + cos A sin B = sin (A + B) ...(i)
uurr
sin A cos B - cos A sin B = sin (A - B)
orr ...(ii)
sfo
cos A cos B - sin A sin B = cos (A + B) ...(iii)
cos A cos B + sin A sin B = cos (A - B) ...(iv)
kks
Yoo
Adding (i) and (ii), we obtain

oooo
2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A - B)

eBB

2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) - sin (A - B)
urr
Adding (iii) and (iv), we get

ad
2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A - B)

YYo
Subtracting (iii) from (iv), we get

2 sin A sin B = cos (A - B) - cos (A + B)
dd
Re
Thus, we obtain the following formulae :

inn
(a) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A - B) (b) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) - sin (A - B)
F
(c) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A - B) (d) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A - B) - cos (A + B)
These four formulae convert the product of two sines or two cosines or one sine and one cosine
into the sum or difference of two sines or two cosines.
EXAMPLE 1 Convert each of the following products into the sum or difference of sines and cosines:
(i) 2 sin 5x cos x (ii) 2 cos 4x cos 3x (iii) 2 sin 3x sin x
n 5tc n
(iv) sin — cos (v) cos — cos —
12 12 12 12
SOLUTION (i) Using 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A - B), we obtain

2 sin 5x cos x = sin (5.x + x) + sin (5x - x) = sin 6x + sin 4x
8.2 MATHEMATICS-XI
(ii) Using 2 sin A sin B = cos (A -B) - cos {A + B), we obtain

2 cos 4a: cos 3a: = cos (4.v + 3a:) + cos (4.r - 3a:) = cos 7x + cos x
(iii) Using 2 sin A sin B = cos {A -B) - cos {A + B), we obtain
2 sin 3a: sin x =cos(3x -;c) -cos(3x + x) = cos 2x - cos 4x
5n K 1 ^ 5n K A 1 i sm
. f5n K 5k k
(iv) sm — cos — = - 2 sm — cos — = — f- — + sm
12 12 2 12 12j 2 12 12 12 12
1 K K
- sm — + sm —
2l 2 3;
5tc 71 1 5k K 1 5k k '5k K
(V) cos — cos — - 2 cos — cos — cos — + — + cos
12 12 2 12 12 2 12 12 12 12
ww
1 f K K
— cos — + cos —
2t 2 3j
K 9 K 3 71 5 K
EXAM PLE 2 Prove that: 2 cos — cos + cos + cos = 0. [NCERT]
13 13 13 13
Flo
e
K 9 71 3 K 5 7t
SOLUTION LHS = 2 cos cos + cos + cos
eree
13 13 13 13
r97u K
’’9 71 _ 7t 3 t: 5 71
FFr
cos — -f- — + cos + cos + cos
13 13 .I3 13 13 13
uurr
10 71 8k 3 7t 5 71
cos
13
+ cos
13
+ cos
13
+ cos
13 orr
sfo
3 K 5 TtA 3k 5 TC
cos K - + cos K - + cos + cos
kks
13 j 13 j
Yoo
13 13
oooo
3 K 5 K 3 K 5 K
- cos - cos + cos + cos = 0 = RHS [v cos (ti-x) = -cos x]
13 13 13 13
eBB
1
EXAMPLES Prove that: cos 20° cos 40° cos 60® cos 80® =
16
urr
SOLUTION VVehave,
ad
LHS = cos 20® cos 40° I os 60° cos 80°= cos 60° {cos 20° cos 40°) cos 80®
YYo
= -2 X i2 (2 cos 20° cos 40°) cos 80° K 1

cos — = —
3 2
dd
= i {cos (40° + 20°) + cos (40° - 20°)} cos 80°

Re
2 cos A cos B
inn
= cos {A + B) + cos {A - B)
F
= -4 J (cos 60° + cos 20°) cos 80° I = — + cos 20° cos 80°
4 lU
1 1
— cos 80° + cos 80° cos 20° = — i cos 80® + 2 cos 80° cos 20°
4 2 8
1 2 cos A cos B
= ^ cos 80° +1 cos (80° + 20°) + cos (80° - 20°) = cos (A + B) + cos (A - B)
= i {cos 80° + cos 100° + cos 60°} = ^ {cos 80° + cos (180° - 80°) + cos 60°}
cos (180° - x) = - cos X
= - (cos 80° - cos 80° + cos 60°)
8 ^ ^ cos(180°-80°)=-cos 80
1 11 1 1 1
cos 80° - cos 80° + - — X — — = RHS
8 2 8 2 16
TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE 8.3
1
EXAMPLE 4 Prove that: sin 10® sin 30® sin 50® sin 70® =
16
SOLUTION LHS = sin 30° {sin 10° sin 50°) sin 70° = ^ (sin 50° sin 10°) sin 70°
= i2 X i2 {2 sin 50® sin 10°) sin 70° =
1
(2 sin 50° sin 10°) sin 70®
4
1
2 sin A sin B
^ {cos (50®-10°) -cos
(50°+10°)} sin 70° = cos (A- B) - cos {A + B)
= -1 (cos 40® - cos 60°) sin 70°]

1
sin 70° cos 40° - sin 70® cos 60°
4 4
ww
1
sin 70® cos 40® - — sin 70® = i J 2 sin 70° cos 40° - sin 70®
4 2 8
2 sin A cos B
Flo
1
sin (70® + 40°) + sin (70° - 40°) - sin 70®
e
8 - sin (7l + 6) + sin {A - B)
ree
1 1
Fr
sin 110°+ sin 30®-sin 70° sin (180°-70®) + sin 30°-sin 70®
rF
8 8
uurr
= -1 sin 70® + - - sin 70® V sin (180-x)= sin a:.-, sin (180°-70°) = sin 70®
for
8 2
= i X 1 = J_ = RHS
s
kks
8 2 16
Yo
oooo
ALITER LHS = sin 10° sin 30° sin 50° sin 70°
= sin (90° - 80°) sin (90® - 60°) sin (90° - 40°) sin (90° - 20°)
eB
= cos 80® cos 60® cos 40° cos 20°

ur
= cos 20° cos 40° cos 60® cos 80° = — = RHS [See Ex. 3]
16
ad
YYo
3
EXAMPLE 5 Prove that: sin 20° sin 40° sin 60° sin 80° =
16
dd
SOLUTION LHS = sin 20® sin 40® sin 60® sin 80°
Re
in
= sin 60° (sin 20® sin 40°) sin 80°

V3 1
F
X - (2 sin 20® sin 40°) sin 80°

2 2
2 sin sin B
cos (40° - 20°) - cos (40° + 20°) [ sin 80°
4 - cos (A -B) ~ cos {A + B)
V3 V3 \f cos 20° —
1^
sin 80°
(cos 20° - cos 60°) sin 80®
4 4 2
2 cos 20® sin 80® - sin 80°

8
VI 2 sin A cos B
sin (80® +20°) +sin (80®-20°)-sin 80° = sin (A + B) + sin (A - B)
8
VI
sin 100° + sin 60® - sin 80° 1 VIJ sin (180° - 80°) +
VI
- sin 80°
8 2
8.4 MATHEMATICS-XI
V3
sin 80°+
VI
-sin 80 4=^x^=A = rhS [●.● sin (180° - 80°) = sin 80°]
8 2 8 2 16
EXAMPLE 6 Prove that: 4 cos 12° cos 48° cos 72° = cos 36°
SOLUTION LHS = 4 cos 12° cos 48° cos 72°= 2 (2 cos 12° cos 48°) cos 72°
= 2 (cos 60° + cos 36°) cos 72° = 2 cos 60° cos 72° + 2 cos 36° cos 72°
= cos 72° + cos 108° + cos 36° = cos 72° + cos (180° - 72°) + cos 36°
= cos 72°- cos 72° + cos 36° = cos 36° = RHS

EXAMPLE? Prove that: tan 20° tan 40° tan 80° = tan 60°
ww
sin 20° sin 40° sin 80°
SOLUTION LHS = tan 20° tan 40° tan 80° =
cos 20° cos 40° cos 80°
(2 sin 20° sin 40°) sin 80° _ (cos 20° - cos 60°) sin 80°
Flo
(2 cos 20° cos 40°) cos 80° (cos 60° + cos 20°) cos 80°
e
sin 80° cos 20° - (1/2) sin 80° _ 2 sin 80° cos 20° - sin 80°
eree
(1/2) cos 80° + cos 80° cos 20° cos 80° + 2 cos 80° cos 20°
FFr
sin 100° + sin 60° - sin 80° sin (180° - 80°) + sin 60° - sin 80°
uurr
cos 80° + cos 100° + cos 60° cos 80° + cos (180° - 80°) + cos 60°
sin 80° + sin 60° - sin 80° sin 60°
orr
sfo
= tan 60° = RHS
cos 80° - cos 80° + cos 60° cos 60°
kks
Yoo
n Tl 1
EXAMPLE 8 Prove that: sin A sin — A sin — + A = — sin 3A
oooo
K 3 ^ 3 4
71 71 1 K n
eBB
SOLUTION LHS = sin A sin -A sin —+ A = — sin A -i 2 sin - A sin -+/1

3 3 2 I 3 k 3
^ / ( 71 . 4 / 71
1 ● ^ K n
urr
— sin A cos --A -+A - cos -~A + -+A

2 V 3 J K 3 k 3 L 3
ad
YYo
1 271 1 1
= — sin A cos (-2A) - cos — sin A < cos 2A + —
2 I 3 2 2
dd
= — sin A cos 2A + — sin A = —(2 sin A cos 2A) + — sin A

Re
inn
2 4 4 4■
F
= - ■ sin (A + 2A) + sin (A - 2A) ● + — sin A

4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
- < sin 3A + sin (- A) ^ + — sin A = — sin 3A —sin A + —sin A = —sin 3A = RHS
4 4 4 4 4 4
f n 71
EXAMPLE 9 Prove that: cos A cos — A cos — + A — cos 3A.
3 3 J 4
f K 71 1 7T 71
SOLUTION LHS = cos A cos A cos —+ A =—cos A-^2 cos A cos —+ A
3 3 2 3 I 3
\ /
1 7C 71 n 71
= —cosA cos -A + - +A + COS --A -+A
2 3 ^ 3 ^ 3 V 3
1 2ti 1
- — cos A cos + cos (-2A)) =—cos A - + cos2A
2 3 2 2
1 1 1 1
- cosA + — cos A cos 2/1 =— cosA + —(2cos2A cos A)
4 2 4 4
= -- cos A + i J cos (2A + A) + cos (2A - A)

4 4 [
1
= -—cosA+—(cos 3A + cosA) = cos 3A = RHS.
4 4 4
K 271
EXAMPLE 10 Prove that: 4 sin x sin — + x sm + X = sin 3a:.
I 3
f n f 2k . (n
ww
SOLUTION LHS = 4 sin a: sin — + x sin — + x = 2 sin a: -i 2 sin — + a: sin — + a:
3 V >3 I 3 ^3
(—
2k
\ /
K 2k n
= 2 sin X cos + X — + a: - cos — + a: + — + x
I 3 3 3 J U
Flo
e
cos (tc + 2a:)| = 2 sin a: I - + cos 2a:
71
eree
= 2 sin X cos —
3 2
FFr
= sin a: + 2 sin x cos 2x = sin x + {sin (a' + 2a) + sin (a - 2a)}
uurr
= sin A + sin 3a + sin (- a) = sin a + sin 3a - sin a = sin 3a = RHS
2 cos 2a +1 orr
71 7t
sfo
EXAMPLE 11 Show that: tm —+a tan — A
3 13 2 cos 2a -1
kks
Yoo
K 7T
oooo
sm — +x sin -A
Jt 71
2. u
SOLUTION LHS = tan - + a tan - -A
eBB
^3 ^3 cos
7C
- + A cos
71
-A
3 u
( Tl . f K
urr
2 sin ●● + A sm — A
ad
YYo
71 71
2 cos + A cos A
u
dd
\ ( N r
K K K K
- + A A -COS — + A + A
Re
COS
inn
,3 13 13 L3
(k \ (K ■ f K 71
F
COS - + A + -A + COS — + A - - A
L3 j \3 <3 y 3
2ti
cos 2a - cos cos 2a +-
3 2 _ 2 cos 2a +1 = RHS
271 2 cos 2a -1
cos + cos 2a - - + cos 2a
3 2
EXAMPLE 12 J/a + P = 90°, find the maximum and minimum values of sm a sin p.
SOLUTION Let y = sin a sin p. Then,
i (2 sin a sin p) = i (cos (a - p) - cos (a + P)} = {cos (a-p)-cos 90°}= icos(a-p)
1
y = ^
We know that
1 -1
- < sin a sin P ^ ^2
_n
-1
-1 < cos (a -P) <1 =^> <
— cos(a -P) =>
2 2 2 2 2 2
8.6 MATHEMATICS-XI
Hence, -
^ and ^ are respectively the minimum and maximum values of sin a sin p.
EXERCISE 8.1
BASIC
1.
Express each of the following as the sum or difference of sines and cosines:
(i) 2 sin 3-t cos x (ii) 2 cos 3x sin 2x (iii) 2 sin 4a: sin 3a: (iv) 2 cos 7a: cos 3a:
2. Prove that:
>.V A . 5tU , 7T 1 /..V 5tc K 1 5n K >/3+2
(i) 2 sin — sm — - (ii) 2 cos — cos — (iii) 2 sin — cos —
12 12 2 ' ' 12 12 2 12 12 2
3. Show that:
ww
1 - V2 sin 35® 1
(i) sin 50“cos 85° = (ii) sin 25“cos 115“ = - (sin 140°-1)
2V2
Prove that: 4 cos X cos —+ xlcos
FF loo
71 71
4. X = cos 3x
(.3
ree
5. Prove that:
3 1
(i) cos 10° cos 30° cos 50° cos 70° = (ii) cos 40° cos 80° cos 160° =
16 8
reFe
V3 1
(iii) sin 20° sin 40° sin 80° = (iv) cos 20° cos 40° cos 80° =
oor rF
rur
8 8
(v) tan 20° tan 40° tan 60° tan 80° = 3
s ff
(vi) tan 20° tan 30° tan 40° tan 80° = 1
V3
(vii) sin 10° sin 50° sin 60° sin 70° = (viii) sin 20° sin 40° sin 60° sin 80° = —
k
16 16
YYoou
okso
BASED ON LOTS
BBoo
6. Show that:
r ee
(i) sin /I sin (B - C) + sin B sin (C - y4) + sin C sin (/I - B) = 0

(ii) sin (B -C) cos (A -D) + sin (C - A) cos (B - D) + sin (A - B) cos (C - D) = 0
ouur
ad
Yo
BASED ON HOTS
f Tt \ f n \
7. Prove that: tan x tan —x tan —+ x =tan3x.
d
3
idnY
Re
8. Ifa + p = —, show that the maximum value of cos a cos 0 is —.

FFin
2 ^2
ANSWERS
1. (i) sin 4x + sin 2x (ii) sin 5x - sin x (iii) cos x - cos 7x (iv) cos lOx + cos 4x
8.3 FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM THE SUM OR DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT
In the previous section, we have used the following formulae:

sin (A + B) + sin (A - B) = 2 sin A cos B, sin (A + B) - sin (A - B) = 2 cos A sin B
cos (A + B) + cos (A - B) =2 cos A cos B and, cos (A - B) - cos (A + B) = 2 sin A sin B.
C-D
Let A+ B=C and A-B=D.Then, A and B =
2 2
Substituting the values of A, B, C and D in the above formulae, we get

sin C + sin D = 2 sin
fC+D fC-D\
cos
...(i)
2 2 )
(C-D C+D^
sin C - sin D = 2 sin cos ●●●(ii)
2 ) 2 )
C + D C-D
cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos ...(iii)
V 2 I 2 ,
C+D . rC-DA
cos D - cos C = 2 sin sin
K 2 2 J
fC+D^ . fC-D^
or. cos C - cos D = - 2 sin sm ...(iv)
2 2 j
oww
rc + D . fD~C
or. cos C - cos D = 2 sin sin
2 I 2
These four formulae are used to convert the sum or difference of two sines or tw'o cosines into
the product of sines and cosines.
e
re
FFrlo ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
rF
ee
rF
EXAMPLE 1 Express each of the following as a product:
ouru
(i) sin Ax + sin 2x (ii) sin 6x - sin 2x (iii) cos Ax + cos 8.r (iv) cos 6x - cos 8.r
SOLUTION (i) sin Ax + sin 2x
fosor
skf
(Ax + 2x (Ax-2x\ C+D C-D
ooko
= 2 sin cos sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos

2 2 2 2
Yo
Y
= 2 sin 3x cos x
Bo
reeB
(ii) sin 6x - sin 2x
f6x-2x'\ f6x+2x\ C-D C+D

= 2 sin CO 3 sin C - sin D = 2 sin cos
ooY
2 2 2 2
uur
ad
= 2 sin 2x cos Ax
dY
(iii) cos Ax + cos 8x

8x + Ax\ 8x - Ax C+D C-D
= 2 cos cos ●: cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos
nind
2 2
Re
2 2
= 2 cos 6x cos 2.r

F
Fi
(iv) cos 6x - cos 8x

r6x+8x^ . 8x - 6x C+D . D-C
= 2 sin sm ●: cos C - cos D = 2 sin sm
2 2 2 2
= 2 sin 7 x sin x
EXAMPLE! Prove that: cos 18° - sin 18“ = VI sin 27°

SOLUTION LHS = COS 18° - sin 18°= cos 18° - cos 72° [v sin 18° = sin (90°-72°) = cos 72°]
0\
n8° + 72°A . 72°-18
- 2 sin sm = 2 sin 45° sin 27° = VI sin 27° = RHS
2 2
EXAMPLES Prove that:
sin 5A - sin 3A sin A + sin 3A

(i) = tan A (ii) = tan 2A [NCERT]
cos SA + cos 3A cos A + cos 3A
8.8 MATHEMATICS-XI
sin + sin B A + B cos 7/^ + cos 5/1

(iii) tan (iv) = cot/I [NCERTJ
cos A + cos B 2 ; sin 7/1 - sin 5A
2 sin
5A-3A fSA + 3A
cos
SOLUTION (i) LHS =

sin 5^4 - sin 3A 2 2 J _ 2 sin /I cos 4A
cos 5A + cos 3A
2 cos
5A + 3A
cos
'5A -3a\ 2 cos 4A cos A
2 2
= tan A = RHS
f3A + A^ 3/1-/I
2 sin cos
sin 3A + sin /I
(ii) LHS =
2 2 J_ sin 2A cos A
= tan 2A = RHS
cos 3A + cos A 3A + A^ (3A -/I
ooww
cos 2A cos A
2 cos cos
2 2
fA + B\ fA-B\
2 sin cos
sin /I + sin B I 2
(iii) LHS = I 2 = tan
/1-f B'l
= RHS
cos y4 + cos B A + B\ (A-B\ 2 )
e
2 cos cos
2 )
ree
2 J
rFl 7/1+5/!^ 7A -5/1^
Fre
2 cos cos
cos 7/1 +cos 5 A
(iv) LHS =
2 2 J _2 cos 6A cos A
rrF
= cotA=RHS
sin 7A -sin 5A
2 sin
f7A~5A\ f7A+5A'\ 2 sin /I cos 6A
cos
2 2
ouur
sffoo
tXAMrLE4 Prove that:
cos 9x - cos 5x sin 2x sin 5x + sin 3x
okks
(i) INCERTl (ii) = tan4x [NCERT]
sin 17x-sin 3x
Yo
cos lO.r cos 5x + cos 3.x

oo
Y
(iii) (sin 3x + sin x) sin x + (cos 3x - cos x) cos x = 0

BB
[NCERT]
9x + 5x') . (9x~5x\
rre
- 2 sin sm
2 2
cos 9x - cos 5x -2 sin 7x sin 2x
SOLUTION (i) LHS =
ouu
sin 17x - sin 3x fl7x-3x^ 17x+ 3x^

YY
ad
2 sin 7x cos lOx

2 sin cos
2 2
-sin 2x
dd
= RHS
coslOx
Re
iinn
2 sin
5x+3x^ r5x-3x^
cos
F
sin 5x + sin 3x I 2 2
2 sin 4x cosx
(ii) LHS = = tan 4x = RHS
cos5x + cos 3x
2 cos
r5x+3x^ cos
Sx-Bx') 2cos4x cosx
2 2 ;
(iii) LHS = (sin 3x + sin x) sin x + (cos 3x - cos x) cos x
2 sin
3x + x'\ cos f 3x -x')l Sx + x") . (Sx-x'^
sm x + -2 sin sm cos X
[ 2 J [ 2 /. 2 J 2 J
= 2 sin 2x cos X sin X - 2 sin 2x sin x cos x = 0 = RHS
EXAMPLES Prove tfmt: cot 4x (sin 5x + sin 3x) = cot x (sin 5x - sin 3x) [NCERT]
5x+ Sx'i 5x-3x'\
SOLUTION LHS = cot 4x (sin 5x + sin 3x) = cot 4x x 2 sin cos
2 2
cos 4x
X 2 sin 4x cos x = 2 cos 4x cos x ●●●(i)
sin 4x
f5x-3x^ Sx+Sx')
RHS = cot a: (sin 5a: - sin 3x) = cot x x 2 sin cos
2 2
cos x
X 2 sin X cos 4x = 2 cos 4x cos x ...(ii)
sm X
From (i) and (ii), we obtain: LHS = RHS.

EXAMPLE6 Prove that: sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x + sin 7x = 4 cos x cos 2x sin 4x [NCERT]
SOLUTION LHS = sin X + sin 3x + sin 5x + sin 7x
= (sin 7x + sin x) + (sin 5x + sin 3x)

r7x + x^ (7x- x^\ . . f5x + 3x (Sx -3x
= 2 sin cos — + 2 sin cos
2 I 2 2 2
ww
= 2 sin 4x cos 3x + 2 sin 4x cos x = 2 sin 4x (cos 3x + cos x)
3x + X f 3x-x'
= 2 sin 4x X 2 cos cos
2
Flo
= 2 sin 4x X 2 cos 2x cos x = 4 cos x cos 2x sin 4x = RHS
e
EXAMPLE 7 Prove that: 1 + cos 2x + cos 4x + cos 6x = 4 cos x cos 2x cos 3x
eree
SOLUTION LHS = 1 + cos 2x + cos 4x + cos 6x = (cos Ox + cos 2x) + (cos 4x + cos 6x)
FFr
= 2 cos X cos X + 2 cos 5x cos x = 2 cos x (cos x + cos 5x)
= 2 cos X (2 cos 3x cos 2x) = 4 cos x cos 2x cos 3x = RHS
uurr
BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS) orr
sfo
kks
Yoo
(i) (sin 3A + sin A) sin .A + (cos 3A - cos A) cos A =3

oooo
x 9x 5x
(ii) cos 2x cos — cos 3x cos — = sin 5x sin [NCERT]
2 2
eBB
..... . . 2rc'\ . 4;i „

(ill) sma + sm an +sin a + — =0
3 ) 3;
urr
SOLUTION (i) LHS = (sin 3A + sin A) sin + (cos 3A - cos A) cos A

ad
YYo
3A +A'l (3A-A r3A + A^ . 3A-A^

2 sin cos sin A + ^ - 2 sin - sin ● cos A
2 2 2 2
dd
= 2 sin 2A cos A sin A - 2 sin 2A sin A cos A = 0 = RHS

Re
inn
X 9x If X 9x
(ii) LHS = cos 2x cos — cos 3x cos — = —\2 cos 2x cos — 2 cos 3x cos —
F
2 2 2 2 2
1 x\ f X 9x^ (9x
cos 2x + — + cos 2x — cos 3x + — + cos 3x
2 1) 2) 2 J ^ 2
[Using: 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A - B)]

1 5x 3x 15x 3x 1 5x 15x
cos — + cos - cos -cos cos cos
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
f5x I5x\ fl5x 5x^

+
2 2 2 2 C+D . D-C
= — ● 2 sin sm ●: cosC -cosD =2sin sm
2 2 2 2 2
5x
= sin 5x sin — = RHS
2
8.10 MATHEMATICS-X!
2tc'\ 4ti 2tc' 4n

(iii) LHS = sina + sin a + — +sm a +— sm a + sm a + — + sm a + —
3J 3 j 1 3J 3 j
2ti 4k 4k 2k\
a + + a + a + a -
3 3 3
sin a + < 2 sin cos
2 2
/.
K 1
= sin a + 2sin(a + n)cos—= sin a + 2 (- sin a) = sin a - sin a = 0 = RHS
3 2)
l(
(i) (cos a + cos P) + (sin a + sin P) =4 cos INCERTJ
ww
2 /
if g-P'
(ii) (cos a - cos P) + (sin a - sin p)'^ = 4 sin INCERT]
2 J
Flo
a +p p+y y + a
(iii) cos a + cos p + cos y + cos (a + p + y) =4 cos
e
cos cos
2 2 2
eree
SOLUTION (i) LHS = (cos a + cos P)^ + (sin a + sin P)^
FFr
g
+ 12 sin
g + p' a-pM^
uurr
2 cos cos cos
I 2 I 2
orr
sfo
= 4 cos
2 f a + p'’ cos
jfa-p + 4 sin^ g + P^ cos
___2 f .o
2 ) 2 ; 2 )
kks
Yoo
= 4 cos^ g-p' 2 f g + p' + sin if g +P sfg-P

oooo
cos = 4 cos = RHS

2 ) 2 / 2 )
eBB
(ii) LHS = (cos g - cos P) + (sin g - sin P)

g + p'l sm. fg-p^l^ g-P g + p")]^
urr
-2 sin I — + -^ 2 sin cos

2 J I 2 2 ) \ 2
ad
YYo
= 4 sin
2fg + P ,._2rg-Pl
sm + 4 sin if g^ cos
2/^g + P
I 2 2 ; 2 y 2 )
dd
Re
2fg-P ■ 2 r g+p 2 fg + P' = 4 sin 2f g-p'

inn
= 4 sin sm + cos = RHS

I 2 2 ) 2 J
F
(iii) LHS = cos g + cos p + cos y + cos (g + p + y) = (cos g + cos p) + [cos y + cos (g + p + y)]
= 2 cos
g + P' cos g -p g + P+ y +y g +p+ y -y
+ 2 cos cos
2 ) 2 ) 2 2
= 2 cos
g +P cos
g-p') + 2 cos g + P'l cos
g + p + 2y
I 2 2 ) 2 . 2
g +p^ g ~P /'g + P+2yA

= 2 cos cos + cos
2 2
g-p g + P + 2y g + p+2y g-p

+ -
- 2 cos
g + Pî 2 cos 2 2
cos
2 2 ■
2 ) 2 2
a +P a + 7 P +7
= 2 cos 2 cos cos
2 ; 2 ) 2 )
= 4 cos
a +p cos
P + 7^ cos
7 + a
= RHS
2 J 2 J 2 )
cos 4a: + cos 3a: + cos 2x
EXAMPLE 10 Prove that: - cot 3.x [NCERT]
sin 4x + sin 3x + sin 2x
oww
cos 4x + cos 3x + cos 2x (cos Ax + cos 2x) + cos 3x
SOLUTION LHS =
sin Ax + sin 3x + sin 2.r (sin Ax + sin 2x) + sin 3x
fAx + 2x\ Ax-2x
2 cos cos + cos 3x
2 2
e
Ax + 2x'\ fAx-2x\
re
2 sin cos + sin 3x
2 2
FFrllo
2 cos 3x cos X + cos 3x cos 3x (2 cos X +1) cos 3x
reF
= cot 3x - RHS
e
2 sin 3x cos x + sin 3x sin 3x (2 cos x +1) sin 3x
uoru sin A + sin 3A + sin 5A + sin 7 A
EXAMPLE 11 Prove that: = tan AA
osFr
cos A + cos 3A + cos 5A + cos 7/1
(sin 7A + sin /I) + (sin 5A + sin 3A)

fkfor
SOLUTION LHS =
(cos 7/1 + cos A) + (cos 5A + cos 3A)
okso
(7A + A\ (7 A-A f5A + 3A f5A-3A\
2 sin - cos + 2 sin cos
Y
Yo
2 J 2 2 2 J
oo
BB
f7A + A'\ (7 A-A rSA + 3A^ (5A-3A\

2 cos cos - + 2 cos ● ● ● cos
2 2 2 2
Y
r ree
sin 4A cos 3A + sin 4A cos A sin AA (cos 3A + cos A) = tan 4A = RHS

ouu
cos 4A cos 3A + cos 4A cos A cos 4A (cos 3A + cos A)

ad
Ydo
cos 8A cos 5A - cos 12A cos 9A

EXAMPLE 12 Prove that: = tan 4A
sin 8A cos 5A + cos 12A sin 9A
nidn
2 cos 8A cos 5A - 2 cos 12A cos 9A

SOLUTION LHS =
Re
2 sin 8A cos 5A + 2 cos 12A sin 9A

F
Fi
{cos (8A + 5A) + cos (8A -5A)} - {cos (12A + 9A) + cos (12A -9A)}
{sin (8A + 5A) + sin (8A - 5A)} + {sin (9A + 12A) + sin (9A - 12A)}
{cos 13A + cos 3A} - {cos 21A + cos 3A}
{sin 13A + sin 3A} + {sin 21A + sin (-3A)}
(cos 13A + cos 3A) - (cos 21A + cos 3A) cos 13A - cos 21A
(sin 13A + sin 3A) + (sin 21A - sin 3A) sin 13A + sin 21A
2 sin
13A + 21AA sin
. (21A-13A'\
2 2 sin 17A sin 4A
= tan 4A = RHS
(3A + 21A 21A -13A sin 17A cos 4A
2 sin cos
2 2
cos 2A cos 3A - cos 2A cos 7A + cos A cos lOA

EXAMPLE 13 Prove that: = cot 6A cot 5A
sin 4A sin 3A - sin 2A sin 5A + sin 4A sin 7 A
8.12 MATHEMATICS-XI
2 cos 2>A cos 2A - 2 cos 7 A cos 2A + 2 cos lOA cos A

SOLUTION LHS =
2 sirt 4A sin 3A - 2 sin 5A sin 2A + 2 sin 7A sin 4A
(cos 5 A + cos A) - (cos 9A + cos 5A) + (cos 11A + cos 9A)

(cos A - cos 7 A) - (cos 3A - cos7A) + (cos 3A - cos llA)
(\1A + A\ niA-A^
2 cos cos
cos A + cos 11A 2 2
cos A - cos llA rA+iiA . riiA-A^

2 sin sin
2 2
cos 6A cos 5A
- cot 6A cot 5A = RHS
sin 6A sin 5A
ww
sin (A - C) + 2 sin A + sin (A + C) sin A
EXAMPLE 14 Prove tJiat:
sin (B -C) + 2 sin B + sin (B + C) sin B
sin (A - C) + sin (A + C) + 2 sin A

SOLUTION LHS =
Flo
sin (6 -C) + sin (B + C) + 2 sin B
e
fA-C+A+C^ M +C-A +C^
eree
2 sin cos - + 2 sin A
2 2
FFr
B+C+B-C^ /B+C-B+C
uurr
2 sin cos + 2 sin B
2 2
2 sin A cos C + 2 sin A 2 sin A (cos C +1) orr sin A
sfo
= RHS
2 sin B cos C + 2 sin B 2 sin B (cos C +1) sin B
kks
Yoo
oooo

1+n
EXAMPLE 15 If sin X =n sin {x + 2a.), prove that tan {x + a) =
eBB
tan a.
1 -n
SOLUTION We have.
urr
sin X = n sin (x + 2a)

ad
sin (x + 2a) 1 sin {x + 2a) + sin x 1 +n

YYo
sin X n sin (x + 2a) - sin x l-n
2 sin (x + a) cos a
dd
1 + n 1 + n
=> tan (x + a) = tan a
Re
inn
2 sin a cos (x + a) 1 -n 1 -n
F

fA-B')
" cos A + cos B V' sin A + sin B T , if « is even
n
2 cot
+ 2
sin A - sin B cos A - cos B , if « is odd
0
2 cos
A + B
cos ● -
A-B'f 2 sin
A + B
cos
A - B Y'
2 2 2 2
SOLUTION LHS = +
A -B A + B A+B . A-B
2 sin cos - -2 sin sin
2 2 2 2 ;
« n
fA-B'] A-B\ n fA-B\ fA-B^
cot + ●( - cot = cot + {-lf cot"
2 ) V 2 2 )
,n (A-B , if n is even
n (A-B 2 cot"
= cot 1+(-!)” ● = I 2
2
0 , if n is odd
sin A - sinC
EXAMPLE 17 If three angles A, B and C are in A.P., prove that: cot B =
cosC - cos A
A-C A+C
1 sin cos
sin /I - sin C 2 2
SOLUTION RHS =
sin A + sinC A->rC . A-C
2 sin sin - -
2 2
M +C
= cot = cot B = LHS [●.● A, B, C are in A.P. 2B=A + C]
I 2
EXAMPLE 18 sin 6 + sin 4> = Vs (cos (f) - cos 0), prove that sin 30 + sin 34> = 0
SOLUTION We have, sin 0 + sin (j) = VS (cos ^ - cos 0) [NCERT EXEMPLAR!
ww
0 + (|) 0 - (}) 0 + (}> . 0 — (fi
2 sin cos = 2V3 sin sin
2 2 2 2
Flo
cos
0-(j)
- V3 sin
0-4> .
sin
r0+(l»^ = 0
2 2 I 2
ee
rere
. re + <t>'! - yfs sin
0-(l)
= 0 or, cos = 0
rFF
sm
V 2 2 ) 2 J
. f0+<t. 0-(l) 1
uurr
71 foor
sm = 0 or, tan - tan
2 J 2 ) ‘ V3 6
ks s
0 + (b „ 0-4.
I- K
= 0 or, — = - => 0 =
- (|) or, 0 - 4) = -^
Yoo
2 2 6
oook
Case I When 0 = - (j): In this case, we obtain

eBB
sin 30 + sin 3(j> = sin 3(-(f)) + sin 34> = -sin 34» + sin 3c|)= 0
uurr
Case II When 0 - (b = — : In this case, we obtain

ad
3
Yo
G-t]) = -^=^30-34> = 7t=>30 = Ti+3<|>

dY
Re
sin 30 + sin 34) = sin (tt -f- 34») + sin 34> = - sin 34> + sin 3(f) = 0
innd
FFi
sin (x + a) _ 1 -m / ^ n
EXAMPLE 19 // prove that tan a = m.
cos (x - a) 1 +m
SOLUTION We have.
sin (x + a) 1 -m
cos (x - a) 1 + m
sin (x + a) + cos (x - a) 2
[Using componendo-dividendo]
sin (x + a) - cos (x - a) -2jn
sin (x + a) + sin
1
m
sin (x + a) - sin
8.14 MATHEMATICS-XI
K n
x+a + —A: + a x + a — + x-a
2 2
2 sin cos
2 2
1
n n m
x+a — + :c-a x + a + —A: + a
2 2
2 sin cos
2 2
I
TI TZ
K f n
sin - + a cos — X
sin - + a cos — + x
1 4 1
u 4
n m n ^ ● n m
sin — + X cos — + a cos - + a sin — X
I 4
w
u U
n TC 1 TC 7t
tan — + a cot — X — => w = cot — + a tan —a:
U m U
Flo
7t 71 7t TC n
m = tan — + a tan -X ^ m - tan — a tan — X
2 V4 U U
ee
2tc^ 471
Fr
EXAMPLE 20 If a sin x=b sin a: + — =c sin X + — prove that ab + be + ca = 0.
3 J 3 /
SOLUTION We have. for
ur
, ● 2tc^ . 471^
flsinA: = osin x + — =csin x + — =A(say)
3 J 3 y
ks
.V
I . .V
X . _,V
2k , X
.V . 4TI^
— - sin X , — = sm X A and — = sin x+—
Yo
a b 3J c 3J
oo
X X X 2k\ 471^ 4n 27T^

eB
— + — + — = smx + sm X + — +sm x + — sm X + + sm X + sm X + —
a b c 3 J 3J 3J 3 J
X X X ^ . f 271^ cos
27:
h sm x + —
2tc^ = -sm XH 2tc^ +sm x + —
27C^
=0„
ur
a b c 3 J 3 3 ) 3) 3 )
ad
be + ca + ab^
Yo
X = 0 => flfc + &c + cfl = 0

abe
nd
EXAMPLE 21 sin (y + 2 - x), sin (2 + X - y), sin (x + y - 2) are in A.P., prove that tan x, tan y.
Re
tan 2 are also in A.P.

Fi
SOLUTION It is given that sin (y + 2 - x), sin (2 + x - y) and sin (x + y -2) are in A.P.
sin (2 + X - y) - sin (y + 2 - x) = sin (x + y -2) - sin (2 + x - y)
2 sin (x - y) cos 2=2 sin (y -2) cos x
sin (x - y) cos 2 = sin (y -2) cos x
sm X cos y cos 2 - cos x sm y cos 2 = sm y cos 2 cos x - cos y sm 2 cos x
2 sin y cos x cos 2 = sin x cos y cos z + cos x cos y sin z
=>
2 tan y = tan x + tan 2 [Dividing throughout by cos x cos y cos 2]
tan X, tan y, tan 2 are in A.P.
tan (x + a) _ tan (x + p) tan (x + y)
EXAMPLE 22 If , prove that
a b e
a + b b + e c + a
a -b
sin^ (a -p) + b - e
sin^(p-y) + e -a
sin^ (y-a) =0
SOLUTION We have.
tan (.1: + a) tan {x + P)

a h
a tan {x + a)
b tan (x + p)
a + b tan (x + a) + tan {x + P)
[Applying Componendo-dividendo]
a-b tan (x + a) - tan (x + p)
a + b sin (2x + a + P) tan A + tan B sin (A + B)
=>
a -b sin {a -p) tan A - tan B sin {A - B)
sin^ (ct -p) = sin (2x + a + P) sin (a -P) = ^ j 2 sin (2x + a + P) sin (a - p)
a +b
ooww
a -b
sin ^ (a “P) = i I cos (2x + 2p)

a + b
- cos (2x + 2a)
a -b
e
Similarly, we obtain
re
sin^(p-y) = jcos (2x + 27) - cos (2x + 2p) I
b + c
rFFl
ree
b -c
F
sin^(y-a) = ^ |cos(2x + 2a) -cos(2x + 2y)|
c + a
rrF
and,
c-a
sffoo
ouur
a +b b + c c + a
a -b
sin^ (a -p) + b - c
sin^(p-y) + c-a
sin (y - a)
kosk
1
= — I cos {2x + 2p) - cos (2x + 2a) + cos {2x + 2y) - cos (2x + 2P) + cos {2x + 2a) - cos (2x + 2y)
Yo
oo
Y
BB
=1x0=0
2
rre
cos 6x + 6 cos 4x + 15 cos 2x +10

EXAMPLE 23 Prove that: = 2 cos X
ouu
cos 5x + 5 cos 3x +10 cos x

Y
ad
SOLUTION cos 6x + 6 cos 4x + 15 cos 2x + 10

dY
= (cos 6x + cos 4x) + (5 cos 4x + 5 cos 2x) + (10 cos 2x +10)

innd
= (cos 6x + cos 4.x) + 5 (cos 4x + cos 2x) +10 (cos 2x + cos Ox)
Re
= 2 cos 5x cos X + 5 X 2 cos 3x cos x +10 x 2 cos x cos x = 2 cos x (cos 5x + 5 cos 3x + 10 cos x)
Fi
F
cos 6x + 6 cos 4x + 15 cos 2x +10 2 cos X (cos 5x + 5 cos 3x +10 cos x)

LHS =
cos 5x + 5 cos 3x + 10 cos x cos 5x + 5 cos 3x +10 cos x
= 2 cos X = RHS
EXERCISE 8.2
BASIC
1. Express each of the following as the product of sines and cosines:

(i) sin 12x + sin 4x (ii) sin 5x - sin X (iii) cos 12x + cos 8x
(iv) cos 12x - cos 4x (v) sin 2x + cos 4x
2. Prove that:
(i) sin 38° t- sin 22° = sin 82° (ii) cos 100°+cos 20° = cos 40°
(iii) sin 50° + sin 10° = cos 20° (iv) sin 23° + sin 37 = cos7°
8.16 MATHEMATICS-XI
(v) sin 105°+cosl05®= cos45° (vi) sin 40° + sin 20° = cosl0°
3. Prove that:
(i) cos55°+cos65°+cosl75° = 0 (ii) sin 50° - sin 70° + sin 10° = 0

(iii) cos80°+cos40°-cos20° = 0 (iv) cos20° + cosl00° + cos 140° = 0
K K 1
(v) sin cos — = V 3 sm — (vi) cos sin —
18 9 9 12 12 4l
oww
(vii) sin 80° - cos70° = cos50° (viii) sin 51° + cos 81° = cos 21°
4. Prove that:
3k " 3k
(i) cos + a: - cos - X = -V2 sin a: [NCERT]
\ 4 4
e
re
K K
(ii) cos — + X + cos [NCERT]
FFrllo
— X = cos X
u
reF
5. Prove that:
e
(i) sin 65°+cos 65° = V2 cos 20° (ii) sin 47° + cos77° = cos 17°
ouru
osrF
6. Prove that:
ffor
(i) cos 3A + cos 5/4 + cos 7/1 + cos 15A = 4 cos 4A cos 5A cos 6A
k
(ii) cos A + cos 3A + cos 5A + cos 7A = 4 cos A cos 2A cos 4A
kso
A 3A
ooo
(iii) sin A + sin 2A + sin 4A + sin 5A =4 cos — cos — sin 3A

Yo
Y
2 2
BB
A 3A
(iv) sin 3A + sin 2A - sin A = 4 sin A cos — cos
2 2
r ree
Y
3
uu
(v) cos 20° cos 100° + cos 100° cos 140° - cos 140° cos 200° =
4
ad
doo
X 7x 3x llx
(vi) sin — sin — + sin — sin = sin 2a: sin 5x.
Y
2 2 2 2
nidn
X 9x 7a:
(vii) cos X cos —cos 3a: cos — = sin 4a: sin [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Re
2 2 2
F
Fi
7. Prove that:
sin A + sin 3A sin 9A - sin 7 A

(i) = cot A (ii) = cot 8A
cos A - cos 3A cos 7 A - cos 9 A
sin A - sin B A-B sin A + sin B A + B A-B

(iii) = tan (iv) tan cot
cos A + cos B 2 sin A - sin B 2 J 2 J
cos A + cos B fA + B'] fA-B)
(V) = cot cot
cos B -cos A 2 J { 2
BASED ON LOTS
8. Prove that:
sin A + sin 3A + sin 5A cos 3A + 2 cos 5A + cos 7 A cos 5 A
(i) = tan 3A (ii)
cos A + cos 3A + cos 5A cos A + 2 cos 3A + cos 5A cos 3A
cos 4A + cos 3A + cos 2A

(iii) = cot 3A [NCERT]
sin 4A + sin + sin 2A
sin 5A cos 2A - sin 6A cos A

(iv) = tan A
sin A sin 2A - cos 2A cos 3A
sin IM sin /I + sin 7A sin 3A

(v) = tan 8A
cos llA sin + cos 7A sin 3A
sin 3A cos 4A - sin A cos 2A

(Vi) = tan 2A
sin 4A sin A + cos 6A cos A
sin A sin 2A + sin 3A sin 6A
ww
(vii) - tan 5A
sin A cos 2A -f sin 3A cos 6A
sin A + 2 sin 3A + sin 5A sin 3A

(viii)
Flo
sin 3A + 2 sin 5A + sin 7 A sin 5A
e
sin (0 + (j)) - 2 sin 0 + sin (0 - (t>)
(ix) = tan 0
ree
cos (0 + (fi) - 2 cos 0 + cos (0 - (J>)
FFr
sin 3A + sin 5A + sin 7A + sin 9A
(X) = tan 6A
uurr
cos 3A + cos 5A + cos 7 A + cos 9A
sin 5A - sin 7A + sin 8A - sin 4A orr

sfo
(xi) - cot 6A
cos 4A + cos 7 A - cos 5 A - cos 8 A
kks
9. Prove that:
Yo
oooo
a + p^ sm
. P + yV. Y + a
(i) sin a + sin P + sin y - sin (a + P + y) =4 sin sin
eB
I 2 ) 2 J \ 2
(ii) cos (A + B + C) + cos (A - S + C) + cos (A + B-C) + cos (-A + B + C) = 4cosAcosBcosC

urr
ad
BASED ON HOTS
YYo
10. If cos A + cos B = — and sin A + sin B =

i, prove that: tan M 2^J"2
+ BVi
dd
2
Re
inn
A + B
11.
If cosec A + sec A = cosec B + sec B, prove that: tan A tan B = cot
F
tan (A + B) _ ^ +1
12.
If sin 2A=X sin 2B, prove that:
tan(A-B) ~ X-1
13. Prove tliat:
cos (A + B + C) + cos (- A + B + C) + cos (A - B + C) + cos (A + B - C)

(i) = cot C
sin (A + B + C) + sin (- A + B + C) + sin (A - B + C) - sin (A + 6 - C)
(ii) sin (B -C) cos (A -D) + sin (C - A) cos(B -D) + sin (A -B) cos{C -D) = 0
14. If
cos (A - B) cos (C + D)
= 0, prove that tan A tan B tan C tan D = -1
cos (A + B) cos (C - D)
15. If cos (a + p) sin (y + 5) = cos (a - p) sin (y - 6), prove that cot a cot p cot y = cot 5
16.
If y sin (j) = a: sin (20 + (fi), prove that (a: + y) cot (0 + <|)) = (y - x) cot 0
17. If cos(A + B)sin(C-D) =cos(A -B) sin (C + D), prove that tan A tanB tanC + tan D = 0
8.18 MATHEMATICS-XI
2'k') 47t^
18. If ;c cos 9 = y cos 6 + =zcos 0 + — , prove that xy + yz+2x = 0.
3 J 3 )
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
m + n
19. Ifm sin 0 =Hsin (0 +2a), prove that tan (0 + a) cot a = m-n [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ANSWERS
1. (i) 2 sin 8a: cos 4a: (ii) 2 sin 2x cos 3a: (iii) 2 cos 10a: cos 2a:
f 71
(iv) - 2 sin 8x sin 4x (v) 2 COS - + X cos — - 3x
u U
ww
27T 4^^
18. Let X cos 0 = y cos 0 + = 2 cos 0+ = x
3) 3 J
Flo
.V
X ..
X 271^^ .V
X 4tc'
— = cos 0, — = cos 0 + — and — = cos 0+—
e
3) 3 )
ree
X
V z
X X X 27t 471^
Fr
= cos 0 + cos 9+ + cos 9+
rF
X y z 3 ) 3 )
uurr
(1 1 1 271^
^ — +—+- = cos 0 + -^ cos 0 + + cos 0+ for
X y z 3 ) 3) I
,1 1,1 = cos 0 + 2cos (0 + n) cos —3 = cos 0 - 2 x icos 0 =0
s
kks
X y 2 2
Yo
oooo
111,, xy+ yz+2X

= 0 => xy + yz+zx=0.
X y 2 xyz
eB
19. Wehave, m sin 0 =« sin (0 + 2a)

sin (0+ 2a) _ m
ur
sin 0 n
ad
YYo
sin (0+2a)+ sin 9 _?« + «

sin (0 + 2a)-sin 0 m-n
dd
2 sin (0+ a) cos a 777 + n tan (0+ a) m + n 772 + 77

=> tan (0 + a) cot a =
Re
in
2 sin a cos (0+ a) m-n tan a 70-77 m-n

F

sin70°+cos40°.
1. The value of is
cos70°+sin40°
2. If tan {A + B) =p, tan {A - B) = q, then the value of tan 2A in terms of p and q is

3. If 1 + cos2x+ cos4x + cos6x = cfcosxcos2xcos3x, then k =
4. The valueof sin50°-sin70®+sinl0°is
71 971 3tc Stt .
5. The value of 2cos — cos— + cos + cos is
13 13 13 13
ANSWERS
1. sf3 2. 3. 4 4. 0 5. 0
\-pq
question:
a -P
1. If (cos a + cos + (sin a + sin = Xcos^ , write the value of X.
2 J
2. Write the value of sin — sin —.

12 12
A + B^
3. If sin A + sin B = a and cos A + cos 6 = P, then write the value of tan
2
„ , . , . A-i- B A-B
4. If cos A = m cos B, then write the value of cot cot
2 2
w
1-4 sin 10®sin 70®
5. Write the value of the expression
2 sin 10®
Flo
K A-B
6. U A + B = — and cos A + cos B = 1, then find the value of cos
3 2
reeee
7. Write the value of sin — sin — sin —.
15 15 10
FFr
X + 1
8. If sin 2^1 = X sin 2B, then write the value of
X-1 for
ur
sin A + sin 3A
9. Write the value of
cos A + cos 3A
kkss
10. If cos {A + B) sin (C -D) = cos (A - B) sin (C + D), then write the value tan A tan B tan C.
Yo
oo
ANSWERS
eB
1 a 1 + m 1 1
1. 4 2. - 3. - 4. 5. 1 6. -5= 7. -
4 P 1 -m V3 8
r
ou
tan (A + 6)
ad
8. 9. tan 2A 10. - tan D

tan (A - B)
YY

ndd
Re

Fi
1. cos 40® + cos 80® + cos 160® + cos 240® =
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1/2 (d) -1/2

2. sin 163® cos 347 ° + sin 73® sin 167 ® =
(a) 0 (b) 1/2 (c)l (d) none of these

1 3 -)
3. If sin 2 0 + sin 2 <ji = — and cos 20 + cos 2 <j> = —, then cos^ (0 - cj)) =
2 '
(a) 3/8 (b) 5/8 (c) 3/4 (d) 5/4
4. The value of cos 52® + cos 68° + cos 172® is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3/2
5. The value of sin 78® - sin 66® - sin 42° + sin 6° is
(a) 1/2 (b) -1/2 (c) -1 (d) none of these
8.20 MATHEMATICS-XI
6. If sin a + sin p = fl and cos a - cos p = b, then tan -
I \
(a)--
^
(b)-^ a
(c) yja^ + b^ (d) none of these
1. cos 35° + cos 85° + cos 155° =

1
(a) 0 (b)
V3
(c) 4
V2
(d) cos 275°
8. The value of sin 50° - sin 70° + sin 10° is equal to

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 1/2 (d) 2
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
ww
9. sin 47° + sin 61° - sin 11° - sin 25°is equal to
(a) sin 36° (b) cos 36° (c) sin 7 ° (d) cos 7°
Flo
A + B B-A
10. If cos A = m cos B, then cot cot
e
2 2
eree
m-1 m + 2 m + 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
FFr
m + 1 m-2 m-l
uurr
sin A - sin C
11. If A, B, C are in A.P., ‘hen
cos C - cos A
orr
sfo
(a) tan B (b) cot 6 (c) tan 2 B (d) none of these
kks
Yoo
12. If sin (B + C - A), sin (C + A - B), sin (A + B - C) are in A.P., then cot A, cot B, cot C are in
oooo
(a) GP (b) HP (c) AP (d) none of these

eBB
13. If sin X + sin y = VS (cos y - cos x), then sin 3x + sin 3y =

(a) 2 sin 3x (b) 0 (c)l (d) none of these
urr
14. The value of sin — + sin - + sin — + sin — is given by

ad
13 9 -
9 —
18 & ^
YYo
, . . 7n . 471 ... , / , 7X 3n , j. 71 .71

(a) sm — + sin— (b) 1 (c) cos—+ cos— (d) cos—+ sm —
18 9 6 7 ' ' 9 9
dd
Re
inn
ANSWERS
F
l.(d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b)

9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (a)
SUMMARY
1. (i) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A - B) (ii) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) - sin (A - B)
(iii) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A - B) (iv) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A - B) - cos (A + B)
C-D C-D C+D
2. (i) sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos (ii) sin C - sin D = 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
C+D . C-D
(iii) cos C + cosD = 2 cos ^ cos —2
C-D
(iv) cos C - cos D = - 2 sin sm
2 2 2
CHAPTER Q
VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS AT MULTIPLES
AND SUBMULTIPLES OF AN ANGLE
ww
9.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we will introduce the formulae expressing the values of trigonometric functions
at multiples of x i.e. 2x, 3x, 4x...etc in terms of the values at x. We shall also develop formulae
Flo
expressing the values of trigonometric functions at x in terms of the values at sub multiples of x
e
X X X
eree
I.e. — ...etc.
2' 3' 4
FFr
9.2 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT 2.V IN TERMS OF VALUES AT .v
uurr
THEOREM 1
orr
For the values of angle xfor which the two sides are meaningful prove that:
sfo
(i) sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x (ii) cos 2x = cos^x-sinÂ:
(iii) cos 2x = 2 cos^ x -1 or, 1 + cos 2x = 2 cos^ x
kks
Yoo
oooo
(iv) cos2x =1 - 2 sin X or, 1 - cos 2x = 2 sin x

eBB
2 tan X 2 tan X 1 ~ tan^x

(v) tan 2x = (vi) sin 2x = (vii) cos 2x =
1 - tan ^ X 1 + tan^x 1 + tan^x
urr
PROOF (i) We know that: sin (x + y) = sin x cos \j + cos x sin y

ad
sin 2x = sin x cos x + cos x sin x [Replacing y byx]

YYo
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

dd
(ii) We know that: cos (x + y) = cos x cos y - sin x sin y

Re
inn
cos 2x = cos X cos X - sin x sin x [Replacing y by x]

cos 2x = cos^x-sin^x
F
(iii) We know that:

9 9 9 9 9
cos 2x = cos X - sin x ^ cos 2x = cos x - (1 - cos x) cos 2x = 2 cos x -1
Again, cos 2x = 2cos^x-l ^ 1 + cos 2x = 2cos^x

(iv) We know that:
cos 2x = cos^ X - sin ^ X => cos 2x = (1 - sin^.x) - sin^ x ^ cos 2x = l-2sin^x
Again, cos 2x =1-2 sin^ x => 1 - cos 2x = 2 sin^ x
tan X + tan y
(v) We know that: tan (x + y) =
1 - tan X tan y
tan X + tan x
tan 2x = [Replacing y by x]
1 - tan X tan x
9.2 MATHEMATICS-XI
2 tan X
tan lx =
1 - tanÂ:
(vi) We know that: sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
2sin X cosx 2 sin a: cos x 9 0
sin 2x = => sin 2x =
1^2 2
[v sin a: + cos a: =1]
1 Sin a: + COS x
2 sin X COS x
cos
2
X
71 'Dividing Numerator and ’
sin 2a: = , X ^ {2n + 1) — , n e Z.
sm X + cos
2
X 2 Denominator by cos a:
2
cos a:
2 sin a:
ww
2 tan a:
cos a:
sin 2a: =
sm
:_2
a:
^^ sin 2a: = 1 + tan ^ a:
cos x
2 2
COS X cos a:
2 2
(vii) We know that; cos 2a: = cos x - sin x
Flo
e
2 2 ._2
cos A:-sm a: cos A:-sm a: ry fy
eree
cos2x -
2 :-2 [Replacing 1 by cos x + sin x]
1 cos X + sm X
FFr
cos^ X - sm
● 2
X
uurr
2
'Dividing Numerator and '
cos 2x =
2
cos
● 2
X
, X
7t
{2n + 1) - , « € Z.
2 ' orr Denominator by cos^ x
sfo
cos X + sm X
2
cos X
kks
Yoo
2 .●..2
oooo
cos X sm X
2 2 1 -tan^x
cos 2x =
cos 2 X c^^ ^ cos 2x =
eBB
cos X sm X 1 + tan^x
+
2 2
COS X cos X
urr
REMARK /«t/ic above formulae it should be noted that the angle on the RHS is halfof the angle on LHS.
ad
■K
YYo
2 tan
. 2ti n 2n 2^ ■ 2'^ ^
sm = 2 sm — cos —, cos — = cos sm —, tan — = — etc.
3 3 3 3 3' 3■ ^‘ 1 - tan 2
dd
6
Re
inn
9.2.1 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT x IN TERMS

OF THE VALUES AT ^
F
The relations in section 9.2 are true for all values of the variable x for which the two sides are
meaningful. Replacing x by x/2 in the above relations, we obtain the following relations:
X X 2 X . 2 X
(i) sin X = 2 sin — cos — (ii) cos X = cos — sm -
2 2 2 2
2 2 ^
(iii) cos X =2 cos -1 or. 1 + COSX = 2 cos
2 2
2 2 ^
(iv) cos X = 1 - 2 sin or. 1 - cosx = 2 sin
2 2
2 ^
2tan - 2 tan ^ 1 - tan
2 2 2
(v) tan X = (vi) sin X = (vii) cos X =
2 ^ 2 ^ 2 ^
1 - tan 1 + tan 1 + tan
2 2 2
VALUES OFTRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT MULTIPLES AND SUBMULTIPLES 9.3
9.2.2 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT - IN TERMS OF cos .t

2
We have.
-1 2 2 ^ 1 a; 1 + cos X
cos x = l cos — 1 => 2 cos - = 1 + cos X => cos — = +
2 2 2 2
The sign on the right hand side depends upon the quadrant in which angle - lies.
Also,
1 ■ 1 X ^ . 2 .X ^ ^
X 1 - cos X
cos X = 1 - 2 sin — ^ 2 sin — = 1 - cos x => sin — +
ww
2 2 2 2
The sign on the right hand side depends upon the quadrant in which angle — lies.
2
IT^
Flo
X cos X
sin -
e
Now,
X
tan — 2 _ ± V 2 +
1 - cos X
eree
2
■y 1 + cos X
X 1 + cos X
cos -
2 V 2
FFr
uurr
The sign on right hand side depends upon the quadrant in .vhich angle — lies.
2
orr
sfo 71
REMARK These relations are very useful to find the trigonometric ratios of the angles — etc.
kks
Yoo
oooo
BASIC
eBB
Type I ON FINDING THE VALUES OF sin 2.v, cos 2.v, Ian 2x ETC WHEN VALUES OF sin x OR cos x OR
tan X ARE GIVEN
urr
3 71
EXAMPLE 1 If sin x = —, where 0 <x <-,find the values of sin 2x, cos 2x, tan lx and sin 4x.
ad
5 '
YYo
2
3 71
SOLUTION We have, sin x = where 0 <x <—.
dd
5 2
Re
inn
COS
2
X = 1 - sin
9
X ^ cos x = + -sin
“2“ T
X =, 1
9 =—
4 cc«x > 0 for 0 < X < —
71
V 25 5 2
F
sin X 3
tan X =
cos X 4
Thus, we obtain
3 4 24
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x = 2 x — x — cos 2x =1-2 sin^ x = 1 - 2 x - z_
5 5 25' 5J "25
3 6
2x -
2 tan X 4 4 24 3
tan 2x = tan X =
1 - tan ^ X 9 7 4
1 -
1 -
16
4;
24 7 336 24 7
and, sin 4x = 2 sin 2x cos 2x = 2 x — x — sin 2x = — and cos 2x = —
25 25 625 25 25
1
EXAMPLE 2 //tana = — , sin p = Prove that a + 2p - —, where 0 < a < — and 0 < P < —.
7' Vio 4' 2 2
9.4 MATHEMATICS-XI
SOLUTION In order to prove that a + 2p = -,itissufficienttoprove

4' thattan(a + 2p) = tan 4
=1.
1 7t
We have, sin P = , where 0 <p < —.
VTo 2
1
3 sinp _ _ 1.
cos
P = Jl-sin^P = 10 ^/Io
and, tan p =
cos P 3 3
^/I6
In order to find the value of tan (a + 2P), we require the values of tan a and tan 2p. The value
of tan a is given. So, let us find tan 2p.
ww
2x1 1
2 tan p 3 _ 3. 2x9 _ 3
Now, tan 2p = =i> tan 2p =
1 - tan ^ P 1-1 8 3x8 “ 4
9 9
Flo 17 and tan 2P = 14
e
Thus, we have tan a =
ree
Fr
1 3
rF
— + —
tan a + tan 2p 7 4 _ 4 + 21 n
tan (a + 2P) = = 1 => a + 2p = -
uurr
3
1 - tan a tan 2p _1 ^ — 28-3
for 4
7 4
Type II ON PROVING RESULTS AND IDENTITIES BASED UPON THE FOLLOWING FORMULAE:
s
kks
sin 2.V = 2 sin .Y cos .V, 1 - cos 2.y = 2 cos“ .v, 1 - cos 2.y =2 sin“.v
Yo
oooo
2 -V
sin .V = 2 sin — cos — , 1 -r- cos .y = 2 cos^ — /1 - cos .v = 2 sin
2 2 2 2
eB

sin 2x sin 2x
(ii)
ur
(i) tan X = cot X

1 + cos 2x 1 - cos 2x
ad
YYo
1 + sin 2a: + cos 2x 1 + sin X - cos X x

(iii) = cot X (iv) = tan -
1 + sin 2y - cos 2x 1 + sin X + cos X 2
dd
cos 2x n Y^
Re
n COS Y
(v) = tan —Y (Vi) = tan
in
1 + sin 2x 1 + sin Y 4 2)
F
SOLUTION (i) We have, sin2Y = 2sin y cosy and 1 + cos2y = 2cos y.

sin 2y 2 sin Y cos Y
LHS = tan Y = RHS
1 + COS 2y 2 cos^ Y
sin 2y 2 sin Y COS Y
(ii) LHS = = cot Y = RHS
1 - COS 2y 2 sin^ Y
1 + sin 2y + COS 2y (1 + cos 2y) + sin 2y
(ui) LHS =
1 + sin 2y - cos 2y (1 - COS 2y) + sin 2y
2 cos^ Y + 2 sin Y cos x 2 cos Y (cos Y + sin y) cos x = cot Y = RHS
2 sin ^ Y + 2 sin Y cos y 2 sin Y (cos Y + sin y) sin Y
1 + sin Y - cos Y (1 - cos y) + sin y

(iv) LHS =
1 + sin Y + cos Y (1 + cos y) + sin Y
VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT MULTIPLES AND SUBMULTIPLES 9.5
■ 2 X . . X X f X a:^
2 sin + 2 sin — cos - 2 sin - - sin - + cos —
2 2 2 2 2) = tan
X
= RHS
2 X X X 0 X 2
2 cos - + 2 sin - cos - 2 cos sin - + cos -
2 2 2 2l 2 2)
K
sm -2x
cos 2a: u K
(v) LHS = cos a: = sm — X , sm a: = cos — X
1 + sin 2a: n
u u
1 + cos -2a:
U
K
2 sin —X cos — X
U U . X
cos— and 1 + cosa: = 2cos^ —
ww
sm a: = 2 sm —
■A cos 2
2 --.r ')
2 2 2
U
7T
= tan —X = RHS
Flo
e
. fn K X n
eree
sm - -X 2 sin cos
(vi) LHS =
cos X
4 ~ 2] 4 2
= tan
' n X
- =RHS
FFr
1 + sin X fn 2 ^ ^ U 2J
1 + cos X 2 cos
U 4 2
uurr
EXAMPLE 4 Sbozu that: ^2 + ^2 + ,yj2 + 2 cos 8x = 2 cos x, 0 < x < ^ orr
sfo
SOLUTION LHS = .^2 + ^2 + ^2 (1 + cos sj
kks
Yoo
oooo
2 + ,2 + yj2 (2 cos^ 4x) 1 + cos 8x = 2 cos^ — = 2 cos^ 4x

2
eBB
= V2 + cos
^ 4x) = yj2 + yj2 + 2 cos 4x = ^2 + + cos 4x)
urr
^2 + ^2 {2 cos^ 2x) [●-● 1 + cos 4x = 2 cos^ 2x]

ad
YYo
=
cos
2x = ^2 (1 + cos 2x) = ^2 (2 cos^x) = 2 cos X = RHS
dd
EXAMPLE 5 Proue that: cos 4x = 1 - 8 sin^ x cos^ x.

Re
[NCERT]
inn
SOLUTION LHS = cos 4x = cos 2 (2x) =1-2 sin^ 2x = 1-2 (sin 2x)^ =1 - 2 (2 sin x cos x)^
F
= 1-8 sin^ X cos^ x = RHS
EXAMPLE 6 Prove that: (cos x + cos y)^ + (sin x - sin y)^ =4 cos
I 2
SOLUTION LHS = (cos x + cos y)^ + (sin x - sin y)^
0 0 0 0
= (cos X + cos y + 2 cos x cos y) + (sin"^ x + sin^ y ~2 sin x sin y)
= (cos^ X + sin^ y) + (cos^x + sin^ y) + 2 (cos x cos y - sin x sin y)
= 1 +1 + 2 cos (x + y) =
2+2 cos (x + y) = 211 + cos {x + y)|
1 x +y 2 a:
= 2x2 cos = 4 cos = RHS. *.● 1 + cos X = 2 cos
I 2 2 ) 2
9.6 MATHEMATICS'XI
sec 8:j: -1 tan 8;c

EXAMPLE? Prove that: [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
sec 4.V -1 tan 2x
1
-1
sec Sx-l cos 8a: 1 - cos Sx cos 4x
SOLUTION LHS =
sec 4a: -1 1 cos 8x 1 - cos 4x
-1
cos 4a:
2 sin^4A: cos 4a: 0 2

^ 5— ●.* 1 - cos 8a: = 2 sin 4a: and, 1 - cos 4a: = 2 sin 2x
cos 8a: 2 sin 2x
f 2 sin 2a: cos 2a:

\,
ww
2 sin 4a: cos 4x
(2 sin 4a: cos 4a:) ^ sin 4.Y
X
cos 8x 2 sin^ 2x cos Sx

/ V
2 sin^ 2a:
cos 2y \ f sin 8y > / cos 2y
'sin 2(4.t)'j^^ X
tan 8y
= tan8YCOt2x= — = RHS
Flo
cos 8y sin 2y cos 8y sin 2x tan 2y
y V
e
eree
71 \r 37iAr 5tcV 7n\ 1
EXAMPLE 8 Prove that: 1 + cos — 1 + COS 1 + COS — 1 + cos
8 / V 8 / V 8 J 8 8
FFr
SOLUTION We observe that [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
uurr
7k 5 71 3ti' 3tc
orr
K K
cos — COS 71 — = - COS — and, cos — = cos n- -COS
8 8 8 8 8 J 8
sfo
(■ n \ f 3tcV 5kV , 7n\
LHS = 1 + cos 1 + cos 1 + cos— 1 + cos—
kks
Yoo
8y \ 8 / \ 8 8
oooo
\ /
K 3n K
1 + cos — 1 + cos 1 - cos 1 - cos —
8/ 8 8 J\ 8
eBB
\ J \
K K 371^^ 3ti
1 + cos — 1 - cos 1 + cos 1 - cos
8 y V 8 8 y V 8
urr
2
\r 2 3ti' ■ 2 7C . 2 3ti
ad
1 - cos 1 - COS sin — sin —

YYo
8 y \ 8 J 8 8
\ /
\ /
37t'
1 f 2 sin^ 3k\ 1 n
2 sin
2
1 - cos — 1 - cos [v 2 sin^ Y =1-cos2y]
dd
4l 8/ V. 8 4 4J ^ 4 J
Re
inn
1 V
Ifl-l
1 1 1
1 + = RHS
^ V2 4l 2
F
4 U / \ V2 8

4 3k 4 Stt 4 7t: _ 3 ,... . 4 7t . ± 3k . 4 5ti . 4 7k 3
(l) COS — + cos + cos + cos (ii) Sin — + sm
— — + sm —+ sm — = —
8 8 8 ~S~2 8 8 8 8 2
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION (i) We know that: cos (tc-y) =-cos y and ^8

7k 3ti
K -
8 8 8
7tc 7t 5ti 371 47k 4 ^ , 4 5tc 4 37t
cos — - - cos — and cos — = - cos => cos — = cos and COS — = cos —
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
47ti 4 7C 4 3tI 4 37T
LHS = cos'^ — + cos 4 3tc 5ti 4 71
Now,
4
+ cos — + cos cos — + cos — + cos + cos
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
= 2 cos^ - + 2 cos 4 3ti = 2l cos

2 ^ >2
+ cos
2 3ti: ^
8 8 8 8
2
K
1 + COS - 1 + cos
1 + cos 2x
= 2 i + 4
= cos
2
X
2 2 2
2
1 + cos —
K
+ 1 + cos
371^^1 2 1 +
1
+
^
1-
1 f
4 I 4j 4 j 4 [I, 71, 72J ■
1 1
+
/
1 -
1 f 1 W
l + ~ + ^'] + (l + -—j2 3
- = RHS
2 I 72 TiJ 2II 2 2 2
(ii) We know that sin (ti-j:) = sin a:

. 4 7n ..if 71 7t ● 4 5Jt 3ti' . 4 3n
looww
:_4 ●4
sin sm sm and, sin sin K — sm
8 SJ 8 8 8 8
. 4 3t: . 4 Stt . a 7n . 4 7C .4 3ti . 4 3ti . 4 7t

Now, LHS = sin^ — + sm
— — + sm — + sm — sm — + sm —
— + sm — + sm -
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
f \2
_ I . 4 7t . 4 3tt =_.2 7C . 2 3ti
ree
- 2 < sm — + sm — = 2 \ sm + sm
8 8 8
reeF
1 - cos —
TZ
2
1 - cos
3tc1 ^
-
r FF
1 - cos 2a: :_2
= 2 i 4
2 2
fofroF 2
= sm X
u
ks
2 n f f1 3tc
n2
kos o
— 1 - cos — + - cos
YYouor
4 4^ 4 j
BBoo
1 1 f 1 f 1 ri,i_v2Vfi.i+v2 3
r ee
1 - + 1 + - = RHS
2 ^ V2 72 2ll 22 y V 2
ad
4 tan x(l -tan^ x)

ouur
EXAMPLE 10 Prove that: tan 4x = [NCERT]

Yo
1 -6 tan^ x+ tan"^ x
2 tan 2x
d
Re
SOLUTION LHS = tan 4x = tan 2 (2x) =

1 -tan^ 2x
inY
FFind
2 tan X
2
1 - tan ^ X 4 tan X (1 - tan^ x) 4 tan X (1 - tan^ x) = RHS
2 tan X (1 -tan^ x)^ -4 tan^ x 1-6 tan^x + tan'^x
1-
1 - tan ^ X

2ti'\ if X 2k'' 3 2 2 K 2 71 3
(i) cos^x + cos^ X + — + cos = — (ii) cos'^ X + cos"^ X + — + cos X
3 J 3J 2 3) 3J 2
271^ 2ti:^
SOLUTION (i) LHS = COS^ x + cos^
2
X + — + cos X
3 J 3 )
9.8 MATHEMATICS-XI
2n 2n
-<2 cos^ a: + 2 cos^ a: + — + 2 cos^ X
2 3J 3;j
1 , .. L 2ti 2n
— 1 + cos 2a: + O + cos 2 a’ + — + < 1 + cos 2 X
2 3; 3 J
1 1
— 1 + cos 2a + 1 + cos
1 2a + —
4n'l +11 + cos n
2a
2 3) 3 J
1 1 f 47C>
- 3 + cos 2a + < cos 2a + — + cos 2a
2 3 J 3J
1 4ti
— 3 + cos 2a + 2 cos 2a cos — [●-● cos (a + y) + cos (a -y) = 2 cos a cos y]
2 3
w
if f n 1 3
— 3 + cos 2a + 2 (cos 2a) - = — (3 + cos 2a - cos 2a) = — = RHS
2 2J 2 2
Flo
n
(ii) LHS = cos^ A + cos^ a + — + cos 2 a-
3) 3)
ee
- 12 cosÂ + 2 cos^ { A + —
n
+ 2 cos^ A
n
Fr
2 3J 3J
1 2n 2n
(1 + cos 2a) + 1 + cos 1 2a + — +1 + cos 2afor
ur
2 3 J 3 J
1 27t^ 2tc^
3 + cos 2a + cos 2a + — + cos 2a
ks
2 3J 3J
Yo
oo
1 2n
3 + cos 2a + 2 cos 2a cos — [●.● cos (a + y) + cos (a - y) = 2 cos a cos y]
2 3
eB
1 1 3
2
3 + cos 2a + 2 (cos 2a) x —
2
+ cos 2 a - cos 2a} = —2 = RHS
r
ou
ad

sin 5a - 2 sin 3a + sin a sin A - sin 3a
Y
= tanA INCERTJ (ii) INCERT]

(i)
cos 5a - cos A sm
●_2
A - cos
^—A = 2 sin A
nd
Re
tan 5a + tan 3a
(iii) = 4 cos 2 A cos 4 a
tan 5a - tan 3a
Fi
(iv) sin 2a + 2 sin 4a + sin 6a = 4 cos^ a sin 4a [NCERT]
sin 5a - 2 sin 3a + sin a (sin 5a + sin a) - 2 sin 3a

SOLUTION (i) LHS =
cos 5a - cos A cos 5 a - cos A
f5A+A'l /'5a-a'\
2 sin cos - 2 sin 3a
2 2 2 sin 3a cos 2a - 2 sin 3a
r5A + A^ fSx-x^ - 2 sin 3a sin 2a
- 2 sin sin
2 ; 2 J
2 sin 3a (1 - cos 2a) 1 - cos 2a 2 sin^ A

= tan A = RHS
- 2 sin 3a sin 2a sin 2a 2 sin cos a
(ii) We have.
^2 sin
. (x-3x^ r.t+ 3;c'i
cos
sin Y “ sin 3y 2 J 2 ; 2 sin (- y) cos 2y - 2 sin a: cos 2.y

LHS =
sin ^ Y - cos^ Y -(cos^ Y-sin^ x) - cos 2y - cos 2y
= 2 sin Y = RHS
(iii) We have,
sinSY sin 3y
+
cosSy cos3y sin5Y cos3Y + cos5Ysin 3y sin (5y + 3y)
L.H.S =
tan 5y + tan 3y _
tan 5y - tan 3y ~ sinSY sin 3y sinSY cos3Y-cos5Ysin 3y sin (5y-3y)
cosSy cos 3y
sin 8y 2sin4.vcos4Y 2x(2sin2Ycos2Y) cos4y = 4 cos 2 y cos 4 y = RHS
w
sin 2y sin2Y sin 2y
(iv) LHS = sin 2y + 2 sin 4y + sin 6x = (sin 6x + sin 2y) + 2 sin 4y

C 6y + 2y 6y-2y^
Flo
- 2 sin cos + 2 sin 4y = 2 sin 4y cos 2y + 2 sin 4y
2 2
eeee
= 2 sin 4y (cos 2y +1) = 2 sin 4y x 2 cos y = 4 cos y sin 4y = RHS
Fr
EXAMPLE13 Show that2 sin^ p + 4cos (a + p) sin a sin p + cos2 (a + p) = cos 2a
for INCCKT EXEMPLAR]
ur
SOLUTION LHS = 2sin^ p+ 4cos (a + P) sin asin p + cos 2 (a + P)
= 2sin^p + 2cos(a + p) (2sin asinp) + cos 2 (a + P)
ks
Yo
= 2sin^ p+ 2cos (a + p) {cos (a -p)-cos (a + p)} + cos 2 (a + P)

oo
= 2sin^P+2cos(a + p) cos (a-p)-2 cos^ (a + p) + cos 2 (a + p)

eB
= 2sin^p + 2(cosâ-sin^p)-2cos^(a + p) + 2cos^(a + p)-l

ur
= 2sin^p + 2 cos^ a - 2 sin^ p - 2 cos^ (a + P) + 2 cos^ (a + p) -1 = 2cos^ a -1

ad
Yo
= cos 2a = RHS
EXAMPLE 14 Show that: -Jz cosec 20° - sec 20° = 4. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION LHS = ^/3 cosec20°-sec20°
d
Re
in
V3 1 V3cos 20°-sin 20°

F
sin 20° cos 20° sin 20° cos 20°
2 fV32 cos 20° - i sin 20° ■

2 2 (sin 60° cos 20° - cos 60° sin 20°)
sin 20° cos 20° sin 20° cos 20°
4 sin 40° 4 sin 40°
2 sin (60° - 20°) _ 2 sin 40°
=4=RHS
sin 20° cos 20° sin 20° cos 20° 2 sin 20° cos 20° sin 40°
Type in ON FINDING THE VALUES OF sin*1 . cos ^ AND tan - WHEN VALUES OF sinx OR cosx OR
2 2
tanxARE GIVEN
Y Y
EXAMPLE 15 If 0 < Y < 2jt, find sin — , cos — , and tan —, v^rhen:
2 2 2
4
(i) tan Y = — , Y lies in quadrant II (ii) cos Y = - —, Y lies in quadrant III
3 3
9.10 MATHEMATICS-XI
(iii) sin a: = -
^ , X lies in quadrant IV.
SOLUTION (i) It is given that X lies in the second quadrant in which cos jc is negative.
1 1 3
cos x = -
■Jl + tan^ X 16
1+ —
,
5
Again x lies in the second quadrant.

7C X X
i.e. —<a:<7i=> — <— <— => — hes in first quadrant ^ sm — cos —2 and tan — are positive
2 4 2 2 2 2' 2
^-1
X , 1 + cos X X 1-3/5 1
cos - = ± => cos —
ww
2 2 2 2 V5
sm — = ±
. X 1 - cos X
^
. X
sm- =
1 - cos JC
1-T^^ 2
2 2 2 2 2 V5
Flo
1 - cos X 1 - cos AT II + 3/5
eind. tan- = ± => tan — = = 2
e
2 1 + cos AC 2 1 + cosx 1-3/5
ere
(ii) It is given that x lies in the third quadrant.
FFr
3tc 7c Af 3tc X X X X
i.e. 7i<a:<— =>—<—< —
2 2 2 4
—2 lies in End quadrant cos — < 0, sin - > 0 and tan — < 0
uurr
2 2 2
X '1 + cos X
orr
cos- =
sfo
2 V 2
1 + cos a: 1-1/3 1
kks
X X .
cos — V cos —IS - ve and cos ac = - -
Yo
2 2 V3
oooo
2 3
'1 - cos X
eBB
and, sin — = ±
2 2
if
. X 1 - COS X 1 + 1/3 ^ n j 1
urr
sm — = V sin — > 0 and cos x = —

2 2 2 2 3
ad
^ X sin x/2 [2
YYo
and. tan - = — = , — X -V3=-V2

2 cos x/2 V 3
dd
(iii) It is given that x lies in the fourth quadrant in which cos x is positive.
Re
inn
1 1 V3
sm X = - - => cos X sin^x=Jl--
2 4 2
F
Again, x lies in the fourth quadrant

JC JC JC
i.e. — <x<2;t=> --<-<ji=> - lies in End quadrant=> cos - < 0, sin - > 0 and tan - < 0
2 42 2 ^ 2 2 2
1 + cos X
cos — =±
2
X
cos —
1 + cosx (1+73/2 _ 72+V3 *.● cos — < 0 and cos x =
V3l
2 V 2 2 2 2
● X 1 - cos X
sm — = ±
2 2
sm —
. X
=
1 - cos X I1-V3/2 _V2-V3 sin — > 0 and cosx =
V3l
2 V 2 V 2 2 2 2
and. tan — = sin (x/2) _ -^2 - Vs -2 2-VS

2 cos (x/2) 2 1(2 + V3
3 3t:
/int/ the values o/ sin ~, cos ^
EXAMPLE 16 If tan x = - ,K<x < 2 ' — and tan —. [NCERTl
4 2
3 Stt
SOLUTION It is given that tan x = —
4
and, k<x < 2
1 1 4 371
cos a: = V 7c < X < ^ COS X is negative
9 5 2
1 + tan^ a: 1 +
16
. . 3tI 7C x 3tc « j ● n
Again, 7c<a:< — => — <—<—=> cos a: < 0 and sin x > 0
ww
* 2 2 2 4
4 4
1 - 1 +
1 - cos x
cos — =
X 1 + cos X
5_ _ 1 j
F==r and, sin — =
^ 5 ^ 3
2 2 2 VlO 2 2 2 VlO
Flo
e
X
sm
3/VIO
eree
X
tan — =
2 _ = -3
2
cos -
■ -1/Vio
FFr
2
uurr
Hence, cos —2 = —^, ^ and tan — = - 3
sm -2 = -p=-
X
VIO VIO 2
orr
sfo
7t 7t n
Type IV ON FINDING THE VALUES TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS FOR 24’16’ 8

kks
Yoo
oooo
1 + cos X X 1 - cos a: X 1 - cos X

Formulae: .cos — = +
, sin — = + , tan — = +
2 2 2 V 2 2 1 + cos X
eBB
EXAMPLE 17 Fmd the values of

7U 71 7C 7T
(i) cos (ii) sin — (iii) tan - [NCERT EXEMPLAR] (iv) sin — (v) cos —
urr
8 8 8 24 24
ad
1 + cos a: 7C
YYo
SOLUTION (i) We know that cos — = +

. Putting AT = —,
4
we get
2 V 2
1 + cos 7u/4 I+I/V2 (V2+I

dd
7t 7C .
cos — cos — is positive
^ 2V2
Re
8
inn
8 2 2
1 - cos X
F
n
(ii) We have, sin — = ± -. Putting
2 2
sm
7t
1 - cos 7T/4 _ I-I/V2 |V2-1 ●: sin — is positive
8 V 2 ~ ^ 2 V 2V2 8
X 1 - cos X n
(iii) We have, tan — = ± . Putting x= —, we get
2
■y 1 + cos X 4'
K 1 - cos 7c/ 4 I-I/V2 V2-I (V2-1)2 = V2-1

^^8 ^1 + cos7i/4 ^1+1/V2 ^V2+l ^(V2+1)(V2-1)
(iv) We obsi.rve that
K K 71 71 71 . 71 V3+I
cos cos COS — cos — + sm — sm — = r-
12 4 6 4 6 4 6 2V2
9.12 MATHEMATICS-XI
X 1 - cos X
Putting ;i:=—in sin—=± , we get
12 2 2
1 - COS
71 V3+1
1 -
TC 12 2V2 2V2-V3-1 4-V6-V2
sin —
24 i 2 1 2 4V2 8 2V2
X 1 + cos
(v) Putting X = — in cos — = ± , we get
12 2 2
71
1 + cos 7t r
cos
7t
12 cos — = cos 7 — is positive
24 2
24 V 2
ww
1 + Vs+1 ,
TC
2V2 I2V2 +Vs+i 4 + V6 + V2 V4+V^+V2
I
cos =
24 2 4V2 "V 8 2V2
Floo
e
(i) cot — = 72 + Vs + VI + V6 (ii) tan—=74 + 2V2-(V2+1)
eere
24 16
FFr
(iii) tanl42 —= 2 +V2-V3-V6
2
oorr
uur r
TC
s ff
SOLUTION (i) LHS = cot —
24
sk
YYoo
7C TC TC 2 TC TC
cos — 2 cos - — cos — 2 cos 1 + cos —
ooko
24 24 24 24 12
eBB
TC TC TC TC TC TC
sin 2 sin cos 2 sin - - cos — sin -
24 24 24 24 24 12
uurr
1 + cos
TC TC
Vs +1
1 +
ad
U 6 2V2 _ 2V2 + Vs +1 (2V2 + Vs +1) (Vs +1)

Yo
TC TC Vs-i Vs-i (Vs-1) (Vs+1)

sin
2V2
dY
4 6
Re
2V6 + 2V2 + s + Vs + Vs +1 2V6 + 2V2 + 2V3 + 4

nind
3-1 2
FFi
= V2+V3+2 + V6 = V2+V3+V4+V6 = RHS

TC TC TC 2 TC TC
sm — sin — 2 sin 2 sin 1 - cos
TC 16 16 16 16 8
(ii) LHS = tan — = X
16 TC TC TC TC TC TC
cos cos - 2 sin 2 sin - cos - - sm
16 16 16 16 16 8
TC
1 + cos
-Ttr:
71
— V2-JI + COS 4 X 1 + cosx '1 -cosx
V cos—= and sin — =
TC TC 2 2 2 2
1 - cos - 1 - cos -
4 4
V" 2
1 V2+I
V2-. 1 + V2-
V2 V2 V2Vf- 2+1
V2-1
_ V^--JV2+1 VV2+I _ V2Vf V^ + l --^(V2+1)2 X
^{V2+1)(V2-1)
72V2(V2+1) -(V2+I)
2-1
^4 + 2V2 -{V2 +1) = RHS
0^
oww
1° 1 5tc
(iii) LHS = tan 142 - = tan 180°-37- = tan 37- = - tan —
2 2 2 24
. 5tc 2 5n 5n n n
sin 2sin 1 - cos 1 - cos + -
24 24 12 4 6
e
5;: 5tc 5ti . Sk n Tt
2 sin
ree
cos- cos sm
rFl 24 24 24 12
sm - + -
4 6
Fre
^ V3-1
rr F
, n n . n . n
1- cos-cos — sm-sm-
4 6 4 6 2V2 2V2-V3+I
VI+ 1 VI + i
ouur
. 7C 71 Ti: . 71
sm — cos — + cos—sm —
sfoo
4 6 4 6 2V2
(2V2-V3+1) (VI-1) e(2V2-vi+i)(vi-i)
kks
(VI + 1) " -
Yo
oooo
VI-1 3-1
2V2(VI-1)-(VI-1)^' ’2V2(VI-l)-(3 + l-2VI)'

eBB
> = — <
2 2
uurr
|V2(VI-1) -{2-VI)| = 2 + V2-VI-V6 = RHS

ad
YYo

dd
sin 2" A
Re
EXAMPLE19 Prove that; COS A cos 2A cos 2^ A cos 2^ A ... cos 2” Â =

iinn
2“ sin A
F
SOLUTION LHS = cos A cos 2A cos 2^ A cos 2^ A... cos 2” ^ A

1
2 sin A
(2 sin A cos A) cos 2A cos 2^ A cos 2^ A... cos 2”" ^ A
1
sin 2A cos 2A cos 2^ A cos 2 ^ A... cos 2" Â
2 sin A
1
(2 sin 2A cos 2A) cos 2^ A cos 2^ A... cos 2«-1a
2^ sin A
1
sin 2 (2A) cos 2^ A cos 2^ A... cos 2 Â
n -
2^ sin A
1
(2 sin 2^ A cos 2^ A) cos 2^ A... cos 2
n-1
A
2^ sin A
9.14 MATHEMATICS-XI
1
sin (2 X 2^ A) cos 2^ A... cos 2” ^ A
2^ sin A
(
1
sin 2^ A cos 2^ ^ cos 2^ A... cos 2" ^ A
2^ sin A
1 1
sin 2
H-1
Acos2^-'â\ = 2 sin 2
n-1
A cos 2
n-1
A
2^1 -1 sin A 2” sin A
1 1
sin (2 X 2"“ ^ A) = = sin 2" A = RHS

2” sin A 2” sin A
NOTE The result proved in the above example may be used as a standard formula.
Type V PROBLEMS BASED ON THE FORMULA
sin 2" A
w
cos A cos 2A cos 2^ A cos 2^ A ... cos 2 >t -
Â =
2” sin A
Flo
EXAMPLE 20 Proê that: cos 20° cos 40° cos 60° cos 80° = —
16
e
1
rree
SOLUTION LHS = cos 20° cos 40° cos 60° cos 80° = (cos 20° cos 40° cos 80°)
2
r FF
1 f 2
— cos A cos 2A cos 2 A , where A =20°
2
uurr
for
1 f sin 2^ A 1 sin 8A
2^2^ sin A 2^ sin A

kss
ooook
- 1 sin 160° 1 sin (180° - 20°) sin 20° _ _ —

1
Yo
= RHS
2^ sin 20° 24 sin 20° ? sin 20° ~ ” 16
eB
Tl 2k 4k 1
EXAMPLE 21 Prove that: cos — cos cos
7 7 7
urr
n 2ti 4ti
SOLUTION LHS = cos-cos cos = cos A cos 2A cos 2 A, where A = —
ad
7 7 7 7
Yo
. 8tc . 7T 71
Sin 7t+ -
sin 2^ A sin — -- sm
dY
7 7 _ - = RHS
2^ sin A 71 7t K
Re
8 sin 8 sin
innd
sm
7 7 7
Fi
71
EXAMPLE 22 1/ 0 = , prove that: 2” cos 0 cos 20 cos 2^ 0... cos 2 0 = 1.
2" +1
K
SOLUTION We have, 0 = 2"0+0=7i=>2"0 = 7i:-0
2" + l
2“cos 0 cos 20 cos 2^0... cos 2” ^0 = 2”

sin2”0 sin 2” 0 sin (tu - 0)
= 1 [v 2"0 = 7t-0]
2"sin0 sin 0 sin 0
2tu
EXAMPLE 23 Prove that: cos — cos — cos
7T
1^=1
7 7 7 "8
7X 2k 3tt: 7C 2k r 47T
SOLUTION LHS = cos cos — cos cos —cos cos 71
7 7 7 7 7 7 J
K 2k 4k ( 1
- - cos — cos—cos — = -=RHS [See Example 21]
7 7 7 8 8
„ , 2ti 4tc 8;t 14ti 1

EXAMPLE 24 Prove that: cos — cos — cos — cos =—
15 15 15 15 16
2k An 8n n
SOLUTION LHS = COS — COS cos — cos n
15 15 15 15J
( cos —
2tc An 8;cV - n
15
cos —
15
cos —-
15 / \
cos —
15
[v cos (7C-0) =-COS 0]
n 2n An 8n
= - COS — cos — COS — cos —
15 15 15 15
= - cos A cos 2A cos 2^ A cos 2^ A, where ^ = —

15
. 16k K
ww
K
sm K +
sin 2^ A _ sin 16A
Sin sin — ,
15 _ 15
l^=i-=RHS
2^ sin A 2^ sin A 16 sin
K
16sin
K
16sin
K 16
15 15 15
Flo
„ , . K . 3k . 5k . 7k . 9k . 11k sm
. 13k 1
EXAMPLE 25 Prove that: sin — sm — sm — sm — sm — sm
e
14 14 14 14 14 14 14 64
eree
SOLUTION We know that A + B = n => sin A = sin (k - B) = sin B
FFr
K 13k 3k 11k 5k 9k
— + 7T, + K
14 14 14 14 14 14
uurr
sm —
K
= sm
. 13k
U'
sm
. 3k
14
sm
. 11k
—, sm —
. 5k
sm
orr
9k
14 14 14
sfo 14
, . K . 3k . 5k . 7k . 9k . 11k . 13k
Now, LHS = sm — sm — sm — sm — sm — sin sm
kks
Yoo
14 14 14 14 14 14 14
oooo
K . 3k . 5k . 7k . 3k . K
sm — sm sm — sm — sm sm —
14 14 14 14 14 14
eBB
K . 3k . 5k1^ . 7k K . 3k . 5k1 ^ .
sm — sm — sm — X sm sm — sm — sm — > x 1
14 14 14 14 14 14 14
urr
K K K 3k' K 6k 4k 2k12
ad
COS COS cos cos — cos — cos

YYo
2 14 2 14; 2 14 14 14 14,
K 2k 3k1" rif j_ [See Example 23]

dd
cos— cos— cos —

7 7 7 8; 64
Re
inn
I /■' K 5k . 7k
EXAMPLE 26 Find the value of sm — sm — sm —.
F
^ 18 18 18
n . 5n . 7n fn K ^K 5k K 7n'\
SOLUTION sm — sm — sm — = cos COS cos
18 18 18 U 18 U“l8J U 18
K . 8k K
sin 2?
K
X — sm — sm K sm -
cos —
4k
cos —
2k
cos —
K
li - 9 _ 9j 9 _ 1
9 9 9 K K K 8
2^ sm - 8 sin 8 sin 8 sin
9 9 9 9
„ . K 2k 3k 4k 5k 6k 7k 1
EXAMPLE 27 Prove that: cos — cos — cos — cos — cos — cos — cos — = —-
15 15 15 15 15 15 15 128
K 2k 3k 4k 5k 6k 7k
SOLUTION LHS = COS — COS COS COS — cos — cos — cos —
15 15 15 15 15 15 15
K 2k 4k 7k 3k 6k 5k
cos— cos— cos— cos cos cos cos—
15 15 15 15 15 15 15
9.16 MATHEMATICS-XI
1 TC 2k 4tt 7k ?>K 6k 5n K 1
cos — cos — cos — cos — cos — cos — cos — = cos — = —
2 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 3 2
1 71 2k 4k 8ti 3n 6k 7k Sk'] 8tc

cos — cos — cos — cos cos — cos ●.* cos = cos 71 - = -cos
2 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
. 2^ K sin
-2
2 X —
3ti . 1671 1 . 1271]
sm sin sin
1 15 X 15 ● X
15
2 3ti 2 71 371
2 sm — 2^ sin 16sin 4 sin
15 15 15 15 j
sm 71 +
71
sm 71
3ti'1 71 3n
ooww
-sm sm
1 1
ILL ● X
15; 15 . X
15
2 71 3ti 2 71 371
16sin 4 sin 16 sin 4 sin
15 15 15 15
1 1 1
— = RHS
2 ^ 16 "" 4 " 128
e
ree
EXAMPLE 28 Prove that: (1 + sec 2a:)(1 + sec 4x) (1 + sec 8x)...(l + sec2”x) = tan 2”x cot x,n sN.
rFl
Fre
SOLUTION LHS = (1 + sec 2a:) (1 + sec 4.t) (1 + sec 8a) ... (1 + sec 2”a)
rrF
_ (1 + cos 2a) (1 + cos 4a) (1 + cos 8a) ... (1 + cos 2”.r)
cos 2a cos 4a cos 8a ... cos 2” a
ouur
sffoo
(2 cos^ a) (2 cos^ 2a) (2 cos^ 2â) ... (2 cos^ 2” â)
cos 2a cos 2^ A cos 2^ a... cos 2”a
okks
2" cos A 2” cos A sin 2” A

Yo
cos A cos 2a cos 2^ A... cos 2” ^ x \ =

oo
Y
cos 2" A cos 2” A 2” sin A

BB
= tan 2” A cot A = RHS

rre
Type VI MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS BASED UPON FOLLOWING FORMULAE

ouu
sm 2a = 2 sin A cos A , cos 2.V - cos A-sin a, cos 2.r = 2 cos .y-1,
YY
ad
cos 2.Y = J - 2 sin^.Y , tan 2a =

2 tan A ^ 1 - tan^ A 2 tan A
, cos 2.V = , sin 2a =
1 -- lan^.Y 1 + tanÂ' 1 ^ tanÂ
dd
Re
iinn
EXAMPLE29 If tan'^X = 2 tau'^ ^ +1, pwvc that cos 2a + sin^ ({) = 0.

1 - tan ^ A
F
SOLUTION Using cos 2a - , we obtain

1 + tanÂ
1 -tan^ A l-(2tan^4)+l)
cos2A + sin (}) = + sin^(|) = + sin^(|)[v tanÂ = 2tan^ 4> + l]
1 + tanÂ 1 + (2 tan^ ^+1)
- 2 tan ^ (j) - tan^ ({) 2 9 2
+ sin 4* = + sin (j) = -sin (}>+sin (})=0
2 + 2 tan^ 4> sec^ 4>
1 + cos 4a 1 sm 4a
^ cos 5a + cos 4a
(i) - (ii) = - cos 2a - cos A
cot A - tan A 2 1-2 cos 3a
cos7a-cos 8a
(iii) = cos 2a - cos 3a
1 + 2 cos 5a

1 + cos 4x 2 cos^ 2x X cos a: sin a: 2 cos^ 2a: X 2 sin a: cos x
LHS =
2 :-2 2 cos 2a:
cot X - tan X cos X - sm X
= cos 2a: sin 2a: = -2 (2 sin 2a: cos 2a:) = ^2 sin 4a: = RHS
(ii) We have,
cos 5a: + cos 4a: sin 3a: (cos 5a: + cos 4x)
LHS = [Multiplying and dividing by sin 3a:]
1 - 2 cos 3a: sin 3a: (1 - 2 cos 3a:)
H
3x 3x 9x
2 sin cos 2 cos — cos . . 3x 3x 9x X
4 sm — cos — cos — cos —
ww
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
sin 3a: - 2 sin 3a: cos 3a: sin 3a: - sin 6a:
. . 3a: 3a: 9x x ^ . 3a: 3a: 9x x

4sm—cos—cos—cos- 4 sm — cos — cos — cos —
Flo
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3jc>
(- 2 J
f3x-6x\ f3x + 6a: 9x
e
2 sin 2 sin — cos —
2
cos
ere
2 \
2
FFr
3x 3x 9x X
4 sin cos cos — cos —
2 2 2 2 _ 3a:
2 cos cos — = - (cos 2x + cos x) = RHS
uurr
« . 3a: 9x 2 2
- 2 sm — cos —
2 2 orr
sfo
(iii) We have.
kks
cos 7 a:-cos 8x
LHS =
Yo
oooo
1 + 2 cos 5a:
5a:
eBB
2 sin — (cos 7x - cos 8a:) 5a:1

2
5a:
Multiplying numerator and denominator by 2 sin —
2 sin — (1 + 2 cos 5a:)
urr
2
ad
5x 5x 5x 5x
YYo
2 sin — cos 7a:-2 sin cos 8a: 2sin—cos7A:-2sin—cos8a:

2 2 2 2
5a: 5jc 5a: 5a:
2 sin — + 4 sin — cos 5a: 2< sin —+ 2sin^cos5A:
dd
2 2 1 2 2
Re
inn
r . 19a: . 9a:^ f sm
. 21x -sm
. 11a:^
F
sm -sm —
2 2J 2 2
]
5x . 15x . 5x
2 sin — + sin sm —
2 2 2
r . 19a:
+ sm
. llAC^ f sm
. —
9x + sm
. 21x^
sm
2 2 ; 2 2
15x
2 sin
2
ri9:c 11a:
\
fl9x Ha:"!
/
9x 21a: >
/
9x 21x>i
— +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 sin 2 cos -2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
15a:
2 sin
2
9.18 MATHEMATICS-Xi
15x 15x
2 sin cos 2a: - 2 sin — cos (- 3x)
2
= cos 2x - cos 3a: = RHS
15a:
2 sin
2
EXAMPLE 31 7/tan a = —, where a = 6p, a being an acute angle, prove that:
— I p cosec 2^-q sec 2p|=t/p

1 2 2
+ ^ ●
P
SOLUTION We have, tan a - —. Therefore, sin a = and, cos a =
*7
ww
Now,
1 p
LHS “ 2 j ^ cosec 2^ - q sec 2p |-= == cosec 2p - ^ sec 2B ●
FF loo
^jp^ + q
2 . -2
ree
1 sin a cos a
2
sin a cosec 2p - cos a sec 2p
2 sin 2p cos 2p
rFee
^|p^ +
F sin (g - 2p) |
sin g cos 2p - cos a sin 2p oor r
rur
2 sin 2p cos 2P 2 sin 2p cos 2p
s ff
sin (6p - 2P)
■ = ^p^ = RHS. [v a=6p]
k
■
sin 4p
YYoou
ookos
EXAMPLE 32 Prove that: tan a + 2 tan 2a + 4 tan 4a + 8 cot 8a = cot a

BBo
SOLUTION We find that

re
cot X - tan X -
1
- tan X =
1 - tan^ X _ [l-tanÂ: ^
ouur
= z < — = 2cot 2x...{i)

ad
tan X tan X 2 tan X tan 2x

Yo
LHS = tan a + 2 tan 2a + 4 tan 4a + 8 cot 8a

dY
Re
= cot a - cot a + tan a + 2 tan 2a + 4 tan 4a + 8cot 8a

idn
= cot a - {cot a - tan a - 2 tan 2a - 4 tan 4a -8 cotSa}

FFin
= cot a - {(cota-tan a) - 2 tan 2a -4 tan 4a-8cot8a}

= cot a -{2cot2a -2 tan 2a-4tan 4a-8cot8a}
= cot a-{2 (cot 2a - tan 2a) -4 tan 4a-8 cot 8a} [Using (i)]
= cot a - {2 X 2 cot 2(2a) -4 tan 4a-Scot 8a} [Using (i)]
= cot a - {4 (cot 4a - tan 4a) - 8 cot 8a} [Using (i)]
= cota-{4x2cot2(4a)-8cot8a}= cot a-(8 cot 8a - 8 cot 8a) = cot a = RHS
tan a + tan y sin 2a + sin 2y
EXAMPLE 33 If tan p = prove that sin 2p =
1 + tan a tan y ^ 1 + sin 2a sin 2y
tan a + tan y
SOLUTION It is given that tan p =
1 + tan a tan y
9.19
VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT MULTIPLES AND SUBMULTIPLES
Sin a sin y
cos a cos y sin a cos y + cos a sin y sin (a + y)

tanp =
1 +
sin a
X
sin y cos a cos y + sin a sin y cos (a - y)
cos a cos y
2 sin (a + y)
2 tan P cos (a - y)
sin 2p = [Using (i)]
1 + tan^ P 1 +
cos (a-y)
2 sin (a + y) cos (a - y) 2 (sin 2a + sin 2y)
oww
cos^ (ct - y) + sin^ (ct + y) 2 cos^ (a -y) + 2 sin^ (a + y)
2 (sin 2a + sin 2y) 2(sin2a + sin 2y)
1 + cos (2a - 2y) +1 - cos (2a + 2y) 2 + cos (2a - 2y) - cos (2a + 2y)
2 (sin 2a + sin 2y) sin 2a + sin 2y
e
FFrlo
re
2 + 2 sin 2a sin 2y 1 + sin 2a sin 2y
2 2
ree
EXAMPLE34 If sm{Q +a) = aands'm{Q+^)=b,prove that cos2{(x-^)-Aab cos{a-^)=l-2a -2h .
F
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
rF
SOLUTION VVehave, sin(0+a) =fland sin (6 + P)
(0 + a) = ^l-sin^(8 + a) = fsoor and,cos(0 + P) = -^/l-sin^ (0 + P) =

ouur
cos
skf
Now,
ooko
cos (a -p) = cos {(0 + a) -(0 + p)) = cos (0+ a) cos (0 + P) + sin (0 + a) sin (0 + P)
Yo
Y
= Vl-a^ Vl +ab =ab + Vl

Bo
reB
cos 2(a-p)-4flb cos(a-p) = 2 cos^(a-p)-l-4rtiJCOs(a-p)
2 |nb + Vl-(P'-b'^ +a^b^ I -1-4fli> jflfc + -b^ + ah^

uur
oY
ad
2|flV + 2flWl-fl^ -b^ + ah'^ +1-0^ -b^ + l-4flV -iab ■^1-a^-b'^ + ah

dY
= 2-2a^ -2b^-l=l-2a^-2b^.
innd
Re
3
( 3 7C 3 sin a + sin a
EXAMPLE 35 //tan “ + — = — H— , prove that sin x =

Fi
F
4 2J ^ 1 + 3 sin^ a
SOLUTION We have.
It X1 s n a
tan — + — = tan
4 2 4 2
3 3
X a X a a
1 + tan - 1 + tan cos - + sm COS — + sin
2 2 _ 2 2
2 = J 2
a
a X X a
1-tan- 1 - tan cos ■ sm cos sin -
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
2 2
X X a a
cos — + sm — cos - - + sm
2 2 2 2
X X a a
[On squaring both sides]
cos — sm - cos - sm -
o 2 2 2
9.20 MATHEMATICS-XI
3
X a a
1 + 2 sin - cos 1 + 2 sin -- cos — . \3
2 2 2 2 1 + sin X 1 + sm a
X a a
1 - 2 sin - cos - 1 - sin a; 1 - sin a
1 - 2 sin — cos -
2 2 2 2
(1 + sin a:) - (1 - sin x) (1 + sin a)^ -(1 - sin a)^ 'Applying componendo-’
(1 + sin a:) + (1 - sin a:) (1 + sin a) ^ + (1 - sin a) ^ dividendo
Q <3
2 sin X 6 sin a + 2 sin"^ a 3 sin a + sin"^ a
=> sin a:
2
2 2 + 6 sin a 1 + 3 sin^ a
0 cos 0 - e
EXAMPLE 36 1/ tan - = tan , prove that cos (j> =
2 ^1 + e 1 - e coi 0
w
SOLUTION We have,
2
1 - tan
2
Flo
cos (j) =
1 + tan
2 4>
eee
2
1 + e 2 0
1 -
Fr
tan
1 -e 2 0 l-e «1> 1 + e 0
cos (j) = 1 + e
tan — = tan — => tan — = tan —
1 + tan
2 0 2 1 + e 2 2 l-e 2
for
ur
l-e 2
(1 e) (l+e)tan^^ (1 - tan^ 0/2) - e (1 + tan^ 0/2)

ks
cos ij) =
(1 - e) + (1 + e) tan^ -2 {1 + tan^ 0/2) -e (1 - tan^
Yo
0/2)
oo
1 -tan^ 0/2
eB
-e
1 + tan^ 0/2 9 01
cos (|) = Dividing numerator and denominator by 1 + tan"^ —
l-tan2 0/2
ur
l-e
ad
1 + tan^ 0/2
Yo
1 - tan
2 0
cos 0 - e
2
cos 4> = cos 0 =
d
2 0
Re
l-e cos 0
1 + tan
in
2
F
EXAMPLES? Prove that:
2 cos 2"a: + 1
2 cos .r +1
= (2 cos AT-1) (2 cos 2x-l) (2cos2^x-l) ....(2 cos 2" â:-1)
SOLUTION RHS = (2 cos a: -1) (2 cos 2a: -1) (2 cos 2â: -1).... (2 cos 2 n -
^:^-l)
1
(2 cos a: + 1)
(2 cos a: + 1) (2 cos a: -1) (2 cos 2a: -1) (2 cos 2^ a: -1) .... (2 cos 2n-1 x-1
(2 cos .T +1)
(4 cos^ a: -1) (2 cos 2a: -1) (2 cos 2^ a: -1)... (2 cos 2""^ a- -1)
|{2(l + cos 2a:)-1}(2 cos 2a:-1) (2 cos 2^ a:-1) ...(2 cos 2”

1
(2 cos a: +1)
^ a:-1)
1
(2 cos 2x +1) (2 cos 2a: -1) (2 cos 2^x -1)... (2 cos
H-1
2 x-1)
(2 cos a: +1)
1
(4 cos^ 2x -1) (2 cos2â: -1) (2 cos2â: -1)... (2
«-l
cos 2 ^-1)
(2 cos a: +1)
I|2(cos4a; + 1) - l| (2 cos 2^ a: -1) (2 cos 2^ a: -1) ...(2 cos 2

1 «-l
x-1)
(2 cos a: +1)
1
(2 cos 2â: + 1) (2 cos 2â: -1) (2 cos 2â: -1) (2 cos 2"”^ a:-1)
(2 cos a: +1)
1
(4 cos^ 2â: -1) (2 cos 2â: -1) (2 cos 2 x-1)
w
(2 cosa: +1)
2(1 + cos2ât) -1 l(2cos2^ a:-1)... (2 cos 2” ^ x-1)

1
Flo
●
(2 cos X + 1) [
e
reee
1 H-1
(2 cos 2^ X +1) (2 cos 2^ X -1)... (2 cos 2 x-1)
FFr
(2 cos X +1)
for
ur
1 n-1 n-1
(2 cos 2 X +1) (2 cos 2 X-1)
(2 cos X +1)
kkss
1 1
Yo
(4 cos^ 2” ^ X -1) =
n-1
2 (cos 2.2 x + l)-l
oo
(2 cos X +1) (2 cos X +1)

eB
1 2 cos 2" X +1
(2cos2"x + 2-l) = = LHS
(2 cos X +1) 2 cos X +1
ur
ad
Tt/pe VII ON CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES

YYo
,, 6 la-b a cos (j) + &

p-hb tan ^, prove that cos 6 = a + b cos (t)
EXAMPLE 38 If tan - =
^ 2
d
Re
in
2 0
1 - tan
F
e a-b 2
tan — in cos 0 = , we obtain
SOLUTION Putting tan - = ^ a + b 2
1 + tan
2 0
2
^ (fl +&) -(fl -b) tan^ ^

a -b 2 4>
1 - tan
a + b
cos 6 -
a -&
1 + tan ^ (fl + b) + (fl -i)) tan^ -
a+b 2 2
a \ - tan + b 1 + tan
2) 2
cos 0 =
2 2
a 1 + tan + b 1 - tan
2) 2)
9.22 MATHEMATICS-XI
1 - tan
2
a + b
1 4- tan
2 (j)
2J 0 (t)
cos 9 = Dividing numerator and denominator byl + tan"^ —
1 - tan
2 ^ 2
a +b 2
1 + tan
2 <t>
2J
a cos <^ + b
cos 6 =
a + b cos 4)
0 + a e-a 2P
EXAMPLE 39 If COS 9 = COS a cos P, prove that tan
ooww
tan = tan
2 2 2
SOLUTION We have.
cos 6 = cos a COS p
cos 0
cos p -
e
cos a
ree
2P
1 -
rFl tan
Fre
2 _ cos 0
2P
rrF
cos a
1 + tan
2
2 P 2 P'
ouur
1 - tan
2)
+ 1 + tan
sffoo 2) cos 0 + cos a
\ / [Applying componendo - dividendo]
2 P 2 P cos 0 - cos a
okks
1 - tan 1 + tan
2) 2)
Yo
0 + a 0-a
ooo
2 cos cos
2
BB
21 2
2 tan
2P 0+ a . 0-a
- 2 sin sm
rr e
2 2 2
1 1
ouu
2 P 0 + a 0-a
ad
YY
tan tan tan --

2 2 2
0 + a 0-a
tan^ — = tan tan
dd
2 2 2
Re
iinn
cos a - cos p 0 a P
EXAMPLE 40 If COS Q = prove that tan — = ± tan — cot —.
1 - cos a cos P 2 2 2
F
SOLUTION We have,
cos 0 -
cos a - cos p
1 - cos a cos P
2 6
1 - tan
2 _ cos a - cos p
1 + tan
2 6 1 - cos a cos p
2
( 2 6
1 - tan^ + 1 + tan
2J ^ 2 (cos a - cos p) + (1 - cos a cos P)
1 - tan
2 2 0 (cos a - cos P) - (1 - cos a cos P)
- 1 + tan
2j 2J
2 1 + cos a - cos p - cos a cos p
2 0 - {1 - cos a + cos P cos a cos p}
- 2 tan
2
1 (1 + cos a) (1 - cos P)
2 ® (1 “ cos a) (1 + cos p)
tan
2
2 cos
2 Ct
— X 2 sin
2P
1 2 2
tan
2 e
2 sin
2 a
X 2 cos
2 P
2 2 2
2 0 2 a 2 3 e a- 3-
tan = tan cot — => tan — = ± tan — cot —
2 2 2 2 2 2
tan
a
- tan
3
cos a cos P 0 2 2
EXAMPLE 41 If cos 0 = prove that one value of tan —
ww
1 - sin a sin P' 1 - tan
a
tan
3'
2 2
cos a cos 3
SOLUTION We have, cos 0 =
1 - sin a sin P
Flo
2 0 1 - cos 0
e
Now, tan
eree
2 1 + cos 0
cos a cos p
FFr
1 -
2 0 1 - sin a sin P 1 - sin a sin p - cos a cos P
uurr
tan
cos a cos 3
2
1 +
1 - sin a sin P
1 - sin a sin p + cos a cos P
orr
sfo
2 sin
if a-3
kks
Yoo
2 0 1 - (cos a cos p + sin a sin P) _ 1 - cos (a -p) 2 )

oooo
tan
2 1 + (cos a cos p - sin a sin P) 1 + cos (a + p) 2 cos
if a +3
2 J
eBB
■
sm
fct “3' a 3 a . p
sin — cos ^— cos — sm '●
0 2
urr
tan — = ± + 2 2 2 2
2 a + p a 3 . a . p
ad
cos cos - cos - - sm — sm -

YYo
2 J 2 2 2 2
tan
a
-tan
3
dd
0 2 2 Ct 3P
tan = ±
Dividing numerator and denominator by cos — cos ^
Re
inn
2
1 - tan — tan
a 3
—
2 2
F
EXAMPLE 42 /fsina + smP = fl and cos a + cos P = &, prove that

+b'^ -2 a-p 4 -b^
(i) cos (a-p) = (ii) tan — ±
2 2
SOLUTION (i) We have.

sin a + sin p = a and cos a + cos P =
(sin a + sin P)^ + (cos a + cos p)^ = +b^
(cos"^ a + sin a) + (cos P + sin P) + 2 (cos a cos p + sin a sin P) = +b
a^+b^-2
2 + 2 cos (a - P) = + &^ => cos (a - P) - 2
20 1 - COS 0
(ii) Now, tan — =
2 1 + cos 0
9.24 MATHEMATICS-XI
2fa-p 1 - cos (a -p)

=> tan
2 ]
[Replacing 0 by (a -P)]
1 + cos (a -P)
1_ 2 a^ + b^~2
tan^ a ~p 2
V cos(a-p) =
K 2 a^+b^-2 2
1 +
2
-b^ 'a. ~p 4-a^-b'^

tan^ "a -p tan = ±
(7^ +b^ I 2 y a'^+b^
oww
2ab
EXAMPLE 43 //"a flwrf p Are fristmct roots o/77 COS X + b sin :c = c, prove that sin {a+^) =
SOLUTION It is given that a and P are distinct roots of a cos x + b sin x = c

a cos a + b sin a = c and a cos p + b sin p = c
e
ree
rFl
{a cos a + b sin a) - (a cos P + bsinP) = c-c
Fre
a (cos a - cos P) + (b sin a - sin p) = 0
rr F
- 2fl sin
a + P sin
. a-p + 2b sin
a-p cos
a +p
= 0
ouur
2 2 2 2
sfoo
2a sin
a + p sm
. a ~p = 2b sin
a-p cos
a +p
kks
2 2 2 2
Yo
oooo
a +p b ct-p
tan a P sin 0
2 2
eBB
2 tan
a +P 2b
2 a 2ab
uurr
sin (a + P) = =i> sin (a + P) =

1 + tan
2 a +P b^ fl^+b^
ad
2 1 + a-2
YYo
ALITEK We have,
dd
Acos x + bsinx = c
Re
iinn
2X
1 - tan 2 tan ^
2-l + 2b tan-2 = c
F
2 2 2X
A + b = c ^ a 1 - tan 1 + tan
1 + tan
2X
1 + tan
2 X 2J 2J
2j 2j
(c + a) tan^—-2btan—+
2 2
(c-a) =0 ...(ii)
a P
It is given that a and P are roots of the equation (i). Therefore, roots of
equation (ii).
.tan — - + .tan —
a P 2b a
P _ C -A
= and, tan tan ...(iii)
2 2 c +a 2 2 c +A
a
tan — + tan —
P
M .. ct P 2b/c + a b
Now, tan —+ —
2
2 tan g +P [Using (hi)]
2 2) 1 - tan -
a
tan
P-- I 2 J 1-"-
a a
2 2 c + a
2 tan
a+P b
2
2 J lab
a_
sin (a + P) =
1 + tan 2( a + P'' b^ aKb^
1 + --2
a
EXERCISE 9.1
BASIC
Prove the following identities: (1- 25)

1 - cos lx sin lx
1. tan X 2. = cot X
1 + cos lx 1 - cos 2x
ww
sin 2x K
3.
1 + cos 2x
= tan X
4. .Jl + .y/lT 2 cos 4a: = 2 cos X, 0 < a: < —
4
Floo
1 - cos 2x + sin 2x sin X + sin 2x
5. = tan X 6. = tan X
1 + cos 2x + sin 2x 1 + cos X + cos 2x
ee
cos 2x
eer
7T cos a: L ^ ^
7. tan — x 8. = tan — + —
1 + sin 2x 1 -sinA: 4 2
FFr
2 57t i7Tt ^ .2^ . 2
oorr . 25jt
uur r
2 71 2 ● 2
cos — + cos + cos — + cos — = 2 10. sin —+ sm — + sin — + sm — =2
9. 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
s ff
11. (cos a + cos P)^ + (sin a + sin P)^ = 4 cos 2f'ct-P
sk
2 )
YYoo
ooko
2 f 71 X 1
12. sin
2
13. 1 + cos^ 2x = 2 (cos^x +sin^x)
eBB
- sin sin X
8 2 8 "2 V2
14. cos ^ 2a: + 3 cos 2x = 4 (cos^x - sin^ a:)

uurr
ad
15. (sin 3x + sin x) sin x + (cos 3a: - cos x) cos x = 0

Yo
iti
16. cos 2f7C
—X ^ -sin
■ if —X - sin 2x 17. cos 4x =1-8 cos^ X + 8 cos^ x
dY
Re
nind
18. sin 4x = 4 sin x cos x - 4 cos x sin X [NCERT EXEMPLARI

FFi
BASED ON LOTS
19. 3 (sin X - cos x)"^ + 6 (sin x + cos x)^ + 4 (sin^ x + cos^ x) = 13

20. 2 (sin^ X + cos^ a:) - 3 (sin^ x + cos'^ x) +1 = 0
21. cos^x-sin^x =cos 2xfl-—sin^

4
2x
K K
22. tan — + x + tan — x =2 sec 2x
u
23. cot^x-tan^x = 4 cot 2x cosec 2x
24. cos 4x - cos 4a = 8 (cosx - cos a) (cos x + cos a) (cos x - sin a) (cos x + sin a)
9.26 MATHEMATICS-XI
X 3x
25. sin 3a: + sin 2a: - sin x=4 sin x cos — cos [NCERTl
2 2
1°
26. Prove that: tan 82 — = (VI + V2)(V2+1) = V2 + VI + V4 + V6
2
27. Prove that: cot — = V2 +1

8
3 a:
28. (i) If cos x = —5
and x lies in the Illrd quadrant, find the values of cos —
2'
—
in — and.
2
sin 2x.
ooww
3 X
(u) If cos a: = - — and a: lies in Ilnd quadrant, find the values of sin 2x and sin
V5 X
29. If sin a: =
3
and X lies in Ilnd quadrant, find the values of cos — , sin — and tan —.
2 2
e
30. (i) If 0 < a: < 71 and x lies in the Ilnd quadrant such that sin a: = ^. Find the values of
re
rFFl
ree
X X X
in — and tan —.
F
cos —
2 ' 2 2
rF
4
(ii) If cos a: = — and a: is acute, find tan 2a:
5
fsfoor
ouur
4 71
(iii) If sin a: = — and 0 < a: < —, find the value of sin 4a:.
5 2
kosk
b a +b a-b
31. If tan X = - , then find the value of [NCERTl
Yo
a-b â+b
oo
a
Y
BB
32. If tan A = — and tan B = - show that cos 2A = sin 4B.

7 3 '
rre
sin 68°
33. Prove that: cos 7° cos 14° cos 28° cos 56° =
16 cos 83°
oYuu
ad
BASED ON HOTS
dY
^
34. Prove that: cos — cos — cos — cos
2n 4tt Stc 167t =—
1
15 15 15 15 16
innd
Re
_ ... K 2n 471 8tc -1

3a. Prove that: cos — cos — cos — cos — = —
Fi
5 5 5 5 16
F
36.
„ Li. ^
Prove that:
^
cos — cos — cos — cos — cos
2k 4k 8k 16k cos
32k = —
1
65 65 65 65 65 65 64
sin 2p
37. If 2 tan a = 3 tan P, prove that tan (a - P) =
5 - cos 2p
38. If sin a + sin p = aand cos a + cos P =£>, prove that

2ab +b^ -2
(i) sin (a + p) = (ii) cos(a-P) =
2
a P 3 + 5 cos p
39. If 2 tan — - tan — prove that cos a =
2 2' 5+3 cos P
cos a + cos P
40. If cos X = prove that tan — = ± tan — tan —
1 + cos a cos P ' ^ 2 2 2
a
41. If sec (.T + a) + sec (.t - a) = 2 sec -t, prove that cos x = ± V2 cos —
1 1 a -P 5
42. If cos a + cos P = — and sin ct + sin p = —, prove that cos
3 24
4 5 a -P _ 8
43. If sin a = — and cos p = prove that cos
5 13 ' 2
44. If a cos 2x + b sin 2x = c has a and p as its roots, then prove that
2b Q -a
(i) tan a + tan P = [NCERT EXEMPLAR] (ii) tan a tan p = -
c + a
oww
(iii) tan (a + P) =- [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
a
45. If cos a + cos p = 0 = sin a + sin p, then prove that cos 2a + cos 2p = -2 cos (a + P).
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
e
ree
ANSWERS
rFl
Fre
1
28. (i) - J_ M (ii) - 29. ,S
rr F
y/5' S' 25 25' ^/5 V6 6
4-VI5 4 +Vis 336 2cosx

ouur
30. (i) , 4 + Vl5 (ii) — (iii) -
sfoo 31.
8 8 7 625 V cos 2^
kks
Yo
oooo
25. LHS = sin 3x + sin 2x - sin x = (sin 3x - sin x) + sin 2x

eBB
= 2 sin X cos 2x + sin 2x = 2 sin x cos 2x + 2 sin x cos x

/
3x X X 3x
= 2 sin X (cos 2x + cos x) = 2 sin x 2 cos — cos —
- = 4 sin X cos - cos —= RHS
2 2) 2 2
uurr
1 -tan^ A 2 tan 2B 2 tan B

ad
32. Use: cos 2A = , sin 46 = , where tan 26 =

1 -tan^ 6
YYo
1 + tan^ A 1 + tan^ 26
33. Let A-7°. Then, cos7° cosl4°cos28°cos56°
dd
= cos A cos 2A cos 2Â cos 2^ A = sin 2^ A _ sin 16 A _ sin 112° _ sin 68°
Re
iinn
2^ sin A 16 sin A 2 sin 7° 2 cos 83°

F
2tu
34. Let A = —. Then,
15
2tt: Ak Sti 16;t
LHb = cos—cos—cos— cos = cos A cos 2A cos 2^ A cos 2^ A
15 15 15 15
. 32 7u sm 2ti + —
. 2tu
sin 2^ A_ sin 16 A
sm sm
15 - 15 _
15_= —
1 = RHS
27C 2;t 2tc 16
2* sin A 16 sin A 16 sin — 16 sin 16 sin
15 15 15
44. We have.
a cos 2x + b sin 2x - c ...(i)
1-tan^x 7b tan x
a
7 7 = c => (c + a) tan^x-2b tan x + {c-a) =0 ●●●(ii)
1 + tan xj 1 + tan X
It is given that a, P are roots of equation (i). Therefore, tan a, tan p are roots of equation (ii).
9.28 MATHEMATICS-Xl
2b -a
tan a + tan p - and, tan a tan (3 = -
c + a c + a
Hence, tan (a + P) =
tan a + tan ^ _2b / c + a b
1 - tan a tan p ^ _£
-a a
c + a
45. We have, cos a + cos P = 0 and sin a + sin p = 0

(cos a + cos p)^ -(sin a + sinp)^ =0^-0^
(cosâ-sinâ) + (cos^P-sin^p) + 2 (cos a cos P-sin a sinP) = 0
cos 2a + cos2p + 2 cos (a + p) = 0 => cos 2a + cos 2P = -2 cos(a + P)
9.3 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT 3a: IN TERMS VALUES AT .v
ww
THEOREM For the values of angle x,for which the two sides are meaningful prove that:
(i) sin 3a: = 3 sin a: - 4 sin a: (ii) cos 3a: = 4 cos^ a: - 3 cos a:
Flo
3 tan a: - tan ^ x
(iii) tan 3a: =
e
1 - 3 tan ^ a:
ree
PROOF (i) Replacing y by 2a: in sin (a: + y) = siii a: cos y + cos x sin y, we obtain
FFr
sin (a: + 2a:) = sin a cos 2a + cos a sin 2a
uurr
sin 3a = sin A (1 - 2 sin^ a) + cos a (2 sin a cos a)
orr
sfo
[●.● cos 2a = 1 - 2 sin^ A & sin 2a = 2 sin a cos a]
kks
=> sin 3a = sin A - 2 sinÂ + 2 sin a(1 -sin^ a)

Yo
oooo
q
sin 3a = 3 sin a - 4 sin a
eB
Hence, sin 3a = 3 sin a - 4 sin ^ a

(ii) Replacing y by 2a in cos (a + y) = cos a cos y - sin a sin y, we obtain
ur
cos (a + 2a) = cos A cos 2a sin A sin 2a [Replacing y by 2a]

ad
YYo
=> cos 3a = cos A cos 2a - sin a (2 sin a cosa) [●.' sin 2a = 2 sin A cos a]]
=> cos 3a = cos A (2 cos^ A - 1) - 2 cos A (1 - cos^ a)
e\
[v cos 2a = 2 cos A-1]

dd
q
Re
^ cos 3a = 4 cos A - 3 cos a

inn
q
Hence, cos 3a = 4 cos a - 3 cos a
F
tan A 4- tan y
(iii) Replacing y by 2a in tan (a + y) = , we obtain
1 - tan A tan y
2 tan A
tan A + —
tan A + tan 2a 1 - tan ^ A 2 tan A
tan (a + 2a) = 2 tan A
tan 2a -
1 - tan A tan 2a
1 - tan A X 1 -tanÂ
1 - tan^ A
tan A (1 - tan^ a) + 2 tan a

q
3 tan A - tan a
tan 3a =
1 - tan^ A -2 tan^ A 1-3 tan^ A
q
3 tan A - tan a
Hence, tan 3a =
1-3 tan^ A
Q.E.D.
NOTE It should be noted the angle on the RHS of these formulae is one third of the angle on LHS.
71 K 3 ^ 3 271 271
sin— = 3 sin—4 sin sin — = 3 sm 4 sin^ —, cos — ~4 cos 3 cos — etc.
3 9 9' 6 18 18 3 9 9
.V
9.4 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT x IN TERMS OF VALUES AT
3
Replacing x by x/3 in the formulas in the previous section, we obtain the following fonnulae:
3 tan - - tan ^ —
X X 3 3
i) smx = 3sm —4 sm — (ii) cos X = 4 cos — 3 cos — (hi) tan x =
3 3 3 3 2 ^
1 - 3 tan
ww
3
BASIC
Flo
71
EXAMPLE 1 Prove that: 8cos^—-6cos— = 1
e
9 9
eree
3 7t 7C 7t
SOLUTION LHS = 2 4 cos - 3 cos — =2 cos 3 X — =2 cc« — = 1 = RHS
FFr
9 9) 9) 3
uurr
7t
EXAMPLE2 Prove that: 108 sin —-144 sin =18
18 18
orr
sfo
7U 3
SOLUTION LHS = 108sin 144sin
18 18
kks
Yoo
71 3 71 K
= 36xi=18=RHS
oooo
= 36 3sin 4sin = 36sin 3x— =36sin —

18 18 18 6 2
eBB
Stt 5ti
EXAMPLES Prove that: 15sin — + 15cos -20sin^ —-20cos^—= 0
12 12 12 12
urr
5ti 5ti 35h sSrt

SOLUTION LHS =15 sin + 15cos -20 sin 20 cos
12 12 12 12
ad
YYo
Sti'
= 15sin —-20sin^—l-f20cos^
5 71
—-15cos
12 12
12 12 y \
dd
. . 3—
5ti') _ . 35ti 5ti
Re
inn
=5 3sm 4sm -5 4cos 3 cos —

12 12 12 12
F
5 71 _.5tC- 57T
= 5sm 3x— -5 cos 3x— =5sm 5cos— =-5sm —+ 5cos—=0
12 12 4 4 4 4
BASED ON LOTS
EXAMPLE 4 Prove that: cos 6x = 32 cos^ x - 48 cos*^ x + 18 cos^ x -1

SOLUTION LHS = cos 6x = 2 cos^ 3x -1 cos 2x = 2 cos X -1]
= 2 (4 cos^x - 3 cosx)^ -1 = 2 (16 cos^x + 9 cos^x - 24 cos^x) -1
= 32 cos^ X - 48 cos^ x +18 cos^ x -1 = RHS
1Z 7t
EXAMPLE 5 Prove that: cos x cos x cos — + x — cos 3x
3 ; 4
7C 71
SOLUTION LHS = COS x cos -X cos —+ x
3 3
9.30 MATHEMATICS-XI
2 TU .2
cos X cos sm X [■.● cos (A + B) cos (A - B) = cos^ A - sin^ B]
3
ri
|^-{1 -cos^ :t)j
COS X — Sin X = cos x = cos X
f 3 h cos
2X
U [ 4
1 ●> 1 ^ 1
— cos a: (- 3 + 4 cos a:) = — (4 cos a: - 3 cos x) = — cos 3a: = RHS
4 4 4
K Tl ^ 1
EXAMPLE 6 Prove that: sin X sin x sin —+x sin 3x
[3 ) 4
oww
^3
7T 7C
SOLUTION LHS - sin X sin x sin + a:
1.3
● 2 71 .2
sm X sm sm '● [●-● sin (A + B) sin (A - B) = sin^ A - sin^ B]
e
3
re
3 . 2 1 2 1 1
= —sin a: (3 - 4 sin a:) =—(3sinA:-4sin x) = sin 3a: =?RHS
FFrllo
sm X sm X
U 4 4 4
reF
NOTE Reader is advised to learn the results derived in the above two examples as standard results. The
e
following example is an application of the above results.
uoru
osFr
EXAMPLE 7 Prove that: sin 20° sin 40° sin 60° sin 80° = —
16
V3 fkfor
SOLUTION LHS = sin 20° sin (60° - 20°) sin (60 + 20°)
2
kso
VI f n ■K
(sin a: sin —x sin — + x ■, where a: = 20°
ooo
Y
Yo
2 3 3
BB
VI 1 \ 3 7t
VI VI^_3
X — sin 3a: = X sm — = = RHS
2 4 3 8 2 "l6
Y
r ree

ouu
n n
(i) tan a: + tan — + a: - tan — x =3 tan 3a:
ad
Ydo
^3 ^3
7t 71
(ii) cot a: + cot — + x -cot —x =3 cot 3a:
nidn
^3 V3
Re
7t 7C VI + tan a: VI - tan a:
SOLUTION (i) LHS = tan x + tan — + x - tan x = tan
F
x +
Fi
3 ^3 1 - VI tan X 1 + VI tan a:
= tan X +
(VI+ tan a:) (1 + VItan a:) -(VI-tan a:) (1-VItan a:)
(1 - VI tan x) (1 + VI tan x)
8 tan X 9 tan X - 3 tan ^ X 3 tan X - tan x
tan X + = 3 = 3 tan 3x = RHS
1-3 tan^x 1-3 tan^x 1-3 tan^x
7C 71
(ii) LHS = cotx +cot —+ x -cot —x
^3
1 1 1 1 1 - VI tan X 1 + VI tan x
tan X
tan — +X
7t
tan
7U
—X
tan X VI + tan X VI - tan x
^3 13
1 (1 -VI tanx) (VI-tan x) -(1 + Vltanx) (VI + tanx)
tanx (VI + tan x) (VI - tan x)
1 8 tan X 3-9 tan^ x 1-3 tan^x 3

= 3 - 3 cot 3x = RHS
tan X 3 - tanÂ: 3 tan a: - tan ^ a: 3 tan a: - tan ^ x tan 3a:
BASED ON HOTS
EXAMPLE 9 1/cos a + COS p + COS y = 0, then prove that

cos 3a + cos 3p + cos 3y = 12 cos a cos P cos y.
SOLUTION cos 3a + cos 3p + cos 3y
= (4 cos a - 3 cos a) + (4 cos P - 3 cos P) + (4 cos y - 3 cos y)
o ^ ^
= 4 (cos a + cos p + cos y) - 3 (cos a + cos p + cos y)
ww
= 4 (cos^ a + cos^ P + cos^ y) - 3 x 0 [v cosa + cosP+cosy = 0]
= 4x3 cos a cos p cos y = 12 cos a cos p cos y fl + b + c = 0=:>fl‘’ + b'^ + c'’ = 3abc]
EXAMPLE 10 Prove that: sin 3x sin^x + cos 3a: cos^x = cos^ 2x
Flo
SOLUTION We know that
e
3 sin X - sin 3x
eree
sin 3x = 3 sin x - 4 sin x ^ sin x =
4
FFr
cos 3x + 3 cosx
Similarly, cos 3x = 4 cos'^ x - 3 cosx ^ cos'^ x = 4
uurr
LHS = sin 3x sin x + cos 3x cos x
orr
3 sin X sin 3x
sfo
cos 3x + 3 cos X
LHS = sin 3x + cos 3x
4 4
kks
Yoo
1
LHS = “ 13 (cos X cos 3x + sin X sin 3x) + (cos^ 3x - sin^ 3x)

oooo
LHS = I 3 cos (3x -x) + cos 2 (3x)| = '^ | 3 cos 2x 4- cos 3 (2x)
eBB
= ^ ■ 3 cos 2x + (4 cos ^ 2x - 3 cos 2x)| = cos^ 2x = RHS

urr
ad
YYo
o o / 2tc 3 f 4n ^
3 -
EXAMPLE 11 Prove that: COS X + COS —+x + cos — +X = — cos 3x
V 3 J 3 J 4:
dd
SOLUTION We know that cos3x = 4 cos^x-3 cos x. Therefore, cos^x =—(cos3x+3cosx).

Re
inn
Using this, we obtain

F
LHS = —4 i cos 3x + 3 cosx I + —4 i cos (27t+ 3x) + 3 cos (2n

I 3
— + x
1 f 4ti
+ — cos (4tu+ 3x) + 3 cos — + x
4 k 3
1
cos 3x + 3 cos XI + — cos 3x + 3 cos
271
—+X + —i cos 3x + 3 cos 4tc
— + x
4 4 V 3 4 I 3
3 3 2tu r47T
- — cos 3x + — cos X + cos + X + cos + x
4 4 k 3 3
3 3 7t
cos 3x + — ●{ cos X + 2 cos (tc + x) cos —
4 4
3 3 3
= — cos 3x + — cos X - 2 cos XX — = — cos 3x = RHS
4 4 2 4
9.32 MATHEMATICS-XI
2ti 4:11
ALITER COS X + COS + X + COS — + x
3 3
4n
+ a:+ -
2k
+ X
f ■ 4tc- + x 2k
X
1 3 3 3
= cos X + 2 cos cos
2 2
K 1
= cos x + 2cos(ti+:c) cos — =cosa:-2(cos.i:)x — = cosa:-cos:\: = 0
2
cos
3
X + cos
3 (2k
— + x + cos
sf —
4:K + x
3 3
'2k 4k
[v a + h + c = 0=> +b^ + = 3abc]
ww
- 3 cos a: cos + a: cos — + x
K 3 ^ 3
jt K
= 3 cos X cos — + x cos tt + — + x
3 3
Flo
TC K
= 3 cos X cos 7C-I X COS K+ — + X
e
3 >.3
eree
TC 71
- (3 COS x) - COS -X -cos — + X
u
FFr
^3
a3 1 cos ^3x = —3 cos 3x
uurr
Tt K
- 3 cos X cos X cos + x = X —
'.3 3 4 4
orr
sfo
tan 3x 1
EXAMPLE 12 Prove that never lies between — and 3.
tan X 3
kks
Yoo
tan 3x
oooo
SOLUTION Let y = . Then,

tan X
eBB
3 tan X - tan x 3 -tan^ X y-3

y = => y = => (3y -1) tan^ x = y- 3=> tan^ X =
tan X (1 - 3 tan^ x) 1-3 tan^ X 3y-l

urr
But, tan^ X > 0 for all x + +

ad
<- >
YYo
— 00
1/3 3 00
y-3 >0 y-3

3y-i Fig. 9,1 Signs of for different values of y
3y-i
dd
1
Re
y<- or, y>3

inn
F
=>
y does not lie between 1/3 and 3.
tan 3x
Hence, never lies between — and 3.
tan X 3
EXAMPLE 13 Prove that: cos 5x = 16 cos^ x - 20 cos ^ x + 5 cos x

SOLUTION cos 5x = cos (3x + 2x) = cos 3x cos 2x - sin 3x sin 2x
cosSx = (4 cos^x-3 cosx) (2 cos^x-1)-(3 sinx -4 sin^x) (2 sin X cos x)
cos5x = (4 cos^x - 3 cos x) (2 cos^x -1) -(3-4 sin^x) (2 sin^x cosx)
cosSx =(4cos^x-3cosx)(2cos^x-l)-{3-4(l-cos^x)}2(l-cos^x)cosx
cos 5x = (8 cos^ X -10 cos ^ X + 3 cos x) - 2 cos x (1 - cos^ x) (4 cos^ x -1)
cos 5x = (8 cos^ X -10 cos ^ x + 3 cos x) - 2 cos x (5 cos^ x - 4 cos^ x -1)
C *3
cosSx = 16 cos X-20 cos x+5cosx

EXERCISE 9.2
BASIC
Prove that:
1. sin 5x = 5 sin :c - 20 sin a: +16 sin^ x
2. 4 {cos^ 10° + sin ^ 20°) = 3 (cos 10° + sin 20°)

3. cos a: sin 3a: + sin a: cos 3a: = — sin 4a:
4
BASED ON LOTS
ooww
7t 71 7C 71
4. tan a: tan x + — + tan x tan x — + tan x + — tan x — =- 3
3J 3J 3J 3J
n K
5. tan X + tan — -t- x - tan —x = 3 tan 3x
k3
e
rK TC
ree
6. cot X + cot — +X - cot -X - 3 cot 3x
rFl u
Fre
n 2t:
7. cot X + cot — +X + cot + X =3 cot 3x
rrF
13 I 3
ouur
sffoo BASED ON HOTS
8. sin 5x = 5 cos'* x sin x -10 cos^ x sin ^ x + sin^ x

okks
9. sin^ X + sin^ flK ● 3 r^Tc 3

Yo
— + X 4- sin — + X — sin 3x.

^ 3 ^ 3
ooo
4
BB
71 7T
10. sinxsin —X sin —+ x < — for all values of x.
13 L3 4
rr e
71 7t
11. COS X cos X cos —+ x < - for all values of x.
ouu
l3 J {3 4
ad
YY
9.5 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS AT SOME IMPORTANT POINTS

dd
By using the formulae introduced in the previous sections we can now find the values of
Re
iinn
7Z 3?!
trigonometrical functions at some important points
like ^
etc.
F
71 Vs-1
THEOREM 1 Prove that: sin — =
10 4
71
PROOF Let X = —. Then,
10
7t rc n TC
5x = — => 2x + 3x = — ^ 2x = — 3x ^ sin 2x - sin — 3x ^ sin 2x = cos 3x
2 2 2 U j
=>
. 2 sin X cos x = 4 cos x - 3 cos x ^ cos x (2 sin x - 4 cos x + 3) = 0
71
2 sin X - 4 cos^ x + 3 = 0 cos X = cos — 0
10
2 sin X - 4(1 -sin^ x) + 3 = 0 => 4 sin^ x + 2 sin x -1 =0
sm X
2±y4 + 16 _-l±V5
8 4
9.34 MATHEMATICS-XI
-1 + V5 a/5-1
sm X [●.● X lies in 1st quadrant sin a: > 0]
4 4
n a/5-1
Hence, sin — =
10 4 Q.E.D.
THEOREM 2 Prove that: cos —=

7T
^10 + 2a/5
10 4
PROOF Putting x = —
10
in cos a: = ^1 -sin^x, we get
K
cos — =
11 - sin
● 2 ^ a/5-1 i6-(5 + l-2^_7l0 + 2A/5
ww
10 10 4 16 4
Q.E.D.
REMARK The complement of—is

10 5
Flo
2ti K n n
_ -^10 + 2V5 271 K K n a/5-1
e
sm — = sm = cos — = and, cos — = cos = sm — =
5 2 10 10 4
eree
5 2 10 10 4
t:
The values of the remaining trigonometrical functions at may be obtained from the above values.
FFr
10
uurr
71 V5 +1
THEOREM 3 Prove that: cos - =
5 4
orr
sfo
TZ
PROOF We have, cos 2a: = l-2sinÂ:. Putting a: = 10 '

we obtain
kks
Yoo
a/5-1 ^2
oooo
^ *1 ^ ● 2 ^ 1 o r 6-2a/5 r 3-a/5 a/5+1

cos — = 1 - 2 sm — =1-2 = 1-2 = 1 -
5 10 4 16 4 4
eBB
Q.E.D.
7t ^10 - 2a/5
urr
THEOREM 4 Proi?e f/iflf: sin - =

5 4
ad
YYo
PROOF PuttingA: = —insin a: = -J1-cos a:, we obtain

5
a/5+1 16-(6 + 2a/5) ^10-2a/5
dd
71 2 71
sm — 1 - COS '1-
Re
inn
5 5 4 16 4
F
Q.E.D.
Ti: . 3ti
REMARK The complement of — is
5 10
sm
3ti
- sm
K 7C
= cos — =
7C a/5+1 3tc
and, cos — = COS
7T 71
= sm
%
— =
VlO-2A/f
10 U 5 5 4 10 2~5 5 4
T/ie trigonometrical ratios of—5 may be obtained from the above values.

... . 2 2tc .■^2 n a/5-1 2 4ti . 2 7t f5+l
(i) sm sm" (ii) cos sm
5 3 8 15 15 8
7t . 1371 1 71 . 1371 1
(iii) sin + sm (iv) sin — sin
10 10 2 10 10 4
^/5-l
(v) sin^ 24°-sin^ 6° =
8
. 2 2ti 2 ^ . 1 Tt 7t K
SOLUTION (i) LHS = sin sin cos sin — sm - = cos
5 3 10 3 5 10
2
^+2^/5|
n2
V3 IO + 2V5 3 2V5-2 ^/5-l
= RHS
4 2 16 4 16 8
2 4tC . 1 Tl
ww
(ii) LHS = cos sm —
15 15
4ti k 47t 7C
cos — + —
15 15
cos
15 ”15
[●●● cos^ A - sin^ B = cos {A + B) cos (4 - B)]
Flo
1 -Js +1 -Jb +1
e
7C K
cos — cos — = — X = RHS
eree
3 5 2 4 8
7t . 137U
FFr
(iii) LHS = sin — + sin
10 10
uurr
^/5-l ^/5^-l 1
sm — + sm
K . f 3k K
sm
K
- cos — =
K
orr - = RHS
10 2 5
sfo
10 5 4 4 2
K . 13tc 71 . f 3k 71
(iv) LHS = sin
kks
Yoo
sm = sm — sm
10 10 10 V 2 5
oooo
K K ^/5-l V5+1 rs-n 1

- sm — cos — = - = RHS
eBB
10 5 4 4 16 4
(V) LHS = sin^ 24°-sin^ 6°

urr
= sin (24°+6°) sin (24°-6°) ['.● sin (A 4- B) sin {A ~B)= sin^ - sin^ B]
ad
YYo
1 ^/5-l y/5-1
= sin 30° sin 18° = sin - sin — = - x -— = RHS
6 10 2 4 8
dd
Re
inn

F
„ . 71 . 271 . 3tc . 4ti 5

EXAMPLE 2 Prove that: sm — sm — sm — sm —
5 5 5 5 16
SOLUTION If X + y -7c, thenx = k-\/ ^ sin x = sin (71 -y) ^ sin x = sin y
K 4t: K . 4tc j 2ti 3k . 2ti . 3tc
- + — K ^ sm — = sm — and — + = K ■=> sm — = sm —
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Using these values, we obtain

TTTf’ . 71 . 2ti . 3ti . 47t
LHS = sm — sm — sm — sm —
5 5 5 5
. 7C . 2t: . 2tc . K . 37T .271.471 . Til
sm - sm — sm — sm — sm — = sm —, sm — = sm —
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
71 . 27t^^ . 7C . K K V2 K K
2
sm — sm sm — sin sm — cos —
5 5 J 5 2 10 5 10
9.36 MATHEMATICS-XI
< X
V10+2V5 >
10-2>/5 X
10 + 2v/5 100 - 20 _ 80 _ —
5 = RHS
4 4 16 16 256 "256 " 16
„ , , ,, 2k 4k 8k 14k .
EXAMPLE 3 Prove that: 16 cos — cos — cos — cos =1
15 15 15 15
14k 2k 4k^ r 4k 14k
SOLUTION LHS = 16 cos — cos — cos — cos = 42 cos — cos — 2 cos cos
15 15 15 15 15 15 / V 15 15
2k 2kV 6k 2k^ K K K K
= 4 cos + COS — cos — + cos — = 4 - sm — + sm — cos — sm
3 5 A 5 3 J 6 10 j \ 5 6.
^/5-3Y-^y5-3 3-^/5 Y 3 +Vsl
\ r
1 V5-1 V5+1 1
= 4 -- + = 4 = 4
2j
ww
2 4 4 4 4 4 4
y \ y \
f9-5^
= 1=RHS
4 J
EXAMPLE 4
Flo Prow sin — sin — sin — = —
ee
15 15 10 8
rere
TLHS 1 A2 sm
● —
4k sm
. —
71 ^ sm
. —
3k
r FF
SOLUTION = -
21, 15 15 j 10
uurr
If
-
K
cos — cos —
K
cos —
K
foor
[●.' 2 sin A sin B = cos {A - B) - cos {A + P)]
2I 5 B) 5
ks s
ifVs+i lY^/5+ll irV5-lVV5 + Y - = RHS

Yoo
ooook
2 4 2
y \
4 2 4 y V
4 8
3k' \c
eBB
K 7k
EXAMPLE 5 Prooe that: 1 + cos — 1 + cos 1 + cos — 1 + cos
10 A loj'. 10 y \ loJ~16
uurr
SOLUTION If A + B = K, then cos A = cos (k - B) = - cos B

ad
K 9k 9k 7C j 3k 7k 7k 3k
— + — = K =5^ COS — = - cos — and,
Yo
To "^10
K => cos = -cos
10 10 10 10 10 10
dY
Using these values, we obtain

Re
\ /
K \ / 3k K
innd
LHS = 1 + cos — 1 + cos 1 - cos - cos —

10 y \ 10 y \ 10 J\ 10
FFi
\ /
2 71 2 3k ● 2 7c .2 3k . 2 7C .2 7C 2k'
1 - cos 1 - cos sm — sm — sm —sm —
10 y V 10 10 10 10 2 10
sm
■ 2
—cos
2 2k K K
sm — cos —
n2
V5-1 V5+lf (1 ^2 — = RHS
10 To’ 10 5J 4 4 4J 16
EXAMPLE 6 Prove that: tan 6® tan 42° tan 66° tan 78° = 1.
sin 6° sin 42° sin 66° sin 78° (2 sin 66° sin 6°) (2 sin 78° sin 42°)
SOLUTION LHS =
cos 6° cos 42° cos 66° cos 78° (2 cos 66° cos 6°) (2 cos 78° cos 42°)
(cos 60° - cos 72°) (cos 36° - cos 120°)

(cos 60° + cos 72°) (cos 36° + cos 120°)
(cos 60° - sin 18°) (cos 36° + sin 30°)
(cos 60° + sin 18°) (cos 36° - sin 30°)
_^^-lVV5+l +
1
4 ,, 4 2 (3-V5)(3 +V5) 9-5

= 1 = RHS
l.V5-lV^/5+l
- +
l"l (V5+1)(V5-1) 5-1
2 4 4 2
/ V
EXAMPLE 7 Prove that: 4 sin 27° = ^(5 + VS) - ^(3-VS).

SOLUTION 16 sin^ 27° = 8 (2 sin^ 27°) = 8 fl -
3ti
cos = 81- sin —
\ 10 5)
w
^10 - 2^5
= sn-
4 2 I 4-.JlO -~2vf I =8-2JkT^2~^
Flo = {5 + ^/5)+{3-^/5)-2
e
rree
VS + VS I +|73-%/5 I -27(5 + V5)(3-V5)
r FF
uurr
for
|^5 + V5
kss
Taking square roots of both sides, we obtain

ooook
Yo
4sin 27° = -^3^^ [●.● sin 27° is positive]

eB
EXAMPLES Find the value of tan 9°-tan 27°-tan63° + tan 81°. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
urr
SOLUTION tan 9°-tan 27°-tan63° + tan 81° = (tan9° + tan 81°)-(tan 27°+ tan 63°)
ad
V tan81°=tan(90°-9°)=cot9°, '
Yo
= (tan 9° + cot 9°) -(tan 27 °+ cot 27 °)

tan 63° = tan (90°-27°) = cot 27°
dY
1 1 1
Re
tan a: + cot X =
innd
sin 9° cos 9° sin 27° cos 27° sm X cos X

Fi
2 2 2 2 8 8 _8x2 = 4
sin 18° sin 54° sin 18° cos 36° VS-l S + l 5-1
EXERCISE 9.3
BASIC
Prove that:
.1. . 2 2tc . 2 —
^ v^-1 V5-1
sin sin 2. sin^ 24°-sin^ 6° =
5 3 8 8
%/5 +1
3. sin^ 42°-cos^78° =
8
BASED ON LOTS
1 _ 71 27t 4tc 7n 1
4. cos 78° cos 42° cos 36° = 5. cos — cos — cos — cos — = —
8 15 15 15 15 16
9.38 MATHEMATICS-XI
6. cos 6° cos 42° cos 66° cos 78° =

1
7. sin 6° sin 42® sin 66° sin 78° = i
16 16
1
8. cos 36° cos 42° cos 60° cos 78° =
16
BASED ON HOTS
71 . 2;t . 3ti . 4ti 5

9. sin sm sin — sin — =
5 5 5 5 16
71 2k 3k 4tc St: 6t: 7jt 1
10. cos — cos — cos — cos — cos — cos — cos =
15 15 15 15 15 15 15 128
ww
1 -tan^ ( ~~x
1. If = sinbr, then k =
Flo
1 + tan^ --X
U
e
reree
fy sin2”X
2. If cos cos 2x cos 2 x. ,cos2” '^x = ‘k ,then X =
r FF
sin a:
, 1 r 2k 4ti Sti 16tc .

3. The value of cos—cos — cos — cos is
uurr
15 15 15 15
foor
4. l*-cosy , then tan 2a: =
If tan a: = —
ks s
siny
Yoo
ooook
5. If /c = sin — sin — sin —, then the numerical value of k is

18 18 18
eBB
Tt
6. In a triangle ABC with ZC = — the equation whose roots are tan A and tan B is
2
uurr
7. The valueof cos^48°-sin^l2°is

ad
8. The least value of 2sin^ 0+ 3cos^ 0 is ...

Yo
9. If cosâ: + sinâ: +/csin^2a: =l,then

dY
7k\.
Re
n 37tV 1 5tcV
innd
10. The value of 1 + cos— 1 + cos + cos— 1 + cos is

87 'v 8 / V 8 7 \ 8
FFi
cotA:-tanA:.
n. The value of is
cot 2 a:
12. If tan 0 then tan20 +sec20 =

a
13. If tan 0 = -, then flsin 20 + 17 cos20 is equal to
b'
1 1
14. If tan X = —, tan y = — and cos2x = sin cfy, then k =
7' 3
K 2tc 47t 8t: .
15. The value of cos—cos —cos—cos— IS
5 5 5 5
3ti .
16. The value of sin IS
10
17. The valueof cos^6°-cos^24°is

K 1 -cos2x
18. If — < X < 71, then
2 1 +cos 2 a:
19. U^<x <^, then

71
20. The value of 108 sin —-144sin^ —is
9 9
ANSWERS
1 1 1
1. 2 2. — 3. — 4. tany 5. - 6. a: + 1 =0
2” 16 8 sin 2A
ww
7. 8. 2 9 3 10.
1
11. 2 12.
1+f
13. b 14. 4
4 8 1-f
1 V5+l_ >/5-l
FF loo
15. - 16. 17. 18. -tanx 19. 2sinA: 20. 18V3
16 4 8
ree
reFe
Anszver each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement of the
question: oor rF
rur
1. If cos 4a: = 1 + cf sin^ x cos x, then write the value of k.
s ff
X ttx
2. If tan — = — , then write the value of m sin x + n
k
cos x.
2
YYoou
n
okso
7U 3tc T + cos lx
BBoo
3. If-<A:< , then write the value of

2 2 2
r ee
4. If ^ < a: < 71, then write the value of .J 2 + ^ + 2 cos 2:r in the simplest form.
ouur
ad
1 - cos 2a:
Yo
K
5. If — < a: < 7T, then write the value of
2
^ 1 + cos 2a:
d
idnY
Re
3te 1 - cos 2a:

6. If TC < X < — , then write the value of
2
y 1 + cos 2a:
FFin
7. In a right angled triangle ABC, write the value of sin^ A + sin^ B + sin^ C.
8. Write the value of cos^ 76° + cos^ 16° - cos 76° cos 16°.
71 7t
9. If-<A:<- then write the value of - sin 2a: .
4 2 '
10. Write the value of cos — cos — cos —.

7 7 7
1 - cos B
11. If tan A = , then find the value of tan 2A.
sin B
12. If sin X + cos x= a, find the value of sin^ a: + cos^ x.

13. If sin a: + cos x = a, find the value of | sin a: - cos x\.
9.40 MATHEMATICS-XI
ANSWERS
X 3
1.-8 2. n 3. - cos X 4. 2 sin — 5. - tan AT 6. tan 7. 2 8. -
2 4
1
9. sin - cos a: 10. - 11. tan B 12. 13.
8 4

X X X X
ooww
1. 8 sin - cos — cos - cos - is equal to
8 2 4 8 ^
(a) 8 cos a: (b) cos X (c) 8 sin a: (d) sin X
sec 8^4 -1 . ,
2. IS equal to
sec 4A -1
e
tan 2A tan 8A cot BA
ere
rFl
tan 8/1 tan 2A cot2 A
Fre
K 2n 4 k 8tc 16 k 32 tc.
3. The value of cos — cos
rrF
— cos — cos — cos cos IS
65 65 65 65 65 65
1 1 1
(a) - Cb) sffoo (c) — (d) none of these
ouur
8 16 32
4. If cos 2a: + 2 cos a: =1 then, (2 - cos^ a:) sin^ a: is equal to

kosk
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c)-^/5 (d) V5

Yo
oo
5. For all real values of x, cot a: - 2 cot 2x is equal to

Y
BB
(a) tan 2a: (b) tan X (c) - cot 3a: (d) none of these
rre
71 7C 4 ^ ●
6. The value of 2 tan + 3 sec - 4 COS — IS
10 10 10
ouu
(b) -J5 (c) 1 (d) none of these

Y
(a) 0
ad
7. If in a A ABC, tan A + tan B + tan C = 0, then cot A cot B cot C =

dY
(a) 6 (b) 1 (d) none of these

innd
Re
8. If cos a: = —
1 n
a +-
j . r 3 1
, and cos 3a: = A a +-^ , then X =
Fi
F
2'. aj a~ j
1
(b)i (c) 1 (d) none of these
9. If 2 tan a = 3 tan p, then tan (a - P) =

sin 2 p cos 2 p sin 2 p
5 - cos 2 p 5 - cos 2 p 5 + cos 2 p
1 - cos P
10. If tan a = , then
sin p
(a) tan 3 a = tan 2 p (b) tan 2 a = tan p (c) tan 2 P = tan a (d) none of these
11. If sin a + sin p = d and cos a - cos P = &, then tan ^ --
(c) -Ja^ +b^

a
(b) (d) none of these
(a)-j a
( X
12. The value of cot — tan — (1 - 2 tan .r cot 2 a:) is
I 2 2j '
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
K n
13' The value of tan a: sin —+ x cos x is
2 2
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) — sin 2a: (d) none of these

2
● 2 rcYIS
14. The value of sin^f— + sm
:_2 ^
+ sin + sin
18 9) 18 9
oww
15. IfS sin a = 3 sin (a + 2 p) 0, then tan (a + p) is equal to
(a) 2 tan p (b) 3 tan p (c) 4 tan P (d) 6 tan P
16. The value of 2 cos a: - cos 3a: - cos 5x -16 cos^ x sin^ a is
e
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) -1
eree
rFl
17. If A = 2 sin ^ A - cos 2 a, then A lies in the interval
FFr
(a) [-1,31 (b) lY 2] (c)[-2, 4] (d) none of these
18. The value of

cos 3a
is equal to
orr
ouur
2 cos 2a -1
sfo
(a) cos A (b) sin A (c) tan A (d) none of these
kks
19. If tan (n/4 + a) + tan (7t/4 - a) = ^ sec 2a, then

Yo
oooo
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c)l (d) 2

eBB
:_2 71
20. The value of cos —+ a - sin A IS
6 ^6
urr
1 1
(a) - cos 2a (b) 0 (c) — COS 2a
2 (d)^
ad
2
YYo
sin 3 a
21.
is equal to
1 + 2 COS 2a
dd
(d) sin A
Re
(a) cosA (b) sin A (c) - cos A

inn
22. The value of 2 sin^ B + 4 cos (A + B) sin A sin B + cos 2 (/I + B) is

F
(a) 0 (b) cos 3 A (c) cos 2A (d) none of these
23. Tlie value of

2 (sin 2a + 2 cos^ a -1) is
cosA - sin A - cos 3a + sin 3 a
(a) cos A (b) sec A (c) cosec A (d) sin A
24. 2 (1 - 2 sin ^ 7 a) sin 3a is equal to

(a) sin 17a - sin 11a (b) sin 11a - sin 17a
(c) cos 17a-cos 11a (d) cos 17a + cos 11a
3 cos 2 p -1
25. If a and p are acute angles satisfying cos 2 a = , then tan a =
3 - cos 2 p
(a) V2 tan P (b) tan p (c) V2 cot p (d) cot p

V2 V2
9.42 MATHEMATiCS-XI
1 -e
26. If tan - = tan —, then cos a
2 1 + e 2
I + e cos X 1 - e cos a: cos X - e

(a) 1 - e cos (cos x + e) (b) (c) (d)-
cos x-e cos x-e - e cos X
27. If (2” +1) a: = Tc, then 2” cos a: cos 2 a: cos 2â: ... cos 2" ^ a:
(a) -1 (b) 1 (c) 1/2 (d) none of these
28. If tan a: = f then tan 2a: + sec 2a: is equal to
1 +t 1 -t It It
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 -t 1+f 1 -t 1+f
ww
29. The value of cos'^ x + sin^ a: - 6 cos^ x sin^ a: is
(a) cos 2a: (b) sin 2a: (c) cos 4a: (d) none of these
Flo
30. The value of cos (36“ - A) cos (36° + A) + cos (54° - di) cos (54° + yl) is
(a) cos 2A (b) sin lA (c) cos A (d) 0
ee
rere
71 7t
31. The value of tan a: tan —x tan —+ a: is
r FF
3
(a) cot 3a: (b) 2 cot 3a: (c) tan 3x (d) 3 tan 3a:
uurr
n ( 2n
foor
32. The value of tan a: + tan —+x + tan — + x is
3 V 3
ks s
(a) 3 tan 3 a: (b) tan 3x (c) 3 cot 3a: (d) cot 3a:
Yoo
ooook
sin 5 a - sin 3 a
33. The value of is
eBB
cos 5 a + 2 cos 4 a + cos 3 a
(a) cot a/2 (b) cot a (c) tan a/2 (d) none of these
uurr
sin 5a:
is equal to
ad
34.
sin a:
Yo
(a) 16 cos^ a: -12 cos^ a: +1 (b) 16 cos^ a: +12 cos^ x + 1

dY
(c) 16 cos^ a: -12 cos^ a: -1 (d) 16 cos^ a: +12 cos^ a: ~ 1

Re
innd
^ a is equal to
n -
35. If « = 1, 2, 3,..., then cos a cos 2 a cos 4 a... cos 2
FFi
n- 1
sin 2n a sin 2” a sin 4 a sin 2” a
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2n sin a 2" sin 2""^ a 4«-l..
sm a 2" sin a
36. If tan .t - ^,
b
then b cos 2a: + a sin 2a: is equal to
(a) a (b) h (d)^ a
[NCERT EXEMPLARl
1
37. If tan a = —, tan S = —, then cos 2a is equal to
7 ^ 3
(a) sin 2p (b) sin 4p (c) sin 3p (d) cos 2p
[NCERT EXEMPLARl
38. The value of cos^ 48° - sin^l2°is
^/5+l V5-1 V5+1

(a) (b) id)
8 8 2V2
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
l-tan^l5° .
39. The value of IS
l + tan^lS”
^/3
(b) V3
(a) 1
(c)^ (d) 2
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
40. Thevalueof tan75°-cot75°is
(a) 2V3 (b) 2 + V3 (c) 2-V3 (d) 1
ww
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
41. cos20 cos2(]>+ sin^(0-(t)) -sin^{0+ ([») is equal to

(a) sin 2(0 + i[)) (b) cos2 (0+i|>) (c) sin 2 (0-([)) (d) cos2(0-4>)
FF loo
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ree
42. If tan ^ ^^ ~ ^ ^ equal
rFee
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c)3 (d) 4
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
F
oor r
rur
43. If sin 0 +cos 0 =1, then the value of sin 20 is equal to
s ff
(a) 1 (b)i (c) 0 (d) -1
k
YYoou
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ookos
. ISx.
K
44. The value of sin —sin IS
BBo
10 10
.)-i
1 1
re
(c) ~ (d) 1
(a) 5 4
ouur
ad
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Yo
4 0
45. If sin 0 = — and 0 lies in third quadrant, then the value of cos — is
(d)4
dY
1 1 1
Re
(b) - (c) -
>/To V5 Vio
idn
FFin
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
46. The value of cosl2°+cos84°+cosl56®+cosl32° is
(a)-
1
(b) 1 (c)-i (d) 48
ANSWERS
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (b)

9. (a) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (c)
17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (a) 21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (a)
25. (a) 26. (d) 27. Cb) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (a) 31. (c) 32. (a)
33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (d) 36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (C) 40. (a)
41. (b) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (c) 46. (c)
9.44 MATHEMATICS-XI
SUMMARY
1. (i) sin 2a: - 2 sin a: cos x (ii) cos 2a: = cosÂ:-sinÂ:

(iii) cos 2a: = 2cos a:-1 or, 1 + cos 2x = 2 cos a:
(iv) cos 2a: = l-2sin^x or, 1-cos2a: = 2sinÂ:

2 tan X 2 tan X 1 -tan^ X
(v) tan 2x = (vi) sin 2x = (vii) cos 2x =
1 - tan ^ x 1 + tan^x 1 + tan^ X
2. (i) sin 3x = 3 sin x - 4 sin ^ x (ii) cos 3x = 4 cos x - 3 cos x

3 tan X - tan ^ X
ww
(iii) tan 3x =
1 - 3 tan ^ X
1 -cosx X 1 + cos X 1 - cos X
3. (i) sin — (ii) cos - = (iii) tan — =
2 V 2 2 2 2
y 1 + cos X
Flo
e
sin 2"x
4. (i) cos X cos 2x cos 2^ x cos 2^ x. .. cos 2” ^ X =
eree
2" sin X
FFr
TC 1
(ii) sinxsin —x sin —+ x sin 3x
uurr
4
n
(iii) cosx cos —x cos —+ x
7t 1
= — cos3x
orr
sfo
U ) '.3 4
7t Vs-1 n Vs + i
5. (i) sin — = (ii) cos — =
kks
Yoo
10 4 5 4
oooo
n
(iii) cos — =
_ ^10 + 2%/S n
(iv) sin — =
.J1O-2V5
eBB
10 4 5 4
urr
ad
YYo
dd
Re
inn
F
CHAPTER IQ
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
10.1 SOME DEFINITIONS
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS The equations contahung trigonometric functions of unknown angles
oww
are known as trigonometric equations.
cos ^ = 0, tan x - etc. are trigonometric equatior\s.
SOLUTION OF A TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION A solution of a trigonometric equation is the value of the

unknown angle that satisfies the equation.
e
Consider the equation sin x = 2 This equation is clearly satisfied by x = —, — etc. So, these are
ree
rFl 6 6
Fre
its solutions.
rr F
Solving an equation means to find the set of all values of the unknown angle which satisfy the
given equation.
ouur
Consider the equation 2cosx + l =0 or cosx = -1/2. This equation is clearly satisfied by
sfoo
2n An ^
X = — , — etc.
3 3
kks
Since the trigonometric functions are periodic. Therefore, if a trigonometric equation has a
Yo
oooo
27T 2 71 2tc
solution, it will have infinitely many solutions. For example, x - —
3'
271 ± —, An ±
3 3'
are
eBB
2n
solutions of 2 cos x +1 = 0. These solutions can be put together in compact form as 2«tc ± ~,
o
urr
where n is an integer. This solution is known as the general solution.

Thus, a solution generalised by means of periodicity is known as the general solution.
ad
YYo
It also follows from the above discussion that solving an equation means to find its general
solution.
dd
10.2 GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS

Re
inn
In this section, we shall obtain the general solutions of the trigonometric equations
sin X = 0, cos X = 0,tan x = 0 and cot x = 0.
F
THEOREM 1 Prove that the general solution of sin x = 0/s given by x =nn, neZ.
PROOF In A OMP, we obtain YA
P
PM
sm X =
OP
sin x = 0 X' X
e
PM
=> = 0
<■
O M ^
OP
PM=0
OP coincides with OX or, OX' Y’^

x = 0, 7c, 2tc,..., -7C, -27t, -3n, ... Fig. 10.1
x = nn, neZ.
Hence, X = 777T, 77 g Z is the general solution of sin x = 0. Q.E.D.
10.2 MATHEMATICS-XI
ALITER
In chapter 6, we have learnt that the curve y = sin a: cuts x-axis at points (0, 0), (± tc, 0),
(± 2n, 0) etc. Thus, sin a: = 0 at x = riK, n e Z.
THEOREM 2 Prove that the general solution of tan X = 0 is X = UK, neZ.
PROOF By definition.
PM
tan X = [See Fig. 10.1]
OM
tan ;c = 0
PM
= 0
OM
PM = 0
OP coincides with OX or, OX' ^ a: = 0, k, 2k, -k, -2k, ^x =nK, nsZ.
ww
Hence, x=hk, neZ is general solution of tan = 0. Q.E.D.
THEOREM 3 Prove that the general solution of COS X

=0 isx = (2n + 1) ^ , n^Z.
Flo
PROOF By definition
e
OM
[See Fig. 10.1]
eree
cos x
OP
cos :r = 0
FFr
OM
= 0
uurr
OP
=> OM = 0
orr
sfo
7U 2>k 5k
OP coincides with OY or, OY' => x = ± ^
2
+
2
f “ ~Z“ /
2
●●●
=:> x = (2« + 1) ^ , neZ.
kks
Yoo
Hence, the general solution of cos .r = 0 is x ={2n + 1) ~ , « e Z.

oooo
Q.E.D.
eBB
THEOREM 4
Prove that the general solution of cot x = 0 is x = (2n +1) « e Z.
PROOF By definition,
urr
OM
cot .t = [See Fig. 10.1]
ad
PM
YYo
cot a: = 0
OM
dd
= 0
PM
Re
inn
=> OM = 0
F
K
OP coincides with OY or, OY' => a* = ± — , ± —, ± — , => x = (2n ^
2 2 2
Hence, x = (2?i + 1) ^ , « e Z is the general solution of cot x = 0. Q.E.D.
NOTE Since secx>l, orsecv<-l , therefore secv = 0 does not have any solution. Similarly,
cosec a: = 0 has no solution.
BASIC
EXAMPLE 1
Find the general solutions of the follozoing equations:
3x
(i) sin 2x = 0 (ii) sin — = 0
2
(iii) sin^ 2a: = 0
sin 2a: = 0
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS 10.3
2x = nn, whereneZ [ sin a: = 0^ x=nTz]

nn
X n € Z.
2 '
. 3x
(ii) sm = 0
2
3x
nn , n e Z [sin :r = 0 => = nn]
2
2nn
x ,n eZ.
3
2 nn
(iii) sin 2a: = 0 ^ sin 2a: = 0 ^ 2x-nn ^ x neZ.
2 '
EXAMPLE 2 Find the general solutions of the following equations:
w
3x
(i) cos 3a: = 0 (ii) cos = 0 (iii) cos^ 3a: = 0
2
n
SOLUTION We know that the general solution of the equation cos a: = 0 is a: = (2/j + 1) —,» e Z.
Therefore,
Flo
eeee
n n
(i)
cos 3a: = 0 ^ 3a: = (2/i 2 ^^ ^ 6 " ^^^
Fr
3a: 3x
(ii) cos = 0=> = (2w+ 1) — => a: = (2n + 1) — , » e Z
2 2 2 3
for
ur
(iii) cos^ 3x = 0 => cos 3x = 0 => 3a: = {2n +1) - =5> x = (2n +1) —, n e Z.
2 6'
EXAMPLES Find the general solutions of the following equations:
ks
3x
Yo
(i) tan 2a: = 0 (ii) tan — = 0 (iii) tan = 0

oo
2 4
eB
SOLUTION We know that the general solution of the equation tanx = 0is x =nn,n eZ.
Therefore,
nn
(i) tan 2x = 0 ^ 2x = nn ^ x —, neZ
ur
2
ad
X X
(ii) tan — = 0 => —= nn=> X = 2nn, n e Z
Yo
2 2
3x 3x Ann
(iii) tan = 0 => nn X ,neZ
4 4 3
d
Re
in
THEOREM 5 Prove that the general solution of sm x= sin a is given by: x = nn + {-1)” a , n e Z.
F
PROOF We have,
sin X = sin a
<=> sin X - sin a = 0
<=>
.2 sin
. {X-
—
a
cos
X + aA
= 0
I 2 J 2 )
. fX -a X + a
o sm =0 or, cos = 0
2 J 2 )
X - a X + a n
<=> = mn, or. - (2m +1) — , m e Z
2 2 2 '
X - 2ntn + a or, X = (2m + 1) n - a, m e Z
X = (Any even multiple of tc) + a or, x = (Any odd multiple of 7t) - a
<=> X = «7c + (-l)”a, where«eZ.
Q.E.D.
10.4 MATHEMATICS-XI
REMARK 1 The equation cosec x = cosec a is equivalent to sin x = sin a. Thus, cosec x = cosec a
and sin x = sin a have the same general solution.
THEOREM 6 Prove that the general solution of cos x = cos a is given by: x - 2nn ± a , where neZ.
PROOF We have,
cos X = cos a
<=> cos X - cos a = 0

X + . f X -a'^
- 2 sin sm = 0
2 )
. fx+a^ „ . (x-a
<=> sm = 0 or, sin — = 0
I 2 I 2
ww
X + a x-a
<=> = nK, or — =H7i, neZ
2 2
x = 2mi-a or, x = 2nn+ a,neZ x = 2?ni:± a,neZ. Q.E.D.

REMARK 2
Since sec x = sec a o cos x = cos a. So, the general solutions of cos x = cos a and
Flo
e
sec X = sec a are same.
eree
THEOREM 7 Prove that the general solution of tan X = tan a is given by: x~nu+ a,neZ.
PROOF We have.
FFr
sm X sm a
tan X = tan a <=> <=> sin X cos a - cos x sin a = 0
uurr
cos X cos a
sin (x - a) = 0 <=> x - a = nri, n e Z o x~mi + a,nsZ orr

sfo
Q.E.D.
kks
Yoo
REMARK 3
Since tan x = tan a <=> cot x = cot a. So, general solutions of cot x = cot a and
oooo
tan X = tan a are sarne.
In order to find the general solutions of trigonometrical equations of the form sin x = sin a,
eBB
cos X = cos a and tan x = tan a, we may use the following algorithm.
ALGORITHM
urr
Step n Find a value of x, preferably between 0 and 2n or between - tc and k, satisfying the given
ad
equation and call it a.

YYo
Step n If the equation is sin x = sin a, write x = mtt + (-1)" a,neZ as the general solution.
For the equation cos x = cos a, write x = 2«7t ± a, n e Z <7S the general solution.
dd
For the equation tan x = tan a, write x -nn + a,n gZ as the general solution.
Re
inn
Following examples illustrate the algorithm.

F
Type I ON FINDING THE GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF THE EQUATIONS OF THE FORM

sin X = sin a, cos x = cos a , tan x = tan a
EXAMPLE \
Fmd the general solutions of the following equations:
V3
(i) sin X = — (ii) 2 sin x +1 = 0 (iii) cosec x = 2
2
V3 . n
SOLUTION (i) A value of x satisfying sin ^ is —.
3
V3 7C
sm X => sin X sm — => X = nn + (-1)” — , neZ
2 3 3
1
(ii) We have, 2sinj: + l= 0 => sinx = —.A value of a: satisfying this equation is - jt/6.
2
1 Tl n J1+ 1
sm X = — => sin a: = sin => x = nn + {-l) => % =n7i: + (-1) neZ.
2 6j 6j 6 '
(hi) We have, cosec x = 2 => sin a: = — sin a: = sin — => x=nK + {-1)" , n e Z.
2 6 6
EXAMPLE 2 Find the general solutions of the following equations:

1 1
(i) cos a: = — (ii) cos 3x = - (hi) Vs sec 2a: = 2
2 2
oww
7U
(iv) sec a: cos5a: + 1 = 0, 0<a:< — [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
2
1 71 71
SOLUTION (i) cosa: = - => cos a: COS — ^ a: = 2?77i: ± — , n sZ
2 3 3
ee
1 2t: 271 2j7t: , 2ti _
FFrlo
(ii) cos 3a: = — =^> cos 3a: = cos — ^ 3a: = 2?77t ± — ^ a: = ± — , rt e Z
3 9
r
2 3 3
rF
V3
ee
K 71 71
(hi) Vs sec 2a: = 2 => cos 2a: = 2

=> cos 2x = cos
6
=i> 2X = 27171 ±—=> X =7171 ±
6 12'
77 € Z
rF
ouru
7t
(iv) We have, sec x cos 5x +1 = 0, 0 < x < —
2
cos5x
ffosor
os k
+ 1 =0
cosx
ook
Yo
cos 5x + cos X = 0
Y
5x + x (5x-x
Bo
2 cos cos = 0
reeB
2 ) I 2 ;
2 cos 3x cos 2x = 0
ooY
uur
cos 3x = 0 or, cos 2x = 0

ad
^ 7c 3t: ^ n 71 3tc
3x =—, — or, 2x = — ●●● 0 < X < - 0 < 3x < and 0 < 2x < 71
dY
2 2 2 2 2
71 71 71 71 71 71
nind
x = — or, X = — => X = —
Re
6' 2 4 6' 2' 4

F
Fi
EXAMPLE 3 Solve the following trigonometric equations:

(i) tan X = -i
V3
(ii) tan 2x = VS (hi) tan 3x = -1
(iv) 2 tan^ x sec^ x +1 = 2, 0 < x < 271 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

1 71 71
SOLUTION (i) tan X = => tan X = tan — x 7171 + — , 77 e Z
V3 6 6
71 71 7171 71 „
(ii) tan lx = \l3 => tan 2x = tan => 2X =7171+— =>X = + — ,71€Z
3 3 2 6
71 71 7171 71 _
(ih) tan 3x = -1 ^ tan 3x = tan => 3x = 7171 + => X , 71 e Z.

4j 4j 3 12
(iv) We have, cot x + tan x = 2 cosec x

cos X sin X 2
andx 7171,71 eZ
sin X cos X sin x
10.6 MATHEMATICS-XI
2 .--2
cos :t 2
sin X cos X sm X
1 2 1
= 2 [ ●.● X «7c sin X 0]
sm X cos X sm x cos X
1 7t 71
cos X = - => cos X = cos — => X = 2rm ± — n e Z.
2 3 3'
EXAMPLE 4 Solve the following trigonometric equations:
(i) sin — = -1 (ii) cos ^ - 1 (iii) tan — x
2 ^
= V3
r-
2 2 " 2
ww
(iv) cot X + tan X = 2 cosec x [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION (i)sin-=-l
2
Flo
X 7t 71
n n+ 1
sm — = sm - =«7M- (- 1) => X = 2M7C + (-1) jr, 71 e Z
e
2 2; 2 2j
eree
3x 1 3x 7t 3x 71 47171: , 2ti „
(ii) cos — ^ cos cos — => = 27771 ± — => X ± — , 77 e Z
FFr
2 2 2 3 2 3 3 9
('2x 2x 2x 3777t 71
uurr
K K
(iii) tan = V3 ^ tan — = tan — ^ 77 7C + — ^ X- + - ,77 €Z.
V 3 3 J 3 3
orr 3 2 2
sfo
(iv) We have, 2tan^x + sec^ X = 2, 0<x<2tc
kks
1
Yoo
2tan^x + l + tan^x =2 => 3tan^x=l => tan^x = — => tan x =±

oooo
3 V3
}=: In this case, we obtain x = —6'

7ti
eBB
Case I W/7C77 tan X =

V3 6
1 5ti IIti
urr
Case II When tan x = - : In this case, we obtain x =

V3 T'~6~
ad
YYo
n 5n 7n Uk
Hence, the possible solutions of the given equation are: X = — and
6'T'T 6
dd
Re

inn
Type II ON FINDING THE GENERAL SOLUTION OF THE EQUATIONS

F
REDUCIBLE TO THE FORMS

sin X = sin a, cos x = cos a, tan x = tan a
EXAMPLE 5 Solve the equation: sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x = 0. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have,
sin X + sin 3x + sin 5x = 0 => (sin 5x + sin x) + sin 3x - 0
2 sin 3x cos 2x + sin 3x = 0
1
sin 3x (2 cos 2x + 1) = 0 => sin 3x = 0 or 2 cos 2x + 1 = 0 ^ sin 3x = 0 or, cos 2x = -
2
Now, sin3x - 0=5> 3x=777t=5> X=—,77€Z

3
And, cos 2x = - - => cos 2x = cos — 2x = 2mn ± — => x = 7777c ± — , 777 € Z.

2 3 3 3
X =(3T77 ± 1) —, 777 S Z.
3
tlTZ
These values of x are contained in x=—, neZ. Hence, the general solution of the given
3'
nn
equation is : x = —, n sZ.
3
EXAMPLE 6 Solve the equation: cos x + cos 3x - 2 cos 2x = 0

SOLUTION We have,
cos X + cos 3x - 2 cos 2x = 0
2 cos 2x cosx -2cos 2x = 0 <=> 2 cos 2x(cos x -1) =0 => cos 2x =0 or, cos x -1 =0
Now, cos2x = 0=> 2x=(2n+ !)—=> x =(2« +1) — , w e Z
2 4
ooww
And, cosX-1 = 0 => cosX = 1 ^ cos X = cos 0 => X = 2mn± 0 ^ x = 2m7i,m sZ
TC
Hence, x = (2n + l) — or, x = 2nm, where m, n e Z.
4
EXAMPLE 7 Solve the equation: sin mx + sin nx = 0.
e
ree
SOLUTION We have,
rFl
sin mx + sin nx = 0
Fre
m + n f m -n' m + n m -n
2 sin X = 0 => sin X = 0 or, cos X = 0
rrF
X cos
2 J 2 ) 2 )
{m + n'\ m + n 2>‘k
ouur
Now, sin X = 0 =>
sffoo x = m => X , r eZ
2 J 2 J m + n
m-n f m-n'] 71 (2s + 1) 71

okks
And, cos x = 0 => X =(2s + !)—=> X , s eZ
2 ) 2 ) 2 m - n
Yo
ooo
2t^ (2s + 1) 7t
Hence, x = , where r, seZ.
BB
or, X
m + n m-n
rr e
EXAMPLE 8 Solve the following equations:

ouu
(i) sin 2x + cos x = 0 [NCERTl (ii) sin 3x + cos 2x = 0 (iii) sin 2x + sin 4x + sin 6x = 0
ad
YY
SOLUTION (i) sin 2x + cos x = 0

f V \ f ^
COS X = - sin 2x => cos x = cos — + 2x => x = 2/i7t ± - + 2x , n eZ
dd
u
Re
iinn
Taking positive sign, we obtain

F
X = 2 7171 + - + 2x => - X = 2t77c + — => X = - 2«jt - — => X = 2mn - ^2 , where m = - ?i e Z.

2 2 2
Taking negative sign, we obtain

7C 71 2/771 TC
X = 27771- —+ 2X => 3X = 2?77t => X , 77 € Z.
2 2 3 6
TC 2t7K 7C
Hence, x = 2m7i —, or, x = — , where m, 77 6 Z.
2 ' 3 6
(ii) sin 3x + cos 2x = 0

( TC TC
=> COS 2x = - sin 3x => cos 2x = cos — + 3x => 2x = 2nn ± —+ 3x , n&Z
2 K2
Taking positive sign, we obtain

2x = 2?77c + — +3x=> -X = 2t7tc + — => X = - 2nn - —2 => x = 2?777c - ^2 , where -n=m.
2 2
10.8 MATHEMATtCS-XI
Taking negative sign, we obtain

2nn K
2x = 2m:-—-3x => 5x = 2hk-- ^ x —, n eZ
2 2 5 10
2nn n n
Hence, x = or, X = 2wm — , where m,« e Z.
5 10 2
(iii) We have.
sin 2x + sin Ax + sin 6.v = 0
sin Ax + (sin 2x + sin 6x) = 0

sin 4x + 2 sin Ax cos 2a: = 0
sin 4x (1 + 2 cos 2a:) = 0
ooww
1
sin 4a: = 0 or, 1 + 2 cos 2a: = 0 ^ sin 4a: = 0 or, cos 2a' = -
2
nn
Now, sin 4a: = 0 ^ 4a: = rtTc ^ .r —, neZ
A
1
e
And, cos 2a: =-
ree
2
rFl 2tc 2rt
Fre
n
cos 2a: = cos — => 2a: = 2mn ± — x = mn± — , m eZ
3 3 3
rrF
n 7c n
Hence, a: = or, X =mK ± — where m,neZ.
4 3'
ouur
sffoo
n
EXAMPLE 9 Find the sum ofall solutions of cosx COS x +— cos — x = -, a: e[0, 6ti].
3J u a'
okks
Yo
SOLUTION We have.
ooo
K n 1
BB
cosa:cos —+ a: cos —x
3 k3 J 4
rr e
1 a = -1
—cos3a: V cos a: cos
n
— + x cos
K
— X — cos 3a:
A A ^3 U J A
ouu
ad
YY
2«7I
cos 3x = 1 => cos 3a: = cos 0 => 3a: = 2?m => a: = ,neZ
3
18Tt
dd
But, a: €[0, 67t] . Therefore, a: = 0, —, —, —, .

3 3 3 3 3
Re
iinn
2n Ak 13?x 2t: /m fm. 2n 9x10

Sum of all these solutions = 0 + + +...+ = — (1 + 2+3 +...+ 9) = — X = 30n
F
3 3 3 3 3 2
Hence, required sum = 30 tl

EXAMPLE 10 Solve: sin a: - 2 sin 2a: + sin 3a: = cos a: - 2 cos 2a: + cos 3a:
SOLUTION We have.
sin a: - 2 sin 2a: + sin 3x = cos a: - 2 cos 2x + cos 3a:
(sin 3a: + sin a:) -2 sin 2a: =(cos 3x + cosa:) -2 cos 2a
2sin 2a cos A-2 sin 2a = 2cos2acosa-2cos2a
2 sin 2 A (cos a -1 )= 2 cos 2 a (cos a -1)
2 (cos A -1) (sin 2a - cos 2a) = 0
2(cosa-1)=0 or, sin 2a - cos 2a = 0
cosA=l or, sin2A = cos2a
n
cosA = cos0 or,tan2A = l => cosa = cos0 or, tan2A = tan —
4
rt TC
X = 2riK or, 2x = nK + - => x = 2nn or, x = nK + — ,neZ
4 8
EXAMPLE 11 Find the general solution of the equation

sin X - 3 sin 2a: + sin 3x = cos x - 3 cos 2x + cos 3x [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have,
sin X - 3 sin 2x + sin 3x = cos x - 3 cos 2x + cos 3x
(sin X + sin 3x) - 3 sin 2x = (cos x + cos 3x) - 3 cos 2x

2 sin 2x cos x - 3 sin 2x = 2 cos 2x cos x - 3 cos 2x
sin 2x (2 cos x - 3) = cos 2x (2 cos x - 3)

sin 2x = cos 2x [●.● 2 cos X - 3 0]
ww
tan 2x = I => tan 2x = tan — => 2x = + — => x = — + —, neZ.
4 4 2 8
Flo
(i) 2cos^x+3sinx = 0 [NCERT] (ii) 2sin^x = 3cosx, 0 < x < 2jt
e
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
eree
7 3
(iii) cot X -i- + 3=0 (iv) 2 tan X - cot X = -1
FFr
sin X
uurr
(v) 4 cos X - 3 sec x = tan x (vi) tan ^ X + (I - V3) tan x - VS = 0
(vii) sec^ 2x = I - tan 2x orr
sfo
[NCERT]
SOLUTION (i) 2 cos^ X + 3 sin X = 0

kks
Yoo
oooo
2 (I - sin^ x) + 3 sin X = 0
eBB
2 sin^ X - 3 sin 0-2 = 0

●y
2 sin X - 4 sin x + sin x - 2 = 0
urr
2 sin X (sin x - 2) +1 (sin x - 2) = 0

ad
YYo
=> (sin X - 2) (2 sin X +1) = 0

2 sin X +1 = 0 [●.' sin X *2 sin x-2^G\
dd
I
Re
inn
sin X
2
F
K n TC n + I ^
Sin X = sin => X = M7t + (-1) => x = nn + {-l) nsZ.
6; 6 '
(ii) We have, 2 sin^ x = 3 cos x, 0 ^ x < 2tc

2 (I -cos^x) = 3 cosx
2 cos^x+ 3 cosx-2 = 0
2 cos^x + 4 cosx-cos X-2 = 0
2 cos X (cosx + 2) - (cos x + 2) = 0
(cos X + 2) (2 cos X -I) = 0
2 cosx-I =0 [●.● cos x + 2=^0]
I
cosx =
2
10.10 MATHEMATICS-XI
_n 5n [v 0<x<2tc]
^~3'~3
3
(iii) cot^ X + + 3 = 0
sin X
cosec^ X -1 + 3 cosec x + 3 = 0
cosec^ X + 3 cosec x + 2 = 0
w
=>
=> (cosec X + 2) (cosec x +1) = 0 => cosec x + 2 = 0 or, cosec x +1 = 0

Now, cosecx + 2 = 0
^— + 2 = 0
e
sin X
1
re
row
sin X =
2
n ( w+ 1
sin X = sin => X = n7t + (-l) - , => X = mi + (-l) —, neZ
eeF
6
ullo
FF
And, cosec x + l = 0
1
+ 1=0
sin X
srr
roF
=> sin X = -1
k
7t^ m m+ ITt
=> sin X = sin => X = m7t + (~l) => x=mn + (-l) —,m eZ
uor
I 2,
I 2)
ofof 2
n+ 1 ^ m+ 1
Hence, x = wtc + (-1) — or, X = mn + (-1) — ,m,neZ
Y
kos
6 2
Yo
B
(iv) 2 tan x - cot x = -1

oo
rY
=> 2tan X — = -1
eerB
tan X
=> 2tan^ x + tanx-1 = 0

u
=> 2 tan^ x + 2tanx-tanx-l=0

ou
d
o
ad
=> 2 tan x(tan x + l) - (tan x + l) =0 => (tan x + l) (2 tan x -1) =0=> tan x = -l or,tan x = —
nY
2
Now,
nid
Re
r 71
tanx = -l=> tanx = tan => X = nil —, neZ
F
=> X = W7C +
. 4, I 4/ 4
Fi
And, tan x = —
2
=> tan X = tan a, where tan a = — => x = mTt + a, where tan a = - and meZ
2 2
7C
Hence, x = nit— or, x = mn +a, where m, neZ and tan a = —
4 2
(v) 4 cos X - 3 sec X = tan x

3 sin X
=> 4 cos X -
cosx cos X
=> 4 cos X - 3 = sin X
=> 4(1 - sin^ x) - 3 = sin X

=> 4sin x + sinx-l = 0
=> sm X
l±.Jl+16 => sm X
-1 ± Vl7
^ sm X
-1 + VI7
or, sm a: =
-1 -^/^7
8 8 8 8
Now, sin a: =
-1 + Vl7
=> sin X - sin a, where sin a -
8
-i + VTz
=> X = fiTc + (-1)" a, where sin a = and « e Z
8
-1 -Vl7
And, sin x =
ooww
8
-1-VI7
=> sin a: = sin p, where sin p =
8
-1 -Vl7
n7t + (-l)”p, where sin p =
e
^ X
8
re
tan^ a: + (1 - Vs) tan a: - VS =0
rFFl
ree
(Vi)
F
tan^ AT + tan X - Vs tan a: - ^/3 = 0
rF
tan (tan x + 1) - VS (tan x +1) = 0
(tan X + 1) (tan x - VS) = 0 fsfoor
ouur
tan X +1 = 0 or tan x - VS = 0 ^ tan x = -1 or, tan x = VS
kosk
7t n
Now, tan X = -1 => tan X = tan X nn — , « e Z
Yo
V 4 4
oo
Y
BB
71
And, tan X = Vs => tan X = tan — =5> x mn + —, m eZ
S S
rre
7C 71
Hence, x = nit — or, x = mn + — where m, neZ.
4 3 '
oYuu
ad
(vii) sec^ 2x = 1 “ tan 2x

dY
1 + tan^ 2x = 1 - tan 2x
innd
tan^ 2x + tan 2x = 0
Re
Fi
F
tan 2x (tan 2x +1) = 0

tan 2x = 0 or, tan 2x +1 = 0
Sti
tan 2x = 0 or, tan 2x = -1 tan 2x = 0 or, tan 2x - tan
4
St: n n nn 3n
2x=nn or, 2x =« t: + => X = or, X = — + — , 71 eZ
4 2 2 8
n n
EXAMPLE 13 Solve: tan x+— =3 tan x
12J 12
SOLUTION We have.
t:
tan x +
t: n
tan X +— =3 tan x
12 12 1
tan X-
12
K K
tan x + - + tan X -
\2J 12 z - 3+1
Tt n 3-1
[Applying Componendo and dividendo]
tan XH— -tan x-
12 12
7t 71 >
Sin X + - + X
12 12J tan A + tan B sin (A + B)
=2
7t 7t
tan A - tan B sin {A - B)
w
Sin x + x + -
12 12J
sin 2x n UK
= 2 sin 2x = 1=> sin 2x = sin => 2x =nrt + (-l)'' —X = + {-lf-,neZ
. 71 2 2 2 4
Sin -
6
e
roow
re
(i) tan X + tan 2x + tan x tan 2x = 1 (ii) tan x + tan 2x + tan 3x = tan x tan 2x tan 3x
2;r
reF
(iii) tan x+tan 2x + -s/^ tanx tan 2x=-v/3 (iv) tan = 3
uFFll x+tan x + — + tan

3J
x+
3J
e
SOLUTION (i) tan x + tan 2x + tan x tan 2x = 1
sFr
tan X + tan 2x = 1 - tan x tan 2x
tan X + tan 2x
foro
fk
uor
= 1
1 - tan X tan 2x
okso
_ ^ A TC — 71 tlTZ 71
tan 3x = 1 => tan 3x - tan — => 3x = nn + - => x = — + —, neZ
Y
4 4 3 12
Yo
oo
reeBB
(ii) tan X + tan 2x + tan 3x = tan x tan 2x tan 3x
tan X + tan 2x = - tan 3x + tan x tan 2x tan 3x

rY
tan X + tan 2x = - tan 3x (1 - tan x tan 2x)

ouu
tan X + tan 2x
= - tan 3x
ad
1 - tan X tan 2x
Ydo
tan (x + 2x) = - tan 3x => tan 3x = - tan 3x =5- 2 tan 3x = 0 tan 3x = 0

nidn
nn
3x = 7771 ^ X neZ.
3 '
Re
(iii) tan X + tan 2x + VS tan x tan 2x = VS

F
Fi
tan X + tan 2x = VS (1 - tan x tan 2x)

tan X + tan 2x
= V3
1 - tan X tan 2x
TT «7l 71 _
tan 3x =s -Js ^ tan 3x = tan — => 3x = tit: + — ^ x h — , n e Z
3 3 3 9
71 2ti
(iv) tan X + tan x + — + tan x + — = 3
3J 3 J
K 2k
tan X + tan - tan X + tan
tan X + 3- + ^ = 3
7C 271
1 - tan X tan 1 - tan X tan
3 3
tan X + -/S tan X - V3
tan X + = 3
1 - -</3 tan X 1 + Vs tan x
8 tan Y tan a: - 3 tan ^ X + 8 tan x 3 (3 tan .Y - tan ^ y)

tan Y + = 3 => = 3 ^ = 3
1-3 tan^ Y 1-3 tan^ Y 1-3 tan^ Y
K K nn. n
3 tan 3Y = 3 => tan 3y = 1 tan 3y = tan — ^ 3y=«tc+—^ y = + ,7ieZ.
4 4 3 12
EXAMPLE 15 Solve: tan Y tan 3y tan 4y = tan y - tan 3y+ tan4Y.
SOLUTION We have,
tan Y tan 3y tan4Y = tan y-tan 3y + tan4Y
=> tan^ 3y - tan^ x = tan 4y - tan^ y tan^ 3y tan 4y
w
=> tan^ 3y - tan^ x = tan 4y (1 - tan^ y tan^ 3y)
2 2
tan 3y - tan y
tan 4y =
Flo
l-tan^Ytan^3Y
, ^ tan3Y+tanY tan 3y - tan x
tan 4y = X
ee
1 - tan 3y tan y 1 + tan 3y tan x
Fr
tan4Y = tan (3y +y) tan (3y-y) => tan4y = tan4y tan2y ^ tan4Y(tan2Y-l) =0
71
tan 4y = 0 or, tan 2y -1 = 0 => tan 4y = 0 or, tan 2y = tan -
for 4
ur
. - Tt nn nrc TT -
4y = «Tc or, 2y = M71 + ~ ^ Y = — or, Y = — + —, n e Z
4 4 2 8
ks
Solve: sec Y-1 =(V2-1) tan y, y 9^ (2;i -1) — , n e Z

Yo
EXAMPLE 16
2
oo
SOLUTION We have,
eB
sec Y-1 =(-72-1) tan x

1 11 , 71 tan Y tan— = n/2 -1
ur
= tan —
COSY 8 8
ad
Yo
7T
smY sin-
1 -COSY 8 7t
COS Y 0 as Y {2n -1) -
COSY 7T 2
d
COS Y COS-
Re
8
in
71 7C n n K n
F
COS—COS Y COS — = Sin Ysin— => sin y sin —+ cos y cos — - cos
8 8 8 8 8 8
71 71 71 71 7T
COS Y — = COS — ^ Y — = 2nn ± — ^ y = 2mi + or, Y = 2tt7t, fz e Z
8 8 8 8 4
EXAMPLE 17 Find the value of x e (-71, ti) satisfying the equation

gl+ I cosa:!+ cos x+ I cos y| + = 43.
SOLUTION We have,
gl+ i cosAfj + cosâr + | cosâ:| + cos‘âr...toc» = 43
gl+ 1 cosar| + cos"^ x + | cos"^ x \ + cos^ x ...to go = 64
g 1- |cosx| _g2
1 1 1 1 n 2n
= 2 => 1-1 cosa:| = — => I cosA^| = - => cosx = ±- x = ±--,± —
1 -1 cosa: ' ' 2 ' 2 2 3 3
10.3 GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATIONS OF THE FORM

:-2
sin^ a: = sin a, cos^ X = cos^ a, tan^ x = tan^ a
THEOREM Prove that:
(i) sin^ a: = sin^ a=i-x=nn± a, neZ (ii) cos^ a: = cos a ^ x =nK± a,n eZ
(iii) tan^ a: = tan^ a => a: =«7i ± a, n e Z

PROOF (i) sin^ a: = sin^ a
w
2sin^ A: = 2sin^ a
1 - cos 2a: = 1 - cos 2a => cos 2x = cos 2a => 2a: = 2mt± 2a => a: = «7i± a, k e Z
Flo
2 2
(ii) cos X = cos a
e
2 2
rree
2 cos a: = 2 cos a
r FF
1 + cos 2a: = 1 + cos 2a cos 2a: = cos 2a => 2a: = 2nn ±2a => x - nn±a,neZ
2 2
(iii) tan X - tan a
uurr
for
1 -tanÂ: _ 1 -tanâ =^> cos 2a: - cos 2a ^ 2x = 2nn ± 2a => x = nn± a, « e Z
1 + tanÂ: 1+tanâ
kss
ooook
Q.E.D.
Yo
eB

urr
EXAMPLE 1 Solve: 7 cos^ A:+3sinÂ: = 4

ad
Yo
SOLUTION We have,
7 cos^ A:+3sinÂ:=4=^ 7(1 -sin^ ac) + 3 sin^ a: = 4 => 4 sin^ a:= 3
dY
Re
V3
innd
2 2 ^ n
4 sin"^ a: = 3 => sin"^ x = — => sin^ a: = :_2
sm => x = nn± — .neZ
4 2 ) 3 3 '
Fi
2 2
EXAMPLE 2 Solve: 5 cos A:+7sin x~6=0 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have,5 cos^ x + 7 sin^ a:-6 = 0
5(1 -sin'^x)+7 sina:-6 =0 => 2 sin a:-1 = 0=>sin x=—= -j=

2 VV2
● 2 ● 2 ^ ^
sin x = sin —=> x=mi± — neZ.
4 4'
EXAMPLE 3 Solve: 2 sin^ x + sin^ 2a: = 2

SOLUTION We have,
2 sin^ a: + sin^ 2a: = 2
2 sin a: + (2 sin a: cos x) = 2
4 sin^ .r cos^ x+2 sin^ x = 2

2 2 2
2 sin X cos x + sin x = 1
2 sin^ X cos^ X-(1 - sin^ x) = 0

2 sin^ X cos^ x - cos^ x = 0
cos^ X (2 sin^ X-1) = 0
=> cos^ X = 0 or, 2 sin^ X -1 = 0 => cos^ x = 0 or, sin^ x = —
2
7t
Now, COS^ X = 0 => COS^ X = cos
2
X = nn± — , n sZ
2 2
ww
● 2 1 ●2 :_2
And, Sin X ^ sjn X = Sin => X = ?»7t ± — , w e Z
2 4 4
71 7t
Hence, X = «7T ± — or X = mrc ± — where m, « e Z
2 4 '
Flo
e
eree
EXAMPLE 4 Solve: sin 3a = 4 sin a sin (x + a) sin (x - a), where a ^ nn, n e Z
SOLUTION We have,
FFr
sin 3a = 4 sin a sin (x + a) sin (x - a)
uurr
sin 3a =4 sin a (sin^ x -sin^ a)
orr
sfo
^ 3 sin a-4 sin a =4 sin xsina-4sin a
Vsf
kks
Yoo
. 2 3 ● 2 ● 2 ^ ^7
=> 3 sin a = 4 sin^ X sin a ^ sm x = — => Sin x = sin — =>x = «7i± —. »eZ
oooo
4 2 3 3'
eBB
EXAMPLE 5 Solz’e: 4 sin X sin 2x sin 4x = sin 3x

SOLUTION We have,
4 sin X sin 2x sin 4x = sin 3x
urr
=> 4 sin X sin (3x - x). sin {3x + x) = sin 3x

ad
YYo
^ 4 [sin x(sin“ 3x - sin x)] = 3 sin x - 4 sin'^ x

=> 4 sin X sin^ 3x-4sin^x = 3sinx-4sin^x
dd
Re
=> 4 sin X sin 3x = 3 sin x

inn
sin x(4 sin^ 3x- 3) = 0 => sin x = 0 or, 4sin^ 3x - 3 = 0 => sin x = 0 or,' sin^ 3x = —4
F
Now, sin X = 0 => x = mt, n € Z

And, ■2-33x -
sm 3
4
sin^ 3x = rvsf => sin^ 3x = sin^ — => 3x = wti ± — =5- x ?M7C ^ 7C

± - , WJ € Z
_
2 3 3 3 9
Hence, x = nn or, x mn ^ n ^ n eZ.

3 9
:_2 2
sin“x cos X
EXAMPLE 6 Solve: 81 + 81 = 30, 0 < X < 7L
SOLUTION We have.
:_-2 2 =_2 2 =_2 81
sm X cos X sm X 1- sin X sin X
81 + 81 = 30 => 81 + 81 = 30 => 81 + = 30
:_2
sm X
81
81 2
sm X
=> y + — = 30, where y = 81
y
:_2
sin^ X
^ y^ - 30y + 81 = 0 ^ (y - 27) (y - 3) = 0 => y = 27
sm X
or, y = 3 ^ 81 = 27 or, 81 = 3
=^2
sm X
Now, 81 = 27
2
4\sin .r
=> (3“) = 3^
9
24sin X -33
\2
V3 ● 2 ● 2 ^ ^ -7
4sin^x = 3^ sin^:r= — => sm ;r=sin —^ :r=«7c± —,»eZ
ww
4 2 3 3
and.
:_2
sm X
81 = 3
Flo
2
4-^ sin X
(3")
e
= 3
eree
2
24sin X = 3
1
FFr
4sinÂ:=l => sin^x= — if => sm
● 2
Ar = sm
● 2 ^
— => x=nn± — ,neZ
r7
uurr
4 UJ 6 6 '
Hence, a: = «7i ± — or a: = mti ± — ,« e Z orr

sfo
3 6
kks
Yoo
10.4 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS OF THE FORM
oooo
a cos x + b sin x = c, wherea,b, c eR such that | c| < +}?"

eBB
To solve tills type of equations, we first reduce them in the form cos x = cos a, or
sin X = sin a.
urr
The following algorithm provides the method of solution.

ad
YYo
ALGORITHM
Step I Obtain the equatio}! a cos x + b sin a: = c.

= VfVf and tan a=ij/fl i.e. a = tan ^(b/af
dd
Step II Put a=r cos a and b = r sin a , zohere r

Re
inn
Step III Using the substitution in step II, the equation reduces to
F
r cos (a: - a) = c => cos (a: - a) = - = cos p (say),

r
Step rv Solve the equation obtained in step III by using the formulas discussed earlier.
EXAMPLE 1 Solve: -fs cos a: + sin x = -Jl [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

SOLUTION We have, V3 cos x + sin x = -Jl
This is of the form « cos a: + i? sin a: = c, wherefl =-\/3, b =1 and c = V2. Let fl=rcosa and
b = r sin a. Then,
^/^ = r cos a and l=rsina =>r = â^ + = -J(V3)^ + f = 2 and
1 n
tan a a
V3 6
Substituting a =■ -Js = r cos a and b =1 = r sin a in the equation (i) it reduces to

r cos a cos x + r sin a sin x = V2
r cos (a: - a) = V2
2cosf;r-^l = V2
n 1
cos X
6J V2
/
K K
cos X cos —
6j 4
ww
n 11
X — = 2«7I ± — , n e Z
6 4
X = Inn ± — + — , n 6 Z
Flo
4 6
e
eree
Sti 71
a: = Inn + - + — or, a: = 2n77 — + — => x = 27m + — or, x - 2nn
4 6 4 6 12 12
FFr
Hence, x = 2nn + ^ or, x = 2nn - ~ , where « e Z
uurr
12 12
orr
sfo
ALITER We have, Vs cosx + sin x = V2. Dividing both sides by -J(V3)^ +1^ = 2, we obtain
y[3 1 . V2
kks
Yoo
— C0SX +—sinx = —
oooo
2 2 2
K n 1
eBB
cosx cos—+ sinx sin —=

6 6 V2
71 7U
urr
cos X— =cos—
6 4
ad
YYo
7T 7C
X — = 27771 + —, where 7i g Z
6 4'
dd
K K n n
X—=27171+— or,X — =2717:—, tigZ
Re
inn
6 4 6 4
5ti
F
7C
X = 2777: + — or, X = 2n t: - , 71 G Z
12 12
EXAMPLE2 ^sin X + cos X =1, then find the general value of X. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have, sin x + cos x = 1. Dividing throughout by Vl^ +1^ = V2, we obtain
1 1 1
sin X + cos X =
V2 V2 V2
t: n 1
sin X sin — + cos x cos — = -?=
4 4 V2
K K
cos X — = cos -
4J 4
n 7T t: t: 7C
X— = 2«7:± ^ X = 2ti7:± — + — =s> X = 2;it:+ — or, X = 2717:, ;i g Z
4 4 4j 4 2
EXAMPLE 3 Solve: -J2 sec x + tan a: = 1

SOLUTION We have, yfl sec x + tan a: = 1
V2 sin a: . ^ ●
+ = 1 =j> V2 + sin a: cos X => cos a: - sm a: = V2 -(i)
cos X cos X
This is of the form, a cos a: -sin a: = c, where a=\, b = 1 and c = 4l

Let fl = r cos a, and b = r sin a. Then,
1 = r cos a and 1 = r sin a
r sin a 7C
r= = V2 and, tan = 1 ^ r -42 and /Ct=-
ww
a =
r cos a 4
Substituting = 1 = r cos a and = 1 = r sin a in (i), we get

r cos a: cos a - r sin a: sin a = 42
Flo
r cos (a + a) = V2
e
cos ( A + — =11
eree
4;
FFr
7U
cos A + — = cos 0° ^ A + — = 2 J171 ± 0=> A = 2 nit - —, n e Z
uurr
4) 4 4
ALITER The given equation reduces to cosA-sin a = V2. Dividing throughout by orr
sfo
= 42, we obtain
kks
Yoo
1 1 ■ A =11
oooo
COSA- -^sin
42 42
eBB
/
n ir jt n 7t
^ COS A cos —sin A sin — =1 ^ cos x+ — = cos 0 ^ x + ~- 2mc ± 0 => a = 2n7i — ,rteZ.
4 4 4) 4 4 '
urr
EXAMPLE 4 Solve: cot A + cosec A = 4s.

ad
SOLUTION We observe that the LHS of the given equation is meaningful for all x*nK,neZ.
YYo
Now, cot A + cosec a = VS

1
+ —-— s= Vs => cosA + l= V3sinA => Vs sin A - cos A = 1
dd
sin A sin x
Re
inn
This is of the form fl sin A + cos A = c, where <j = VS, & =-1 and c =1.
F
LetV3=r sin a and 1 = r cos a. Then,

r
- Vs +1 = 2 and, tan a - ss Vs => r = 2 and a = n/3
Substituting a = VS = r sin a and b = l = r cos a in (i), we get

r sin a sin a - r cos a cos a = 1
TC n\ 1 n 2 tj:
- r cos (A + a) = 1 => - 2 cos a + = 1 =5- cos A + — cos A + — cos
3J 3J 2 3J 3
7t 2n
A + — - 2nn± — , «eZ
3 3
. 2n K - 7t
A = 2mt ± ^ A = 2/171 + or. A = 2«71 - 71 = (2/1 - 1) 7t, /I € Z
3 3 3
71
But, A cannot be equal to (2/i -1) 71 as it makes sin a = 0. Hence, x = 2/171 + —3 ,neZ
ALITER The given equation reduces to the equation sin a:-cosa; =1.
Dividing throughout by +(-l)^ = 2, we obtain
V3 . 1 1 K . 7t 1 7t n 1
— sinA:—cosa:=—=> sm — sm a: - cos — cos a: = — => cosa:cos smArsin—=
2 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 2
K^ 2n Tt 2n Tt
=> cos a: + — COS — => a: + — = 2mi ± — => a: = 2mi + — or a: = 2nn - tc, n e Z
3 3 3 3 3
n
=> X = 2nn H— ,« e Z {: X * {2n -1) Tt,« e Z]
3
ww
EXAMPLE 5 Solve: {4^-\) cosat + (-n/3+1) sin a: = 2. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have, {4^ -1) cosa: + {4S +1) sin a: = 2. ...{i)
Let V3 -1 = r sin a and ^/3 + 1 = r cos a. Then, r = ^{4s ~1)^ -^{43 +1)^ = 242
Flo
e
1 Tt Tt
eree
1- tan — tan
and tan a =
V3-1 _ VI- 4 — = tan
7t Tt
- tan
Tt
^/3+l " 1 1
FFr
Tt Tt 4 6 12
+ 1 + tan tan
V3 4 6
uurr
orr
Tt
r = 2V2 and a = —
12
sfo
Putting Vs -1 = r sin a and VJ +1 = r cos a in (i), we obtain
kks
Yoo
r sina cosA: + r cos a sin .t = 2
oooo
1 Tt
r sin (a: + a) 5= 2 =x> 2V2sin a: + — =2^ sin x + ^
Tt
^ sm a: + — =sin —
\ 12 J 12J 42 12 4
eBB
x + —=nK
12
+ {-Xf^—4 => a: =TTTt+ (-!)" —4 —^
12
,«eZ
urr
Tt Tt Tt
«Tt+ , if n is even «Tt+ — if ?i is even
6 '
ad
4 12
YYo
X = => a: =■
^ , if n is odd
Tt
TlTt TTTt if TT is odd
4 12 3 '
dd
ALITER We have,
Re
inn
(V3-1) cos a: + (V3+I) sin a: = 2

F
Dividing throuhout by + (-s/^ +1)^ = 242, we obtain

V3-1
COSAT +
rv3+i^.suia: =
1
I, 24i 242 42
VI 1 1 1 VI 1 1 1 ^ 1
X-= X-7= cosa: + x-= + —x-j= sin AT =
2 V2 2 V2 2 42 1 42^ 42
\ (
Tt Tt Tt . Tt Tt Tt Tt . Tt
- _ J_
6'" 4J" VI
cosa: cos—cos — sm — sm — -f sm — cos —+ cos —sm —
6 4 6 4 / V 6 4
Tt Tt Tt Tt 1
COS AT COS — +— + sm X sm 1 — + —
U 4 6 4 42
5n . 5Tt Tt
cosx cos — + sm a: sm — = cos—
12 12 4
K 57l- 7t _ _ 2tC
COS X = cos — ^ X 2nn ± — ,?;eZ ^ x = 2nn + — or, a: = 2yi-k + — ,n eZ
12 4 12 4 3 6
EXERCISE 10.1
BASIC
1. Find the general solutions of the following equations:

(i) sin X = i (u) cos a: = —— (iii) cosec x = - V2
(iv) sec X = V2
(v) tanAT = -^ (vi) Vs sec X = 2
ww
2. Find the general solutions of the following equations:
(i) sin 2.T = — (ii) cos 3x = — (iii) sin 9x = sin x
2 2
Flo
(iv) sin 2x = cos 3x (v) tan X + cot 2x = 0 (vi) tan 3x = cot x
e
(vu) tan 2a; tan a: =1 (viii) tan mx + cot nx = 0 (ix) tan px - cot qx
ree
(x) sin 2a: + cos a: = 0 (xi) sin X = tan X (xii) sin 3x + cos 2x = 0
Fr
3. Solve the following equations:
rF
1
(i) sin^ a: (ii) 2 cos^ X - 5 cos x + 2 = 0
uurr
cos X
4 for
(iii) 2sinÂ: + \/^cosA: + l = 0 (iv) 4 sin^ x-8cosx + l= 0
s
(v) tan ^ a: + (1 - VS) tan a: - -/3 =0 (vi) 3 cos^ X - 2 Vs sin x cos x - 3 sin^ x = 0
kks
Yo
oooo
(vii) cos 4 a; = cos 2 a:

BASED ON LOTS
eB

(i) cos X + cos 2x + cos 3x = 0 (ii) cos X + cos 3 X - cos 2 x = 0 [NCERT]
ur
(iii) sin X + sin 5x = sin 3x (iv) cos X cos 2x cos 3x - —

ad
4
YYo
(v) cos X + sin X = cos 2x + sin 2x (vi) sin X + sin 2x + sin 3x = 0

(vii) sin X + sin 2x + sin 3x + sin 4x = 0 (viii) sin 3x - sin x = 4 cos x -2
dd
Re
(ix) sin 2x - sin 4x + sin 6x = 0 INCERTl

in

F
(i) tan X + tan 2x + tan 3x = 0 (ii) tan x + tan 2x = tan 3x

(iii) tan 3x + tan x = 2 tan 2x
(i) sin X + cos x = V2 (ii) V3 cos X + sin X = 1
(iii) sin X + cos x = 1 (iv) cosec X = 1 + cot x
(i) 4sinxcosx+2sinx + 2cosx + l =0 (ii) cosX + sinx = cos2x +sin2x
(iii) sinx tanx-1 = tanx-sinx (iv) 3tanx +cotx =5 cosec X
BASED ON HOTS
Solve the following equations: (8 -10)

8. 3*-2cosx-4sinx-cos2x + sin2x =0
2 2
9. 3sin x-5sinxcosx+8cos x =2
cos^ 2V2
1^2
sin X
10. 2 + 2
n. Find the most general value of Xsatisfying the equations tan x = -1 and cos x=^
V2-
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
ANSWERS
7k
1. (i) x = nn + (-1)" - , neZ (ii) X = 2nn ± — , neZ
6
6
n
n+ 1
(iii) X =riK + (-1) nsZ (iv) X - 2nn ± - , neZ
4 ' 4
ww
K K
(v) x=tiK — , n 6 Z (vi) X = 2riK ± —, nsZ
6 6
... / -vn 7t _ .... 2n7T, K _
2. (1) X = — + (-1) - , nsZ (ii) X = ±—, n eZ
2 6 ^ ^ 3 9
Flo
r n
(iii) = or A:=(2r + 1) , wherereZ
e
4 10
eree
7C 7C
(iv) ;c=(4n + l)— or o:=(4n-l) — where « e Z
10 2'
FFr
K , nn K ry
(v) x~riK —, n G Z (vi) X =— + —, neZ
uurr
2 4 8
, .... nji: 7u _
orr
(2r +1) 7c
(viii) X =
sfo , r gZ
(vii) j: = — + -, neZ
3 6 m-n
kks
Yoo
2tt + l 71
(ix) a: = —, neZ
oooo
eBB
(x) .T = (4n-1)- or A: = (4m-1)-, wherem, ncZ

2 6
(xi) x = m7i or X = 2n7i, wherem, n^Z

urr
(xii) x = (4n-l)— or x=(4?n-l) —, m, neZ

ad
10 2
YYo
71 7C
3. (i) X = 2nn ± —, neZ (ii) X = 2717C± —, neZ
3 ' 3
dd
57t 71
Re
(iv) X = 2m7I ± — , 77 e Z
inn
(iii) X = 2nn± —, neZ

6 3
F
jt 7T
(v) x=nn — or X -mn + — , wherem, n sZ
4 3 '
7C 7C
(vi) X = 7771 — or X = rriK + — , wherem, n eZ
3 6
7771
(vii) x=nn, x= — ,nsZ
3 '
7t 27t
4. (i) X = (2t7 +1) — or x = 27T7tc± —, m,n^Z
4 3
K 7T
(ii) X = (2t7 +1) — or x = 2777n± —, m,neZ
4 3'
77 7C K
(hi) X = — or X = 77771 ± — , 777 , 77 G Z
3 6
K 7t
(iv) x = 2t7 + 1— orx=m7i± — ,777,77gZ
3
(2wt:) n
(v) :t = + - or AT = ImK, m,n eZ
3 6
2n
(vi) a:=— or x = 2nK± — , m,neZ
2 3
K 2rn
(vii) x=nn + — , x ={2m + 1) 7t, a: = m,nr ^Z
5 '
(viii) x=nK + (-1)” — or x = (2m +1) - , m,neZ

2 4
nn 71
(ix) x=—, x=7in± — , neZ
4 6
mrc -1 1
5. (i)x = or x=nn±a, where a = tan and m,neZ
V2
llowow
3
nK
(ii) x=mn or x= — where tn, neZ (iii) X = nn, where n e Z
3 '
71
6. (i) X = {8n + ) - , n eZ
4
ree
71 7T
(ii) X =(4« +1) — or a: =(12m-1) — , m, n eZ
2 6
rF
(iii) a: = 2«7t or x = 2mn + — , 7ti,n eZ
71
r FF n
(iv) x = 2mn + - , m,neZ
2 forfFreo 2
27t 2l7t n
7. (i) X - 2?77I + —, X = 77Tt + (-1)” — (ii) a: = 2«7tor,x = + — ,n sZ
u
3 ' 6 3 6
s
37t
ok
n
YYour o
(iii) a: = «7t + a: = 71 eZ (iv) x = 2nn ± — ,neZ

4 ' 3
o
8. a: =7171+ (-!)”—, a: = 27171+—, 71 e Z

2 2
eeBo Bks
9. a: = 7171 + a, a: = 7i7t + p, where tan a = 2, tan P = 2, n e Z

r
our u
10. X =717t± — , 71 e Z
ad
4 '
Yo

d
Re
1 . 7 71
n. A value of ^satisfying tan a: = -1 and cos x = is X = —. Hence, the most general value of
in
V2 4
FFind Y
7 71
X is X = 2nn + — .neZ.
4 '
sin(A -6) a 2_b2

!. InaAABC,if ,then k =
sin(A + B) k
2. Ina AABC,if - b^ =ac, then the measure of angle B is

cos A cosB cosC - . .
3. Ina AABC, if — and a = 2, then area of AABC is equal to
a b c
4. In a triangle ABC, if <i = 2,6 = 4 and A + B = —, then area of AABC is

3 '
5. The angles A,B,C of a AABC are in AP and the sides a,b,c are in G.P. If
+c^ =X&^,then X. =
6. In a AABC, if ZC - 60°, = 47 cm and b =94: cm, then =
7. InaAABC,if ZC =- ,ZA = —, c = 20, then a =

2 6
cosA cosB cosC
8. InaAABC, if
a b c
= k{a^ +b^ +c^), then k =
oww
9. In a AABC, if sin A sin B thien A + B =
10. In a AABC,if a = 8,b = 9 and 3 cos C = 2, then C =
11. In a AABC,if b = \/3, c =1 and B-C then A =
e
12. If angles of a triangle are in A.P. and b : c = V3 : V2, then C =
FFrlo
re
13. If the sides of a AABC area, b, + flb + b^, then the measure of the largest angle is
ree
F
14. Ina AABC,if a^+b^ + c^ =2a^b^ + 2b^ c^,thenB =
rF
15. In a AABC, ifa=4, b=3, A= — Then side C is given by
3*
fsoor
ouur
skf
ANSWERS
ooko
n
3. sfS sq. units 4.^
Yo
1. 2. - — sq. units 5. 2 6. 6627

Y
3
Bo
1 K K K 2k n 3tu
reB
7. 10 8. 9. 10. 7 11. - 12. 13. — 14. - or —

2abc 2 6 4 3 4 4
15. c^-3c-7=0
uur
oY
ad

dY
question:
innd
Re
1. Find the area of the triangle AABC in which a =1, b = 2 and Zc = 60°.
Fi
F
2. In a AABC, if b =^/^, c = 1 and ZA = 30°, find a.

sin B
3. In a AABC, if cos A = , then show that c = a.
2sinC
3
4. In a AABC, if b =20, c = 21 and sin A = —, find a.
5'
5. In a AABC, if sin A and sin 6 are the roots of the equation c^x'^ -c {a+b)x +ab =0, then
find ZC.
6. In AABC, if a = 8, b = 10, c = 12 and C = XA, find the value of X.

7. If the sides of a triangle are proportional to 2, Js and VS -1, find the measure of its greatest
angle.
cos A cos B cos C
8. If in a AABC, , then find the measures of angles A, B, C.
a b c
9. In any triangle^BC, find the valueof a sin (B-C)+b sin (C -A) + c sin (A-B).
10. In any AABC, find the value of 2 a (sin B-sinC)
ANSWERS
1. Vs sq. units 2. 1 4. 13 5. 90° 6. 2 7. 120°
8. A = B=C =60° 9. 0 10. 0
MULTIPLE CHOICES QUESTIONS (MCQs)

1. The smallest value of a* satisfying the equation VS (cot x + tan a:) = 4 is
w
(a) 2 71/3 (b) 7t/3 (c) 7c/6 (d) k/12
2. If cos x + -fS sin x = 2, then x =
(a) %/3 (b) 2tc/3 (c) 4 7t/ 3 (d) 5 7t/ 3
3.
Flo
If tan px - tan qx = 0, then the values of 0 form a series in
reeee
(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) none of these
FFr
4. If a is any real number, thenumber of rootsofcot x - tan x = a in the first quadrant is (are),
5. The general solution of the equation 7 cos x+ 3sin A: = 4is
for
ur
27t
(a) x = 2nn± — ,n^Z (b) a: = 2 ± — ,neZ
kkss
6 3
Yo
K
(c) X =HK± — ,n eZ (d) none of these
oo
3
eB
6. A solution of the equation cos'^ x + sin a: + 1 = 0, lies in the interval

(a) (-7t/4, 7t/4) (b) (t:/4, 37t/4) (c) (3ti/4, 57i/4) (d) (57t/4, 7ti/4)
r
7.
The number of solution in [0, n/2] of the equation cos 3a: tan 5a: = sin 7x is
ou
ad

YY
8.
The general value of x satisfying the equation V3 sin x + cos x = V3 is given by
ndd
71
Re
(a) a: = jiTt+ (-!)“ — + neZ (b) a: = n7c + (-l)"---,«eZ

4 3 ' 3 6
Fi
7C
(c) a: = nTc ± n sZ (d) X = nn± — ,n bZ
6' 3
9. The smallest positive angle which satisfies the equation 2 sin ^ a: + V3 cos a: +1 = 0 is
, . 5n 2k / \ ^
(b)-
3 (d) ^6
●y
10. If 4 sin a: = 1, then the values of x are
TC TC
(a) 2nn± — ,nsZ (b) nrt± —,neZ (c) nK± — ,n eZ (d) 2nn±- ,n eZ
3 3 6 6
11. If cot X tan X = sec x, then, x is equal to

3k
(a) 2nn + — ,n^Z (b) + ,neZ
2 6
(c) nn+-,neZ (d) none of these

2
12. A value of x satisfying cos x + VS sin x = 2 is

5n 471 2n
(b)-
(d)f
13. In(0, 7c), the number of solutions of the equation
tan X + tan 2x + tan 3x = tan x tan 2x tan 3x is
(a) 7 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 2

2 1
14. The number of values of x in [0, 2ti1 that satisfy the equation sin x - cos x = —
4
(a)l (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

sinar - sin X
15. Ife - e -4 = 0, thenx =
ww
(a) 0 (b) sin ^{log^(2-V5)!
(c) 1 (d) none of these
16. The equation 3 cos x + 4 sin x = 6 has .... solution
Floo
e
(a) finite (b) infinite (c) one (d) no
eere
17. If -v/3 cos X + sin X = ^/2, then general value of 0 is
FFr
(b) (-1)"^ — ,neZ
K „
{a)n7t + (-l)"^ , neZ

3
oorr
uur r
(d)n7: + (-l)"^ — ,neZ
, . K K „ n ^
s ff
(c) J77U+ ,neZ
4 3 3
sk
YYoo
18. General solution of tan 5x = cot 2x is

ooko
n K nn 7c
(b)x = - + — ,neZ
(a) ^ + — ,neZ
3 '
eBB
2
nn n n K n
(c)^ = -
14
,n eZ
(d)^=^ — , n eZ
14
uurr
ad
19. The solution of the equation cos x + sin x +1 = 0 lies in the interval
Yo
(a) (-71/4,7c/4) (b) (7r/4,3 :r/4) (c) (37t/4, 57t/4) (d) (5Tc/4,7Tr/4)
dY
20. If cos X = - — and 0 < x < 27t, then the solutions

Re
are
2
nind
(d) 0=^,^
, , 7E 4tI /. . 2tc 47C , . 2n 7n
FFi
(a) X = —, — (b) x =—,—

3 3 3 3 3 3
21. The number of values of x in the interval [0,5 tc] satisfying the equation
3 sin^ X - 7 sin x + 2 = 0 is
(a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 10
22. Number of solutions of the equation tanx + secx = 2cosx lying in the interval [0, 2ti] is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)2 (d) 3
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (a)

10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (c)
19. (d) 20. (b) 21. (c) 22. (c)
SUMMARY
1. An equation containing trigonometric functions of unknown angles is known as a

trigonometric equation.
2. A solution of a trigonometric equation is the value of the unknown angle that satisfies the
equation.
3. Following are the general solutions of trigonometric equations in standar,’ forms:
Trigonometric equation General solution
(i) sin 9 = 0 0 = «7c, n e Z
(ii) cos 0 = 0
e = (2« + i)| ,« e Z
ww
(iii) tan 0 = 0 0 = UK ,neZ
(iv) sin 0 = sin a 0 = jm+ (-1)” a,« e Z
(v) cos 0 = cos a 0 = 2hk ±a,neZ
Flo
(vi) tan 0 = tan a 0 = nn + a,ne Z
e
sin^ 0 = ●2
reree
sm a
2
(vii) cos 0 = 0 = nn±a,neZ
r FF
cos a >
tan^ 0 = tan^ a
uurr
4. The equation a cos 0 + & sin 0 = c is solvable
foor
for] c| <^ja^ +b^.
ks s
Yoo
ooook
eBB
uurr
ad
Yo
dY
Re
innd
Fi
CHAPTER
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
11.1 STATEMENTS
A sentejjce or description which can be judged to be true or false is called a statement.
ww
Following are some examples of statements:
EXAMPLE 1 2 divides 6.
Floo
EXAMPLE 2 Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan.
EXAMPLE 3 There are 5 days in a week.
ee
EXAMPLE 4 (x +1) is a factor ofx^ - 3a: + 2.
eer
EXAMPLES AwB = BuA.
FFr
Clearly, statements in Examples 1,2 and 5 are true statements whereas statements in Examples 3
oorr
uur r
and 4 are false.
s ff
MATHEMATICAL STATEMENTS Statements involving mathematical relations are known as the
mathematical statements.
sk
YYoo
Clearly, statements in examples 1,4 and 5 are mathematical statements. In this chapter, we shall
ooko
be mainly discussing mathematical statements concerning natural numbers. We shall be using

eBB
notations P («) or Pi (n) or ?2 (”) etc. to denote such statements.
uurr
ad

Yo
EXAMPLE 1 Let P (n) be the statement "10 n+ Sis prime". Then,

dY
P (2) is the statement "10 x 2 + 3 is prime" i.e. "23 is prime".

Re
Clearly, P (2) is true.

nind
P (3) is the statement "10 x 3 + 3 is prime" i.e. "33 is prime".

FFi
Clearly P (3) is not true.

EXAMPLE 2 IfP (n) is the statement "n^ + n is divisible by 3", is the statement P (3) true ? Is the
statement P (4) true ?
SOLUTION P (3) is the statement "3^ + 3 = 30 is divisible by 3".
Clearly, it is true.
P (4) is the statement "4^ + 4 = 68 is divisible by 3".
Clearly, it is not true.
EXAMPLE 3 IfP («) is the statement "n (n +1) {n + 2) is divisible by 12", prove that the statetnents P (3)
and P (4) are true, but that P (5) is not true.
SOLUTION P (3) is the statement "3 (3 +1) (3 + 2) = 60 is divisible by 12".
It is true.
P (4) is the statement "4 (4 + 1)(4 + 2) = 120 is divisible by 12".
11.2 MATHEMATICS-XI
It is also true.
P (5) is the statement "5 (5 +1)(5 + 2) = 210 is divisible by 12".
Clearly it is not true.
3«
EXAMPLE4 Let P (n) be the statement "1 divides (2 -1)". WhatisP{n + l) ?
3(n+ 1)
SOLUTION P (fi + 1) is the statement "7 divides (2 -I)"-
Clearly, P (« +1) is obtained by replacing n by (n +1) in P (n).

EXAMPLE 5 IfP (n) is the statement "n > 100", prove that whenever P (r) is true, P (r +1) is also true.
SOLUTION The statement P (ft) is "n^ > 100". Let P (r) be true. Then r^ > 100.
ww
We wish to prove that the statement P (r +1) is true i.e. "(r +1)^ > 100".
FF loo
Now,
P (r) is true
ree
>100
+ 2r +1 > 100 + 2r +1 [Adding (2r +1) on both sides]
reeF
(r +1)^ > 100 + 2r +1
oroFr
r ur
(r +1)^ > 100 => P (r +1) is true [●.● 100 + 2r +1 > 100 for every natural number r]
s ff
Thus, whenever P(r) is true, P (r +1) is also true.
k
EXAMPLE 6 Let P (ri) be the statement "3" >«". IfP (n) is true, prove that P (« +1) is true.
YYouo
kos o
SOLUTION We are given that P {n) is true i.e. 3” > n, and we wish to prove that P (« +1) is true
BBoo
i.e. >(« + !).

r ee
Now,
P («) is true
ad
ouur
3” >n
Yo
3.3" > 3n [Multiplying both sides by 3]

3»+l >n + 2n
d
Re
idnY
=> 3H+ 1 >n + l

[■.● 2n > 1 for every n s N => 2ji + n > « +1 for every n e N]
FFin
P (« + 1) is true
EXAMPLE? IfP in) is the stateineiit "2^" - lisan integral multiple of 7", and if P (r) is true, prove that
P (r +1) is true.
SOLUTION Let P (r) be true. Then, -1 is an integral multiple of 7.
We wish to prove that P (r +1) is true i.e. 2^^’' ^ -1 is an integral multiple of 7.
Now,
P (r) is true
2^’' -1 is an integral multiple of 7
2^'" -1 = 7X for some XeN.
23r = 7X + 1
Now, 23('-+ 1) _i = 2^^ X 2^ -1 = {7X + l)x 8-1 [Using (i)]

MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION 11.3
23('-+1)_i = 56?.+ 8-1 = 56X + 7 = 7(81 + 1)

23(r + l)_i = 7|a,whereia=81 + lGN
23 + 1) -1 is an integral multiple of 7
P (r +1) is true
EXERCISE 11.1
w
BASIC
1.
If P («) is the statement "n {n +1) is even", then what is P (3)?
2.
IfP (n) is the statement +n is divisible by 3", prove that P (3)istruebutP (4) is not true.
e
3.
If P (n) is the statement "rp- - n + 41 is prime", prove that P (1), P (2) and P (3) are true.
roow
re
Prove also that P (41) is not true.
BASED ON LOTS
F
4.
uFFll
If P (n) is the statement "2" > 3n ", and if P (r) is true, prove that P (r +1) is true.
ree
5. If P (n) is the statement +nis even", and if P (r) is true, then P (r +1) is true.
sFr
6.
Given an example of a statement P (n) such that it is true for all n e N.
7,
oro
Give an example of a statement P(n) which is true for all m £ 4 but P(l), P(2) and P( 3) are not
k
uor
off
true. Justify your answer.
ANSWERS
kos
Y
n (n +1)
Yo
1- P (3): 3 (3 + 1) is even 6- P (rt) :1 + 2 +... + n = 7. P(n):2n<«!

ereBB
oo

uurY
Let P(r) be true. Then,

2'' >3r
ad
doo
=> 2.2'' > 6r => 2

r+ 1
> 3r + 3r => 2
r+ 1
> 3r+ 3 [●.' 3r > 3 => 3r + 3r ^ 3r + 3]
nY
r+ 1
=> 2 > 3 (r +1) => P (r +1) is true
nid
Re
6- See the statementin Q. No. 4

F
Fi
11.2 THE PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

FIRST PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
Let P (n) be a statement involving the natural number n such that

(1) P (2) is true i.e. P (n) is true for n = l.
and, (ID P (m +1) is true, whenever P (m) is true,
i.e. P (m) is true=> P (m +1) is true.
Then, P (n) is true for all natural numbers n.
SECOND PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
Let P (n) be a statement involving the natural number n such that

(I) P (1) is true i.e. P (n) is true for n = l.
and, (ID P (m +1) is true, whenever P (n) is true for all n, where 1 <n<m.
Then, P (n) is true for all natural numbers.

11.4 MATHEMATICS-XI

Type I PROBLEMS BASED UPON FIRST PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
Recall that the first principle of mathematical induction consists of two parts. First we must
show that the given statement? (n) is true for « = 1. The second part has two steps. The first step
is to assume that the statement P (n) is true for some m eN. The second step is to use this
assumption to prove that the statement P (n) is true for n = w +1.
In order to prove that a statement is true for all natural numbers using first principle of
mathematical induction, we may use the following algorithm:
ALGORITHM
looww
Step I Obtain P (n) and understand its meaning.
Step II Prove that the statement P (1) is true i.e. P (n) is true for n=l.
Step m Assume that the statement P («) is true for n = m (say) i.e. P (m) is true.
Step IV Using assumption in step 111 prove that P (m +1) is true.
Step V Combining the results of step 11 and step IV, conclude by the first principle of mathematical
ree
induction that P (n) is true for all nsN.
reeF
The following examples illustrate the above algorithm.
r FF
BASIC fofroF
EXAMPLE 1
Prove by the principle of mathematical induction that for all neN,n^ +n is even natural
u
number
ks
SOLUTION Let ? (n) be the statement "n^ + n is even".

kos o
YYouor
Step I We have, P (n):n^ +n is even

BBoo
2
1+1=2, which is even
r ee
?{l)istrue
Step II Let P (m) be true. Then,
ad
ouur
P{m) is ture ^ m^ + mis even =>m^ + m = 2Xfor someXeN

Yo
Now, we shall show that P (m +1) is true. For this we have to show that (m +1)^ + (m + 1) is an
d
even natural number.

Re
inY
Now,
FFind
{m +1)^ + (m +1) = (m^ + 2m + 1) + (m +1) = (m^ + m) + (2m + 2)

= m^ + m + 2 (m + 1) = 2 >. + 2 (m +1) [Using (i)]
= 2(>, + m + l) = 2p, where|i = X + m + l eN
(m + 1)^ + (m + 1) is an even natural number => P (m +1) is true
Thus, P (m) is true => P (m +1) is true
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, P (n) is true for all« e N i.e. n^ +n is even for
all n eN.
EXAMPLE 2 Prove by the principle of mathematical induction that :n(n +1) (2n +1) is divisible by 6 for
allneN.
SOLUTION Let P (h) be the statement "n (n +1) (2« +1) is divisible by 6".
I.e.
P («): M (n + 1) (2n + 1) is divisible by 6
Step I We have, P (1): 1 (1 +1) (2 +1) is divisible by 6.
1 (1 + 1) (2 + 1) = 6 which is divisible by 6 /. P(l) is true

Step II Let P (w) be true. Then,
m (m + 1) (2m + 1) is divisible by 6 ^ w (m +1) (2m +1) = 6>. for some XeN
Now, we shall show that P (m +1) is true. For this we have to show that
(m +1) (m + 1 +1) {2(m +1) +1) is divisible by 6.
Now,
(m +1) (m +1 +1) {2 (m +1) +1} = (m + l)(m + 2) {{Im +1) + 2}
= (m +1) (m + 2) (2m +1) + 2 (m +1) (m + 2)
m (m + 1) (2m + 1) + 2 (m + 1) (2m + 1) + 2 (m + 1) (m + 2)
= m(m + l)(2m + l) + 2(m + l)(2m + l +m + 2)

= m (m + 1) (2m +1) + 2 (m +1) (3m + 3)
= m (m +1) (2m +1) + 6 (m +1)^ = 6A. + 6 (m +1)^ [Using (i)]
ww
= 6 {>. + (m +1)^1, which is divisible by 6
P (m +1) is true.
Flo
Thus, P (m) is true => P (wj +1) is true
e
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the given statement is true for all n e N.
eree
EXAMPLE 3 Prove by the principle of mathematical induction that for all n e N:
FFr
1+4+7+.. , + (3n-2) = ~n{3n-l)
uurr
SOLUTION Let P (n) be the statement given by
orr
sfo
P(n):l + 4+7+...+(3)i-2) = in(3n-l)
kks
Yoo
Step I
Wehave, P(l):l = ^x (1) x (3x 1-1).
oooo
1 = i X (1) X (3 X 1 -1). So, P (1) is true

eBB
1 + 4 + 7 + . . + (3m -2) = ^ m(3m -1)

urr
●●●(i)
ad
YYo
We wish to show that P (m + 1) is true. For this we have to show that

1 + 4+7+.. . + (3m-2) + [3(m + l)-21 = i (m +1) {3(m +1) -1}
dd
Re
1 + 4+7+... + (3m-2) + {3(m + l)-21

inn
Now,
= — m (3m -1) + {3 (m +1) - 2} [Using (i)l

F
= ^ m (3m-1) + (3m +1) = ^{3m^ - m + 6m + 2)

= |(3m^+5m + 2) = i(m + l)(3m + 2) = ^ (m + 1) {3 (m +1)-1}
P (m + 1) is true
Thus, P (m) is true=> P {m +1) is true,
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the given result is true for all n e N.
EX.\MPLE4 Prove by the principle of mathematical induction thatfor all n e N:
1^ + 2^ + 3^ +... +n^ = -»(« + !) (2« + 1)
6
SOLUTION Let P («) be the statement given by

P(k): 1^ + 2^+ 3^+... + « 2 = 1H
6
(« + 1) {2n + 1)
11.6 MATHEMATICS-XI
Step I We have, P (1); = - (1) {1 +1) (2 x 1 + 1)

6
1^ = 1 = ^(l)(l + l)(2xl+l).So, P(l)istrue

6

1^+2^+ 3^ + .. . + m 2 = 16 m (m + 1) {2m +1)
We wish to show that P (ni +1) is true. For this we have to show that
1
1^ + 2^ + 3^ +... + m^ +{m +1)2 - (m + 1) {(m +1) + 1} {2 (m + 1) +1)}
Now, + 2^ + 3^ + ... +m^ +(m + l)2
ww
= {1^ +2^ + 3^ +. .. + m^} + (m + 1)2
1 T
- -6 m (m +1) (2m +1) + (m +1)^ [Using (i)]
Flo
= 76 (m +1) bn (2m +1) + 6 (oi + 1)} = -6 (m +1) {2m^ + 7m + 6}
e
eree
= ^ (m +1) (m + 2) (2m +3) = i (m +1) {(m +1) + 1} {2(m +1) +1}
D 6
FFr
P {m +1) is true
uurr
orr
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the given result is true for all neN.
sfo
EXAMPLE 5 Using the principle of mathematical induction prove that:
3 [«(« + !)] ^
kks
Yoo
l3 + 2^ + 3^ +.. . +n
for allneN
oooo

eBB
P(«):l^ + 2^ + 3^+.. . + n
3_ftt(«+l)]^
2
urr
1(1+1)12 i(i+i))2
ad
Step I We have, P (1) :1^ .Clearly,!^ =1 .Therefore, P (1) is true.

YYo
2 2
dd
l^+2^ + 3^+.. . 3 _ Jm(m + 1)]^

Re
inn
+ m
2
...(i)
F
We shall now prove that P {m +1) is true. For this we have to prove that
l3+2^ + 3^+...+m^+(m + l)3
2
Now,
l^ + 2^ + 3^+...+m^+(m + l)^
+2^ +.. . + m ^ +(m + l)3 = m (m + 1)1^ + (m + l)^ [Using (i)]
2
r„.2
m
= (m +1)2 . - + (m + l)
m2 + 4m + 4 (m + 1)2 (m + if (m +1) [(m + 1) + in 2

= (m + 1)2 .
4 4 2
P {m + 1) is true.
Thus, P {m) is true => P (w + 1) is true.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the given result is true for all w e N.
EXAMPLE 6 Using the principle of mathematical induction, prove that
n {n + 1) (« + 2) (n+ 3)
1.2.3 + 2.3.4 +... + «(n + 1) (« + 2) = for all w e N.
4

n {n + !)(« + 2) jn + 3)
P (n): 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + ... + n (n + 1) (n + 2) = 4
Step I We have.
l(l + l)(l + 2) (1 + 3)
ooww
P(l): 1.2.3 =
4
1.2.3 =6 and 1 (1 +1) (1 + 2) (1 + 3) _ 2 X 3 X 4 _ ^

4 4
1(1+1) (1 + 2) (1 + 3)
1.2.3 = . So, P (1) is true.
e
4
ree
StepU Let P (m) be true. Then,
rFl m (m +1) (m + 2) {m + 3)
Fre
1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + ... + m (m + 1) (m + 2) = ...(i)
4
rrF
We shall now show that P (m +1) is true. For this we will prove that
(m +1) {m + 2) (w + 3) (m + 4)
1.2.3 + 2.3.4 +... + m (m +1) (m + 2) + (m +1) (m + 2) (m + 3) = ^
ouur
sffoo 4
Now, 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 +... + m (m +1) (m + 2) + (m +1) (m + 2) (m + 3)

okks
m (m +1) (m + 2) {m + 3)
Yo
+ (m +1) {m + 2) (m + 3) [Using (i)]

ooo
4
BB
rm (/n +1) {m + 2) (m + 3) (m + 4)
= (m +1) (m + 2) (m +3) — + 1 4
rr e
P (m +1) is true.
ouu
ad
YY
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction P (n) is true for aline N.

EXAMPLE 7 Using the principle of mathematical induction prove that
n+ 1
dd
(2«-l) 3 + 3
1.3 + 2.3^ + 3.3^ + ... + tL3" = for allneN
Re
iinn

F
«+ 1
(2«-l) 3 + 3
P (n) :1.3 + 2.3^ + 3.3^ +... + m3
n
4
1+ 1
(2xl-l)x 3 + 3
Step I P(l):1.3 =
4
1+ 1
1.3 = 3 and
(2x1 -l)x 3 ±1 = ^ = 3
4 4
1+ 1
(2xl-l)x 3 + 3
1.3 = . So, P (1) is true.
4
Step n Let P (m) be true. Then,

m + 1
(2m-1) 3 + 3
1.3+ 2.3^ + 3.3^ + ... + m.3 m
-(i)
4
11.8 MATHEMATICS-XI
We shall now show that P {m + 1) is true.

i.e.
1.3 + 2.3^ + 3.3^ +... + m.3"' + (m +1).3'" + ^ {2{m + l)-l} 3^™■^^^■^^ + 3
4
Now,
1.3 + 2.3^ + 3.3^ +... + m.3’” + {m + ^
m + 1
(2m-1) 3 4- 3 m + 1
+ (m + 1) 3
4
m + 1 in+ 1
(2m -1) 3 + 3 + (4m 4 4) 3
4
m + 1 m 4- 1
(2??i -1) X 3 4- (4m 4- 4) X 3 4- 3
4
ww
m + 1
(2m-1 +4m+ 4) 3 + 3
4
m 4- 1 m + 2 4- 1
(6?/J 4- 3) 3 4-3 (2w4-1)3 4- 3 {2(m + l)-l} 4- 3
4
Flo 4 4
e
P (m 4-1) is true.
eree
Hence, by the principal of mathematical induction P (n) is true for all n e N i.e., the given result is
i
FFr
true for all» e N.
EXAMPLES
Prove by the principle of mathematical induction that for all neN: oorr
uur r
1 1 1 I n
4- 4-... 4-
sf
1.2 2.3 3.4 n(n + l) n+1
sk

Yoo
ooko
1 1 1 n
+ 4- ... 4-
1.2 2.3 3.4 n (« 4-1) « 4-1
eBB
1 1
Step 1 We have, P (1): — =
1.2
—. We find that —
14-1 1.2 14-1 ^.So, P(l)istrue
uurr
1 J_ 1 1
ad
m
Step II Let P (?h) be true. Then, —4- 4- 4- ... 4-
'1.2 ' 2.3 3.4
Yo
m (m 4-1) m 4-1
We shall now show that P (m 4-1) is true. For this we have to show that
dY
1 1 1 1 1 (m-Hl)
Re
— -f- 1 4- ... 4- 4-
innd
1.2 2.3 3.4 m (m + 1) (m 4-1) (m 4-1 4-1) (m 4-1) 4-1

FFi
1 1 1 1 1
Now, 4- 4- 4- ... 4- 4-
1.2 2.3 3.4 m (m 4-1) (m + 1) ((m 4-1) 4-1)
1 1 1 1 1
4- ... 4-
1.2 2.3 3.4 m
(m-H)J ^(m-Hl) ((m-H)-M)
m 1 m 1
+
[Using (i)]
m +1 (m +1) ((m 4-1) 4-1) m-t-l (w4-l)(m4-2)
1
I m
— 4-
1 1
X
(m^ 4- 2m 4-1) (m 4-1)2
(m 4-1) 1 m 4- 2 I (m-Hl) (m 2) (m 4-1) (m 4- 2)
_ m-i-l (m 4-1)
m 4- 2 (m 4-1) 4-1
P (m 4-1) is true

Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the given statement is true for all n e N.
EXAMPLE 9 Using the principle of mathematical induction prove that
1 1 1 1 2n
1 + +... + for all neN.
1+2 1+2+3 1+2+3+4 1 + 2+ 3 + ...+n n + 1
SOLUTION Let P (») be the statement given by

1 1 2n
P («): 1 + — +... +
^ 1 +2 1 + 2+3 1 + 2 + 3 +... + n w + 1
2x1 2x 1 _ —■ = 1. Therefore, 1 = 2x1 . So, P (1) is true.
oww
Step I We have, P(l):l = . Clearly 'TTi "2 1+1
1+1
SiepU Let P (m) be true. Then,

1 1 2m
1 + — + +... +
1 + 2 1+2+3 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + m m +1
e
We shall now show that P (m +1) is true. For this we will prove that
re
FFrlo
1 1 1 2 (m +1)
+ +... +
rF
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (m +1) (m + 1) + 1
ee
1 + 2 1+2+3 1 + 2 + 3 +... + m
1 1
1+^
1
Now, + ... +
rF
+
1 + 2 + 3 +... + (m + 1)
ouru
1+2 1+2+3 1 + 2 + 3... + m
2m 1
+ fosor [Using (i)]
m + 1 1 + 2 + 3 +... + (m + 1)
skf
2m 1 (m +1) (m + 2)
*.● 1 + 2 +... + m + (m +1) =
ooko
+
m + 1 (w + 1) (m + 2) 2
Yo
Y
2
Bo
2m 2
[Using (i)j
reeB
+
m + 1 (m + 1) (m + 2)
2 1 2 + 2m +1 2 (m + 1)^ 2 (m + 1)
ooY
uur
■ m +
m + 1 (m + 2) m + 1 (m + 2) m + 1 m + 2 (m +1) +1
ad
P (m + 1) is true.
dY
Hence, by the principle of of mathematical induction P {«) is true for all« e N.

nind
EXAMPLE 10 Prove by induction that the sum 5^ =n^ + 3n^ + 5n + 3 is divisible by 3 for alln e N.
Re
F
Fi

P (n): + 3«^ + 5« + 3 is divisible by 3
Step I We have, P (1): = 1 ^ + 3 (1)^ + 5 (1) + 3 is divisible by 3.
Since 1^ + 3(1)^ +5(1) + 3 =12, which is divisible by 3. Therefore, P (1) is true
= m^ + 3m^ + 5m + 3 is divisible by 3
5^ = m^ + 3m^ + 5m + 3 = 3kfor some keN ...(i)
We now wish to show that P (m +1) is true. For this we have to show that
(m +1)^ + 3(m +1)^ +5 (m +1) + 3 is divisible by 3.
Now, (m +1)3 + 3 (/„ +1)2 + 5 (m +1) + 3 = (m^ + 3m^ + 5m + 3) + 3m^ + 9m + 9
= 3^+3 (m^ + 3m + 3)
= 3 (X + + 3m + 3) [Using (i)]
= 3|i, where = A. + m + 3m + 3 e N
P (m +1) is true
ThuS/ P ipi) is true => P (m +1) is true
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction the statement is true for all nsN.
EXAMPLE 11 Prove by the principle of mathematical induction that for aline N:
1 1 1 1 n
1 + — +... +
1.3 35 57 (2n-l)(2« + l) 2« + l

1 1 1 1 n
Pin) : — + 1 +... +
1.3 35 57 (2«-l) (2n + l) 2m+ 1
ww
^ . Clearly '1.3
1 1
Step I We have, P (1): — So, P (1) is true.
1.3 (2x1+1) (2x1+1)
FF loo
J_ _L + ... +
1 m
ree
1.3 35 57 (2m-l)(2m + l) 2m+ 1
We shall now show that P (m +1) is true. For this we shall show that
reeF
1 1 1 1 1 m +1
+ +... + +
1.3 35 57 (2m-l)(2m + l) (2m+ 1) (2m+3) 2m + 3
oroFr
r ur
Now,
s ff
1 1 1 1
+ +... +
1.3 35 57 (2m -1) (2m +1) (2m + 1) (2m + 3)
k
YYouo
kos o
m 1
[Using (i)]
2m +1 (2m +1) (2m + 3)
BBoo
_ 2m^ + 3m +1 (2m +1) (m +1) m +1

r ee
~ (2m + 1) (2m + 3) (2m +1) (2m + 3) 2m + 3

ad
P (m +1) is true
ouur
Yo
Thus, P (m) is true =s> P (m +1) is true

Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the given result is true for all neN.
d
EXAMPLE 12
Using the principle of mathematical induction, prove that
Re
dinY
1 1 1 1 n{n+ 3)
+ + +... +
■for all neN.
FFin
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.45 n{n + l)(n + 2) 4 (n +1) (n + 2)

SOLUTION
Let P (m) be the statement given by
1 1 1 n{n+ 3)
+... +
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.45 n{n + l)(n+2) 4(n +1) {n + 2)
1 1 (1 -*● 3)
Step I We have, P (1) =
1.2.3 4 (1+1) (1 + 2)
1
— and
1 (1 + 3) 4 1
1.2.3 6 4 (1 +1) (1 + 2) 4x2x3 6
1 1 (1 + 3)
. So, P (1) is true.
1.2.3 4 (1+1) (1 + 2)
1
+
1
+
1 1 m {m + 3)
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.45 m (m + 1) (m + 2) 4 (m +1) (m + 2)
We shall now show that P +1) is true.
i.e.
1 1
+... +
1
+
1 (m +1) (m + 4)
1.2.3 2.3.4 m(m + l){m + 2) (m +1) (m + 2) (m + 3) 4 (m + 2) {m + 3)
Now,
1 1 1 1 1
+ +... + +
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.45 m (m +1) (m + 2) (m +1) (m + 2) (m + 3)
m (m + 3) 1
[Using (i)]
4 (m +1) (m +2) (w +1) (m + 2) (w + 3)
m (m + 3)^ + 4
looww
4 (m +1) (w + 2) (m + 3)
+ 6m^ + 9m + 4 (m + 1)^ (m + 4) (m +1) (m + 4)
4 (m + 1) (m + 2) (m + 3) 4 {m + 1) (m + 2) (m + 3) 4 (m + 2) (m + 3)
P (m +1) is true.
ree
Hence, P (m) is true for all tt € N.
reeF
r FF
EXAMPLE 13 Ifx and y are any two distinct integers, then prove by mathematical induction that
fofroF
(x” - y”) is divisible by (x - y)for all n e N.
u
SOLUTION Let P («) be the Statement given by: P (n) : (x"-y”) is divisible by (x-y)
ks
Step I P (1): (x^ - y^) is divisible by (x - y).

kos o
YYouor
^-y = (x - y) is divisible by (x
1
X - y). So, P (1) is true
BBoo

r ee
(x^ - /") is divisible by (x - y) ^ (x^ ~ l/") = ^ - y) for some keZ

-y'""')is
« +1
ad
We shall now show that P (m + 1) is true. For this it is sufficient to show that (x'
ouur
Yo
divisible by (x - y).
Now,
d
+1 11+1 +1 +1
x^ = x^ -y”y + y»y-y-
Re
inY
= x^(x-y)+y(x^-y”')
FFind
= {x-y)+yX{x~y) [Using (i)]

= (x-y) +y which is divisible by (x - y)
So, P(m +1) is true.
Thus, P (m) is true ^ P (m +1) is true
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, P (?i) is true for all« e N.
i.e. (x” - y”) is divisible by (x - y) for all« e N.
EXAMPLE 14 LZsin^ principle of mathematical induction, prove that x^ - y is divisible by x + yfor
all n G N.
SOLUTION Let P (n) be the statement given by P («): (x^’ - y^') is divisible by (x + y).
Step I P (1): (x^ - y^) is divisible by (x + y).
- y^) = (x - y) (x + y), which is divisible by (x + y). So, P(l) is true.

is divisible by (x + y) => x^” -- y
2m 2m
-y = >^{x + y)
2;h + 2 2m+ 2
We shall now show that P (w +1) is true i.e., x -y is divisible by (x + y).
Now,
= x^ ^ - x^' y^ + x^" y^ - y
2m+ 2
x2;«+2 -y
2m + 2
= x2-(x2-y^) + y2(;c2'«-y2'«)
= x^' (x^ - y^) + y^ X (x + y) [Using (i)]
= (●^ + y) i (^ “ y) + ^y^ k which is divisible by (x + y).
ww
P {m + 1) is true.
Thus, P (m) is true ^ P (w + 1) is true.
FF loo
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction P {«) is true for all n e N i.e., x^' - y
2n :
IS
ree
divisible by (x + y) for all n e N.
EXAMPLE 15 Ushig principle of mathematical induction, prove that
(i) 4l” -14" is a multiple of 27 (ii) 7" - 3" is divisible by 4.
reFe
oroFr
r ur
SOLUTION (i) Let P (n) be the statement given by P («): 41” -14" is a multiple of 27.
s ff
Step I P (1): 41 ^ -14^ is a multiple of 27.
41 ^ -14^ = 41 -14 = 27, which is a multiple of 27. So,
k
P (1) is true.
YYouo
koso
Step II P (m) be true. Then,

BBoo
41"' -14"" is a multiple of 27 => 41 -14"' =27X for some

m
X. e N ...(i)
r ee
Now, 41
/« + 1
-14
m + 1
= 41
m + 1
-41x14"' + 41x 14'" -14"'"'' ^
= 41 (41"'-14"')+{41-14) 14
m
ad
ouur
m
= 41x 27>.+27x14 [Using (i)]
Yo
= 27 (41X + 14"'), which is a multiple of 27.

d
P (m + 1) is true.
Re
idnY
Thus, P (m) is true => P (m +1) is true. Hence, P (n) is true for all« e N.
FFin
(ii) Proceed as in (i).

3n
EXAMPLE 16 Using the principle of mathematical induction, prove that (2 -1) is divisible by 7 for
all n eN. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let P {«) be the statement given by P (n) : 2^"-1 is divisible by 7

Step I P (1): 2 ^ ^ ^ -1 is divisible by 7.
Clearly, 2^ -1=8-1 =7, which is divisible by 7. So, P (1) is true
Step n Let P (m) be true. Then,
2^"'-1 is divisible by 7 2^"'-! = 7X, for some e N ...(i)
We shall now show that P (m +1) is true. For this we have to show that 2^^'" -1 is divisible
by 7.
Now,
23(m+ 1) ^ 23"' X 2^ -1 = (7X + 1) 2^ -1 [Using (i)]

= 56X + 8-1 =7(8a. + 1), which is divisible by 7
P (m + 1) is true.
Thus, P (m) is true =5> P (w +1) is true
3«
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all neN i.e. 2 -1 is
divisible by 7 for all m e N.

2h-1
EXAMPLE 17 Prove by the principle of induction that for all ri e N, (10 +1) is divisible by 11.
2»-1
SOLUTION Let P(«) be the statement given by P (n) : 10 + 1 is divisible by 11
2x1-1
Step I We have,P(l):10- + 1 is divisible by 11.
2x1-1
Since 10
w
+ 1=11, which is divisible by 11. So, P (1) is true
StepU Let P (m) be true. Then,
2m-I 2m
10 +1 is divisible by 11 => 10 +1 = 11 X, for some L e N
Flo
We shall now show that P (m +1) is true. For this we have to show that 10^^^ ^ ^^ + 1 is divisible
ee
by 11.
Fr
Now, 10^^'”+1)"1 + 1 = 10^"^^ + ! = 10^""^ X 10^+1
= (11 ;^-l) 100 + 1 [Using (i)]
for
= 1100 >.-99 = 11 (100?.-9) = lip, where p = 100?.-9eN
ur
102 (”'■*■ -1 is divisible by 11 P (m +1) is true
ks
Yo
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction P (w) is true for all ;i e N i.e. 10^" ” ^ +1 is
oo
divisible by 11 for all n sN.

eB
EXAMPLE 18 Prove that 10" + 3.4" ^ + 5is divisible by 9 for all n e N.
SOLUTION Let P (») be the statement given by P (u) : 10" + 3.4" '*' ^ + 5 is divisible by 9
r
ou
ad
Step I P (1): 10^ + 3 (4^ ^ ^) + 5 is divisible by 9.

Y
1 1+2
10^ +3(4 )+5 = 10 + 192+5 = 207, which is divisible by 9
P (1) is true.
nd
Re

Fi
m + 2 m+ 2
10"' + 3 (4 ) + 5 is divisible by 9 => 10”' + 3 (4 )+5 = 9X,XeN
have to show that 10^'" '● ^^ + 3 (4
m + 3
We shall now show thatP (m +1) is true for which we ) +5
is divisible by 9.
Now,
m + 1 m + 3 in + 3
10 + 3(4 ) + 5 = 10”' (10) + 3 (4 )+5
m + 2 m + 3
= {9X-3(4 )-5} X 10+ 3x4 + 5 [Using (i)j
m +2 m + 2
= 90a-30x4 -50 +3x4x4 + 5
m + 2 m + 2
= 90L-30x4 + 12x 4 -45
m + 2
= 90L-18X 4 -45
m + 2 m+2
= 9(10X-2x 4 -5)= 9p, where p = 10?.-2x4 -5
m + 1 m + 3
10 + 3.4 + 5 is divisible by 9 => P {tn +1) is true
Thus, P (m) is true=> P (m + l)is true.

Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction P (n) is true for all« e N.
EXAMPLE 19 Prove by induction that the sum of the cubes of three consecutive natural numbers is
divisible by 9.
P (ri): Sum of the cubes of three consecutive natural numbers starting from n is divisible by 9.
Step I P (1): Sum of the cubes of first three consecutive natural numbers is divisible by 9.
Since l^ + 2^ + 3^ = 36, which is divisible by 9. Therefore, P (1) is true.
Step II Let P (m) be true. Then, sum of the cubes of three consecutive natural numbers starting
with m is divisible by 9. i.e. + (m +1)^ + (m + 2)^ is divisible by 9
+(m + l)^+{m + 2)^ =9X,keN -(i)
ww
We shall now show that P (m + 1) is true for which we have to show that
(m +1) ^ + (w + 2) ^ + (m + 3) ^ is divisible by 9.
FF loo
Now, (m + 1)^ + (m + 2)^ + (m + 3)^ = (m +1)^ + (m + 2)^ + + 9m^ + 27m + 27
^ +(m + l)^ +{m + 2)^ + 9(m^ + 3m + 3)
ree
m
= 9A, + 9 (m^ + 3m + 3) [Using (i)]
reeF
= 9 (X, + m^ + 3m + 3), which is divisible by 9.
P (m +1) is true oroFr
r ur
Thus, P (m) is true => P (m +1) is true.
s ff
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction P (n) is true for all n g N.
Using principle of mathematical induction prove that 4” +15« -1 is divisible by 9for all
k
EXAMPLE 20
YYouo
kos o
natural numbers n.
SOLUTION Let P («) be the statement given by P (n): 4" + 15n -1 is divisible by 9
BBoo
r ee
Step 1 P (1): 4 W 15 X 1 -1 is divisible by 9.

4^ + 15 X 1 -1 = 18, which is divisible by 9. Therefore, P (1) is true
ad
ouur
Stepn Let P {m) be true. Then,

Yo
4"' + 15m -1 is divisible by 9 => 4'” + 15m -1 = 9X, for some XeN
m+ 1
d
We shall now show that P (m +1) is true, for this we have to show that 4 +15 (m +1) -1 is
Re
dinY
divisible by 9.
FFin
Now,
4m + 1 + 15(m + l)-l= 4"'.4 + 15(m + l)-l
= (9?.-15m + l)x44-15(m + l)-l
= 36 X. - 45m +18 = 9 (4 X. - 5m + 2), which is divisible by 9.
P (m +1) is true.
Thus, P (m) is true ^ P (m +1) is true
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction P (n) is true for all« g N i.e., 4” +15« -1 is
divisible by 9.
EXAMPLE 21 Prove that: 27" + 35" - 5 is divisible by lAfor all n s hi.
SOLUTION Let P («) be the statement given by P (n): 2.7” + 3.5" - 5 is divisible by 24.
Step I We have, P (1): 2 x 7 ^ + 3x5^ - 5 is divisible by 24
2x7^ + 3x5^-5=14 + 15-5 = 24, which is divisible by 24. Therefore, P (1) is true.
2 X 7™ + 3 X s'” - 5 is divisible by 24
=> 2 X 7”' + 3 X 5”' - 5 = 24A. for some XeN => 3x5'”= 24A. + 5-2x7
m
●●●(i)
m + 1 m + 1 m + I
Now, 2x7 + 3x5 -5=2x7 + (3x5”') 5-5
m + 1
= 2x7 + (24?. + 5-2x7'")5-5 [Using (i)]
m + 1
= 2x7 + 120^+25-10x7'” -5
m + \
= {2x7 -10x7"')+ 120?.+ 20
= (2 X 7 X 7"' -10 X 7"*) +120?. + 24-4
w
= (14-10) 7"'-4+ 24(57.+ !)
Flo
= 4 (7'” -1) + 24 (5?. + 1)
ee
= 4 X 6|i + 24 (5?. +1) 7”' -1 is a multiple of 6 for
allm e N .'.7”' -1 =6p, |i eN
Fr
= 24 (p + 5?. +1), which is divisible by 24.
P (m +1) is true. for
ur
Thus, P (m) is true ^ P (m + 1) is true.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, P (w) is true for all n e N.
ks
Yo

oo
IV i\r
(i) 1+f 1 +- i.ii .. 1 +—
1
={n + l)for allnsN.
eB
1 7 V 2A SJ n
37r 1 5Vi 7') 2w + l

(ii) 1+f
1 4jl 9)
.. 1 +
2 = (« +1)^ for all n eN.
r
7 V n
ou
ad
SOLUTION (i) Let P («) be the statement given by

YY
P(«): 1+- 1 + - iVi1 + — ... 11 + i') = n + l

1 J\ 2A 3J n
nd
Re
Step I We have, P (1): 1 + - = (1 + 1)

V 1
Fi
1 +
n
= 2 = (1 +1). Therefore, P (1) is true.
1
Step II Let P (w) be true. Then,

IV 1^1^ 1\ { 1\
1 + - 1 + - 1 + - ... 1+- = m +1 ....(i)
lA 2A 3, m
1+-
IV IV
1+-
17
...
f
1 +-
f
1 +
1 ( 1 (m + 1) (m + 2)
= (m + 1) 1 + —
lA 2A 3, mj m +1 m +1 m +1
= m + 2
P (m + 1) is true.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, P (n) is true for all« e N.
(ii) Let P (n) be the statement given by
7~\
i + £ \ + L ... 1 +
4jl 9 n j
Step I We have, P (1): 1 + — = (1+1)^

V 1
1 + Y=1 + 3 = 4=(1+ 1)^. Therefore, P (1) is true.

,1h—3V, —5V,In—7\ ... f,1 + 2m +r—n =(f7i
, + ,,2
l)
1 / V 4JI 9) I m2 )
We shall now prove that P (m +1) is true. 2
7^ 2m +1 2 (m + 1) + 1
ww
i.e. 1 +- 1 + - 1_ + - .... 1 + 1 + = am + l) +1
lj\ 4jv 9, 711
2
(m + l)2
2(m + l) + l 2m + 3
Multiplying both sides of (i) by 1 + i.e. 1 + , we obtain
(m + 1)- (m + lf
Flo
c'\/ 7\ f 2m+ 1 2m + 3 2m + 3
e
1+1 l+£ 1+1 ... 1 + 1 + = {m + l)^ 1 +
ree
1 J . 4 9) in
2
(m + l)2
Fr
(m + 1)^ + 2m + 3)
rF
= (m + 1)^ ■
(m + l)2
uurr
for
= (m^+4m + 4)
= (m + 2)^={(m + l) + H^
s
kks
Yo
P (f?i +1) is true.

oooo

eB
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, P (n) is true for all« e N.

EXAMPLi; 23 Prove by induction that 4 + 8 +12 +... + 4n = 2n (?i + l)/or all n e N.
SOLUTION Let P{n) be the statement given by P (n): 4 + 8 +12 +... + 4n = 2tJ (n +1)
ur
ad
Step I P (1): 4 = 2 X 1 X (1 +1), which is true. Therefore, P (1) is true.

YYo
Step II Let P (m) be true. Then, 4 + 8 +12 +... + 4/ti = 2m (m +1) -.(i)
We shall now show that P (m +1) is true i.e. 4 + 8 +... + 4m + 4 (m +1) = 2 (??t +1) {(m + 1) +1).
dd
Re
Now, 4 4- 8 +... + 4m + 4 (m +1) = 2m (m +1) + 4 (m +1) [Using (i)l

in
= (m +1) (2m + 4)
F
= 2 (m +1) (m + 2) = 2 (m +1) !(m +1) +1}

P (m + 1) is true.
Thus P (m) is true => P (m + 1) is true
Hence, by induction P(n) is true for all n e N.
n
EXAMPLE 24
For all positive integer n, prove that —
7
+—
5
+ —3 n^ 105
is an integer
3
n n
SOLUTION Let P (ti) be the statement given by P (fi): — + — + 2 is an integer
3 105
Step I P(1):UU^-^
7 5 3 105
is an integer.
c- 1
bince — + -
1 2 1 15 + 21+70-1
7 5^3 105 105
= 1, which is an integer. So, P(l)istrue.
Step II Let P (m) be true. Then, —

7
tt?5 ^ 2m^
3
m
105
is an integer
n7 2m ^ m
Let
... — + — + = X,XeZ
7 5 3 105
...(i)
We shall now show that P {m +1) is true for which we have to show that
(m +1)^ (m +1)^ 2(m +1) ^ (m +1) .
7 5 3 105 ®
(m + 1)^ (m + 1)^ 2(m + l)^ (m + 1)
ww
Now,
7 5 3 105
^ (m^ + 7m^ + 21m^ + 35m^ + 35m ^ + 21m^ + 7m + 1)
Flo
+ ^ (m^ + 5m^ + lOm^ + lOm^ + 5m +1) + — (m^ + 3m^ + 3m +1) -
m 1
e
b 3 105 105
eree
m^ m
3
m
+ + 2 ● + m^ + 3m^ + 6m^ + 7m^ + 7m^ + 4m + 1
FFr
7 5 3 105
uurr
= X + m^ + 3m^ + 6m^ + 7m^ + 7m^ + 4m + 1
orr [Using (i)]
sfo
= an integer
P (m + 1) is true
kks
Yoo

oooo
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction P (n) is true for all n e N.

eBB
3
n n
i.e.
is an integer.
7 5 3 105
urr
EXAMPLE 25
Prove by the principle of mathematical induction that — + — + — IS fl natural number
ad
3 3 15
YYo
for all nsN. (NCERT EXEMPLAR]

c 2
dd
SOLUTION Let P («) be the statement given by P (n): — + — + — is a natural number

Re
5 3 15
inn
1 1 7
Step I P (1): - + — + -T is a natural number,
F
o 3 15
1 1 7 15
- + — +
— = 1, which is a natural number. So, P (1) is true.
5 3 15 15

n? m^ 7m nP m ^ 7m
+ + is a natural number. Let = X
5 3 15 5 3 15
We shall now show that P (m + 1) is true, for which it is sufficient to prove that
(m + if +
(m + l)3 7(m + l) is a natural number.
5 3 15 ■
Now, (m + 1)^ ^ (m + 1)^ ^ 7(m + l)

"5 15
7
~{nf +5m^ + lOm^ + lOm^ +5m +1) + — (m^ + 3m^ + 3m +1) + —
— m + —
5 3 ' 15 15
MATHEMATICS-XI
11.18
(rf^ 3 7
+ (m^ + 2m^ + 3m^ ^ 15

m 7
— + — + — m
5 3 15
= x+ + 2m^ + 3m^ + 2m +1 [Using (i)]

= an integer
P (m + 1) is true
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction P (n) is true for allw e N.
n 3 7
i.e. — + — + — «isa natural number for all nshJ.
5 3 15
2n
ww
EXAMPl.r 26
Prove by the principle of mathematical induction that 3 when divided by 8, the
remainder is always l,for all nsN.
Floo
2n
P (n) : 3^’ when divided by 8, the remainder is 1 or, P (n) : 3 = 8^ + 1 for someXeN
P (1): 3^ = 8 ?. + 1 for some XeN.
ree
Step I
Clearly, 3^ = 8 x 1 + 1 = 8X +1, where X = 1. So, P (1) is true
rFee
2m
Step II Let P (m) be true. Then, 3 = 8X. +1 for some X^N -(i)
F
oor r
rur
We shall now show tliat P {m +1) is true for which we have to show that 3^ when divided
s ff
by 8, the remainder is 1 i.e. ^ = 8p +1 for some p eN.
osk
Now, = 3^'" X 3^ = (8X + l)x9 [Using (i)]

YYoou
oook
= 72X+9 = 72X+S + 1 = 8(9;^ + l) + l = 8p+l, where p = 9X+lsN

eBB
P (m +1) is true
Titus, P (m) is true => P (m +1) is true.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction P («) is true for all n e N i.e. 3 when divided
uur r
ad
by 8 the remainder is always 1.

Yo
liXAMPLE 2? Prove by the principle of mathematical induction that n < 2” for all neN.
dY
SOLUTION Let P (n) be the Statement given by P («) : n<2”.

Re
idn
Step I P(l) : 1 <2^.

FFin
Clearly, 1 < 2^. So, P (1) is true

m
Step II Let P (m) be true. Then, m < 2
m+1
We shall now show that P (m +1) is true for which we will have to prove that (m +1) < 2
Now,
m + 1 m+1
P (m) is true => m <2'” ^ 2m <2.2'" ^ 2m <2 => (m + m) < 2
m + 1
m+l<m+m<2 [v 1 <m :.m + l <m + m]
m+1
(m +1) < 2 =^> P (m +1) is true
So, by the principle of mathematical induction P (n) is true for all n e N i.e. n < 2" for all n € N.
E-XAMPI.I-: 28
Prove by induction the inequality (1 + ;c)" ^l + nx whenever x is positive and n is a
positive integer.
SOLUTION Let P (n) be the statement given by P («) : (1 + x)"

Step I P(l):(l + .r)^>l + l{:c)
Clearly, (1 + >1 + 1 (x). So, P (!) is true
StepU Let P (m) be true. Then, (1 + x)’’^ ^ 1 + m ar
We shall now prove that P (w + 1) is true whenever P (m) is true. For this we have to show that
m + 1
(1 + x) > 1 + (m + 1) a:.
Now, P (m) is true
oww
(l + ir^l+jna:
(l+x) {1 + x)’^ >{l + x) (l+mx) [Multiplying both sides by (1 + x)]
m + 1
(1+X) > 1 + (m +1) a: + nix^
m+ 1
(l+x) > 1 4- (m +1) a: + mx^ > 1 + (m +1) x m x^ > 0]
e
FFrlo
re
m + 1
> 1 + (m +1) X => P (m + 1) is true
ree
F
Hence, by the principle of induction, P (n) is true for all« 6 N i.e. (1 + x)" > 1 + nx for all n e N.
EXAMPLE 29 PTOve by induction that {2n + 7) <{n+ 3)^ for all natural numbers n. Using this, prove
rF
by induction that {n + 3)^ < 2" ^ for all neN.
fsoor
ouur
SOLUTION Let P (n) be the statement given by P (n) : (2m + 7) < (m + 3)^.
skf
Step I P(1):(2x1+7)<(1 + 3)2
ooko
Yo
(2 X 1 + 7) = 9 < (1 + 3)^. Therefore, P (1) is tru&

Y
Bo
Step II Let P (m) be true. Then, 2m+ 7 < (?n + 3) ^.

reB
We shall now show that P (m +1) is true whenever P (m) is true. For this we have to show that
2{m + l) + 7<(m + l + 3)^.
uur
oY
Now,
ad
P (m) is true
dY
2m+ 7 <(m+ 3)^

innd
2m + 7 + 2<(Mi+3)^+2
Re
2 (m +1) + 7 < m^ + 6m +11

Fi
F
2 (m +1) + 7 <m^ + 6m + 11 <m^ + 8m +16

2 (m +1) + 7 <(m + 4)^ => [2(Mt +1) + 7} < {(m +1) + 3}^ => P (m + 1) is true.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, P (m) is true for all n e N.
Now, let P' (m) be the statement given by P' (m) : (n + 3)^ < 2
H + 3
Step I P'(l) : (l + 3)^<2 1+ 3

We ftnd that (1 + 3)^ = 16 < 2^ So, P' (1) is true
Step n Let P' (m) be true. Then, (m + 3)^ < 2"*
We shall now show that P' (m +1) is true whenever P' (m) is true. For this we have to show that
{(m + l)+3)^<2f'"'^^^’^^.
Now, P' (m) is true
=? (m + 3)^ < 2"'^

(m+3)2+(2m + 7)<2”'-*‘^+(2m+7)
+ {m+ 3f]
m + 3
=> (m + 4)2<2'"-^3+(m+3)2 [v 2m + 7 <{m + 3)^-. 2'"^ + (2m + 7) <2
m + 3
=> (m + 4)2<2"'-"3 + 2'”-"3 [V (m+3)2<2'"-"3=>(m+3)2+2'"‘^3<2
m+ 3
+ 2 ]
=> (m + 4)^<2.2'"'‘^ => (m + 4)^<2

m + 4
=> {(m + l) + 3l^<2^'”‘"^^‘^^ => P'(m +1) is true
2 n + 3
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, P' (n) is true for all n e N i.e. (n + 3) < 2
for all« 6 N.
3
ww
EXAMPLE 30 Prove that:l^ + 2^ + 3^ +... + «^ >—/or
3
fl//n e N.
3
n
SOLUTION Let P («) be the statement given by P («): 1^ + 2^ + 3^ +... + >—
Flo
e
P(l):l^>y
2
eree
Step I
FFr
1
We find that = 1 > — = —. So, P (1) is true.
3 3
uurr
orr
3
2 m
Step II LetP (n) be true for «=m. Then, + 2^ + 3^ +... + m > — ●(i)
sfo
3
(m + 1)^
kks
We shall now prove that P (m +1) is true. i.e. + 2^ + 3^ +.... + m^ + (m +1)^ >
Yoo
3
oooo
Now, P (m) is true

eBB
3
m
l^ + 2^ + 3^ + ... + m^>
3
urr
m 2
+ 2^ + 3^ +... +m^ + (m +1)^ >
ad
YYo
1^ + 2^ + 3^ + ... + m^ + (m +1)^ >i(m^ + 3m^ + 6m + 3)

dd
3
Re
+ 2^ + 3^ +... + m^ + (m +1)^ >-^ ■ (m^ + 3m^ + 3m +1) + (3m + 2)|

inn
F
(m + 1)^
1^ + 2^ + 3^ + .. . + m^ + (m + 1)^ > —
3 |(m + l)3 +(3m+ 2)| > 3
P (m +1) is true.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, P (n) is true for all« 6 N.
(2-,+ 1)2
EXAMPLE 31 Prove that: ... + n< for all neN.
8
(2« + 1)2
SOLUTION Let P (n) be the statement given by P («): 1 + 2 + 3 +... + » < 8
(2x1 +1)2
Step I We have,P(l):l<
8
(2x1+1)2
Clearly, 1 < = —. So, P (1) is true.
8 8
Step !1 Let P (m) be true. Then, 1 2 + 3 +... + <

(2m+ 1)^
8
We shall now show that P (m +1) is true.

{2 (m + l) + l}2
i.e.. 1 + 2 + 3 +... + m + (?« +1) <
8
Now,
P (m) is true
ww
1 + 2+3 + ... +m <
(2m +1)2
8
l + 2+ 3 + ...+m + {m +1) <

(2m+ 1)2
+ (m +1)
Flo
8
e
(2m+ 1)2 + 8(m + l)
eree
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + m + (m + l)<
8
FFr
(4m2 + 121U + 9)
1 + 2+ 3+ ... + m+ (m +1) <
uurr
8
(2m+3)2 {2(m + l) + l}2

orr
1+2+3 + ...+m + (m + l)<
sfo
8 8
P {m + 1) is true.
kks
Yoo
Thus, P (m) is true => P (m + 1) is true,

oooo
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction P (n) is true for all neN.
eBB
EXAMPLE 32 Prove by the prmciple of mathematical induction that for all n e N,

. r« + l^ »0
0 sin
urr
sm
sin 6 + sin 20 + sin 30 +... + sin /J0 = 2 J 2

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ad
. 0
YYo
sm -
2

dd
n + 1 nQ
Re
inn
sm 0 sin
P («): sin 0 + sin 20 + sin 39 + ... + sin «0 =
I 2 2
F
. 0
sm -
2
. fl + l^ fl X 0^
sm 0 sin
I 2 2 J
Step I We have, P (1): sin 0 =
. 9
sm
2
1 + n 1 X 0
sm 0. sin
2 J I 2
Clearly, sin 9 = . 0
. So, P (1) is true.
sm
2

. fm + 1 mQ
sm 0 sin
sin 0 + sin 20 + ... + sin mQ = 2 ; 2
... 1
. 0
sm
2
We shall now show that P (m +1) is true.

sin
(w +1) +1 0 sin e
2 2 )
i.e. sin 9 + sin 20 +... + sin m0 + sin (m +1) 0 = . 0
sm —
2
Now,
sin 0 + sin 20 + .., + sin m0 + sin (m +1) 0
. fm + 1 mQ
sin 0 sin
oww
I 2 2
[Using (i)]
. 0
+ sin (m +1) 0
sin
2
w + n W0
sin 0 sin
2 J 2 f m + l^ fm + l\
e
+ 2 sin 0 cos 0
. 0 I 2 2 J
re
FFrlo
sin -
2
. fmQ
rF
ee
sm
fm + l\ V 2 J fm + l")
sm + 2 cos
2 ) , e 2 J
rF
ouru
sm -
2
fm + 1
fosor
sm —
0
+ 2 sin - cos
fm + 1
V 2 J
0
skf
2 J 2
sm 9*^ . 9
I 2
ooko
sm
2
Yo
Y
. fmB") . fm + 2 mB
Bo
sm + sm 0 - sin
reeB
. /' w +1 'i I 2 2 J 2
sm 0
. 0
I 2 sm —
ooY
2
uur
"m + 1
ad
fm + 2'] (m +1) +1 0 sin 9

sm 9 sin sm
2 J 2 ) 2 2 J
dY
. 9 . 9
sm sm -
2
nind
2
Re
P {m +1) is true
F
Fi
Thus, P (m) is true => P {m +1) is true

Hence, by principle of mathematical induction P (n) is true for all n eN.
EXAMPLE 33 Using principle of mathematical induction, prove that
M “ T sin 2" a
cos a cos 2a cos 4a... cos (2 a) = for all n e N. [NCERT EXEMPLARl
2” sin a

sin (2" a)
P («): cos a cos 2a cos 4a... cos (2” ' ^ a) = 2” sin a
sin (2^ a)
Step I P (1): cos a = 1
2 sin a
sin (2^ a) sin 2a 2 sin a cos a

= cos a. So, P (1) is true
Clearly,
2^ sin a 2 sin a 2 sin a

sin (2'" a)
la) =
m -
cos a cos 2a cos 4a ... cos (2
2”* sin a
We shall now show that P {m +1) is true. For this we have to show that
cos a cos 2a cos 2^ a... cos (2 1 a) cos (2”' a) = sin (2*'" 1^ a)

m -
sm a
1 a) cos (2"' a)
m -
Now, cos a cos 2a cos 2 a... cos (2
1 a)} cos (2'" a)
m -
= {cos a cos 2a cos 2 a ... cos (2
_ sin (2'” g) X cos (2^” a)
ww
[Using (i)]
2'" sin a
m + \
2 sin (2'” a) cos (2"' a) Sin (2.2'" a) sin (2 a)
Floo
sin a sm a 2'"+lr
sm a
ree
P (m +1) is true
Thus, P (m) is true =^> P (?« +1) is true
rFee
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction P (?i) is true for all n e N.
F
Type II PROBLEMS BASED UPON SECOND PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL oor r INDUCTION
rur
EXAMPLE 34 Let Uj = 1, ^2 =1 and ti„ 2 = j + iJ„ for « > 1. Use mathematical induction to
s ff
show that:
osk
1 1 + -J5 I-V5
YYoou
● foralln^l.
= V5H 2
n
oook
2
eBB
V' n
1 1 + V5 1-V5^
SOLUTION Let P(n) be the statement given by P (n): U„ =
Vs'
uur r
2 2
ad
We find that:
Yo
n1 1
1 1 + Vs i-Vs
Ul = > =1
dY
Vs 2 2
Re
idn
FFin
and, U2 -
1 i + Vsf i-Vs 1 1 + S + 2V5 1 + S-2VS\
=1
Vs' 2
2 ) Vsll 4
/ V
4
So, P (1) and P (2) are true.

r V'
1 1 + Vs i-Vs
Let P(?i) be true for all n < m. i.e. Un ■ for all n < m
" Vs 2 2
We shall now show that P (n) is true for n=m +1.

\m+ 1 \m+ 1
1 1 + Vs 1 -Vs
i.e. U.m + 1
VS 2 2
We have,
^n+2 = l + forn>l
=> Utii + 1 = U,„ + ii,„ _ 1 for m > 2
[On replacing n by (m -1)]
\m -1 xW - 1
=5> U
1 i+vsT' ri-vsT ■ +
1 1 + >/5 1-V5
[Using (i)]
2 2 V5‘ 2 2
xm- 1 \m “ 1
1 -V5 V"
xw;
1 1 + V5 1+V5 l-^/5
=> /; m + 1
■
+ +
2 2 2 2
1 1 + -V5 X m - 1 ^ 1 + V5
\ /
i-vsr'Vi-^
=> UIt! + 1
+ 1 +1 ^
V5 2 2 y V
2 2
m-1 yn - 1
3 + V5'l fl-x/5 3-V5
w
^ .Um + 1
Vs [ 2 2 2 2
1 +Vs y/f- V6 + 2V5^ ri-V5r‘V6-2V5
Flo
1
um -i
2 4 2 4
eeee
/ V
i + vsf ri-V5 Vi-Vsfl

xm -1 / xm-
Fr
1 1 + Vs
uM? + 1
Vs‘ 2 2
y
2 2
for
ur
+1 m+ 1
=> .um + 1
1 ri+v^f i-Vs^
Vs 2 2
ks
Yo
P (m +1) is true.
oo
Thus, P (n) is true for all;i <m => P (n) is true for all« <m +1.
eB
Hence, P(«) is true for all n e N.

EXERCISE 11.2
ur
ad
Yo
BASIC
Prove the following by the principle of mathematical induction: (1-42)

n{n + l) . n (n +1)
d
Re
1. l + 2+ 3 + ... + n i.e, the sum of the first n natural numbers is

in
2 2
n (n +1) (2n +1)

F
2. l^+2^ + 3^+... + n^
6
3" -1
3. 1 + 3 + 3^ + ... + 3"'^
2
1 1 1
4. 1_ +... +
n
1.2 2.3 3.4 n (n +1) n + 1
5. ... + {2n-l) = n^ i.e., the sum of first n odd natural numbers is n^.
1 1
6. i 1 n
+ +... +
25 5.8 8.11 (3n-l)(3n+2) 6n+4
1 1 1 1 n
7. + ... 4-
1.4 4.7 7.10 (3«-2)(3w + l) 3« + l
8. J_ J_ J_ +... +
1 n
35 5.7 7.9 (2n + 1) {2n +3) 3 {2n + 3)

1 1 1 n
9. — + +... +
3.7 7.11 11.15 {An -1) {An + 3) 3 {An + 3)
10. 1.2 + 2.2^ + 3.2^ + ... + «. 2" = (« -1) 2” ^ + 2

11. 2+5 + 8 + 11+...+(3m-1) = n (3h + 1)
12. 1.3 + 2.4+35+...+m.(m + 2) = -n{n + 1) (2m + 7)

6
M (4m^ + 6m -1)
13. 1.3 + 35 + 57 +... + (2m -1) (2m +1) =
w
3
M (m +1) (m + 2)
14. 1.2 + 2.3+3.4 + ... + m(m + 1) =
Flo
3
1-111
15. — + i K... +
1.1
—1
e
2 4 8 2” 2"
rree
16. 1^ + 3^+5^+...+(2m-1)2 = 1m(4m2-1)
r FF
3
uurr
r” -1 for
17. a + ar + ar^ +... + flr
M-1
= a ,r^\
r-\
kss
18. a + {a + d) +{a + 2d) +... + {a + {n-l) d) = ^[2a + {n -1) d]

ooook
Yo
BASED ON LOTS
eB
2n
19. 5 -1 is divisible by 24 for all m € N
urr
2n
20. 3 + 7 is divisible by 8 for all m e A/
ad
2n+ 2
Yo
21. 5
- 24m - 25 is divisible by 576 for all m e N
dY
2n+ 2
22. 3 - 8m - 9 is divisible by 8 for all m e N
Re
innd
23. (fl&)"=fl”&"forallMeN
Fi
24. M (n + 1) (m + 5) is a multiple of 3 for all m e N

2n 3n- 3
^ is divisible by 25 for all m € N
» -
25. 7 + 2 . 3
26. 27” + 35" - 5 is divisible by 24 for all m e M

H + 2 2n+ 1
27. 11 + 12 is divisible by 133 for all m 6 N
28. Ixl!+2x2!+ 3x 3! + ... + mx m! = (m + 1)!-1 forallN e N. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
29. M^ -7m + 3 is divisible by 3 for all m e N.

30. 1 + 2 + 2^+...+ 2" = 2"* ^ -1 for all neN.
BASED ON HOTS
31. 7 + 77 + 777 +...+777 7 = ^(10

81
n+ 1
- 9n ~ 10) for all m e N
n-digils
11.26 MATHEMATICS-Xl
„ ^
32. — + — +
^ -3
n n 2 37
n is a positive integer for all« e N
7 5 3 2 210
11
n
33. — + — + — + —— « is a positive integer for all neN.
11 5 3 165
1 X 1 fx\ +... 1 f X — cot — - cot X for all« e N and 0 < .v < —

34. — tan - + — tan + — tan
2 2) 4 4; 2" 2'V 2
n
2"J 2
1 >
■\ /
n + 1
35. 1-^ 1-- = for all natural numbers, n > 2.
2^j 3^J 4^j I 2«
ww
(2n)! 1
36. for all n e N.
2^’(n!)2 ^ pn + l
37,1.1.1 . ^ +... . -^ < 2 -1 for all n > 2, n e N.
Flo
4 9 16 n
e
2n-l 2«-l
eree
38. ;c + y is divisible by x + y for all neN.
:_2
FFr
sm MX
39. sin X . sin 3x ..... sin (2m -1) X = —; for all n 6 N.
uurr
sin X
orr ^M-l Mp
sfo cos a.
rf h” T for
40. cos a .cos (a. P) + cos(a.2p) . .... cos (a.(M-l) P) = P
kks
Yoo
sm
2
oooo
all M 6 N. INCERT EXEMPLAR]

eBB
1 1 1 13
41. + .... — > — for all natural numbersM > 1. [NCERT EXEMPLAR)
M.l m.2 2« 24
urr
42. Using principle of mathematical induction prove that

ad
1 1
■Jn ^ for all natural numbers m > 2. [NCERT EXEMPLAR)
YYo
.....
s
1 A 1 A
dd
43. Given flj =-- ao+— ,«2-r and 0,1+i=- — for M > 2, where a>0,
21
Re
2[ aoj 21^ flj

inn
A>0.
F
Prove that a„ -4A _ — Va 2” ^

. -Ja <7^ Va
44. Let P(m) be the statement: 2" > 3m. If P(r) is true, show that P (r . 1) is true. Do you conclude
that P(m) is true for all m e N ?
45. Show by the Principle of Mathematical induction that the sum of the m terms of the series
1^ .2x2^ . 3^ .2x 4^ .5^ .2x 6^ + 7^ + ... is given by
'm(m.I)^ , if M is even
2 [NCERT EXEMPLAR)
(n + 1)
, if M is odd
2
46. Prove that the number of subsets of a set containing n distinct elements is 2" for all m e N.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR)
47.
A sequence flj, U2, is defined bylettingfl^^ = 3and% =7 fl;^_ifor allnatural numbers
n-1
k > 2.Showthat(^ = 3.7 for alln e N. [NCERT EXEMPLAKI
48. ^fc-1 for all natural numbers

A sequence Xi, is defined by letting = 2 and Xj. =
n
k, k >2.ShowthatA^ =—forallw
yi\
eN. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
49.
A sequence xq, Xi, X2, x^,...is defined by letting atq =5 and Xf. =4 + at;^_i for all natural
number k. Show that = 5 + 4n for all« e N using mathematical induction.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
50.
The distributive law from algebra states that for all real numbers c, Ui and ^2/ we have
C (flj + 02) = Cflj + Cfl2
w
Use this law and mathematical induction to prove that, for al natural numbers, n > 2, if
c, ai,a2f...,a„ are any real numbers, then c (<7i +^2 ‘hr) =ca-[ + ca2+.--+ ca^.
Flo FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)
ee
1. IfP(«):''2x4^‘^^+3
3«+l
is divisible by X for all n e N" is true, then the value of X is
Fr
2. If P{n): In < n\, n sN, itaen P{n) is true for all n >
3. If P{n): 2” < «!, n e N, then P(n) is true for all for
ur
n >
4.
For each neN, 10^'“^ +1 is divisible by
ks
5. If P{n): n\ > 2”“^, neN, then P(n) is true for all n >
Yo
oo
6. If P(n): -n is divisible by 6, n e N, then P(n) is true for all n >

eB
7. If P(n): n^ < 2", n e N, then P(n) is true for all n >

1 1
8. If P(n):Vn
r
n e N, then P(n) is true for all n >

VT V2 Vn
ou
ad
Y
ANSWERS
1. 11 2. 4 3. 3 4. 11
nd
Re
5. 2 6. 2 7. 5 8. 2
Fi
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ('l^SAOs;
Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per the requirement of the
question.
1- State the first principle of mathematical induction.
2. Write the set of value of n for which the statement P (n): 2n <n! is true.
3. State the second principle of mathematical induction.

2ji+ 1 3n+l
4. IfP(n):2x4 + 3 is divisible by X for aU n e N is true, then find the value of X.
ANSWERS
2. [n e N: n > 4] 4. 11
MULTIPLE CHOICES QUESTIONS (MCQs)
Make the correct alternative in each of the following.

1. If x” -1 is divisible by a: - X, then the least positive integral value of X is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
2JI-1-1 3h+ 1
2. For alln e N, 3x5 + 2 is divisible by
(a) 19 Cb) 17 (c) 23 (d) 25
3. If 10" + 3 X 4""^^ + X is divisible by 9 for alln e N, then the least positive integral value of X is
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) 1
ww
4. Let P (n): 2” < (1 x 2 x 3 x ... x n). Then the smallest positive integer for which P (n) is true is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Flo
5. A student was asked to prove a statement P (n) by induction. He proved P (fc +1) is true
whenever P {k) is true for all /c> 5 e N and also P (5) is true. On the basis of this he could
ee
conclude that P (n) is true,
rere
rFF
(a) for all n € N (b) for all n >5 (c) for alln >5 (d) for alln <5
If P (n): 49” +16" + X is divisible by 64 forn e N is true, then the least negative integral value
uurr
6. foor
of Xis
ks s
(a) -3 (b) -2 (c)-l (d) -4
Yoo
oook
ANSWERS
eBB
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c)
SUMMARY
uurr
ad
1. A sentence or description which can be judged to be true or false is called a statement.

Yo
Statements involving mathematical relations are called mathematical statements.

dY
2. Let P (n) be a statement involving the natural number n such that

Re
innd
(i) P (1) is true,

FFi
and, (ii) P (m + 1) is true, whenever P {m) is true.

Then, P (n) is true for all n e N.
This is called first principle of mathematical induction.
3. Let P (n) be a statement involving the natural number n such that
(i) P (1) is true
and, (ii) P (m +1) is true, whenever P («) is true for all n<m.
Then, P (n) is true for all nsN.
This is called second principle of mathematical induction.
CHAPTER 12
COMPLEX NUMBERS
12.1 INTRODUCTION
If a, b are natural numbers such that a>b, then the equation x + a=b is not solvable in N, the set
looww
of natural numbers i.e. there is no natural number satisfying the equation x + a=b.So, the set of
natural numbers is extended to form the set 1 of integers in which every equation of the form
X + a =b; a,b eN is solvable. But, equations of the form xa =b, where a,b a vt 0 are not
solvable in I also. Therefore, the set I of integers is extended to obtain the set Q of all rational
numbers in which every equation of the form xa =b, a ^ 0, a,b ^ I is uniquely solvable. The
ree
equations of the form x^ =2, x^ = 3 etc. are not solvable in Q because there is no rational number
reeF
r FF
whose square is 2. Such numbers are known as irrational numbers. The set Q of all rational
numbers is extended to obtain the set R which includes both rational and irrational numbers.
This set is known as the set of real numbers. The equations of the form +1 = 0,
fofroF
+ 4 = 0 etc.
are not solvable in R i.e. there is no real number
u
whose square is a negative real number. Euler
ks
was the first mathematician to introduce the symbol i (iota) for the square root of - 1 i.e. a solution of
+1 = 0 with the property i^ =-l. He also called this symbol as the imaginary unit.
kos o
YYouor
12.2 INTEGRAL POWERS OF IOTA (i)

BBoo
Positive integral Powersoft: We have, i =

r ee
■2
I = -L î^xi =-i,f^ = (i^)^ = (-1)2 = 1
ad
ouur
In order to compute i” for « > 4, we divide n by 4 and obtain the remainder r. Let m be the
Yo
quotient when n is divided by 4. Then,

d
.●4m + r
= {iY i'
n
n = 4m + r, where 0 < r < 4 => i
Re
= I =
inY
Thus, the value of f for n>4isf, where r is the remainder when n is divided by 4.
FFind
Negative integral powers ofi: By the law of indices, we have

;3
,-l 1 / ::-2 1 1 i . _4 1
I
A
;3
= -L t
;2 :3 A
=1,1 1=1
I I i -1 i i i ●4 1
-n
If « > 4, then i wherer is the remainder when n is divided by 4
NOTE i is defined as 1.
The above discussion suggests the following algorithm to find integral exponents of i.
ALGORITHM
To find the value ofi” for n e Z, we may follow the following steps.
Step I Ifn = 0, then write i" = 1.
12.2 MATHEMATtCS-XI
Step n Ifn > 0, then

1/ if n=l
-1, if « =2
I =< -I, if n = 3
1, if rt = 4
, if n>4, where r is the remainder when n is divided by i
Step in Ifn <0, then n = ~ m, where m > 0.
r .-1
I
1 if n = -l
1
.--2 1 1
= -l, if «=-2
ww
t
:2 -1
I
.-3
i
1 l
if n = -3
i
;3 ;4
I I
,_4 1
Flo
j if n = -4
:4
e
I
.--m 1 1
ty/iere r is ffie remainder when m is divided by 4, if n < -4.
ere
i
.-m
l
FFr
uurr
BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC) orr
sfo
kks
.-999 4n+ 3
(i) i
:135
(ii) i”^^ (iii) i (iv) (-7=1) ,h€N
Yo
oooo
;135 .■3
SOLUTION (i) 135 leaves remainder as 3 when it is divided by 4. Therefore, r = i
eBB
(ii) The remainder is 3 when 19 is divided by 4. Therefore, i

.-999
(iii) We have, = 1/1 . On dividing 999 by 4, we obtain 3 as the remainder. Therefore,
urr
.-999 -999 1 1 i i
= Hence,
ad
I 1.
:3 1
YYo
.●999 I .4
I I
4»+ 3 4n+ 3 ;3
(iv) We have, (- yf-.l) = (-0 -I I
dd
EXAMPLE 2 Show that:

Re
inn
:17 IN34]^ 2 = 2i
(i) + = - 4 (ii) 1 i
F
'nI/ V /
n ,2413
(iii) ( i
;18 + = 0 (iv) i" + i;H+ 1 +1
. jn+ 2 ^,J«+ 3 = 0,foralln eN.
VI/
1 ,251 ^
2
11^ :312
I
SOLUTION (i) \ i^^ + VI/ = -l3+i = ( -1 +

.●25 I ;4
I I
= [-i + ,-3]2=(-,-,-)2=4l2=-4.
^x34] ^
N 2
;17 .●17 11^ . 11"
^ =(! + l)^
(ii) ●^ I I
.-34 ●2
=( i -
I l (-1)
= i2+2/ + l=-l + 2i + l=2i

COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.3
241 ^
(iii) r
.●18
+
n\ .■18
r +
1 1 ^ (-2r + -if (-1 + 1)^=0
I :24 1
i
;/I+ 1 . -H+ 2 . ●«+ 3

/" + i" X i + f" XI^ + i" X i:3
.-n
(iv) r' +1 +1 + 2
= l” (1 + / + 2^ + 2 ^) = 2" (1 + 2 -1 -2) = 2" (0) =0

13
;J1 + 1
EXAMPLES Evaluate S (2” + 2 ), where 21 e N. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
«=1
13 13 13
SOLUTION Z (2”+2"-"^)= H Z= 1 (2 + l)2"=(2 + l) «=1
Z r={i + l){i + i^+i^+...+ P)
loow w
n = 1
fA3
2 -1 fi-l
= (2 + l)x2 +0 = (-1 + 0 [V P =2]
2-1 Vi-l
ee
EXAMPLE 4 Evaluate 1 + 2^ + +...+ P.
Fr
SOLUTION Let S =1+2^+2^+2^+...+2^.Then
r FF
S =1 + 2^ + (r^)2 + (,-2)3+
rree
fofr oF
1
u
2%n+l1 — (1 -1) = 0, if 22 is odd
l_(j-2jH-2l
I {1
l-(2") 2
ks
S = ll
1-2-2
^ (1 +1) = 1, if 2 is even
1+1
YYouro
soo
1^”
BBook
EXAMPLES Forapositiveintegern,findthevalueof{l-i)’^ 1—72 . [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

r ee
1 'f 1
SOLUTION (1-"2)" 1-42 =(l--2)"(l+2)
n
ouru
ad
2
Yo
= {{1 -2) (1 + -2)|” = (1 -/2)" = (1 +1)" = 2 n
EXERCISE 12.1
d
Re
iYn
BASIC
FFind
1. Evaluate the foUowing:

:457 528 1 1
(i)^ (ii) i (iii) (iv) P +
.58 .■67
2 2
(V) P +
1 f
:257
(vi) (2^ + P + 2 ;87 +/414j3 (vii) 2^° + P + P
2
(Viii) -249 +2^ +2-89+2-110

2. Show that 1 + P + P + P is a real number.
3. Find the values of the foUowing expressions:

(0 -249+2-68 +.--89
2 +.--no
2 (ii) 2
:30 . .-80
+ 2
. .120
+ 2
12.4 MATHEMATICS-Xl
■A .●15
(iii) i + f^ -f +1 + z
.592 +1
I . 390 +1
. .588 ^ y586 ^ ^584 .●20
(v) .582 580 :578 576 574
(vi) 1 + +1® +... -I- i
I + r -f j +1 + i
(vu) (1-fO^+d-O^ INCERT EXEMPLARl
ANSWERS
l.(i) i (ii) 1 (iii) -1 (iv) 2 i (v) 0 (vi) -8 (vii) 1 (viii) 2 i

3.(i) 2/ (ii) 1 (iii) 0 (iv) -1 (v) -1 (Vi) 1 (vii) -2-10/
oww
12.3 IMAGINARY QUANTITIES
The square root of a negative real number is called an imaginary quantity or an imaginary
number.
For example, 3, y[^f yj- 9/4 etc. are imaginary quantities.
e
THEOREM If a, b are positive real numbers, then x
ree
rFl
Fre
PROOF We have.
rr F
f-lx a = .y-fa =i 4a and, - yj-1 yb = y 4b =i 4b
X = (/ 4a) (i 4b) =/^ (Vfl X 4b) = -1 (4^) = - 4ab
ouur
sfoo
NOTE 1 For any two real numbers 4a y 4b -4^ is true only when at least one of a and b is either
kks
positive or zero. In other words, 4a y 4b = 4^ is not valid if a and b both are negative.
Yo
oooo
NOTE 2 For any positive real number a, we have .J y 4a -i 4a.

X a
eBB
ILLUSTRATION 1 Compute the following:

(i) (iii) ,f^+3.f^ + 2^
uurr
SOLUTION
(i) 7-144 =7-1 X 144 =7^x 4lU =12/
ad
YYo
(ii) = 3/^=-3
dd
(iii) 7^+ 3 7^ + 2T^=5i+6/+6/ = 17/

Re
iinn
ILLUSTRATION 2 A student writes the formula 4^ = 4a4b. Thenhe substitutes a = ~1 and b = -l

F
and finds 1 = -1. Explain where is he wrong?

SOLUTION Since a and b both are negaHve. Therefore, 4ab cannot be written as 4a 4b. In fact,
for a and b both negative, we have 4a 4b = - 4^.
ILLUSTRATION 3 Is the following computation correct? If not give the correct computation:
[TRy.^/Ts)] = V(-2)-(-3) = VI
SOLUTION The said computation is not correct, because - 2 and - 3 both are negative and
4^ = 4a 4b is true when at least one of a and b is positive or zero. The correct computation is
= (iV2)(iV3) = ,2 VI = - VI
12.4 COMPLEX NUMBERS
COMPLEX NUMBER If a, b are two real numbers, then a number of the form a + ib is called a complex
number.
For example, 7 + 21, -1 + z, 3 - 2 z, 0 + 2 /, 1 + 0 z etc. are complex numbers.

Real and imaginary parts of a complex number: Ifz = a + ib is a complex number, then 'a' is called the real
part of z and 'b' is known as the imaginary part ofz. The real part ofz is denoted by Re (z) and the
imaginary part by Im (z).
If z = 3 - 4 z, then Re (z) = 3 and Im (z) = - 4.
Purely real and purely imaginary complex numbers: A complex number z is purely real if its imaginary
part is zero i.e. Im (z) = 0 and purely imaginary if its real part is zero i.e. Re (z) = 0.
Set of complex numbers: The set of all complex numbers is denoted byC i.e. C = {a + ib:a,b € R}.
Since a real number 'a' can be written as + 01. Therefore, every real number is a complex
number. Hence, R c C, where R is the set of all real numbers.
ww
12.5 EQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
DEFINITION Two complex numbers Zi=ai+ i cfj and Z2 = + * ^2 if ~ ^2-

i.e. Re (zj) = Re (22) and Im (zj) = Im (22).
Flo
Thus, Zj =22 <=> Re(Z|) = Re(z2) andim (zj) =Im (22).
e
ILLUSTRATION 1 Ifzi=2-iyandz2=x+3iareequal,findxa?idy.
reree
SOLUTION We have,
r FF
2i =Z2 => 2 -zy =:c + 3z ^ 2 = x and - y = 3 ^ x - 2 and y = - 3.
ILLUSTRATION 2 If (a + b)-i (3a + 2b) =5 + 2i, find a and b.
uurr
foor
SOLUTION We have,
(fl + fj) -z (3fl + 2b) = 5 + 2z => a + b = 5 and -(3z7 + 2b) =2 => zz =-12, b = 17
ks s
Yoo
ooook
12.6 ADDITION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
DEFINITION Let Zj = zz;j + z bj and Z2 “ ^2 ^ ^2 complex numbers. Then their sum Zj + 22 is

eBB
defined as the complex number (a-^ + ZI2) + /(bj + b2).

It follows from this definition that the sum z^ + Z2 is a complex number such that
uurr
Re (zj + Z2) = Re (z^) + Re (22) and, Im (zj + 22) =Im {z;^) + Im (Z2)
ad
For example, Ifzj = 2 + 3 z and 22 = 3 - 2z, thenzj +22 =(2 + 3) +{3 -2) z = 5 + z
Yo
dY
12.6.1 PROPERTIES OF ADDITION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
(i) Addition is Commutative: For any two complex numbers z^ and Z2

Re
innd
2-j + 22 = 22 + 2|
FFi
PROOF Letzj =zz^ + z bj,Z2 =zi2 + ib2, where a^, a2 and b^, b2 are real numbers. Then,
2i + Z2 = (zzi + af) + i (bi + b2) [By definition of addition]
= (^2 + «i) + i (b2 + bi) [By commutativity of addition of real numbers]
= 22+2^ [By definition of addition]
Thus, 21+Z2 = Z2+Z1 for all 2^,22 eC.
Hence, addition of complex number is commutative.
(ii) Addition is Associative: For any three complex numberszi, Z2,
(21+22)+23=21+ (22+23)
PROOF LetZi =zzi + iby Z2 =02 + ib2 andz3 =«3 + z b-^, where <Zi, z?2, <^3 and b-[,b2, b^ are real
numbers. Then,
(zi + 22) + 23 — [(zî + z?2) i (bi + b2)] + (<^3 + ibf) [ By definition of addition]
= [((?! + £?2) + ^*3] + ' [(^’l + ^2) + [By definition of addition]
= [(«?! + (z?2 + a^)] + zlbi + (b2 + b3)] [By associativity of addition on R]
12.6 MATHEMATICS-XI
= (f?2 + i bj) + [(^2 + ^3) + ^ i^2 ^3)1 [By definition of addition]

= Zj +(22 +23) [By definition of addition]
Thus, (zj +Z2) +23 =2^ + (Z2 +Z3) for all2^,22,23 eC.
Hence, addition of complex numbers is associative.
(Hi) Existence of Additive Identity: The complex number 0 = 0 + i Ois the identity element for addition
i.e.z + 0 =z = 0 + zforallz eC.
PROOF Let 2 = <i + f b be an arbitrary complex number. Then,
2 + 0 = (fl + i b) + (0 + / 0) = (fl + 0) +1 (b + 0) = a+ ih =2
and. 0 + 2 = (0 + j 0) + (fl + /b) = (0 + fl) +1(0 + b) = a + ih = 2
Thus, 2+0 =2 = 0 + 2 for all 2 e C
Hence, the complex number 0 = 0 + / 0 is the identity element for addition.
w
(iv) Existence of Additive Inverse: For any complex number z = a + ib, there exists -z={-a) +i(-b)
such that z + (-z) = 0 =(-2) + 2.
Flo
PROOF Let 2 = fl + f b be an arbitrary complex number. Then, - z = (- a) +1 (- b) is also a complex
number such that
reeee
z + (-2) = (fl+f b) + {(-fl) + i{-b)l = {fl + +i {b + {-b)l = O + iO =0
FFr
and (-2) + 2 = ((-fl) + /(-b)l + (ff + ib)={{-a) + a} +i [(-b) + b) = 0 + ;0 = 0 .
Thus, for each complex numberz = + ;b, there exists a complex number-z = (-<7) + i (-b) such
for
thatz + (-z) =0=(-2) +2.
ur
The complex number -z is called the additive inverse ofz.
kkss
12.7 SUBTRACTION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

Yo
oo
DEFINITION Letz^ =a-i + i bi andz2 =02+ *^2 complex numbers. Then the subtraction ofz2from
Zj is denoted byz^ -22 and is defined as the addition ofz^ and-Z2-
eB
Thus, zj - Z2 = 2j + (-22) = (flj + ibi) + (- ^2 “ * ^2) = (^1 “ ^2) * (^1 “ ^2)

For example. If Z| = - 2 + 3i and 22 = 4 + 5i, then
r
ou
ad
21-22 = (-2+30+{-4-50 =(-2-4)+!(3-5)=-6-2(

YY
12.8 MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Let Zi = «! + / bi and Z2=a2+ i b2 be two complex numbers. Then the multiplication ofz^ with Z2 is
ndd
Re
denoted by Zi 22 and is defined as the complex number (a^ ^2 ~ ^2) + ^ (^l ^2 ^2 ^l)-
Fi
Thus, zi 22 = (fli +1 bi) (^2 +' ^2)

~ (i?! ^2 ^2) ^ ^2 ^2
= [Re(zi) Re(z2) -Im(2i) Im(22)] + i [Refzj) Im(22) + Re(22) Im(zi)]
For example. If Zi = 3 + 2i and 22 = 2-3i, then
2i 22 = (3 + 20 (2 - 3 0 = (3 X 2 - 2 X (- 3)) + i(3 X - 3 + 2 X 2) =12 -5(
NOTE The product Zi Z2 can also be obtained if we actually carry out the multiplication
(«! + i bi) (^2 + i b2) as given below:
●9
(fll + i bi) (^2 ^ bf) — ^1 ^2 ^ ^1 ^^2 ^ ^2 ^ ^1 ^2
:2
~ (f?! ^2 “^1 ^2) '^(^1 ^2 ^2 ^1^ [v r=-i]
12.8.1 PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION
(i) Multiplication is commutative: For any two complex numbers Zi and 22

2i Z2 — 22 2i
PROOF Let Zj = + i b-^ and 22=^2+ ‘ ^2' where a^, ^2, and bi, ^2 ^re real numbers. Then,
Z^ Z2 — (flj *!■ i t’j) (^2 ^ ^2) “ ^2 ~ ^2^ ^ ^2 ^2 ^1)
and, 22 2^ = (^2 * ^2) '*’ ^1) “ (^2 ^1 ~ ^2 ^1^ ^ ^^2 ^1 ^1 ^2)
~ (^1 ^2 “ ^1 ^2) ■●■ ^ ^2 ■*■ ^2 ^1) t®y commutativity of mult, of real numbers]
Zj 22 = 22 2l
Thus, 2^ 22 = 22^1 forallzi,22 eC.
Hence, the multiplication of complex numbers is commutative on C.
(ii) Multiplication is associative: For any three complex numbers Zj, 22,23
(2-122) 23=21(2223)
PROOF Letzi =fli +/bi,Z2 =«2 ■*■ ^^2 and 23 =^3 + ib^ beany three complex numbers. Then,
w
{z-y Z2) 23 = {(fll + i iJi) (fl2 + *^2)! (^3 '^3)
= {((?! (?2 - by b2) + i (ay &2 + fl2 ^l)J (^3 ‘ ^3)
Flo
= {(<7i <72 - by b2) a^ -(ay &2 + «2 ^1) ^3} ■*■' ^2 “^1 h)^3 h + ^2 ^l)
= {<7i (<?2 <73 ~ 1^2 I73) —by (<72 1*3 + <73 1*2)} ^ {^1 (^2 ^3 ~^2 ^3) ^^3 ^2 ^2 ^3^^
ee
= (<7i + iby) ((<72 <73 -1*2 ^3) ■*■ ‘ (^2 ^3 ■*■ ®3 ^2)1
Fr
= 2l (22 23)
Thus, (2122) 23 = 2i (2223) for all Zi, 22,23 e C. for
ur
Hence, multiplication is associative on C.
(Hi) Existence of identity element for multiplication: The complex number 1 =1 + i0 is the identity
s
ok
element for multiplication i.e. for every complex number z, 2 -1 =2 =1 - 2.

Yo
Bo
PROOF Let2=<7 + il*. Then,

2 ● 1 = (<7 + fb) (1 + <0) = (<7 X 1 - X 0) + 7 (<7 X 0 + 1 X ft) = (7 + ib.
re
Similarly, we obtain 1 -z =z
Thus, z-l=z=l-z, forallzeC.
ou
ad
Hence, 1 = 1 + Oi is the multiplicative identity in C.

Y
(iv) Existence of multiplicative mverse: Corresponding to every non-zero complex number z = a + ib

nd
there exists a complex number Zy=x + iy such that Z'Zy=l=ZyZ.

Re
PROOF Clearly,
Fi
2 ● Zi =1
=> (<7 + <i*) (x + ly) =1 + lO ^ (<7a:-fcy) + j (<7y + l;x) =1 + <0 => ax-by = l and <7y + bx=0.
a b
Solving these two equations, we obtain: x = / y=- [■: a^0,b ^0]
<72+1,2 <7^ +i»^
Thus, every non-zero complex number z=a + ib possesses multiplicative inverse given by
a -b
+ t
' <72+1,2 <7„2 +
_,_l2
b
NOTE The multiplicative inverse of z is denoted by z"^ or, -

ILLUSTRATION Find the multiplicative inverse o/z = 3 - 2 i.
SOLUTION Using the above formula, we obtain
12.8 MATHEMATICS-XI
3 3 2 .
2-1 = — 4* — I
13 13
3^ +(~2f 3^ +{-2f
(v) Multiplication of complex numbers is distributive over addition of complex numbers : For any three
complex numbers z-[, 22' ^3
(i) Zi(Z2+Z3)=2i 22+^1 23 (Left distributivity)
(ii) (22 +23)21 =22 2j +2321 (Right distributivity)
PROOF
Let 2i = «! + i bi,Z2 = «2 * ^2 ^3 = ^ ^3- Then,
Zi (22 + Z3) = (fli + ibf) 1(^2 + ^^3) + i (i’2 ^3)!
= {fli (il2 + <13) -&1 (b2 + ^3)! + i 1^1 (&2 ^3)) (*^2
= [(<Jifl2 ^1^2) ^ (*^1^2 [{^1*^3 ~ ^1^3) + ^ (^1^3 "t *^3^1)]
w
= 2i22 + 2123
Similarly, it can be established that (22 + 23) Zi =2221 + 2321-
Flo
12.9 DIVISION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
reeee
The division of a complex number Zi by a non-zero complex number Z2 is defined as the multiplication ofz\
FFr
by the multiplicative inverse 0/22 and is denoted by
22
2l 1 for
Thus, = 21^2^
ur
= 2i
22
kkss
Let 2i = fli + i &i and Z2 = ^2 ^ ^2- Then,
Yo
: (~h) 1 H-l’)
^ = (fli + /■ bf) ■ ai a
oo
+1 z=a + ib ^ — =
22 ^2 ^2 ^2 ^2 2 a^+b^ a^+b^
eB
2l ^2 ^1 ^2 ,● ^2 ^1 ~ h
+ 2
[By definition of multiplication]
22 +^2 -02+bl
r
ou
ad
For example. If Zi = 2 + 3 i and 22 = 1 + 2 /, then

YY
h. 1 2 2 6 4 3^1 8 1.
=Zi X — =(2 + 3i) X —-— = (2+30---! = —+ — +i — + — — I
22 1 -
22 l + 2i 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
ndd
Re
12.10 CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

Fi
DEFINITION Letz = a + ib be a complex number. Then the conjugate of z is denoted by z and is equal to
a-ib.
Thus, z = a + ib => z=a-ib
It follows from this definition that the conjugate of a complex number is obtained by replacing i
by - i. For example, if z = 3 + 4 f, then 2 = 3 - 4 i.
12.10.1 PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE
THEOREM Ifz, Zi, Z2 are complex numbers, then

(2) =2 (ii) 2 + 2 =2 Re(2) (Hi) 2-2 =2ilm(2)
(iv) 2 = 2 <=> z is purely real (i?) 2 + 2 = 0 => 2 is purely imaginary
(vi) 2 2 = {Re (z)l^ + {Im {z)P (vii) 2i + 22 = 2i + 22 (viii) 2i -22 =2i -22
Zl _2l
(ix) Z1Z2 =ZiZ2 (x) Z2^0.
[^2 22
PROOF Letz = i7 + ib,z-[ =a^+ andz2 =^2 +

(i) z=a+ib z- a-ih =>{z) = {a~ih)=a-\-ih =>(z) = z.
(ii) z+z = {a + ib) + {a- ib) = 2a = 2 Re(z)
(iii) z -z - {a + ib) - {a - ib) = 2ib =2ilm (z)
(iv) z=z a + ib ~a -ib o2/b=0 b =0 Im(z) =0 => zis purely real
(v) z + z = 0 o (fl +1+ (fl - /!>) = 0 2fl = 0 <:> rt = 0 «● Re (z) = 0 z is purely imaginary
(vi) z z = {a + ib) (a - ib) =a^ +b'^ = {Re (z)}^ + (Im (z)}^
(vii) We have, Zj + Z2 = + ^2) + * (^1 + ^2)
Zi + Z2 = (^1 + ^2) “ ^ (^1 + ^2) = (^1 “ + (^2 “ ^^2) = ("1 ^^1) + (^1 + '^2) = + 22-
ww
(viii) We have, 2^-22 = (aj-^2) + (^1 “^2)
Zj^-22 = (i3|-^2) (^1 “^2) = («i -(^2 “'^2) = (^1 ■*■*^1) “(^2+'^2) = ^1 “^2
(ix) We have, Zi z^ = {a^ + ib-{) (<72 + ^^2) “ (^1 ^2 “ ^2) ^ * (®l ^2 + ^^2 ^1)
Zj 22 = (aj ^2 “ ^2) “ ’ ^2 ^2 ^1)
Flo (^1 “ '^^1) (^2 “ '^^2) = ^
ee
rere
(X) Wehave,a =-ali?i- «1 “ilMz +1
. <?2 ^2
r FF
22 ^2 + ib2 «2 + ^2 ^2 ^2
uurr
/ \
2l ^1 ^2 ^1 ^2 ● ^2 ^2
foor ...(i)
9 7 ^ 9 9
\^2J ^2 1^2 y ^2 ^2
ks s
Yoo
2l 1 «2 : ^2 i?! i?2 ^2 ; ^2 ^2
oook
Now, z x—={ai-ib-y) 9 9
+1
9 9
-i ... (ii)
22 22 i?2 "i“ 1^2 ^2 ^2 / V fl2 +&2 fl2 +^'2
eBB
(z ] ^
From (i) and (ii), we obtain: -1- - 1
22 22
uurr
ad
12.11 MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

Yo
DEFINITION The modulus of a complex number z = a + ib is denoted | z | and is defined as

dY
2
-J|Re(z)}^+{Im(z)P
Re
innd
Clearly, | 21 > 0 for all 2 e C.

FFi
For example. If Zj = 3-4i,Z2 =-5 + 2/andz3 =1 + V^, then

|zi| = ^3^ +(-4)2 =5, |z2|=-J(-5)2+2^=V29and, 123 | =|1 + r VS| + (VS)^ = 2.
REMARK In the set C of all complex numbers, the order relation is not defined. As such Zj > Z2 or,
Zj <22 has no meaning but] Zj^ | >| 22 |or,| z^ | <[ 22 |âsgo^ As meaning as\ Zi \and\ 22 \ are real numbers.
12.11.1 PROPERTIES OF MODULUS
THEOREM Ifz,Zi,Z2 eC, then

(i) I z I = 0 z = 0 i.e. Re (z) = Im (z) = 0 (ii) |2|=|Z|=|-2|
(iii) -121 < Re (2) < j 21; -1 z | < Im (2) < | z (iv) zz =12|^
(v) |2iZ2|=|zi||Z2| (vi) Jjll. Z2 # 0

22I 122 I'
(vii) |zi+Z2|^ =|zi|^+|z2|^+2Re(2iZ2) (viii) |zi-Z2[^ =|2ii^+|z2|^-2Re{ziZ2)
(ix) 1 Zj + z-^ +1 zj -Z2|^ =2 I Zj 1^ +1 Z2 i ^
(x)\azi~bz2\^+\bzi +az2\^ ={a^+ b'^) |z2[^+|z2|^ , wherea,b ^R.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
PROOF Letz = +/b. Then,
(i) Iz[ = 0 o +b^ = 0*» fl^+b^=0 <=> a = 0 and b = 0 o Re(z) = Im(z) = 0
(ii) Letz=a + ib. Then, z = a - ib and -z = -a -ib.
121 = + b^,12 I = + (-b)^ = + b^ and, | -z| = + (-b)^ -■Ja'^ +b^

Clearly, I z[ =\z \ =\-z\
ww
(iii) Letz = a + ib. Then, |z| = +b^-
Clearly, --Ja^ + b^ < a < + b^ and --Ja^ +b^ <b ^+b^
^ -121 < Re (z) < I z I
FF loo
and -1 z [ < Im (z) < | z |
ree
(iv) Let z = a + ib. Then, z = a - ib.
zz -{a + ib){a-ib) = a^-P'b'^ = +b^ ~ +b^
reFe
oroFr
rur
(v) Letzj + /b| andz2 -(^2 where flj, ^2 andb^/ ^2 numbers. Then,
s ff
Zi Z2 = (n^ + 'jbj) (^2 "t '^^2) = <?2 ^2) ^ ^^1 ^2 ^2
I Z-y Z2 j — CI2 —bj 1^2} + (flj 1^2 "t ^1^ ~ ^2 "t bj &2 "t ^2 + (^2
k
YYouo
okso
= +^2) =
BBoo
= I Zl lh2 I
r ee
(Vi) Let Zj = fli + ibj and 22 = ^2 + ^^2' where a-]^, ^2 3nd b^, b2 are real numbers. Then,
2l : (-^2) ^2 ^2 + I. 02 b-i - ai b2
ad
ouur
-^ = Zix — = (ai + ibi) + I
1^02+^2 4'^4yi , 4^4 . 4+^2

Yo
22 22
/ n2 ^2
fli 02 ■*” b2 ^2 ”* ^1 ^2 (^1 ^2 ^2) ^ (^2 ^1 ” ^2)
d
Re
idnY
111 4+4 ,
+
-
22 fl2 +bj 'll (4 + ^2)

FFin
l4 4 ^2 4 4+4 4 {4 + 4) i4+4) _ 4+4

1 (4+44 ]j (4+4) \o2 +b2
= 44+4 ^ i2ii
■^4+4 ^ ^
(vii) Clearly,
|2l +22!^ = (Zj +Z2HZ1 +Z2) ■: zz~
- (Zj + Z2) (Zj +22) [ ●.' 2| + 22 -Zj + 22]

— Zj Zj + Z2 22 + Zj 22 + 22 Zj [By distributivity of multiplication]
= 1 2j 1^ + j 22 1^ + Zj Z2 + (z-^ Z2) [v (zi^)=^(z2)=ziz2 =Z2^]
= [zj 1^ +|z2 1^ + 2 Re (2^22) [●.● 2 + 2 = 2 Re (2)]
(viii) Clearly,
l^l -22!^ = (21 -22) (zi -Z2) V 2 2
1= (21 -Z2) (2l-22) [V 2;i+22 = Z1-22I

= 2i2i +22 22 -Zi22 -Z22i [By distributivity of multiplication]
= |Zi|^ +|22l^ “2iZ2 -{Z1Z2) [v (2122) = 21(22) = Z1Z2]
= |zil^+|z2l^-2Re(2i^)
(ix) Using (vii) and (viii), we get
|2i+22[^+|2l-22|^= |2i|2+|22|^ + 2Re(2i^) + | Zj |^ + |22 |^ - 2 Re(Zj ^)
= 2(|21|2+|Z2|2)
ww
(x) I fl 2i -221 = (a Zi ~b Z2) (azi~b 22)
FF loo
= (a Zi ~ b Z2) (a Zi ~ b Z2)
= Zi Zi - (a 2i) (b 22) - (b 22) (fl Zi) + b^ 22 22
ree
= \zif- -ab (2i 22 + 2122) + 1221^
= fl2|Zi|^-fll7(Zi^ + (Zi^))+b2|Z2|^
reFe
oroFr
r ur
= |zi 1^ -ab [2 Re(zi22)l + b^\z2 [v 2iZ2+(ziZ2)=2Re(2i22]
s ff
a
^ I Zi 1^ - 2 flb Re (zj Z2) + IZ21^
k
YYouo
Similarly, we obtain
okso
I cfzi + flZ2 1^ = |zi 1^ + |Z2 1^ + 2 ab Re(zi Z2)

BBoo
r ee
I a Zj - b Z21 +1 & Zi + fl 22 1
= 12j 1^ - 2 ab Re (zi 22) + | Z2 ]^ + 12j |^ + a^ ] 22 |^ + 2 ab Re (zj 22)
ad
ouur
= |zi|2(a2+fc2)+|z2p(62+a2)
Yo
= {a^+b^) |zi|2+|z2|2
d
Re
idnY
FFin
12.12 RECIPROCAL OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
Let 2 = a + ib be a non-zero complex number. Then,

1 _ 1 _ ^ a - ib Multiplying numerator and denominator
2 a + ib a + ib a - ib by conjugate of denominator
1 a-ib a-ib a i{~b)
+
2 a^-i^b^ +b^ a^ + b^ a^ +b^
a - ib 2
Clearly, - is equal to the multiplicative inverse of z. Also, - = _
2 z a^ + b^
Thus, the multiplicative inverse of a non-zero complex number zis same as its reciprocal and is given by
Re (2) +. ,(-Im(2))
I
2
Z|2
Type 1 EXPRESSING A COMPLEX NUMBER IN THE STANDARD FORM 3+ \b

In order to express a complex number in the standard form, we may follow the following
algorithm.
ALGORITHM
a + ib
Step I Write the complex number in the form c + id
by using fundamental operations of addition.
subtraction and multiplication.

Multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.
ww
Step II
EXAMPLE 1 Express the following in the form a + ib :
n (' 1
(i) (-50
8
i [NCERT] (ii)(-0(2z) -4/
8
[NCERT]
Flo
3 A
e
(iii) (50 --1 [NCERT]
eree
V O
39
(V) I [NCERT] (Vi) (1 -0^ [NCERT]
FFr
ri 5 -1,55^.
uurr
SOLUTION (i) (-50 i -X =- =- + Oi
8 8 8 8 8
orr
sfo
(ii) (-0(20 = -2f^ X - — = 0 + — i
8 j 512 256 256 256 256
kks
Yoo
oooo
3
(iii) (50 \ -ji = -3z^=~3x-l = 3 = 3 + 0i
5
eBB
= (i^fi + (i^fi^ =i + i^ =i-i = 0=0 + 0i

●9 19
(iv) r +1^
39
= (i^)
-10
urr
(v) i i =j =0 + U
ad
(l-0^ = |(i-<)2|
YYo
(Vi) = (1 -Ti + -Pf- =(1 -2/-l)^ =(-20^ =4i^ =-4=-4 + 0/

dd
EXAMPLE 2 Express each of the follozving in the form a + ib:

Re
inn
(i) 3(7 + 70 + i(7+70 [NCERT] (ii) (l-z)-(-l + 60 [NCERT]

fl 2 \ 7 -W, 1 ■
F
^1
--3 + i]) [NCERT]
5
(iii) i + - ● i 4 + z [NCERT] (iv) h — i+ 4 + — I
V
V5 5 y V 2 ; V3 3 3 ;
SOLUTION (i) 3 (7 + 70 + / (7 + 70 = 21 + 21 i + 7i + 7i^ = 21 + 21 / + 7i - 7 = 14 + 28 i

(ii) (1 -0 -(-1 + 60 =1 -i + 1 -6/ = 2 -7i
1 2V ^ _ 5/ 19 21 .
(iii) - + - i- 4.iz 1-4
5 5 2 j 5 5 2 5 10
n 7 .'i , 1. . n— -f7— 1\ 4 .
(iv) — + z + 4 +1 + — — + i
[3 3 / V 3 J 3 ^3 3 3 3
fl3
— + — i
8 +
4
1
.
3 3 . 3
(13
—
4W8
+ —+
,1 .
1=— +
..
17 5 .
I
3 3j U 3 3
EXAMPLE 3 Express each of the following in the form a + ib:

\ ^3 1
+ 3i [NCERT] (ii) -2-i/ o
[NCERT]
(iii) (5-31)3 [NCERT] (iv) (-V3 + V=2)(2V3-0
SOLUTION (i)
fl
- + 3/ - +{3iy + 3x-
■? 1
X 3i
.n
+ 3/ — + 27 i^ + 3i(-+ 3i
3 3J 3 3 27
1 242
— + 27i^ + i + 9i^ = - 27/ + / - 9 = - -26/
oww
27 27 27
(ii) 2-i.f = (-2)'+ 1

+ 3x-2x
1
1
.
2--i
1
=-8
1 ^
1^+2/ -2--/
f 1 ^
3 J V 3 3 ^ 3 ; 27 3 J
1
= -8 + — /-4/--
●2 2 =
= - 8 + — / - 4f + — _^_107 i .
e
i
FFrlo
27 3 27 3 3 27
re
(iii) (5 - 3/)^ =5^ + (- 30^ + 3 X 25 X - 3/ + 3 X 5 X (- 30^= 125 + 27/ -225/-135 = -10 -198 /
ree
F
(iv) (-VI+ /^) (2^3-0 = (-V3+/V2)(2VI-0=-6 + V3/ + 2V6/-V2/2
rF
= - 6 + (VI + 2V6) / + VI = (V2 - 6) + (VI + 2V6) /
ffsoor
ouur
EXAMPLE 4 Express each one of the following in the standard form a + ib.
1 5 + 4/ (1 + 0^
kosk
(i) (ii) (iii)
3-4/ 4+5/ 3-/
Yo
3 V3 + 4/
oo
(3-20(2+30 1 1
Y
(iv) (V) (Vi)

BB
(1 + 20(2-0 2 + V^ 1-2/ 1+/

/ \
2-4/
(3 +/VI) (3-/VI)
re
1
(vii) (viii) [NCERT]
1 - cos 0 + 2/ sin 0 (VI + V20-(VI-/V2)
uur
oY
ad
SOLUTION (i)
1 1
X
3 + 4/ 3 + 4/ _ 3 + 4/ _ 3 4 .
3-4/ 3-4/ 3 + 4/ 9-16/2 ~ 9+16 ~
dY
5 + 4/ 5 + 4/ 4-5/ (20 + 20) + /(16 -25) 40-9/ 40 9

(ii)
.
innd
41 41 ^
Re
4 + 5/ 4+5/ 4 - 5/ 16 - 25/2 41
Fi
(1 + 0^ _ 1 + 2/ + /2 _ 6/ + 2/2 _ - 2 + 6/
F
1 3 .
(iii) — + — I
3-i 3-1 ~ 3-/~ 3-/'3 + / ~ 9-/2 ~ 10 5 5
(iv)
(3-20(2+ 30 _ (6+6)+/(-4 + 9)_ 12 + 5/_12 + 5/ 4-3/
(1 + 20(2-0 ~ (2 + 2) + /(4-l) " 4+3/" 4+3/4-3/
(48 +15) + / (-3 6 + 20) 63 16 i .
16-9 /2 25 25
(v)
1
_ 1 _ 1 -2-/VI ^-2-/VI 2 VI,
-2 + 7^ ~ -2 + /VI ” -2 + /VI^ -2-/VI~ 4-3/2 ~ 7 7
1
1 3 V3 + 4/ 1 + / + 3 - 6/ 3 + 4/ _ 4 -5/ 3 + 4/ _ (12 + 20) + / (16 -15)

(Vi)
1-2/ 1+/ 2-4/ (l + 2)+/(-2 + l)'' 2-4/ " 3-i 2-4/ " (6-4)+/(-2-12)
32+/ 32 + /
X
2 + 14/ (64-14) + /(2+ 448) 50 + 450/ 1
= —+ —1
9.
2-14/ 2-14/ 2 + 14/ 4-196/2 200 4 4
1 1 1 - cos 0 - 2i sin 0
(vii) X
1 - cos 0 + 2i sin 0 1 - cos 0 + 2i sin 6 1 - cos 0 - 2i sin 0
1 - cos 0 - 2z sin 0 1 - cos 0 - 2i sin 0
(1 - cos 0)^ -4i^ sin^ 0 (1 - cos 0)^ + 4 sin^ 6

1 - cos 0 - 2i sin 0 1 - cos 0 - 2i sin 0
1-2 cos 0 + cos^ 0 + 4 sin^ 0 2 - 2 cos 0 + 3 sin^ 0

1 - cos 0 - 2 sin 0
+1
2 -2 cos 9+3 sin^ 0 2-2 cos 0+3 sin^ 0
(3 + zVS)(3-iV5) (9 - Vs X - Vs) +1 (3 X - Vs + sVs)
(viii)
(V3+V20-(V3-iV2) Vs + V2 i — -J~3 + V2 i
ww
(9 + S) + f X 0 _ 14 _ 7 _-7 i■ = 0- 7 t
.
2y/2i 2V2z"V^~V2' V2
Flo
EXAMPLE 5 Prove that the following complex numbers are purely real:
e
■\ r
2+ 3i 2-3i 3 + 2f 3-2i
eree
(i) (ii) +
3 + 4i 3-4i 2-3i 2+ 3i
7 V
FFr
(2+30(2-3Q_ 4-9i^ 13
A/ A
2+3/ 2-3/
SOLUTION (i) oorr = —, which is purely real.
uur r
3 + 4/ 7 V
3-4/ (3 + 40(3-40 "9-16|2
sf
A / A
3 + 2/ 3-2/ 3 + 2/ 2+3/ 3-2/ 2-3/ (3+2/)(2+3/) (3-2/)(2-3/)
(ii) + X + X +
4 - 9/2 4 - 9/2
sk
2-3/ 2+ 3/ 2-3/ 2+3/ 2 + 3/ 2 - 3/

Yoo
oook
= 0, which is purely real.

eBB
13 13
EXAMPLE 6 Express (1 - 2/) in the standard form a + ib.

uurr
1 1 1 1
SOLUTION (1 - 2iy^ =
ad
(l-2i)^ 1 - 8/^ - 6/ +12/2 1 + 8/-6/-12 -11 + 2/

Yo
1
X
-11-2/ -11-2/
-11-2/ ^ i
dY
-11 + 2/ -11-2/ 125 125 125

Re
innd
EXAMPLE 7 Perform the suitable operations to express the result in the form a + ib.
2-p25 3-pi6
FFi
(i) (ii)
1-V^ 1 -V^
SOLUTION We have,
2-V^ 2-5/ 2-5/ 1 + 4/ (2 + 20) + /(8 -5) _ 22 + 3/ _ ^ _3_.
(i)
1-4^ 1 - 4/ 1-4/ 1 + 4/ 1 -16/2 17 17 17 *
u
3-^/=16 3-4/ 3-4/ 1 + 3/ X
(3 + 12) + / {-4 + 9) 15
1
5
I
. 3
— + — i
1.
1- 4^ ~ 1-3/ 1 - 3/ 1 + 3/ 1 - 9/2 10 10 2 2
2i 22
EXAMPLES lfzi,Z2 arel -i, - 2 + 4/, respectively,findlm
2l
SOLUTION
21^2 _ (l-/)(-2 + 4Q (-2 + 4)+/(2 + 4) _ 2 + 6/
2l (1-0 1+/ 1 + /
12.15
COMPLEX NUMBERS
2 + 6i,,l^ (2 + 6) + /(6-2)
X = 4 + 2/
1 +i 1 -i 1+1
Im
21^2 = 2
I 2l
Type II ON EQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Recall that two complex numbers Zj and 22 are equal iff Re izf) = Re (22) and Im(22) = Im(z2)-
EXAMPLE 9 Find the real values of x and y, if
(i) (3x -7) + liy = -5y + (5 + :t) / (ii) (1 -i) X + (1 + 0 y =1 ■" 3/
x-1 ^y-1 =1.
(iii) {x + iy) (2 - 3i) = 4 + i (iv)
3 + / 3-1
SOLUTION (i) We have
ww
{3x -7) + 2iy =-5y + {5 + x) i
3x-7 =-5y and 2y =5 + 3x + 5y =7 and x-2y=-5 => x =-l, y = 2.
(ii) We have,
(l-/)x + (l + 0y=l-3i
Flo
e
(a: + y) + / (- X + y) = 1 - 3/ => x + y = 1 and - x + y = -3=> x = 2, y = -l
eree
(iii) We have.
FFr
{x + iy) (2 - 30 = 4 + i
14
oorr
uur r
(2x + 3y) +i(- 3x + 2y) = 4 + i=> 2x + 3y = 4 and -3x + 2y = l=> X = :~,y
13
= —
13
sf
(iv) We have,
x-1
+ ^y-1 =i ●
sk
Yoo
3 +1 3 —i
oook
(X-l)(3-0+(y-l)(3 + 0 ^ ^ (3x + 3y-6) +/(y-x) _ ,

eBB
(3+0(3-0 9-i^
3x + 3y - 6' . y-x 3x+3y-6
^
-
= 0 and
, y-x = 1
+1 = 0 + / =>
uurr
10 10 10 10
ad
X + y-2 = 0 andy-x=10=> x = -4, y = 6.

Yo
EXAMPLE 10 Find real values of x and yfor which the following equalities hold:
dY
(i) (i + 0y^+(6 + 0=(2 + 0^ (ii) (x^ + 2x0 -(3x^ + iy) = (3 ~5i) + (1 + 2iy)
Re
innd

(1 + 0 y^ + (6 + 0 =(2 + 0 ^ (y^ + 6) + i(y^ + 1) = 2x + ix
FFi
y^ + 6 = 2x and. y^ +1 = X ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get

y^+6 = 2(y^+l) =>y^=4=>y = ±2
Substituting y = ± 2 in (ii), we get x = 5. Thus, x = 5 and y = 2 or, x = 5 and y = - 2
(ii) We have.
(x^ + 2x0 -(3x^ + iy) = (3 - 50 + (1 + 2iy)
(x^ - 3x^) + i(2x - y) = 4 + i(2y -5)
x^-3x^ = 4 and, 2x-y = 2y-5 [On equating real and imaginary parts]
x^-3x^-4 =0, 2x-3y + 5 =0
Now, x"^ - 3x^ -4 = 0 => (x^ ~4)(x^ +1) = 0 => x^ -4 = 0=> x = ±2
Putting X = ± 2 in 2x - 3y + 5 = 0, we get
y = 3 when x = 2 and y = 1/3 when x = -2

Thus, a: = 2 and y = 3 or, x=~2 and y = 1/3.
2c
EXAMPLEli If a + ib ,where c is real, prove that: +b^ =1 and - =
c-i a
SOLUTION We have.
a + ib =
c +1
=> a + ib =
(c + 0 (C + i)
=> a + ib =
{cî? + 2ic + p-
c -i
{c~i){c + i) -i
Y => a + ib = -i
●2
■u
a + ib = -
^ 2-1 i2c c2-l 2c
=> + => a and b =
ooww
+1 c2 + 1 c2+l c2+l
a^+b^^
rc2-if 4c2 j b 2c 1
+ and, -
c2+l a c^ +1 / \
c2+l
e
i|2 + Jj2 _ (c2 + 1)2 = 1 and, —
2c
ere
(c2+l)2 c2-l
rFl a
Fre
1/3
EXAMPLE 12 Ifix + iy) = <7 + ib, x,y,ab eR. Show that
rrF
(i)â + ^=4(fl2
b
-b^) (ii) ^-l=-2{a^+b^) INCERT EXEMPLAR]
a b
sffoo
ouur
SOLUTION We have,
kosk
1/3
(at + iy) = a+ib
Yo
(x + iy) = (a + ib)^ [On cubing both sides]

oo
Y
BB
x + iy = + Z(P ib+ 3a P b^ +P b^
rre
x + iy = (a^ - 3ab^) +i[3a'^ b -b^)

ouu
X ~ a^ - 3ab^ and y = 3fl2 b -b^

Y
ad
— = _ 3J,2 y - 3fl2 _^2

dY
=>
a b
1+y
innd
2 - 3&2 + 3a^ -&2 = 4(fl2 g^d a =(fl2 _ 3^,2) -(3^2 ^ _2(^2 ^^2j
Re
-a
a b b
Fi
F
Type 111 ON CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

EXAMPLE 13 Multiply 3 “ 2i by its conjugate.
SOLUTION The conjugate of 3 - 2/ is 3 + 2i.
Required product = (3 - 2z) (3 + 2i) - 9 - 4/2 = 9 + 4 = 13
ALITER Let z = 3-2/. Then, z = 3 + 2/. Therefore, zz = |2|2 zz = 32 + (- 2)2 = 13

1
EXAMPLE 14 Find the conjugate of 3 + 4/
SOLUTION Let 2 = 1 -ru

— . Then, z =
1 1 3-4/ 3-4/ 3 __4_.
3 + 4/ 3 + 4/ 3 + 4/ 3 - 4/ 9 + 16 25 25
3 4 .
2 — + — i.
25 25
EXAMPLE 15 Express the following complex numbers in the standard form. Also,find their conjugate:
1 -i {i+if
(i) (ii)
1 +i 3-1
(2+30^ (iv)
V5 + 121+V5-12/
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
(iii)
2-f V5 + 12i-V^12f

(1-0^ l-2;+(^ l-2i~l = 0-»
TiT~ l+i^ 1-i
Z =
;2
l2 -I 1-/2 1 + 1
2=0 + 1
ww
(ii) We have.
, _ (1+0^ 1 + 2/ + /2 3 +/ 2i X
3 +i —
6i + 2/2
—
6/ - 2 1
— + —i
3.
3-i 3-/ 3 +/ 3-i 3+/ 9-/2 10 5 5
Flo
1 3.
5 5^
2
e
ere
(iii) We have,
, (2+3Q2 4 + 12/ + 9/2 4 + 12/-9 2+/ -5+12i' 2+/ -22 + 19/
FFr
X X
2-/ 2-/ 2-/ 2+/ 2-i 2+/ 4-/2 5 5

uurr
^ _19 .
orr
2
sfo
5 5
V5+12/ + V5-12/
kks
(iv) Let . Then,
Yoo
V5 + l^-^/5^^
oooo
■JS + Ui + V5-12/
eBB
VS+I^ + V5-12/,. V5 +12/ + V5-12/

VS+T^ + VS^ (5 + 120-(5-12'i)
urr
2 -
5 +12/ + 5 -12/ + 2 ^5 + 12/ VS -12/ 10 + 2V25 + 144 _ 3 _ 3._q_3.
~2i 1 1
ad
5 + 12/-5 + 12J' 24/

YYo
2 =0 + -/
2
dd
EXAMPLE 16 Find real values ofx and yfor which the complex numbers-3 + ix yandx +y + 4iare
Re
inn
conjugate of each other.

F
SOLUTION Since - 3 + / x2 y and x^ + y + 4/ are complex conjugates.

- 3 + / x2 y = x2 + y + 4/
- 3 + / x2 y = x2 + y - 4/
- 3 = x2 + y and. x2 y - - 4 ...(ii)
-3 = x2-A [Putting y=-4/x'^ from (ii) in (i)j

x2
+ 3x2-4 = 0
(x2+4)(x2-l) = 0=> x2-1 = 0 => X = ±1 [●.● x2 + 4 0 for any real x]

From (ii), y = -4, when x =± 1. Hence, x - l,y = -4 or, x = -l,y = -4
EXAMPLE 17 Find the real numbers x and y, if{x - iy) (3 + 50 'S the conjugate of- 6 - 24/.
[iNCERTi
SOLUTION We have, {x - iy) (3 + 5i) = (3;c + 5y) + i {5x - 3y)

It is given that {x - jy) (3 + 5i) is the conjugate of - 6 - 24/.
- ly) (3 + 5/) = - 6 - 24/
(3x + 5y) + / - 3y) = - 6 + 24/ => 3:t + 5y = - 6 and 5x - 3y = 24
Solving these equations, we get ;>: = 3, y = - 3.
Type IV ON FINDING THE MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE OR RECIPROCAL OF A NON-ZERO COMPLEX
NUMBER
EXAMPLE 18 Find the multiplicative inverse of the following complex numbers:

(i) 3 + 2/ [NCERT] (ii) (2 + V3 0^
SOLUTION (i) Letz = 3 + 2i. Then,
1 1 3-2/
3-2/ ^
w
2
3 + 2/ (3 + 2i)(3-20 9-4/2' 13 13^
ALITER Let 2 = 3 + 2i. Then, - = -^ 3-2/^ 3 2/
Flo
^ 14' 9 + 4 "l3 13’
(ii) Letz = (2 + V3/)2. Then,
ee
2 = 4 + 3/2 + 4V3/ = 4-3 + 4V3/ = 1 + 4V3/
Fr
1 -4V3/
1 1
^ ^ 1 -4V3/ ^ 1 4V3/
2 4 + V3/ (1+4V30(1-4V30 ” 1+48for "49 49
ur
ks
Yo
Type V PROBLEMS BASED UPON CONJUGATE AND MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

oo
a + ib a -ib .2+fc2 2 2
EXAMPLE 19 // = x + iy, prove that = x~iy and
eB
=^ +y ●
c + id c -id
SOLUTION We have,
ur
a + ib
ad
= x + iy
c + id
Yo
a + ib
= x + ty [Taking Conjugate of both sides]
nd
c + id
Re
a + ib r \ -
Fi
= x + iy h. -£i
c + id 1.22
a-ib
= x-iy
c -id
a + ib a - ib
Thus, we have = x + iy and = x-iy
c + id c -id
a + ib a- ib (a + ib) {a - ib)
c + id
X
c - id
= (x + iy) (x-iy) => = {x + iy) (x-iy)
(c +id) (c -id)
a^+b^ 2 2
= x^ + r
A
c2+rf2 [Using: zz =|z| ]
(a + i)^ (fl^+l)2
EXAMPLE 20 If = p + iq, show that: p^ + q^ =
{2a-i) (4fl2 +!)■
SOLUTION We have,
{a + if -(i)
= (p + iq)
{2a-1}
{a + 0^
■ = (p + iq) [Taking conjugate of both sides]
' (2a-i)
(a + if (a-f
= (p + iq) => =
(2a-i) (2a+ i)
Multiplying (i) and (ii), we obtain;
(a + if (a^f
= (p + /9)(p-ii/)
(2a ~i) (2a+ i)
w
(fl2+l)2 2 2
= (p + i(i){p-iq) => = pUq^ [Using : zz =|z| ]
+1
Flo
(x + if 0 9
[NCERT]
EXAMPLE 21 If a + ih = , prove that a +b =
e
(2x^+1)^’
reee
2x^+1
FFr
SOLUTION We have,
a + ib =
(:^ + 0^
2x^+1 for
ur
(x + f
a + ib = ■ [Taking conjugate of both sides]
kkss
2x^+1
Yo
oo
a + ib =
(x + if => a-ib=^
(x-lf
(2x^+1) 2x^+1
eB
Multiplying (i) and (ii), we get

(x + {)^ {x-lf
ur
(a + ib) (a - ib) =
(2x^ +1) (2x^ + 1)
ad
YYo
(x^ +1)^ (x + 0 (x -i)=x^ - = x^ +1

(2x^ +1)^
d
Re
+b^
in
a + ib
EXAMPLE 22 Z/x + ly = prove that: (x^ + y^)^ = [NCERT]
\ c + id '
F
SOLUTION We have.
a + ib a - ib
[Taking conjugate of both sides]
x + iy =
'^c - id
^ X - ly =
■y c + id
a+ ib a- ib a + ib a- ib
(x + iy)(x-iy) = X = X
c - id
y c + id y c - id y c + id
2
x^ + y^ =
2
(x^ + y^)^
c2 + d2
1 + i
EXAMPLE23 Findtheleastpositivevaliieofn, if = 1. [NCERT]
1 -i
SOLUTION We have.
1 + i 1 + i 1+i
. __ X — =
(1 + 0^ l + 2i + f^ 1 + 2Z-1 = l
.
l-I 1-7 1+7 1+1
.\n
1 +7
= 1 => 7 = 1 => 77 is a multiple of 4 => The smallest positive value of n is 4.
1 -i

3 + 2i sin 0
EXAMPLE 24 Find real Q such that is purely real. [NCERT]
1 - 2 7 sin 9
SOLUTION Clearly,
3 + 27 sin 0 _ {3 + 2/ s'n 0) (1 + 2 7 sin 0)
1 - 2 7 sin 0 (1 - 27 sin 0) (1 + 2i sin 0)
ww
(3-4 sin^ 0) + 7 (6 sin 0 + 2 sin 0)
l + 4sin^0
Flo
(3-4 sin^ 0) + 7 (6 sin 0 + 2 sin 0) 3-4sin^ 0
+
7 8 sin 0
e
1 + 4 sin ^ 0 1 + 4sin^ 0 1 + 4sin^ 0
eree
3 + 2 sin 0
It is given that is purely real. Therefore, its imaginary part is zero.
FFr
1 - 2i sin 0
oorr
uur r
8 sin 0
i.e. = 0=> sin0 = O:=> 0=77 71, 77eZ
1 + 4 sin^ 0
sf
EXAMPLE 25 The sum and product of two complex numbers are real if and only if they are conjugate of
sk
Yoo
each other.
ooko
SOLUTION First, let the two complex numbers be conjugate of each other. Let complex numbers
eBB
be Zi = (7 + ib and Z'i=a~ ib. Then,

2i + 22 = {a + ib) +{a- ib) = 2a, which is real.
Zj 22 = (77 + 7 b) (a -ib) = a^ - i^ b^ =a^ + b~, which is
uurr
And, also real.

ad
Thus, if 2| and 22 are conjugate of each other. Then, Their sum Zj + 22 and product 2;^Z2 both are
Yo
real.
dY
Conversely, let Zj and 22 be two complex numbers such that their sum Zj + Z2 and product z-^
Re
both are real. Then, we have to prove that z-y and z^ are conjugate of each other.
innd
Let Zj = 77^ + / bi and 22 = 7?2 + i &2- Then,

FFi
Z]^ + 22 = (tij + 7?2) + i{b-^ + ^2) and Zj Z2 = (t?^ 772 ~b-^ b^) + i(77j &2 ^2 ^l)
Now, Zj + Z2 and 2^ 22 are real
(t7i + 772) + 7(foj + ii2) and, (uj 772 -bi &2) + ^2 ^2 ^l)
bi +b2 =0 and &2 + ^2 ^1 = ^ [●.● z is real <=> Im (2) = 0]
=j>
&2 = -bi and aj &2 + 7^2 ^1 “ ^
^2 = -bi and -77^ + 7?2 = 0
&2 = -bi and (772 - bj = 0 “^1 ^2 “ ^ ^2 = “ ^2 ~
22 = 772 + * ^2 = - i ^1 => ^2 = Zj => Zi and Z2 are conjugate of each other
EXAMPLE 26 If(l + 7) (1 + 2i) (1 + 3i) ... (1 + 777) = (x + iy), show that: 2.5.10 ... (1 + 77^) = + y^.
SOLUTION We have,
(1 +?)(! + 2i) (1 + 37) ... (1 + 777) = X + iy
(1 + 7) (1 + 27)...(1 + 777) 1 = |x + zy[ [Taking modulus of both sides]
=>
1 +i\ 11 + 2zl...|l +ni\ = I AT + iyl [v|2i22...2„|=[2i||Z2|...|2^|]
●\/l + 1 -Jl + 4t... -<jl + =
25.10... {1 +n^) = {x'^+y'^) [On squaring both sides]
EXAMPLE 27 If {a + ib) {c + id) {e + if)(g + ih) =A+ iB, prove that
{a^ + b^) {c^ + d^) (e^ +f^)ig^ + h^)=A^ +
SOLUTION We have,
{a + ib) (c + id) {e + if){g-^ ih) =A+iB
=> |(<7 +ib) (c + id) {e + if){g + 2li)| =| + /B| [Taking modulus of both sides]
=> \a + ib\ \ c + id\ \e + if\ \g + ih\=\A+iB\ [Using:|2iZ2...2,,|=|2i| |22|...|2^|]
ww
=> +b'^ -Jc^ + d^ ^g +h^ =Îa^ + B^
=> {a^ + b^) (c^ + d^) + / ^ ) ig^ + h^) =A^ + B^ [On squaring both sides]
EXAMPLE 28 If Zi, Z2 are complex numbers such that
FF loo is purely imaginary number, then
ree
322
Z1-Z2
rFee
find
2i + Z2
F
oor r
rur
2^1
SOLUTION It is given that is purely imaginary. Therefore,
s ff
322
2zi
k
= Xi for some XeR => — = — i

YYoou
322 22 2
ookos
?1-1
BBo
I-2+ 3î| _ ^4 + 9)?

- Xi-1
Z1-Z2 Z2 2
= 1
2j 3A. .
Now,
re
Zi +22
22
+ 1 -Xi + 1
2
|2+3W|
^4 + 9)? ^2 2
ouur
ad
Type VI ON FINDING THE VALUE OF A POLYNOMIAL FOR A GIVEN COMPLEX VALUE OF THE
Yo
VARIABLE
EXAMPLE 29 If x =-5 ■¥ 2.J^,find the value of x^ + 9x^ + 35x^ - x + 4.

dY
Re
idn
SOLUTION We have, x = -5 + 2,f^

FFin
X + 5 = 4z => {x + 5)^ = 16i^ => x^ + lOx + 25 = -16 => x^ + lOx + 41 = 0

+ 9x^ + 35x^ -X + 4 = x^(x^ + lOx + 41) - x(x^ + lOx + 41) + 4(x^ + lOx + 41) -160
= x^(0) -x(0) + 4(0) -160 = -160 [*.● x^ + lOx + 41 = 0]
+ 2y[^ is -160.
Thus, the value of the given polynomial for x = -5
EXAMPLE 30 Find the value of x^ +7x^ - x +16, when x = 1 + 2i.
SOLUTION We have,
x=l + 2i=> x-l=2i => (x-l)^=4i^ => x^-2x + l=-4=> x^-2x + 5=0
x^+7x^-x+16 = x(x^-2x + 5) + 9(x^-2x + 5)+{12x-29)
= x(0) + 9(0)+12x-29 [v x^-2x+5=0]
= 12(l + 2i)-29= -17 + 241 [v x=l + 2i]
Hence, the value of the given polynomial when x = 1 + 2iis -17 + 24z.
EXAMPLE31 Find the value of +5x^ + 7x^ - x + 41, lytei x =-2-VSi.iNCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have, x = -l-43i
=> x + 2=-V3/=> (x+2)^=3z^ => x^ + 4x + 4=-3 => x^+4x+7=0.
2x^+5x^+7x^-x + 41
= 2x^ {x^ + 4;c + 7) - 31 {x^ + 4;t + 7) + 5 (x^ + 4x + 7) + 6
= 2x^ x0-3xx0 + 5x0 + 6= 6 [v x^+4x + 7=0]
EXAMPLE 32 //z = 2 - 3«, show thatz^ -4z +13 = 0 and hence ifnd the value of4z^~ 3z^ +169.
SOLUTION We have,
z = 2-3( z-2 = -3/=> (2-2)^=(-3i)^ 2^-4z + 4 = 9i^ => z^-4z + 13=0
ww
4z^-3z^+169 = 42(2^-42+13)+13(2^-42 + 13)=4z(0) + 13{0)=0 [v z^-4z + 13 = 0]
Floo
Type VII MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS
EXAMPLE33 Prove that: x^ + A={x +1 +i){x + 1 -i) {x -I + i){x ~l -i).
ee
SOLUTION We have, (x + 1 + i) (x + 1 - 0 (x -1 + 0 (^ ~ 1 “ 0
eer
= {(x + l)2-/2} {(x-l)2-i'2}= {(x + l)^ + l){(x-1)^+1}= {x^ + 2x+2}{x^-2x + 2}
FFr
= {x^ + 2 + 2x}{x2 + 2-2x}= (x^ + 2)^-(2x)^= x^ + 4x^ + 4-4x^ = x^ + 4
oorr
uur r
s ff
EXAMPLE 34 If z{* 1) is a complex number such that | z | = 1, prove that -—- is purely imaginary.
z +1
sk
YYoo
What will be your conclusion ifz = l?

ooko
SOLUTION Letz = x + iy. Then,| z| =1=> -Jx^ +y^ =1=> x^ + y^ = 1

eBB
z-1 _ x + fy-1 _ (x-l) + /y (x-l)+iy (x + l)-/y

2 +1 X + I1/ + 1 (x + l) + /y (x + l) + 2t/ (x + l)-iy
uurr
ad
^ (x^-l + y^) + 'i(xy+ y-xy + y) ^ (x^ + y^-1) + 2/y

Yo
(X +1)^ + y^ (X +1)^ + y2
dY
2iy
which is purely imaginary [V x2+y2 = 1]
Re
(x + lf + y^'
ind
FFin
Now, z = l=>x + 2y = l + 2.0 ^ x = l andy = 0.

2-1 _ X + fy-1 _ 1+fO-l
= 0, which is purely real
2+1 x + fy + 1 1+fO + l
1 - fz
EXAMPLE 35 Ifz=x + iyandw = -, show that I w I = 1 => 2 IS purely real.
2 -I
1 -fz 11-fz
SOLUTION We have, \ w\ =1 => = 1 => — =1 ^|l-fz|=|z-f|
Z -2
2-l|
=J>
11 - f (x + f y)| = I X + f y -f) |, wherez = x + fy
=>
|l + y-fx! = |x + f(y-l)|
(1 + y)'^ + x*^ z= x^ + (y-1)^ => y = 0 =S‘ z = x+fO = x, which is purely real

1 -ix
EXAMPLE 36 Show that a real value of x will satisfy the equation = a
-ibifa +b =1, where a,
1 + ix
h are real.
SOLUTION We have 1 - ix _a-ib

' 1 + ix ~
Applying componendo and dividendo, we obtain
(l-tx) + (l + ix) a~ib + l . 2 1 + a-ib I - a+ ib
=> 1 X
(1 “I x) -(1 +1 x) a-ib-l -2ix -(!-« + ib) 1 + a- ib
{1 - ij +1 ij) (1 + a+ ib) _ 1-a^ -b^ +2ib _ 1 - a"^ -b'^ + Tib
ooww
l X
(1 + a-ib) [1+a + ib) (i + (,)2_/2^2

lib 2b
I X , if = 1 => X = , which is real
(1 + af + b^ (1 + + b'^
ee
P - ct
EXAMPLES? If a and p are different complex numbers with\ P| = l,find
r
1 -ap
rFFl [NCERT]
ree
F
SOLUTION Clearly,
rF
2 \ /
^ c
P-a P-a P-a P-a P -a (P-a)(P-a)
fsfoor
ouur
1 -ap 1 - ap 1-aP 1-ap / V 1-a pj (1 - a P) (1 - a P)
pp-pa-ap+aa IPI^ -ap-ap + l a|^

kosk
1-aP -ap+apap 1-ap -ap + (aa)(pp)

Yo
oo
|a|^-ap-gp + |P|^ l^-ap-ap + 1

Y
a
BB
= 1 MPl=i]
1 -aP-aP + lal^lPI^ l-aP -aP + |al^
rre
p-a = 1.
ouu
1-aP
Y
ad
1 1 1
dY
EXAMPLE 38 7/|2j|=|22|= ... =\z„\ =1, prove that\zi + Z2+z^+...+z„\ = —

- +— +—+ ... + —
Zl Z2 23
innd
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Re

Fi
F
+?2^ + £3E3 2,^ 1^1'

|21+Z2+Z3+.... + 2„| = + ... + + ... +
h h h 2l ^2 23
1 1 1 1
[●●● |Zll=|22l=--=|2fil=l]
22 23 2fi
^1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
— + — H + ... + — h — 4 + ... + — [Vlz|=l2l]
2l 22 23 Z« 2i 22 Z3 2«
EXAMPLE39 Find non-zero integral solutions of \ 1 -f|^ =2’’^. [NCERT]
SOLUTION We have, 11 =2^
(V2)-^ = 2^ => 2^/^ = 2^ => 2^^^ = 1 => 2^/^ = 2° => I = 0 => X = 0.

Hence, the given equation has no non-zero integral solution.
EXAMPLE 40 Find all non-zero complex numbers z satisfying z = i z^.

SOLUTION Letz = Ar + iy. Then,
:.2
z IZ
=> x-iy = i{x^ -y^ + 2/xy) x-iy = i{x^ - y^)-lxy => (x + 2xy) -i{x^ -y^ + y) = 0
=> X + 2xy = 0 and, x^-y^ + y = 0 ...(h)
Now,
X + 2xy = 0^x(l + 2y) = 0=>x=0 or, l+2y = 0=>x=0 or, y = ~i

Case I When x = 0: Putting x = 0 in (h), we obtain
-y2 + y = 0 => y(y-l) = 0 => y = 0,y = 1
ww
Thus, the pairs of values of x and y are: x = 0, y = 0;x = 0, y=l
z = 0 + i 0 = 0, 2 = 0 +1 / = /
Casell Wheny = -^: Putting y =-în(u), we get

Flo
e
eree
x^-y^+y
^ ^ = 0=^ x^“---
4 2 = 0=> x^-—
4
= 0=> x = ± —
2
FFr
Vs -1 -Vs -1
Thus, the pairs of values of x and y are: x = —, V = — and, X = , y=—
2^2 oorr 2^2
uur r
Vs 1 . -Vs 1 .
sf
z 1,2 = 1
2 2 2 2
sk
Yoo
.Vs 1. Vs 1 .
ooko
Hence, 2 = 0, i, — --L - 1
2 2 2 2
eBB
EX.AMPLE 41 ff iz^ +z^ -z + i = 0, then show that 121 = 1-

SOLUTION We have, iz^ +z^ -z + i = 0
uurr
ad
Dividing both sides by i, we obtain

Yo
z^ -iz^ +12 +1 = 0 => z^{z~-i) + i{z-i) = 0 => (2-i)(2^ + 0 = 0 z = i or, z^ -I

dY
Now, 2 Z => 2 111 =1 and, 2^ = -I =5>|2^| =1-/| =1=>|2|^ = l=>|z| =1.

Re
innd
Hence, in either case, we obtain: | z = 1.

FFi
EXAMPLE 42 Solve the equation 2 + [ 21 = 0, wherez is a complex number.

SOLUTION Let 2 = X + iy. Then,
2^ +121 = 0 => (x + iy)^ + ~Jx^ + y^ = 0 => (x^ - y^) + ^x^ + y^ + 2i xy = 0
x^ -y^ + ^x^ + y^ = 0 and, 2xy = 0 -(ii)
Now, 2xy = 0=> xy = 0=> x = 0or, y=0
Case I When y = 0 : Putting y = 0 in (i), we get
x^ + V? = 0=> x^+|x| = 0
Clearly, x +1 x | > 0 for all x > 0. So, let x < 0. In this case, we have
x^ +1 x| = 0
x^ - X = 0 ['.● X < 0 .●. IXI = -x]
x(x-l) = 0=> X = 0,x =1
But, X < 0. So, the equation +1 a;[ = 0 has no solution for x < 0.
Clearly, x = 0 satisfies the equation +1 x| = 0. Thus, we have a: = 0, y = 0. Therefore, 2 = 0
Case I When X = 0; Putting a: = 0 in (i), we get
+ -y^+lyl = o
lfy>0,then |y| =y.
-y^ + lyl=o => -y^ + y = o => y = o,y=i => y=i [vy>0]
Ify <0,then |y| =-y.
-y^+lyi = 0 => -y2-y=o^ y = o,-i => y=-i [V y<0]
Thus, we obtain a: = 0, y =1 or, a: = 0, y =-1. Therefore, 2 = 0+/ or, z = 0-i.
Hence, 2 = 0,/ and -/are solutions of +1 z | = 0.
ww
EXAMPLE 43 Solve the equation z^ =z. INCERT EXEMPLAR!
FF loo
SOLUTION Let z = X + / y. Then,
Z2=Z
ree
=> (x + /y)^ =x-/y => + 2/xy + (iy)^ =x-/y => (x^-y^) + 2/xy =x-/y
2 2
=> X -y = x
...(i) and, 2xy = -y ...(ii)
Now, 2xy = -y => (2a: +l)y = 0=^ 2x + l= 0 or y=0 =>a:=--^

reFe
oroFr
r ur
or y = 0
s ff
Following cases arise:
k
Case I When y = 0: Putting y = 0 in (i), we obtain

YYouo
koso
x^ = X => X (x -1) = 0=>x = 0or, x = l

BBoo
Thus, we obtain (x = 0 and y = 0) or (x = 1 and y = 0). Therefore, z = 0 + iO = 0 or, z = 1 + lO.

r ee
Case I When ^ Plotting x = -^ in (i), we obtain

1 2 3 ^43
ad
ouur
-=>v'‘= — =>y=±
2^ 4^ 2
Yo
1 , V3 1 , Vs
Thus, we obtain x=- — and V = — or X = — and V =
2 ^ 2 2 ^ 2
d
Re
idnY
1 .Vs 1 .Vs
FFin
2 = + t or z = 1 —
2 2 2 2
Hence the values of z satisfying the given equation are

r» n 1 -n 1 ● 43 1 /Vs
2 = 0 + iO, 2 = 1 + lO, 2 = +1 andz = -
2 2 2 2
EXAMPLE 44 Solve the equation | z +11 = z + 2 (1 + 0- [NCERTEXEMPLARI
SOLUTION Letz = x + /y. Then,2 + 1 =(x + l) + /yand, 12 + 1 | = -J(x + 1)^ + y^

Given that:
I 2 + 1 1=2 +2(1+/)
+1)^ + y^ = (x + /y) + 2 (1 + /) => ^(x + 1)^ +y^ + 0/ = (x + 2) + (y + 2) /
^(x + 1)^ +y^ = X + 2 and y + 2 = 0 => (x +1)^ + y^ = (x + 2)^ and y = - 2
9 1
y =2x+3 and y = -2=> 4 = 2a:+ 3 andy = -2=> ^ = ~ y = ~2
1
Hence, z = — -li
2
●y fy
EXAMPLE 45 lf\z-l\=\z\+ IJhenshoxvthatzlieson the imaginary axis.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let z = a: + / y. Then, = x^-y^ + 2i Ary and | z |^ = a:^ + y^.
|z2-1|=|2|2+i
=> {x^ -y^) + li xy =x^+y^+l
=> -y^ -1)^ + 4A:y = a:^ + y^ +1 => (a:^ -y^ -1)^ + 4A:^y^ =(a:^ +y^ +1)^
ww
=> A:^+y^+l-2x^ + 2y^-2A:y+ 4A:y + y^+1 + 2A:y + 2x^ + 2y^
=> 4.t^ = 0 => a: = 0
Floo
z = a: + ly = 0 + ly, which is purely imaginary.
Thus, 2 is purely imaginary and hence it lies on y-axis.
ee
EXAMPLE 46 If the imaginary part of is -2, then show that the locus of the point representingz in
rFeer
iZ + l
theargand plane is a straight line. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
F
SOLUTION Let z = x + / y. Then, oor r
rur
2z + l _ 2(x-H'y) + l _ (2.x +1) + /2y _(2x +1) + i2y (1 -y) -itx
s ff
12 + 1 i {x + iy) +1 (l-y) + ix (l-y)+/x (l-y)-/x
sk
_(2x + l-y) + '/(2y-2y^-2x^ -x) _ 2x + l-y > + i<,|2y-2y^-2x^-x'

YYoou
oooko
(l-y)2 + A:^ x^ + (l-y)^ x^+(l-y)^

eBB
Im '] _ 2y-2y^-2x^~ —. But, it is given that Im f2z + l^ = -2.

iz + 1
x^+(l-y)^ iz + 1
uurr
2y-2y^-2x^ -X
ad
= -2 => 2y-2y^-2x^ -X =
-2x^-2(l-y)^ => x + 2y-2 = 0.
Yo
+ +(l-y)2
which is a straight line. Hence, the locus of z is a starlight line.
dY
Re
2+2
idn
EXAMPLE 47 If the real part of is 4, then show that the locus of the point representingz in the
z -1
FFin
complex plane is a circle. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

SOLUTION Let z = x + i y. Then, z =x-iy
2+2
_ X-iy + 2 _ (x + 2) -iy _ (x + 2) -ly (x -1) + iy
2-1 x-iy-1 (x-l)-iy (x-l)-iy (x-l)+iy
_(x^+y^ + x-2)+3/y x^+y^ + x-2 + I
{x-lf+/ "I (x-l)2+y2

2 +2
It is given that the real part of is 4.
2 -1
x^+y^ + x-2
= 4 ^ 3x^+3y^-9x +6 = 0 =^x^+y^-3x + 2=0, which represents a circle.
EXAMPLE 48 Ifz=x + iy, then show thatzz +2(z+ z) + a -0, where a e R, represents a circle.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have, z = x + iy=> z =x-iy
zz+2{z+z) + a = 0
^ {x + iy){x-iy) + 2{x + iy + x~iy) + a = Q
=> X ^ + 4x + fl = 0 =* (x + 2)^ + (y-0)^ = (V4-<7)^, which represents a circle for all t? < 4.
z-2
EXAMPLE 49 Show that = 2 represents a circle. Find its centre and radius.
2-3
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let z = x + iy. Then,
{x~2) + iy
lowow
2-2
= 2 => = 2^ |(x-2) + /y| = 2|(x-3)+iy|
2-3 {x - 3) + iy
^ .J(x-2f + / =2^(x-3f + y^
=> ,(x-2f + y^=A^l{x-sf +/
ee
Fr
=> 3x^ + 3y^-20x+32 = 0
2 2 20 32 n
r FF
=> X +y x+— =0
^ 3 3
rer
fofr Fo
T,-, \2
2r rio ^ . 2
u
Hy-0f = —3j , which represents a circle with centre at \ —, 0 and radius —
ks
J / 3 J 3
YYouro
EXAMPLE 50 Find a complex number z satisfying the equation z + y/2\z + l\ + i = 0.

oo
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
BBo ks
SOLUTION Let 2 = X + iy. Then,

r ee
2 + V2 I 2 + 1 I + / = 0
X + jy + V21 {x +1) + /y I + / = 0 ●J2^(x + lf+y^ +(y + l)i=0
=> x +
ouru
ad
^2 (x + l)^+2y2 = 0and (y + l)=0 -J2(x + 1)^+ 2y^ = 0 and y = -1

Yo
x + => x +
x +
^2 (x + l)^ + 2 = 0 and y = -1 ^ ^2 (x + l)^ + 2 = - X and y = -1
d
Re
iYn
2(x + l)^ + 2 = x^ and y = -l => x^ + 4x + 4 = 0 and y = -1

FFind
(x + 2)^ = 0 and y = -1 => x = -2 and y = -l

Hence, 2 = x + iy = -2-i.
EXAMPLE 51 Let 2j and 22 he two complex numbers such that
^ = k 1 -| 2j 1^ 1 1 ”1221^ ■ Find the value ofk. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
2
1-2j22 -21-Z2
/ \
t 1 - 2 ^ 22 1^-1 2j -22 1^ = (1 - 2 ^ 22) (1 - z 1 Z2) -{Zj -22) (2i -22)

= (1-2^22) (1-2i2 2)-(Zi -22) (2^-22)
= (1-2j22 -Z1Z2 + Z1Z2Z1 22)-(Zi2^-2i22-Z^22+Z2 2 2)
f — —
= l~2^22-2il2+(2l 2i)(22 Z2>“ 1^1 22 1 ^2 + 1 ^2 1^
= l-Il22-ZaZ2+izi|^|z2l^-|2ll^+2l 22+^1 Z2-|Z2|^

= l-|Zi|2-i22|^+|2l|^|22|^ =(l-|2i|2)(l-|Z2p)
1-2^22 |^-|Zi -22|^ = /:(1-|Z|^)(1-|22|^)
l-|22[^l = /cfl-|Zi|2
\ /
l-|2lP 1-|Z2|^ =>Jc=l.

EXERCISE 12.2
BASIC
oww
1. Express tlie following complex numbers in the standard form a + ib:
3 + 2i 1
(i) (1 + 0(1+20 (ii) (iii)
-2+1
(2 + 0^
1 ~i (2 + 0^ (1 + 0 (1 + V30
e
(iv) (V) (Vi)
FFrlo
1 +/
re
2 + 3i l-i
2+ 3i (1-0^
rFee
(vii) (viu) (ix) (1 + 20“ 3
4 + 5/ 1-/3
rF
A
3-4/ 1 2 3-4/
(X) (xi) [NCERT]
(4-20(1+0 1-4/'
fsoor 1 +/ 5 + /
ouur
5 +V2/
skf
(xii) [NCERT]
1-V2/
ooko
Yo
2. Find the real values of x and y, if

Y
(ii) (32-2/y)(2+0^=10(1+0
Bo
(i) (x + /y)(2-30 =4 + 1
reB
(1 + 0 ^ - 2/ (2 -2>i)y -¥i = i.
(iii) (iv) (1 + 0 (x + ly) = 2 -5/
3 + / 3-/
oY
uur
3. Find the conjugates of the following complex numbers:

ad
1 (3-0^
(i) 4-5/ (ii) (iii) 7^ (iv)
dY
3 + 5/ 1 + / 2 + /
(l + 0(2 + 0 (3-20(2+30
(V) (vi)
innd
[NCERT]
Re
3 +/ (l + 2i)(2-0
Fi
F
4. Find the multiplicative inverse of the following complex numbers:

(i) 1 - / (ii) (1 + / VS)2 (iii) 4 - 3/ (iv) VS + 3/
2i + 22 + 1
5. If 2i = 2 - /, 22 = 1 + /, find [NCERT]
2j - 22 + l
6. Ifz^ =2-/,Z2 =-2+/,find (i) Re (ii) Im — [NCERT]

zi .21 2l
1+1 l-I
7. Find the modulus of the complex number 2 = [NCERT]
BASED ON LOTS
a + ib 9 9
8. Ifx + /y = prove that X + y =1 [NCERT]
a-ib '
● V'
1 + /
9. Find the least positive integral value of n for which is real.
1 -i
1 + i cos 0
10. Find the real values of 0 for which the complex number is purely real.
1 - 2 2 cos 0
H
(1 + 0
11. Find the smallest positive integer value of n for which is a real number.
h-2
(1-0
1+z'Y
;\3
1-2
12. If = A: + iy,find(ar, y) [NCERTEXCMPLARI
U-i. 1+2
(1 + 0^
ww
13. If = x + iy, find^r + y. INCERTEXEMPLARI
2-2
.●\100
1-2
14. If = <7 + 2&,find{tJ, af). [NCERT EXEMPLAR!
VI +27
Flo
1 + 27
e
15. If2J = cos 0 +/sin 0,find the valueof [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
1 -a
eree
FFr
BASED ON HOTS
uurr
(i) 2x^ + 2x^ - 7x+72, when x=—- orr
(ii) x‘^ - Ax^ + Ax^ + 8:r + 44, when x = 3 + 2/
sfo
1 +2
(iii) x'^ + Ax^ + 6x^ + 4x + 9, when a; = -1 + i^/2 (iv) x^ + x‘^ + x^ +1, when x = ^/2●
kks
Yoo
oooo
17. Find the number of solutions of 2 +1 z j = 0. INCERTEXEMPLARI

eBB
18. If (1 + 0 2 = (1 “0 2 / then show that z = -iz. [NCERT EXEMPLARl
19. Solve the system of equations Re (z) = 0,|z| = 2. INCERTEXEMPLARI

z-1
urr
20. If
2 +1
is purely imaginary number (z ^ -l),find the value of |z|. INCERTEXEMPLARI
ad
YYo
2i-l
21. If 2| is a complex number other than-1 such that|Z|[ =1 andz2 = , then show that the
Zj+l
dd
real part of 22 is zero. [NCERT EXEMPLARl

Re
inn
22. If |z + l| =2+2(l+0-fir‘dz. INCERTEXEMPLARI

23. Solvetheequation|z| =z + l+2/. [NCERT EXEMPLARl
F
24. What is the smallest positive integer n for which (1 + 2) = {l-2)^?

2n
1 1 1
25. Ifzj, 22/^3 are complex numbers such that| 2i | = | 2:2 | = | Z3 | = — + — + — = 1, then find the
2l 22 23
value of| Zj +22 +23l- INCERTEXEMPLARI

ANSWERS
.... 4 7 . A .
1. (i)-l + 3/ (11)
5 5
(iii) A
25
—,
25
(iv) -/
37 16 . , ... 23 2 .
(V) — + — i (vi) - -J3 + I (viii) -2 + 0/
13 13 41 41
-11 2/ , , 1 3 . 307 .599
(ix) W t-t' (xi) +1 (xii) 1 + 2V2/
125 125 4 4 442 442
5 14 14 3 7
2. (i) x = —, y = — (ii) x = —
13 13 15 '
y=l (iii) x=3, y = -l (iv) x=-
2'
y=-
2
1 1 .
3. (i) 4+5 i (ii) ^(3 + 50 (iii) T + -I (iv) 2 + 4f
34 2 2
,(v), 3 4 1. , 63 16 .
(vi) — + — i
5 5 25 25
1 . 1 , V3 4 3 .
4. (i) - + - 2 (ii) -T-i (iii) — + —I (iv)
2 2 8 8 25 25 14 14
2
6. (i) (ii) 0 7. 2 9. fj = 2
72
7t 2
10. 0 =2«7i± — ,neZ 11. 1 12. (0, -2) 13. 14. (1,0)
w
2 ' 5
e
15. i cot — 16. (i) 4 (ii) 5 (iii) 12 (iv) 0
Flo
2
17. Infinitely many solutions of the form z = 0 + ii/, y € R. 19. V2 (1 ± 0, V2 (-1 ± 2)
e
ree
3
20. 1 22. -~2i 23. --2/ 24. « = 2 25. 1
FFr
2 2
H/WrS rO SELECTED PROBLEMS

urr
12.
1+2 (1+2)^ 1 + 22-1 = i and
or
l-2_ (1-2)^ 1-22-1
sf
l-i (1-0 (1+0 2 l+2~(l-2)(l+2) “ 2
kks
Yo
ooo
= x + iy
l-ij Vl+2
2^-(-0^ =x + iy => i^+i^=x + iy => 22’^=x + '2y =>
eB
0-22=x + 2y => x = 0,y = -2
13.
C + fl2 l+2i + i^ 2i
= x + 2y => - = X + 2y => = x + iy
ur
2-1 2-i 2-2

ad
22(2 + 2) 4/+ 2/^ -2 + 42 2 4.

YYo
= x + 2y => = x + 2y => = :e + 2y => h—2=x + 2y

(2 + 0 (2-0 4-2^ 5 5 5
2 4
dd
=5* x = -
5'^ = 5
Re
in
ri-2-V“ 100
F
14.
= a + ib => (-2) = 27 + 2& => l + 0i = a + ib => 27 = l,ij=0
r+7
15. We have, t? = cos0+2sin 0
1 + 27 1 + cos0 + 2'sin 0 f 1 + cos0 + 2sin 0 \ X /
l-cos0 + 2sin0
1 -27 l-cos0-2sin0 1-cos 9-2 sin 0 / V. l-cos0 + 2sin0/^
1 + 27 (1 -cos^ 0 -sin^ 0) + 2i sin 0 2 sin 0 2 2sin 0/2 cos 0/2
= 2COt —
0
1 -a (l-cos0)^ + sin^0 1 - cos 0 2sin^0/2 2
17. Let 2 = X + 2y. Then, = x ^-y^ + 2ixyand |2|^ = x^+y^.

.-. Z^ + |2|^ = 0
x^ -y^ + 22xy + x^ +y^ = 0 =J> 2x^ + 22xy = 0=> 2x^ =0and2xy = 0 => x = OandyeR
2 = 0 + 2’y, where y e R.
18. We have, (1 +2) 2 =(1 ~t) z
£-izi Izi + = -l 2 =-lZ

z 1+/ 1-1 1+1-2
19.
Let 2 = a: + ly. Then, 22 2 - y2 + 2i Ary and | z | = yjx^+y^.
= a:
Re(z2) =0 andjzl =2 => x2-y^= 0 and a:2+y2 = 4 => :p-=y^=2 => x=±42, y=±V2
2 = ±V2±V2i
20. Let z = a: + ly. Then,
2-1 ^(Ar-l)+iy ^(Ar-l) + iy ^^(A: + l)-i'y _(Ar2 + y^-l) + 2i'y
z +1 (A: + l) + iy (AT + l) + iy (AT + l)-iy (Jc + l)2+y2
2-1
If is purely imaginary, then
2 +1
loow w
Re
(z-\
= 0=>
a:2 +y-l = 0=>A:2+y2=l^[z|=l
2 +1
(A: + l)2+y2
21. Let Zj = a: + ly. Then,
2i-l _(y2+y2_i) + 2i-y At2 +y^ -1 [v jZi|=l=>x2+y2=l]
ree
22 = => Re (22) = = 0
2j +1 (A: + l)2+y2 (.T + l)2+y2
ree F
r FF
22. Let 2 = a: + iy. Then, 2 +1 = (a: +1) + ly and 2 + 2 (1 +1) = (a: + 2) +1 (y + 2)
|z + l|=z+2(l+i)
=> v'(^ + l)2+y2=(j: + 2)+i(y + 2) => ^(^ + 1)^ + y2 = AT + 2 and
fofroF
y+2=0
u
=> (a: +1)2 + y2 = (x + 2)2 and y = -2 => y2 = 2a: + 3 and y = -2
ks
=> 4 = 2a: + 3 and y = -2 => a: = ^ and y = -2 => 2 = a: + ly = ^ -2i

soo
YYouor
BBook
23, Let 2 = X + ly. Then, 12 j = -Jx^ and z +1 + 2i = (x +1) + i (y + 2).

r ee
|2|=z + l + 2i => 7^2+y2 =(x + l)+i(y + 2) => ^x2+y2 =a: + 1 andy + 2=0
ouru
ad
=i* x2+y2=(x + l)2 andy=-2 =>x2 + 4=(x + 1)2 andy =-2 => x =—and y =-2
Yo
3
Hence, 2 = x + ly = — - 2i
d
Re
24. {l+if” => {(1+i-)2}"={(1-(-)2)« ^ {1 + 21 +1-2)” =(1-21 + -12)''

inY
FFind
^ (2r)” = (“2i)” => i” = {-!)” i” ^ (-1)” = 1 ^ n is a multiple of 2.

12.13 SQUARE ROOTS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
Let a + ib be a complex number such that + ib = x + iy, where x and y are real numbers. Then,
+ib = X + iy ^ (fl + ib) = (x + iy)2 => « + i& = (x2-y2) + 2ixy
On equating real and imaginary parts, we obtain
x2 -y^ = a ...(i) and, 2 xy = ...(h)
Now, (x2 + y2)2 = (j;2 _j/2j2 ^ ^2 ^2

(x2+y2)2 172 + ^2 ^ ^^2 ^ ^2j ^ ^ ^2 [ ●●● x2 + y2 > 0 ] ...(hi)
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
+ +«} 0^ + \p-
2
x'^ = and y - -a
1
=> X = ± and y = ± —
U
J ^2
fl +0 ~a
If b is positive, then from equation (ii), we find that x and y are of the same sign.
. n
+lb = ± +b^ + fl + i
If b is negative, then from equation (ii), we find that x and y are of different signs.
yja + ib = ■+ n +b^ + a
1-'® a«2 +0 - a
ww
REMARK It is evident from the above discussion that for any complex number z, we have
.jizEm.
121 + Re (z)
(i) ^^ = ± + 1 , if Im (2) > 0
FF loo
2
121 + Re (2) . |2|-Re(z)
ree
(ii) Vz = ± ■ ^ 2
-I
2
, if Im (2) < 0
rFee
oor rF
rur
s ff
EXAMPLE 1 Find the square roots of the following complex numbers: (i) 7-24; (ii) 5 + 12;
SOLUTION (i) Let ^7-24:i=x + i y. Then,
k
YYoou
f7 - 24 i = x + iy => 7 - 24 ;= (x + iy)^ => 7 - 24; = (x^ - y^) + 21 xy

okos
BBoo
^ x^ -y^ = 7 ...(i) and, 2 xy = - 24 ...(ii)

r ee
(x^ + y^)^ = (x^-y^)^ + 4x2y'

=> (x^+y^) = 49 + 576 = 625 => x^ + y^ =25 x^ + y^ > 0] ...(iii)
ouur
ad
Yo
On solving (i) and (iii), we obtain:

x^ = 16 and y^=9=>x = ±4 and y = ± 3
Yd
Re
idn
From (ii) we observe that 2xy is negative. So, x and y are of opposite signs,
FFin
(x = 4 and y = - 3) or, (x = - 4 and y = 3)

Hence, yj7 - 24; =x + iy = ±(4-3;)
ALITER Let z=7 - 24i. Then, Re (2) = 7 and 121 = + 576 = 25. We find that Im (z) < 0.
^|z| -Re(2)j
= ±U 21 + Re (2) -; ± ●
25T7 . f25^ ● = ± (4 - 30
2 V 2 1 2
(ii) Let ^5 +12 i = x + ;y. Then,

^5 +12; = x +;y => 5 + 12; = (x + ;y)^ => 5 + 12; = (x^-y^) + 2;xy
^ X^-y2=5 ...(i) and. 2xy = 12 ...(ii)
(x2+y2)‘ = ~y^)^ +4x^ y^

(x^ + y^) = 5^ +12^ = 169 => x^ + y^ =13 [●●● x^ + y^ > 0] ...(iu)
On solving (i) and (iii), we get

= 9 and y^-4=>x = ±3 and y = ± 2
From (ii) we observe that 2xy is positive. So, x and y are of the same sign,
(x = 3 and y = 2) or, (x = - 3 and y = - 2)
Hence, ^5 +12 i =x + iy = ± (3 + 2i).
ALITER Let 2=5 + 12/. Then, Re (2) = 5, and 121 = ^25 +144 = 13. We find that Im (2) > 0.
^
^ J|V||z|^Re(z)^
2 V
l|z|-Re(z)
2
● = ± ● 13+5
2
+ / . [I3^
V 2
●= ±(3 + 2/‘)
EXAMPLE 2 Find the square roots of-15 - 8/.
ww
SOLUTION Let^\^8i =x + iy. Then,
^-15-8/ = :c + iy => -15-8/ = {x + iy)^ => -15-8/ = [x^ -y^) + 2ixy
Flo
-15 = x'^-y^
e
-(i) and, 2.ry = - 8 ...(ii)
eree
{x^ + y^)^ = -y^)^ + 4:r^ y^
FFr
{x^+y^f = (-15)^ + 64 = 289 => x'^+y^ = 17 ...(iii)
uurr
On solving (i) and (iii), we get
orr
sfo
x^ = 1 and y^ = 16 => X = ± 1 and y = ± 4
kks
Yoo
From (ii), we observe that 2xy is negative. So, x and y are of opposite signs,
oooo
(x = 1 and y = -4) or, (x = -1 and y = 4)

eBB
Hence, 15 - 8/ = x + /y = ± (1 - 4/")
EXAMPLE 3 Find the square root ofi.
urr
SOLUTION Let >/J = X + iy. Then,

ad
-if = x + iy =i> / = (x + iy)^ => (x^-y^) + 2/xy =

YYo
0+/
-y^ = 0 and, 2xy = 1 ●●●(ii)

dd
Re
(x^ + y^)^ = (x^ -y^)^ + 4x^ y^

inn
(x^ + y'^f = 0 + 1=1 => x^+y^=l [\- x^ +y^ > 0] ...(iii)

F
Solving (i) and (iii), we get

x^ =1/2 and y^ = 1 / 2=> x = ± 1 / V2 and y = ± 1 / V2
From equation (ii) we find that 2xy is positive. So, x and y are of same sign.
1 ^ 1
—^ and V^ = - V2
1
X
7= and y = -7= or. X
■ V2 V2 V2
Hence, Vi = ± (^ + ^/) = ± ^ (1 +/)

AL ITER Let 2 = i. Hien, Re (2) = 0 and 121 = 1. We find that Im (2) > 0.
1 + 0 .11-0 . 1
2 2
●= i ■
2
+ /
2 V2
+ /
V2 j
L(i+o
V2
EXERCISE 12.3
BASIC
1. Find the square root of the following complex numbers:

(i) -5 + 12/ (ii) -7-24/ (iii) 1 -i (iv) - 8 - 6/
(v) 8-15/ (vi) -11 -60.^pT (vii) 1+4^^ (viii) -/
ANSWERS
1. (i)±(2+30 (ii) ±(3-40 (iii) ± IV^ + l l f |V2-l' . i (iv) ±(1-30

V~2
(v) ± 4= (5 - 30 (vi) ± (5 - 60 (vii) ± (2 + V3i) (viii) ± (1 -/)
ww
V2 V2
12.14 REPRESENTATIONS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
A complex number can be represented in the following forms:
Flo
e
(i) Geometrical form (ii) Vectorial form (iii) Trigonometrical form or, Polar form
eree
In this section, we shall learn about these three representation s of a complex number.
FFr
12.14.1 GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
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A complex number z = x + iy can be represented by a point (a:, y) on the plane which is known
orr
as the Argand plane. To representz = x + iy geometrically we take two mutually perpendicular
sfo
straight lines X' OX and Y' OY. Now plot a point whose x and y coordinates are respectively the
real and imaginary parts of z. This point P{x, y) represents the complex number z = x + iy.
kks
Yoo
If a complex number is purely real, then its imaginary part is zero. Therefore, a purely real
oooo
number is represented by a point on A:-axis. A purely imaginary complex number is represented

by a point on y-axis. That is why x-axis is known as the real axis and y-axis, as the imaginary axis.
eBB
Conversely, if P{x, y) is a point in the plane, then the point P{x, y) represents a complex number
z = x + iy. The complex number z = x + iy is known as the affix of the point P.
urr
Thus, there exists a one-one correspondence between the points of the plane and the members
ad
(elements) of the set C of all complex numbers, i.e., for every complex number z = x + iy there
YYo
exists uniquely a point {x, y) on the plane and for every point (x, y) of the plane there exists
uniquely a complex number z = x + / y.
dd
The plane in which we represent a complex number geometrically is known as the complex
Re
inn
plane or Argand plane or the Gaussian plane. The point P, plotted on the Argand plane, is
called the Argand diagram.
F
The length of the line segment OP is called the modulus of z and is denoted by |z |.
From Fig. 12.1, we obtain YA
OP^ = OM^ + MP^ => OP^ = x^ + y^ => OP = ^x^ + y^ P(*.y)
Thus, |zj=-Jx^+y^ = ^|Re(z)i^ + {Im(z)P X-

<-
O
X
The angle 0 which OP makes with positive direction of x-axis in

anticlockwise sense is called the argument or amplitude of z and is denoted by
arg(z) or amp(z).
From Fig. 12.1, we have Fig.12.1
tan 0 -
PM _ y _ Im (z) => 0 = tan
-1 (^)
OM X Re (z) .Re(z)j
This angle 0 has infirutely many values differing by multiples of 2 The unique value of 0 such
that - 7i< 0 < 71 is called the principal value of the amplitude or principal argument. This formula for
determining the argument of z = x + iy has severe drawback, because Zj=l+i'V3 and

Z2=-l -i v3 are two distinct complex numbers represented by two distinct points in the
Argand plane but their arguments seem to be tan“^ VS = n/ 3 or 4 tc/ 3 which is not correct. In
fact the argument is the common solution of the simultaneous trigonometric equations
.r
cos 0 = y
and, sin 0 =
Since the above system of equations has infinitely many solutions. Therefore, there can be
infinitely many arguments of z=x + iy. The argument 0 which satisfies the inequality
- 7C < 0 < 71 is usually known as the principal argument of z. The argument of z depends upon the
quadrant in which the point P lies as discussed below.
12.14.2 ARGUMENT OR AMPLITUDE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER FOR DIFFERENT SIGNS OF
REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS
w
(i) Argument of z = x + iy when x> 0 and y > 0: Since x and y both are positive, therefore the
point P {x, y) representing z = x + ry in the Argand plane lies in the first quadrant. Let 0 be the
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argument of z and let a be the acute angle satisfying tan a =| y/x\. Then it is evident from
Fig. 12.2 that 0 = a.
reeee
YA
AY
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P(x,y)
y
X’
e = cx.
X
X'
for 9 = n-a
ur
a
<■ ■>
O X M
0
X
kkss
Yo
y Y' 'i/Y'
oo
Fig.12.2 Fig.12.3
eB
Thus, if x and y both are positive, then the argument of z = x + iy is the acute angle given by tein a = -.
r
(ii) Argument of z-x + iy when x < 0 and y > 0: In this case, the point P {x, y) representing
ou
ad
z = X + ly in the Argand plane lies in the second quadrant. Let 0 be the argument of z and let a be
YY
the acute angle satisfying tan a~\y/x\.Then it is evident from Fig. 12.3 that 0 - a.
Thus, ifx < 0 and y > 0, then the argument ofz = x + iy is n-a, where a is the acute angle given by
ndd
Re
y
tan a = — .
X
Fi
(iii) Argument of z = x + iy when x <0 and y < 0: In this case, the point P (x, y) representing
z = x + iy lies in the third quadrant. Let 0 be the argument of z and a be the acute angle given by
tan a =| y/x|. Then from Fig. 12.4, we obtain 0 = -(n- a) = a - 7t.
AY
AY
o X X' X
o M
<■
a 9=-a
0 = - (jt - a)
P(x,y) 'if Y' y Y’
Fig.12.4 Fig.12.5
Thus, if x <0 and y < 0 then the argument of z = x + iyisa-K where a is the acute angle given by
tan a =[y/x|.
(iv) Argument of z-x + iy when x> 0 and y <0: In this case, the point P {x, y) representing
z = x + iy lies in the fourth quadrant. Let 0 be the argument of z and let a be the acute angle given
by tan a = I y/x |. Then from Fig. 12.5, we obtain 0 = - a.
Thus, if X > 0 and y < 0, then the argument ofz = x + iy is - a where a is the acute angle given by
tan u =\y/x\.
The above discussion suggests us the following algorithm for finding the argument of a
complex number z = x-¥iy.
ALGORITHM
Step I Find the acute angle a given by tan a = [ y/ x\.

Step II Determine quadrant in which the point P {x, y) lies.
ww
IfP (x, y) belongs to the first quadrant, then arg{z) = a.
IfP {x, y) belongs to the second quadrant, then arg{z) = n-a.
IfP {x, y) belongs to the third quadrant, the arg (z) = - (tc - a) or tc + a.
Flo
IfP (x, y) belongs to the fourth quadrant, then arg (z) = - a or 2 n - a.
e
ILLUSTRATION 1 Find the modulus and argument of each of the following complex numbers:
ree
(i) 1+1/3 [NCERT] (ii) -2 + 2/V3
Fr
(iv) 2/3-21
rF
(iii) - -1
Im(z)
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SOLUTION (i) Let z = 1 +1 /3 and let a be the acute angle given by tan a = for . Then,
Re(z)
7C
tan a = /3 =>
s
a = —
kks
3
Yo
We observe that Re (z) > 0 and Im (z) > 0. So, the point representing z lies in the first quadrant,
oooo
arg (z) = a = —. We find that [ z | = +(/3)2 = 2.

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(ii) Let z = - 2 + 2 /3 1. Then, | z [ = ^(-2)^ + (2 /3)^ = 4. Let a be the angle given by

ur
Im (z) 2/3 7C
ad
tan a = . Then, tan a = = /3 => a = —

YYo
Re(z) -2 3
We find that Re (z) < 0 and lm(z)>0. So, the point representingz lies in the second quadrant.
dd
n _2iz
Re
arg (z) = 71 - a = 71 -
in
3~T‘
F
(iii) Letz = -/3-1. Then, |z| = -\/(-/3)^ +(-l)^ = 2. Let a be the acute angle given by
Im (z) -1 1 7C
tan a - . Then, tan a = ^ a =-.
-/3 /3 6
We find that Re (z) < 0 and Im (z) < 0. So, the point representing z lies in the third quadrant.
K 5tc
arg(z)=-(n-a) = - K
6 6
V. oy o
(iv) Letz = 2/3-21.Then, \z\ =-J(27^)^T^^ = 4. Let a be the acute angle given by
Im (z) -2 1 71
tan a . Then, tan a = => a = —.
Re(z) 2/3 /3 6
We observe that Re (z) >0 andim (z) < O.So, the point representingz lies in the fourth quadrant,
arg (z) = - a =-tc/6
ILLUSTRATION 2 Find the modulus and argument of the following complex numbers:
1 + / 1
(i) [NCERT] (ii) [NCERT]
1 -I 1+i
1+2
SOLUTION (i) Let 2 = . Then,
1 -2
2 =
_1 + 2/ + 2^ _1 + 2;-1 = 2 = 0 + 2=i> I 2 I = =1
1-2~1+I 1-2-2 1-2-2 1+1
Im(2) 1 n
Let a be the acute angle given by tan a = .Then, tana = — = 00 ^ a=—.
Re (2) 0 2
oww
We find that Re (2) = 0 and Im (2) = 1 > 0. So the point representing 2 lies on y-axis.
Consequently, arg (2) = a = —. Hence, 121 = 1 and arg (^) =
1 1 1 -2 _ 1 -2 _ 1 -2 _ 1 1 ■
(ii) Let 2 = . Then, 2 = — X
1 +2 1+2 1+2 1 -2 ~i “1 +1 “2 2
e
ree
rFl if 1171= [I=±
Fre
2) ■\|4'^4 1/2 4l
+
rr F
Im {2) -1/2 7C
Let a be the acute angle given by tan a = . Then, tan a = = 1=> a=-.
Re {2) 1/2 4
ouur
sfoo
We observe that Re (2) = ^ > 0 and Im (z) = - ^ < 0. So, the point representing z lies in the fourth
kks
quadrant. Therefore, arg (z) = - a = - ^. Hence, | z j =

Yo
oooo
and arg (z) = “

eBB
12.14.3 VECTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
A complex number z = a: + 22/ can be represented by the position vector

uurr
OP of point P{x, y) in a two dimensional plane because a complex

ad
number depends on two things viz. (i) its modulus and (ii) its argument
YYo
which are also the requirements of a vector on a plane. <■

O M
dd
In Fig. 12.6, the complex number 2 = at + 2 y is represented by the vector

Re
iinn
dP and in such a case | z | is the length OP and arg (2) is the angle which 4'r
F
the directed line OP makes with the positive direction of x-axis. Fig.12.6
12.14.4 POLAR OR TRIGONOMETRICAL FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
Let2 = X + 2 y be a complex number represented by a point P(x, y) in the Argand plane. Then by
the geometrical representation of 2 = x + 2 y, we obtain AY
P{x,y)
OP = |z| and, ZPOX = 0 = arg (z)
In A POM, we obtain X' X
,9 >
<■
OM X o M
cos 0 = => X = I 21 cos 0
OP 2|
PM
and, sin 0 =
OP
- —
2
^ y = 121 sin 0
Fig.12.7
2 = x + 2y
=> 2=l2| cos 0 + ijzl sin 6 = |z| (cos 0 + 1 sin 0) = r (cos 0 + i sin 0), wherer = 12] and 0 = arg (z)
This form of z is called a polar form of z. 7/we use the general value of the argument 0, then the
polar form of 2 is given by
2=r {cos(2« n+ 0) +i sin (2nK+ 0)}, where r =] 21, 0 = arg(z)and n is an integer.
12.14.5 MULTIPLICATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER BY IOTA
Let 2 = X +1 y be a complex number represented by a point P{x, y) in the argand plane. Let
r (cos 0 + i sin 0) be the polar form of 2. Then, r = 121 and arg (2) = 0.
Now, 2 = r (cos 0 +1 sin 0)
iz = i r (cos 0 + i sin 0) = r (- sin 0 +1 cos 0) = r {cos (n/2 + 0) + sin (ti/2 + 0))
^ / V
This means that iz is a complex number such that| iz| = r =|2l and arg (iz) = ^ + 9 = -+arg (2).
looww
Thus, multiplication of a complex number by i results in rotating the vector joining the origin to poitit
representing 2 through a right angle.
12.14.6 POLAR FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER FOR DIFFERENT SIGNS OF REAL AND
IMAGINARY PARTS
ree
Im (2)
Let 121 = r and a be the acute angle given by tan a = . Let 0 be the argument of 2.
ree F
Re (2)
r FF
Case I Polar form of 2 = x + iy when x > 0 and y > 0: In this case, we have 0 = a.
fofroF
So, the polar form of 2 = x + i y is 2 = r (cos a + i sin a)
u
Case II Polar form of z = x iy when x < 0 and y > 0; In this case, we have 0 = 71 - a.
ks
So, the polar form of z = x + / y is
2 = r [cos (7t- a) + i sin (tc-a)] = r (-cos a + i sin a)
os o
YYouor
Case III Polar form of 2 = x + iy when x < 0 and y < 0: In this case, we have 0 = - (t: - a).
BBook
So, the polar form of z is given by

r ee
2 = r [cos (n - a) + i sin (-(;t - a))] = r(- cos a -i sin a)

Case IV Polar form of z = x + iy when x > 0 and y < 0: In this case, we have 0 = - a.
ouru
So, the polar form of z is

ad
Yo
2 = r [cos (- a) + i sin (- a)] = r (cos a - i sin a)
d
Re
inY

FFind
EXAMi’Lt 1 Write the following complex numbers in the polar form:

(i) - 3V2 + 3V2 i (ii) 1 + i
(iii) -1-i iNCERT] (iv)l-i [NCERTEXEMPLARl
SOLUTION (i) Let 2 = - 3V2 + 3 V2i. Then, r=|zi=-^(- 3V2)^+(SV2)^ =6.

Im(z) n
Let a be the acute angle given by tan a = . Then, tan a = 1 ^ a = —.
Re (2) 4
The point representing 2 lies in the second quadrant. So, the argument 0 of z is given by
Q0 = TC-a =n —
JT 37T
4 4
Hence, the polar form of 2 = - 3 V2 + 3 V2 i is

f 3 t: . . 3 7r'
z = r (cos 0 + i sin 0) = 6 cos — +1 sm —
4 4 )
(ii) Let z =1+2. Then, r =

|2| =yjl^ +1^ =V2. Let a be the acute angle given by
Im (z) 1 7t
tan a . Then, tan a = = 1 ^ a = —.
Re(z) 1 4
We find that the point (1,1) representing z lies in first quadrant. Therefore, the argument of z is
given by 0 = a = —. Hence, the polar form of z = 1 + i is
n n
z = r (cos 6 + i sin 0) = V2 cos — +1 sm —
4;
(iii) Let z = -1 - 2. Then, r = | z | = + (-1)^ = -l2. Let a be the acute angle given by
ww
fin jz) -1 n
tan a = . Then, tan a = = 1 a = —.
Re(z) -1 4
Clearly, the point (-1, -1) representing z lies in the third quadrant. Therefore, the argument of z
Flo
is given by
e
eree
K 3k
0 = -(ji - a) = - 71 —
4; 4
FFr
Hence, the polar form of z = -1 - 2 is
uurr
3 7t'\ . . - 3 7l' 3 7: . . 3 7c'
z = r (cos 0 +1 sin 0) = V2 cos
4 J
+ 2 Sin
4 J
orr= V2 cos
4
1 sm —
4 J
sfo
Im (z)
(iv) Let 2 = 1 - 2. Then, | z | = + (-1)^ = V2. Let a be the acute angle given by tan
kks
a =
Yoo
Re (2)
oooo
-1 K
Then, tan a = 1 => a = —.
eBB
1 4
We find that the point (1,-1) representing z lies in the fourth quadrant. Therefore, the
urr
argument of z is given by 0 = - a = - —. Hence, the polar form of z = 1 - / is

ad
YYo
K K 7t K
r (cos 0 + 2 sin 0) = -J2 ● cos + 2 sm = V2 cos — 2 sm —
4 4j 4
dd
Find the modidus and principal argument o/(l + 2) and hence express it in the polar
Re
EXAMPLE 2
inn
form. [NCERT]
F
SOLUTION Let z = 1 + 2. Then, |z| = -J?+1^=V2. Let a be the acute angle given by
Im (z)
tan a =
Re (2)
.Then, tan a = - = 1 => a =
1 ^.Clearly, the point (1,1) representingz =1+2 lies
K
in first quadrant. Therefore, 0 = arg (2) = —.

7t K
Hence, the polar form of z = 1 + 2 is z = 121 (cos 0 + 2 sin 0) = V2 cos — + 2 sm —

4
.
EXAMPLE 3 Find the modulus and principal argument of- 2 2.

SOLUTION Let 2 = - 2 2 = 0 + (- 2) 2. Then, \z\= ^0 + (-2)^ = 2. We find that the
point (0, - 2)
representing 2 = - 2 2 lies on the negative side of imaginary axis. Therefore, principal argument
K
of is—.
2
EXAMPLE4 Find the modulus and principal argument of- 4. [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let z = - 4 + Oi. Then, + 0= 4. We find that the point (- 4,0)

representing 2 = - 4 + Oi lies on the negative side of real axis. Therefore, principal argument of
2 is CT.
EXAMPLE 5 Express the following complex numbers in the polar form:

1 +i 2 + 6^3/
(i) (ii)
1 -i 5 +Vs i
1 + i
SOLUTION (i) Let z = :. and, let r (cos 9 + i sin 6) be the polar form of z.Then, r = | z | and
1 -i
ww
0 = arg (z).
Now,
^ _ 1 + i _ (1 + i) (1 + i) _ 1 - 2 i + i^ 1 + 2 i -1 .
= i = 0 + li.
l-*“(l-0(l + 0“ 1-/2 ““ 1+1
Flo
r z| = = 1.
e
eree
Clearly, the point (0, 1) representing z = 0 + i lies on positive direction of imaginary axis.
Therefore, arg (z) = Hence, the polar form of z is
FFr
. . Tu'l
uurr
n n K
2 = 1 COS + 1 sm — cos — +1 sm —
2 2J 2 2
orr
sfo
2 + 6yf3i
(ii) Let 2 = and, let r (cos 0 + / sin 0) be the polar form of z. Then, r = | z | and
5 +VSi
kks
Yoo
oooo
0 = arg (2).
Now,
_2 + 6V3i_2 + 6V3i (S-VSQ 28 + 28V3/ = 1 + / Vs
eBB
5 + Vsi “ 5 + VSi '{5-VSO 28
r =
|z1=7iT3=2.
urr
I Im (z) I _ Vs =Vs ^ 71
Let a be acute angle given by tan a = a = —
ad
|Re(2)rT S
YYo
7t
Clearly, the point (1, VS) representing z lies in first quadrant. Therefore, 0 = arg (z) = a = —
dd
S
Re
inn
n
Hence, the polar form of 2 is 2 cos — + / sm — .
V S 3J
F

1+7/
EXAMPLE 6 Put the complex number in the form r (cos 0 + / sin 0), where r is a positive real
(2-if
number and-n <Q^k. [NCERT]
1 + 7/
SOLUTION Let z = . Then,
{2-if
1+7/ 1+7/ 1+7/,. 3 + 4/ -25 + 25 /
2 = = -1 + /
4-4I + /2 3-4/ 3-4/^ 3 + 4/ 25
r = =42
Im (z)
Let a be the acute angle given by tan a = . Then, tan a = - - = 1 ^ a = —
Re (2) 1 4
Clearly, the point (-1,1) representing z lies in the second quadrant. Therefore,
0 = arg(z) = 7t-a = k-— = —.
^ 4 4
3 IT . . 3 7c'
Hence, z in the polar form is given by z = V2 cos — +1 sm —
4 4 )
EXAMPLE 7
Find the modulus and argument of the following complex numbers and convert them in
polar form:
w
l + 2i i-1 1 + 3/
(i) INCERT] (ii) [NCERT] (iii) [NCERT]
l-3i IT 71 1 -2f
cos — +1 sm -
3 3
l + 2i l + 2f 1 + 37_(1-6)+/(2+3)_ —1 1 .
SOLUTION (i) Let 2 = . Then, z =
e
+ —I
1-3/ 1 - 3/ ^ 1 + 3f “ 1+9 2 2
row
re
1 \2 /1 -y
r=|zl =
"72
FFllo
eeF
Im (z) -1/2 7T
Let a be the acute angle given by tan a = . Then, tan a = = 1 => a =
u
We find that Re (z) = - ^ < 0 and Im ^
Re{z) 1/2
point representing z lies in the second

4
r
sFr
kro
quadrant. Therefore, 0 = arg (z) = tc - a = 71 - — = —. Hence, the polar form of z is
uor
4 4 ^
offo
1 37t . . Stt'
r (cos 0 + / sin 0) = cos — + 7 sm —
V2 4 4 J
kos
Y
1-1
Yo
eerBB
(ii) Let 2 = . Then,

oo
7t n
cos +1 sm —
3 3
rY
z =
/-I 2(-l +/) l-/73_2{(-l-t 73)+/(1 + 73)1 _r73-1 +1
.rv3+i
1 ^ .73 ~ 1+/V3 ^ 1-/73
u
1 + 3 2 2
ou
2
ad
do
/ \2
73-1 73+1 (73-1)^ +(73+1)^
nY
2(3 + 1)
z| = + = 72
2 2 "V 4 V 4
nid
Re
Im(z)
Let a be the acute angle given by tan a = . Then,
F
Fi
Re(z)
73+1
73+1
1.4 7t
tan — + tan
7T
tan a =
2 73 _ 4 fi
— = tan
. 71
— + —
71
= tan —
5ti 5tc
a =—
73-i| ”73-1 1 - tan - tan
71 71
U 6J 12 12
2 73 4 6
73-1
We find that Re (z) =
2
> 0 and, Im (z) = ^ > 0. So, the point representing z lies in the
5tc
first quadrant. Therefore, 0 = arg ^ ■ Hence, the polar form of z is

5ti . . 5ti'
r (cos 0 + / sin 0) = 72 cos — + / sm —
12
.
12
1 + 3/ 1 + 3/ _ 1 + 3/ 1 + 2/ (l-6) + /(3 + 2)
(iii) Let z = . Then, z = = -l +/
1-2/ 1 - 2/ ” 1 - 2/ 1 + 2/ ” 1+4
r =
|z|=t/(-i2 + 1^=V2,
Im(2) 1 71
Let a be the acute angle given by tan a = . Tlien, tan a = = 1 => a
Re (2) -1 4
We find that Re (z) < 0 and Im (z) > 0. So, the point representing z lies in the second quadrant.
7t 3tc
0 = arg (z) = 7t - a = n —
4 4
3;: . . 3ti
Hence, the polar form of z is r (cos 6 +1 sin 0) = V2 cos — +1 sm —
4 4 )
oww
EXAMPLE 8 For any complex number z, prove that | Re (z) | + [ Im (z) j < V21 z |.
ee
SOLUTION Letz=r (cos 0 + i sin 0).Then,| z| = r and arg (z) = 0.
Now,
FFrlo
r
Re (z) I +1 Im (z) I = | r cos 01 +1 r sin 01 = r ●{ | cos 01 +1 sin 0 [vr=|z|>0]
rF
ee
2
Re (z) I +
I Im (2) l| = r2 cos 01 + I sin 0 = 11 + [ 2 sin 0 cos 01
ouru
rF
= [sin2 0|| < (1 +1)
ffosor [v |sin2 0|<l]
os k
I Re(z)I + [Im(z)I < V2 r => | Re(z)| + |Im(z)| < V2[z|
EXAMPLE 9 Ifzandw are two complex number such that
\zw\ =1 and arg (z) - arg (id) =^, then show
ook
Yo
Y
that zw =-i. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

Bo
SOLUTION Let [z I = r and arg (z) = 0. Then, z = r (cos 0 + sin 0).

reeB
Now, \zw\ =1 and arg (z) -arg(i:i;)

oouY
ur
|2|lu?| =1 and arg(iy) =arg (2)-^ => \w\ =- and arg {w)=Q-^
ad
dY
ly =|zy| 1 cos (arg w) +j sin (arg w)}

1 (J cos (a0 —A +ism
■■ (a0 —^ 1 /
nidn
ly = - = - {sin 0-j cos 0} =- - (cos 0 + f sin 0)

2J 2)
Re
r r r
-r (cos 0-i sin 0) x - -r (cos 0 + / sin 0) = -i (cos^ 0 + sin^ 0) = -i.

F
Fi
zw
EXAMPLE 10 What is the locus of z, if amplitude of (z-2-3i) is
SOLUTION Letz = X +1y.Then, z-2-3i =(x + iy)-2-3f =(x-2)+ i(i/-3)

y-3
Let 0 be the amplitude of (x - 2) + i (y - 3). Then, tan 0 = x-2 . It is given that the argument of
7C
z-2-3i is—.
4
tan — = ●^ y-3
=> 1 = x-y + l=0, which is a straight line.
4 x-2 x-2
Hence, the locus of 2 is a straight line.

rz-i 71
EXAMPLE 11 Show that the complex number z, satisfying arg = — lies on a circle.
^z+lj 4
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLimON Letz = :t + zy.Then,

2-1 ^{x-l)+iy _(x-l) + iy^^ jx + l)-iy _{x^-l + /)-i-2iy
2+1 (x + l) + zy (3: + l) + iy (.t + l)-/y (^ + i)2 + y2
x^+y^-1 ● + z ●
2y
' (;c + l)2 + y2 (.v + l)2+y2
2-1 2y/(j: + l)^+y^ 2y
Let 0 be the argument of . Then, tan 0 =
2 +1
x^+y^-1
2-lV n
oww
7C
But, it is given that arg is — i.e. 0 = —.
2 + 1J 4 4
n
2y
tan- = - x'^+y'^-1 =2y => ;c^+y^-2y-l=0 => (;c-0)^+(y~1)^=(V2)^
4 x^+y^
e
which represents a circle.
FFrlo
re
EXAMPLE 12 If arg (z -1) =arg{z + 3i),thenfind{x -X): y,wherez =x + iy. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ree
SOLUTION We have, 2 = ;c + iy.
F
2 -1 = (x -1) + iy and 2 + 3z = .r + i (y + 3)
rF
y y+ 3
Let 0j and 02 be the arguments of z -1 and z + 3i. Then, tan 0-^ = and tan 02 =
x-1 X
fsoor
ouur
It is given that arg (2 -1) = arg (2 + 3i) i.e. Oj = 02-
skf
tan 0j = tan 02
ooko
^ y _y+^ => 3x-y-3 = 0 => 3(x-l)=y=i> -=- => (:r~l):y=l:3

Yo
x~l y 3 ^
Y
x
Bo
EXAMPLE 13 If for complex numbers z^ and z^, arg {zi)-arg {z2) = 0, then show that
reB
|2i -Z2l = ||Zl|-|22l- [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let|z| = ri and] Z2 | =r2- It is given that arg (zi)-arg (22) = 0

uur
oY
ad
I.e.
arg (21) = arg (22) = 0 (say)
Zi = r-i (cos 0 + i sin 0) and 22 = r2 (cos 0 + z sin 0)
dY
^l“^2 "(^1 “^2) cos0 + i(ri-r2) sin0

innd
|zi-Z2l^ ={ri~r2)^ cos^0 + (ri-r2)^ sin^0 ={ri-r2)^ (cos^0+ sin^0) = (ri-r2)^

Re
|zi-Z2|=|ri-r2| => |2i-22l=||2il-|22l

Fi
F
EXAMPLE 14 If z, Zj and 22 are complex numbers, prove that:

(i) arg (z) = - arg (2). In general, arg (^ = 2m: - arg (2) (ii) arg (zj 22) = arg (zj) + arg (22)
(iii) arg (zj Z2) = arg (zj) - arg (Z2) (iv) arg ^ = arg (z^) - arg (22)
.Z2
SOLUTION (i) Let 2 = r (cos 0 +1 sin 0) be the polar form of z. Then, 121 = r and arg (2) = 0.
Now, 2 = r (cos 0 z + z sin 0)
2 = r (cos 0 - z sin 0) = r {cos (- 0) + z sin (- 0)} => [ z | == r and arg (^ = - 0

Since cos 0 and sin 0 are periodic functions with period 2zl Therefore, in general
arg (T) = 2m: - arg (z)
(ii) Letzj =rj (cos + z sin 0^) and Z2~^2 ®2 + * ®2) complex numbers in their
polar forms. Then,
12i 1 =ri, 122 I =r2, arg (zj) = Qi and arg (22) = 62

2i 22 =r-[ (cos 01 + i sin e^) x T2 (cos 02 + i sin ©2)
2i 22 = Tj V2 {(cos 0j cos @2 - sin 0^ sin @2) + i (sin 0j cos @2 + cos 0^ sin 62)}
2i 22 = rj V2 {cos (0j + @2) + i sin (O^ + 02)}
I Zi 22 I = rj V2 and, arg (2^ 22) = Oj + @2
i Zi Z2 I =j zi 11Z2 I and arg (z^ Z2) = arg (z^) + arg (Z2)
REMARK It follows from the above result that
\ 2i 22 ^ I =1 11 ^2 I -|■^ I and, arg (zj Z2 ... z„) = arg (z{) + arg (22) + .... + arg (4,)
Replacing z^, Z2, Z3,..., ^ by z, we obtain: 12” | = 121" and arg (z”) = n arg (2)
(iii) LetZi =rj (cos 0j + i sin Qf) and, 22 =r2 (cos 02 + i sin 02). Then,
ww
22 = ^2 (cos 02 - i sin ©2) = r2 (cos (- ©2) + i sin (- 02)}
2i Z2 =ri r2 [cos |0i + (- ^2)} + * sin |0i + (- 03)}] [Using (ti)]
FF loo
2j Z2 =Vi r2 (cos (0j - 02^ + i sin (0j - ©2)}
arg (zi 22) = 0i - ©2 = (zi) - arg (Z2)
ree
(iv) Let Zi =fi (cos Oj + i sin 0j) andz2 =^2 (cos ©2 + i sin ©2). Then,
I I =ri, I Z2 I =r2, arg (z^) = 0j and arg (22) = ©2
reFe
Zi rj (cos ©1 + i sin ©j) _ (cos ©j + i sin 0j) ^ (cos ©2 - i sin ©2)
oroFr
r ur
22 r2 (cos ©2 + i sin ©2) r2 (cos ©2 + i sin ©2) (cos ©2 - i sin ©2)
s ff
=>
Zi _ ri (cos ©1 cos ©2 + Sin ©1 sin ©2) + i (sin ©j cos ©2 - cos ©j sin ©2)
^ ©2 + sin^ ©2
k
22 ^2
YYouo
cos
koso
I cos (©i - ©2)+i sin (©i-©2)| => arg -L = 0i - ©2 = arg (Zi) - arg (22)0
BBoo
22 T2 22
r ee
EXAMPLE 15 Let 2j = r-i (cos ©1 + i sin ©j) and Z2 = T2 (cos ©2 + i sin ©2) be two complex numbers.
Then, prove that
ad
ouur
(i) I zj 4-Z2 1^ + r/ + 2 r^ T2 cos (©^ - ©2)

Yo
or. 12i + 22 1^ =1 Zi +1Z2 1^ + 21 zi IIZ2 I cos (©1 - ©2)

d
Re
idnY
(ii) I Zj -221^ = + r/ - 2ri r2 cos (©1 - ©2)

FFin
or. i -^21^ =12i 1^ +122 1^ -2| 11221 cos(©1 - ©2)

SOLUTION We have, = r-^ cos ©i + i sin ©1 and, 22 =r2 (cos ©2 + i sin ©2)
I zi I = fl, I 22 I = r2 , arg (zj) = ©i and arg (22) = ©2
(i) Zi + Z2 = (ri cos ©i + r2 cos ©2) + i {ri sin ©1 + T2 sin ©2)
n
I Zi +22 r =(ri cos ©i + r2 cos ©2) + (ri sin ©i + r2 sin ©2)
I21+22I -Tj +r2 + 2rir2 cos(©1 -©2)

I Zi + Z2 1^ = I Zi |2 +1Z2 1^ + 21 Zi IIZ2 I cos (©i - ©2)
(ii) Zi - Z2 = (ri cos ©i - r2 cos ©2) + i (rj sin ©1 - r2 sin ©2)
I ^1 ~^2 I “(^1 cos ©i -r2 cos ©2) + (ri sin ©i -V2 sin ©2)
2 2 2
1^1 “^2 I ■'■^2 “2ri r2 cos (©i - ©2)
2l-Z2|^=|zi|2+|z2|^-2|Zi||Z2|C0S(9i-e2)
EXAMPLE 16 For any two complex numbers Zj and Z2 , prove that:
(i) IZ1+Z2I = I21-Z2I arg (z;^) - arg (Z2) = — o — is purely imaginary.
2 Z2
(ii) I 2i + Z2 I = I 2i 11 22 I <=> arg (zj) = arg (Z2) ~ is purely real.

22
2l
(iii) izi+zjl^ = |z^|2+[z2|^ o
is purely imaginary
22
SOLLJTION Let Zj = rj (cos Gj + j sin 22 =T2 (cos 82 + / sin 02). Then, | Zj [ =rj , | Z2 | =r2.
arg(zi)=0i and arg (22) =82-
ww
(i) We have.
121+22 I = 121-22 I
<=>
121+22!^ = 121-22!^
Flo
^ + T2 ^ + 2rj r2 cos (0i - 82) = rj ^ ^ - 2r^ r2 cos (0i - 82)
<=>
e
4riT2 cos (01 -82) =0
rere
cos (81 -82) =0
r FF
O'
01-02 = j i-e- arg (2i) - arg (23) = ^
uurr
/
2l
>,
K
foor / \
o
arg
2
V arg -L =arg (zi)-arg (22)
22
kss
Yoo
2l
ooook
o
— is purely imaginary.
22
eBB
(ii) We have,
I 2l + 22 I = I 2i I + [ 22 I
121+22!^ = (ri+r2)^
uurr
o
[v |2il=ri and|22|=r2]
ad
^ + r2 ^ + 2 ri ^2 cos (0i - 82) = ^ + r2 ^ + 2 ri r2

Yo
cos (01 - 82) =1

dY
o
0^-02 =0 i.e. arg (zj) - arg (23) = 0 or, arg (21) = arg (23)
Re
innd
r \ f \
2l = 0 2l
o arg V arg = arg (zi) - arg (23)
Fi
(.22 .22
2l
O
— is purely real
22
(iii) We have,
|Zi+Z2|^ = |2l|^+|23|2
.rj ^ ^ + 2r^ r2 cos (0i - 63) = ^ + Z2
2
O
o
2ri r2 cos (9i - 83) = 0
o
cos (81 -82) = 0
o
01-02 = -
^ ^ 2
\ / .
2l _ ^ '
O arg
2
V arg ^ = arg (2i) - arg (23) = 01 - 02
122 v22 )
2l
is purely imaginary.
22
EXAMPLE 17 For any two complex numbers Zi andz2, prove the following triangle inequalities:
(i) \Zi+Z2\<\z^\+\Z2\ (ii) |zi-Z2|5|2il+|22|
(iii)i2i+22|>|zi|-]z2| (iv) |2i-22|>|zi|-|z2[
I 21 + Z2 1^ =1 ^11^+1 ^2 1^+21 I i 22 I cos (01-02), where 0j = arg (zj) and @2 = arg (22).
cos (01 -02)^1
oww
=> 21 Zi 11 Z2 I cos (01 - 02) < 2 I 2i 11 22 I [Multiplying both sides by 2 jzi| |Z2|]
=> I Zi 1^ +1 22 1^ + 2 I 2i 11 22 I cos (01 - 02) < I 2i P + I Z2 1^ + 2 I 2l 11 22 I
7 f ?
IZ1+22I < [21I+IZ2I ^ I Zi+Z2 I <1 2i I+|Z2 I
ee
FFrlo
r
(ii) We have,
rF
I 21-22!^ = |Zi|^+|22|^-2|2i||Z2|cos(0i-02)
ee
-1 < COS (01 -02)
rF
ouru
-1 < - cos (01 - 02) 51
-cos (01 - ©2) 51 ffosor
os k
-2|2i|i22|cos(0i-02)<2|zi||z2|
I 2l 1^ + I 22 1^ - 2 I Zi 11 22 1 cos (01 - 02) 5] Zi 1^ +1 22 1^ + 2 I 2i 11 22 I
ook
Yo
Y
a2
I 21-22 1^5 [\z-i\+\Z2\ => |2i-22|5|2i| + | Z2 |
Bo
reeB
(iii) We have,
ooY
I 21+22!^ = !zi|2+|22|^ + 2|2i||z2|cos(0i-02)

uur
ad
-1 < COS (01 - ©2) 51

dY
cos (01 -©2) ^-1

2I21II22I COS(01 -02) >-2|Zi|l22|
nind
Re
I Zi + I 22 + 2 I 2i 11 22 i cos (01 - ©2) £ I 2l 1^ + I 22 1^ - 21 Zi I I 22 [

F
Fi
f n2
|2i+22|^> V |Zi|-|Z2| / => [2i+22|>|Zi|-|Z2|
(iv) We have,
I 21-22!^ = |2ll^+|22l^-2iZi||z2| COS(0i-02)

-1 < cos (01 - ©2) 51
cos (©1 - @2) 5l
- cos(©1 - ©2) ^-1
- 2 I 2i I I 22 I cos (01 - ©2) > - 2 I Zi I I 22 I
=> |2il^+|Z2|^~2|2i||z2|cOS(0i-02)S|Zil2+|22|^-2|Zi||Z2|
7 (
|2i-22r> I 2i I-I 22 I =>|Zi-Z2| >|2i|-|22|
12.47
COMPLEX NUMBERS
EXAMPLE 18 //Zr = COS + / sin , r = 1, 2, 3,prowe Zj 22 23 ... ,z CO

= i.
13'' \ 3
SOLUTION We know that, =r-^ (cos 9i + i sin 0i),Z2 =r2 (cos ©2 sin 62),... are complex
numbers, then
2^22 Z3 ...^ =ri r2 T3 ... r„ {cos (©j + 82 +... + 6,t) + i sin (Bj + 82 +... + 8„))
K n
Here, Zy = cos — + i sin — , r = 1, 2, 3,...
3'' 3''
K
I I 2 ^ ●
1^1= cos — + sm — =1, r =1, 2, 3,... and, arg (4) =-^,
3''
r =1, 2, 3,...
3'" 3"
7C n n K n Tt n K
+ +... + j sin ■ + ... + —
2i 22 23...Z„=COS
3 3" ■ 33 3" 3 3^ ' 3^ 3"
looww
K 1 K
- 1-
1 ^
= cos ●
3^ 3". + / sin
3>v 3" = cos
7U
1
1 1 'll> +1 sm ( ● ● I 7t
1 -—
1-
2V 3” 21 3"j
1-
3; 3)
ree
..Ik 1 ^
1__
Hence, Zi 27 23 ...2» = lim (zi 22 23 ... z„) = n->oo
Um cos
2V 3"
+ ism< —
2(. 3
n
M->oo
ree F
7t TC
r FF lim — =0
1
= cos — +1 sm — = i n
2 2 n->oo 3
fofroF
u
EXAMPLE 19 If Xn= COS i sin proutJ that Xi ^2 X3 ... 3: = -l.
ks
00
kos o

YYouor
\ r
f K . . 71 n n Tl n K n
BBoo
cos +1 sm .. cos h I sm —
^2 ● ● ● ^ ” cos — +« sm — cos +1 sm —^
2 2J\ 2^ 22 y V 2^ 23 J- 2” 2"
r ee
7C 71 7X 7C 7t TC 71 rc
+1 sm — + + ... + —
= cos - + ^ + ^ + ... + —
2 2^ 2^ 2"
ouru
2” 2
ad
Yo
7C 1 TC 1 M
1 - 1 -—
21 2”
Til . i-Tll
/
21. 2” = cos TC 1 - +1 sm
+ / sm
d
= cos
n 2"
Re
1 2” y. /.
1 - - 1--
inY
2) 2J
FFind
01 ● ● TC 1 -
1 ^
XiX2X^...x^= lim {XiX2X2...x,,)= f J lim
-> eo
H->eo
cos (I tc V 1- —
—
z y
> + ]sm
. ^ 2 /
n
= cos TC + i sin tc = -1
EXAMPLE 20 Letziandz2bet'wocomplexnumberssuchthatZi + iz2 =0 andarg{ziZ2) = n.Then,find

arg{zf}. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION It is given that
f- \ f
Zi +1 Z2 = 0 => 2 ^ = -1 Z 2 "1 -7 22 [Taking conjugate of both sides]
y V
=> Zi=iZ2
=> Z2 = - i 2i => arg (22) = arg (-1 Zj) => arg (22) = arg (-i) + arg (zj) => arg (22) (^l)
It is also given that

arg (zi Z2) = n=> arg (zj) + arg (Z2) = n => arg (zj) ~ + arg (zj) = n [Using (i)]
A / \ 3^ , . 37t
=> 2 arg (zj) = y => arg (Zj) = —
71
EXAMPLE 21 If Z| and both satisfy z+ z =21 z-1
and arg (21-22)=^'
Im (zj +22). [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION LetZ] =x-^+iy and 22 =^2 +/j/2-It is given that 22 andz2 satisfy 2 + z =2|z -11.
Zi + Zj -2|22-1| and Z2 + Z2 =2|z2-11
2X| = 21 (at2 -1) + / yi I and 2.1:2 = ^ | (^2 -1) + i 1/2
ww
=>
^1 = and X2 = ^{z2-l)^+y2^
.:i2=(z2-l)2+yi2 and ^2^ =(^2-1)^+ 1/2^
Flo
2xi=l+y22 ...(i) and 2.T2 = 1 +
e
-(ii)
ree
2(xi-Z2)=yi2-y2^ [Subtracting (ii) from (i)]
FFr
^ 2 ^1::^ =yi+y2 ...(hi)
uurr
Ui-y2
orr
sfo
Now, 2| =^2 +iy2 and Z2 =Z2 + /y2 => 22-22 =(x2-X2) + i(y2-y2)
It is given that arg (22 -22) = Therefore,
kks
Yo
oooo
tan^ = Ml ^ ^ ...(iv)
4 .Y2-^:2 21-22 yi-y2
eB
From (iii) and (iv), we obtain: 2 = y2 + y2 ^ Im (22 +22) = 2.

EXAMPLE 22 If a complex number z lies in the interior or on the boundary of a circle of radius 3 units and
urr
centre (-4,0),find the greatest and least values o/|z +1|. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ad
YYo
SOLUTION Let C (-4, 0) be the centre of a circle of radius 3 units and P(z) be a point in the
interior or on the boundary of the circle. Then,
dd
CP^3=> |2-(-4 + 00|5 3 => |z + 4|£3 ●●■(i)

Re
inn
Now, ●C(-4,0)
F
|2 + 1| =|z + 4-3| ^ |z + 4| +|-3| [V |2l+22l^|2ll+|22l]

=> |2 + l|^3 + 3 = 6 [Using (i)]
So, the greatest value of |z +1| is 6. Fig. 12.8
We know that the modulus of any complex number is greater than or equal to zero. Therefore,
|2 + 1|^0 forallz.
So, the least value of |z +1| is 0.
EXAMPLE23 Locate the pointsfor which 3 <|2| <4. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let 2 = 2 + iy. Then, 121 = ■Jx'^ + y^.
Now
3 <|z| <4
COMPLEX NUMBERS
o 9 <|z|^ <16 o 9<3:^ + y^ <16 <=> 9<x^ + y^ andz^ + y^ <16

Clearly, + y^ > 9 represents the exterior of the circle + y^ = 9 and
x^ + y^<16 represents the interior of the circle A:^ + y^=16. Hence,
9<x^ + y^<16 represents the shaded portion between the circles
+ y^ = 9 and +y^ -16 i.e. the circular annulus.
EXERCISE 12.4
BASIC
1. Find the modulus and argument of the following complex numbers and hence express each
of them in the polar form:
ww
(i) 1+i (ii)V3+i [NCERTl (iii) 1-i [NCERTl
1 -i 1 l + 2i
(iv) (V) (Vi)
1 + i 1 + i 1 -3i
Floo
-16
(vii) sin 120°-f cos 120® (viii) [NCERTl
1 + /
ree
2. Write (i^) ^ in polar form. INCHRT EXEMPLAR)
rFee
BASED ON HOTS
F
3. Express the following complex numbers in the form r(cos 0 + i sin 0): oor r
rur
(i) 1 +1 tan a (ii) tan a - i
s ff
1-i
(iii) 1 - sin a + i cos a (iv) n It
k
cos -- +i sin -
YYoou
3 3
ookos
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
BBo
4. Ifzj andz2 are two complex numbers such that] Zjl =| Z21 (^l) "*■ (^2) “
showthatz^ =-z..2- [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
re
5. If z^,Z2 andz3,24 are two pairs of conjugate complex numbers, prove that
ouur
ad
/ N / \
Zi 2o
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
Yo
arg ^ +arg = 0.
123
dY
+ i 1 - cos ^ in polar form.

71
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Re
6. Express sin -
idn
FFin
ANSWERS
1. (i) V2 (cos 7c/4 +1 sin tc/4) (ii) 2 (cos 71/6 + f sin tc/6)
(iii) V2 (cos 7t/4 - i sin tc/4) (iv) (cos n/2-t sin k/2)
(v) (cos ti/4 -/ sin tc/4) (vi) (cos 3 7c/4 + 7 sin 3 tc/4)
V2 V2
TC TC 2tc . . 2tc^
(vii) cos — + 7 sin — (viii) 8 cos — + 1 sm —
6 6 V 3 3 /
TC TC
2. cos -7 sm —
2 2
TC
sec a (cos a + 7 sin a). 0<a-
2
3. (i) 1+7' tan a = -
-sec a lcos(a-Tc)+7 sin (a-Tc) 1, ^<a<ii
n n K
sec a cos a — +zsm a — 0 < a <
2J 2) ' 2
(ii) tan a ~i ~
71 K n
-sec a cos — + a + z sm — + a — < a < 7c
2 ' 2
V2
a a 7t a . . (n a 7t
cos — sin — cos + +1 sm — + — if 0 <a< —
2 2) U 2 U 2 2
a a a a 3jt 3ti
(iii) (1-sin a) + z cos a = -V2 cos — sm — cos — + z sin <a< —
2 2) K2 4 U"T 2 2
a a a 3n a 37t' 37T
-V2 cos — sm — cos +1 sm y if ~ <a<2n
2 2) u"T U"T.
1-i 7k . . 7k
(iv) = V2
ww
cos zsm —
Ti: K
cos —+ zsm —
12 12
3 3
71 K K
6. 2 sin — cos — + i sin —
Flo
10 10 lOj
e
rere
r FF
1. (ii) Letz = V3 + z.Then, |z| -J(-/3)^ + (1)^ =2. Let 0 be the argument of z and a be the
Im(z)|
. Then, tan a = -^
n
uurr
acute angle given by tan a =
Re (z) I
for V3
^ a = —.
6
K
Clearly, z lies in the first quadrant. So, arg (z)
kss
= a = —
6
Yoo
ooook
(iii) Let z = 1 -z. Then, |z| =-\|l^+(-l)^ =V2. Let a be the acute angle given by
(z) I -1|
eBB
i ^
tan a = ●. Then, tan a = =1 a = —.
Re(z)| 1 4
7C
uurr
Clearly, z lies in the fourth quadrant. Therefore, arg (z) = - a = -

4
ad
Yo
-16 -16(1-zV3) -16 (l-zV3)

(viii) Letz = = - 4 + 4z V3. Then,
1+/V3 “(l+zV^)(l-zV3) “
dY
1 + 3
Re
innd
|z| = ^16 + 48 = 8
Fi
Im (z) I |473| K
Let a the acute angle given by tan a = ●. Then, tan a = = J3 a = —
Re(z)| |-4| 3
7C 2 7C
Clearly, z lies in the second quadrant. Therefore, arg (z) = 7t a = 7t —
3 3
3. (i) Let z = 1 + z tan a. Clearly, z is meaningful

for a ^ (2n -1) ^ , n e Z. Also, tan a is a
periodic function with period jt. So, let us take a lying in the interval [0, k/2) u {k/2, tc].
Case I When a e [0, tc/2): We have, z = 1 + z tan a
|z( =-Jl + tan^ a =-^sec^

71
a = sec a = sec a — < a < 7C sec a < 0
2
Im (z) I
Let p be an acute angle given by tan p = ●. Then, tan P -1 tan a | = tan a => p = a.
Re(z)|
As z is represented by a point lying in first quadrant. Therefore, arg (z) = p = a.

So, the polar form of z is sec a (cos a +1 sin a)
Case n When a e (ti/2, 7t]: We have, z = 1 +1 tan a
\z\=-yjl + tan^ a =1 sec a I = -

n
sec a V — < a <71 .’.sec a <0
2
|Im(z)|
Let p be an acute angle given by tan p = ●.Then,
|Re(z)|
tan p=| tan a| =-tan a [v a€(7t/2,7l)]
=> tanp = tan(tc-u) => P = 7t-a
ww
We observe that z is represented by a point in fourth quadrant.
arg(z) =-p = a-7L
Thus, z in polar form is - sec a {cos (a - tc) + i sin (a - ;t)}.
Flo
(ii) Let z = tan a -i. Since tan a is periodic with period n. So, let us take
e
a e[0, 7i/2)vj(ti/2,7i].
ere
Case I When a e [0, n/2): We have, z = tan a -z
FFr
I z I = -Jtan^ a +1 = | sec a | = sec a
uurr
Let p be the acute angle given by tan P =
|Im(z)|
orr
.Then,
sfo
|Re(z)|
1 fn ^
kks
tan p = ,
|tana|
-=| cotal =cota = tan
U “J=l’ = 2-“
Yo
oooo
Clearly, Re (z) > 0 and Im (z) < 0. So, z lies in the fourth quadrant. Therefore,
eBB
arg(z) =-p = a
2
.Thus,zinpolarformisgivenbyz=seca cos
. [ \
a-^2J +ism \ a-^2J][
urr
Case n When a e (tc/2 , ti] : we have, z = tana-z=>|z| = ■^/tan^"or+T =| sec a | = -sec a

ad
YYo
|Im(z)| .Then,
Let p be the acute angle given by tan p =
|Re(z)|
dd
Re
inn
tan p =;—-—- =1 cot a I = -cota = tan a — =>p = a —

|tana| ' ^ 2; 2
F
Clearly, Re (z) < 0 and Im (z) < 0. So,z lies in third quadrant. Therefore,arg (z) = tc+p = ^ + a
{^71 ^
cos - + a
\2 ;
+ z sin
fn
— + a
(iii) Letz = (1 - sin a) + z cos a. Since sine and cosine functions are periodic functions with
period 27t So, let us take a lying in the interval [0, 2tc].
Now,z = 1 - sin a + z cos a
n2
a . a
=> |z| =-J(l -sin a)^ + cos^ a =^2-2 sin a =V2 ^1 -sin a = 42 \
cos
2
sm —
2)
a . a
=> |z| =42 cos
2
sm —
2
|Im(2)|
Let p be the acute angle given by tan p = -.Then,
|Re(z)i
2 OL . 2Ct a a
cos sm — cos + sin—
cos a cos a 2 2 2 2
tan p = \2
11 -sin a I 1-sina a . a cos
a ,
sm—
a
cos sm—
2 2
2 2J
a
1 + tan—
2 ^ n a'\
=> tan P = = tan —+ —
a
U 2j
oww
1-tan —
2

Case I When 0 < a < —: In this case, we have cos — > sin — and — + — e —, —
2 2 2 4 2 [4 2j
e
rFFlo
\z\=M cos 2
\
and, tan P = tan U

f— + —2 f 7t Q 7C
re
a a a
sin j
2j 4 2
ree
/
F
7C Ot
Clearly, z lies in die first quadrant. Therefore, arg (z) = — + —.
rF
c a . f (n
Hence, the polar form of z is V2 fsfoor
ouur
2 2jl U 2) ^.4 1)
kosk
% 37t T J.U- u a . a , gi a (n 'l
Casell When — <a < : In this case, we have cos — < sm — and — + — e , It
2 2 4 2 l2
«
2 2 j
Yo
oo
a .a'
Y
|z|=V2 cos —-sin —2 =-V2

BB
cos sm —
2 2 2J
fn
/
fSn
rre
71 a 7t 3ii g
and,tanp=tan —+ — =-tan - + — =tan-ljt- — + = tan =>P =
U 2, U 2j 1 '.4 2J L 4 2; T 2
oYuu
ad
Since l-sina>0 and cosa<0. So, z lies m fourth quadrant. Therefore,

a 3tc
dY
arg(z) = -p =
2 4
f /
innd
a . a
Hence, the polar form of z is - V2
Re
cos sm — cos + isin

2 2 U 4, .2 4>
Fi
F
3ti
Case in When < a < 2jc In this case, we have
2
a .a .(Tt 5tc1
cos — < sm — and — + — e ,—
2 2 2; I 4J
a
I z I = V2 cos — - sin —2 = - V2 cos sin —
2 2 2;
and,tanp= tanf—+
U 2\
— =tanf—+
U 2)
—l = -tan-\ Ji-f—+
U 2)
— = tan
.2 4 ,
=> P = ^
a
2
3tc
T
Clearly, Re (z) < 0 and Ln (z) > 0. So, z lies in the first quadrant. Therefore,
, . „ a 3ti
arg(z)=P = -—^
(!-t|
/
a a
Hence, the polar form of z is - >/2 cos
2
sin —
2
cos + ism
V .2 4 ,
1-i a/2 (cos 7c/4 -f sin tc/4)

(iv) Let 2 = K
cos — +1 sin —
K
(cos Ji/3+ i sin ji/3)
3 3
7C
cos + i Sin
^ z = V2 4j cos
7C 71
+ 7 sm
71 n
7t 71 4 3 4 3
COS — +1 sin —
3 3
=> z~4i cos

( 7tC\ +7. sm
. 7ti
12 12
ALITER We have, z = £l , where

71 K
ww
= 1 -7 and z^ = cos — + i sin —.
^2 3 3
n n \ , n . . n
Now, Zj = 1 -7 = V2 I cos 4J + 7 sin I —4j|> and z^^ = cos —3 +1 sm —3
Flo
e
=> I ZjI = V2 and 01 = arg (zj) = - ^, | 23! = 1, 02 = arg (22) =
eree
7n 7k
FFr
{cos (0j -62) (61 "92)1 “ cos + 7 sm
^2 1^21 12 12
uurr
4. Let Zi = ri (cos 0i + 7 sin 0i) and 22 = 72 (cos 02 + i sin 02). Then,
orr
sfo
12j I = ri, arg (zj) = 0j, 123 | = 02 and arg (22) = 02
It is given that
kks
Yoo
I22I =|2i| and arg(zi) +arg (22) = ri = r2 and 0i + 02 =tc=> t'i = 7'2 and 0i = ti-02
oooo
2i = ri (cos ©i + 7 sin ©i)

eBB
=> 2i =72 (cos(Tt-02) + 7 sin (71-02)1 =72 (- COS©2 + 7sin©2) = -72 (cos©2 -7sin©2) = ~
5. Let arg (21) = ©i and arg (23) = ©2
urr
It is given that 22 = 2. and 24 = z .. Therefore, arg (22) = - ©i and arg (24) = - ©2

ad
/
YYo
22
Hence, arg ^ +arg = arg (zj) - arg (24) + arg (22) - arg (23) = ©i + ©2-©i-62 = 0.
24 ^23.
dd
n n n K n K K
6. Let 2 = sin — + 7 1 - cos — = 2 sin — cos — + 2 7 sin — = 2 sin
Re
cos — + 7 sm —
inn
5 5J 10 10 10 10 10 10
F
n n
Clearly, z is the polar form with 121 = 2 sin —
10
and arg (2) = —.
1. The principal value of the argument of the complex number 1 - 7 is

2. The polar form of (7^®)^ is ...
3. The value of -J-25 x is.
(1-7-)^
4. The complex number in polar form is
1-73
9 1
5. The sum of the series 7 + 7 +7 + upto 1000 terms is
6. The multiplicative inverse of (1 + 7) is
5tc
7. If 121 = 4 and arg (2) = — , then 2 =
6
ll
8. Ifzi and Z2 are two complex numbers such thatZ;^ + Z2 is a real number, thenz2 =
9. For any non-zero complex number z, arg (z) + arg (z) =
f
10. If I z + 41 < 3, then the greatest and least values of | z + 11 are and
u
{ Tt
11. The modulus and argument of sin —+ i 1-cos— are and
5 I, 5
i
respectively.
12. If Z-2 _ 7C then the locus of z is
z + 2 ~6'
13. If I z + 2i I = I z - 2z I, then the locus of z is
14. If I z + 21 =1 z - 21, then the locus of z is
ow
15. If z = -1 + V^, then arg (z) =
16. If a: < 0 is a real number, then arg (a:) =
17. The real value of 'a' for which 3f'^ - lai + (1 - a) i + 5 is real is
F
18. If I z I = 2 and arg(z) =-^, then z =
ee
re
rF
Fr
4n-3
19. The value of (-V^) ,wherensN, is
Yo
n .
20. The locus of z satisfying arg (z) = — for IS
3
1-i.
ou
21. The conjugate of the complex number IS
1+i
ks
22. If(2 + i)(2 + 20(2+30 {2+ni) =x + iy, then5.8.13...(4 + w^) =

oo
23. If the point representing a complex number lies in the third quadrant, then the point
Y
eB
representing its conjugate lies in the

24. The multipKcation of a non-zero complex number by i rotates it through
in the anti-clockwise direction.
ou
ad
25. The complex number COS0+2sin0 be zero for any 0.

26. Theargumentof thecomplexnumber(-l+Z-/3) (1 H-z) (cos0 + /sin0) is
27. If a complex number coincides with its conjugate, then it lies on
nd
Re
28. The points representing the complex number z for which | z -1-11 < | z -11 lie on the left side
of
Fi
29. If three complex numbers 21,22 andz3 are in A.P., then points representing them lie
on
.-1097 ,
30. The principal argument of i IS
An+l An-1
i -1
31. The value of is
2
32. If Zi = Vs + zVs and Z2 = VS + i, then the point representing — lies in
33. If 0 < arg (z) < n, then arg (z) - arg (- z) =

0 I I
34. For any two complex numbersZi, Z2 and any real numbers a, b, | azi-IZZ2I -1-1 bzi + AZ2 | =
35. Let Zi and Z2 be two complex numbers such that [zi+ 22 |=lzi|+| Z21, then
arg (zi) - arg (Z2) =
36. Let 2^ and 22 be two complex numbers such that i 2i + Z21 “ I ^1 “ ^21'
arg (21) - arg (22) =
(z ]
37. If 12i| = [ 22 I and arg — =n, then 2j + 22 =
.22
ANSWERS
-n n n
1. -- 2. cos—ism — 3. -15 4. 2 (cos n + i sin tc)
4 2 2
5. 0 6. i-- 7. -2V3 + 2i 8. 2i
2 ● 2
ww
9. 2«Tt,« e Z 10. 6 and 0 11. 2sm —,— 12. circle
10 10
13. perpendicular bisector of the segment joining (0, -2) and (0, 2)
Flo
2ti
14. perpendicular bisector of the segment joining (-2, 0) and (2, 0) 15. —
e
3
eree
16. 71 17. -2 18. V2(l+0 19. -i
20. y = VSx in the first quadrant except the origin
FFr
21. i
2 2
uurr
22. 23. Second quadrant 24. a right angle 25. cannot be
26.
llir
+ 0 27. x-axis 28. i/-axis orr 29. a straight line
sfo
12
71
32. first quadrant
kks
30. - 31. i 33. n
Yoo
2
oooo
71
34. (fl^+b^)(|zi|^+|z2|^) 35. 0 36. - 37. 0
eBB

urr
ad
YYo
question:
1. Write the values of the square root of i.
dd
2. Write the values of the square root of - i.

Re
inn
a + ib
3. Ifx + iy = then write the value of (x^ + 1/^)^.
F
y c + id '
4. If 7T < 0 < 2tu and z = 1 + cos 0 + i sin 0, then write the value of jz|.
An + 1 ;4n -1
I -I
5. If n is any positive integer, write the value of 2

.-592 . .590 . 388 . .586 . 584
2 +1 + I +1 +1
6. Write the value of
582 580 574 ●
I + 2
7. Write 1 - 2 in polar form.

8. Write -1 + 2 V3 in polar form.
9. Write the argument of - 2. [NCERTl
.\n
1 + i
10. Write the least positive integral value of n for which is real.
1 -2
11, Find the principal argument of (1 +i V3)^.

5 71
12. Find2,if|2| = 4andarg(2)=—.
6
13. If 12 -5i I = 12 + 5i I, then find the locus of z.

14. If = x + iy, find the value of + y^.
2a -i
15. Write the value of V-25 x

16. Write the sum of the series i + 1^+1^ + ... upto 1000 terms.
17. Write the value of arg (2) + arg (2).
18. If 12 -f 41 < 3, then find the greatest and least values of 12 +11.
19. For any two complex numbers and 22 and any two real numbers a, b, find the value of
w
\az-[ -bz2 I +1 az2 +bzi \ .
2-1
20. Write the conjugate of
Flo
d-20^'
.●« + 1 . :«+ 2 . jH + 3
reeee
21. If 71 6 N, then find the value of i” + i + l + l
22. Find the real value of a for which 3P - 2ar +(1 - a) / + 5 is real.
FFr
23. If I z| = 2 and arg (z) =^, findz. for
ur
24. Write the argument of (1 + a/3) (1 + i) (cos 0 +1 sin 0).
kkss
ANSWERS
Yo
oo
1 1 0
1. ± (1 + 0 2. ± (1-0 3. 4.-2 cos -
V2 V2 2
eB
5. I 6. -2 7. V2 ' 7t
cos — I sm —
71
4 4j
r
ou
ad
27t . . 2ti 3tc 7C 27t

8. cos K 7 sm — 9. — or — 10. 2 11. —
3 3 2 2 3
YY
12. -2a/3 + 2i 13. Real axis 14.

{a^ + lf 15. -15
ndd
4fl^ +1
Re
16. 0 17. 0 18. 6 and 0

Fi
19. (fl2+&2)C|2i|2+|z2|^) 20. -

25 25*
21. 0
7k
22. a = 2 23. a/2 (1+0 24. —+0
12

1. The value of (1 + i) (1 + i^) (1 + i^) (1 + i^) is
(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 7
3 + 2i sin 0
2. If is a real number and 0 < 0 < 271, then 0 =
1 - 2i sin 0
(a) K
(b) f (Of (d) f6
3. If (1 + i) {1 + 2 0 (1 + 3 0... (1 + « 0 = then 2 x 5 x 10 x .... x (1 + r?) is equal to

(a) +b^ (b) yja^ -\P- (c) (d)fl2_?;2 (e)fl + b
4. If +ib = x + iy, itien possible value of -ib is
(a) x'^ + y^ (b) yjx^+y^ (c) x + iy id) x-iy (e) ^x^ -y^
n n
5. If 2 = cos — + i sin —, then
4 6
(a) \ z\ = l,arg{z)=j4 (b)|z| = l,arg(z)=^

(c) |z| = ^'arg(z)=^ (d)|z| = ^,arg(z)=tan
-1 1
V2
6. The polar form of (i^) ^ is
w
(a) cos ^ +1 sin ^ (b) cos 7t + z sin n (c) cos n-i sin n (d) cos^-zsin^
n
7. If
Flo
= -1, then the sum i + +... upto 1000 terms is equal to
e
rree
{a)l (b) -1 (c) z (d) 0
_2
r FF
8. If z = 1 + zV 3
:~j=, then the value of arg(2) is
2 n
uurr
(d)i4
(a) 71
(b)f <■=>-3
for
1 + a
kss
9. If fl = cos 0 + z sin 0, then
1 -a
ooook
Yo
0 0 0
(a) cot- (b) cotO (c) z cot - (d) I tan-
eB
10. If(1 + z)(1 + 2z)(1 + 3z) (1 +ni)=a + ib,then 2.5.10.17 ,.(i+«^) =

(a) a-ib (b) _i,2 (c) (d) noneoftiiese
urr
ad
Yo
9 9
11. If = X + zy, then x +y is equal to
2a -i
dY
(a) (b)
(a + lf (c) (d) none of these
Re
innd
4fl^ +1 4fl^ + 1 (4fl2 -1)2

Fi
12. The principal value of the amplitude of (1 + z) is

n 3 7t
(b) (d) Tt
12 <^>T
r 2z
13. The least positive integer n such that is a positive integer, is
ÎH-Zj
(a) 16 (b) 8 (c] 4 (d) 2
14. If z is a non-zero complex number, then zz

is equal to
(a) - (b) lz| (c)|z| (d) none of these

z
15. If fl = 1 + z, thenfl^ equals

(a) 1 -z (b) 2z (c)(l + z)(l-z) (d) z-1.
1/3
16. If {x + iy) = a + ib, then — + — =
a b
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) none of these
17. {yj- 2) {yj- 3) is equal to
(a) V6 (b) -V6 (c) /V6 (d) none of these
1 -i^/3 .
18. The argument of IS
l+iV3
(a) 60° (b) 120° (c) 210° (d) 240°.
.N
1+i
19. If2 = then equals

1 + 2i
w
20. Ifz = V then arg (2) equals
1 -d-tf
Flo
(a) 0 (C) 7t (d) none of these
1
reee
21. If 2 = V then 121 =
(2+31)2
FFr
(a) ^
1
(b)- (d) none of these
13 12
urr
22. If 2 =
1
then 12 [ =
for
(1-0(2+3 0'
kkss
(a) 1 (b) l/yfie (c) 5/V^ (d) none of these

23. If 2 = 1 - cos 0 +: sin 9, then 121 =
Yo
ooo
0 0 0 0
(a) 2 sin — (b) 2 cos - (c) 2 sin — (d) 2 cos —
eB
2 2 2
2 2
24. If 2 + i y = (1 +1) (1 + 21) (1 + 30, then x^+y =
r

ou
ad
1
25. If 2 = then Re (2) =
YY
1 - cos 0 - z sin 0'

1 0
(a) 0 (c) cot -
(b)^ (d) - cot —
nndd
Re
2 2 2
3 + 5z
26. Ux + iy = 7, then y =
Fi
7-6i'
(a) 9/85 (b) -9/85 (c) 53/85 (d) none of these
1 -ix
27. If = a + ib, then +b^ =
1 + Z2
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c)0 (d) none of these

a + ib
28. If 0 is the amplitude of then tan 0 =
a -ib '
2a lab a^-b^
(a) (b)^ -b^ (c) (d) none of these
a
1+7 2
29. If2 = , then
(2-0^
3 n
(a) |z|=2
(b) |z|=| (c) amp (z) = ~ (d) amp (z) = ^
30. The amplitude of \ is equal to i
(b) f
t \ ^
(a) 0 (0-- (d) 7L
1-2.
31. The argument of IS
1+z
/ \ ^ 3;r 5 n
(a) -2 (b) f (0^ (d)~
32. The amplitude of
w
IS
^^3 + i
(b)-|
/ \ ^
(d)
Flo
D
33. The value of {P + P + F + P + P)/(l + i) is
reeee
1
(a) ^(1+2) (b) I (1-0 (c) 1
FFr
1 + 2f + 32^ for
34.
■y equals
ur
1 - 22 + 32^
(a) 2 (b) -1 (c) -2 (d) 4
kkss
:592 . 590 588 , 586 , 584

Yo
i +1 +1 +1 + 1
35. The value of -1 is
oo
.582 580 578 574

+1 + 2
eB
(a) -1 (b) -2 (c)-3 (d) -4

36. The value of (1 + 2)^ + (1 -is
r
ou
ad
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c)-8 (d) -4

YY
37. If z = <? + ib lies in third quadrant, then — also lies in the third quadrant if
z
ndd
(a) a>b >0 (b) 27 < ii < 0 (C) & < 27 < 0 (d) b>a>0
Re
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
Fi
7-2
38. If/(z) = j, where z = 1 + 2i, then | /(z) | is
1 -z
(a)^ (b) |z (C) 2|Z (d) none of these
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
3-42X
39. A real value of x satisfies the equation
3 + 4ix
= 22-lib {a,b s R), if 27^ +b^ =
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c)2 (d) -2
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
2+Z
40. The complex number 2 which satisfies the condition - = 1 lies on
2-2
(a) circle x + y = 1 (b) the x-axis (c) they-axis (d) the line x + y = 1
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
41. If z is a complex number, then

(a)|z|2>|z|2 (b) |z|^=|z|^ (c)|z|2 < z
,2
(d) |zp>|z|2
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
42. Which of the following is correct for any two complex numbers Zj and ?
(a) \z-^Z2\=\zi\\z2\ (b) arg (Zj Z2) = arg (zj) arg (Z2)
(c) |Zi +Z2 i =|2l I + lZ2 (d) |zi+Z2l>|Zi|+|22l
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
43. If the complex number z = x + iy satisfies the condition j 2 +11 = 1, then 2 lies on
oww
(a) .r-axis (b) circle with centre (-1,0) and radius 1
(c) y-axis (d) none of these [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
44. sinx + icos2A: and cos X “j sin 2z are conjugate to each other for
1
(a) x=nn (b) x= n + — (c) 2 = 0 (d) No value of x
ee
2^2
FFrlo
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
r
1 -zsina
45. The real value of a for which the expression is purely real, is
rF
ee
1 + 2isina
(a) (« + l)^ (b) {2n + D^ (C) «7C (d) none of these

ouru
rF
where n eN. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
46. The value of (2 + 3) (2 + 3) is equivalent to
ffosor
os k
(a) |z+3|^ (b) |2-3| (c) 2^ + 3 (d) none of thnse
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ook
Yo
Y
47. If
n+n"
= 1, then n =
Bo
1-2
reeB
(a) 2m+ 1 (b) 4?tt (c) 2m (d) 4jn + l

oouY
wherem sN
ur
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ad
48. The vector represented by the complex number 2-2 is rotated about the origin through an
dY
angle ^ in the clockwise direction, the new position of point is

nidn
Re
(a) 1+22 (b) -l-2i (c) 2 + 1 (d) -l+2z-

F
Fi
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
1 + 2COS0
49. The real value of 0 for which the expression is a real number, is
1 -22’cos0
(a) nn + — (b) + (c) 2nn± — (d) none of theses

’ 4 4 2
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
50. \zi +22I =|2i| + |z2j is possible if
(a) 22 =21 (b) 22=-
Zl
(c) arg(z;i)=arg(22) (d) |2i|=|22| [NCERT EXEMPLAR!

51. TheequationI 2 + 1 -2[ = |z-l + 2| represents a
(a) straigfit line (b) circle (c) parabola (d) hyperbola
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
52. The area of the triangle on the complex plane formed by the complex numbers 2, -12 and
2 +12 is
(a) |z|^ (b) |zt^ (c) (d) none of these
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (c)

9. (c) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (d)
17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (a) 21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (c)
ooww
25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (c) 31. (a) 32. (c)
33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (b)
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (c) 46. (a) 47. (b) 48. (b)
49. (c) 50. (c) 51. (a) 52. (c)
e
ere
SUMMARY
rFl
Fre
1. is an imaginary quantity and is denoted by i which has the following properties:
■1 ±k
rrF
.●+ n
i = -1, = -i, - 1 and, i i ,neN
where k is the remainder when n is denoted by 4. sffoo

ouur
2. For any positive real number a, yp^ = i 4a.
kosk
3. For any two real numbers a and b, we have
4ab, if at least one of a and b is positive
Yo
4a 4b =
oo
- 4^, if a <0,b <0.

Y
BB
4. Iffl, are real numbers, then a number2 = a + is called a complex number, real number a
rre
is known as the real part of z and b is known as its imaginary part. We write fl = Re (2),
b =lm(2).
ouu
Y
ad
A complex number z is purely real iff Im (z) = 0 and 2 is purely imaginary iff Re (2) = 0
dY
5. For any two complex numbers Zj = ai+ ib^ and Z2 = a2 + *^2 ' define
Addition: 2^+22 = (flj + ^2) + ^ (^1 ^2)
innd
Re
Subtraction: z-[ -22 = (flj - ^2) + ^ (^1 -^2)

Fi
Multiplication: Zj Z2 = ^2 “^1 ^2) ^ (^1 ^2 "*■ ^2 ^l)

F
Reciprocal: — = -i
2 u 2
2l a a
1 1
1
32 h rtl ^2 ^2 , ^2 ^2
Division: — =Zj — ={ai+ib-^) 2 +b-
u 2
-i
2 2 2 . u 2
+1
2 .2
^2 a
2+^2 a
2 ■'■^2 a
2+^2
Addition is commutative and associative. Complex number 0 = 0 + /O is the identity
element for addition and every complex number 2 = a + ib has its additive inverse
-2 = -a-ib.
Multiplication is also commutative and associative. Complex number 1 =1 + 0/ is the

identity element for multiplication. Every non-zero complex number z = a + ib has its
a -ib z
multiplicative inverse 1/z (also known as reciprocal of 2) such that - = .
2 a"‘-+b^
6. The conjugate of a complex number z = a + ib is denoted by z and is equal to a - ib.

For any three complex numbers z, z^,Z2, we have
(i) (2) =2 (ii) z + z= 2Re{z)
(iii) 2 - z = 2 / 7m (2) (iv) 2 = 2 o z is purely real
(v) 2 + 2 = 0 0 2 is purely imaginary (vi) zz = {Re (z)l^ + {lm(z)}^ =\^\^
(vii) Zi ±Z2=Zi±Z2 (viii) Zj Z2 - Zj Z2
(ix) = ?1-,22^0
122 22
7. The modulus of a complex number z== a + ib is denoted by | z | and is defined as

1 z! = +b^ = -^{Re(z)l^ + {Im(z)P
w
If z, Zi, Z2 are three complex numbers, then
Flo
(i) 121 = 0 o z = 0 i.e. Re (z) = Im (z) = 0 (ii) \z\=\z\=\-z\
(iii) ~|z| <Re(z) <[z|; -| z| <Im (z) <j z| (iv) 22 =|z|^
reeee
H-1
(v) |Im(z”)l <nilm(z)||2| (vi) I Re (z) I +1 Im (z) I < V2 12 [
FFr
8. A complex number 2 = x + iy can be represented by a point P {x, y) (see Fig. 13.8) on the
plane which is known as the Argand or Gaussian or Complex plane. The length of the line
for
segment OP is caDed the modulus of z and is denoted by 121.
ur
P(x,y)
kkss
Yo
oo
6
<■ >
eB
X' O Mx
r
vy
ou
ad
Fig.12.8
YY
Clearly, |z| = ^x^ + y^ = ^{Re(2)}^ + {Im(2)}^

ndd
The angle 9 which OP makes with the positive direction of x-axis in anti-clockwise sense is
Re
called Ae argument or amplitude of z and is denoted by arg (z) or amp (z).

Fi
Im (2)
Clearly, tan 9 =
Re (2)
Let OP = r and ZXOP = 9. Then, x = r cos 9 and y = r sin 0
z = x + iy = r (cos 0 -1- i sin 0)
This is known as the polar form of complex number z. The Euler’s notations are
c*' ® = cos 0 ± i sin 0
2 = r (cos 0 -i-1 sin 0)
or, 2 = re* which is known as the Eulerian form of 2.
CHAPTER 13
w
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
13.1 INTRODUCTION
e
In earlier classes, we have studied about quadratic equations with real coefficients and real roots
re
row
only. In this chapter, we shall study about quadratic equations with real coefficients and
complex roots. We shall also discuss quadratic equations with complex coefficients and their
eeF
solutions in the complex number system. But, let us first recall some definitions and results.
ullo
FF
13.2 SOME USEFUL DEFINITIONS AND RESULTS
REAL POLYNOMIAL Let Aq, a2>..., a„ be real numbers and x is a real variable. Then,
srr
f (x) = aQ + X + U2 X +... + a,j is called a real polynomial of real variable x with real coefficients.
roF
k
For example, - 4x + 3, 2x^ - 6x^ + Ux -5 etc. are real polynomials.
uor
ofof
COMPLEX POLYNOMIAL If Uq, a-^, a2,..., Oj, are complex numbers and x is varying complex
number, then f{x) = Uq + a^ x + a2 x^ +.. . + a, xf is called a complex polynomial or a polynomial of
Y
kos
complex variable with complex coefficients.

Yo
B oo
For example, 2x^-{3+7i)x + (9i~ 3) , x^ -5/ x^ + (1 - 2() X + (3 + 40 etc are complex polynomials,
rY
eerB
DEGREEOF A POLYNOMIAL A polynomial f (x) - a^ + a-^ x-¥ U2 x^ + ... + x”, real or complex, is
a polynomial of degreen, if a„ 0.
u
The polynomials 2x^ -7x^ +x + 5, (3-2S) x^-i x+ 5 are polynomials of degree 3 and 2
ou
d
o
ad
respectively.
nY
A polynomial of second degree is generally called a quadratic polynomial and polynomials of

degree 3 and 4 are known as cubic and biquadratic polynomials.
nid
Re
POLYNOMIAL EQUATION /// (at) is a polynomial, then f(x)=0 is called a polynomial equation.
F
Fi
Iff (j:) is a quadratic polynomial, then f {x) =0 is called a quadratic equation. The general form
of a quadratic equation isax^ +bx + c = 0, aÔ.
Here, x is the variable and a,b, c are called coefficients real or imaginary.
ROOTS OF AN EQUATION The values of the variable satisfying a given equation are called its roots.
Thus, X =
a, is a root of the equation/ (x) = 0, iff (a) = 0.
For example, x = 1 is a root of the equation - 6x^ + llx-6 = 0, because
1^-6x12+11x1-6 = 1-6 + 11-6 = 0
Similarly, x = co and x = co^ gj-g roots of the equation x^ + x +1 = 0 as they satisfy it.
SOLUTION SET The set of all roots of an equation, in a given domain, is called the solution set of the
equation.
For example, the set {1, 2, 3} is the solution set of the equation x^ - 6x^ + Ux -6=0.
Solving an equation means finding its solution set. In other words, solving an equation is the
process of obtaining its all roots.
MATHEMATICS‘XI
13.2
IDENTITY An expression involving equality and a variable is called an identity, if it is satisfied by every
value of the variable.
For example, - 9 = (:r - 3) (x + 3) is an identity as
it is satisfied by every value of x.
and, (x-fl) (ar-b) ^ (x -b){x- c) ^ (x - c) (x - a) ^ ^ ^ identity as it holds good
{c-a){c-b) {a-b){a-c) {b-c){b-a)
for all values of x.
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ALGEBRA Every polynomial equation f{x) = 0 has at least one root,
real or imaginary (complex).
Thus, x^ - 3x^ + 2x^ = X + 2 = 0 has at least one root. But, / (x) = Vx + 3 = 0 has no root as this
equation is not a polynomial equation. Fundamental theorem does not apply on this equation.
ww
The fundamental theorem guarantees for one root of a polynomial equation. The following
theorem states about the exact number of roots of a polynomial equation.
THEOREM Every polynomial equation / (x) = 0 of degree n has exactly n roots real or imaginary.
13.3 QUADRATIC EQUATION
FF loo
ree
The generalformof a quadratic equation is£ix^ + bx + c = 0, a ^ 0 where fl, b, care numbers (real
or complex) and x is a variable.
The following theorem suggests about the number of roots of a quadratic equation.
reFe
oroFr
r ur
THEOREM A quadratic equation cannot have more than two roots.
PROOF If possible, let a. p, y be three distinct roots of the quadratic equation ax'^ +bx + c = 0,
s ff
where a,b,c^Randa^ 0. Then, each one of a, p, y will satisfy this equation.
k
YYouo
+ba + c - 0 -(i)
koso
a a
...(ii)
flp^+i)p + c = 0
BBoo
ay +by + c = 0 ...(iii)
r ee
and.
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we obtain

ad
a{a^ -p^) +1? (a -p) = 0

ouur
Yo
=?> (a-p)|fl(a+p)+lJl=0 => fl(a + p)+l7=0 [v a and p are distincta - p 0] ...(iv)

Subtracting (iii) from (ii), we obtain
d
Re
fl(p^-Y^)+&(p-Y) = 0
idnY
●●●(V)
=> (p-y)[fl(p + Y)+b| =0 => fl(p + y)+l» = 0 [v p and Y are distinct.-. p-7^0]
FFin
Subtracting (v) from (iv), we get : fl (a - y) = 0. But, this is not possible, because a and y are
distinct and aÔ. So, their product cannot be zero. Thus, the assumption that a quadratic
equation has three distinct real roots is wrong. Hence, a quadratic equation cannot have
more
than 2 roots.
Q.E.D.
REMARK It follows from the above theorem that if a quadratic equation is satisfied by more than two
values ofx, then it is satisfied by every value of x and so it is an identity.
13.4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH REAL COEFFICIENTS
In earlier classes, we have solved quadratic equations with real coefficients
and real roots either
by factorization or by using Sridharacharya's formula. In this section, we shall mainly
concentrate on quadratic equations with real coefficients and complex roots.
Consider the quadratic equation ax^ +hx + c = 0
wherea,b, c eR and fl 0.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 13.3
Multiplying both sides of (i) by a, we obtain

a X + abx + ac = 0 => a 2 X 2 + abx
r,
+— = ac
4 4
- 4flc b -Aac
ax + => flX +
2) 4 2 2
-Aac
b±^ -Aac b±^ -Aac
w
ax => ax => X
2 2 2 2a
Thus, the quadratic equation ax^ ->r hxc = 0, where a,b,ceR and a 0 has two roots, say
a and p, given by
roow
e
- Aac
re
Aac
a
and p =
2a 2a
reF
Now, if we look at the expressions for these roots, we observe that the nature of these roots
uFFll
depend upon the value of the expressions b^ - Aac. This expression is generally denoted by D
e
and is known as the discriminant of tlie quadratic equation (i). We also observe the following
sFr
results:
foro
uor
RESULT I Ifb^-Aac ~ Oi.e.D = 0,then a = p=-—.
2a
fk
okso
Thus, ifb - Aac = 0, the?i the quadratic equation has real and equal roots each equal to -b/2a.
Y
Yo
oo
BB
RESULT II If a, b, care rational numbers and b^ - Aac is positive and a perfect square, then -Aac
is a rational number and hence a and p are rational and unequal.

rYree
Thus, if a, &, c e Q and - Aac is positive and a perfect square, then roots are rational and unequal. If
ouu
a,b,c eR andb^ - Aac is positive and a perfect square, then roots are real and distinct.
ad
Ydo
2
RESULTIII Ifb -Aac >0i.e.D > Obut it is not a perfect square, then roots are irrational and unequal.
nidn
REMARK If a, b, c eQ and b^ - Aac is positive but not a perfect square, then roots are irrational and
Re
they always occur in conjugate pair like 2 + -Js and 2 ~ V3. However, if a, b, c are irrational numbers
F
Fi
and b - Aac is positive but not a perfect square, then the roots may not occur in cofijugate pairs. For
example, the roots of the equation - (5 + Vz) X + 5V2 =0 are 5 and V2 which do not form a conjugate
pair.
RESULT IV If b^- Aac < 0 i.e. D < 0, then Aac -b^ >0 and so the roots are imaginary and are given by
a
-b + i Âac-b^ and p =
-b-i-Âac-b^
2a 2a
Clearly, a and p are complex conjugate of each other i.e. a = p a = p.

^fb^ - < 0, then the roots are complex conjugate of each other. In fact, complex roots of an
equation with real co^cients always occur in conjugate pairs like 2 + Siand 2 - 3i. However, this may
not be true in case of equations with complex coefficients. For example, x^ -2ix-l=0 has both roots
equal to i.
MATHEMATICS-XI
13.4
EXAMPLE 1 Solve the equation + 9=0 by factorization method.

SOLUTION We have,
4x^+9 = 0
4x^ - 9p- = 0
{2xf-{3i)'^ = 0
oww
3 . 3 .
{2x + 30 {2x - 30 = 0 => 2x+3i = 0 or, 2a: - 3i = 0 =;> a: = --i, or, x = —i
2
3 . , 3 .
Hence, the roots of the given equation are —
- t and — i.
2
e
FFrlo
re
EXAMPLE 2 Solve the equation x^ -4x + 13=0by factorization method.
ree
F
SOLUTION We have,
rF
x^ -4x + 13 = 0
fsoor
ouur
x^~4x+4 + 9 = 0
skf
(X - 2)2 + 9 = 0
ooko
(x-2)2-9)2 = 0
Yo
Y
(x-2)2-(3'))2 = 0=> {(x-2)-3i]{(x-2) + 3i} = 0 => (x-2 - 3)) (x - 2 + 30 = 0

Bo
reB
x-2-3) =0, or X-2+ 3) = 0 => x = 2 + 3i, or x = 2 - 3i

Hence, the roots of the given equation are 2 + 3) and 2 - 3i.
EXAMPLE 3 Solve the equation 9x^ - 12x + 20 = 0 by factorization method only.
uur
oY
ad
SOLUTION We have,
dY
9x2-12x + 20 = 0
=> 9x2 _i2x + 4 + 16 = 0
innd
Re
=> (3x-2)2+16 = 0
Fi
F
=> (3x-2)2-16)2 =0
((3x - 2) + 4i) {(3x - 2) - 4i} - 0 => (3x - 2 + 40 (3x - 2 - 40 = 0
2 4 . 2 4 .
3x-2 + 4) = 0, or 3x-2-4)=0 => 3x = 2-4f,or 3x = 2 + 4i => x=---iorx = —+
3
—)
3
2 4 . ,2 4 .
Hence, the roots of the given equation are —
o
- —)
o
and —o + — I.
3
EXAMPLE 4 Solve the quadratic equation 2x2 _ 4^; + 3 ~ o by using the general expressions for the
roots of a quadratic equation.
SOLUTION Comparing the given equation with the general form ax + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 2, b = - 4 and c = 3
Substituting the values of <?, b, c in a =

b + -^b2 - 4flc and P =
b - 4flc
-, we get
2a 2a
4 + ^16 - 24 4-^16-24
a
4
and, p =
4
4 + V^ 4-V=8
a
4
and, p -
4
4 + 2V2j 4 - 2V2/
a
4
and, p =
4
=> a = 1 4-
V2
t i and, p = 1 - 4=
42
^
1 1 .
Hence, the roots of the given equation are 1 + i and 1 - i.
4i 42
EXAMPLE 5 Solve the ecfuation 25:r^ — 30;r +11 = 0 fey using the general expression for the roots of a
quadratic equation.
ww
SOLUTION Comparing the given equation with the general form of the quadratic equation
+&x + c = 0,weget:fl = 25,lJ=-30 and c=ll.
_-b + ^ -âc b-^ -4flc ●, we get
Flo
Substituting these values in and P =
e
a
2a 2a
eree
30 + .y900-1100 30-^^-1100
a =
and, p =
FFr
50 50
30 + 7^200 30-^[2^
uurr
a =
and, p =
50 50
orr
sfo
30 + 10zV2 3O-IO1V2 3 42 .
a =
and, p = - + —iand,p = --- i
50 50 5 5 ^ 55
kks
Yoo
3
Hence, the roots of the given equation are — ± — I.’
oooo
5 5
eBB
EXERCISE 13.1
BASIC
urr
Solve the following quadratic equations by factorization method only (1-5):

ad
1. +1 = 0 2. 9x^ + 4 = 0 3. + 2a: + 5 = 0
YYo
4. 4x^-12x4-25 = 0 5. x^ + x4-l=0 INCERT]

dd
Solve the following quadratics (6-18):

Re
inn
6. 4x^ 4-1 =0 7. x^ - 4x 7 = 0
8. x^ 4- 2x 4- 2 = 0
F
9. 5x^ - 6x 4- 2 = 0
10. 21x^ +9x4-1 = 0 11. x^ -X4-1 = 0
12. X^ -H X 4-1 = 0 INCERT] 13. 17x^ -8x4-1 = 0
14. 27x^ -lOx-Fl = 0 [NCERT] 15. 17x^ 4- 28x -H 12 = 0
16. 21x^ -28x4-10 = 0 [NCERT] 17. 8x^ - 9x 4- 3 = 0
18. 13x^ 4-7X-F1 = 0 19. 2x^ + x + l=0
20. 43x^-42x + 3 43 = 0 [NCERT] 21. 42x^ + x + 42=0 [NCERT]
1
22. x^ 4- X 4- = 0 [NCERT] 23. x^ + -L + i=o [NCERT]
42 42
24. 4Sx^ 4- X 4- ^/5 = 0 [NCERT] 25. -x^-fx-2 = 0 [NCERT]
26. x^-2x4--^ = 0 [NCERT]
')
27. 3x^-4x4- —= 0
20
[NCERT]
2 3
MATHEMATICS-XI
13.6
ANSWERS
-2 .
1. i,-I 2.î,
3 3
I 3. -1 +2/,-l-2i
1 .VI
4. 12 + 2i', -2 - 2i S. -
2
+ i
2 ' 2 2
6. -I,
2 2
i
7. 2±VIr 8. -1±/
5 5
10.
- 3 . IVI
±
12. - l+tH
42 2 2 2 2
14
ooww
4 1 . -14 . 2V2 .
13. ± — I 14. i 15. ±
27 27 17 17
17 17
. . 2 . Vl4 . 9 . Vl5 I . 18.
-7 , VI .
16. -± 17. — ±
3 21 16 16 26 26
e
-1 ± V7/ V2±Vl4i -l±V7i
re
19. 20. 21.
4 2VI 2V2
rFFl
ree
F
22.
-i±^ i4i-u 23.
-l±V7i 24.
-1± Vl9i
2V5
rF
2 2V2
-1±V7/ fsfoor 26. 1 ± 4= i
2
27. - ± - z
4 .
ouur
25.
-2 V2 3 3
kosk
H/Wrs 7*0 SELECTED PROBLEMS
Yo
oo
5. We have, + x +1 = 0
Y
BB
1 \2 ^1 + 1 = 0 =>
^ f a: + -
1^ 3
+ - = 0
+ 2{x) - +
2} "I2,
rre
\2) 2J 4
x2
1^2
oYuu
3 .-2 VI.
= 0
ad
X + — — I s= 0 => x + - i
2) 4 2) 2
dY
1 VI.
\(
1 VI. 1+VI/Y X l-VIr = 0
X + - + — j X + — = 0 => X + +
2
innd
2
2 2 2 2 ;
Re
y \
1 + VI/ 1 -VI/ 1+/VI -1+ /VI

Fi
F
X + = 0 or, x + = 0 => X = - or, X =

2 2 2 2
12. We have, x^ + X +1 = 0 Comparing the given equation with the general form
ax^ +bx + c = 0, we get: a = I, b =1 and c = 1.
-b + -4ac
and p =
b --Jb^ -4flc -, we get
Substituting the values of fl, ef, c in a = 2a 2<7
—1 + 'IVI -1 -/VI
a and P = => a and P =
2 2 2 2
14. We have, 27x^-10x + l = 0 Comparing this equation with flx^ +&x + c = 0, we get:
a = 27, b = -10, c -■= 1. Substituting the values of fl, b, c in
-Aac -Aâc
a and p = we get
2a 2a
10+ 7100-108 10-.^100-108

a
and p =
54 54
_ 10 + ^ and p =
10-V^ 5+1V2 5-fV2
a
54 54
=> a andp =
27 27
16. The given equation is 21x^ - 28a: +10 = 0. Comparing this equation with ax^ +bx + c = 0,
we get: a = 21, b = -28, c = 10. Substituting these values in
a
b+^j^ -Aac and p =
-4flc
V we obtain
2a 2a
__ 28 + - 840 28 - .^784 - 840
ww
a
andp =
42 42
a
_ 28 + ^pi6 and p =
28 2 iVl4 2 iVT4
42
=> a 1 and 3 = —
42 3 21 3 21
Flo
20. The
given equation is ^fSx^ - V2x + 3-j3 = 0. Comparing this equation
e
with
eree
ax^ +bx + c = 0, we get: = ●J3, b = - c = 3V3. Substituting these values in
b + ^ - 4ac
FFr
-4ac
a
and p = , we obtain
uurr
2a 2a
V2+^/2^^ 72-^2^^ orr

42+i4u V2-i'VM
sfo
a
and p - => a and p =
2V3 2V3 248 2V3
21. The given equation is 42x^ + x + 42 =0. Comparing this equation withav^ +
kks
+ c = 0, we
Yoo
oooo
get: a = 42, h =l,c = 42. Substituting these values i m
b-.-p -4ac V we obtain

eBB
b + - 4ac
a
andp =
2a 2a
1+yr^ i-yr^ -1 +/V7 -l-i47

urr
a
and p = => a
and p =
242 2V2 242 2V2
ad
YYo
22. The given equation is + a: + = 0. Comparing this equation with ax^ +bx+ c = 0, we
dd
getfl = l,b = l,c = ^ . Substituting these values in

Re
inn
42
b + Jb^ -4ac b-^b^ -4ac V we obtain
F
a =
and p =
2a 2a
I+V1-2V2 -I-V1-2V2 ●1+iV 2V2-1 1-fV 2V2-1

a =
and p = a =
and p =
2 2 2 2
23. The given equation is x^ + ^ + 1=0. Comparing this equation with ax^ +bx + c = 0 ', we
get: a = l,b ~ ^ and c = 1. Substituting these values in

42
a
b + ^-p ~4ac and p =
b-^j^ -4ac , we obtain
2a 2a
--^
42 + ,1-4
1
u 42 2 -1+ IV7 -1 -i4f
a
and p - => a and p =
2 2 2V2 2V2
13.8
MATHEMATICS-XI
24. The given equation is VSx^ + x + Vs = 0. Comparing this equation with ax^ +bx + c, we get
a = Vs, b = 1 and c = VS. Substituting these values in
a
-b + ■Jb^ -4flc andp =
-b-'yjb^ -4flc V we obtain
2a 2a
1-yr^ -1 + fVl9 -l-iVl9

and p = => a andp =
a
2VS 2VS 2VS 2VS
A
25. The given equation is — + x — 2 = 0. Comparing this equation with ax +bx + c, we get.
-\,b=l and c = - 2.Substituting these values in
ooww
a =
a
~b + ^ - 4ac andp =
-6 -yjb'^ -4ac ■, we obtain
2a 2a
a and p =
e
-2 -2
re
-1 -jV7
i-i'Vândp = -12 .V7
rFFl
ree
a and p = => a - + j —
F
-2 -2 2 2 2
rF
3 2
26. The given equation is - 2x + ^ = 0. Comparing this equation with ax +bx+c= 0, we

fsfoor
ouur
get: fl = 1, cf = - 2 and c = 3/2. Substituting these values in
b + -Jb^ -4ac -b--\jb^ ~4ac , we obtain
kosk
a andp =
2a 2a
Yo
oo
2 + 44^ 2-4^ i
Y
i
and p = =5> a = 1 + and P = 1 -
BB
a
2 2 V2 V2
rre
27. The given equation is 3x^ - 4x + —3 = 0. Com,paring this equation with ax +bx + c = 0,-we
oYuu
20
get: a = 3, & = - 4 and c =—. Substituting these values in
ad
3
dY
a =
-b + ^Jb^-4ac and P =
■b-yjb^-4ac ; we obtain
innd
2a 2a
Re
4+VI6-8O 4-VI6-8O 4 + 8/ 2 4. 4-8/ 2 4.

— = — + —I and p = 1
Fi
and p = => a =
F
a =
6 6 6 3 3 6 3 3
13.5 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH COMPLEX COEFFICIENTS

Consider the quadratic equation ax +bx + c = 0 -(i)
where a, b, c are complex numbers and aÔ.

Proceeding as in section 13.4, we obtain that the roots of equation (i) are given by
a =
-b + -Jb^ - 4ac and, p =
b-■yjb^ -4ac
2a 2a
These roots are complex as a, b,c are complex numbers.

Since the order relation is not defined in case of complex numbers. Therefore, we carmot assign
positive or negative sign to the discriminant D — 4r?c. However, equation (i) has complex
roots which are equal, HD = b^ — 4ac = 0 and unequal roots HD = b^ — 4ac ^ 0.
REMARK In case of quadratic equations with real coefficients imaginary (complex) roots always occur in
conjugate pairs. However, it is not true for quadratic equations with cojuplex coefficients. For example, the
n ^
equation 4x - Aix -1=0 has both roots equal to — i.

EXAMPLE 1
Solve the following quadratic equations by factorization method:
(i) x^ -5ix~6=0 (ii) x^ +Aix-4 = 0
SOLUTION (i) The given equation is
x^ -Six-6 = 0
ww
x^ - Six + 6i^ = 0
FF loo
=5* x^ - Six - 2ix + 6/^ = 0
=> x(x-3i)-2i{x-3i) = 0
ree
=> (x - 3i) (x - 2i) = 0 ^ X - 3i = 0, X - 2i = 0 => X = 3i, X = 2i
Hence, the roots of the given equation are 3i and 2i.
reFe
(ii) Given equation is
oroFr
r ur
x^ + 4ix-4 = 0 => x^ + 4ix + 4^ = 0 => (a: + 2/)^ = 0
s ff
x + 2i = 0 (twice) => x - -2i,- 2/
Hence, both the roots of the equation are equal to - 2i.
k
YYouo
okso
EXAMPLE 2
Solve the following equations by factorization method
(i) x^ -f2ix +12 = 0 (ii) 3x^ + 7ix + 6 = 0 (iii) x^ -(3V2 + 2i) x + 6V^'
BBoo
= 0
r ee

-V2/X + 12 = 0
ad
ouur
=> x^-3-j2ix + 2îx-l2i^ = 0

Yo
=> x(x-34^ + 2^{x-3ff2S) = 0

d
Re
^ {X-3J2 0 (x + 2V2 0 =0
idnY
^ X- 3 = 0 or, X + 2V2 z = 0 ^ X = 3V2 i or, x = - 2V2 i

FFin
Hence, the roots of the given equation are - 2V2 i and 3^^2 i.
(ii) 3x^ +7 ix+6 = 0
3x^ + 9/x - 2ix - 6i^ = 0
3x (x + 3i) - 2i (x + 3i) = 0
2 .
(x + 3i) (3x - 2f) = 0 => X + 3f = 0 or, 3x - 2/ = 0 => x = 3/ or, X = —
3
2
Hence, the roots of the given equation are - 3z and — i.
(iii) x^-(3V2 + 2i)x + 6V2i = 0

(x^-3V2x)-(2ix-6V^) = 0
x(x-3V2)-2/(x-3V2) = 0
=> (x - 2i) {x - 3V2) = 0 => X - 2i = 0, X - 3V2 = 0 => ;c = 2i or, 3V2

Hence, the roots of the given equation are 2i and 3-j2.
EXAMPLES Solve the following quadratic equations by using the general expressions for the roots of a
quadratic equation:
(i) x^-(3V2-20x-6V2i = 0 (ii) 2x^ + 3i X + 2 = 0
SOLUTION (i) On comparing the given equation with the general equation ax +bx + c = 0, we
get: a=l,b = -{3'j2-2i) and c = -6-j2i. Substituting the values ofa,b, cin
■b + ^b'^ -4âc
a =
-b-J^-4ac we obtain
and p =
2a 2a
ww
a
_ (3V2 - 2i) + -J(3V2 - 2i)^ + 24V2i V and p =
(3V2 - 2Q - 3V2 - 2if + 2^
2 2
_ (3V2-2Q +-^(372 + 20^ (3V2-2i)--^13V2+2Q^
Flo
a and p =
e
2 2
eree
3V2 - 2i + 3V2 + 2i (3V2-20-(3V2+20
a and p =
2 2
FFr
a= 3V2, p = - 2/
uurr
Hence, the roots of the given equation are 3>/2 and - 2i.
orr
sfo
(ii) On comparing the given equation with the general equation ax +bx + c = 0, we get
a = 2, b = 3i and c = 2. Substituting these values ofa,b, cin
kks
Yoo
b-^jb^ -4ac V we get

oooo
-b + -4ac
a and p -
2a 2a
eBB
a
-3i + ^9i^ -16 and P =
-3f- -16
4 4
urr
3i + yf^ 3i-^P^
ad
a and p =
YYo
4 4
- 3i -f 5i -3i-5f
a and p = => a — and p = -2/
dd
4 4 2
Re
inn
Hence, the roots of the given equation are ^ and - 2i.

F
EXAMPLE4 Solve: 2x^-{3+ 7i) X-{3 ~9i) = 0.

SOLUTION On comparing the given equation with the general form ax + &x + c = 0,
we obtain a = 2,b =-(3 + 7i), c = -{3 -9i).Substituting the values of a, b,c in
a -
-b + ^ - 4ac and P =
b-^ -4ac ●, we get
2a 2a
a
(3 + 70+7(3+70^+8(3-90 and, p =
(3 + 70-7(34-70^+8(3-^
4 4
a
_ (3 + 70 + V9 - 49 + 42i + 24 -727 and, p -
(3 + 70 - V9 -49 + 42i + 24 - 72i'
4 4
3 + 7z + ^-16-30/ and, p =
3+ 7/-^-16-30/
a
-(i)
4 4
Let us now find ^-16 - 30 i. Let a + ib - ^-16 - 30i. Then,

+ 16 - 30/
+ = -16-30/
= -16 ...(ii) and, lab = - 30 ...(iii)

= {a^ -&^)^ + 4
(fl^ + b^f = 256 + 900 = 1156 +b^ = 3^
Now, -b^ = -16 andfl^ = 34 => = 9 andb^ = 25 => a = ± 3 andb = ±5
From (iii), we find that a and b are of opposite signs.
w
a = 3 and& = -5 or, a = - 3 andb = 5.
Hence, -J-16 - 30/ =a + ib = 3 - 5/ or, - 3 + 5/. Substituting either of these values in (i), we get
Flo
(3+ 70+(3-5/) (3+7i)-(3-5/) 3 1
a
and, p = ^ a = — + — / and, 3 = 3/
e
4 4 2 2 ^
rree
3 1
Hence, the roots of the given equation are — + — / and 3/
r FF
EXAMPLES Solve: -{7-i)x + {18-i)=0overC.
uurr
SOLUTION Comparing the given equation with the general
for
form ax"^ +bx + c = Q, we get
a=l,b =-{7 -i) and c = 18 - /. Substituting these values in
kss
_ -b + J^ -4flc b-^ -Aac ●, we get

ooook
a and. P =
Yo
2a 2a
(7-0+ ^(7-0^-4(18-0 (7-0-J(7-0^-4(18-0

eB
a
, P =
2 2
(7-0+^-24-10/ (7-0-V-24-1O/
urr
a
P = ...(i)
ad
2 2
Yo
Let us now find ^-2A -10/. Let, a + ib = .^-24 -10/. Then,

dY
{a + ibf =-2A-10i
(<?^-&^) + 2/ijb=-24-10/
Re
innd
2 =-24 ...(ii) and. 2/?&=-10 ...(iii)

Fi
(fl^ + &^)^ = (fl^ - f»^)^ + 4 £I^

(fl2 + /,2j2 ^ jQQ ^ ^ ^2 ^2 ^26 ...(iv)
Solving (ii) and (iv), we get a=±l andb = ±5. From (iii), we find that ab is negative.
a = l,b = -5 or, a = -l,b = 5 ^ a + ij = 1 -5i or, -1+5/
Hence, ^-24 -10/ =</ + /& = + (1 - 50
Substituting either of these values in (i), we get
7 -/ + ! -5/ (7-0-(1-50
a
= 4-3/ and p = = 3 + 2/
2 2
Hence, the roots of the given equation are 4 - 3/ and 3 + 2/'.

EXAMPLE 6
Find the value of P such that the difference of the roots of the equation - Px + 8 = 0
is 2. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let a, p be the roots of the equation x'^-Px + S = 0. Then, a + p = P and ap = 8.

It is given that
a-p = 2 (a-p)^ =2^ => (a + p)^ -4ap = 4 =i> P^-4x8=4=^ p^=36=> P=±6.
EXAMPLE 7 Find the real value of a such that the sum of the squares of the roots of the equation
X ^ -(h - 2) X - (fl +1) ~ 0 is least.
SOLUTION Leta,pbe the roots of the equation x^-(fl-2) x-(fl + l) =0.Then,
a + p = fl - 2 and ap = - (a +1)
a^+p^ =(a + p)^-2aP=(fl-2)^ + 2{a + l)=fl^-2fl + 6=(fl-l)^+5
ooww
Now,(fl-l)^ >Oforallrealvaluesoffl => (a-1)^+5 >5foralii? eP. => +p^ >5forallfl eP.
Thus, the least value of a^ + p^ is 5.
Now,a^+P^=5 => (fl-l)^+5=5 => (fl-l)^=0 ^ a=l.
e
Hence, the sum of the squares of the roots is least when a=l.
ere
EXERCISE 13.2
rFl
Fre
1. Solving the following quadratic equations by factorization method:
rrF
(i) + lOix - 21 = 0 (ii) + (1 - 2i) X - 2/ = 0
(iii) x^ -(2V3 + 30 X + 6VSf = 0 sffoo (iv) 6x^
ouur
171X-12 = 0
2. Solve the following quadratic equations:

kosk
(i) x^-(3V2+20x+6V2i = 0 (ii) x^-(5-0 X + (18+0 =0
Yo
(iv) x^-(2 + Ox-(l-70 = 0

oo
(iii) (2 + 0 -(5-i)x + l (1 -0=0

Y
BB
(v) i x^ - 4x - 41 = 0 (vi) x^ + 41x - 4 = 0

rre
(vii) 2x^ + Vl5 ix -1 = 0 INCERT] (viii) x^ - X + (1 + 0 = 0

(x) x^-(3V2-20x-V21 = 0
ouu
(ix) ix^ - X +121 = 0 [NCERT]

Y
ad
(xi) x^ - (V2 + 0 ^ + V21 = 0 [NCERT] (xii) 2x^-(3 + 70x + (91-3)=0

dY
ANSWERS
innd
Re
,.,3.4.
1. (i) -31,-71 (ii) -L 21 (iii) 2V3, 31 (iv) — I, — I
Fi
F
2 3
4 2
2. (i) 3V2, 21 (ii) 3-41,2+31 (iii) 1 (iv) 3 -1, -1 + 21
l+(4-Vi5)l -1-(VI5+4)1
(v) -21,-21 (Vi) -21,-21 (vii)
4 4
3V2-2I , 4-V2I
(viii) 1 -1,1 (ix) - 41, 31 (x)
2 2
(xi) V2,l (xii) , 31

2
2. (vii) The given equation is Ix'^+flEix-i = 0. Comparing this equation with the
fy
standard equation ax +bx + c = 0, we get: a = 2, b = V15I and c = -z.
Substituting these values in

~ Aac -4ac
a and, p = , we obtain
2a 2a
a
_ -Vl5i + .^-15 + 8f and, p =
Vl5/-^-15 + 8i -(i)
4 4
Let ^ 15 + 8/ = a + ib.Then,
-15 + 8i = (a + ib)^^ -15 + 8i = a^ -h^ ■¥ 2iab => a^ -h^ = -15 and 2ab = 8
{a^ +b^f ={a^ =(-15)^ + 64 = 289 => +fj^ =17
Solvingfl^-i>^ = -15andfl^+fc^ = 17, weobtain
w
a^ = \ and b^ = 16 =;> a = ± 1 and b = ±4
A
= l,b = 4 or A = -l,b = -4 [●.● a& = 4 > 0 a and b are of the same sign]
Flo
15 + 8/ = A + ib = 1 + 4i, -1 - 4i
e
Substituting either of these values in (i), we obtain
reee
i-i(Vl5 + 4)i,|5=i4 + i(-Vi5 + 4)l
FFr
a
4 4 4
(ix) The given equation is ix^ -A: + 12i = 0. Comparing this equation with the standard
for
ur
equation AX^ + hr + c = 0, wegetA = i, & = -1 and c = 12/. Substituting these values in
~b-^jh^ ~4ac
kkss
-b + ~4ac
a
and p = , we get
Yo
2a 2a
oo
_ i + ^T+ls and p =
i-^TTis
eB
a
2/ 2i
1+7 1-7 4 3
=> a and P = => a - and p = -—=>a = 0-4i and p = 3/
ur
2i 2i i j
ad
(xi) The given equation is -(V2 + 0 ^ + V2/ = 0. Comparing

YYo
tiiis equation with the

standard equation AX^+fcx + c = 0,wegetA = l,& = -(V2+0 and c = V2/.Substituting
these values in
d
Re
_ -b+^ -4ac b-^ ~4ac

in
a and p = — , we get
F
2a 2a
a
_ (V2+0+-J(V2+0^-4V2/ and p =
(t/2 + i) — -J{V2 +1)^ — 4V2 i
2 2
=> a
V2+/ + .y(V2~-0^ and p =
(V2+0-^(V2-if
2 2
V2+/+V2-1 (V2+0-(V2-0
a
2
and p =
2
=> a = V2 and P = i
1. If l-i is a root of the equation x^ +AX + & =0, where A,fc e R, then the values of a and b
are.
2. If the difference of the roots of the equation x^ - Px + 8 = 0 is 2, then P =

3. If the equation l:p- - b: + A: + 8= 0 has real and equal roots, then k=

4. The number of real roots of the equation a:'‘+5|x|+4 = 0is
5. If one root of the equation + px +12 = 0 is 4, then the sum of the roots is
6. If a, p are roots of the equation x^ + x + l=0, then the equation whose roots are and p^
IS,
7. The value of ^ + ^6 + ^ + to 00 is
8. If the equations px^ + 2qx + r = 0 and qx^ - 2^x + q = 0 have real roots, then q^ =
9. If the roots of the equation - 8:c + - 6fl = 0 are real, then 'a' lies in the interval
ww
10. If the equations +x +a-Q and x^-h ax + 1-0, a ^ 1, have a corrunon root, then a =
11, If the quadratic equation 2-v^ -(fl^ + 8<z-l) x+<7^-4fl = 0 possesses roots of opposite signs,
tlien a lies in the interval
Flo
ANSWERS
e
ree
1. a=-2,b=2 2. ±6 3. 9, -7 4. 0 5. 7 6. x‘^ + x + l=0
Fr
rF
7. -3 8. pr 9. [-2, 8] 10. -2 11. (0,4)
uurr
for
s
kks
question:
Yo
oooo
1. Write the number of real roots of the equation (:r-1)^ + (:c - 2)^ + (x - 3)^ = 0.
eB
2. If a and b are roots of the equation x^ -px + q = 0, then write the value of - + -.
3. Ifrootsa,poftheequation>:^-px + 16 = 0 satisfy the relation + p^ = 32, then write the
ur
ad
value of p.
YYo
4. If 2 + Vs is a root of the equahon x^ +px + q = 0, then write the values of p and q.

+ izx + 8 = 0is2, write the values of fl.
dd
5. If the difference between the roots of the equation

Re
in
6. Write the roots of the equation {a - b) x^ + {b - c) x + {c ~ a) = 0.

F
7. If a and b are roots of the equation - ;r +1 =0, then write the value of a^ + b^.
8. Write the number of quadratic equations, with real roots, which do not change by squaring
their roots.
9. If a,p are roots of the equation x^ + lx + m = 0, write an equation whose roots are
-iand-l.
a p
10. Ifa,parerootsoftheequationx^-fl(a: + l)-c = 0,thenwritetheva lueof(l + a)(1 + P).
ANSWERS
~a
P 5. ±8
1. No real root 2. — 3. ±8 4. p = -4, g = 1 6. 1,-
a -b
7. -1 8. 3 9. mx^ -lx + \ = 0 10. 1 -c


1. The complete set of values of k, for which the quadratic equation x'^~kx + k + 2 = 0 has
equal roots, consists of
(a) 2 +fu (b) 2±Vl2 (c) 2-VI2 (d) -2-V2
2. For the equation | a: | +1 a: | - 6 = 0, the sum of the real roots is
3. If a, b are the roots of the equation + x + \=Q, then a^ +h'^ =
ooww
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) -1 (d) 3
4. If a, p are roots of the equation 4: x'^ + 3 x+ 7 = 0, then 1/a + 1/p is equal to
(a) 7/3 (b) -7/3 (c) 3/7 (d) -3/7
5. The values of a: satisfying log 3 {x^ + 4 x + 12)
e
= 2 are
ree
rFl
(a) 2,-4 (b) 1,-3 (c) -1,3 (d) -1,-3
Fre
6. The number of real roots of the equation {x^ + 2x)^ ~{x +1)^ - 55 = 0 is
rrF
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c)4 (d) none of these
0, then —^
1
ouur
7. If a, p are the roots of the equation ax^ + bx +
sffoo c = +
aa +b a^ + b
(a) c/ab (b) a/bc (c) b/ac (d) none of these
okks
Yo
8. If a, p are the roots of the equation x^ + px + l = 0; y, 5 the roots of the equation

ooo
x^ +qx+ 1=0, then {a -y) (a + 6){p-y)(p + 6) =

eBB
(a) (b) _ g2 (c) + q^ (d) none of these

uurr
9. Tire number of real solutions of j 2 x - - 31 = 1 is

ad
YYo
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

10. The number of solutions of + I a: -1 I = 1 is
dd
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)2 (d) 3

Re
iinn
X 2-:r + l
11. If X is real and k = — , then
F
2
X + X + l
(a) ke[l/3, 3] (b) k> 3 (c) ;t<l/3 (d) none of these

12. If the roots of -bx + c = 0 are two consecutive integers, then b^ -4 cis
13. Thevalueof a suchthatA:^ -11 a: + <? = Oand a:^ -14 x + 2a = 0 may have a common root is
(a) 0 (b) 12 (c) 24 (d) 32.
14. The values of k for which the quadratic equation kx^ +1 = kx + 3 x-11 x^ has real and equal
roots are
(a) -11,-3, (b) 5,7 (c) 5,-7 (d) none of these

15. If the equations x^ + 2 x + 3 k = 0 and 2a:'^ + 3a: + 5A. = 0 have a non-zero common roots,
then X. =
13.16 MATHEMATICS‘XI

16. If one root of the equation + px +12 = 0 is 4, while the equation + po: + = 0 has equal
roots, the value of g is
(a) 49/4 (b) 4/49 (c) 4 (d) none of these
17. The value of p and Cf(p ^ 0, cj 0) for which p, q are the roots of the equation
+ px + q ab = 0 are
(a) p = l,q = -2 (b) p = -hq = -2
(c) p = -l,g = 2 (d) p = l,q = 2
18. The set of all values of m for which both the roots of the equation x^-{m + l)x + m + 4 = 0
are real and negative, is
ww
(a) (-CO,-3]u[5,co) (b) [- 3,5]
(c) (-4,-3] (d) (- 3,-1]
(x + 2) {x-5) x-2 .
Floo
19. The number of roots of the equation is
(;r-3)(;r + 6) x + 4
(d) 3
e
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2
eere
■7 1 1 .
20. If a and p are the roots of 4x^ + 3x+7 = 0, then the value of — + - IS
a p
(Of
FFr
(a)f (b)-^7 oorr
uur r
7 1 1
s ff
are the roots of the
21. If, a, p are the roots of the equation x + px + q = 0, then
equation
sk
YYoo
(a) x^ - px q - 0 Q:)) x^ +px + q = 0

ooko
(c) qx^ +px + l =0 (d) qx^ -px + l = 0

eBB
22. If the difference of the roots of x^-px + q = 0is unity, then

uurr
(a) p'^+4q =1 (b) p^-4q = l

ad
(c) p^ +4q^ = (1 + 2qf (d) 4p2 +q^ ={1 + 2pf

Yo
23. If a, p are the roots of the equation x^ -p (x + 1) - c = 0, then (a +1) (P +1) =

dY
Re
(b) c-1 (c)l-c (d) none of these

nind
(a) c
equation x'^ + 5x + k = 0 imaginary is
FFi
24. The least value of k which makes the roots of the
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7

25. The equation of the smallest degree with real coefficients having 1 + / as one of the roots is
{a) x'^ +X + 1 =0 (b) x^ -2x + 2 ^ 0
{c) x^ + 2x+2 = 0 {d) x^ + 2x-2 = 0
ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a)
9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (a)
17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (b) 21. (d) 22. (b), (c) 23. (c)
24. (d) 25. (b)
13.17
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
ACTIVITY
OBJECTIVE Graphically to obtain a quadratic function with the help of two linear functions.
MATERIALS REQUIRED Cardboard, drawing sheet, wires, thumbpins, adhesive etc.
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
Step I Take a cardboard and paste a drawing sheet on it.
Draw two mutually perpendicular lines on the drawing sheet as the coordinate axes
as
Step II
ww
shown in Fig. 14.1.
Step III Take a wire and fix it on the drawing sheet in such a way that it cuts OX and OY' at a
Floo
distance 'a' from the origin.
ree
Step rv Take another wire and fix it on the drawing sheet by using thumbpins in such a way
that it cuts OX and OY' at a distance 'b' from the origin.
F rFee
Take one more wire, bend it in parabolic shape and fix it in such a way that it passes
oor r
rur
StepV
s ff
through A{a, 0) and B(b, 0).
osk
YYoou
DEMONSTRATION
oook
The coordinates of the two points where first wire cuts OX and OY' are A {a, 0) and
eBB
Step I
^'(0,-a) respectively and the equation of the line along the wire is y = x
-a.
uur r
The coordinates of the points where second wire cuts OX and OY'are B (fc, 0) and
ad
Step II
Yo
B' (0, -b) respectively and the equation of the line along the wire isy-x ~b.
The product of linear functions y = x~a and y = x~b is y ={x-a) (x~b), which
dY
Step in
Re
idn
represents a quadratic function. It cuts the x-axis at A {a, 0) and B (b, 0). Thus, the
FFin
parabolic shaped wire represents the quadratic function y-{x~a)

AY
A(fli SS'
o
.1
13.18
MATHEMATICS-XI
SUMMARY
1. Fundamental Theorem of Algebra: Every polynomial equation f {x)=0 has at least one
root, real or imaginary (complex).

2. Every polynomial equation f (x) =0 of degree n has exactly n roots real or imaginary.
3. A quadratic equation cannot have more than two roots.
w
4. If flx + + c = 0, fl 0 is a quadratic equation with real coefficients, then its roots a and p
given by
~b + ^ -4flc -b- ^ -Aac
e
-b + y/D b-y/D
a =
and, p = or, a and, p =
2a
row
re
2a 2a 2a
where D = b - 4ac is as the discriminant of the equation,
eeF
ullo
(i) IfD=0, thena=p = - —
FF 2a
So, the equation has real and equal roots each equal to
srr
- —.
roF
2a
k
(ii) If a,b, c sQ and D is positive and a perfect square, then roots are rational and
uor
unequal.
ofof
(iii) lfa,b,c eR and D is positive and a perfect square, then the roots are real and distinct,
kos
Y
Yo
(iv) If D > 0 but it is not a perfect square, then roots are irrational and unequal,
eerBB
oo
(v) If D < 0, then the roots are imaginary and are given by
rY
b +iyj4:ac -b'^ b-iyj4ac-b'^

u
a
and p =
2a 2a
ou
o
ad
d
(vi) If fl = 1, &, c e / and the roots are rational numbers, then these roots must be integers,
nY
(vii) If a quadratic equation in x has more than two roots, then it IS

i an
identity in x
that isa = b = c = Q.
nid
Re
(viii) Complex roots of an equation with real coefficients always occur in pairs. However,
F
Fi
this may not be true in case of equations with complex coefficients. For example,
x"^ - 2ix -1=0 has both roots equal to i.
(ix) Surd root of an equation with rational coefficients always occur in pairs like
2 + Vs and 2 - VS. However, Surd roots of an equation with irrational coefficients
may not occur in pairs. For example, x^ - 2VS x + 3 = 0 has both roots equal to VI.
CHAPTER 14
LINEAR INEQUATIONS
w
14.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we will study linear inequations in one and two variables. The knowledge of
linear inequations is very helpful in solving problems in Science, Mathematics, Engineering,
e
roow
re
Linear Programming etc.
14.2 INEQUATIONS
reF
In earlier classes, we have studied equations in one and two variables. An equation is defined as
uFFll
a statement involving variable (s) and the sign of equality (=). Similarly, we define the term
e
inequation as follows:
sFr
INEQUATION A statement involving variable (s) and the sign of inequality viz, >, <,>or< is called an
inequation or an inequality.
oro
k
uor
An inequation may contain one or more variables. Also, it may be linear or quadratic or cubic
off
etc.
kos
Following are some examples of inequations:
Y
Yo
(i) 3%-2<0 (ii) 2x + 3 < 0 (iii) 5x - 3 > 0

reeBB
oo
(iv) 4x + 5 > 0 (v) 2:c + 3y < 1 (vi) 5x + 4y < 3

(ix) 2x^ + 3x + 4 > 0
uurY
(vii) 4x-6y>5 (viii) 2x + 5y ^ 4

(x) - 3x + 2>0 (xi) + 3x + 2 < 0 (xii) x^ -5x + 4 <0
(xiii) - 6x^ + llx - 6 > 0 (xiv) x^ + 6x^ + llx + 6 < 0
ad
doo
nY
LINEAR INEQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE Let a be a non-zero real number and xbea variable. Then
inequations of the form ax + b<0,ax + b<0, ax + b >0 and ax + b >0 are known as linear inequations
nid
in one variable x.
Re
For example, 9x -15 > 0, 5x - 4 > 0, 3x + 2 < 0 and 2x - 3 < 0 are linear inequaUons in one
F
Fi
variable.
LINEAR INEQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES Let a, b be non-zero real numbers and x, y be variables.
Then inequations of the form ax + by <c, ax+ by <c, ax +by >c and ax + by >c are known as linear
inequations in two variables x and y.
For example, 2x+3y<6, 3x-2y>12, x + y<4, 2x + y>6 are linear inequations in two
variables x and y.
QUADRATIC INEQUATION Let a be a non-zero real number. Then an inequation of the form
ax ^ +bx + c <0, or ax^ + bx + c ^ 0, or ax^ + bx + c >0, or ax^ +bx + c >0 is known as a quadratic
inequation.
For example, + x - 6 < 0, - 3x + 2 > 0, 2x^ + 3x +1 > 0 and -5x + 4 < 0 are quadratic
inequations.
In this chapter, we shall study linear inequations in one and two variables only.
14.2
MATHEMATICS-XI
14.3 SOLUTIONS OF AN INEQUATION

DEFINITION A solution of an inequation is the value (s) of the variable (s) that makes it a true statement.
Consider the inequation ——— < — - 4.
5 3
3 —2x
Left hand side (LHS) of this inequation is -— and right hand side (RHS) is — - 4.
b 3
We observe that:
For :r = 9, we have
3-2x9
LHS = = -3and, RHS = --4 = -l
5 3
Clearly, - 3 < -1
w
LHS < RHS, which is true.
So, a: = 9 is a solution of the given inequation.
For a: = 6, we have
Flo
3-2x6
LHS = = and RHS = --4 = -2
5 3
ee
9
Because, - — < - 2 is not true. So, a: = 6 is not a solution of the given inequation.
Fr
We can verify that any real number greater than 7 is a solution of the given inequation.
Let us now consider the inequation a:^ +1 < 0.
for
ur
We know that
s
x^>0 for all a: e R
ok
Yo
a:^ +1 > 1 for all a: G K

Bo
a:^ + 1 <|: 0 for any x eR.

re
So, there is no real value of x which makes the given inequation a true statement. Hence, it has
no solution.
ou
ad
It follows from the above discussion that an inequation may or may not have a solution.
However, if an inequation has a solution it may have infinitely many solutions.
Y
SOLVING AN INEQUATION It is the process of obtaining all possible solutions of an inequation.

nd
Re
SOLUTION SET The set of all posible solutions of an inequation is known as its solution set.
Fi
For example, the solution set of the inequation -f 1 ^ 0 is the set R of all real numbers whereas
the solution set of the inequation +1 < 0 is the null set ^
14.4 SOLVING LINEAR INEQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE

As mentioned in the previous section that solving an inequation is the process of obtaining its all
possible solutions. In the process of solving an inequation, we use mathematical simplifications
which are governed by the following rules:
Rule 1
Same number may he added to (or subtracted from) both sides of an inequation without
changing the sign of inequality.
Rule 2
Both sides of an inequation can be multiplied (or divided) by the same positive real number
without changing the sign of inequality. However, the sign of inequality is reversed when both
sides of an inequation are multiplied or divided by a negative number.
Rule 3
Any term of an inequation may be taken to the other side with its sign changed loithout
affecting the sign of inequality.
14.3
LINEAR INEQUATIONS
A linear inequation in one variable is of the form

ax + b <0 or,ax + b ^ 0 or, ax+ b >0 or, ax+ b >0.
We follow the following algorithm to solve a linear inequation in one variable.
ALGORITHM
Step I Obtain the linear inequation.

Step II Collect all terms involving the variable on one side of the inequation and the constant terms on
the other side.
Step in Simplify both sides of inequality in their simplest forms to reduce the inequation in the form
ax <b, or ax<b, or ax>b, or ax >b
Step IV Solve the inequation obtained in step III by dividing both sides of the inequation by the
w
coefficient of the variable.
StepV Write the solution set obtained in step IV in the form of an interval on the real line.
Flo
reeee
FFr
Type I SOLVING EQUATIONS OF THE FORM: rtx + b > cx + d, or, ax + b> cx + d,
or, ax + b <cx + d or, <j.y + b < cx+ d for
ur
EXAMPLE 1 Solve the following linear inequations:
(i) 2y-4<0 (ii) -3x + 12<0 (iii) 4x-12>0 (iv) 7 X + 9 > 30
kkss

Yo
oo
2x - 4 < 0
[Adding 4 on both sides]

eB
(2y-4) + 4 < 0 + 4
2x 4
2x<4 — <- => x<2
2 2
r
ou
ad
Hence, any real number less than or equal to 2 is a solution of the given inequation.
YY
These solutions can be graphed on real line as shovm in Fig. 14.1

<■
ndd
Re
-00 2 + «
Fig. 14.1
Fi
The solution set of the given inequation is (- co, 2]

(ii) We have.
-3x+12<0
-3x<-12 [Transposing 12 on right side]
-3x -12
> =?■ X >4 [Dividing both sides by - 3]
-3 -3
Thus, any real number greater than 4 is a solution of the given inequation.
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is (4, oo). This solution set can be graphed on
real line as shown in Fig. 14.2
-o- ■>
- 00 0 4 + CO
Fig. 14.2
14.4
MATHEMATICS-X!
(iii) We have,
4a- -12 > 0
4a >12
[Transposing 12 on RHS]
>2?
4 " 4 [Dividing both sides by 4]
A > 3 ^ A € [3, oo)
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is [3, oo). This solution set can be graphed on real
line as shown in Fig. 14.3
-CO 0 3 + CO
Fig. 14.3
(iv) We have,
w
7a + 9>30
7a >30-9
Flo
7a >21
[Transposing 9 on RHS]
7^ 21 ,
eeee
y >y => .t>3 => A €(3,00)
Fr
Hence, (3, <x>) is the solution set of the given inequation. This can be graphed on real line as
shown in Fig. 14,4.
for
ur
- 00
0 3 + 00
Fig.14.4
ks
EXAMPLE 2 Solve: 5a - 3 < 3a +1 when (i) x is a real number (ii) x is integer number (iii) x is a
Yo
natural number.
oo
SOLUTION We have,
eB
5a - 3 < 3a +1
5a - 3a < 3 +1
[Transposing 3a on LHS and - 3 on RHS]
2a < 4
ur
2a 4
ad
- => A < 2
Multiplying both sides by ^
— <
Yo
2 2
(i) If A 6 K, then a <2 ^ Ae(-co, 2).

d
Hence, the solution set is (- oo, 2) as shown in Fig. 14.5.

Re
in
<r
F
— CO
0 1 2 CO
Fig.14.5
(ii) If A eZ, then a<2 => a = 1, 0,-1, - 2, - 3, - 4,

So, the solution set is { - 4, - 3, - 2, -1, 0,1}
(iii) If A s N, then A < 2 ^ a = 1. So, the solution set is jl}.
(i) 3a + 17<2(1-a) (ii) 2(2a+ 3)-10 <6(a-2)
3a + 17<2(1-a)
3a +17 < 2 - 2a
3a + 2a<2-17
[Transposing - 2a to LHS and 17 to RHS]
LINEAR INEQUATIONS 14.5
5x<-15
—^ => x<-3 ^ a:e(- CO, - 3]

5x
<
5
Hence, the solution set of the given inequatton is (- co, - 3], which can be graphed on real line as
shown in Fig. 14.6.
>
— 00 -3 0 + CO
Fig.14.6
(ii)We have.
2(2x+3)-10<6(a:-2)
4x + 6-10<6a:-12
4a:-4<6x-12
w
4x-6x< -12 + 4 [Transposing - 4 to RHS and 6x to LHS]
- 2X ^ - 8 . r. .
- 2x < - 8 => > — => x^4 a: e[4, oo)
Flo
-2 -2
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is [4, co) which can be graphed on real line as
e
rree
shown in Fig. 14.7.
r FF
<-
— 00 0 4 + 00
Fig.14.7
uurr
for
EXAMPLE 4 Solve the following inequations:
5x - 2 7x - 3 X
a)^
4x
kss
+ 9>3 + > —
4 3 “1 5 4
ooook
Yo
1 3(x-2) ,5(2-x)
(iv)
5 3
eB

2x-3 4x
urr
+ 9>3 + —
4 3
ad
4x
Yo
2x-3 4x
-—>3-9 [ Transposing —
3
to LHS and 9 to RHS]
4 3
dY
3(2x-3)-16x^ ^
Re
innd
12
6x-9-16x
Fi
>-6
12
-9-lOx
>-6
12
-9-10x^-72 [Multiplying both sides by 12]

-10x>-72 + 9
-lOx -63 63 631
-lOx ^ - 63 ^ => =>X6 -00,—
-10 10 10
(63
- 00, — . This can be graphed on real line as
shown in Fig. 14.8.

<■
- 00 0 63 + 09
10
Fig.14.8
14.6 MATHEMATICS-XI
(ii) We have,
5x-2 7x-3 X
> —
3 5^ 4
5 (5x - 2) - 3 (7x -3) ^ x
15 4
25a:-10-21a:+ 9 a:
> —
15 4
4a: -1 a:
> —
15 4
4(4a:-1) >15a: [Multiplying both sides by 60 i.e. 1cm of 15 and 4]
ooww
16a: - 4 >15a:
16a:-15a: >4 [ Transposing 15x to LHS and - 4 to RHS]
a: > 4 a: e (4, oo)
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is (4, oo). This can be graphed on the real line as
shown in Fig. 14.9.
e
re
< ■>
rFFl
ree
— 00
0 4 + CO
F
Fig.14.9
rF
(iii) We have,
1(3 1
fsfoor
a: + 4 > — (x - 6)
ouur
21.5
kosk
2l 5 J 3^
Yo
oo
3x + 20 X -6
Y
>
BB
10 3
3(3x + 20)>10 (x-6)

rre
[Multiplying both sides by 30 i.e. the 1cm of 3 and 10]

9x + 60 >10x -60
oYuu
ad
9x-10x>-60-60 [Transposing lOx on LHS and 60 on RHS]

-x>-120
dY
x£l20
[ Multiplying both sides by -1]
innd
Re
X e(-oo, 120]
Hence, the solution set of the given in equation is (- co, 120] which can be graphed on real line
Fi
F
as shown in Fig. 14.10.

<● ->
- CO
120 + 00
Fig. 14.10
(iv) We have.
3(x-2)^5(2-x)
5 3
3x-6 10-5x
5 3
3(3x-6)> 5(10-5x) [Multiplying both sides by 15 i.e. the Icm of 5 and 3]

=> 9x-18>50-25x
9x + 25x>50 + 18 [Transposing - 25x to LHS and 18 to RHS]
34x > 68 => — >— => xS2 => x^[2,oo)
34 34
14.7
LINEAR INEQUATIONS
Hence, [2, co) is the solution set of the given inequation. This solution set can be graphed on real
line as shown in Fig. 14.11.
— 00 0 2 + CO
Fig. 14.11
EXAMPLE 5 Solve the following inequations:

X +1
<0 (ii) >1
x + 2

^—<0
x-2
w
a
=> x-2<0 ●: - < 0 and >0 ^ < 0
b
Flo
x<2 => xe(-oo, 2)
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is ( - co, 2).
ee
(ii) We have,
Fr
x + 1 x+ 1 x+ l-x-2
>1 => -1^0 => £0 =5-
x + 2 x+ 2 x+ 2 x+ 2
for
ur
a
x + 2<0 ●: - > 0 and fl <0 => b <0
b
ks
x<-2 => X6(-00,-2)

Yo
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is (- oo, - 2).

oo
eB
Type II EQUATIONS OF THE FORM

ax+ b ax-hb ax + b ax + b
r
>k, or or < cf, or <k

ou
ad
cx + d CX + d CX + d CX + d
Y
In order to solve this type of inequation, we use the following algoritlim.

ALGORITHM
nd
Re
Step I Obtain the inequation.

Fi
Step n Transpose all terms on LHS.

Step ni Simplify LHS of the inequation obtained in step II to obtain an inequation of the form
px + q px + q px + q px + q
> 0, or >0, or <0, or <0.
rx + s rx + s rx + s rx + s
Step IV Make coefficient x positive in numerator and denominator if they are not.
StepV Equate numerator and denominator separately to zero and obtain the values ofx. These values
of X are generally called critical points.
Step VI Plot the critical points obtained in step V on real line. These points will divide the real line in
three regions.
Step vn In the right most region the expression on LHS of the inequation obtained in step IV will be
positive and in other regions it will be alternatively negative and positive. So, mark positive
sign in the right most region and then mark alternatively negative and positive signs in other
regions.
Step vin Select appropriate region on the basis of the sign of the inequation obtained in step IV. Write
these regions in the form of intervals to obtain the desired solution sets of the given inequation.
14.8
MATHEMATICS-XI
EXAMPLE 6 Solve the following linear inequations:

x-3 x-2
(i) >0 (ii) >2
X -5 X + 5

x-3
>0
X -5
w
Equating X - 3 and x-5 to zero, we obtain x = 3,5 as critical points. Plot these points on
real line as shown in Fig. 14.12. The real line is divided into three regions. In the right most
region the expression on LHS of (i) is positive and in the remaining two regions it is
alternatively negative and positive as shown in Fig. 14.12.
e
+ +
<r ■>
row
re
- QO 3 5 + »
Fig. 14.12
Since the expression in (i) is positive, so the solution set of the given inequation is the union of
eeF
FFllo
regions containing positive signs. Hence, from Fig. 14.12
x-3
u x-5
> 0 => X € (- X, 3) u (5, x)
sFrr
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is {-oo, 3) u(5, x) as shown in Fig. 14.12.
(ii) We have,
kro
x-2 x-2 x-2-2(x+ 5) X-2-2X-10 -x-12
uor
>2 => -2>0 ^ >0 => >0 => >0
x +5 x +5
offo
x +5 x +5 x + 5
x + 12
<0 Multiplying by -1 to make coefficient of
kos
X positive in die expression in numerator
Y
x +5
Yo
eerBB
oo
On equating x + 12 and x + 5 to zero, we obtain x = -12, - 5 as critical points. These points are
plotted on number line as shown in Fig. 14.12. The real line is divided into three regions and the
rY
signs of LHS of inequation (i) are marked. Since the inequation in (i) possesses less than sign
which means that LHS of the inequation is negative. So, the solution set of the given inequation
u
is the union of the regions ontaining negative sign in Fig. 14.13. Hence, the solution set of the
ou
given inequation is (-12, -5).

ad
do
nY
+ +
<■ >
— oo
-12 -5 + CO
nid
Fig. 14.13
Re
F
EXAMPLE?
Solve the following inequations:
Fi
2x + 4 X + 3
(i) >5 (ii) <2 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
x-1 x-2

2x + 4
>5
x-1
2x + 4 2x + 4-5(x-l) 2x + 4 - 5x + 5 -3x + 9
-5>0 => >0 => >0 => ^0
x-1 x-1 x-1 x-1
3x-9
<0
x-1 [Multiplying both sides by -1]
3 (x - 3)
<0
(x-1)
x-3
<0
x-1 [Dividing both sides by 3]
1 <x<3
[See Fig. 14.14]
+ +
- CO 1 3 + CO
Fig. 14.14
xe{l,3]
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is (1, 3].
(ii) We have.
x+ 3
<2
x-2
x+ 3 X + 3 - 2x + 4 -x + 7
2^0 => <0 => <0
x-2 x-2 x-2
ww
x-7
>0 [Multiplying both sides by -1]
x-2
X e(-co, 2) u[7, oo) [See Fig. 14.15]
Flo
+ +
e
+ CO
- 00 2 7
eree
Fig. 14.15
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is (- co, 2) u [7, co).
FFr
EXERCISE 14.1
uurr
BASIC
orr
sfo
1. Solve: 12x<50, when
kks
Yoo
(i) X e K (ii) X € Z (iii) X 6 N
oooo
2. Solve: - 4x > 30, when

(i) X e K (ii) X € Z (iii) X e N
eBB
3. Solve: 4x - 2 < 8, when

(i) X e K (ii) X e Z (iii) X e N
urr
Solve the following linear inequations in R. (4 - 28):

6. 3x + 9>-x f 19
ad
4. 3x-7 >x + l 5. X + 5 >4x -10

YYo
3x - 2 4x - 3
7. 2(3-x)>- + 4 8. < 9. -(x - 3) + 4 <5 -2x
5 5 2
dd
3x - 2 5x - 3
n.
2(x-l) <^ 3(2 + x) 5x
12. — +
10. -<
Re
inn
5 4 5 5 7 2 4 4
x-1 x-5 2xt- 3 X -4 5-2x ^ r
-2 <—5
F
13. + 4< -2 14. -3< 15.

3 5 4 3 3 6
4 + 2x 2x+ 3 3(x-2) 5x + 8
16. >i-3 17. -2< 18. x-2 <
3 2 5 5 3
BASED ON LOTS
6x-5 2x-3 3
19. <0 20. >0 21. <1
4x + l 3x-7 x-2
1 4x+ 3 5x-6
22. <2 23. <6 24. <1
x-1 2x-5 X + 6
5x + 8 x-1 7x-5
25. <2 26. >2 27. >4
4 -X x+ 3 8x + 3
X 1
28. > —
x-5 2
14.10
MATHEMATICS-XI
ANSWERS
1. (i) (-«>,25/6) (ii) [...-3,-2,-l, 0,1,2, 3,4} (hi) [1, 2, 3, 41

2. (ii) (-o),-15/2) (ii) {■ -9,-81 (hi) (t)
3. (i) (-^0,5/2) (ii) {● ,-2,-1,0,1,21 (hi) {1,2}
4. {4, oo) 5. (-00,5) 6. [5/2, oo)
7. {-00,10/11] 8. [11/14,00) 9. (-00,-2)
10. (-00,2/9) 11. [-44, oo) 12. [3, 00)
13. (-00,-50) 14. (-00,-13/2) 15. (8, oo)
16. [-26, co) 17. (-1,00) 18. [-7,00)
ww
19. (-1/4,5/6) 20. (-00, 3/2) u (7/3, 00) 21. (-00, 2) u(5, oo)
22. (-00,1) u [3/2, oo) 23. (-00,5/2)^(33/8, 00) 24. (-6,3)
25. (-00, 0) 1^(4, oo) 26. (-7,-3) 27. (-17/25,-3/8)
Flo
28. (-00, -5) u(5, oo)
e
ree
14.5 SOLUTION OF SYSTEM OF LINEAR INEQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
Fr
In the previous section, we have learnt how to solve a linear inequation in one variable. In this
rF
section, we shall use it to solve a system of linear inequations in one variable. Recall that the
uurr
solution set of a linear inequation is the set of all points on real line satisfying the given
for
inequation. Therefore, the solution set of a system of linear inequations in one variable is the
intersection of the solution sets of the linear inequations in the given system.
s
kks
We use the following algorithm to solve a system of hnear inequations in one variable.
Yo
oooo
ALGORITHM
eB
Step I Obtain the system of linear inequations.

Step II Solve each inequation and obtain their solution sets. Also, represent them on real time.
Step III Find the intersection of the solution sets obtained in step II by taking the help of the graphical
ur
representation of the solution sets in step II.

ad
YYo
Step IV The set obtained in step III is the required solution set of the given system of inequations.
dd
Re
in
F

EXAMPLE 1
Solve the folloiving system of linear inequations:
3x-6 >0
4:c-10<6
SOLUTION The given system of inequations is

3x - 6 > 0
...(i)
4x-10<6
...(h)
Now, 3:c-6>0=> 3x>6 => 3x>6— => X > 2. So, the Solution set of inequation (i) is [2, oo)
3
and, 4x-10<6 => 4x<16 =● x <4. So, the solution set of inequation (ii) is (-oo, 4]
<
- CO
0 2 4 + os
Fig. 14.16 (i)

<■ >
— CO 0 2 4 + CO
Fig.14.16(ii)
The solution sets of inequations (i) and (ii) are represented graphically on real line in Figs. 14.16
(i) and (ii) respectively. Clearly, the intersection of these solution sets is the set [2,4]. Hence, the
solution set of the given system of inequations is the interval [2,4].
EXAMPLE 2 Solve the following system of inequations:

5x 3x 39
— + — > —
ooww
4 8 8
2a:-1 x-1 3x + l
<
12 3 4
SOLUTION The given system of inequation is

5a: 3x 39
e
— + >
4 8 8
ree
rFl
2a:-1 x-1
<
3x + l
...(ii)
Fre
12 3 4
5x 3a: 39
rrF
Now, + >
4 8 8
10a: + 3a: 39
ouur
>
sffoo
=$● 13a: > 39 => a: > 3 => a: e(3, oo)
8 8
So, the solution set of inequation (i) is the interval (3, oo).
okks
2a:-1 a:-1 3a:+ 1

Yo
and. <
ooo
12 3 4
BB
(2a--1)-4(:c-1) ^ 3x + 1
12 4
rr e
-2a: + 3 3a: +1
<
12 4
ouu
ad
YY
- 2x + 3 < 3 (3a: +1) [Multiplying both sides by 12 i.e. the l.c.m. of 12 and 4]
-2x+3<9x+3^ -2a:-9a <3-3 => -llx<0 => a>0 => ag(0,co)
So, the solution set of inequation (ii) is the interval (0, oo). Let us now represent the solution sets
dd
of inequations (i) and (ii) on real line. Tliese solution sets are graphed on real line in Figs. 14.17 (i)
Re
iinn
and 14.17 (ii) respectively.

F
< o
- 00 0 3 + 00
Fig. 14.17 (i)
<r
— CO 0 3 + CO
Fig. 14.17 (ii)
From Figs. 14.17 (i) and (ii), we observe that the intersection of the solution sets of inequations (i)
and (ii) is interval (3, oo) represented by common thick line.
Hence, the solution set of the given system of inequations is the interval (3, oo).
EXAMPLE 3 Solve the following system of inequations:
2(2a+ 3)-10<6(x-2)
2a-3 4a
+ 6>2 + —
4 3

2(2x+ 3)-10<6(a:-2)
2x-3 4x
+ 6>2 + —
4 3
...(ii)
Now, 2{2x+3)-10<6{x-2)
+ 6 -10 < 6;c “12
4^: - 4 < 6:*: -12 =? 4x-6x<4 -12 => - 2x < - 8 => x>4 => x e(4,<xi)
So, the solution set of the first inequation is the interval (4, co).
2;c-3 4x
and. + 6>2 + —
4 3
2a: - 3 + 24 6 + 4x
>
w
4 3
2.r +21 4x + 6
>
4 3
Flo
3 (2a: + 21) > 4 {4x + 6)
6x + 63 >16a: + 24
ee
39
6x-16.r>24-63 => -10a:>-39 => a:< ^ a: ^ 3.9 ^ A' e {- oo, 3.9]
Fr
10
So, the solution set of inequation (ii) is the interval (- oo, 3.9].
for
ur
3.9
— CO
0 4 + 00
Fig. 14.18 (i)

ks
Yo
3.9
oo
— oo
0 4 + CO
eB
Fig. 14.18 (ii)
The solution sets of inequations (i) and (ii) are graphed on real line in Figs. 14.18 (i) and (ii)
respectively. We observe that there is no common solution of the two inequations. So, the gi ven
ur
system of inequations has no solution.

ad
Yo
EXAMPLE 4 Solve: -11 <4x-3< 13

SOLUTION We have,
nd
-11>4a-3>13 -ll>4A-3and4A-^3fcl3
Re
Thus, we have two inequations and we wish to solve them simultaneously. Ir\stead of solving
Fi
these inequations by using the method discussed in first three examples, let us solve them
directly in a different way as given below.
We have.
-11 <4a-3^13
-11 + 3<4a-3+3<13+3
[Adding 3 throughout]
-8<4a<16
-8 16
4 4 [Dividing by 4 throughout]
-2<a<4 => Ae[-2,4]
Hence, the interval [ - 2,4] is the solution set of the given system of inequations.
2-3a
EXAMPLES Solve: - 5 < <9 INCERT EXEMPLAR]
4
SOLUTION We have.
2-3x
-5< <9
4
2-3:c
-5x 4< X 4<9x 4 [Multiplying throughout by 4]
4
- 20 < 2 - 3x < 36
-20-2<2-3:c-2<36-2 [Subtracting 2 throughout]

- 22 < - 3x < 34
-22 - 3a: 34
> [Dividing throughout by - 3]
-3 -3 "-3
22 -34 -34 22
— >a:> <a: < — => a: €[-34/3, 22/3]
ww
3 3 3 3
Hence, the interval [- 34/ 3, 22/ 3] is the solution set of the given system of inequations.
1 6a:
FF loo
a:
EXAMPLE 6 Solve the system of inequations: 2x + l > < - [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
4' 4;c-l 2
ree
X 1
> —
reFe
2a:+ 1 4
rF
rur
6a: 1
...(h)
<
fforo
4a:-1 2
ks
X 1
Now, > —
2a:+ 1 4
YYoou
okso
4a:-(2a: + 1) 2a:-1
BBoo
X 1
=> -->0 => >0 => >0 => A:e(-aA,-l/2)u[l/2,co)
2a:+ 1 4 4 (2a: +1) 2a:+ 1
r ee
[See Fig. 14.19 (i)]

ad
ouur
+ +
<■
Yo
+ CO
- CO 1 1
2 2
Fig. 14.19 (i)

d
idnY
Re
+ +
< >
— 00 1 1 + 00
FFin
Fig.14.19(ii)
Thus, the solution set of inequation (i) is (-co, -1/2) u [1/2, co) ...(hi)
6a: .1
And, < -
4a:-1 2
6a: 1
--<0
4a:-1 2
12a:-(4a:-1) 8a:+ 1 8a:+ 1

<0 => <0 => <0 => X €(-1/8,1/4)
2(4x-l) 2(4x-l) 4x-l
Thus, the solution set of inequation (ii) is (-1 / 8,1 /4) ●●●(iv)
It is evident from Fig. 14.19 that the intersection of (ih) and (iv) is the null set.
Hence, the given system of equations has no solution.
EXERCISE 14.2
BASIC
Solve each of the following system of equations in R.

1. x + 3>0, 2:t<14 2. 2x-7>5~x, ll-5x<l
3. x-2>Q, 3x<18 4. 2x + 6 >0, 4a:-7 <0
5. 3x-6>0, 2;c-5> 0 6. 2x ~ 3 <7, 2x>-4
7. 2x + 5 < 0, ;c - 3 < 0 8. 5a:-1<24, 5;c + 1>-24
9. 3x-l >5, x + 2>-l 10. 11 ~5x>-4, 4x + 13<-n
11. 4x-l <0, 3-4:c<0 12. jr + 5 > 2 (a: + 1), 2 - a: < 3 (;c + 2)
3a:
ww
13. 2(x-6)<3a:-7, 11-2;c<6-a: 14. 5a:-7<3(a:+3), 1-- >a:-4
2
BASED ON LOTS
FF loo
2:c-3 4a: 7x-l 3a: + 8
14.
-2^—-6,2(2a: + 3) <6 (a:-2)+ 10 16. + 11<0
4 2 ^ ' 5
ree
2a:+ 1 x+7
17. >5, >2 [NCERT EXEMPLAR] 18. 0<—<3
7a:-1 a:-8 2
19. 10<-5(;c-2)<20
reFe
20. -5<2a:-3<5
~^<3^~ oroFr
r ur
21. a:>0
x +1 x + l' [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
s ff
ANSWERS
k
1- (-3,7)
YYouo
2. (4, oo) 3. (2, 6) 4. [-3,7/4)

koso
5. (5/2, oo) 6. (-2 5) 7. (-0), -5/2] 8. (-5,5)

9. [2, 00) 10. (-00, -6] 11. No Solution
BBoo
12. (-1,3)
13. (5, oo) 14. (-«d,2] 15. No Solution 16. (-00, -21)
r ee
17. No Solution 18. (-6,0) 19. (-2, 0] 20. (-1, 4) 21. [1/3,1]
ad
ouur
14.5.1 SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS

Yo
In this sub-section, let us discuss some results on inequations involving modulus of the variable.
We state and prove these results as theorems.
d
THEOREM 1 If a is a positive real number, then

Re
idnY
(i)|A:|<flo -~a<x<a i.e. a: e (- a, a) (ii) |A:|<fl<=> -a<x<a i.e. xe[-a, ^7]

FFin
<- -O-
->
— CO -fl + 00
Fig.14.20 (i)
< >
— 00 -a + 00
Fig.14.20 (ii)
PROOF (i) We know that: I a:[ = I

a:, if a:>0
-a:, if a: < 0
So, we consider the following cases:
Case I When a: ^ 0 : In this case, | a: | = x.
\ x\ <a=i> X <a
Thus, in this case the solution set of the given inequation is given by
a: > 0 and x <a ^ 0<a:<«?
...(i)
Case II When a: < 0: In this case, | a: | ~-x.
\x\<a -X <a ^ x>-a
x<0 and x >-a ^ -a<x <0 ...(ii)
Combining (i) and (ii), we get
|A:|<fl <=> -fl<A:<0or, 0^x<<7<=> -a <x <a.
(ii) Proceeding exactly as in (i), we get
\x\ <a=^-a<x<a.
THEOREM 2 Ifaisa positive real number, then < - 00 -fl a
>
ec
(i) |x|>fl<=> x<-aoTX>a Fig.14.21 (i)

<■
(ii) I x| x<-aoT x>a “/I
ww
PROOF Case I When x > 0: In this case, | x | = x Fig.14.21 (ii)
I x| X
Floo
Thus, in this case tlie solution set of the inequation | x | > a is given by
X > 0 andx>a => x>a [■: fl>0] ...(i)
ee
Case II When x < 0 ; In this case, | x = - X
eer
|x|>fl=>-x>«=> x< - a
FFr
oorr
uur r
X <0 and x <-a => x < -a [v a>0] ...(ii)
s ff
Combining (i) and (ii), we get: |x|>fl<=>x<-florx>i?
(ii) Proceeding as in (i), we get: |x| >fl<=>x< -florx>fl.
sk
YYoo
ooko
THEOREM 3 Let r be a positive real number and a be a fixed real number. Then,
(i) |x-rt]<r<=> a -r <x <a + r i.e. x ^{a-r, a+ r)
eBB
(ii) |x-fl|<r <=> a-r <x<a + r i.e. xe[fl-r, a + r]

(iii) jx-<7|>ro x<a-r, or x>a + r
uurr
(iv) |x-fl|>r o X <a -r, or x> a + r

ad
Yo
PROOF (i) Using Theorem 1, we obtain

\x~a\<ro -r<x-fl<ro a-r <x ~a + a <a + r a-r <x<a + r
dY
Re
(ii) Using Theorem 1 (ii), we obtain

nind
|x-rt|^ro -r<x-fl<ro a-r <x-a + a<a + r<^ a-r <x<a + r

FFi
(iii) Using Theorem 2(i), we obtain

|x-i?|>r <=> x-fl<r, orx-fl>r«?5' x <a-r, ox x> a + r
(iv) Using Theorem 2 (ii), we obtain,
|x-<7|>rci> x-a<-r, or x-a>r<^ x<a-r,or x>a + r
NOTH These results may be used directly for solving linear inequations involving absolute values.
THEOREM 4 Let a, b be positive real numbers. Then
(i) a<\x\ X e{-b + c, -a + c) Kj{a + c,b + c)
PROOF (i) a <\ x\ a and |xj<& <=> (x<-aorx>fl) and {-b <x <b)
o xe{-b, -a)'<j{a,b)
Similarly, we can prove other results.
EXAMPLE 1 I 3:c-2| <-

2
SOLUTION We know that: |x-i7| <r o a-r <x<a^r

1 1 1 1
|3t-21<- c=> 2--<3x<2 + -<=> -<x<- o xe[l/2, 5/6]
2 2 2 2 2 2 6
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is the interval [1/2,5/6].
EXAMPLE 2 Solve: I X - 21 > 5
SOLUTION We know that: |:e-fl|>r <» x<a-r,orx>a + r
ww
\x-2\>5
;c<2-5, orx>2+5
O ^:<-3orx>7 o x e(-oo, - 3] or a: e[7, co) x e( -co, - 3] u[7, co)
Hence the solution set of the given inequation is (- oo, - 3] vj [7, oo)
Flo [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
e
EXAMPLES Solve:l<\x ~ 2|<3.
ree
SOLUTION We know that:
Fr
fl<|x-c|<& <=> xe[-b + c, -a ■¥ c]'u[a + c, b + c]
rF
1 <1 X - 2| <3o xg[-3 + 2, -1 +2]u[l + 2, 3 + 2] » xe[-l,l]u[3,5]
uurr
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is [-1,1] u [3,5]. for
EXAMPLE 4 Solve the following system of inequations: |x-l|<5, |x|>2 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
s
kks
|x-l!<5 ...u:
Yo
oooo
I ^1 ^2 ●●●(ii)
Now, |x-l|<5
eB
1-5 <x <1+5 [●.● \ X - a\<r a-r <x <a + r]

-4<x<6=> xs[-4, 6]
ur
Thus, the solution set of (i) is the interval x e [ - 4, 6].

ad
YYo
and, |x|>2ox< - 2, or x > 2 o x e (-co, - 2] vj [2, co) [v |x| > => x < -a or x < a]
Thus, the solution set of (ii) is (- oo, - 2] u [2, oo).
dd
The solution sets of inequations (i) and (ii) are represented graphically in Figures 14.22 (i) and
Re
14.22 (ii) respectively. The intersection of these two is [ - 4, - 2] u [2, 6]

in
F
< ->
+ 03
— 00
-4 -2 0 2 6
Fig.14.22 (i)
<■ ■>
— 03 -2 0 2 + 05
Fig.14.22 (ii)
Hence, the solution set of the given system of inequations is [ - 4, - 2] vj [2, 6].
EXAMPLE 5 Solve:
. I^l-l >0, xeK, x=^ ±2.
xl-2
SOLUTION We have. <■ O
— CO 1 2 00
|x|-l >0 y-l

Fig.14.23 Solution set of >0
|x|-2 y-2
y-1
>0, wherey=|:r
y-2
y<lory>2 [ See Fig. 14.23]
I a: I < 1 or I .YI > 2
( -1 < Y < 1) or (y < - 2 or Y > 2)
w
Y s[-l, 1] or Y e(-oo, -2) u(2, oo)
Y e[-l, 1] Lv(-co, -2) u(2, go)
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is [-1,1] u (- oo, - 2) u (2, oo).
e
EXAMPLE 6 Solve: — >1, where x gR, ±2
y!-2
e
o
-1
rw
SOLUTION We have >1
r
' |x|-2
F
-1
-1>0
ullo
+ +
<- ->
|y|-2
FF
— CO 1 2
-1-(1y|-2) y-1
e
>0 Fig.14.24 Solution set of <0
.V-2
srre
y| -2
oF
—L_L>o
k
y|-2
|y|-1 fofr
uor
<0
o
y1-2
Y
y-1
kos
< 0, where y = \ x
Yo
rBB
y-2
oo
eY
l<y<2 [See Fig. 14.24]

1 <1 y] <2 [V y=|A:|]
re
ys(-2, -1]u[1,2)
u
[v <1 y| o Y -a)u{a,b]]
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is ( - 2, -1] u [1, 2)
d
ou
o
ad
2
EXAMPLE 7 Solve the inequation: >1, X ^ 4.
nY
y-4
nid
SOLUTION We have,
Re
F
2
Fi
—I >1 Y 4
|y-4|
2 a
>1
y-4| b IM
2>\y-4| [ ●.● I Y - 41 > 0 for all x ^ 4]
4-2<y<4+2 Y-fl|<r o a-r<x<a + r]
2 < Y <6 => Y e(2, 6)
But, X ^ 4. Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is (2, 4) u (4, 6).
EXAMPLES
J Y + 3 1 + Y >1
Solve: [NCERT EXEMPLAR!
y + 2
Y + 3| -I- Y
SOl.UTION We have. > 1. Clearly, LHS of this inequation is meaningful for y 9^ - 2.
y+2
I a: + 3] + X
Now, >1
x + 2
X + 31 + X
-1 >0 =5-
X + 3I + X-X-2 >0 =>
x+ 3
->0.
x + 2 x + 2 x + 2
Now two cases arise:
Case I When x + 3 > 0 i.c. x > - 3; In this case, | x + 31 = x + 3.

+ +
x+2 4
- 00 -2 1 + to
x+ 3-2 Fig.14.25
ww
>0
x + 2
x + 1
>0 => X e{-oo, - 2) l;( -1, oo) [ See Fig. 14.25]
x+2
Flo
e
But,x >-3. Therefore, the solution set of the given inequation in this case is [-3, -2) u(-l, «>).
eree
Case II When x + 3 < 0 i.e. x < - 3: In this case, 1 x + 31 = - (x + 3).
FFr
|x+3|-2 >0 +
uurr
x + 2 <- & o-
-5 -2
orr
- CO + CO
-(x+3)-2 Fig.14.26
sfo
>0
x + 2
kks
Yoo
-ix + 5) x +5
<0 xe(-5-2) [See Fig. 14.26]
oooo
>0 =>
x + 2 x + 2
eBB
But,x <-3. Therefore, the solution set of the given inequation in this case is the interval (-5, -3).
From Case I and Case II, we obtain that the solution set of the given inequation is
urr
[-3,-2)u(-l,o))u(-5,-3) = (-5,-2)o(-l,co).
ad
YYo
EXAMPLE9 Solve: |x-l|+|x-2|>4

SOLUTION On the LHS of the given inequation there are two terms both containing modulus.
dd
By equating the expressions wiîn the modulus to zero, we getx =1, 2 as critical points. These
Re
inn
points divide real line in three parts viz. (- oo, 1], [1, 2] and [2, oo). So, we consider the following
three cases.
F
<● - t - I
- CO 1 2 + CO
Fig.14.27
Case I When -oo<x<l: In this case, we have | x -11 =-(x-1) and| x - 2| =-(x-2)
|x-l|+|x-2l > 4
-(x-l)-(x-2) > 4 => -2x+3^4=> -2x>l => x<--
2
But, - oo < X < 1. Therefore, in this case the solution set of the given inequation is ( - co, -1/2]
Case II Whenl<x<2: In this case, we have [ x -11 = (x-1) and| x - 2| = -(x-2)
|x-l]+|x-2| >4
x-l-(x-2)>4^ 1^4, which is an absurd result.
So, the given inequation has no solution for x e [1, 2).
Case III When a: > 2: In this case, we have | a -11 = a: -1 and | a: - 2 [ = a: - 2

Ia:-1|+|a:-2|>4
7
x-1+a:-2>4=>2a:-3>4=>2a:>7=>a:>-
2
But, a:' > 2. Therefore, in this case the solution set of the given inequation is [7/2, co).
Connbining Case I and Case II, we obtain that the solution set of the given inequation is
(-00, -1/2] u [7/2, oo)
AT-1
EXAMPLE 10 Solve: <1.
x + 2
ww
\x-l\ lx-1] |a:-1|-(x + 2)
SOLUTION We have. < 1 => -1 < 0 => < 0
x + 2 x + 2 x+2
Now the following cases arise.
Flo
e
Case I When x -1 > 0 i.e. x > 1: In this case, we have | x -11 = x -1
eree
|x-l|-(x + 2) < 0
FFr
x+2
(x-l)-{x + 2) -3
uurr
< 0 => <0=>x + 2>0=j*x>-2
x + 2 x + 2
orr
sfo
But, X > 1. Therefore, x > -2 and x > 1. implies that x > 1. Thus, in this case the solution set of the
given inequation is [!,«)).
kks
Yoo
Casen When x-l<0 i.e. x < 1: In this case, we have | x -11 = -(x-1).
oooo
|x-ll-(x + 2) < 0
eBB
x + 2
-(x-1)-(x + 2)
<0
urr
+ +
x + 2 <●
1
-CD -2 + CO
ad
2
YYo
2x + l
<0 Fig.14.28
x+2
dd
2x + l
>0=>xe(-oo -2)vj(-l/2,oo) [See Fig. 15.28]
Re
inn
x+2
1 'N
F
But,X <1. Therefore, X e(-CO,-2) vj(-1/2, oo) andx <1 implies that x e(-co,-2) u —,1 .
V. 2 /
Thus, in this case the solution set of the given inequation is( - oo, - 2) u (-1/2, 1).
Combining Case I and Case II, we obtain that the solution set of the given inequation is
(-oo,-2)u(-l/2, oD)
1
EXAMPLE 11 Solve the inequation: x|< 3or| x[ ^5
2(|x|-3) lx|-3 |xl-3
-T € (-3, 3) or X e (- oo, - 5] u [5, o)) => a: € (-qo, - 5] u (-3, 3] vj [5, co)

.\--2l -1
EXAMPLE 12 Solve the inequation: - <0. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
x-2 -2
SO. nON Let y = I AT - 21, then

|a'-2!-1
+ +
<— o- ->
<0 => <0 — CO 1 2 CO
|x-2|-2 y-2
Fig. 14.3U (i) Signs of <0
y-1
l<y<2 <
- cc 1 3 CO
l<|x-2|<2 Fig. 14.30 (ii) Solution set of 1a:-2| >1
w
l<|A--2|and|A:-2|<2 ■O * —>
- 00 0 4 «
Now, 1 <[a:-2 => I A--2I >1 Fig. 14.30 (iii) Solution set of |jT“2| <2
Flo => .^<1 or a. >3=> a: e(-oo, 1] u[3, oo) ...(i)
eeee
and. ]a:-2|<2=> 2-2<a-<2 + 2^ 0<at<4 -(ii)
Fr
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is
{(--oo, 1] u[3, oo)) n(0, 4) =(0,1] u[3, 4)
for
ur
kss
EXERCISE 14.3
Yo
BASED ON HOTS
oo
Solve each of the following si/ste7n of equations in R.

eB
1 8 3x-4 5 x-2
1. x + ~ > — 2. |4-A:i + 1<3 3. < — 4. >0
3 3 2 12 a:-2
r
ou
ad
1 1 a: + 2 2a--1
^<2
YY
6. 7. >2
l-i'|-3^2 A* A'-l
nd
Re
8, Ia:-1|+|a'-2|+|.a:-3|>6 9. |.Y + 1| +|at| > 3 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

Fi
10. 1 ^|x-2| < 3 11. |3-4a:| >9 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ANSWERS
1. (-00, -3) €(7/3, 00) 2. (2, 6) 3. [19/18, 29/18]
4. (2, 00) 5. ( -CO, -5) w( - 3, 3) u(5, go) 6. (-CO, 0) w(l, co)
7. (3/4, l)u (1,00) 8. ( - CO, 0]u[4, go) 9. (-co,-2) u(l,oo)
10. [-l,l]u[3,5] 11. (-00, -3/2] u [3, go)
14.6 SOME APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR IN EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
In this section, we shall utilize the knowledge of solving linear in equatioris in one variable in
solving different problems from various fields such as science, engineering, economics etc.
Following examples will illustrate the same.
EXAMPLE 1 Find all pairs of consecutive odd positive integers, both of which are smaller than 18, such
that their sum is more than 20.
SOLUTION Let a: be the smaller of the two consecutive odd positive integers. Then, the other
odd integer is a: + 2.
It is given that both the integers are smaller than 18 and their sum is more than 20. Therefore,
a:+2 <18 and, a: + (a:+ 2) >20
a: < 16 and 2a: + 2 > 20
a: < 16 and 2a: > 18
a: <16 and x >9 ^ 9<a:<16=> a:=11,13, 15 [ X is an odd integer ]
w
Hence, the required pairs of odd integers are (11,13), (13,15) and (15,17).
EXAMPLE 2 Find all pairs of consecutive even positive integers, both of which are larger than 8, such
Flo
that their sum is less than 25.
SOLUTION Let X be the smaller of the two consecutive even positive integers. Then, the other
reee
even integer is x + 2.
FFr
It is given that both the integers are larger than 8 and their sum is less than 25. Therefore,
X > 8 and x + x + 2 < 25
urr
X > 8 and 2x + 2 < 25
for
X > 8 and 2x < 23
23 23
kkss
X > 8 and x< — => 8<x< — => x = 10 [ X is an even integer ]

2 2
Yo
ooo
Hence, the required pair of even integers is (10,12).

eB
EXAMPLE 3 The cost and revenue functions of a product are given by C (x) = 2x + 400 and
K(x) = 6x + 20 respectively, where x is the number of items produced by the manufacturer. Flow many
items the manufacturer must sell to realize some profit?
r
ou
SOLUTION We know that: Profit = Revenue - Cost. Therefore, to earn some profit, we must
ad
have
YY
Revenue > Cost

380
6x + 20 > 2x + 400 => 6x - 2x > 400 - 20 => 4x > 380 = 95
nndd
x >
Re
4
Hence, the manufacturer must seU more than 95 items to realize some profit.
Fi
MA
EXAMPLE 4 IQ of a person is given by the formula: IQ = X 100, where MA is mental age and CA is
CA
chronological age. If 80 <IQ < 140foragroup of 12 year children, find the range of their mental age.
SOLUTION We have: CA = 12 years
MA MA 25
IQ = X 100 => IQ = xlOO = MA
CA 12 3
Now, 80 < IQ <140

240 420
80 < —MA <140=> 240 < 25MA<420=> < MA< =>9.6 < A4A<16.8
3 25 25
EXAMPLE 5 In the first four papers each of 100 marks, Rishi got 95, 72, 73, 83 marks. If he wants an
average ofgreater titan or equal to 75 marks and less than 80 marks, find the range of marks he should score
in the fifth paper.
SOLUTION Suppose scores x marks in the fifth paper. Then,
95 + 72 + 73 + 83 +
75 < <80 .
5
323+ x
75 < <80 => 375 < 323 + X <400 => 52 < x<77
5
Hence, Rishi must score between 52 and 77 marks.

EXAMPLE 6 A manufacturer has 600 litres of a 12% solution of acid. How many litres of a 30% acid
solution must be added to it so that acid content in the resulting mixture will be more than 15% but less
than 18% ?
SOLUTION Let x litres of 30% acid solution be added to 600 litres of 12% solution of acid. Then,
Total quantity of mixture = (600 + x) litres

30x 12
Total acid content in the (600 + x) litres of mixture = X 600
100 100
w
It is given that acid content in the resulting mixture must be more than 15% and less than 18%.
30x 12
15% of (600 + x) < + x 600 <18% of (600 +x)
Flo
100 100
15 30x 12 18
reeee
X (600 + x) < X 600 < X (600 + x)
100 100 100 100
FFr
15 (600 + x) < 30x +12 X 600 < 18 (600 + x) [Multiplying through out by 100 ]
9000 + 15x < 30x + 7200 < 10800 + 18x
9000 + 15x < 30x + 7200 and 30x + 7200 < 10800 + 18x
for
ur
9000 -7200 < 30x -15x and 30x -18x <10800 -7200
kkss
1800 <15x and 12x< 3600
Yo
15x > 1800 and 12x < 3600

oo
X > 120 and x < 300

eB
120 < X < 300
Hence, the number of litres of the 30% solution of acid must be more than 120 but less than 300.
r
EXAMPLE?
A man wants to cut three lengths from a single piece of board of length 91 cm. The second
ou
ad
length is to be 3 cm longer than the shortest and third length is to be twice as long as the shortest. What are
YY
the possible lengths for the shortest board if third piece is to be at least 5 cm longer than the second?
SOLUTION Let the length of the shortest piece be x cm. Then, the lengths of the second and third
ndd
Re
piece are X + 3 cm and 2x cm respectively. Then,

X + (x + 3) + 2x ^ 91 and 2x > (x + 3) + 5
Fi
4x + 3 ^ 91 and 2x > x + 8
4x<88andx>8 => x<22andx>8 => 8<x<22.
Hence, the shortest piece must be at least 8 cm long but not more than 22 cm long.
EXERCISE 14.4
BASIC
1. Find all pairs of consecutive odd positive integers, both of which are smaller than 10, such
that their sum is more than 11.
2. Find all pairs of consecutive odd natural number, both of which are larger than 10, such that
their sum is less than 40.
3. Find all pairs of consecutive even positive integers, both of which are larger than 5, such
that their sum is less than 23.
4. The marks scored by Rohit in two tests were 65 and 70. Find the minimum marks he should
score in the third test to have an average of at least 65 marks.
5. A solution is to be kept between 86° and 95°F. What is the range of temperature in degree
9
Celsius, if the Celsius (C)/Fahrenheit (F) conversion formula is given by F = - C + 32.
6. A solutionis to be kept between 30°Cand 35°C What is the range of temperature in degee
Fahrenheit?
7. To receive grade 'A' in a cource, one must obtain an average of 90 marks or more in five
papers each of 100 marks. If Shikha scored 87,95,92 and 94 marks in first four papers, find
the minimum marks that she must score in the last paper to get grade 'A' in the course.
S. A company manufactures cassettes and its cost and revenue functions for a week are
ww
C = 300 + —j:andR = 2x respectively, where is the number of cassettes produced and
sold in a week. How many cassettes must be sold for the company to realize a profit?
9.
Floo
The longest side of a triangle is three times the shortest side and the third side is 2 cm
ree
shorter than the longest side if the perimeter of the triangles at least 61 cm, Find the
minimum length of the shortest-side.
rFee
10. How many litres of water will have to be added to 1125 litres of the 45% solution of acid so
that the resulting mixture will contain more than 25% but less than 30% acid content?
F
oor r
rur
11- A solution of 8% boric acid is to be diluted by adding a 2% boric acid solution to it. The
s ff
resulting mixture is to be more than 4% but less than 6% boric acid. If there are 640 litres of
the 8% solution, how many litres of 2% solution will have to be added?
k
YYoou
12. The water acidity in a pool is considered normal when the average pH reading of three
ookos
daily measurements is between 7.2 and 7.8. If the first two pH reading are 7.48 and 7.85,
find the range of pH value for the third reading that will result in the acidity level being
BBo
normal.
re
13. in drilling worlds's deepest hole it was found that the temperature T in degree celcius, x km
below the earth's surface was given by T = 30 + 25 (x — 3), 3 < a: < 15. At what depth will the
ouur
ad
temperature be between 155°C and 205°C? [NCERT EXEMPLAR!

Yo
ANSWERS
dY
Re
h (5,7), (7,9) 2. (11,13), (13,15), (15,17), (17,19) 3. (6,8), (8,10), (10,12)

idn
4. 60 5. Between 30°C and 35°C 6. Between 86°Fand95°F

FFin
7. 82 marks 8. More than 600 9. 9 cm

10. More than 562.5 litres but less than 900 litres
11. More than 320 litres but less than 1280 litres 12. Between 6.27 and 8.07
1-'. Between 8 km and 10 km.
14.7 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF LINEAR INEQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
If a, b, c are real numbers, then the equation ax + by + c ~ 0 is called a linear equation in two
variables x and y whereas the inequalities ax + by<c,ax + by>c,ax + by<c and ax + by >c are
called linear inequations in two variables x and y.
We have studied in coordinate geometry that the graph of the equation ax + by = c is a straight
line which divides the xy-plane into two parts which are represented by ax + by <c and
ax + by>c. These two parts are known as the closed half-spaces. The regions represented by
ax + by <c and ax + by >c are known as the open half spaces. In set theoretical notations, the set
{(x, y):ax + by = c} is the straight line, sets {{x, y)\ax + by<c} and {{x, y):ax + by>c} are
closed half spaces and the sets {(x, y):ax + by< c} and {{x, y):ax + by>c} are open half-spaces.
These half spaces are also known as the solution sets of the corresponding inequations.
In order to find the solution set of a linear inequation in two variables, we follow the following
algorithm.
ALGORITHM
Step I Convert the given inequation, say ax + by <c, into the equation ax + by = c which represents a
straight line in xy-plane.
Step II Put y = 0 in the equation obtained in step I to get the point where the line meets with x-axis.
Similarly, put x = 0to obtain a point where the line meets with y-axis.
Step m Join the points obtained in step II to obtain the graph of the line obtained from the given
inequation. In case of a strict inequality i.e. ax + by <c or ax + by > c, draw the dotted line,
otherwise mark it thick line.
Choose a point, if possible (0, 0), not lying on this line : Substitute its coordinates in the
ww
Step IV
inequation. If the inequation is satisfied, then shade the portion of the plane which contains the
chosen point; otherwise shade the portion which does not contain the chosen point.
Step V The shaded region obtained in step IV represents the desired solution set.
Flo
In case of the inequalities ax + by <c and ax + by>c points on the line are also a part of the
REMARK
shaded region while in case of inequalities ax + by <c and ax + by >c points on the line ax + by = care
ee
not in the shaded region.
rere
The following examples illustrate the above algorithm.
r FF
uurr
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES foor
ks s
EXAMPLE 1 Solve the following inequations graphically:

Yoo
oook
(i) 2x + 3y < 6 (ii) 2x-y>l (iii) x>2 (iv) y<-3

SOLUTION (i) Converting the given inequation into equation, we obtain 2x+ 3y = 6.
eBB
Putting y = 0 and x = 0 respectively in this equation, we get x = 3 and y = 2. So, this line meets
x-axis at A{3,0) and y-axis at B (0,2). We plot these points and join them by a thick line. This line
uurr
divides the xy-plane in two parts. To determine the region represented by the given inequality
ad
consider the point O (0, 0). Clearly, (0, 0) satisfies the inequality. So, the region containing the
Yo
origin is represented by the given inequation as shown in Fig. 14.31. This region represents the
dY
solution set of the given inequations.

Re
innd
4^
FFi
<v
X- X
<■ >
o
5fo)’
W'
Fig 14.31 Fig. 14.32
(ii) Converting the given inequation into equation we obtain 2x - y = 1. This line meets x and
y-axes at A (1/2,0) and B (0, - 1) respectively. Joining these points by a thick line we obtain the
line passing through A and B as shown in Fig. 14.32. This line divides the xy-plane into two
regions viz. one lying above it and the other lying below it. Consider the point 0(0,0). Clearly,
(0, 0) does not satisfy the inequation 2x - y >1. So, the region not containing the origin is
represented by the given inequation as shown in Fig. 14.32. Clearly it represents the solution set
of the given inequation.
(iii) We have x > 2.Converting the inequation into equation, we obtain a: = 2. Clearly, it is a line
parallel to y-axis at a distance of 2 units from it. This line divides the xy-plane into two parts viz.
one part on the LHS of a = 2 and the other on its RHS. We find that the point (0,0) does not satisfy
the inequation x > 2. So, the region represented by the given equation is the shaded region
shown in Fig. 14.33. The shaded region is the required solution set of the given inequation.
Ay AY
A
X' X
X' X <
o
<■
O ’(2,0) ^ <■
y = -.1
>
(0,-3)
ww
yr VY‘
Fig. 14.33 Fig. 14.34
(iv) We have y < - 3. Converting the given inequation into equation we obtain y = -3. Clearly, it
Flo
is a line parallel to x-axis at a distance of 3 units below it. The line y = -3 divides the .xy-plane into
ee
two regions one below it and the other above it. Consider the point O (0,0). We find that (0,0)
rere
does not satisfy the inequation y < - 3. So, the region represented by the given inequation is the
r FF
region not containing the origin as show in Fig. 14.34. Clearly, it is the solution set of the given
inequation.
uurr
EXAMPLE 2 Solve the following inequations graphicalh/:
foor
(i)|x|<3 (ii) ly-x!<3 (iii) [x-ylSl
ks s
SOLUTION (i) Converting the given inequation into equation, we obtain x = 3. This equation
Yoo
represents a line parallel to y-axis at a distance of 3 units from it. The line given by x = 3
oook
divides the xy-plane into two regions. Clearly, the point O (0,0) satisfies x < 3. So, the graph of
eBB
X < 3 is as shown in Fig. 14.35. The shaded region represents the solution set of this inequation.
(ii) We have, [ y - x | < 3. This inequation is equivalent to
-3<y-x<3 [●.■ I X I < <=> - f7 < X < fl]
uurr
-3<y-x and y-x<3

ad
<=>
Yo
X - y - 3 < 0 and x - y + 3 > 0

dY
AY
Re
innd
A A
FFi
X' X
V V
'I'r
Fig. 14.35
The region represented by | y - x | < 3 is the region common to the regions represented by
X - y - 3 < 0 and x-y + 3>0as shown in Fig. 14.36. This shaded region represents the solution
set of the given inequation.
(iii) Wehave,
|x-y|>l<=> x-y>l or x-y<-l x-y-l>0 or x-i/H-l<0
The required region is the union of regions represented byx-y-1^0 and x-y + l<0as
shown in Fig. 14.37. The shaded region represents the solution set of the given inequation.
EXERCISE 14.5
BASIC
Represent to solution set of each of the following inequations graphically in two dimensional plane:
1. ;c + 2y-4<0 2. X + 2y>6 3. x + 2>0
4. x-2y<0 5. - 3x + 2y < 6 6. x<8-4y

7. 0<2x-5y + 10 8. 3y>6-2-.c 9. y >2x-8
10. 3x -2y <x + y -8
14.8 SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR INEQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLE
In this section, we will discuss the technique of finding the solution set of simultaneous linear
inequations. Solving simultaneous linear inequations means finding the set of points (x, y) for
w
which all the constraints are satisfied. Note that the solution set of simultaneous linear
inequations may be an empty set or it may be the region bounded by the straight lines
corresponding to linear inequations or it may be an unbounded region with straight line
Flo
boundaries.
eee
Fr
Type I ON FINDING THE SOLUTION SET REPRESENTED BY SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR INEQUATIONS

for
ur
EXAMPLE 1 Exhibit graphically the solution set of the linear inequations
3x + 4y < 12, 4:c + 3y < 12, X ^ 0, y ^ 0
ks
SOLUTION Converting the inequations into equations, the inequations reduce to

Yo
3x + 4y = 12, 4x + 3y = 12, = 0 and y = 0.

oo
Region Represented by 3x + 4y < 12: The line 3a: + 4y = 12 meets the Ay

eB
coordinate axes at A (4, 0) and B (0, 3). Draw a thick line joining A .Bl(0,4)
4x + 3y = 12
and B. We find that (0, 0) satisfies inequation 3a: + 4y ^12. So, the (0,3)
portion containing the origin represents the solution set of the
r
3j: + 4y = 12
ou
ad
inequation 3x + 4y < 12. X' (4,0)

YY
Region Represented by 4x + 3y ^ 12: The line 4a: + 3y = 12 meets the a: ^

■>
o (3,0)/l X
andy-axes at Ai(3,0) and Bi(0,4) respectively. Join these two points

nd
'i'Y'
Re
by a thick line. Clearly, the region containing the origin is

represented by the inequation 4x + 3y < 12. Fig. 14.38
Fi
Region Represented byx>0 and y ^ 0: Clearly, a: ^ 0 and y ^ 0 represent the first quadrant.
Hence, the shaded region given in Fig. 14.38 represents the solution set of the given linear
inequations.
EXAMPLE 2 Exhibit graphically the solution set of the linear inequations
x + y<5, 4A: + y>4, x + by>5, x<4, y<3
SOLUTION Converting the inequations into equations, we obtain
A: + y = 5, 4A: + y = 4, A: + 5y=5, a: = 4, y = 3
Region Represented by X + y <5: The line a: + y =5 meets the coordinate axes at A(5,0) andB{0,5)
respectively. Join these points by a thick line. Clearly, (0,0) satisfies the inequality a: + y < 5. So,
the portion containing the origin represents the solution set of the inequation a: + y ^5.
Region Represented by 4x + y>4: The line 4a: + y = 4 meets the coordinate axes at Ai(l, 0) and
(0, 4) respectively. Join these points by a thick line. Clearly, (0, 0) does not satisfy the
inequation 4a: + y > 4. So, the portion not containing the origin is represented by the inequation
4.r + y > 4.
Region Represented by a: + 5y ^ 5: The line a: + 5y > 5 meets the
coordinate axes at ^4 (5, 0) and B2 (0,1) respectively. Join these
two points by a thick line. We find that (0,0) does not satisfy
the inequation .y + 5y > 5. So, the portion not containing the
origin is represented by the given inequation.
Region Represented by x< 4: Clearly, y = 4 is a line parallel to
y-axis at a distance of 4 units from die origin. Since (0,0) satisfies
the inequation y < 4. So, the portion lying on the left side of y = 4
is the region represented by y < 4.
4.v+y=4
Region Represented by y < 3: Clearly, y = 3 is a line parallel to Y-axis vy
at a distance 3 from it. Since (0, 0) satisfies y ^ 3. So, the portion
ww
Fig. 14.39
containing the origin is represented by the given inequation.
The common region of the above five regions represents the solution set of the given linear
constaints as shown in Fig. 14.39.
Flo
EXAMPLES Draw the diagram ofthe solution set ofthe linear inequations 3x + 4y >12, y >1, y>0.
e
SOLUTION Converting the inequations into equations, we get 3y + 4y = 12, y = 1, y = 0
rere
Region Represented by 3y + 4y > 12: The line 3y + 4y = 12 meets the
r FF
AY
coordinate axes at A (4,0) and B(0,3) joining these points by a thick
line we get the graph of 3y + 4y = 12. Since (0, 0) does not satisfy the
uurr
inequation 3y + 4y > 12. So, the portion not containing the origin is
for
B (0,3)
represented by the inequation 3y + 4y ^ 12. <■
y= i
Region Represented byy> 1; The line y = 1 is parallel to Y-axis at a unit X’
kss
X
distance from it. Since (0, 0) does not satisfy the inequation y S1. So, <■
ooook
o
Yo
the region lying above the line y = 1 is represented by y > 1.

x*0
Region Represented by x> 0: Clearly, y > 0 represents the region lying
eBB
Y’V
on the right side of y-axis.
Fig. 14.40
The solution set of the given linear constraints is the intersection
urr
of the above regions as shown in Fig. 14.40.

ad
Yo
Type II ON FINDING THE LINEAR INEQUATIONS WHEN THEIR SOLUTION SET IS GIVEN
dY
EXAMPLE 4 Find the linear inequations for which the shaded area in Fig. 14.41 is the solution set.
Re
SOLUTION Consider the line y + 2y = 8. We observe that the shaded region and the origin are
innd
on the same side of the line y + 2y = 8 and (0, 0) satisfies the linear constraint y + 2y ^ 8. So, we
Fi
must have one inequations as y + 2y < 8.

A V
Now consider the line 2y + y = 2. We find that the shaded region ■s
and the origin are on the opposite sides of the line 2y + y = 2 and ●V,
(0, 0) does not satisfy the inequation 2y + y ^ 2. So, the second
inequations is 2y + y ^ 2. X' <p X
<
o il.O)
Finally, consider the line y - y = 1. We observe that the shaded
region and the origin are on the same side of the line y - y = 1. We
observe that the shaded region and the origin are on the same side /
^ y,
of the line Y-y=l and (0, 0) satisfies Y-y<l. So, the third Fig. 14.41
constraint is y - y < 1.
We also notice that the shaded region is above Y-axis and is on the irght side of y-axis. So, we
must have y > 0 and y > 0.
Thus, the linear inequations corresponding to the given solution set are
a: + 2i/<8, 2a: + i/>2, x~y<\, :r>0, y>0
EXAMPLE 5
Find the linear inequations for which the shaded region in Fig. 14.42 is the solution set.
SOLUTION Consider the line 2x + 3y - 3. We observe that the shaded region and the origin lie
on the opposite side of this line and (0, 0) satisfies lx + 3y < 3. Therefore, we must have
2-y + 3y > 3 as the linear inequations corresponding to the line 2x + 3y = 3.
Consider the liiie 3x + 4y =18. Clearly, the shaded region and
the origin lie on the same side of this line and (0,0) satisfies the
inequation 3,t + 4y < 18. So, we must have 3x + 4y < 18 as the
linear inequations corresponding to 3x + 4y = 18.
Consider the line x ~6y = 3. It is evident from the figure that
the origin and the shaded region lie on the same side of tliis line
ww
and (0,0) satisfies x - 6y < 3. So, 'a - 6y ^ 3 is the corresponding
inequations.
Consider the line - 7a: + 4y = 14. We find that the shaded region
Flo
and the origin are on the same side of this line and (0, 0)
e
satisfies the inequations - 7 a: + 4y < 14. So, the corresponding
eree
linear inequations is - 7x + 4y < 14.
Also, the shaded region is in first quadrant only. So, we must have a: > 0 and y > 0.
FFr
Thus, the linear inequations comprising the given solution set are
oorr
uur r
2AT+3y>3, 3A: + 4y<18, -7A: + 4y<14, A.*-6y<3, x>0, y>0
sf
EXERCISE 14.6
sk
BASIC
Yoo
ooko
1- Solve the following systems of linear inequations graphically:

eBB
f ) 2a: + 3y < 6, 3a: + 2y < 6, a: > 0, y > 0 (ii) 2.y + 3y < 6, x + 4y < 4, x > 0, y > 0
1 x-y<l, x + 2y<8, 2x-f v>2, x>0, y>0
(iv' '- + y>l, 7x + 9y<63, x<6, y<5, x>0, y>0
uurr
ad
(v) - 3y <35, y > 3, x I, x > 0, y > 0

Yo
2. Show that the solution set i the following linear inequations is empty set:
dY
(i) x-2y ^0, 2x-y <-2, x>0,y >0 (ii) x+2y < 3, 3x + 4y >12, y >1, x>0, y >0
Re
3. Find the linear inequations for which the shaded area in Fig. 14.43 is the solution set. Draw
innd
the diagram of the solution set of the linear inequations:

FFi
4. Find the linear inequations for which the solution set is the shaded region given in
Fig. 14.44.
5. Show that the solution set of the following linear in equations is an unbounded set:
x + y>9, 3x + y>12, x>0, y>0.
6. Solve the following systems of inequations graphically:
(i) 2x + y > 8, X + 2y > 8, x +y<6
(ii) 12x + 12y < 840, 3x + 6y < 300, 8x + 4y < 480 x > 0, y > 0
(hi) X + 2y < 40, 3x + y > 30, 4x + 3y > 60, x > 0, y > 0
oww
(iv)5x + y>10, 2x + 2y>12, x + 4y>12, x>0, y>0
7. Show that the following system of linear equations has no solution:
x + 2y<3, 3x + 4y>12, x>0, y>l. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
8. Show that the solution set of the following system of linear inequalities is an unbounded
e
FFrlo
region 2x + y >8, x + 2y>10, x>0, yÔ. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
re
9. Find the linear inequalities for which the shaded region in Fig. 14.45 is the solution set.
ree
F
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
rF
ffsoor
ouur
kosk
Yo
X'
oo
Y
<■
o
BB
(4,0)
V
4^'
re
Fig. 14.46
uur
oY
10. Find the linear inequalities for which the shaded region in Fig. 14.46 is the solution
ad
set. INCERT EXEMPLAR]

dY
ANSWERS
innd
Re
3.2x + 3y > 6, 4x + 6y < 24, - 3x + 2y < 3, X - 2y < 2, X > 0, y > 0,

Fi
F
4. X + y < 4, y < 3, X < 3, X + 5y > 4, 6x + 2y > 8, X > 0, y > 0

9. X + y < 20, 3x + 2y < 48, X > 0, y > 0
10. X + y < 8, X + y > 4, X <5, y <5, X > 0, y > 0
1. If X > - 3, then x + 5. 2.
2. If-x<-4, then 2x 8.
3. If — < 0, then X 2.
x-2
4. If I X -11 < 2 then -1. x<3.

5 jt
5. If I 3x - 7 I > 2, then x — or, X ,3.
3
6.1f-4x>2, then x, -3.

3x
7. If- — ^-3, then x 4.
4
8.
Ifx > y and z < 0, then - xz -y2.
9. The solution set of the inequation | +11 < 3 is
10. The solution set of the inequation | a: + 21 > 5 is.
x-3
11. If > 0, then X belongs to the interval
;c-3
12. |x|+l
The solution set of the inequation <0 is.
oww
x\-l
ANSWERS
1. > 2. > 3. < 4. <, < 5. <, > 6. < 7. > 8. >
e
ree
9. (-4,2) 10. (-00,-7) u( 3, 00) 11.(3, CO) 12. (-1,1)
rFl
Fre
rr F
ouur
question:
sfoo
x^
okks
1.
Write the solution set of the inequation >0.
x~2
Yo
ooo
1
2.
Write the solution set of the inequation x + —>2.
eBB
3. Write the set of values of x satisfying the inequation {x -2x + l){x -A)> 0.
uurr
4. Write the solution set of the equation\ 2 -x\ = x -2.

ad
YYo
5. Write the set of values of x satisfying | a: -11 < 3 and] a: -11 <1.
6.
Write the solution set of the inequation — - 2 <4.
dd
.T
Re
iinn
a: + 2 1
7.
Write the number of integral solutions of
?7T^2-
F
x + 2
8.
Write the set of values of x satisfying the inequations 5a: + 2 < 3a: + 8 and <4.
x-l
9. Write the solution set of a: + - >2.

a:
10.
Write the solution set of the inequation | a: - Ij > | a: - 31.
ANSWERS
1- [2,c«) 2. (0, oo) 3. (- CO, 4) 4. (2, oo)

5. [2,4] 6. (-00,-1/2) u(1/6,00) 7. 3
8. (-oo,l)u(2, 3) 9. K-{-1,0,1} 10. [2, CO)
14.31
LINEAR INEQUATIONS

1. Ifx <7, then
(a) -x<-7 (b) -x<-7 (c) (d) -:t>-7
2. If-3.r + 17 <-13, then
(a) X e (10, co) (b) X e [10, oo) (c) a:€(-co,10] (d) xe[-10,10)
3. Given that x, y and b are real numbers and x<y,b>0, then
7<7
b b (b)fsf
b b
r
b > 7
h b b
ww
4. If X is a real number and I x| <5, then
(a) X >5 (b) -5 <x <5 (c) x<-5 (d) -5<x<5
FF loo
5. If X and a are real numbers such that a>0 and | x[ >«, then
ree
(a) X e(-fl, oo) (b) xe[-co, fl] (c) X € (- fl, a) (d) X e(-co, -a) u(fl, oo)
6. If |x-l| >5, then
rFee
(a) xe(-4,6) (b) X € [-4, 6]
oor rF
rur
(c) X e(-co, -4)u(6, co) (d) X G (- oo, - 4) u [6, co)
s ff
7. If|x + 2] < 9, then
(a) xe(-7,ll) (b) xgI-11,7]
k
YYoou
ookos
(c) X e (-00,-7) u(ll, oo) (d) xg(-co, -7) u[ll, co)

8. The inequality representing the following graph is
BBo
(a) lx|<3 (b) |x|<3 (c) |x|>3 (d) |x|>3

re
A V
ouur
ad
A A
Yo
X' X
->
Yd
(3,0)
Re
0) o
idn
FFin
V
'i'Y'
Fig. 14.47
9. Tlie linear inequality representing the solution set given in Fig. 14.48 is
(a) 1x1 <5 (b) 1x1 >5 (c) [xl>5 (d) |xl<5
<■
— 00 -5 5 GO
Fig. 14.48
10. The solution set of the inequation 1 x + 21 ^ 5 is

(a) (-7,5) (b) [-7, 3] (c) [-5,51 (d) (-7, 3)
lx-21
11. If > 0, then
x-2
(a) X € [2, co) (b) X g(2, oo) (c) xe(-co, 2) (d) X g(-co, 2]
14.32
MATHEMATICS-XI
12. If I a: + 3| > 10, then

(a) Aê(-13,7] (b) ;t6(-13,7)
(c) A:e(-a),-13)u(7, co) (d) AT€(-co,-13]u[7,oo)
13. Solution of a linear inequality in variable a: is represented on the number line as shown i in
Fig. 14.49. The solution can also be described as

<- —O
- CO
5 00
Fig. 14.49
(a) xe(-co,5) (b) X e(-oo,5] (c) a: e [5, co) (d) a; 6 (5, co)
14. The shaded part of the number line in Fig. 14.50 can also be represented as
ww
<
- 30
9 so
Fig. 14.50
FF loo
(9 9^ 9
/ =0 (b) a: 6 —.00 (C) AT 6 - 00, - (d) a: 6 - 00, -
ree
[2 2) 2
15. The shaded part of the number line in Fig. 14. 51 can also be described as
reFe
-t -O O*
1 2
oor rF <x>
rur
Fig. 14,51
s ff
(a) (-■»,!) u (2, co) (b) (-CO, 1] u [2, co)
(c) (1,2) (d) [1,2]
k
YYoou
okso
ANSWERS
BBoo
l.(c) 2.(a) 3.(a) 4.(b) 5.(d) 6.(c) 7.(b) 8.(b)

r ee
9.(c) 10. (b) 11, (b) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (a)
ouur
ad
Yo
d
idnY
Re
FFin
CHAPTER 15
PERMUTATIONS
15.1 THE FACTORIAL
In this section, we shall introduce the term and notation of factorial which will be often used in
this cliapter and the next three chapters.
ww
FACTORIAL The continued product offirst n natural numbers is called the "n factorial" and is denoted
by n!or|”.
nl = Ix2x3x4x...x(n-l)xn.
FF loo
i.e
Thus, 31=1x2x3=6; 41=1 x 2x 3x 4 = 24, 51=1x 2x 3x 4x5=120 etc.
ree
Clearly, «!is defined for positive integers ordy.
ZERO FACTORIAL As we zvill require zero factorial in the later sections of this chapter and it does not
make any sense to define it as the product of the integers from 1 to zero. So, we define 0! = I.
rFee
NOTE Factorials of proper fractions or negative integers are not defined. Factorial n is defined orilyfor
oor rF
rur
whole numbers.
s ff
DEDUCTION We have,
n! = lx 2x 3x 4...x(?i-l)xn = [lx 2x 3x 4...x(n-l)]H = [(«-l) !]H=»x(n-l)!
k
YYoou
okos
Thus, »! = hx (»-1)1
BBoo
Sinularly,
n\ = n (n-l) (n-2)l = n («-l) («-2) (n-3)l = « (??-l) («-2) (n-3) (M-4)!and so on.
re
For example, 8! = 8 (71), 51=5(4!) and 21 = 2(1!)

ouur
ad
Following examples will illustrate the use of this property of factorial n.

Yo
Yd
Re

idn
FFin
20! 10!
EXAMPLE! Compute: (i) (ii)
18! 614!

20! _ 20 (19!) _ 20x19x18! = 20 X 19 = 380 [v «! = wx(n-l)0
1^” 18! 18!
10! lOx 9 X 8x7 X 6! 10x9x8x7

(ii) = 210
6!4! 6! X (4 X 3x2x1) 4 X 3x2x1
EXAMPLE 2 Convert the following products into factorials:

(i) 6 ● 7 ● 8 ● 9 ● 10 (ii) 2 ● 4 ● 6 ● 8 ● 10
1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10 10!
SOLUTION (i) 6 ● 7 ● 8 ● 9 ● 10 =
1-2-3-4-5 5!
(ii) 2-4-6-8-10=(2xl)(2x2)(2x 3){2x4)(2x5)=2^ (l-2-3-4-5)=2^x5!

15.2 MATHEMATICS-XI
EXAMPLE 3
Find the LCM of 41,5! and 6!
SOLUTION We have, 5! = 5x4! and 6! = 6x5x4!
L.C.M.of 4!,5!, 6! = L.CM. {41,5 x 41, 6 x 5 x 4!} =(4!) x 5 x 6 = 6! =720
1
EXAMPLE 4 If — - — ,find X.
9! 10! 11!
SOLUTION We have,
1 +A. X
9! 10! 11!
1 1 X
^ 9! ^10x9! 11x10x9!
1 r
1+1 X 1 1 X 11 X
w
X — => 1 + — = => .Y = ll X 11 =121.
9! 10 11x10 9! 10 11x10 10 11x10
ALITER We have,
Flo
1 J_ = ^
e
9! 10! 11!
rree
Multiplying both sides by the LCM of 9!, 10! and 11! i.e. by 11!, we obtain
r FF
11! ni ^ 11. 11x10x9! 11x10!
= — xll! => = x => IIX10 + 11 =x => x=121.
9! 10! 11! 9! 10!
uurr
for
EXAMPLES Find n, if
kss
ooook
(i) (« + 2)! = 2550 X nl (ii) (« + !)! = 12x(n-l)!

Yo

eB
(w + 2)! = 2550xfi!
^ (m + 2) (« +1) X n! = 2550 x nl
urr
ad
=> (« + 2) X (n +1) = 2550

Yo
=> (n + 2) (« +1) = 51X 50 [Expressing 2550 as the product of two consecutive natural numbers]
dY
=> n + 2 = 51 or, n +1 = 50 => n = 49 [By comparing]

Re
innd
(ii) We have.
Fi
(« + l)! = 12x(«-l)!
(« +1) X « X (n -1) I = 12 x (n -1) I
n(« + l)=12 => (« +1) M = 4x 3=> «= 3 [By comparing]
n! nl
EXAMPLE 6 If and
are in the ratio 2 : 2, find the value ofn.
2l{n-2)l 4!(n-4)!
SOLUTION We have.
nl nl
= 2:1
nl
^ 4!(n-4)! _ 2
2!(«-2)l 4!(«-4)i 2!(n-2)! nl 1
4!(«-4)! 2 4x3x2! 2
2!(n-2)x(«-3)x(n-4)! 1 2l{n-2) (h-3) 1
(n-2)(n-3) = 6^ (?i-2) («-3) = 3x2=> n-2 = 3 andn- 3 =2=> n=5

PERMUTATIONS 15.3
{2n)l
EXAMPLE? Prove that: (2«-l)l 2".
n\
SOLUTION We have,
(2n)! 1 - 2- 3-4-5-6-7-8...(2«-2)(2n-l)(2«)
n\ n\
{1.3 ● 5 ● 7 ... (2n -1)} ● (2 ● 4 ● 6 ● 8...(2n-2) (2n)}

nl
{l-3-5-7...(2n-l)} 2” {1 ● 2● 3● 4■■■ (n-1)»}

n!
{l-3-5-7...(2n-l)}-2"-n! «
= {1-3-5-7...(2ji-1)}2
?i!
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EXAMPLE 8 Prove that («! +1) is not divisible by any natural number between 2 and n.
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SOLUTION Let m be divisible by k and r be any natural number between 1 and cf. If m + r is
divided by k, then we obtain r as the remainder.
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Wehave, «! = 1 ● 2● 3● 4... («-1) ●«.
rere
Therefore, nl is divisiblebyevery natural number between 2 and n. So, (n! +1), when divided by
r FF
any natural number between 2 and n, leaves 1 as the remainder.
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Hence, («! + 1) is not divisible by any natural number between 2 and n. foor
EXAMPLE 9 Prove the inequalities (n!)^ < n”(n!) < (2n)! for all positive integers n.
ks s
SOLUTION Clearly, («!)2 ={«!)(”!) = (1 ■ 2 ■ 3 ■ 4... (n-1) «) («!)

Yoo
oook
We know that
1 <n
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2<n
3 <n
=> 1 ■ 2 ■ (n -1) n <n ■ n ■ n... n => «! <n” => (w!) (nl) <n” (w!) => (n!) ...(i)
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n - times
(n~l) ^n
ad
n ^n
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Now, (2«)! = 1 ● 2 ■ 3... (n-1) n(n + 1) (n + 2)... (2n -1) (2n) =n!(« +1) (n + 2)... (2n -1) (2«)
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71 +1 > «
Now,
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M + 2 >71
innd
71+ 3 >71
=> (7i + l)(7i + 2){n+ 3)...(271-1)(2ti)>7i”
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71 + (« -1) >71
71 + 71 >71
7i!(n + l)(7i + 2)...(27i-l)(27i)>7i!7i'' => (27i)!>n! 7i”=>7i!ti" <(2ti)! ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we obtain: (n!)^ (n!) <{2n)!

EXAMPLE 10 Prove that 33! is divisible by 2^^. What is the largest integer n such that 33! is divisible
l7y2”?
SOLUTION Let £2 (ti) denote the index of 2 in n. Then,
£2(33!) = £2(1.2.3.4.5.6 32.33)
£2(33!) = £2 (2.4.6.8 30.32)
£2(33!) = 16+ £2 (1.2.3 15.16)
£2(33!) = 16+ £2 (2.4.6....14.16)
15.4 MATHEMATICS-XI
£2(33!) = 16 + 8+£2(1.2.3...8)
£2(33!) = 16+8 + £2 (2.4.6.S)
£2 (33!) =16 + 8 + 4 + E2(1.2.3.4)
£^(33!) = 16+ 8+ 4+£2 (2.4) =16 + 8 + 4+3 = 31.
Thus, exponent of 2 in 33! is 31 i.e. 33! = 2^^ x an integer
15
This shows that 33! is divisible by 2
n
and the largest integer « such that 33!is divisible by 2
is 31.
EXERCISE 15.1
BASIC
1. Compute;
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30! 11!-10!
(i) (ii) (hi) L.C.M.(6!,7!, 8!)
28! 9!
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2. Prove that 1 J_
9! 10! 111“ 11!
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3. Find x in each of the following:
eer
... 1 1 .Y .... .V 1 1
(1) — + — (11) — = - [NCERTl (hi) 1 +1 =£8! [NCERT]
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+
4! 5! 6! 10! 8! 9! 6! 7!
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uur r
4. Convert the following products into factorials:
s ff
(i) 5 ■ 6 ■ 7 ■ 8 ■ 9 ■ 10 (ii) 3-6-9-12-15-18
(hi) (» + 1) (h + 2) (h + 3)... {2n)
sk
(iv) 1-3-5-7-9...(2m-1)
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5. Which of the following are true:

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(i) (2+3)! = 2!+3! (u) (2 x 3)1 = 2!x 3!

6. Prove that: n\{n + 2) = «! + {n +1)!
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BASED ON LOTS
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7. lf(» + 2)! = 60[(n-l)!],findjL

8. lf(j) + l)! = 90[(?i-l)!],find?7.
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9. lf(?j+ 3)!=56[(n + l)!],find«.

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[2n){ ill
10. If- and are in the ratio 44 : 3, find n.
3!(2n-3)l 2!(n-2)!
11. Prove that:
n\ nl (« + !)!
(i) = «(«-l)(n-2)...(/z-(r-l)) (ii) +
(«-r)! (n-r)\r\ (;j-r + l)!(r-1)! r!(«-r + l)!
(2n + l)l
12. Prove that:
n\
= 2"h-3-5...(2»-l)(2;; + 1)
ÂNSWERS
10!
l.(i) 870 (ii) 100 (hi) 8! 3. (i) 36 (ii) 100 (hi) 64 4. (i)
4!
(ii) s'"’ (6!)
(2n)\ (2»)!
(hi) (iv) 5. (i) False (ii) False 7. 3 8. 9 9. 5 10. 6
/:! 2” n\
PERMUTATIONS 15.5
3. (i) We have,
1 1 a: 6! 6!
— + —= — => — + —=a: [Multiplying both sides by 6!]
4! 5! 6! 4! 5!
6x5x4! 6x5!
= x =>6x5 + 6= a:=>a: = 36
4! 5!
(ii) We have,
a: 1 1 m !^ [Multiplying both sides by 10!]
8! ^ 9!
— = — + — => X =
10! 8! 9!
10x9x8! 10x9!
X = => a:=10x9+10=100
8! 9!
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(iii) We have.
8! 8!
1 1= — [Multiplying both sides by 8!]
6l'^7!“8!
— + — = a:
6! 7!
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8x7x6! 8x7!
= x=> 8x7 + 8=a:=^> a: = 64
6! 7!
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7. (n+2)! = 60(«-l)l
=> (» + 2) (n + l) {«) (H“1)! = 60x(n-l)!
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=> {n + 2) (n +1) (n) = 5 X 4 X 3 [Expressing 60 as the product of three consecutive integers]
oor rF
rur
=> « = 3 [On comparing two sides]
s ff
8. (« + l)! = 90(«-l)l
=> n + l (n)(n-l)! = 90(?i-l)l
k
(n + l)n=10x9 [Writing 90 as the product of consecutive integers]

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=> n =9
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9. (n+3)!=56(n + l)l
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=> (fi+3)(« + 2)0i + l)l=56(n + l)!

=> (ii+3){n + 2)=8x7 [Writing 56 as the product of consecutive integers]
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=> n + 2 =7 => n =5
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15.2 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF COUNTING
In this section, we shall discuss two fundamental principles viz. principle of addition and
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principle of multiplication. These two principles will enable us to understand permutations and
combinations. In fact these two principles form the base of permutations and combinations.
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FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF MULTIPLICATION If there are two jobs such that one of them can be
completed in m ways, and when it has been completed in any one of these m ways, second job can be
completed in n ways; then the two jobs in succession can be completed inmxn ways.
EXPLANATION If the first job is performed in any one of the m ways, we can associate with this
any one of the n ways of performing the second job: and thus there are n ways of performing the
two jobs without considering more than one way of performing the first; and so corresponding
to each of the m ways of performing the first job, we have n ways of performing the second job.
Hence, the number of ways in which the two jobs can be performed is m x n.
ILLUSTRATION 1 hi a class there are 10 boys and 8 girls. The teacher warits to select a boy and a girl
to represent the class in a function. In how many ways can the teacher make this selection ?
SOLUTION Here the teacher is to perform two jobs:
(i) selecting a boy among 10 boys, and (ii) selecting a girl among 8 girls.
The first of these can be performed in 10 ways and the second in 8 ways. Therefore by the
fundamental principle of multiplication, the required number of ways is 10 x 8 = 80.
15.6 MATHEMATICS-XI
REMARK The above principle can be extended for any finite number of jobs as stated below:
If there are n jobs /« such that job Jjcan be performed independently in niiways; i = 3,1,n.
Then the total number of ways in which all the jobs can be performed ism^ x m2>< m^x ...xm„.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF ADDITION If there are two jobs such that they can be performed
independently in m and n ways respectively, then either of the two jobs can be performed in (m + n)
ways.
ILLUSTRATION 2 In a class there are 10 boys and 8 girls. The teacher wants to select either a boy ora
girl to represent the class in a functmi. hi how many ways the teacher can make this selection?
SOLUTION Here the teacher is to perform either of the following two jobs :
(i) selecting a boy among 10 boys, or, (ii) selecting a girl among 8 girls.
The first of these can be performed in 10 ways and the second in 8 ways. Therefore, by
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fundamental principle of addition either of the two jobs can be performed in (10 + 8) = 18 ways.
Hence, the teacher can make the selection of either a boy or a girl in 18 ways.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO PRINCIPLES As we have discussed in the principle of
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multiplication a job is divided or decomposed into a number of sub-jobs lohich are unconnected to each
other and the job is said to be performed ifeach sub-job is performed. While in the principle of addition there
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are a number of independent jobs and we have to perform one of them. So, the total number of ways of
completing 07iy one of the sub-jobs is the sum of the number of ways of completing each sub-jobs.
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for
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EXAMPLE I There are 3 candidates for a Classical, 5 for a Mathematical, and 4 for a Natural science
ks
scholarship,
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(i) In how many ways can these scholarships be awarded?

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(ii) In how many ways one of these scholarships be awarded?

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SOLUTION Clearly, Classical scholarship can be awarded to any one of the three candidates. So,
there are 3 ways of awarding the Classical scholarship.
Similarly, Mathematical and Natural science scholarships can be awarded in 5 and 4 ways
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ad
respectively. So, by Fundamental Principle of multiplication.

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Number of ways of awarding three scholarships = 3x5x4 = 60

By Fundamental Principle of addition.
Number of way of awarding one of the three scholarships = 3+ 5 + 4=12
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EXAMPLE 2 A room has 6 doors. In how many ways can a man enter the room through one door and
come out through a different door ?
F
SOLUTION Clearly, a person can enter the room through any one of the six doors. So, there are
six ways of entering into the room. After entering into the room, the man can come out through
any one of the remaining five doors. So, he can come out through a different door in 5 ways.
Hence, the number of ways in which a man can enter a room through one door and come out
through a different door = 6 x 5 = 30.
EXAMPLE 3
The flag of a newly formed forum is in the form □□□ of three blocks, each to be coloured
differently. If there are six different colours on the whole to choose from, how many such designs are
possible ?
SOLUTION Since there are six coloursto choose from, therefore, first block can be coloured in 6
ways. Now, the second block can be coloured by any one of the remaining colours in five ways.
So, there are five ways to colour the second block.
After colouring first two blocks only four colours are left. The third block can now be coloured
by any one of the remaining four colours. So, there are four ways to colour the third block.
PERMUTATIONS 15.7
Hence, by the fundamental principle of multiplication, the number of flag-designs is

6x5x 4=120.
EXAMl’Li: 4 Find the number of 4 letter words, zuith or zvithont meaning, zvhich can beformed out of the
letters of the word ROSE, when [NCERTJ
(i) the repetition of the letters is not allozoed. (ii) the repetition of the letters is allozued.
SOLUTION (i) The total number of words is same as the number of ways of filling in 4 vacant
places CECIO by the 4 letters. The first place can be filled in 4 different ways by any one of the 4
letters R, O, S, E. Since the repetition of letters is not allowed. Therefore, the second place can be
filled in by any one of the remaining 3 letters in 3 different ways, following which the third place
can be filled in by the remaining 2 letters in 2 different ways; following which the fourth place
can be filled in by the remaining one letter in one way. Thus, by the fundamental principle of
counting the required number of ways is 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 24.
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Hence, required number of words = 24.
(ii) If the repetition of the letters is allowed, then each of the 4 vacant places can be filled in
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succession in 4 different ways.
Hence, required number of words = 4x4x4x4 = 256.
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EX.AMPLE 5 Given 4 flags of different colours, how many different signals can be generated, if a signal
requires the use of 2 flags one below the other? [NCERT]
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SOLUTION The total number of signals is equal to the number of ways of filling in 2 vacant
places oor rF
in succession by four flags of different colours. The upper cacant place can be filled
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in 4 different ways by any one of the 4 flags; following which, the lower vacant place can be filled
s ff
in 3 different ways by any one of the remaining the different flags.
Hence, by the fundamental principle of multiplication, the required number of signals is
k
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4x 3=12.
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EXAMPLE 6 Find the number of different signals that can be generated by arranging at least 2 flags in
order (one below the other) on a vertical staff, iffive differentflags are available. [NCERTl
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SOLUTION Since a signal may consist of either 2 flags, 3 flags, 4 flags or 5 flags. Therefore,
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ad
Total number of signals = Number of 2 flags signals i i

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+ Nnumber of 3 flags signals

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+ Number of 4 flags signals

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+ Number of 5 flags signals

= 5x4 + 5x4x 3+5x4x3x2+5x4x3x2x1
= 20 + 60 +120 +120 = 320

EXA.MPLE 7
In a monthly test, the teacher decides that there will be three questions, one from each of
Exercises 7, 8 and 9 of thetextbook. If there are 12 questionsin Exercise?, 18 in Exercise 8 and 9 in
Exercise 9, in how many ways can three questions be selected ?
SOLUTION There are 12 questions in exercise 7. So, one question from exercise 7 can be selected
in 12 ways. Exercise 8 contains 18 questions. So, second question can be selected in 18 ways.
There are 9 questions in exercise 9. So, third question can be selected in 9 ways. Hence, three
questions can be selected in 12 x 18 x 9 = 1944 ways.
EXAMPLES How many words (zuith or zvithout meaning) of three distinct letters of the English
alphabets are there ?
15.8 MATHEMATICS-X!
SOLUTION Here we have to fill up three places by distinct letters of the English alphabets. Since
there are 26 letters of the English alphabet, the first place can be filled by any of these letters. So,
there are 26 ways of filling up the first place. Now, the second place can be filled up by any of the
remaining 25 letters. So, there are 25 ways of filling up the second place. After filling up the first
two places only 24 letters are left to fill up the third place. So, the third place can be filled in 24
ways.
Hence, the required number of words = 26 x 25 x 24 = 15600
EXAMPLE 9 There are 6 multiple choice questions in an examination. How many sequence of answers
are possible, if the first three questions have 4 choices each and the next three have 5 each ?
SOLUTION Here we have to perform 6 jobs of answering 6 multiple choice questions. Each one
of the first three questions can be answered in 4 ways and each one of the next three can be
answered in 5 different ways.
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So, the total number of different sequences = 4x4x4x5x5x5 = 8000
EXAMPLE 10 Hnd the total number of ways of answering 5 objective type questions, each question
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having 4 choices.
SOLUTION Since each question can be answered in 4 ways. So, the total number of ways of
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answering 5 questions is 4x4x4x4x4=4^.
EXAMPLE 11 How many three-digit numbers can be formed without using the digits 0,2,3,4,5 and 6 ?
rFee
SOLUTION We have to determine the total number of three digit numbers formed by using the
F
digits 1,7,8,9. Clearly, the repetition of digits is allowed. oor r
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A three digit number has three places viz. units's, ten's and hundred's. Unit's place can be filled
s ff
by any of the digits 1, 7,8,9. So, unit's place can be filled in 4 ways. Similarly, each one of the
ten's and hundred's place can be filled in 4 ways.
k
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Total number of required numbers = 4 x 4 x 4 = 64.

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EXAMPLE 12 How many numbers are there between 100 and 1000 in which all the digits are distinct ?
BBo
SOLUTION A number between 100 and 1000 has three digits. So, we have to form all possible
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3-digit numbers with distinct digits. We cannot have 0 at the hundred's place. So, the hundred's
place can be filled with any of the 9 digits 1,2,3,..., 9. So, there are 9 ways of filling the hundred's
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place.
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Now, 9 digits are left including 0. So, ten's place can be filled with any of the remaining 9 digits
in 9 ways. Now, the unit's place can be filled with in any of the remaining 8 digits. So, there are 8
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ways of filling the unit's place.

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Hence, the total number of required numbers = 9x 9x 8 = 648.

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EXAMPLE 13 How many numbers are there between 100 and 1000 such that every digit is either 2 or 9?
SOLUTION Every number between 100 and 1000 consists of three digits. So, we have to
determine the total number of three digit numbers such that every digit is either 2 or 9.
Clearly, each one of the unit's, ten's and hundred's place can be filled in 2 ways.
So, the total number of required numbers = 2x2x2 = 8.
EXAMPLE 14 How many numbers are there between 100 and 1000 such that 7 is in the imit's place.
SOLUTION Every number between 100 and 1000 is a three digit number. So, we have to form
3-digit numbers with 7 at the unit's place by using the digits 0,1, 2,..., 9. Clearly, repetition of
digits is allowed. The hundred's place can be filled with any of the digits from 1 to 9 (zero cannot
be there at hundred's place). So, hundred's place can be filled in 9 ways. Now, the ten's place can
be filled with any of the digits from 0 to 9. So, ten's place can be filled in 10 ways. Since all the
numbers have digit 7 at the imit's place, so, imit's place can be filled in only one way. Hence, by
the fundamental principle of counting the total number of numbers between 100 and 1000
having 7 at the unit's place = 9 x 10 x 1 = 90.
PERMUTATIONS 15.9
EXAMPLE 15 A gentleman has 6 friends to invite. In how many loays can he send invitation cards to
them, if he has three servants to carry the cards ?
SOLUTION Since a card can be sent by any one of the three servants, so the number of ways of
sending the invitation card to the first friend = 3. Similarly, invitation cards can be sent to each of
the six friends in 3 ways.
So, the required number of ways = 3x 3x 3x 3x 3x 3 = 3^= 729.
EXAMPLE 16 Holu many three-digit numbers more than 600 can beformed by using the digits 2,3,4,6,7.
SOLUTION Clearly, repetition of digits is allowed. Since a three-digit number greater than 600
will have 6 or 7 at hundred's place. So, hundred's place can be filled in 2 ways. Each of the ten's
and one's place can be filled in 5 ways.
Hence, total number of required numbers = 2 x 5 x 5 =50.
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EXAMPLE 17 How many numbers between 3000 and 4000 can be formed from the digits 3,4,5,6,1 and
8, no digit being repeated in any number ?
SOLUTION Clearly, a number between 3000 and 4000 must have 3 at thousand's place. So,
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thousand's place can be filled in only one way. Now, himdred's place can be filled in 5 ways.
Since repetition of digits is not allowed so ten's and one's places can be filled in 4 and 3 ways
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respectively.
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r FF
So, total number of required numbers = lx5x4x 3 = 60.
EXAMPLE 18 How many numbers divisible by 5 and lying between 4000 atid 5000 can be formed from
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the digits 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
foor
SOLUTION Clearly, a number between 4000 and 5000 must have 4 at thousand's place. Since the
number is divisible by 5 it must have 5 at unit's place. Now, each of the remaining places (viz.
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hundred's and ten's) can be filled in 5 ways.

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Hence, total number of required numbers =1x5x5x1=25.

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How many four-digit numbers can beformed using the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5 if(i) repetition
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EXAMPLE 19
of digits is not allowed (ii) repetition of digits is allowed ?

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SOLUTION (i) In a four-digit number 0 cannot appear in the thousand's place. So, '■housand's
place can be filled in 5 ways. (viz. 1,2,3,4,5). Since repetition of digits is not allowi .1 and 0 can
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be used at hundred's place, so hundred's place can be filled in 5 ways.

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innd
Now, any one of the remaining four digits can be used to fill up ten's place. So, ten's place can be
filled in 4 ways. One's place can be filled from the remaining three digits in 3 ways.
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Hence, the required number of numbers =5x5x4x 3 = 300.

(ii) For a four-digit number we have to fill up four places and 0 cannot appear in the thousand's
place. So, thousand's place can be filled in 5 ways. Since repetition of digits is allowed, so each of
the remaining three places viz. hundred's, ten's and one's can be filled in 6 ways.
Hence, the required number of numbers =5x6x6x6 =1080..
EXAMPLE 20 Hoxu many numbers greater than 1000, but not greater than 4000 can be formed with the
digits 0,1, 2,3,4 if: (i) repetition of digits is allowed 7 (ii) repetition of digits is notalloiued 7
SOLUTION (i) Every number between 1000 and 4000 is a four digit number. In thousand's place
we can put either 1 or 2 or 3 but not 4. So, thousand's place can be filled in 3 ways. Since
repetition of digits is allov/ed, so each of the hundred's, ten's and one's place can be filled in 5
ways. So, total number of numbers between 1000 and 4000, including 1000 and excluding 4000 is
3x5x5x5 = 375. But, we have to find the total number of numbers greater than 1000 but not
greater than 4000.
Hence, required number of numbers = 375 +1 (for 4000) -1 (for 1000) = 375.
(ii) As discussed above thousand's place can be filled in 3 ways. Since repetition of digits is not
allowed, so, hundred's place can be filled from the remaining digits in 4 ways. Now, three digits
are left, so ten's place can be filled in 3 ways. One's place can be filled in 2 ways.
Hence, required number of numbers = 3x4x 3x2 = 72.
EXAMPLE 21 How many three digit odd numbers can be formed by using the digits 1,2,3,4,5,6 if:
(NCERTl
(i) the repetition of digits is not allowed ?
(ii) the repetition of digits is allowed ?
SOLUTION For a number to be odd, we must have 1, 3 or 5 at the unit's place. So, there are 3
ways of filling the unit's place.
(i) Since the repetition of digits is not allowed, the ten's place can be filled with any of the
remaining 5 digits in 5 ways. Now, four digits are left. So, hundred's place can be filled in 4
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ways.
So, required number of numbers = 3x5x4 = 60
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(ii) Since the repetition of digits is allowed, so each of the ten's and hundred's place can be filled
in 6 ways.
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Hence, required number of numbers = 3x6x6= 108.
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EXAMPLE 22 How many 3-digit even numbers can be formed from the digits 1,2,3,4,5,6 if the digits
can be repeated? [NCERTl
SOLUTION For a number to be even, we must have 2,4 or 6 at the unit's place. So, there are 3
for
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ways to fill in the unit's place. Since digits can be repeated, so each of the ten's and hundred's
place can be filled in 6 ways.
kkss
Hence, required number of numbers = 3x6x6= 108.

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EXAMPLE 23 How many numbers of 3 digits can be formed with the digits 1,2,3,4,5 when digits may
be repeated ?
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SOLUTION The unit's place can be filled in 5 ways. Since, the repetition of digits is allowed,
therefore ten's place can be filled in 5 ways and hundred's place can also be filled in 5 ways.
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Therefore, by the fundamental principle of counting, the required number of three digit
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numbers =5x5x5= 125.

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EXAMPLE 24 Find the number of numbers of 5 digits that can beformed with the digits 0,1,2,3,4 if the
digits can be repeated in the same number.
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SOLUTION In a five digit number 0 cannot be put in ten thousand's place. So, the number of
ways of filling up the ten thousand's place = 4.
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Since the repetition of digits is allowed, therefore each of the other places can be filled in 5 ways.
So, the required number of numbers = 4x5x5x5x5 = 2500.
EXAMPLE 25 How many 4-digit numbers are there, when a digit may be repeated any number of times ?
SOLUTION In a four digit number 0 cannot be placed at thousand's place. So, thousand's place
can be filled with any digit from 1 to 9. Thus, thousand's place can be filled in 9 ways.
Since repetition of digits is allowed, therefore each of the remaining 3 places can be filled in 10
ways by using the digits from 0 to 9.
Hence, the required number of numbers = 9 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 9000.
EXAMPLE 26 How many three-letter words can be formed using a, b, c, d, e if: (i) repetition is not
allowed (ii) repetition is allowed ?
SOLUTION (i) Clearly, the total number of three-letter words is equal to the number of ways of
filling three places. First place can be filled in 5 ways. Now, four letters are left. So, the second
PERMUTATIONS 15.11
place can be filled in 4 ways. Since the repetition of letters is not allowed, so the third place can
be filled from any one of the remaining 3 digits in 3 ways.
Hence, total number of words = 5 x 4 x 3 = 60.
(ii) In this case repetition of letters is allowed, so each of the three places can be filled in 5 ways.
Hence, total number of words =5x5x5= 125.
EXAMPLE 27 In how many ways can the following prizes be given away to a class of 30 studeiits, first
and second in Mathematics, first and second in Physics, first in Chemistry and first in English ?
SOLUTION Here we have to give prizes in four subjects and the process of distributing prizes
can be completed by giving prizes in the four subjects.
First and second prizes can be given in Mathematics in (30 x 29) ways.
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First and second prizes can be given in Physics in (30 x 29) ways.
First prize can be given in Chemistry in 30 ways.
Flo
First prize can be given in English in 30 ways.
Hence, the number of ways to give prizes in all the four subjects
reeee
8
= (30x29)x(30x29)x 30x 30 = 6.8121x10
FFr
EXAMPLE 28 In how many ways 5 rings of different types can be worn in 4 fingers ?
SOLUTION The first ring can be worn in any of the 4 fingers. So, there are 4 ways of wearing it.
for
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Similarly, each one of the other rings can be worn in 4 ways.
Hence, the requisite number of ways = 4x4x4x4x4 = 4^.
kkss
EXAMPLE 29 In how many zvays can 5 letters be posted in 4 letter boxes ?

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SOLUTION Since each letter can be posted in any one of the four letter boxes. So, a letter can be
eB
posted in 4 ways. Since there are 5 letters and each letter can be posted in 4 ways. So, total
number of ways in which all the five letters can be posted is4x4x4x4x4=4^.
r

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EXAMPLE 30 Five persons entered the lift cabin on the ground floor of an 8-fioor house. Suppose each of
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them can leave the cabin independently at anyfloor beginning with thefirst. Find the total number of ways
in which each of the ifve persons can leave the cabin (i) at any one of the 7floors (ii)at different floors.
ndd
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SOLUTION Suppose Ai, A2, A^, A^, A^ are five persons,

(i) Aj can leave the cabin at any of the seven floors. So, can leave the cabin in 7 ways.
Fi
Similarly, each of A2, A3, A4, A5 can leave the cabin in 7 ways. Thus, tiie total number of ways
in which each of the five persons can leave the cabin at any of the seven floors is
7x7x7x7x7=7^.
(ii) Ai can leave the cabin at any of the seven floors. So, A^ can leave the cabin in 7 ways. Now,
A2 can leave the cabin at any of the remaining 6 floors. So, A2 can leave the cabin in 6 ways.
Similarly, A3, A4, and A5 can leave the cabin in 5, 4 and 3 ways respectively. Tlius, the total
number of ways in which each of the five persons can leave the cabin at different floors is
7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 = 2520.
EXAMPLE 31 A mint prepares metallic calendars specifying months, dates and days in the form of
znonthly sheets (one plate for each month). Hozv many tês of February calendars should it prepare to
serve for all the possibilities in the future years ?
SOLUTION The mint has to perform two jobs, viz.
(i) selecting the number of days in the February month (there can be 28 days or 29 days), and
(ii) selecting the first day of the February month.
The first job can be completed in 2 ways while the second can be performed in 7 ways by
selecting any one of the seven days of a week.
Thi . the required number of plates = 2x7 =14.
EXAMPLE52 For a set offive truc/false questions, no student has written all correct answers, and no two
students have given the same sequence of ansiuers. What is the maximum number of students in the class,
for this to be possible ?
SOLUTION Since a true/false type question can be answered in 2 ways either by marking it
true or false. So, there are 2 ways of answering each of the 5 questions.
Total number of different sequences of answers = 2x2x2x2x2=2^=32 .
Out of these 32 sequences of answers there is only one sequence of answering all the five
questions correctly. But no student has written all the correct answers and different students
have given different sequences of answers.
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Maximum number of students in the class
= Number of sequences except one sequence in which all answers are correct = 32 -1 = 31
Floo
EXAMPLE 33 How many numbers are there between 100 and 1000 such that at least one of their
digits is 7?
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SOLUTION Clearly, a number between 100 and 1000 has 3-digits
Total number of 3-digit numbers having at least one of their digits as 7
rFee
= (Total number of three-digit numbers) - (Total number of 3-digit numbers in which 7
F
does not appear at all)
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Total number of three-digit numbers: We have to form three-digit numbers by using the digits 0,1,
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2,3,..., 9. Clearly, hundred's place can be filled in 9 ways and each of the ten's and one's place
can be filled in 10 ways.
k
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So, total number of 3-digit number = 9x10x10 = 900.

ookos
Total number of three-digit number in which 7 does not appear at all : Here we have to form
BBo
three-digit numbers by using the digits 0 to 9, except 7. So, hundred's place can be filled in 8
ways and each of the ten's and one's place can be filled in 9 ways. So, total number of three-digit
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numbers in which 7 does not appear at all is 8 x 9 x 9.

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Hence, total number of 3-digit numbers having at least one of their digits as 7 is
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9x10x10-8x9x9=252.
EXAMPLE 34 How many numbers are there between 100 and 1000 which have exactly one of their digits
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as 7?
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SOLUTION A number between 100 and 1000 contains 3-digits. So, we have to form 3-digit
FFin
numbers having exactly one of their digits as 7. Such type of numbers can be divided into three
types:
(i) Those numbers that have 7 in the unit's place but not iii any other place,
(ii) Those numbers that have 7 in the ten's place but not in any other place,
(iii) Those numbers that have 7 in the hundred's place but not in any other place.
Required number of numbers is the total number of these three types of numbers.
We shall now count these three types of numbers separately,
(i) Those three-digit numbers that have 7 in the unit's place but not in any other place.
The hundred's place can have any one of the digits from 0 to 9 except 0 and 7. So, hundred's
place can be filled in 8 ways. The ten's place can have any one of the digits from 0 to 9 except 7.
So, the number of ways the ten's place can be filled is 9. The unit's place has 7. So, it can be filled
in only one way.
Thus, thei'e are 8 x 9 x 1 = 72 numbers of the first kind.
(ii) Those three-digit numbers that have 7 in the ten's place but not in any other place.
PERMUTATIONS 15.13
The number of ways to fill the hundred's place = 8

(by any one of the digits from 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9)
The number of ways to fill the ten's place = 1 (by 7 only)
The number of ways to fill the one's place = 9 (by any one of the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9)
Thus, there are 8 x 1 x 9 = 72 numbers of the second kind.
(iii) Those three-digit numbers that have 7 in the hundred's place but not at any other place.
In this case, the hundred's place can be filled only in one way and each of the ten's and one's
place can be filled in 9 ways.
So, there are 1 x 9 x 9 = 81 numbers of the third kind.
Hence, the total number of required type of numbers = 72 + 72 + 81 = 225.
EXAMPLE 35 A telegraph has 5 arms and each arm is capable of 4 distinct positions, including the
position of rest. What is the total number of signals that can be made ?
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SOLUTION Since each arm can be kept in 4 positions and a signal is possible when all the 5 arms
are simultaneously placed in positions.
Total number of ways of placing the arms =4x4x4x4x4=4^.
But, this includes one inadmissible case, when all
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the arms are in the position of rest and then no
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signal can be made.
Hence, required number of signals = (4^ -1) = 1023.
reFe
EXAMPLE 36 In how many ways can 3 prizes be distributed among 4 boys, when
oroFr
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(i) no boy gets more than one prize ? (ii) a boy may get any number of prizes ? (iii) no boy gets all the
s ff
prizes ?
SOLUTION (i) The first prize can be given away in 4 ways as it may be given to any one of the 4
k
boys. The second prize can be given away in 3 ways, because the boy who got the first prize
YYouo
koso
cannot receive the second prize. The third prize can be given away to anyone of the remaining 2
boys in 2 ways. So, the number of ways in which all theprizescanbegivenaway=4x 3x 2 = 24.
BBoo
ALITER The total number of ways is the number of arrangements of 4 taken 3 at a time. So, the
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requisite number of ways = = 4! = 24.

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(ii) The first prize can be given away in 4 ways as it may be given to anyone of the 4 boys. The
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second prize can also be given away in 4 ways, since it may be obtained by the boy who has
already received a prize. Similarly, third prize can be given away in 4 ways.
d
Hence, the number of ways in which all the prizes can be given away = 4x4x4 = 4 =64.
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idnY
(iii) Since any one of the 4 boys may get all the prizes. So, the number of ways in which a boy
FFin
gets all the 3 prizes is 4.

So, the number of ways in which a boy does not get all the prizes = 64 - 4 = 60.
EXAMPLE 37 Find the total number of ways in which n distinct objects can be put into two different
boxes.
SOLUTION Let the two boxes be and 82-We observe that there are two choices for each of the
n objects. Therefore, by fundamental principle of counting
Total number of ways = 2 x 2 x .... x 2 =2"
n - times
EXAMPLE 38
Find the total number of ways in xvhich n-distinct objects can be put into two different
boxes so that no box remains empty.
SOLUTION Each object can be put either in box (say) or in box ^2 (say)-So, there are two
choices for each of the n objects. Therefore, the number of choices for n distinct objects is
2 X 2 X ... X 2 = 2”. Two of these choices correspond to either the first or the second box being
n - limes
empty. Thus, there are 2” - 2 ways in which neither box is empty.

EXAMPLE 39 By using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (repetitions not allowed) numbers are formed by
using any number of digits. Find the total number of non-zero numbers that can be formed.
SOLUTION Required number of numbers
= Number of 1 digit number + No. of 2 digit numbers + ... + Number of 6 digit numbers
= 5+5x5+5x5x4+5x5x4x 3+5x5x4x 3x2 + 5x5x4x 3x 2x1
= 5 + 25 +100 + 300 + 600 + 600 = 1630.
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EXERCISE 15.2
BASIC
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I. In a class there are 27 boys and 14 girls. The teacher wants to select 1 boy and 1 girl to
e
represent the class in a function. In how many ways can the teacher make this selection?
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2. A person wants to buy one fountain pen, one ball pen and one pencil from a stationery
FFr
shop. If there are 10 fountain pen varieties, 12 ball pen varieties and 5 pencil varieties, in
how many ways can he select these articles?
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3.
orr
From Goa to Bombay there are two routes; air, and sea. From Bombay to Delhi there are
sfo
three routes; air, rail and road. From Goa to Delhi via Bombay, how many kinds of routes
are there?
kks
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4. A mint prepares metallic calenders specifying months, dates and days in the form of
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monthly sheets (one plate for each month). How many types of calendars should it prepare
to serve for all the possibilities in future years?
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3.
There are four parcels and five post-offices. In how many different ways can the parcels be
sent by registered post?
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6. A coin is tossed five times and outcomes are recorded. How many possible outcomes are
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YYo
there?
7. In how many ways can an examinee answer a set of ten true/false type questions?
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8. A letter lock consists of three rings each marked with 10 different letters. In how many
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ways it is possible to make an unsuccessful attempt to open the lock?

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9. There are 6 multiple choice questions in an examination. How many sequences of answers
are possible, if the first three questions have 4 choices each and the next three have 2 each?
10. There are 5 books on Mathematics and 6 books on Physics in a book shop. In how many
ways can a student buy : (i) a Mathematics book and a Physics book (ii) either a
Mathematics book or a Physics book?
11.
Given 7 flags of different colours, how many different signals can be generated if a signal
requires the use of two flags, one below the other? INCERTl
12.
A team consists of 6 boys and 4 girls and other has 5 boys and 3 girls. How many single
matches can be arranged between the two teams when a boy plays against a boy and a girl
plays against a girl?
13. Twelve students compete in a race. In how many ways first three prizes be given?
14. How many A.P.'s with 10 terms are there whose first term is in the set {1,2,3} and whose
common difference is in the set {1,2,3,4,5}?
PERMUTATIONS 15.15
15. From among the 36 teachers in a college, one principal, one vice-principal and the
teacher-incharge are to be appointed. In how many ways can this be done?
16. How many three-digit numbers are there with no digit repeated?
17. How many three-digit numbers are there?
18. How many three-digit odd numbers are there?
19. How many different five-digit number licence plates can be made if
(i) first digit cannot be zero and the repetition of digits is not allowed,
(ii) the first-digit cannot be zero, but the repetition of digits is allowed?
20. How many four-digit numbers can be formed with the digits 3, 5,7,8,9 which are greater
than 7000, if repetition of digits is not allowed?
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21. How many four-digit numbers can be formed with the digits 3,5, 7,8,9 which are greater
than 8000, if repetition of digits is not allowed?
22. In how many ways can six persons be seated in a row?
Flo
How many 9-digit numbers of different digits can be formed?
e
23.
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24. How many odd numbers less than 1000 can be formed by using the digits 0, 3, 5, 7 when
repetition of digits is not allowed?
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25. How many 3-digit numbers are there, with distinct digits, with each digit odd?
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BASED ON LOTS orr
sfo
26. How many different numbers of six digits each can be formed from the digits 4,5,6,7,8,9
kks
when repetition of digits is not allowed?

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27. How many different numbers of six digits can be formed from the digits 3,1,7,0,9,5 when
repetition of digits is not allowed?
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28. How many four digit different numbers, greater than 5000 can be formed with tire digits 1,
2,5,9,0 when repetition of digits is not allowed?
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29. Serial numbers for an item produced in a factory are to be made using two letters followed
ad
YYo
by four digits (0 to 9). If the letters are to be taken from six letters of English alphabet
without repetition and the digits are also not repeated in a serial number, how many serial
numbers are possible?
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A number lock on a suitcase has 3 wheels each labelled with ten digits 0 to 9. If opening of
inn
30.
the lock is a particular sequence of three digits with no repeats, how many such sequences
F
will be possible? Also, find the number of unsuccessful attempts to open the lock.
31. A customer forgets a four-digit code for an Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) in a bank.
However, he remembers that this code consists of digits 3, 5, 6 and 9. Find the largest
possible number of trials necessary to obtain the correct code.
32. In how many ways can three jobs I, II and III be assigned to three persons A, B and C if one
person is assigned only one job and all are capable of doing each job?
33. How many four digit natural numbers not exceeding 4321 can be formed with the digits 1,
2,3 and 4, if the digits can repeat?
34. How many numbers of six digits can be formed from the digits 0,1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 when no
digit is repeated? How many of them are divisible by 10?
35. If three six faced die each marked with numbers 1 to 6 on six faces, are thrown find the total
number of possible outcomes.
36. recorded. How many possible outcomes

A coin is tossed three times and the outcomes are
are there ? How many possible outcomes if the coin is tossed four times? Five times? n
times?
37. How many numbers of four digits can be formed with the digits 1,2,3,4,5 if the digits can
be repeated in the same number?
38. How many three digit numbers can be formed by using the digits 0,1, 3, 5, 7 while each
digit may be repeated any number of times?
39. How many natural numbers less than 1000 can be formed from the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5 when
a digit may be repeated any number of times?
40. How many five digit telephone numbers can be constructed using the digits 0 to 9. If each
number starts with 67 and no digit appears more than once? [NCERT]
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BASED ON HOTS
41. Find the number of ways in which 8 distinct toys can be distributed among 5 children.
Floo
42. Find the number of ways in which one can post 5 letters in 7 letter boxes.
43. Three dice are rolled. Find the number of possible outcomes in which at least one die
ee
shows 5.
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44. Find the total number of ways in which 20 balls can be put into 5 boxes so that first box
FFr
contains just one ball.
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45. In how many ways can 5 different balls be distributed among three boxes?
s ff
46. In how many ways can 7 letters be posted in 4 letter boxes?
47. In how many ways can 4 prizes be distributed among 5 students, when
sk
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(i) no student gets more than one prize?

(ii) a student may get any number of prizes?
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(iii) no student gets all the prizes?

48. There are 10 lamps in a hall. Each one of them can be switched on independently. Find the
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[NCERT]
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number of ways in which the hall can be illuminated.

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ANSWERS
7. 1024 8. 999
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1. 378 2. 600 3. 6 4. 14 5. 625 6. 32

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9. 512 10. (i)30 (ii) 11 11. 42 12. 42 13. 1320 14. 15 15. 42840
ind
19. (i) 27216 (ii) 90000 20. 72 21. 48

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16. 648 17. 900 18. 450

22. 720 23. 9(9!) 24. 21 25. 60 26. 720 27. 600 28. 48 29. 151200
30. 720,719 31. 24 32. 6 33. 229 34. 600,120 35. 216
8
36. 8,16, 2
»
37. 625 38. 100 39. 215 40. 336 41. 5 42. 7^
19
43. 91 44. 20x4 45. 243 46. 4^ 47. (i)5! (ii) 625 (iii) 620
48. 2^*^-!.
1 ● No. of ways = 27 x 14.

2. Required number of ways = 10 x 12 x 5 = 600.
3. No of routes = 2 x 3=6.
4. Total number of calendars = 7 x 2 = 14.
5. Since a parcel can be sent to any one of the five post offices. So, required number of ways
= 5x5x5x5 =5*^.
PERMUTATIONS 15.17
6. Sinte toss of each coin can result in 2 ways. So, required no. of ways=2x2x2x2x2 = 2®.
8. Required no. of ways = 10 x 10 x 10 -1.
9. Each one of the first three questions can be answered in 4 ways and each one of the next
three questions can be answered in 2 ways. So, total no. of sequences of answers
= 4 X 4 X 4 X 2 X 2 X 2,
11. Required no. of signals =7x6.

12. A boy can be selected from the first team in 6 ways, and from the second in 5 ways. So, no. of
single matches between the boys of two teams = 6 x 5 = 30. Similarly, the no. of single
matches. between the girls of two teams = 4 x 3 = 12. So, total number of matches
= 30 + 12 = 42.
w
13. Required no. of ways = 12 x 11 x 10.
14. There are 3 ways to choose the first term and corresponding to each such way there are 5
ways of selecting the common difference. So, required no. of A.P.'s = 3x5.
Flo
15. Required no. of ways = 36 x 35 x 34.
16. The total no. of required numbers = 9x9x8.
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17. The total no. of required numbers = 9 x 10 x 10.
Fr
18. The total no. of required number = 9 x 10 x 5.
19. (i) Required no. of licence plates = 9x9x8x7x6 for
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(ii) Required no. of licence plates = 9 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10.
20. Required no. of numbers = 3x4x 3xZ
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21. Required no. of numbers = 2x4x 3x2.
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22. Required no. of ways = 6x5x4x3x2xl.

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23. Required no. of numbers = 9x9x8x7x6x5x4x 3x2.

24. An odd number less than 1000 may be a one-digit number, two-digit number or a
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three-digit number. So, required no. of numbers is

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3 (one -digit nos.) + 2x3 (two-digit nos.) + 2 x 2x 3 (3- digit nos.).

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25. Required no. of numbers = 5 x 4 x 3.

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26. Required no. of numbers = 6x5x4x3x2xl.

nd
27. Required no. of numbers = 5x5x4x 3x2x1.

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28. Required no. of numbers = 2x4x 3x2.

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29. Here we have to perform 6 jobs. So, required number of serial numbers i
6x5x10x9x8x7
30. Required number of sequences=10 x 9 x 8.

Also, total number of unsuccessful attempts =10x9x8-1
31. Number of trials =4x 3x2x1
32. Required number of ways =3x2x1

36. Since a toss of a coin can result in a head or a tail. Therefore, if a coin is tossed T+times, then
the total number of outcomes is2x2x2x..,x2 = 2”
n-times
41. Each toy can be distributed in 5 ways.

8
So, total number of ways =5x5x5x5x5x5x5x5 =5
42. Each letter can be posted in any one of the 7 letter boxes.
So, required number of ways =7x7x7x7x7 =7®
43. Required number of possible outcomes

= Total number of possible outcomes - Number of possible outcomes in which 5
does not appear on any dice.
= 6^ -5^ =216-125 = 91.
44. One ball can be put in first box in 20 ways because we can put any one of the twenty bails in
the first box. Now, remaining 19 balls are to be put into remaining 4 boxes. This can be done
in 4^^ ways, because there are 4 choices for each ball. Hence, the required number of ways
= 20x4^^.
15.3 PERMUTATIONS
Each of the arrangements which can be made by taking some or all of a number of things is
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called a permutation.
For example, if there are three objects, then the permutations of these objects, taking two at a
time, are
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ab, ba, be, cb, ac, ca
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So, the number of permutations of three different things taken two at a time is 6.
eer
NOTE It should be noted that in permutations the order of arrangement is taken into account;
when the order is changed, a different permutation is obtained.
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ILLUSTRATION 1 VJrite down all the permutations of the set of three letters A, B, C.
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SOLUTION The permutations of three letters A, B, C taking all at a time are :
s ff
ABC, ACB, BCA, BAC, CBA, CAB.
sk
Clearly, there are 6 permutations.

YYoo
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ILLUSTRATION 2 Write down all the permutations of the vowels A, E, I, O, U in English alphabets
taking three at a time, and starting with A.
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SOLUTION The permutations of vowels A, E, I, O, li taking three at a time, and starting with A
are:
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AEI, AIE, AEO, AOE, AEU, AUE, AID, AOI, AlU, AUI, AOU, AUO
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Clearly, there are 12 permutations.

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ILLUSTRATION 3 Write down all the permutations of letters A, B, C, D taking three at a time.
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SOLUTION The desired permutations are:

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innd
ABC ABD BCD ACD

FFi
ACB ADB BDC ADC
BCA BDA CBD CAD
BAC BAD CDB CDA
CAB DAB DCB DAC
CBA DBA DBC DCA
Clearly, there are 24 permutations. These permutations are obtained by first selecting three
letters out of 4 and then arranging them in all possible ways.
A NOTATION If n and r are positive integers such that! <r <n, then thenumber of all permutations of
n distinct things, taken rat a time is denoted by the symbol P(n, r) or ”P^.
Thus,
n
Pr or, P{n, r) = Total munber of permutations of n distinct things, taken r at a time.
PERMUTATIONS 15.19
In illustration 3, we have seen that there are 24 permutations, on a set of 4 letters, taken 3 at a
time. Therefore, as per our notation, we have = 24 or, P(4, 3) = 24.
THEOREM 1 Let rand n be positive integers such thatl <r <n. Then the number of all permutations of
n distinct things taken rat a time is given byn{n-1) {n - 2) {« - 3)...(«- (r -1)).
i.e. P{n,r) = "Pr = n(n-l)(;i-2)...(n-{r-l)).
PROOF The number of permutations of n distinct things, taken r at a time, is same as the
number of ways in which we can fill up r-places when we have n different things at our disposal.
The first place can be filled in n ways, for any one of the n things can be used to fill up the first
place. Having filled it, there are (n -1) things left and any one of these (n - 1) things can be used
to fill up the second place. So, the second place can be filled in {n -1) ways. Hence, by the
fundamental principle of counting, the first two places can be filled in n (« -1) ways. When the
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first two places are filled, there are (n- 2) places left, so that the third place can be filled from the
remaining {n - 2) things in {n - 2) ways. ITierefore, the first three places can be filled in n{n -1)
(n~2) ways. Continuing in this manner, we find that the first (r -1) places can be filled in
Flo
n{n -1) (n - 2)... {n-{r - 2)) ways. After filling up first (r -1) places, exactly m -(r -1) = n - r +1
e
things are left. So, the rth place can be filled in (n - (r -1)) ways. Hence, the r places can be filled
rree
in n {« -1) (n - 2)... (« - (r -1)) ways.
r FF
Hence, the total number of permutations of n distinct things, taken r at a time is
nin~l)in-2)in-3)...{n-{r-l)).
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Thus, P (n, r) = «(n -1) (n - 2) (« - 3)... (« - (r -1)).
for
n!
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THEOREM 2 Prove that: P(n,r) = "P^ =
(n-r)!
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PROOF We have.
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P (n, r) = n{n-l){n-2){n~3)...{n-{r -1))

n(n-l) («-2)(«-3)...(n-(r-l))(n-r)(m-(r +1))... 3.2.1
=> P{n,r) =
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(n-r) (n-(r + l))... 3.2.1

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n\
P(n,r) =
(n~r)l
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THEOREM 3 The number of all permutations ofn distinct things, taken all at a time is n!.
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innd
PROOF The number of all permutations of n distinct things, taken all at a time is same as the
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number of ways of filling n places when we have n distinct things at our disposal.
Proceeding as in theorem 1, we have
P{n,n) = n{n-l){n-2)in-3)...{n-{n-l))= «(n-1) (n - 2) (w - 3)... 3.2.1 = nl
THEOREM 4 Prove that 0! = 1.
PROOF We have,
«!
POhr) =
(n-r)l
nl
=> P(n,n) = ^ [Putting r = n]
0!
nl
nl = — [v P (/I,«) =n!(SeeTl'ieorem 3)]
0!
nl
0! = - = 1.
nl
15.20 MATHEMAT(CS-XI
Type I PROBLEMS BASED UPON THE VALUE OF "P, OR P(n. r)

(i) (ii) P(15,3) (iii) P(5,5)
5! ni
SOLUTION (i) = V "P, =
(5-3)! (n-r)!
5! 5x 4x 3x2!
'^3 2! 2!
= 60
w
15! 15! 15x14x13x12!
(ii) P(15,3) = = 2730
(15-3)! 12! 12!
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5! 5!
(iii) P(5,5) = = 5! = 120.
(5-5)! 0!
reeee
Typie II ON FINDING THE VALUE OF REQUIRED UN-KNOWN WHEN A RELATION CONNECTING P Ui, r)
FFr
IS GIVEN
EXAMPLE 2 If 2. P(5, 3) = P(n, 4), find n.

SOLUTION We have,
for
ur
2.P(5, 3) = P(«,4)
kkss
P(n,4)=2.P(5, 3)
5! 1
Yo
n\
oo
= 2
(«-4)! (5-3)!j
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n(n-l) (n-2)(n-3) (n-4)! 2(5!)

(«-4)! 2!
r
ou
n(«-l)(«-2)(n-3) = 5!
ad
n (n -1) (« - 2) (n - 3) = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1
YY
=> «(n-l)(n-2)(n-3) = 5 (5-1) (5-2) (5 - 3)

n = 5 [By comparing two sides]
ndd
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EXAMPLE 3 If P(n, 4) = 20 X P(«, 2), find n.

Fi
SOLUTION We have,
nl nl
Pin, 4) = 20 X P(n, 2) => = 20x => in-2)1 = 20x (n-4)l
(«-4)! (n-2)!
(n-2)(«-3)(n-4)! = 20x(n-4)!
(« - 2) (n - 3) = 20
(h-2) (n-3)=5x4
n-3 = 4=>« = 7 [By comparing two sides]
EXAMPLE4 // P(5,r) = 2.P(6,r-V,findr. INCERT]
SOLUTION We have,
P(5,r)=2.P(6,r-l)
5! 6! 5! 2x 6x5! 5! 12x5!
= 2.
(5-r)! (6-(r-l))! (5-r)! (7-r)! (5-r)! (7-r)(6-r) (5-r)!
PERMUTATIONS 15.21
12
=> 1
(7-r)(6-r)
(7-r)(6-r) = 12
(7 -2)(6-r) = 4x3
7-r = 4=>r = 3 [By comparing]
EXAMPLES If jP. =5040, find the value of r.
SOLUTION We have,
10
Pr =5040
10! 10! 10! 10x9x8x7x6!
= 10x504 => = 10x9x8x7=>
(10-r)! (10-r)! (10-r)! 6!
w
10! 10!
=> (10-r)l = 6!^10-r = 6=>r = 4.
(10-r)! 6!
EXAMPLE 6 If P{n -1,3): P{n, 4) = 1: 9, find tl
Flo
SOLUTION We have,
eeee
P()j-1, 3):P(n, 4) =1:9
Pjn~l, 3) _ 1
Fr
P {n, 4) “ 9
(n-l)l
for
ur
(«-l-3)! 1 (H-1)! (»-4)!_l (n-l)!_l (n-1)! -=>n = 9
n! 9 («-4)l'' nl 9 nl 9 ^ n {n-l)l 9
ks
(n-4)l
Yo
oo
EXAMPLE? If ^P^+5-^P4 = ^^Pr,findr.

eB
SOLUTION We have,
10
^/^+5-^4 = Pr
ur
9! 9! 10!
+ 5-
ad
(9-5)! (9-4)! (10-r)!

Yo
9! 9! 10!
+ 5-
4! 5! (10-r)!
d
Re
^ 91 _ 10!
in
4! 4! ” (10-r)!
F
9! 10!
2x
4! (10-r)!
5x2x9! 10!
5x4! (10-r)!
lOx 9! 10!
5! (10-r)!
10! 10!
=:> (10-r)! = 5!=>10-r = 5=>r = 5
5! (10-r)!
EXAMPLE 8 If 56 p + 6 ●
54 pr + 3 = 30 800:1, find r.
SOLUTION We have,
56
Pr + 6'■.54pr+ 3 = 30 800 :1
56! 54! 30800
(56-r-6)! (54-r-3)! 1
56! 54!
= 30800:1
(50-r)! (51-r)!
56! (51-r)! 30800
(50-r)!^ 54! 1
56x55x54! (51-r) x (50-r)! 30800

X
(50-r) I 54! 1
56x55x(51 -r) = 30800 => (51-r) = 10=>r = 41.

EXAMPLE 9 if 2n + Ipn-1 ■ 3:5, find n.
w
SOLUTION We have,
2)1+ 1
P„^-V^-'^P„=3-5
Flo
2n+ 1
Pn-1 ^ 3
e
2«-lp^_ =5
reee
(2« + l)! (n-1)! _ 3
FFr
(« + 2)! "" (2n-l)! “ 5
(2n + l) (2n)(2K-l)! (n-1)! _ 3
for
ur
(n + 2)(n + l)n(n-l)!^ (2n-l)l ~ 5
2(2n +1)
-5 => 10 (2n +1) = 3(n + 2) (n +1) => 3 n^ + 9n + 6
kss
= 20n +10
(n + 2) (n +1)
Yo
oo
3n^ -lln-4 = 0 => (n-4)(3n + l) = 0=>n = 4 [v n^-1/3]

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EXAMPLE 10 // ^Pr+l- + 2 = ^ = 52, find r.

SOLUTION We have,
ur
= 11:52
ad
:
r + 1 ● r + 2
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22! 20!
= 11:52
(21-r)! (18-r)!
d
22! (18-r)! ^ U
Re
(21-r)!"'
in
20! 52
F
22x 21x 20! (18-r)! _ n

=?>
(21 - r) (20 - r) (19 - r) ■ (18 - r)! 20! 52
22x 21 11
(21-r)(20-r)(19-r) 52
(21-r)(20-r)(19-r) =2x21x52
(21 -r)(20-r)(19-r) = 2x3x7x4x13
(21-r)(20-r)(19-r) =12x13x14
(21 -r)(20-r)(19-r) = (21 -7) (20-7) (19-7) => r = 7
Tijpe III ON PROVING RESULTS RELATED TO P (», r) or "P,
EXAMPLE 11 Prove the following:
(i) P(n,n) = 2P(n,n-2) (ii) P(n,n) = P(n,n-1)
(iii) P(n,r) = P(n-1, r) + r. P(n-1, r-1) (iv) P(n,r) = n-P(n-1, r-1)
PERMUTATIONS 15.23
SOLUTION (i) 2P (n, n-2)=2

n\
2 ^ = n\ = P{n,n)
{n-in-2))l 2!
n\ n\
(ii) P{n,n-1) = — = n\ = P{n,n)
(«-(«-!))! 1!
{n-i.y (n-1)!
(hi) P{n-l,r) + r ■ P{n -l,r -1) = 4-r-
{« -1 -r)\ ((«-!)-(r-1))!
(n-1)! (n-1)! (n-1)! {n-i.y
+ r + r
(n-r-1)! (n-r)! {n-r-iy {n-r) (ii-r-\y

(n-1)! (n-1)! n-r + r
1 + _L-.
{n-r-iy n-r {n-r-iy n~r
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(n-1)! n n\
= P(n,r)
(n-r-l)l n-r (n-r)l
(n-l)l n!
Flo
(iv) n-P{n-l,r-l)=n = P (n, r)
((n-l)-(r-l))! (n-r)i
e
Ti/pc III PRACTICAL PROBLEMS ON PERMUTATIONS
rere
r FF
NOTE ALITER 2 of each of the following examples should be done after studying permutations
and combinations.
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EXAMPLE 12
foor
In how many ways three different rings can be zvorn in four fingers with at tnost one in
each finger?
kss
SOLUTION The total number of ways is same as the number of arrangements of 4 fingers, taken 3
Yoo
ooook
at a time.
4! 4!
So, required number of ways = ^P^ = — = 4! = 24.
eBB
(4-3)1 1!
ALITER 1 Let Kj, R2, R3 be three rings. Since can be put in any one of the four fingers. So,
there are four ways in which R-[ can be worn. Now, R2 can be worn in any one of the remaining
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three fingers in 3 ways. In the remaining 2 fingers ring R3 can be worn in 2 ways. So, by the
ad
Yo
fundamental principle of counting the total number of ways in which three different rings
can
be worn in four fingers is 4 x 3 x 2 = 24.

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ALITER 2 Out of 4 fingers, 3 fingers can be chosen in ^03 ways. Now, three rings can be worn in
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innd
the selected three fingers in 3! ways. Hence, three rings can be worn in four fingers in
Fi
*^C3x 3! = 24 ways.
EXAMPLE 13 Seven athletes are participating in a race. In how many ways can the first three prizes be
won?
SOLUTION The total number of ways in which first three prizes can be won is the number of
arrangements of seven different things taken 3 at a time.
7 71 7! 7 X 6 X 5 X 4! = 210.
So, required number of ways = P3 = 4!
(7-3)1 4!
ALITER 1 First prize can be won in seven ways. Second prize can be won by any one of the
remaining six athletes in 6 ways. Now, five athletes are left. So, third prize can be won by any
one of the remaining 5 athletes in 5 ways.
Hence, by the fundamental principle of counting, the required number of ways =7x6x5 = 210.
ALITER 2 Out of 7 athletes, 3 can be chosen for prize in ^€3 ways. Now, three prizes can be
given to three chosen athletes in 3! ways.
Numbers of ways in which 3 prizes can be won = ^C3 x 3! = 210
EXAMPLE 14 How many different signals can be made by 5 flags from 8 flags of different colours?
SOLUTION The total number of signals is the number of arrangements of 8 flags by taking 5
flags at a time.
Hence, required number of signals = = 8! _8!_8x7x6x5x4x3! = 6720
(8-5)!“^ ~~ 3!
w
EXAMPLE 15 In how many ways can 6 persons stand in a queue?
SOLUTION The number of ways in which 6 persons can stand in a queue is same as the number
of arrangements of 6 different things taken all at a time.
Hence, the required number of ways = = 6! = 720.
roow
e
re
EXAMPLE 16 It is required to seat 8 men and 4 women in a row so that the women occupy the even
reF
uFFll
places. Hoxu many such arrangements are possible?
e
SOLUTION In all 12 persons are to be seated in a row and in the row of 12 positions there are
exactly 6 even places viz second, fourth, sixth, eighth, tenth and twelfth. It is given that four
sFr
women are to occupy 4 places out of these six even places. This can be done in ^ P4 ways (ways of
foro
arranging 6 women in 4 positions). The remaining 8 positions can be filled by the 8 men in
uor
fk
ways. So, by the fundamental principle of counting, the number of seating arrangements as
okso
required, is x ^Pg = 360 x 40320 =14515200.
Y
Yo
ALITER 1 In all 12 persons are to be seated in a row and in the row of 12 positions there are
oo
BB
exactly 6 even places viz. 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 12th. It is given that 4 women are to occupy any 4
places out of these six positions. This can be done in x 4! ways. The remaining 8 positions
rYree
are to be occupied by 8 men. This can be done in ®Cg x 8! ways.

ouu
Hence, total number of seating arrangements = ( x 4!) x (®Cg x 8!)

ad
Ydo
= 360x40320=14515200.
nidn
EXAMPLE 17 Three men have 4 coats, 5 waist coats and 6 caps. In how many ways can they zvear them ?
Re
SOLUTION The total number of ways in which three men can wear 4 coats is the number of
So, three men can wear 4 coats in ** P3 ways.
F
arrangements of 4 different coats taken 3 at a time.

Fi
Similarly, 5 waist coats and 6 caps can be worn by three men in ^Pg and ways respectively.
Hence, by the fundamental principle of counting, the required number of ways as desired
= ■*P3 X ^Pa X ^Pg =(4!) X (5 X 4 X 3) X (6 X 5 X 4) =172800
EXAMPLE 18 How many different signals can be given using any number offlags from 5flags of different
colours ?
SOLUTION The signals can be made by using at a time one or two or three or four or five flags.
The total number of signals when r flags are used at a time from 5 flags is equal to the number of
arrangements of 5, taking r at a time i.e. ^P^. Since r can take values 1,2, 3, 4,5. Hence, by the
fundamental principle of addition, the total number of signals
= ^Pi + ^P2 + ^Pg + ^P4 +
= 5+ 5x4 + 5x4x3+5x4x3x2 + 5x4x3x2x1=5 + 20 + 60 + 120 + 120 = 325
EXAMPLE 19 How many numbers lying between 100 and 1000 can beformed with the digits 1,2,3,4,5
if the repetition of digits is not allowed ?
PERMUTATIONS 15.25
SOLUTION Every number lying between 100 and 1000 is a three digit number. Therefore, we
have to find the iiumber of permutations of five digits 1,2,3,4,5 taken three at a time.
5! 5!
— = 5x4x 3 = 60
Hence, the required number of numbers = =
(5-3)! 2!
EXAMPLE 20 How many four digit numbers are there with distinct digits ?
SOLUTION The total number of arrangements of ten digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 taking 4 at a
time is But, these arrangements also include those numbers which have 0 at thousand's
place. Such numbers are not four digit numbers. When 0 is fixed at thousand's place, we have to
arrange remaining 9 digits by taking 3 at a time. The number of such arrangements is ^P^-
So, the total number of numbers having 0 at thousand's place = *^P^.
Hence, the total number of four digit numbers = - ^P^ =5040 -504 = 4536.
ww
EXAMPLE 21 In how many ways 7 pictures can be hung from 5 picture nails on a wall 7
SOLUTION The number of ways in which 7 pictures can be hung from 5 picture nails on a wall is
same as the number of arrangements of 7 things, taking 5 at a time.
Flo
71 7!
Hence, the required number = P^ = = 2520.
ee
(7-5)! 2!
eer
EXAMPLE 22 Determine the number of natural numbers smaller than 10"*, in the decimal notation of
FFr
which all the digits are distinct.
oorr
uur r
SOLUTION The required natural numbers consist of 4 digits, 3 digits, 2 digits and one digit.
10 9
Total number of 4 digit natural numbers with distinct digits = P4 - P3
s ff
P3-%
10
Total number of 3 digit natural numbers wifii distinct digits =
sk
YYoo
Total number of 2 digit natural numbers with distinct digits = ^^P2 - ^P\
ooko
Total number of one digit natural numbers = 9

eBB
Hence, the required number of natural numbers =(^'^?4 P3) + (^'^P3 P2) +(^^P2 Pi) + 9
= 9x9x8x7 + 9x9x8 + 9x9 + 9 = 5274.
uurr
EXAMPLE 23 How many words, with or without meaning, can be formed using all the letters of the word
ad
Yo
EQUATION, using each letter exactly once.

SOLUTION There are eight letters in the word 'EQUATION'. So, the total number of words is
dY
equal to the number of arrangements of these letters, taken all at a time. The number of such
Re
arrangements is ®P0 = 8! Hence, the total number of words = 8!

innd
FFi
EXAMPLE 24 How many 4-letter words, with or without meaning, can be formed out of the letters of the
word, 'LOGARITHMS', if repetition of letters is not allowed?
SOLUTION There are 10 letters in the word 'LOGARITHMS'.
So, the number of 4 - letter word = Number of arrangements of 10 letters, taken 4 at a time
10
P4 =5040.
EXAMPLE 23 Prove that ifr <s <n, then P(n, s) is divisible by P(n, r).
SOLUTION Lets =r +fc whereO <s-r. Then,
n\
P{n,s) = = n{n-\){n-2)...(n-(s-l))
{n-s)l
P{n, s) = «(n -1) (m - 2)... {n - (r + cf -1)}
P{n, s) = n{n-l){n-2)... {« -{r-1)\(n~r) \n-{r+ 1)]... [n-(r + k ~ 1)}

P{n,s) = {n(n-l) (tt-2)... n-(r-1)) {(n-r) (w-(r+ 1))... (n-(r + cf-1))}
P{n,s) = P(n^r)-{(n-r)(n-(r + l))...(n-(rH-fc-l))}
n\
V P(«,r) = = «(«-!) («-2)...(«-(r-l))
(n-r)!
=> P(n, s) = P(«,r) {(H-r){n-(r + l))...(«-(r + cf-l))}

=> P {n, s) is divisible by P{n, r).
EX.AMPLE 26 Ifp^ standsfor ^ ,P„, then prove that: 1 + 1 ■ P^ + 2 ■ P2 + 3 ■ P3 +... + n ■ = (;i +1)!
SOLUTION We have, P„=”P„, =m!
1 +1 ■ P| + 2 ● P2 + 3 ■ Pg +... + n ● P}j
= 1 +1 + 2-2!+ 3-3!+4-4!+ ...+«■«!
w
= 1+ Z r-r! = 1+ S {(r +1)-1} r!= 1 + Z [(r + l)r!-ri] = 1+ Z [(r + l)!-rl]
r = l r = l r = l r = l
Flo
= 1 + [(2!-l!)+(3!-2!) + (4!-3!)+ ... + ((«+ l)!-n!)]= 1 + ((« +1)!-1!) = {« + !)!
e
EXAMPLE 27 /n an examination hall there are four rows of chairs. Each row has 8 chairs one behind the
reee
other. There are two classes sitting for the examination with 16 students in each class. It is desired that in
FFr
each row, all students belong to the same class and that no two adjacent rows are allotted to the same class.
In how many ways can these 32 students be seated?
SOLUTION Let the two classes be Cj and C2 and the four rows be Pj ^2 ^3 ^4-There are 16
for
ur
students in each class. So, there are 32 students. According to the given conditions there are two
different ways in which 32 students can be seated:
kss
P2 P3 P4
Yo
oo
I Cl C2 Cl C2
II C2 Cl C2 Cl
eB
Since the seating arrangement can be completed by using any one of these two ways. So, by the
fundamental principle of addition.
ur
Total number of seating arrangements = No. of arrangement in I case + No. of arrangements in

ad
II case.
Yo
In case I, 16 students of class and P3 in ^^Ps x 81 = 16! ways. And 16

can be seated in Pj
students of class C2 can be seated in P2 and P4 in ^^Pg x 8! = 16! ways
d
Re
in
Number of seating arrangements in case / = 16! x 16!

Similarly, Number of seating arrangements in case II = 16! x 16!
F
Hence, Total number of seating arrangements = (16! x 16!) + (16!x 16!) =2(16!x 16!)
EXAMPLE 28 Ten different letters of an alphabet are given. Words with five letters areformed from these
given letters. Determine the number of words which have at least one letter repeated.
SOLUTION The number of 5-letter words which can be formed from 10 letters when one or more
of its letters is repeated = 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 10^.
The number of 5-letter words which can be formed when none of their letters is repeated
= Number of arrangements of 10 letters by taking 5 at a time = = 30240
Hence, the number of 5-letter words which have at least one of their letters repeated is
10^ - 30240 = 69760.
EXAMPLE 29 Find the sum of all the numbers that can be formed zvith the digits 2,3, 4,5 taken all at a
time.
PERMUTATIONS 15.27
SOLUTION The total number of numbers formed with the digits 2,3,4,5 taken all at a time
= Number of arrangement of 4 digits, taken all at a time = = 4! = 24.
To find the sum of these 24 numbers, we will find the sum of digits at unit's, ten's, hundred's
and thousand's places in all these numbers.
Consider the digits in the unit's places in all these numbers. Each of the digits 2,3,4,5 occurs in
3! {= 6) times in the unit's place.
So, total for the digits in the unit's place in all the numbers = (2 + 3 + 4 + 5) x 3! = 84.
Since each of the digits 2,3,4,5 occurs 3! times in any one of the remairung places.
So, the sum of the digits in the ten's, hundred's and thousand's places in all tlie numbers
= (2 + 3 + 4+5)x 3! = 84.
Hence, the sum of all the numbers = 84 (10^ +10^ +10^ +10^) = 93324.
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EXERCISE 15.3
Flo
BASIC
e
1. Evaluate each of the following:
ree
10
(0 '^3 in) P4 (hi) (iv) P(6,4)
FFr
2. IfP(5,r) = P(6, r-l),findrINCERTl 3. If 5 P(4, n) = 6. P (5, n -1), find «.
uurr
4. If P(n,5)=20.P(«, 3),find)j 5. If "P4 = 360, find the value of n.
orr
sfo
6. IfP{9,r) = 3024,find r. 7. IfP(ll, r)=P (12, r-1) findr.
8. IfP(?i,4)=12.P(n,2),find«. 9. IfP(M-l,3):P(«,4)=l:9,findtt. [NCERT]
kks
IfP(15,r-l):P(16,r-2) = 3:4,findr.ll. If P (n, 5): P («, 3) = 2:1, find n.

Yo
10.
oooo
h + 5 11 («-l)n+3
12. If Pn + 1 “ P„, find n. 13. If P (2«-1, n): P (2n +1, n-1) 22:7 find n.
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2
14. Prove that: 1. P (1,1) + 2. P (2, 2) + 3. P (3, 3) +... + n. P (w, «)=?(« +1, h +1) -1.
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15.
In how many ways can five children stand in a queue?
ad
16. From among the 36 teachers in a school, one principal and one vice-principal are to be
YYo
appointed. In how many ways can this be done?

17. Four letters E, K, S and V, one in each, were purchased from a plastic warehouse. How
dd
many ordered pairs of letters, to be used as initials, can be formed from them?
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inn
18. Four books, one each in Chemistry, Physics, Biology and Mathematics, are to be arranged
F
in a shelf. In how many ways can this be done?

19. Find the number of different 4-letter words, with or without meanings, that can be formed
from the letters of the word 'NUMBER'.
20. How many three-digit numbers are there, with distinct digits, with each digit odd?
21. How many words, with or without meaning, can be formed by using all the letters of the
word 'DELHI', using each letter exactly once?
22. How many words, with or without meaning, can be formed by using the letters of the word
'TRIANGLE'?
BASED ON LOTS
23. There are two works each of 3 volumes and two works each of 2 volumes; In how many
ways can the 10 books be placed on a shelf so that the volumes of the same work are not
separated?
24. There are 6 items in column A and 6 items in column B. A student is asked to match each
item in column A with an item in column B. How many possible, correct or incorrect,
answers are there to this question?
25. How many three-digit numbers are there, with no digit repeated?
26. How many 6-digit telephone numbers can be constructed with digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
if each number starts with 35 and no digit appears more than once?
27. In how many ways can 6 boys and 5 girls be arranged for a group photograph if the girls are
to sit on chairs in a row and the boys are to stand in a row behind them?
28. If denotes the number of permutations of (a: + 2) things taken all at a time, b the number of
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permutations of x things taken 11 at a time and c the number of permutations of x - 11
things taken all at a time such that a = 182 efe, find the value of x.
29. How many 3-digit numbers can be formed by using the digits 1 to 9 if no digit is
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repeated? [NCERT]
e
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30. How many 3-digit even numbers can be made using the digits 1,2,3,4,5,6,7, if no digits is
repeated?
Fr
[NCERT]
rF
31. Find the numbers of 4-digit numbers that can be formed using the digits 1,2,3,4,5, if no
uurr
digit is repreated? Howmany of these will be even? for [NCERT]
32. All the letters of the word 'EAMCOT' are arranged in different possible ways. Find the
s
kks
number of arrangements in which no two vowels are adjacent to each other.
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oooo
ANSWERS
1. (i) 336
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(ii) 5040 (iii) 720 (iv) 360

2. 4 3. 3 4. 8 5. 6
6. 4 7. 9 8. 6
ur
9. 9
ad
10. 14 11. 5 12. 6, 7 13. 10

YYo
15. 120 16. 1260 17. 12 18. 24
19. 360 20. 60 21. 120 22. 8!

dd
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23. 3456 24. 720 25. 648

in
26. 1680
27. 86400 28. 12 29.504

F
30. 90
31. 120,48 32. 144
H/NTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
2. We have
F(5, r)=P(6,r-l)
— 5! _ 6! ^ 5! 6x5! 1 6
^ (5-r)!~ {6-(r-l)}! ^ (5-r)! "(7-r)! (5-r)! (7-r)(6-r)(5-r)!

6
=> 1 = => (7 -r) (6 -r) = 3 X 2 => 7 -r - 3 => r = 4
(7-r)(6-r)
P(k-1,3) 1 (n-1)! («-4)! I ll
9. P(«-l, 3);P(n,4)=l:9 => -=—=> -X- i-=—=> => n = 9.
P («, 4) 9 (n - 4)! nl 9 « 9
PERMUTATIONS 15.29
15. The total no. of ways = No. of arrangements of 5 things, taken all at a time =
36
16. Total no of ways = No. of arrangements of 36 things taken two at a time = P2-
17. The total no. of ordered pairs = No. of arrangements of 4 letters,taken two at a time = *P2-
18. No. of ways = No. of arrangements of 4 books, taken all at a time = ‘^?4.
19. Total no. of words = No. of arrangements of 6 letters, taken 4 at a time = ^P^.
20. Required number of numbers = Number of arrangements of digits 1,3,5, 7,9 by taking
3 at a time = ^ P3 ●
oww
23. Let
1^11/ Wl2' ^13 . ^21^ ^22^ ^23 . ^31' ^32 . ^41' ^^42 be 4 works. These 4 works can
W2 ' W3 ' W4
be arranged in 4! ways. Now, volumes of each work can be arranged in the following ways:
e
Wj 3! ways; W2 3! ways, W3 2! ways, W4 -> 2! ways.
FFrlo
re
Hence, total no. of ways to arrange all books = 4! (3! x3!x2!x2!) = 3456.
ree
24. Each answer to the given question is an arrangement of the 6 items of column B keeping the
F
order of items in column A fixed. Hence, the total number of answers = Number of
rF
arrangements of 6 items in column B = = 6!.
10 9
fsoor
25. Total number of three digit numbers with distinct digits = P3 - P2.
ouur
skf
26. Required number of telephone numbers = °P^.
ooko
27. Five girls can sit on chairs in a row in ^ = 5! ways. Also, 6 boys can stand behind them in a
Yo
Y
row in ^ Pg = 6! ways. Hence, the total number of ways = 5! x 6 L

Bo
reB
31. The total number of 4 digit numbers formed by using the digits 1, 2, 3,4,5 is same as the
number of arrangements of 5 digits taken 4 at a time.
5!
So, required number of numbers = ^P^ = (5-4)! = 120
uur
oY
ad
An even number will have 2 or 4 at its unit's place. So, unit's place can be filled in 2 ways
dY
and the remaining three places (tens, hundreds and thousands) can be filled with
remaining 4 digits in ^ P3 ways. Hence, total number of 4 digit even numbers formed by
innd
Re
using the given digits is P3 x 2 = 48.

Fi
F
15.4 PERMUTATIONS UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS
In this section, we shall discuss permutations where either repetitions of items are allowed or
distinction between some of the items are ignored or a particular item occurs in every
arrangement etc. Such type of permutations are known as permutations under certain
conditions as discussed below.
THEOREM 1 Prove that the number of all permutations of n different objects taken rata time, when a
particular object is to be always included in each arrangement, is r.
PROOF Here we have to find the number of ways in which r places can be filled with n given
objects such that a particular object occurs in each arrangement. Suppose the particular object is
placed at the first place. Then, the remaining (n -1) places can be filled with remaining (r -1)
objects in”" ^P^ _ 1 ways. Similarly, by fixing the particular object at the second, third, fourth,...,
rth places, we find that the number of permutations in each case is ” ” ^ ;P. -!●
Hence, by the fundamental principle of addition,

Pr-i + "-^Pr -1
n-l
The required number of permutations = + ... +
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 2 Prove that the number of permutations of n distinct objects taken r at a time, when a
n-l
particular object is never taken in each arrangement, is Pr-
PROOF Since one particular object out of n given objects is never taken. So, we have to
determine the number of ways in which r places can be ftlled with (n -1) distinct objects.
Clearly, the number of such arrangement is ” " .
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 3 Prove that the number of permutations ofn different objects taken rata time in which two
loow w
n-2
specified objects always occur together is 2! (r -1) Pr-2-
PROQF First let us leave out the two specified objects. Then the number of permutations of the
tt-2
remaining {n -2) objects, taken (r - 2)at a time, is Pf _ 2- Now, we consider two specified
h-2
objects temporarily as a single object and add it to each of these P^ _ 2 permutations which
ree
ti-2
can be done in (r -1) ways. Thus, the number of permutations becomes (r -1) Pj. _ 2- But two
rree F
r FF
specified things can be put together in 2! ways.
n-2
Hence, the required number of permutations is 2!. (r -1). Pr-2-
fofr oF
u
Q.E.D.
ks
YYouro
soo

BBook
EXAMPLE 1 In how many ways can the letters of the word PENCIL be arranged so that (i) N is always
r ee
next toE ? (ii) N and E are always together ?

SOLUTION (i) Let us keep EN together and consider it as one letter. Now, we have 5 letters
ouru
ad
which can be arranged ina rowin^f^ =5! = 120 ways. Hence, the total number of ways in which
Yo
N is always next to E is 120.

(ii) Keeping E and N together and considering it as one letter, we have 5 letters which can be
d
Re
arranged in =5! ways. But, E and N can be put together 2! ways (viz. EN, NE).
iYn
Hence, the total number of ways =5! x 2! = 240.

FFind
EXAMPLE 2 How many different words can beformed with the letters of the word EQUATION so that
(i) the words begin with E ? (ii) the words begin with E and end with N ?
(iii) the words begin and end with a consonant 7
SOLUTION Clearly, the given word contains 8 letters out of which 5 are vowels and 3
consonants,
(i) Since all words must begin with £. So, we fix E at the first place. Now, remaining 7 letters can
be arranged in P7 = 7! ways.
So, total number of words = 7!
(ii) Since all words must begin with £ and end with N. So, we fix E at the first place and N at the
last place. Now, remaining 6 letters can be arranged in ^Pg = 6! ways.
Hence, the required number of words = ^P^ = 6!
15.31
PERMUTATIONS
(iii) There are 3 consonants and all words should begin and end with a consonant. So, first and
last places can be filled with 3 consonants in ways. Now, the remaining 6 places are to be
filled up with the remaining 6 letters in ^ ways.
Hence, the required number of words = ^ = 6 x 720 = 4320
EXAMPLE 3 How many words can be formed from the letters of the word, TRMNGLE' ? How many of
these will begin with T and end with E ?
SOLUTION There are 8 letters in the word 'TRIANGLE'. The total number of words formed
with these 8 letters is the number of arrangements of 8 items, taken all at a time, which is equal to
® Pg = 8! = 40320. If we fix up T in the beginning and E at the end, then the remaining 6 letters can
be arranged in ^ Pg = 6! ways.
So, the total number of words which begin with T and end with £ = 6! = 720.
ww
EXAMPLE 4 How many words can be formed with the letters of the xvord ‘ORDINATE' so that vowels
occupy odd places?
SOLUTION There are 4 vowels and 4 consonants in the word 'ORDINATE'. We have to arrange
Flo
8 letters in a row such that vowels occupy odd places. There are 4 odd places viz. 1,3,5,7. Four
e
vowels can be arranged in these 4 odd places in 4! ways. Remaining 4 even places viz. 2,4, 6,8
e
are to be occupied by the 4 consonants. This can be done in 4! ways. Hence, the total number of
reer
rFF
words in which vowels occupy odd places = 4! x 4! =576.
uur r
ffoor
EXAMPLE 5 In how many ways 5 boys and 3 girls can be seated in a roiv so that no two girls are
together?
sks
SOLUTION The 5 boys can be seated in a row in ^ 1^ = 5! ways. In each of these arrangements 6
YYoo
ooko
places are created, shown by the cross-marks, as given below:

eBB
xBxBxBxBxBx
Since no two girls are to sit together, so we may arrange 3 girls in 6 places. This can be done in
^Pg ways i.e. 3 girls can be seated in ^Pg ways.
uurr
ad
Hence, the total number of seating arrangements = x ^Pg =5!x 6 x 5 x 4 =14400.

Yo
EXAMPLES In how many ways can the letters of the word 'DELHI' be arranged so that the vowels
dY
occupy only even places?

Re
SOLUTION There are 5 distinct letters in the word 'DELHI'. We wish to find the total number of
innd
arrangements of these 5 letters so that vowels occupy only even places. There are two vowels E
FFi
and I and 2 even places viz 2"^ and 4*. These two vowels can be arranged in the two even places
in 2! ways. The remaining three letters (D, L, H) can be arranged in 3 places (viz 1st 3rd, 5th) in 3!
ways. Hence, by the fundamental principle of counting the total number of arrangements
= 3!x2! = 12.
EXAMPLE 7 How many xoords can be formed from the letters of the word 'DAUGHTER' so that
(ii) the vowels never come together ? [NCERTj
(i) the vowels ahvays come together ?
SOLUTION There are 8 letters in the word 'DAUGHTER', including 3 vowels (A, U, E) and 5
consonants (D, G, H, T, R).
(i) Considering three vowels as one letter, we have 6 letters which can be arranged in ^P^ = 6!
ways, But, corresponding each way of these arrangements, the vowels A, U, E can be put
together in 3! ways.
Hence, required number of words = 6! x 3! = 720 x 6 = 4320
(ii)
8
The total number of words formed by using all the eight letters of the word 'DAUGHTER' is
Pg =81 = 40320.
So, the total number of words in which vowels are never together
= Total number of words - Number of words in which vowels are always together
= 40320-4320 = 36000
EXAMPLE 8 In how many xoays can 9 examination papers be arranged so that the best and the worst
papers are never together?
SOLUTION The number of arrangements in which the best and the worst papers never come
together can be obtained by subtracting from the total number of arrangements, the number of
arrangements in which the best and worst come together.
The total number of arrangements of 9 papers = ^Pg
w
= 9!
Considering the best and the worst papers as one paper, we have 8 papers which can be
arranged in ® Pg = 8! ways. But, the best and worst papers can be put together in 2! ways. So, the
Flo
number of permutations in which the best and the worst papers can be put together = (2! x 8!).
e
reee
Hence, the number of ways in which the best and the worst papers never come together
= 9!-2!x 8! = 9x 8!-2x 8! = 7x8! = 282240.
FFr
EXAMPLE 9 In how many zuays can 5 children be arranged in a row such that
(i) two of them, Ram and Shyam, are always together?
for
ur
(ii) two of them, Ram and Shyam, are never together?
SOLUTION There are five children including Ram and Shyam.
kss
(i) Considering Ram and Shyam as one child, there are four children. They can be arranged in a
Yo
row in 4! ways. But Ram and Shyam can be arranged together in 2! ways.
oo
Hence, the required number of arrangements = 4! x 2! = 48.

eB
(ii) Total number of arrangements of 5 children in a row = 5! = 120.

.-. Total number of arrangements in which Ram and Shyam are never together
ur
= Total number of arrangements - Number of arrangements in which Ram and Shyam

ad
are togefiier
YYo
= 120-48 = 72.
EXAMPLE 10 A code Word is to consist of two distinct English alphabets followed by Uvo distinct
d
Re
numbers from 1 to 9. For example, CA 23 is a code word. How many such code words are there? How
in
many of them end with an even integer ?

F
SOLUTION There are 26 English alphabets. So, first two places in the code word can be filled in
26
?2 ways. In last tv/o places we have to use two distinct numbers from 1 to 9. So, last two places
can be filled in ^ P2 ways. Hence, by the fundamental principle of counting, the total number of
code words = ^^P2 x ^P2 = 650 x 72 = 46800.
Number of code words ending with an even integer.
In this case, the code word can have any of the numbers 2,4,6,8 at the extreme right position. So,
the extreme right position can be filled in 4 ways. Now, next left position can be filled with any
one of the remaining 8 digits in 8 ways and the two extreme left positions can be filled by two
English alphabets in P2 ways.
Hence, the total number of code words which end with an even integer = 4 x 8 x ^^P2
= 4 X 8 X 650 = 20800.
PERMUTATIONS 15.33
EXAMPLE 11 The Principal wants to arrange 5 students on the platform such that the boy 'SALIM
occupies the second position and such that the girl, 'SITA' is always adjacent to the girl 'RITA . How
many such arrangements are possible ?
SOLUTION Since SALIM occupies the second position and the two girls RITA and SITA are
always adjacent to each other. So, none of these two girls can occupy the first seat. Thus, first seat
can be occupied by any one of the remaining two students in 2 ways. Second seat can be
occupied by SALIM in only one way.

Now, in the remaining three seats SITA and RITA can be seated in the following four ways:
I II m IV V
1. X SALIM SITA RITA X
2. X SALIM RITA SITA X
ww
3. X SALIM X SITA RITA
4. X SALIM X RITA SITA
Floo
Now, only one seat is left which can be occupied by the 5th student in one way.
ee
Hence, the number of required type of arrangements = 2x4x1= 8.
eer
EXAMPLE 12 How many numbers between 400 and 1000 can be formed with the digits 0,2,3,4,5,6 if
no digit is repeated in the same number ?
FFr
SOLUTION Number between 400 and 1000 consist of three digits with digit at hundred's place
oorr
uur r
greater than or equal to 4. Hundred's place can be filled, by using the digits 4,5, 6 in 3 ways.
s ff
Now, ten's and unit's places can be filled by the remaining 5 digits in ways.
sk
5 5!
YYoo
Hence, the required number of numbers = 3 x = 3 x -^ = 3 x 20 = 60.

ooko
EXAMPLE 13 In a class of 10 students there are 3 girls A, B, C. In how many different ways can they be
eBB
arranged in a row such tlmt no two of the three girls are consecutive.
SOLUTION There are 7 boys and 3 girls. Seven boys can be arranged in a row in = 7! ways.
uurr
Q
ad
Now, we have 8 places in which we can arrange 3 girls in P3 ways.

Yo
Hence, by the fundamental principle of counting, the number of arrangements = 7! x P3

dY
= 7!x 336.
Re
ind

FFin
EXAMPLE 14 When a group photograph is taken, all the seven teachers should be in the first row and all
the twenty students should be in the second row. If the two comers of the second row are reservedfor the
two tallest students, interchangeable only between them, and if the middle seat of the front row is reserved
for the Principal, how many arrangements are possible?
SOLUTION Since the middle seat of the front row is reserved for the Principal, the remaining 6
teachers can be arranged in the front row in ^P^ = 6! ways.
The two comers of the second row are reserved for the two tallest students. They can occupy
these two places in 2! ways. The remaining 18 seats may be occupied by the remaining 18
students in 18! ways.
Hence, by the fundamental principle of counting, the total number of arrangements
= 6!x(18!x2!)=18!xl440.
EXAMPLE 15
How many even numbers are there with three digits such that if5 is one of the digits, then
7 is the next digit?
SOLUTION We have to determine the total number of even numbers formed by using the given
condition. So, at unit's place we can use one of the digits 0,2,4,6,8. If 5 is at ten's place then, as
per the given condition, 7 should be at unit's place. In such a case the number will not be an even
number. So, 5 cannot be at ten's and one's places. Hence, 5 can be only at hundred's place.
Now two cases arise.
Case I When 5 is at hundred's place:

If 5 is at hundred's place, then 7 will be at ten's place. So, uiut's place can be filled in 5 ways by
using the digits 0,2,4,6,8.
So, total number of even numbers = 1x1x5= 5.
Case n When 5 is not at hundred's place:
In this case, himdred's place can be filled in 8 ways (0 and 5 cannot be used at hundred's place).
In ten s place we can use any one of the ten digits except 5. So, ten s place can be filled in 9 ways.
ww
At unit's place we have to use one of the even digits 0,2,4,6,8. So, units place can be filled in 5
ways.
So, total number of even numbers = 8x9x5 = 360
FF loo
Hence, the total number of required even numbers = 360 + 5 = 365.
EXAMPLE 16 How many four digit numbers divisible by 4 can be made with the digits 1,2,3,4,5 if the
ree
repetition of digits is not allowed 7
SOLUTION Recall that a number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by the last two digits is
reFe
divisible by 4. The digits at unit's and ten's places can be arranged as follows:
oroFr
rur
Th H T O
s ff
X X 1 2
X X 2 4
k
YYouo
X X 3 2
okso
X X 5 2
BBoo
Now, corresponding each such way the remaining three digits at thousand's and hundred's
r ee
places can be arranged in ways.

Hence, the required number of numbers = x 4 = 3! x 4 = 24.
ad
ouur
EXAMPLE 17
¥ind the number of ways in which 5 boys and 5 girls be seated in a row so that
Yo
(i) No two girls may sit together. (ii) All the girls sit together and all the boys sit together.
(iii) All the girls are never together.
d
idnY
Re
SOLUTION (i) 5 boys can be seated in a row in ^ = 5! ways. Now, in the 6 gaps 5 girls can be
FFin
arranged in ways.
Hence, the number of ways in which no two girls sit together = 5!x ^f|=5!x6!
(ii) The two groups of girls and boys can be arranged in 2! ways. 5 girls can be arranged
among themselves in 5! ways. Similarly, 5 boys can be arranged among themselves in 5!
ways. Hence, by the fundamental principle of counting, the total number of requisite
seating arrangements = 2! (5! x 5!) =2(5!)^.
(iii) The total number of ways in which all the girls are never together
= Total number of arrangements - Total number of arrangements in which all the girls are
always together
= 10!-5!x 6!
EXAMPLE 18 Five boys andfive girls form a line ivith the boys and girls alternating. Find the number of
ways of making the line.
PERMUTATIONS 15.35
SOLUTION 5 boys can be arranged in a line in =5! ways. Since the boys and girls are
alternating. So, corresponding each of the 5! ways of arrangements of 5 boys we obtain 5 places
marked by cross as shown below:
(i) X B2 X 63 X X X (ii) X Bj X B2 X B3 X B4 X £5.
Clearly, 5 girls can be arranged in 5 places marked by cross in (5! + 5!) ways.
Hence, the total number of ways of making the line = 5! x (5! + 5!) = 2 (5!)^
EXAMPLE 19 In how many ways three girls and nine boys can be seated in two vans, each having
numbered seats, 3 in the front and 4 at the back? How many seating arrangements are possible if 3 girls sit
together in a back row on adjacent seats ?
SOLUTION Total number of persons = 3 girls + 9 boys = 12.
w
Total number of numbered seats = 2x3 + 4x2 = 14
So, total number of ways in which 12 persons can be seated on 14 seats
Flo
14
= Number of arrangements or 14 seats by taking 12 at a time = Pl2-
ee
Three girls can be seated together in a back row on adjacent seats in the following ways:
Fr
1,2,3 or 2,3,4 of first van
and, 1,2,3 or 2,3,4 of second one.
for
ur
In each way the three girls can interchange among themselves in 3! ways. So, the total number of
ways in which three girls can be seated together in a back row on adjacent seats = 4 x 3!
ks
Now, 9 boys are to be seated on remaining 11 seats, which can be done in ways.
Yo
oo
Hence, by the fundamental principle of counting, the total number of seating arrangements is
11
eB
P9 X 4x 3!.
EXAMPLE 20
A tea party is arranged for 16 persons along two sides of a long table with 8 chairs on each
side. Four persons wish to sit on one particular and two on the other side. In how many ways can they be
ur
ad
seated?
Yo
SOLUTION four persons wish to sit on side A. Four

Let the two sides be A and B. Assume that
persons who wish to sit on side A can be accommodated on eight chairs in ® P4 ways and two
d
ft
Re
persons who wish to sit on side B can be accommodated on 8 chairs in °P2 ways. Now, 10
in
persons are left, who can sit on 10 chairs on both the sides of the table in 10! ways.
F
8
Hence, the total number of ways in which 16 persons can be seated = ?4 X °?2 X 10!
EXERCISE 15.4
BASIC
1- In how many ways can the letters of the word 'FAILURE' be arranged so that the
consonants may occupy only odd positions?
2. In how many ways can the letters of the word 'STRANGE' be arranged so that
(i) the vowels come together ? (ii) the vowels never come together? and
(iii) the vowels occupy oiily the odd places?
3. How many words can be formed from the letters of the word 'SUNDAY'? How many of
these begin with D?
4. How many words can be formed out of the letters of the word, 'ORIENTAL', so that the
vowels always occupy the odd places ?
5. How many different words can be formed with the letters of word 'SUNDAY'? How many
of the words begin with N? How many begin with N and end in Y?
6. How many different words can be formed from the letters of the word 'GANESHPURI'? In
how many of these words:
(i) the letter G always occupies the first place?
(ii) the letters P and I respectively occupy first and last place?
(iii) the vowels are always together?
(iv) the vowels always occupy even places?
BASED ON LOTS
ww
7. How many permutations can be formed by the letters of the word, 'VOWELS', when
(i) there is no restriction on letters? (ii) each word begins with E?
(iii) each word begins with O and ends with L? (iv) all vowels come together?
(v) all consonants come together?
Flo
ee
8. How many words can be formed out of the letters of the word 'ARTICLE', so that vowels
rere
occupy even places?
r FF
9. In how many ways can a lawn tennis mixed double be made up from seven married
couples if no husband and wife play in the same set?
uurr
10. m men and n women are to be seated in a row so
foor
that no two women sit together. If m > «
m\(m + l)\
ks s
then show that the number of ways in which they can be seated as
(m-« + !)!*
Yoo
oook
11. How many words (with or without dictionary meaning) can be made from the letters in the
eBB
word MONDAY, assuming that no letter is repeated, if

(i) 4 letters are used at a time? (ii) all letters are used at a time?
(iii) all letters are used but first is vowel?
uurr
ad
12. How many three letter words can be made using the letters of the word 'ORIENTAL'?
Yo
ANSWERS
dY
1. 576 2. (i) 1440 (ii) 3600 (iii) 1440 3. 720,120 4. 576

Re
innd
5. 720,120,24 6. 10! (i) 9! (ii) 8! (iii) 7!x 4! (iv) 5!x 6!

7. (i) 720 (ii) 120 (iii) 24 (iv) 240 (v) 144
FFi
8. 144 9. 840
11. (i) 360 (ii) 720 (iu) 240 12. 336
15.5 PERMUTATIONS OF OBJECTS NOT ALL DISTINCT
So far we were discussing permutations of distinct objects (things) by taking some or all at a
time. In tliis section, we intend to discuss the permutations of a given number of objects when
objects are not all different. For example, the number of arrangements of the letters of the word
MISSISSIPPI, the number of six digit numbers formed by using the digits 1,1,2,3,3,4 etc. The
following theorem is very helpful to determine the number of such arrangements.
THEOREM The number ofmutuall}/ distinguishable permutations ofn things, taken all at a time, of
n\
zuhich p are alike of one kind, q alike of second such that p + q = nis
plql
PROOF Let the required number of permutations be x. Consider one of these x permutatior\s.
PERMUTATIONS 15.37
Now, replace p alike things in this permutation by p distinct things which are also different from
others. These p different things may be permuted among themselves in p! ways without
changing the positions of other things. Similarly, if we replace q alike things by q distinct things,
which are also different from others, then they can be permuted among themselves in q\ ways.
Thus, if both the replacements are done simultaneously, then we find that each one of the .r
permutations give rise to p\ x q[ permutations. Therefore, x permutations give rise to xxplx ql
permutations. Now, each of these a: x p! x g!permutations, is a permutation of m different things,
taken all at a time.
XX pl^ ql = Number of permutations of n different things taken all at a time = n\

Hence, .r
p\q\
Q.E.D.
ww
REMARK 1 The number of permutations of n things, of which pj are alike of one kind; P2 are alike of
second kind; p^ are alike of third kind;...; pr are alike ofrth kind such that P1+P2 + ●●● + Pr =
FF loo
n\
Pi! P2 ! P3 !... Pr !
ree
REMARK 2 The number of permutations of n things, of which p are alike of one kind, q are alike of second
n!
kind and remaining all are distinct, is
reFe
plql
oroFr
r ur
REMARK 3 Suppose there are r things to be arranged, allowing repetitions. Let further pi, p2>-- - Pr
the integers such that the first object occurs exactly pj times, the second occurs exactly p2 times, etc. Then
s ff
the total number of permutations of these r objects to the above condition is iPl+P2+- + Pr)[
Pl'-Pl'-Ps'—Pr^-'
k
YYouo
koso
BBoo
r ee
EXAMPLE 1 How 7fiany dijferent words can be formed xvith the letters of the word 'MISSISSIPPI' ? In
ad
ouur
hozo many of these permutations four Ts do twt come together? [NCERTl

Yo
SOLUTION There are 11 letters in the given word, of which 4 are S's, 4 are Ts and 2 are P's. So,
total number of words is the number of arrangements of 11 things, of which 4 are similar of one
d
11!
Re
idnY
kind, 4 are similar of second kind and 2 are similar of third kind i.e.
41412!
FFin
11!
Hence,the total number of words = = 34650.
414I2I
Considering 41's as one letter, we have 8 letters of which 4 are S's and 2 are P's. These 8 letters
8!
can be arranged in ways.
4!2!
8!
Number of words in which 4 I's come together = 4! 2!
= 840.
Hence, number of words in which 4 I's do not come together = 34650 - 840 = 33810.
EXAMPLE 2 How many permutations of the letters of the word 'APPLE' are there?
SOLUTION Here there are 5 letters, two of which are of the same kind. The others are each of its
5! 120
own kind. So, the required number of permutations is 2!1!1!1! 2
= 60.
EXAMPLES Hozo 7nany words can befor7ned using the letter A thrice, the letter B twice and the letter C
thrice ?
SOLUTION We are given 8 letters viz. A, A, A, B, B, C, C, C. Clearly, there are 8 letters of which
three are of one kind, two are of second kind and three are of third kind.
8!
So, the total number of permutations = =560.
3!2! 3!
Hence, the requisite number of words = 560.

EXAMPLE4 pijjd the number of different permutations of the letters of the word BANANA ?
SOLUTION Clearly, there are six letters in the word 'BANANA' of which three are alike of one
kind (3 A's), two are alike of second kind (2 N's) and one of its own kind.
6!
Total number of their permutations = 3!2!1!
= 60.
Hence, the requisite number of words = 60
w
EXAMPLES (i) How many different words can be formed with the letters of the xuord HARYANA?
(ii) How many of these begin with H and end with N?
Flo
(hi) In how many of these H and N are together?
SOLUTION (i) There are 7 letters in the word 'HARYANA' of which 3 are A's and remaining all
ee
are each of its own kind.
7! 7!
Fr
So, total number of words = — = 840.
3!1!1!1!1! 3!
(ii) After fixing H in first place and N in last place, we have 5 letters out of which three are alike
for
ur
i.e. A's and remaining all are each of its own kind.
5'
So, total number of words = — = 20.
ks
3!
Yo
(hi) Considering H and N together we have 7 - 2 + 1 = 6 letters out of which three are alike i.e.
oo
6!
A's and others are each of its own kind. These six letters can be arranged in ways. But H and N
eB
3!
can be arranged amongst themselves in 2! ways.

6<
Hence, the requisite number of words = — x 2! = 120 x 2 = 240.
ur
3!
ad
Yo
EXAMPLE 6
How many different words can be formed by using all the letters of the word
d
Re
[NCERT]
in
'ALLAHABAD' ?
(i) In how many of them vowels occupy the even positions ?

F
(ii) In how many of them both L do not come together ?

SOLUTION There are 9 letters in the word 'ALLAHABAD' out of which 4 are A's, 2 are L's and
the rest are all distinct.
9!
So, the requisite number of words = = 7560.
4!2!
(i) There are 4 vowels and all are alike i.e. 4 A's. Also, there are 4 even places viz 2nd, 4th, 6th
41
and 8th. So, these 4 even places can be occupied by 4 vowels in ~
4!
= 1 way. Now, we are left with
5!
5 places in which 5 letters, of which two are alike (2 L's) and other distinct, can be arranged in —
2!
ways.
5' 4' 5'
Hence, the total number of words in which vowels occupy the even places =
PERMUTATIONS 15.39
(ii) Considering both L together and treating them as one letter we have 8 letters out of which A
repeats 4 times and others are distinct. These 8 letters can be arranged in 4!
ways.
8!
So, the number of words in which both L come together = — = 1680.
4!
Hence, the number of words in which both L do not come together

= Total no. of words - No. of words in which both L come together = 7560 -1680 = 5880.
EXAMPLI-7 Find the number of arrangements of the letters of the word INDEPENDENCE. In how
many of these arrangements INCERT]
(i) do the words start ivith P? (ii) do all the vowels always occur together?
(iii) do all the vowels never occur together? (iv) do the words begin with I and end in P?
SOLUTION In the word 'INDEPENDENCE' there are 12 letters of which 3 are N's, 4 are E's and
w
2 are D's. Therefore,
12!
Total number of arrangements = = 1663200
3I4I2I
Flo
(i) After fixing the letter P at the extreme left position, there are 11 letters consisting of 3 N's,
HI
reeee
4E's and 2D's. These 11 letters can be arranged in = 138600
3!4!2!
FFr
11!
Number of words beginning with P = = 138600
3!4!2!
for
(ii) There are 5 vowels in the given word of which 4 are E's and one I. These vowels can be put
ur
5!
together in ways. Considering these 5 vowels as one letter there are 8 letters (taking 7
411!
kkss
8!
Yo
remaining letters) which can be arranged in ways (as there are 3 N's and 2D's). Since
oo
312!
8!
eB
corresponding to each arrangement of 5 vowels there are

312!
ways of arranging remaining 7
letters and one letter formed by 5 vowels.

r
ou
ad
Hence,
ft I
1^ fundamental principle of multiplication, the required number of arrangements is
YY
— x — = 16800
3!2! 4!1!
ndd
(iii) The required number of arrangements

Re
= The total number of arrangements - The number of arrangements in which all the
Fi
vowels occur together

= 1663200-16800=1646400
(iv) Let us fix I at the extreme left end and P at the extreme right end. Now, we are left with 10
10!
letters of which 3 are N's, 4 are E's and 2 are D's. These ten letters can be arranged in
4!3!2!
ways.
10!
Hence, required number of arrangements = 41312!
= 12600.
EXAMPLE 8 In how many ways can the letters of the word PERMUTATIONS be arranged if(i) the
words start with P end with S (ii) vowels are all together.
SOLUTION (i) There are 12 letters in the given word of which 2 are T's and the remaining are
10!
distinct. Remaining 10 letters between P and S can be arranged in 2!
ways.
10!
Total number of words starting with P and ending in S = 2!
= 1814400
(ii) There are 5 vowels in the given word. These vowels can be put together in 5! ways.
Considering these 5 vowels as one letter, we have 8 letters (7 remaining letters and one letter
8!
formed by 5 vowels) of which 2 are T's. These 8 letters can be arranged in ways.
2!
Hence, by the fundamental principle of multiplication, required number of words is

Six —= 2419200.
2!
EXAMPLE 9 How many numbers greater than a million can be formed with the digits 2,3,0,3,4,2,3?
ooww
SOLUTION Any number greater than a million will contain all the seven digits.
Now, we have to arrange these seven digits, out of which 2 occur twice, 3 occurs twice and tlie
rest are distinct.
7!
The number of such arrangements = = 420.
2!x 3!
ee
These arrangements also include those numbers which contain 0 at the million's place.
rFl
re
Keeping 0 fixed at the millionth place, we have 6 digits out of which 2 occurs twice, 3 occurs
Fre
6!
thrice and the rest are distinct. These 6 digits can be arranged in = 60 ways.
rrF
2!x 3!
Hence, the niunber of required numbers = 420 - 60 = 360.

sffoo
ouur
EXAMPLE 10 There are six periods in each working day of a school. In hozv many ways can one arrange 5
subjects such that each subject is allowed at least one period?
kosk
SOLUTION Since each subject is allowed at least one period. So, we first select one subject for
Yo
c 6^
oo
the left out period. This can be done in ways. Now, six subject can be arranged in ways.
Y
BB
6'
Hence, the total number of arrangements = x — =1800
rre
2!
ouu

Y
ad
EXAMPLE 11
How many arrangements can be made with the letters of the word 'MATHEMATICS'? In
dY
how many of them vowels are together ?

SOLUTION There are 11 letters in the word 'MATHEMATICS' of which two are M's, two are A's,
innd
Re
two are T's and all other are distinct. So,

111
Fi
F
Required number of arrangements = = 4989600

2!x 2!x 2!
There are 4 vowels viz. A, E, A, I. Considering these four vowels as one letter we have 8 letters
(M, T, H, M, T, C, S and one letter obtained by combining all vowels), out of which M occurs
8!
twice, T occurs twice and the rest all different. These 8 letters can be arranged in ways.
2!x 2!
4!
But, the four vowels {A, E, A, I) can be put together in — ways.
2!
Hence, the total number of arrangements in which vowels are always together = 2!x8! 2l'' ^
2!
= 10080x12=120960.
EXAMPLE 12
If all the letters of the word 'AGAIN' be arranged as in a dictionary, what is the fiftieth
word? [NCERT]
SOLUTION In dictionary the words at each stage are arranged in alphabetical order. Starting
with the letter A, and arranging the other four letters GAIN, we obtain 4! = 24 words.
PERMUTATIONS 15.41
Thus, there are 24 words which start with A. These are the first 24 words.
Then, starting with G, and arranging the other four letters A, A, I, N in different ways, we obtain
4' 24 ^
— = 12 words. Thus, there are 12 words, which start with G.
2! 2
4!
Now, we start with I. The remaining 4 letters A, G, A, N can be arranged in -^^
2!
= 12 ways. So,
there are 12 words, which start with I.
Thus, we have so far constructed 48 words. The 49th word is NAAGI and hence the 50th word is
NAAIG.
ooww
EXAMPLE 13 The letters of the word 'RANDOM' are written in all possible orders and these words are
written out as in a dictionary. Find the rank of the word 'RANDOM'.
SOLUTION In a dictionary the words at each stage are arranged in alphabetical order. In the
given problem we must therefore consider the words beginning with A, D, M, N, O, R in order.
A will occur in the first place as often as there are ways of arranging the remaining 5 letters all at
e
a time i.e. A will occur 5! times. Similarly, D, M, N, O will occur in the first place the same
ree
number of times.
rFl
Fre
Number of words starting with A = 5! = 120
Number of words starting with D = 5! = 120
rrF
Number of words starting with M = 5! = 120
sffoo
ouur
Number of words starting with N = 5! = 120
Number of words starting with 0 = 5! = 120
Number of words beginning with R is 5!, but one of these words is the word RANDOM. So, we
okks
first find the number of words beginning with RAD and RAM.
Yo
oo
No. of words starting with RAD = 3! = 6

Y
BB
No. of words starting with RAM = 3! = 6

Now, the words beginning with 'RAN' must follow. There are 31 words beginning with RAN.
rre
One of these words is the word RANDOM itself.

ouu
The first word beginning with RAN is the word RANDMO and the next word is RANDOM.
Y
ad
Rank of RANDOM = 5 X 120 + 2 X 6 + 2 = 614.

dY
EXAMPLE 14 If the different permutations of the word, 'EXAMINATION' are listed as in a dictionary,
how many items are there in the list before the first word starting with E? [NCERT]
innd
Re
SOLUTION In a dictionary the words at each stage are arranged in alphabetical order. In the
given problem we have to find the total number of words starting with A, because the very next
Fi
F
word will start with E.
For finding the number of words starting with A, we have to find the number of arrangements
of the remaining 10 letters, EXMINATION, of which there are 2 Ts, 2 N's and the others each of
its own kind.
10!
The number of such arrangements = = 907200.
2!2!
Hence, the required number of items = 907200.

EXERCISE 15.5
BASIC
1. Find the number of words formed by permuting aU the letters of the following words:
(i) INDEPENDENCE (ii) INTERMEDIATE (iii) ARRANGE
(iv) INDIA (v) PAKISTAN (vi) RUSSIA
(vii) SERIES (viii) EXERCISES (ix) CONSTANTINOPLE
2. In how many ways can the letters of the word 'ALGEBRA' be arranged without changing
the relative order of the vowels and consonants?
3. How many words can be formed with the letters of the word 'UNIVERSITY',the vowels
remaining together?
4. Find the total number of arrangements of the letters in the expression c* when
written at full length.
5. How many words can be formed with the letters of the word 'PARALLEL' so that all L's do
not come together?
6. How many words can be formed by arranging the letters of the word 'MUMBAI' so that all
M's come together?
ww
7. How many numbers can be formed with the digits 1,2, 3, 4,3, 2,1 so that the odd digits
always occupy the odd places?
8. How many different signals can be made from 4 red, 2 white and 3 green flags by arranging
Flo
all of them vertically on a flagstaff?
e
9. How many number of four digits can be formed with the digits 1,3,3,0?
reree
BASED ON LOTS
r FF
10. In how many ways can the letters of the word 'ARRANGE' be arranged so that the two R's
are never together?
uurr
foor
11. How many different numbers, greater than 50000 can be formed with the digits 0,1,1,5,9.
12. How many words can be formed from the letters of the word 'SERIES' which start with S
ks s
and end with S?

Yoo
ooook
13. How many permutations of the letters of the word 'MADHUBANT do not begin with M
eBB
but end with I?
14. Find the number of numbers, greater than a million, that can be formed with the digits 2,3,
0,3,4,2,3.
uurr
ad
15. There are three copies each of 4 different books. In how many ways can they be arranged in
Yo
a shelf?
16. How many different arrangements can be made by using aU the letters in the word
dY
'MATHEMATICS'. How many of them begin with C? How many of them begin with T?
Re
innd
17. A biologist studying the genetic code is interested to know the number of possible
arrangements of 12 molecules in a chain. The chain contains 4 different molecules
FFi
represented by the initials A (for Adenine), C (for Cytosine), G (for Guanine) and T (for
Thymine) and 3 molecules of each kind. How many different such arrangements are
possible?
18. In how many ways can 4 red, 3 yellow and 2 green discs be arranged in a row if the discs of
the same colour are indistinguishable? [NCERT]
19. How many numbers greater than 1000000 can be formed by using the digits 1, 2, 0, 2,
4,2,4? [NCERT]
20. In how many ways can the letters of the word ASSASSINATION be arranged so that all the
S's are together? [NCERT]
21. Find the total number of permutations of the letters of the word 'INSTITUTE'. [NCERT]
BASED ON HOTS
22. The letters of the word 'SURITI' are written in all possible orders and these words are
written out as in a dictionary. Find the rank of the word 'SURITI'.
PERMUTATIONS 15.43
23. If the letters of the word 'LATE' be permuted and the words so formed be arranged as in a
dictionary, find the rank of tire word LATE.
24. If the letters of the word 'MOTHER' are written in all possible orders and tliese words are
written out as in a dictionary, find the rank of the word 'MOTHER'.
25. If the permutations of a, b, c, d, e taken all together be written down in alphabetical order as
in dictionary and numbered, find the rank of the permutation debac.
26. Find the total number of ways in which six'+' and four signs can be arranged in a line
such that no two signs occur together.
27. In how many ways can tlie letters of the word "INTERMEDIATE" be aitanged so tliat:
ooww
(i) the vowels always occupy even places?
(ii) the relative order of vowelsand consonantsdo not alter?
28. The letters of the word 'ZENITH' are written in all possible orders. How many words are
possible if all these words are written out as in a dictionary ? What is the rank of the word
e
'ZENITH'?
ree
rFl AUS\NBnS
Fre
1. (i) 1663200 (ii) 19958400 (iii) 1260 (iv) 60
rrF
(v) 20160 (vi) 360 (vii) 180 (viii) 30240
ouur
(ix)
14!
2. 72
sffoo
3. 60480 4. 1260
24
okks
5. 3000 6. 120 7. 18 8. 1260
Yo
9. 9 10. 900 11. 24 12. 12

oo
Y
BB
11! 101 10!

13. 17640 14. 360 15.12!/{3!)‘^ 16.
2!2!2!^ 2!2!2!' 2!2!
rre
17. 369600 18. 1260 19. 360 20. 151200

ouu
9!
YY
ad
21. 22. 236 23. 14 24. 309

2! 3!
dd
25. 93 26. 35 27. (i) 21600 (ii) 21600

Re
iinn
28. 616
W/WrS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

F
2. The consonants can be arranged among themselves in 4! ways and the vowels among
31 3!
themselves in —
2!
ways. Hence, the required number of arrangements = 4! x —
2!
=72.
9!
4. There are 3 a's, 2b's and 4 c's. So, the total number of arrangements = = 1260.
3!2!4!
7. There are 4 odd digits 1, 1, 3, 3 and 4 odd places. So, odd digits can be arranged in odd
4!
places in ways. The remaining 3 even digits 2,2,4 can be arranged in 3 even places in
212!
3! 4! 3! _
— ways. Hence, the requisite number of numbers = — X —=18.
2! 212! 2!
8. We have to arrange 9 flags, out of wliich 4 are of one kiiid, 2 are of another kind and 3 are of
9!
third kind. So, total number of signals =
4!2!3!
9. Required number of numbers =

2! 2!'
11. I imbers greater than 50000 will have either 5 or 9 in the first place and will consist of 5
digits.
41
Number of numbers of with digit 5 at first place = —
2!
4!
Number of numbers with digit 9 at first place = —
2!
41 41
Hence, the required number of numbers = — + — = 24.
2! 2!
(4+3+2)! 9!
18. Required number of ways = 4! 3! 2!
= 1260
4! 312!
w
19. Number of numbers greater than 1000000 that can be formed by using the digits 1,2,0,2,4,
2,4.
Flo
= Number of numbers formed by given digits - Number of numbers having 0 as left
reee
most digit
7! 6! 7!-6! 6x6!
FFr
= 360
3!2! 3!2! 312! 312!
20. Considering all S as one letter there are 10 letters containing 3A's, 21's, 2N's, IT, lO which
uurr
10!
for
can be arranged in = 151200 ways.
3!2!2!
kss
21. There are 9 letters in the word INSTITUTE containing 2rs, 3T's, IN, IS, lU and IE. These
ooook
Yo
9!
letters can be arranged in - 30240 ways.
2! 3!
eB
6!
26. Six'+' signs can be arranged in a row in — = 1 way. Now, we are left with seven places in
rr
6!
ou
ad
which four different things can be arranged in P4 ways but as all the four signs are
YY
identical, therefore, four' - sigr\s can be arranged in = 35 ways.

nndd
Re
Hence, the required number of ways = 1 x 35 = 35.

Fi

n-l K-1
1. The value of P,+r Pr_iis
2. If"P4:”li=l:2,then« =
3. If ^^Pr =1320, then r =
4. The number of permutations of n distinct object, taken r at a time, when repetitions are not
allowed, is
5. The number of permutations of n distinct objects, taken r at a time, when repetitions are
allowed, is
6. The number of ways'm' men and 'n' women (m > n) can be seated in arow so that no two
women sit together is
7. In an examination there are three multiple choice questions and each question has four
choice. The number of ways in which a student can fail to get all answers correct, is
PERMUTATIONS 15.45
8. The number of ways in which three letters can be posted in five letter boxes, is
9. The number of six digit numbers, all digits of which are odd, is
10, The number of different words that can be made from the letters of the word
INTERMEDIATE, such that two vowels never come together, is
ANSWERS
1. 'Pr 2. 6 3. 3 4. ”Pr 5. t{ ^ m!(m + l)! 7. 63

■ (m-« + !)!
8. 5^ 9. 5^ 10. 6! ^Pf,2. = 151200
—X
2! 3!2!
ww
question:
Floo
1. In how many ways can 4 letters be posted in 5 letter boxes?
e
2. Write the number of 5 digit numbers that can be formed using digits 0,1 and 2.
eere
3. In how many ways 4 women draw water from 4 taps, if no tap remains unused?
FFr
4. Write the total number of possible outcomes in a throw of 3 dice in which at least one of the
dice shows an even number. oorr
uur r
Write the number of arrangements of the letters of the word BANANA in which two N's
s ff
5.
come together.
sk
YYoo
6. Write the number of ways in which 7 men and 7 women can sit on a roimd table such that
ooko
no two women sit together.

eBB
7. Write the number of words that can be formed out of the letters of the word 'COMMITTEE'.
8. Write the number of all possible words that can be formed using the letters of the word
uurr
'MATHEMATICS'.
ad
9. Write the number of ways in which 6 men and 5 women can dine at a round table if no two
Yo
women sit together.

dY
10. Write the number of ways in which 5 boys and 3 girls can be seated in a row so that each girl
Re
is between 2 boys.
nind
11. Write the remainder obtained when l! + 2!+ 3! + ... + 200! is divided by 14.
FFi
12. Write the number of numbers that can be formed using all for digits 1,2,3,4.
ANSWERS
9! 11!
1. 5^ 2. 2x3^ 3. 4! 4. 189 5. 20 6. 7!x 6! 7. 8.
(21)3 21212!
9. 6!x5!10. 2880 11. 5 12. 24

1. The number of permutations of n different things taking r at a time when 3 particular things
are to be included is
«-3
(a)
n -
3p
h-3, (b)
n -
3p, (C) ”Pr-3 (d) r! Cr-3
2. The number of five-digit telephone numbers having at least one of their digits repeated is
(a) 90000 (b) 100000 (c) 30240 (d) 69760
3. The number of words that can be formed out of the letters of the word "ARTICLE" so that
vowels occupy even places is

(a) 574 (b) 36 (c) 754 (d) 144
4. How many numbers greater than 10 lacs be formed from 2,3,0,3,4,2,3?
(a) 420 (b) 360 (c) 400 (d) 300
5. The number of different signals which can be given from 6 flags of different colours taking
one or more at a time, is
ww
(a) 1958 (b) 1956 (c) 16 (d) 64
6. The number of words from the letters of the word 'BHARAT' in which B and H will never
come together, is
Flo
e
7. The number of six letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word "ASSIST" in
eree
which S's alternate with other letters is
FFr
The number of arrangements of the word "DELHI" in which £ precedes / is
uurr
8.
(a) 30 C^) 60 (c) 120

orr (d) 59
sfo
9. The number of ways in which the letters of the word 'CONSTANT' can be arranged
without changing the relative positions of the vowels and consonants is
kks
Yoo

oooo
10. The number of ways to arrange the letters of the word CHEESE are
eBB
(a) 120 (b) 240 (c) 720 (d) 6

11. Number of all four digit numbers having different digits formed of the digits 1,2,3,4 and 5
urr
and divisible by 4 is
ad
(a) 24 (b) 30 (c) 125 (d) 100

YYo
12. If the letters of the word KRISNA are arranged in all possible ways and these words are
dd
written out as in a dictionary, then the rank of the word KRISNA is

Re
inn

13. If in a group of n distinct objects, the number of arrangements of 4 objects is 12 times the
F
number of arrangements of 2 objects, then the number of objects is

14. The number of ways in which 6 men can be arranged in a row so that three particular men
are consecutive, is
(a) 4!x 3! (b) 4! (c) 3!x 3! (d) none of these
15. A 5-digit number divisible by 3 is to be formed using the digits 0,1, 2,3,4 and 5 without
repetition. The total number of ways in which this can be done is
(a) 216 (b) 600 (c) 240 (d) 3125
16. The product of r consecutive positive integers is divisible by
(a)r! (b) r! + l (c) (r + 1)! (d) none of these
17. If
k + 5 11(^:-1) t+3
h+l = Pf., then the values of k are
2
PERMUTATIONS 15.47
(a) 7 and 11 (b) 6 and 7 (c) 2 and 11 (d) 2 and 6

18. The number of arrangements of the letters of the word BHARAT taking 3 at a time is
19.
The number of words that can be made by re-arranging the letters of the word APURB A so
that vowels and consonants are alternate is

20.
The number of different ways in which 8 persons can stand in a row so that between two
particular persons A and B there are always two persons, is
(a) 60x5! (b) 15x41x5! (c) 4!x5! (d) none of tliese
ww
21. The number of ways in which the letters of the word ARTICLE can be arranged so that even
places are always occupied by consonants is
(a) 576 (b) ^C3x4! (c) 2x4! (d) none of these
22.
Floo
In a room there are 12 bulbs of the same wattage, each having a separate switch. The
e
number of ways to light the room with different amounts of illumination is
eere
(a) 12^-1 (b) 2
12
(c) 2^^ -1 (d) none of these
FFr
23. There are four bus routes between A and B; and three bus routes between B and C. A man
oorr
uur r
can travel round trip in number of ways by bus from A to C via B. If he does not want to use
s ff
a bus route more tlian once, the number of ways he can make round trip, is
(a) 72 (b) 144 (c) 14 (d) 19
sk
YYoo
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ooko
24. All the letters of the word 'EAMCET' are arranged in different possible ways. The number
eBB
of such arrangements in which two vowels are adjacent to each other, is

(a) 360 (b) 144 (c) 72 (d) 54
uurr
[NCERT EXEMPLAR)
ad
The number of possible outcomes when a coin is tossed 6 times, is

Yo
25.
(a) 36 (b) 64 (c) 12 (d) 32

dY
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
Re
nind
26.
The number of different four digit numbers that can be formed with the digits 2,3,4,7 and
FFi
using each digit exactly once, is

(a) 120 (b) 96 (c) 24 (d) 100
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
27.
The sum of the digits in unit place of all the numbers formed with the help of 3,4,5 and 6
taken all at a time, is
(a) 432 (b) 108 (c) 36 (d) 18
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ANSWERS
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a)

10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (a)
19. (c) 20. (a) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (b)
SUMMARY
1. The continued product of first n natural numbers is called the "n factorial" and is denoted
by L«or«!.
Thus, n\ =lx2x3x4x...x(«~l)xn
Factorials of proper fractions and negative integers are not defined.
2. = l-3-5...(2n-l)2'
n!
3. «! +1 is not divisible by any natural number between 2 and n.

4. Let p be a prime number and ti be a natural number, if Ep (n) denotes the exponent of p in «,
then
llowow
n n
+ + ...+
/
where s is the largest positive integer such that p® < « < p® ^ and [x] denotes the greatest
integer less than or equal to .v.
ree
nl
5. If n is a natural number and r is a positive integer such that 0 < r < n, then " ■
rF
r FF
6. (i) {Fimdamental Principle of Multiplication): If there are two jobs such that one of them can be
completed in m ways, and when it has been completed in any one of these m ways,
for fFreo
second job can be completed in n ways; then the two jobs in succession can be completed
u
in n? X « ways,
s
ok
(ii) (Fundamental Principle of Addition) If there are two jobs such that they can be performed
YYour o
independently in m and n ways respectively, then either of the two jobs can be performed
o
in (ways.
eeBo Bks
7. (i) Let r and n be positive integers such that 1 < r < «. Then, the number of all permutations of
n distinct items or objects taken r at a time is
r
our u
«(H-l)(«-2)(»-3)...(H-(r-l))
ad
(ii) The number of all permutations (arrangements) of n distinct objects taken all at a time is
Yo
nl
(iii) The number of mutually distinguishable permutations of n things, taken all at a time, of
d
Re
nl
in
which p are alike of one kind, q alike of second such that p + q = n, is

plql
FFind Y
(iv) The number of permutations of n things, of which pj are alike of one kind; P2 are alike of
second kind; p^ are alike of third kind; ...; p^ are alike of rth kind such that
n!
Pi + P2 + ... + Pr =n,lS
Pl'-Pl'-Ps'-Pr-
(v) The number of permutatior\s of n things, of which p are alike of one kind, q are alike of
nl
second kind and remaining all are distinct, is
plql
(vi) Suppose there are r things to be arranged, allowing repetitions. Let further pi, P2,... p^ be
the integers such that the first object occurs exactly pi times, the second occurs exactly P2
times, etc. Then the total number of permutations of these r objects to the above condition
(Pl + P2+- + Pr)!
Pl'-Pl'-P3'--Pr I
CHAPTER m
COMBINATIONS
16.1 INTRODUCTION
oww
In the previous chapter, we have studied arrangements of a certain number of objects by taking
some of them or all at a time. Most of the times we are not interested in arranging the objects, but
we are more concerned in selecting a number of objects from given number of objects. In other
words, we do not want to specify the ordering of selected objects. For example, a company may
want to select 3 persons out of 10 applicants, a student may want to choose three books from his
e
library at a time etc.
ree
rFl
Suppose we want to select three persor\s out of 4 persons A, B, C and D. We may choose A, B, C
Fre
or A, B, D or A, C, D or B, C, D. Note that we have not listed A, B, C; B, C, A; C, A, B; B, A, C; C, B, A
rr F
and A, C, B separately here, because they represent the same selection A, B, C. But, they give rise
to different arrangements. It is evident from the above discussion that in a selection the order in
ouur
which objects are arranged is immaterial.
sfoo
16.2 COMBINATIONS
kks
COMBINATIONS Each of the different selections made by taking some or all of a number of objects,
oooo
Yo
irrespective of their arrangements is called a combination.

eBB
ILLUSTRATION 1 List the different combinations formed of three letters A, B, C taken two at a time.
SOLUTION The different combinations formed of three letters A, B, C are: AB, AC, BC.
uurr
ILLUSTRATION 2 Write all combinations offour letters A, B, C, D taken two at a time.

SOLUTION Various combinations of two letters out of four letters A, B, C, D are:
ad
YYo
AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION
dd
Re
(i) In a combination only selection is made whereas in a permutation not only a selection is
iinn
made but also an arrangement in a definite order is considered,

F
(ii) In a combination, the ordering of the selected objects is immaterial whereas in a

permutation, the ordering is essential. For example. A, B and B, A are same as combinations
but different as permutations,
(iii) Practically to find the permutations of n different items, taken r at a time, we first select r
items fi'om n items and then arrange them. So, usually the number of permutations exceeds the
number of combinations,
(iv) Each combination corresponds to many permutations. For example, the six permutations
ABC, ACB, BCA, BAC, CBA and CAB correspond to the same combination ABC.
REMARK Generally we use the word ‘arrangements’ for permutations and the word ‘selections' for
combinations.
NOTATION The number of all combinations ofn objects, taken rata time is generally denoted by C( n, r)
or, ”Cr or.
Thus, "Cr or C («, r) = Number of ways of selecting r objects from n objects.

16.2 MATHEMATICS-XI
Clearly, "C^ is defined only when n and r are non-negative integers such that 0 <r <n.
THEOREM The number of all combinations of n distinct objects, taken rata time is given by
n!
"r =
*-r
(«-r)!r!
PROOF Let the number of combinations of n distinct objects taken r at a time be x. Consider
one of these x ways. There are r objects in this selection which can be arranged in r! ways. Thus,
each of the x combinations gives rise to r! permutations. So, x combinations will give rise to
a: X (r!) permutations. Consequently, the number of permutations of n things, taken r at a time is
a: X (r!). But, this number is also equal to
x(r!) = "P,
ww
n
nl nl
X = ... rtp
Ly ^
-
r\ {n-r)\r\ (n-r)!
nl
Flo
n
Q = Q.E.D.
{n-r)\rl
e
REMARK 1 We have,
ere
n nl «(n-1) («-2)... (n-r+ l)(w-r) (n-r-1)... 3.2.1
Cr =
FFr
(n-r)!r! {(n-r) (n-r-1)... 3.2.1} {1.2.3....rj
n (n -1) (n - 2)... (n - r +1)
uurr
n
Cr =
1.2.3....r
orr
sfo
Sometimes this form of^Cj. is also very convenient to use.
nl
kks
REMARK 2 We have, ”0^ = . Putting r = n and r = 0 successively, we obtain
Yoo
(n-r)!r!
oooo
nl nl nl nl
'C = = 1 and, "Cg = '±=1^ "C„=”Cg=l. [V 0! = 1]
eBB
(n-n)!n! n!0! (n-0)!0! nl

nl 1 nl
= i.e. "Cr xr! = ”Pr.
n
REMARK 3 Cr =
urr
(n-r)!r! r!l^(n-r)! r!
ad
YYo
16.3 PROPERTIES OF "Cr OR, C(n,r)

In this section, we shall discuss some important properties of "C^.
dd
Re
inn
PROPERTY 1 ForO<r<n, we have = "C„_r-

F
PROOF We find that

n nl nl n
C„-r = Cr
(n-r)l(n-(n-r))! (n-r)!r!
REMARK 1 The use of this property simplifies the calculation of "Cr when r is large.
For example, if we want to calculate ^^Cjg, by using this property, we get
20 20
P _ 20/-> _ Cj = 20.
Li9 - O20_i9-
REMARK 2 The above property can be restated as follows:

Ifx and y are non-negative integers such that x + y = n, then "Cx = ^Cy
This can also be stated as :"Cx = ”Cy ^ x = y, or x + y = n
ILLUSTRATION 1 // "C7 = , find the value ofn.
SOLUTION We know that: ”Cj-="Cy <» x + y=n or x-y.
"C7="C4 => n=7 + 4=ll
COMBINATIONS 16.3
n+ 1
PROPERTY 2 Let n and r be non-negative integers such that r <n Then, "Q + "Q - 1 - Cr-
PROOF We have,
n nl n[ n\ nl
+
{n-r)lr\ {n-(r-1)}! (r-1)! (n-r)\r\ (n-r + l)!(r-1)!

nl nl nl 1 1
+
(«-r)!r(r-l)! (n-r+ 1) (n-r)l{r-1)1 (n-r)!(r-l)! [r n-r + 1

nl (n-r + 1 +r nl (n +1)
(n-r)l(r-1)1 [r (n-r+ 1) (n-r)l(r-l)lr(n-r + 1)
(n +1) h! in+ 1)1 (n + 1)!
^r-
n +
(tt-r + l){n-r)!r(r-l)! (/i-r + l)!r! ({n + l)-r)!r!
ww
REMARK 3 This property is known as Pascal's rule and it can also be proved by giving combinatorial
arguments.
FF loo
I 52-i
ILLUSTRATION 2 Find the value of the expression + S ^Cg-
/=!
ree
5
47 52- ;●
SOLUTION ’'C4 + 2 ^^3
; = i
reFe
49 48 C' .i. ^ C"
= +
C3 +
oroFr
r ur
47
s ff
= ('^C3 + + “8C3 + «C3 + 5»C3 + 5’C3
k
YYouo
48
C4 + «C3 + “^C3+="C3+5'C3 [v +
okso
= (^Cg + ^C4> + + ®C3 + ^^3 [V "C,_i + "C,=

tt+ 1
BBoo
Q]
r ee
= % +49^3 51^3
= (^^C3 + ^^C4) + ^°C3+^lC3 [V X-1 + "Q =
n+ 1
Q]
ad
ouur
Yo
50
C4+'°C3+51q
(50c^ + 50c^) + 5IC3 [V =
n +
^r]
d
Re
idnY
51
C4 + 5IC3 =
52
C4 [v "C,_1+X
FFin
n „_i
PROPERTY 3 Letn and r be non-negative integers such that 1 <r <n. Then, "Q = -r ● C,_1.
PROOF We find that
nl nOi-1)! n n
K-1
n n -
C, =
(n-r)lrl {(«-1)-(r-l)}!r(r-1)! r {(n-1)-(r-l)}!(r-1)! r
REMARK 4 This property is very useful to find the value of .

8 ,, 10 X—X
9 —8 ^Cn
7^ 10 9 8 , = 120
For example, ^^03 = — 3
x ^€2 = — 3
x —^ x Ci= 1 3 2 1 ^
=
3
X—X—xl
2 1
n-(r-2) jj-(r-l)
REMARK 5 By using the above property, we find that ”Cf= —1 n 2
r r-1 r-2 2 1
r I 9/- 9 8 7
®I
For example, Co. = —x — x—x — = 126.
^ 4 3 2 1
16.4 MATHEMATICS-XI
PR0PERTY4 If l<r<n,then = (« “^ +1) "Q _ i-

PROOF We have.
(«-!)! n! (n-r + l)-«!
^-1
n-
n. = n-
{(n-l)-(r-l))!(r-l)! (n-r)!(r-l)! (n-r + 1) («-r)!(r-l)!
n\ n'
= (n-r + 1) - (n-r + 1) ■
|(n-r + l)!(r-l)! [n-(r-l)l!(r-l)!j
= (n-r + 1) X-l
n
PROPERTY 5
Cx - "Cy => x = y or, x + y
PROOF We have,
ww
n
Q = "Cy
n n n
C r.. ="r 1
Cx =
r -
I ● '-n-yi
FF loo
^n-y
X = y or x~n-y-=>x = y or x + y ~ n.
ree
Rl-MARK 6 If ^Cx = "Cy and x^y, then x + y = n.
ILLUSTRATION 3 If "C15 = ”Cg , find the value of'^€21-
reFe
SOLUTION We have,
oroFr
r ur
Ci5 = "Cg => n = (15 + 8) = 23 f'C^ ="Cy => x + y =n]
s ff
It 23^ 23^ [V ="c„_,]
^21 - ^21 “ ‘-23-21
k
YYouo
23 22
okso
23
C2 = — X ±±x21c 0 y. « -
X ^r-2
2 1 r r -1
BBoo
23 22
f£ X — X 1 = 23 X 11 = 253 [v ”Co =1]
r ee
2 1
ILLUSTRATION 4 x + i ' find the value ofx.

ad
ouur
Yo
SOLUTION We have, x+ A =>x + x + 4=10^2x = 6=>x = 3.
PROPERTY 6 If n is an even natural number, then the greatest of the values ”Cq , “Cj, ”C2 ,”C
d
n
Re
idnY
'S ”C„/2
FFin
Ci,”C2,.. . "c n
n n
If n is an odd natural number, then the greatest of the values C0 /
is "C II-1/2 - ”C„+|/2


52
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate the following: (i) 10c 8 (ii) (in) C52
SOLUTION (i) ^'^Cg =
10
ClO-8 [V »C,="C It - rl
10 10 9 n n-l
C2 = X — X
Co ●● "C, = Cr-1
2 1 r
— X — X 1 = 45 [V ”Co=l]
2 1
100 100 n
(ii) C98 - ClOO-98 V = Qt-r
COMBINATIONS 16.5
100 100 99
[V "C,=--
n -
Cl = ~r^ ^0
2 1 r
100 99 ,
2 1
[V ”Co=l]
(iii) 52c 52 = 1 [V %=1]
EXAMPLE 2 If ”Cg = ”Cg , find ”€2
SOLUTION If ”Cx = ”Cy and x 9^ y, then a: + y = «. Therefore, ”Cg = "Cg « = (8 + 6) =14
n n n-1
c, =
2 1
[●●● "C, = Q-il
r
= li X — X 1 = 91 [V "Co=i]
2 1
ww
EXAMPLE 3 If ”?r = 720 and "C^ = 120, find r.
n
Pr 720
Flo
Cr = => 120 = r! = 6 => r! = 3!^ r = 3.
r! r!
ee
EXAMPLE 4 ^the ratio : "C3 is equal to 11: l,find n.
rere
r FF
SOLUTION We have,
2n
C3:"C3 = 11:1
uurr
(2n)!
foor
2»
C3 _ 11 . (2?i-3)!3! 11 (2n)! ^^(«-3)! ^ n
ks s
n nl
(2n-3)!''
Yoo
1 1 nl 1
C3
oook
(n-3)!(3!)
eBB
(2h)(2«-1){2h-2)(2h-3)! (n-3)l 11
(2n-3)! «(/z-l)(»-2)(«-3)! 1
(2n)(2«-l)(2n-2) 11 4(2«-l) 11 .
uurr
= —=> 8«-4 = ll«-22=> 3n = 18=>n = 6

ad
n{n-l) (n-2) 1 n-2 1

Yo

2” {l-3-5-...(2n-l))
dY
n
nl
Re
innd
SOLUTION We have.
2n! (2?i)! (2n)(2n-l){2«-2)...5-4-3-2-l
FFi
2m
CM
(2«-«)!n! n!«! «!«!
{l-3-5-...(2n-l)}{2-4-6-.,.2«} {1 ● 3-5 ●... (2«-1)}x 2" {1 ● 2● 3●... n}

«!«! «!n!
{l-3-5-...(2n-l))x2"x«! = 2
n {l-3-5...(2n-l)l
nlnl nl
«+ 2 .n-2
EXAMPLE 6 If C8- P4 = 57 :16, find n.
SOLUTION We have,
n + 2/~‘ . M—2
Lg . P4 = 57 :16
n+ 2
Cg _ 57
n-2 16
Pi
16.6 MATHEMATICS-XI
(n + 2)! (»-6)! _ 57
8!0i-6)l'' (n-2)! “ 16
(« + 2)(n + l)K(K-l)(n-2)!^^ 1 57
8! (n-2)! 16
57 19 X 3
(n + 2) (n +1) «(n -1) = — x 81 - x8x7x6x5x4x 3x2x1
16 16
{n + 2){n + l){n-l)n = 143640

=> (n -1) «(n + 1) (« + 2) = 19x3x7x6x5x4x3
(n -1) n (fi + 1) (n + 2) = 19 x (3 x 7) x (6 x 3) x (4 x 5)
(n -1)«(« +1) {71 + 2} = 18 x 19 X 20 X 21 ^ 71 -1 = 18 => n =19
EXAMPLE 7 If ”Cj._i = 36, "Cr = 84 and "Q + j = 126, then find ’ €2-
w
SOLUTION It is given that "Q = 84 and 1 = 126
n
Flo
Cr _ 84
n
Q + l 126
eee
n
r + 1 2 Cr _r + l
Fr
=>
n
n~r 3 ^r+1 n-r
2n-5r = 3
for -(i)
ur
n
Cr r +1
Replacing r by (r -1) in n
, we get
Q+ 1 n-r
ks
Yo
jt
Q-i r
oo
H
Cr n-(r-l)
eB
36 r
V ”Q_i = 36 and"Q =84
84 n-r + 1
r
ou
3
ad
r
= — ^ 3n -lOr = - 3 ...(ii)
n-r +1 7
YY
Solving (i) and (ii), we get r = 3.

3!
nd
Re
^C2 = 3c2 = (3-2)12!

= 3.
Fi
n
Cr n-r + l
NOTE Students are advised to learn that n
ns it is a very useful result.
Cr-1 r
EXAMPLE 8 If ”Pr = ”Pr + 1 ”C^ = "Q _ irfind the values ofn and r.
SOLUTION We have,
}i
p -
h —an
h + 1
n'. nl 1 1
=>«-/■ = 1 ...(i)
(n-r)! (n-r-1)! {n-r){n-r-\)\ (n-r-1)!
n It
and. Cr = Cr-l
n! nl n! nl
(n-r)lr! (n-r + l)!(r-l)l {n-r)lr{r-l)l {n-r+ l){n-r)$r-$l

COMBINATIONS 16.7
1 1
=> n-r + l=r n~2r = ~1 ...(ii)
r n-r + 1
Solving (i) and (ii), we obtain w = 3 and r = 2.

EXAMPLE 9
Prove that the product of r consecutive positive integers is divisible by r!.
SOLUTION Let the r consecutive positive integers be {n +1), (n + 2), {n + 3),{n + r). Then,
nl(n +1) (m + 2) {n + 3)... (» + r)
Product = (« + !)(«+ 2) (n + 3)...(« + r) =
n[
1-2-3 - ...n-{n + l){n + 2)...{n + r) _ (77+ r)! (71+ r)!

n\ 77! r!{(?i + r) -7-}!
w
f n +r .. » + r
Cr r!, which is divisible by r! Q is an integer]
Flo
EXERCISE 16.1
eeee
BASIC
Fr
(i)
14
C3 (ii) 10 (iii) 35
for (iv)
n+ 1
Cn (V) l_^Cr
ur
r = l
2. If "C12 = "Cs, find the value of n. 3. If'’C4="C6,find^2c„.

ks
4. If"Cio="Ci2,find23c„.
Yo
oo
15
6. If = 7. If^^C 3r Q + 3, find r.
eB
8. If Sq -^C3=^C2,findr.
ur
BASED ON LOTS
ad
Yo
C8:”“^P4=57:16, findn.
u+2
9. If^5(3, 1=11:5, find r. 10. If
11. If 28c 2r = 225:11, find r.

d
Re
● 2r-4
in
12. If ''C4 , ”C5 and ”C^ are in A.P., then find ti. 13. If2'’C3:"C2=44:3,find77.
F
14. Ifl^Q 15. Ifa=^”C2, thenfindthevalueof“C2-
BASED ON HOTS
16. Prove that the product of 2ti consecutive negative integers is divisible by (2«)!
17. For all positive integers 71, show that _1 =^ ^ ^ + l)-
18. Prove that:

in
^2n ■
2n
C„=[1-3-5...(4ti-1)]:[1- 3-5...(2t7-1)]2.
5
19. Evaluate ^^05 + r =S 2
25-r
C4.
20. Let r and n be positive integers such that I <r <n. Then prove the following:
16.8 MATHEMATICS-XI
n
Q M -r +1
(i) (ii)n”-^,_l=(n-r + l)"Q_i
Cr-1 r
n
Cr n n+2
(iii) (iv) + = Q.
C
v-r -11 r
ANSWERS
1. (i) 364 (ii) 66 (iii) 1 (iv) (n + 1) (v) 31 2. 17 3. 66
4. 23 5. 7 6. 8 7. 3 8. 3,5 9. 5 10. 19 11. 7

(m +1) (m) {m -1) (w - 2) 19. 42504
12. 14,7 13. 6 14. 35 15.
8
w
16. Let (- r), (- r -1), (- r - 2),..., (- r - 2« +1) be 2n consecutive negative integers. Then, their
product P is given by
Flo
(r-l)!(r) (r + l)...(r + 2«-l)
P = (-l)^"r(r + l)(r + 2)...(r + 2tt-l) =
e
(r-1)!
rree
(r + 2n-l)!_(r + 2«-l)! fr + 2n-\
=> P = {2n)\ = C (2«)!
r FF
2n
(r-1)! (r-l)!(2«)!
Clearly, P is divisible by (2«)!
uurr
for
16.4 PRACTICAL PROBLEMS ON COMBINATIONS
kss
In this section, we intend to discuss some problems in real life where the formula for ”Cr and its
ooook
Yo
meaning can be applied.

eB

urr
EXAMPLE 1 Prom a class ofS2 students, 4 are to be chosen for a competition. In how many ways can this
ad
be done ?
Yo
32
SOLUTION Out of 32 students, 4 students can be selected in C4 ways.
dY
32!
Required number of ways C4 =
Re
innd
2814!
Fi
EXAMPLE 2 Three gentlemen and three ladies are candidates for two vacancies. A voter has to vote for
two candidates. In how many ways can one cast his vote ?
SOLUTION Clearly, there are 6 candidates and a voter has to vote for any two of them. So, the
required number of ways is the number of ways of selecting 2 out of 6 i.e. ^C2.
6!
Hence, the required number of ways = ^C2 = 2!4! = 15.
EXAMPLE 3 If there are 12 persons in a party, and if each two of them shake hands with each other, how
many handshakes happen in the party?
SOLUTION It is to note here that, when two persons shake hands, it is counted as one handshake,
not two. So, this is a problem on combinations.
The total number of handshakes is same as the number of ways of selecting 2 persons among 12
12!
persons i.e. C2 = = 66.
lOIx 2!
COMBINATIONS 16.9
EXAMrLE 4 A question paper has tzvo parts, Part A and Part B, each containing 10 questions. If a
student has to choose 8from Part A and 5from Part B, in hoiv many ways can he choose the questions ?
SOLUTION There are 10 questions in Part A out of which 8 questions can be chosen in
ways. Similarly, 5 questions can be chosen from part B containing 10 questions in ^^€5 ways.
Hence, the total number of ways of selecting 8 questions from part A and 5 from part B
10 10! 10!
C8X%5 = 812!'' 5!x5! = 11340.
EXAMPLE 5 In how nuiny ways a committee of 5 members can be selected from 6 men and 5 women,
consisting of 3 men and 2 women ?
oww
SOLUTION Three men out of 6 men can be selected in ^03 ways. Two women out of 5 women
can be selected in ^€2 ways. Therefore, by the fundamental principle of counting, 3 men out of 6
men and 2 women out of 5 women can be selected in
e
FFrlo
6x5x4 5x4
«C3 X 5C2 =
re
3x2x1
X
2x1
= 200 ways.
ree
F
EXAMPLE 6 In how many ways can a cricket eleven be chosen out of a batch of 15 players if
(i) there is no restriction on the selection?
rF
(ii) a particular player is always chosen?
(Hi) a particular player is never chosen?
fsoor
ouur
SOLUTION (i) The total number of ways of selecting 11 players out of 15 is
skf
15 15 r 15x14x13x12
^15-11 =
— = 1365
11 - {-4 -
ooko
4x 3x2x1
Yo
Y
(ii) If a particular player is always diosen. This means that 10 players are selected out of the
Bo
remaining 14 players.
reB
Required number of ways = ~ ^^^14 -10 = ^^^4 =

uur
oY
(iii) If a particular player is never chosen. This means that 11 players are selected out of the
ad
dY
Required number of ways = = ^^0^4 _ n = - 364

innd
EXAMPLE? A committee of 12 is to be formed from 9 women and 8 men. In how many ways this can be
Re
done if at least five women have to be included in a committee ? In how many of these committees (i) the
Fi
F
women are in majority (ii) the men are in majority ?

SOLUTION There are 9 women and 8 men. A committee of 12, consisting of at least 5 women, can
be formed by choosing:
(i) 5 women and 7 men (ii) 6 women and 6 men (iii) 7 women and 5 men
(iv) 8 women and 4 men (v) 9 women and 3 men
Total number of ways of forming the committee
= % X *C7 + X «C6 + % X % + 5Cg X «C4 + X
= 126 X 8 + 84 X 28 + 36 X 56 + 9 X 70 + 1 X 56 = 6062
Clearly, women are in majority in (iii), (iv) and (v) cases as discussed above.
So, total number of committees in which women are in majority
= ^C7 X + ^Cg X ^C4 + ^C9 X = 36 X 56 + 9 X 70 + 1 X 56 = 2702

16.10 MATHEMATICS-Xi
Clearly, men are in majority in only (i) case as discussed above.

So, total number of committees in which men are in majority = C5 x Oj = 126 x 8 = 1008.
EXAMPLE 8 A committee of three persons is to be constituted from a group of 2 men and 3 women. In
how many ways can this be done? How many of these committees would consist ofl man and 2 women?
[NCERT]
SOLUTION There are 5 persons (2 men and 3 women). In order consitute a committee of 3
persons we need to select three persons out of given 5 persons. This can be done in ^C3 ways.
5!
So, the committee can be formed in ^C3 3!2!
= 10 ways.
Now, 1 man can be selected from 2 men in ways and 2 women can be selected from 3 women
w
in C2 ways.
Therefore, required number of committees is Cj x '^C2 = 2 x 3 = 6
Flo
EXAMPLE 9 What is the number of ways of choosing 4 cards from a pack of 52 playing cards? In how
e
many of these
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(i) four cards are of the same suit? (ii) four cards belong to four different suits?
FFr
(iii) four cards are face cards? (iv) two are red cards and two are black cards?
(v) cards are of the same colour? [NCERT]
cn
for
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SOLUTION Four cards can be chosen from 52 playing cards in C4 ways.
52 52! 49 X 50 X 51 X 52
Now, C4 = = 270725
kkss
4814! 2x 3x4
Yo
Hence, required number of ways = 270725

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(i)
' *
There are four suits (diamond, spade,
^
club
1
and heart) of 13 cards each. Therefore,
1^
there are
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13
C4 ways of choosing 4 diamond cards, ^■’C4 ways of choosing 4 club cards, C4 ways of
choosing 4 spade cards and ^^04 ways of choosing heart cards.
ur
13!
Required number of ways = ^^04 + ^^C4 + = 4 x ^^04 =4x = 2860
ad
9!4!
YYo
(ii) There are 13 cards in each suit. Four cards drawn belong to four different suits means one
card is drawn from each suit. Out of 13 diamond cards one card can be drawn in ways.
d
Similarly, there are ways of choosing one club card, ways of choosing one spade card
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in
and ways of choosing one heart card.

F
Cjx %i=13^
13 13 13
Number of ways of selecting one card from each suit = x C| x
19
(iii) There are 12 face cards out of which 4 cards can be chosen in C4 ways.
1 ●y 12!
Required number of ways = C4 = = 495
4!8!
9A
(iv) There are 26 red cards and 26 black cards. Therefore, 2 red cards can be chosen in C2 ways
and 2 black cards can be chosen in ways. Hence, 2 red and 2 black cards can be chosen in
s2
26 26!
C2x“C2 = = (325)^ =105625 ways.
24! 2!)
9A
(v) Out of 26 red cards, 4 red cards can be chosen in C4 ways. Similarly, 4 black cards can be
chosen in 26C4 ways.
26!
Hence,4redor4blackcardscanbechosenin^^C4 + =2x =2x 4! 22!
= 29900 ways.
COMBINATIONS 16.9
EXAMPLE 4 A question paper has two parts, Part A and Part B, each containing 10 questions. If a
studmt has to choose 8from Part A and 5from Part B, in how many ways can he choose the questions ?
10
SOLUTION There are 10 questions in Part A out of which 8 questions can be chosen in Cg
ways. Similarly, 5 questions can be chosen from part B containing 10 questions in ways.
Hence, the total number of ways of selecting 8 questions from part A and 5 from part B
10
C« X 5 - =11340.
8!2! 5!x5!
EXAMPLE 5 In how many ways a committee of 5 members can be selected from 6 men and 5 women,
consisting of 3 men and 2 women ?
ooww
SOLUTION Three men out of 6 men can be selected in ^C3 ways. Two women out of 5 women
can be selected in ^€2 ways. Therefore, by the fundamental principle of counting, 3 men out of 6
men and 2 women out of 5 women can be selected in
6x5x4 5x4
^C3X^C2 =
e
= 200 ways.
ree
3x2x1 2x1
rFl
EXAMPLE 6 In how many ways can a cricket eleven be chosen out of a batch of 15 players if
Fre
(ii) a particular player is always chosen?
(i) there is no restriction on the selection?
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(in) a particular player is never chosen ?
sffoo
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SOLUTION (i) The total number of ways of selecting 11 players out of 15 is
15 n — 15/^ _ ls 15x14x13x12
<'11- ‘-15-Il¬ ^4 = = 1365
okks
4x 3x 2x1
Yo
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(ii) If a particular player is always chosen. This means that 10 players are selected out of the
Y
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Required number of ways = ^'^C|o = -10 = ^"^^4 = l^^l
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(iii) If a particular player is never chosen. This means that 11 players are selected out of the
ouu
Y
ad
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Required number of ways = _ n = ^^^3 = 364

innd
EXAMPLE 7 A committee of 12 is to be formed from 9 women and 8 men. In how many ways this can be
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done if at least five women have to he included in a committee ? In how many of these committees (i) the
Fi
F
women are in majority (ii) the men are in majority ?

SOLUTION There are 9 women and 8 men. A committee of 12, consisting of at least 5 women, can
be formed by choosing:
(i) 5 women and 7 men (ii) 6 women and 6 men (iii) 7 women and 5 men
(iv) 8 women and 4 men (v) 9 womenand 3 men
Total number of ways of forming the committee
= ^C5 X SCy + "Ce X X 8C5 + ^ ^ 8^^
= 126 X 8 + 84 X 28 + 36 X 56 + 9 X 70 + 1 X 56 = 6062
Clearly, women are in majority in (iii), (iv) and (v) cases as discussed above.
So, total number of committees in which women are in majority
= ^Cy X + ^Cg X ®C4 + % X ®C3 = 36 X 56 + 9 X 70 +1 X 56 =2702

Clearly, men are in majority in only (i) case as discussed above.

So, total number of committees in which men are in majority = C5 x °Oj = 126 x 8 = 1008.
EXAMPLE 8 A committee of three persons is to be constituted from a group of 2 men and 3 women. In
how many ways can this be done? Hozv many of these committees would consist ofl man and 2 women?
[NCERT]
SOLUTION There are 5 persons (2 men and 3 women). In order consitute a committee of 3
persons we need to select three persons out of given 5 persons. This can be done in ^€3 ways.
5!
So, the committee can be formed in ^€3 3!2!
= 10 ways.
A
Now, 1 man can be selected from 2 men in ways and 2 women can be selected from 3 women
w
● Zr-
m C2 ways.
Therefore, required number of committees is Cj x C2 = 2 x 3 = 6
Flo
EXAMPLE 9 Vfhat is the number of ways of choosing 4 cards from a pack of 52 playing cards? In how
e
many of these
ree
(i) four cards are of the same suit? (ii) four cards belong to four different suits?
FFr
(iii) four cards are face cards? (iv) two are red cards and two are black cards?
(v) cards are of the same colour? [NCERT]
for
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SOLUTION Four cards can be chosen from 52 playing cards in ways.
52 52! 49 X 50 X 51 X 52
Now, = 270725
kkss
4814! 2x 3x4
Yo
Hence, required number of ways = 270725

oo
(i) There are four suits (diamond, spade, club and heart) of 13 cards each. Therefore, there are
eB
13
C4 ways of choosing 4 diamond cards, ‘^C4 ways of choosing 4 club cards, C4 ways of
1
choosing 4 spade cards and ^'^C4 ways of choosing heart cards.

ur
13!
Required number of ways = ^^C4 + ^^€4 + ^^C4 + ^^C4 =4x =4x = 2860
ad
9!4!
YYo
(ii) There are 13 cards in each suit. Four cards drawn belong to four different suits means one
card is drawn from each suit. Out of 13 diamond cards one card can be drawn in ^^C^ ways.
d
Similarly, there are ^'’C^ ways of choosing one club card, ways of choosing one spade card
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in
and ways of choosing one heart card.

F
Cjx "^^Cix ^^Ci=13^

13
Number of ways of selecting one card from each suit = x
12
(iii) There are 12 face cards out of which 4 cards can be chosen in C4 ways.
12!
Required number of ways = - = 495
4!8!
(iv) There are 26 red cards and 26 black cards. Therefore, 2 red cards can be chosen in C2 ways
and 2 black cards can be chosen in ^^€2 ways. Hence, 2 red and 2 black cards can be chosen in
n2
26 26!
C2 X 26c2 = 24! 2!
= (325)^ =105625 ways.
(v) Out of 26 red cards, 4 red cards can be chosen in ways. Similarly, 4 black cards can be
chosen in 26C4 ways.
26 26!
Hence, 4 red or 4 black cards can be chosen in C4 + C4 = 2 X 26C4 = 2 X 4! 22!
= 29900 ways.
COMBINATIONS 16.11
EXAMPLE 10 Out of 5 men and 2 women, a committee of 3 is to be formed. In how many ways can it be
formed if at least one woman is to be included ?
SOLUTION The committee can be formed in the following ways:
(i) By selecting 2 men and 1 woman (ii) By selecting 1 man and 2 women
Now, 2 men out of 5 men and 1 woman out of 2 woman can be chosen in ^€2 x ways.
And, 1 man out of 5 men and 2 women out of 2 women can be chosen in x ^€2 ways.
.●. Total number of ways of forming the committee = ^€2 x x ^€2 = 20 + 5 = 25.
EXAMPLE 11 In how many ways can a cricket team be selected from a group of 25 players containing 10
batsmen, 8 bowlers, 5 all-rounders and 2 wicket keepers ? Assume that the team of 11 players requires 5
batsmen, 3 all-rounder, 2 bowlers and 1 wicket keeper.
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SOLUTION The selection of team is divided into four phases:
(i) Selection of 5 batsmen out of 10. This can be done in ^^€5 ways,
(ii) Selection of 3 all-rounders out of 5. This can be done in ^€3 ways,
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(iii) Selection of 2 bowlers out of 8. This can be done in ®C2 ways,
ee
(iv) Selection of one wicket keeper out of 2. This can be done in ways.
eer
The selection of team is completed by completing all the four phases.
FFr
The team can be selected in ^^05 x ^03 x ®C2 x = 141120 ways.
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EXAMPLE 12 A committee of 5 is to be formed out of 6 gents and 4 ladies. In how many ways this can be
s ff
done, when
(i) at least two ladies are included? (ii) at most two ladies are included ?
sk
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SOLUTION (i) A committee of 5 persons, consisting of at least two ladies, can be formed in the
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following ways:
eBB
I Selecting 2 ladies out of 4 and 3 gents out of 6. This can be done in ^€2 ^ ways,
n Selecting 3 ladies out of 4 and 2 gents out of 6. This can be done in ^03 x ^€2 ways,
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in Selecting 4 ladies out of 4 and 1 gent out of 6. This can be done in ^€4 x ^Ci ways.
ad
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Since the committee is formed in each case. Therefore, by the fundamental principle of addition.
The total niunber of ways of forming the committee = ^€2 x ^€3 + ^03 x ^€2 + ^04 x
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= 120 + 60 + 6=186
nind
(ii) A committee of 5 persons, consisting of at most two ladies, can be constituted in the
FFi
following ways:
I Selecting 5 gents only out of 6. This can be done in ways,
n Selecting 4 gents only out of 6 and one lady out of 4. This can be done in ^04 x ways,
in Selecting 3 gents only out of 6 and two ladies out of 4. This can be done is ^€3 x ^€3 ways.
Since the committee is formed in each case. So, the total number of ways of forming the
committee = x x ‘*€2 = 6 + 60 +120 =186.
EXAMPLE 13 A box contains 5 different red and 6 different white balls. In how many ways can 6 balls be
selected so that there are at least two balls of each colour ?
SOLUTION The selection of 6 balls, consisting of at least two balls of each colour from 5 red and
6 white balls, can be made in the following ways :
(i) By selecting 2 red balls out of 5 and 4 white balls out of 6. This can be done in
^C2 X ^C4 ways.
(ii) By selecting 3 red balls out of 5 and 3 white balls out of 6. This can be done in
^C3 X ^C3 ways,
(iii) By selecting 4 red balls out of 5 and 2 white balls out of 6. This can be done in
^C4 X ^C2 ways.
Since the selection of 6 balls can be completed in any one of tl\e above ways.
Hence, by the fundamental principle of addition, the total number of ways to select the balls
= ^C2 X ^C4 + X ^C3 + ^C4 X ^C2 = 10 X 15 + 10 X 20 + 5 X 15 = 425.
EXAMPLE 14 For the post of 5 teachers, there are 23 applicants, 2 posts are reserved for SC candidates
and there are 7 SC candidates among the applicants. In how many ways can the selection be made ?
ww
SOLUTION Clearly, there are 7 SC candidates and 16 other candidates. We have to select 2 out
of 7 SC candidates and 3 out of remaining 21 candidates. This can be done in ^ C2 x 3 ways.
Tlie number of ways of making the selection = ^C2 x
Flo
3 = 27930.
e
eree
FFr
EXAMPLE 15 How many triangles can be formed by joining the vertices of a hexagon ?
uurr
SOLUTION There are 6 vertices of a hexagon. One triangle is formed by selecting a group of 3
vertices from given 6 vertices. This can be done in ^03 ways. orr
sfo
6!
Number of triangles = ^C3 = 3! 3! = 20.
kks
Yoo
oooo
EXAMPLE 16 How many diagonals are there in a polygon with n sides ?

SOLUTION A polygon of n sides has n vertices. By joining any two vertices of a polygon, we
eBB
obtain either a side or a diagonal of the polygon. Number of line segments obtained by joining
the vertices of an n sided polygon taken two at a time
urr
w(«-l)
= Number of ways of selecting 2 out of 0 = ^ 2
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Out of these lines, n lines are the sides of the polygon.

n{n-l) n{n~3)
Number of diagonals of the polygon =
dd
-n
2 2
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inn
EXAMPLE 17 A polygon has 44 diagonals. Find the number of its sides.

F
SOLUTION Let there be n sides of the polygon. We know that the number of diagonals of n
. n(n-3)
sided polygon is .
H (« - 3)
2
= 44=>n^-3M-88 = 0=>(n-ll)(« + 8) = 0 => n = ll {V «>0)
Hence, there are 11 sides of the polygon.

EXAMPLE 18 How many chords can be drawn through 21 points on a circle?
SOLUTION A chord is obtained by joining any two points on a circle. Therefore, total number of
chords drawn through 21 points is same as the number of ways of selecting 2 points out of 21
points. This can be done in C2 ways.
^1 21!
Hence, total number of chords = C2 = = 21 X 10 = 210.
1912!
COMBINATIONS 16.13
EXAMPLE 19 A person wishes to make up as many different parties as he can out of his 20 friends such
that each party consistsof the same number of persons. How many friends should he invite?
SOLUTION Suppose he invites r friends at a time. Then the total number of parties is
We have to find the maximum value of which is for r = 10, because is maximum for
r = nf 2, when n is even.
Hence, he should invite 10 friends at a time in order to form the maximum number of parties.
EXAMPLE 20 Ifm parallel lines in plane are intersected by a family ofn parallel lines. Find the
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number of parallelograms formed.
SOLUTION A parallelogram is formed by choosing two straight lines from the set of m parallel
lines and two straight lines from the set of n parallel lines.
Two straight lines from the set of m parallel lines can be chosen in ”'C2 ways and two straight
e
FrFlo
lines from the set of n parallel lines can be chosen in ”C2 ways.
re
Hence, the number of parallelograms formed = ^€2 x ”C2
ree
F
_m{m-l) ^n{n-l) _mn {m -1) {n -1)
rF
2 2 4
EXAMPLE 21 There are 10 points in a plane, no three of which are in the same straight line, excepting 4
fsfoor
points, which are collinear. Find the (i) number of straight lines obtainedfrom the pairs of these points; (ii)
ouur
number of triangles that can be formed with the vertices as these points.
kosk
10
SOLUTION (i) Number of straight lines formed joining the 10 points, taking 2 at a time = C2
10!
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= 45.
oo
Y
218!
BB
4!
Number of straight lines formed by joining the four points, taking 2 at a time = ^^€2 = 212! = 6
rre
But, 4 collinear points, when joined pairwise give only one line.
oYuu
Required number of straight lines = 45 - 6 +1 = 40.

ad
10!
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(ii) Number of triangles formed by joining the points, taking 3 at a time = = = 120.
317!
innd
Number of triangles formed by joining the 4 points, taken 3 at a time = **03 = = 4.

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But, 4 collinear points cannot form a triangle when taken 3 at a time.

Fi
F
So, Required number of triangles = 120 - 4 =116.

EXAMPLE 22 In a plane there are 37 straight lines, of which 13 pass through the pomt A and 11 pass
through the point B. Besides, no three lines pass through one point, no line passes through both points A
and B, and no two are parallel. Find the number of points of intersection of the straight lines.
SOLUTION Thenumber of points of intersection of 37 straight lines is €2- But 13 straight lines
out of the given 37 straight lines pass through the same point A. Therefore instead of getting
13
C2 points, we get merely one point A. Similarly, 11 straight lines out of the given 37 straight
lines intersect at point B. Therefore instead of getting ^^€2 points, we get only one point B.
37 13 11
Hence, the number of intersection points of the lines is C2- C2- C2 + 2=535.
EXAMPLE23 From a class of 25 students, Ware to be chosen for an excursion party. There are 3 students
who decide that either all of them will join or none of them will join. In how many ways can they be
chosen ? [NCERTl
SOLUTION We have the following possibilities:
(i) Three particular students join the excursion party: In this case, we have to choose 7 students
from the remaining 22 students. This can be done in Cy ways,
(ii) Three particular students do not join the excursion party: In this case, we have to choose 10
students from the remaining 22 students. This can be done in Cjg ways.
Hence, the required number of ways = C7 + Cjg = 817190.
EXAMPLE 24 A hoy has 3 library tickets and 8 books of his interest in the library. Of these 8, he does not
want to borrow Chet7tistry Part II, unless Chemistry Part I is also borrowed. In how many ways can he
choose the three books to be borrowed ?
oww
SOLUTION We have the following two possibilities:
(i) When Chemistry part I is borrowed: In this case the boy may borrow Chemistry Part II. So, he
has to select now two books out of the remaining 7 books of his interest. This can be done in ^ C2
ways,
e
rFFlo
(ii) When Chemistry part 1 is not borrowed : In this case the boy does not want to borrow
re
Chemistry Part II. So, he has to select three books from the remaining 6 books. This can be done
● 6,-
ree
m C3 ways.
F
Hence, the required number of ways = 'C2 + “C3 = 21 + 20 = 41.
rF
EXAMPLE 25 In hozu many ways can 7 plus f+) signs and 5 minus {-} signs be arranged in a rozu so that
fsfoor
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no two minus signs are together ?
SOLUTION The plus signs can be arranged in only one way, because all are identical, as shown
kosk
below:
Yo
+ + + + + + +
oo
Y
BB
A blank box in the above arrangement shows available space for the minus signs. Since there are
7 plus signs, the number of blank boxes is therefore 8. The five minus signs are now to be
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arranged in the 8 boxes so that no two of them are togetlier. Now, 5 boxes out of 8 can be chosen
in ®C5 ways. Since all minus signs are identical, so 5 minus signs can be arranged in 5 chosen
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ad
p
boxes in only one way. Hence, the number of possible arrangements =1 x °C5 x 1 = 56.
dY
EXAMPLE 26 In how many ways can 21 identical books on English and 19 identical books on Hindi be
placed in a row on a shelf so that two books on Hindi may not be together?
innd
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SOLUTION In order that no two books on Hindi are together, we must first arrange all books in
Fi
English in a row. Since all English books are identical, so they can be arranged in a row in only
F
one way as shown below:

xExEx£x£x...x£x£
Here, £ denotes the position of an English book and x that of a Hindi book.
Since there are 21 books on English, the number places mark x are therefore 22. Now, 19 books
on Hindi are to be arranged in these 22 places so that no two of them are together. Out of 22
places 19 places for Hindi books can be chosen in ^^C^g ways. Since all books on Hindi are
identical, so 19 books on Hindi can be arranged in 19 chosen places in only one way. Hence, the
22
required number of ways = 1 C19X 1=1540.
EXERCISE 16.2
BASIC
1. From a group of 15 cricket players, a team of 11 players is to be chosen. In how many ways
can this be done?
16.15
COMBINATIONS
2. How many different boat parties of 8, corisisting of 5 boys and 3 girls, can be made from 25
boys and 10 girls?
3. In how many ways can a student choose 5 courses out of 9 courses if 2 courses are
compulsory for every student?
4. In how many ways can a football team of 11 players be selected from 16 players? How
many of these will (i) include 2 particular players? (ii) exclude 2 particular players?
5. There are 10 professors and 20 students out of whom a committee of 2 professors ^d 3
students is to be formed. Find the number of ways in which this can be done. Further find in
how many of these committees:
(i) a particular professor is included, (ii) a particular student is included.
(iii) a particular student is excluded.
6. How many different products can be obtained by multiplying two or more of the numbers
ww
3,5,7,11 (without repetition)?
7. From a class of 12 boys and 10 girls, 10 students are to be chosen for a competition; at least
Floo
including 4 boys and 4 girls. The 2 girls who won the prizes last year should be included. In
how many ways can the selection be made?
ee
8. How many different selections of 4 books can be made from 10 different books, if
(ii) two particular books are always selected;
eer
(i) there is no restriction;
(iii) two particular books are never selected?
FFr
9. From 4 officers and 8 jawans in how many ways can 6 be chosen (i) to include exactly one
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officer (ii) to include at least one officer?
s ff
10. A sports team of 11 students is to be constituted, choosing at least 5 from class XI and at
least 5 from class XII. If there are 20 students in each of these classes, in how many ways can
sk
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the teams be constituted?

ooko
11. A student has to answer 10 questions, choosing at least 4 from each of part A and part B. If
eBB
there are 6 questions in part A and 7 in part B, in how many ways can the student choose 10
questions?
In an examination, a student has to answer 4 questions out of 5 questions; questions 1 and 2
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12.
however compulsory. Determine the number of ways in which the student can make
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are
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the choice.
13. A candidate is required to answer 7 questions out of 12 questions which are divided into
dY
two groups, each containing 6 questions. He is not permitted to attempt more than 5
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questions from either group. In how many ways can he choose the 7 questions?
ind
FFin
BASED ON LOTS
14. There are 10 points in a plane of which 4 are collinear. How many different straight lines
can be drawn by joining these points.
15. Find the number of diagonals of (i) a hexagon (ii) a polygon of 16 sides.
16. How many triangles can be obtained by joining 12 points, five of which are collinear ?
17. In how many ways can a committee of 5 persons be formed out of 6 men and 4 women
when at least one woman has to be necessarily selected ?
18. In a village, there are 87 families of which 52 families have at most 2 children. In a rural
development programme, 20 families are to be helped chosen for assistance, of which at
least 18 families must have at most 2 children. In how many ways can the choice be made ?
19. A group consists of 4 girls and 7 boys. In how many ways can a tern of 5 members be
selected if the team has (i) no girl? (ii) at least one boy and one girl? (iii) at least 3
INCERTl
girls?
16.16
MATHEMATICS-XI
20. A committee of 3 persons is to be constituted from a group of 2 men and 3 women. In how
many ways can this be done? How many of these committees would consist of 1 man and 2
women?
[ncert;
21. Find the number of (i) diagonals (ii) triangles formed in a decagon.
22. Determine the number of 5 cards combinations out of a deck of 52 cards if at least one of the
5 cards has to be a king ? [NCERT]
23. We wish to select 6 persons from 8, but if the person A is chosen, then B must be chosen. In
how many ways can the selection be made ?
24. In how many ways can a team of 3 boys and 3 girls be selected from 5 boys and 4
girls? [NCERT]
25. Find the number of ways of selecting 9 balls from 6 red balls, 5 white balls and 5 blue balls if
each selection consists of 3 balls of each colour. [NCERT]
w
26. Determine the number of 5 cards combinations out of a deck of 52 cards if there is exactly
one ace in each combination. [NCERT]
27. In how many ways can one select a cricket team of eleven from IZplayers in which only
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5 persons can bowl if each cricket team of 11 must include exactly 4 bowlers?
reee
28. A bag contains 5 black and 6 red balls. Determine the number of ways in which 2 black and
3 red balls can be selected. [NCERT]
FFr
29. In how many ways can a student choose a programme of 5 courses if 9 courses are available
and 2 specific courses are compulsory for every student? [NCERT]
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for
30. A committee of 7 has to be formed from 9 boys and 4 girls. In how many ways can this be
done when the committee consits of;
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(i) exactly 3 girls? (ii) at least 3 girls? (iii) at most 3 girls? [NCERT]
ooook
31. In an examination, a question paper consists of 12 questions divided into two parts i.e.. Part
Yo
I and Part II, containing 5 and 7 questions, respectively. A student is required to attempt 8
eB
questions in all, selecting at least 3 from each part. In how many ways can a student select
the questions? [NCERT]
rr
BASED ON HOTS
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ad
32. A parallelogram is cut by two sets of m lines parallel to its sides. Find the number of
YY
parallelograms thus formed.

33. Out of 18 points in a plane, no three are in the same straight line except five points which are
nndd
collinear. How many (i) straight lines (ii) triangles can be formed by joining them ?
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Fi
ANSWERS
1. 1365 2. 6375600 3. 35 4. 4368 (i) 2002 (ii) 364
■ 5. 51300 (i) 10260 (ii) 7695 (iii) 43605 6. 11 7. 104874
8. (i) 210 (ii) 28 (iii) 70 9. (i) 224 (ii) 896 10. 2(^% x Ôq)
11. 266 12. 3 13. 780 14. 40 15. (i) 9 (ii) 104 16. 210 17. 246
18. 52Ci8 X 35^2 + 35^^ ^ ^ 35^ 0 19. (i) 21(ii) 441(iii) 91
20. 10, 6 21. (i) 35 (ii) 120 22. 886656 23. 22 24. 40 25. 2000
26. 778320 27. 3960 28. 200
29. 35 30. (i) 504 (ii) 588 (iii) 1630 31. 420 32. (
m + 2
C2)"
33. (i) 144 (ii) 806
25 10
2. Required no. of boat parties = Cg X C3-
16.17
COMBINATIONS
3. Since 2 courses are compulsoty . So, the student is to choose 3 courses out of the remaining 7
courses. This can be done in ' C3 ways.
4. We have to select 11 players out of 16. So, required number of ways =
(i) Since 2 particular players are always included, so, we have to select 9 players out of
the remaining 14 players. This can be done in ways,
(ii) Since 2 particular players are excluded from every selection, so, we have to select 11
players from the remaining 14 players. This can be done in ways.
6. Total number of products = Number of ways of selecting 2 or 3 or all out of 4 numbers
3,5,7,11
= ^C2 + ^C3 + ^C4=6 + 4 + 1=11.
7. Since two girls who won the prizes last year are to be included in every selection. So, we
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have to select 8 students out of 12 boys and 8 girls, choosing at least 4 boys and at least two
girls. This can be done in Cg X ®C2 + X ®C3 + X ®C4 =104874 ways.
12
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9. (i) Required number of ways = ^Ci x ^€5
(ii) Required number of ways = Total no. of ways-No. of ways of selecting no officer
ree
12^ 8^
= ^6- ^6-
rFee
20 'r*
10. Required number of ways = x x ^5‘
F
11. The various possibilities are : (i) 4 from part A and 6 from part oor r B (ii) 5 from part A and 5
rur
from part B (iii) 6 from part A and 4 from part B.
s ff
So, the required number of ways = ^€4 x x + ^Cg x = 266.
k
12. Required number of ways = C2.

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ookos
13. Required number of ways = x ^€2 + x + ^04 + ^€2 x =780.

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14. Number of straight lines = ^^€2 - ^€2 +1-

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16. Number of triangles =

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ad
18. 52 families have at most 2 children, while 35 families have more than 2 children. The
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selection of 20 families of which at least 18 families must have at most 2 children can be
made as imder:
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(i) 18 families out of 52 and 2 families out of 35

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or. (ii) 19 families out of 52 and 1 family out of 35

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or, (iii) 20 families out of 52.

19. (i) From a group of 4 girls and 7 boys, a team of 5 consisting of no girls can be chosen
in^Cs =21 ways.
(ii) A team of 5 consisting of at least one boy and one girl can be chosen in
X ^C4 + ^C2 X ^C3 + ^€3 X ^C2 + ^C4 X = 441 ways.
(iii) A team of 5 consisting of at least 3 girls can be chosen in
^C3 X 7c2 + ^C4 X = 91 ways.
21. A conunittee of 3 persons out of 2 men and 3 women can be constituted in 3 = 10 ways.
A <5
A committee of 1 man and 2 women can be constituted in x €2=6 ways.

22. Required number of combinations = Total number of 5 card combinations
- Number of 5 car combinations having no king.
= 52C5-‘^C5 = 886656.
16.18
MATHEMATICS-XI
24. Number of ways of selecting team = ^03 x ^03 = 40.

25. Number of ways of selecting 9 balls = x ^03 x ^03 = 2000.
26. Out of 4 aces one ace can be selected in ways and from the remaining 48 cards, four
cards can be selected in ^^04 ways. So, number of 5 cards combinations consisting of
exactly one ace = x ^®C4 =778320.
27. Required number of ways = ^04 x .
28. Out of Sblack and 6 red balls, 2blackand 3 red balls can be chosen in^C2 x ^€3 =200 ways.
29. Required number of ways = Number of ways of selecting 3 courses out of 7 courses.
= ^03 ways = 35.
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30. (i) A committee consisting of 3 girls and 4 boys can be formed in x ^03 =504 ways,
(ii) A committee consisting of at least 3 girls can be formed in ^04 x ^€3 + ^03 x ^04
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=588 ways,
(iii) A committee of at most 3 girls can be formed in
ree
C7 X Cq + x X ^C2 + ^C4 X = 1632 ways.
31. At least 3 questions can be selected in the following ways:
Parti PartU
reFe
3 5
oroFr
r ur
4 4
s ff
5 3
So, required number of ways = ^03 x ^Cg + x + ^Cg x = 420.

k
YYouo
32. Each set of parallel lines consists of (w + 2) lines and each parallelogram is formed by
koso
choosing two lines from the first set and two straight lines from the second set.
m+2
BBoo
m+2
Hence, the total number of parallelograms = C2 X C2-
r ee
16.5 MIXED PROBLEMS ON PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

In this section, we intend to discuss some practical problems where both permutations and
ad
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combinations are used as is illustrated in the following examples.

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Out of 7 consonants and 4 vowels, how many words of 3 consonants and 2 vowels can be
FFin
EXAMPLE 1
formed ?
SOLUTION Three consonants out of 7 and 2 vowels out of 4 can be chosen in x ^C2 ways.
Thus, there are ^Cg x ^C2 groups each containing 3 consonants and 2 vowels. Since each group
contains 5 letters, which can be arranged among themselves in 5! ways.
Hence, the required number of words =(^€3 x ^€2) x 5! =25200.
EXAMPLE 2 How manyfour-letter words can beformed using the letters of the word 'FAILURE', so that
(i) F is included in each word ? (ii) F is 7iot included in any word ?
SOLUTION There are 7 letters in the word 'FAILURE'.
(i) To include F in every 4 letter word, we first select four letters from the 7 letters of the word
'FAILURE' such that F is included in every selection. This can be done by selecting three letters
from the remaining 6 letters i.e. A, I, L, U, R, E in *^Cg ways. Now, there are 4 letters in each of
16.19
COMBINATIONS
^C3 selections. Consider one of these ^€3 selections. This selection contains 4 letters which can
be arranged in 4! ways. Thus, each of ^C3 selections provides 4! words.
Hence, the total number of words = ^03x4! = 480.
(ii) If F is not to be included in any word, then we first select 4 letters from the remaining 6
letters. This can be done in ways. Now, every selection has 4 letters which can be arranged
in a row in 4! ways.
Hence, the total number of words = x 4! = 360.
EXAMPLE 3 Hoiv many words with or without meaning, can be formed using all the letters of the word
EQUATION at a time so that vowels and consonants occur together? [NCERT]
SOLUTION There are 5 vowels and 3 consonants in the word EQUATION. All vowels can be
ww
put together in 5! ways and all consonants can be put together in 3! ways. Considering all vowels
as one letter and all consonants as at letter, vowels and consonants can be arranged in 2! ways.
Therefore, vowels and consonants can be put together in 5! X 3!x 2!waysi.e. 1440 ways.
Flo
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How many five-letter words containing 3 vowels and 2 consonants can be formed using the
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EXAMPLE 4
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letters of the word 'EQUATION' so that the two consonants occur together ?
SOLUTION There are 5 vowels and 3 consonants in the word 'EQUATION'. Three vowels out
uur r
of 5 and 2 consonants out of 3 can be chosen in ^03 ^€2 ways. So, there are ^C3 x ^€2 groups
foor
each containing 3 consonants and two vowels. Now, each group contains 5 letters which are to
sks
be arranged in such a way that 2 consonants occur together. Considering 2 consonants as one
Yoo
letter, we have 4 letters which can be arranged in 4! ways. But two consonants can be put
ooko
together in 2! ways. Therefore, 5 letters in each group can be arranged in 4!x 2! ways.
eBB
Hence, the required number of words = (^03 ^C2)x 4!x 2! = 1440.

How many words with or without meaning, each 2 of vowels and 3 consonants can be
uurr
EXAMPLE 5
formed from the letters of the word DA UGHTER ? INCERTl

ad
There are 3 vowels and 5 consonants in the word DAUGHTER out of which 2
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SOLUTION
vowels and 3 consonants can be chosen in ^C2 ^ ^C3 ways. These selected five letters can now
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be arranged in 5! ways.
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innd
Hence, required number of words = ^C2 x ^03 x 5! = 3 x 10 x 120 = 3600

FFi
EXAMPLE 6 The English alphabet has 5 vowels and 21 consonants. How many words with two different
vowels and 2 different consonants can beformed from the alphabet ? [NCERTl
SOLUTION Out of 5 vowels and 21 consonants, 2 vowels and 2 consonants can be chosen in
^C2 X ^^2 ways. These selected 4 letters can now be arranged in 4! ways. Therefore, by the
fundamental principle of counting, required number of words is
^C2 X ^^2^ 4!=10x 210 X 24=50400.
EXAMPLE 7 In how many ways can 5 girls and 3 boys be seated in a row so that no two boys are
together? [NCERT]
SOLUTION Since boys are to be separated. Therefore, let us first seat 5 girls. This can be done in
5! ways. For each such arrangement, three boys can be seated only at the cross marked places.
xGxGxGxGxGx
16.20
MATHEMATICS-XI
There are 6 crossed marked places and three boys can be seated in 3 x 3! ways. Hence, by the
fundamental principle of counting, the total number of ways is 5! x x 3! = 14400.
EXAMPLES How many words can be formed by taking 4 letters at a timeout of the letters of the word
'MATHEMATICS'.
SOLUTION There are 11 letters viz. MM, AA, TT, H, E, I, C, S. All these letters are not distinct, so
we cannot use choose 4 letters from the following ways:
(i) All the four distinct letters: There are 8 distinct letters viz. M, A, T, H, E, I, C, S out of which 4
can be chosen in ^€4 ways. So, the total number of groups of 4 letters = ^04. Each such group
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has 4 letters which can be arranged in 4! ways.
Hence, the total number of words = ®C4 x 4! = = 1680.
(ii) Two distinct and two alike letters: There are 3 pairs of alike letters viz MM, AA, TT, out of
which one pair can be chosen in
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ways. Now we have to choose two letters out of the
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remaining 7 different types of letters which can be done in ^C2 ways. So, the total number of
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groups of 4 letters in which two are different and 2 are alike is x ^C2-Each such group has 4
letters of which 2 are alike and remaining two distinct and they can be arranged in ~ ways.
uurr
foor
Hence, the total number of words in which two letters are alike = ^Ci x x — = 756.
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Yoo
(iii) Two alike of one kind and two alike of other kind: There are 3 pairs of 2 alike letters out of
oook
which 2 pairs can be chosen in ways. So, there are ^€2 groups of 4 letters each. In each
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group there are 4 letters of which 2 are alike of one kind and two alike of other kind. These 4
4!
letters can be arranged in 2!2!
ways. Hence, the total number of words in which two letters are
uurr
ad
4!
alike of one kind and two alike of other kind = ^€2 x 18.
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2! 2!
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From (i), (ii) and (iii) the total number of 4 letter words = 1680 + 756 +18 = 2454.
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EXAMPLE 9 Eighteen guests have to be seated, half on each side of a long table. Four particular guests
innd
desire to sit on one particular side and three others on the other side. Determine the number of ways in
FFi
which the seating arrangement can be made.

SOLUTION Since four particular guests want to sit on a particular side A (say) and three others
on the other side B (say). So, we are left with 11 guests out of which we choose 5 for side A in
ways and the remaining 6 for side B in ways. Hence, the number of selections for the
two sides is ^^05 x
Now 9 persons on each side of the table can be arranged among themselves in 9! ways.
11!
Hence, the total number of arrangements = ^^5 x x 9! x 9! =
6!5!
X 9!x 9!
EXAMPLE 10 How many four-letter words can beformed using the letter of the word 'INEFFECTIVE' ?
SOLUTION There are 11 letters in the word 'INEFFECTIVE', viz. EEE, FF, H, C, T, N, V.
The four-letter words may consist of:

(i) 3 alike letters and 1 distinct letter
COMBINATIONS 16.21
(ii) 2 alike letters of one kind and 2 alike letters of the second kind
(iii) 2 alike letters and 2 distinct letters
(iv) all different letters
Now we, shall discuss these four cases one by one:
(i) 3 alike letters and 1 distinct letter: There is one set of three alike letters viz. EEE. So, three alike
letters can be selected in one way. Out of the 6 different letters F, I, T, N, V, C one letter can be
selected in ways. Thus, three alike and one different letter can be selected in 1 x
ways. So, there are groups each of which contains 3 alike letters and one different letter.
4!
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These 4 letters can be arranged in ways.
3!1!
Hence, the total number of words consisting of three alike and one distinct letters
4!
= X 4 = 24.
3!1!
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(ii) 2 alike letters of one kind and 2 alike letters of second kind: There are three sets of two alike letters
r
selected in ^€2 ways. So, there are ^€2 groups
rFFl
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viz EE, FF, II. Out of these three sets two can be
F
each of which contains 4 letters out of which 2 are alike of one type and two are alike of second
rF
4!
type. Now, 4 letters in each group can be arranged in 2! 2!
ways.
fsfoor
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Hence, the total number of words consisting of two alike letters of one type and 2 alike letters of
4!
kosk
second type = C2 x 2!2!
= 18.
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Y
(iii) 2 alike and 2 different letters: Out of 3 sets of two alike letters one set can be chosen in
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ways. Now, from the remaining 6 distinct letters, 2 letters can be chosen in ^€2 ways. Thus, 2
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alike letters and 2 distinct letters can be selected in ('^Ci x °C2) ways. So, there are ( x C2)
4!
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groups of 4 letters each. Now, letters of each group can be arranged among themselves in —
ad
2!
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ways.
Hence, the total number of words consisting of two alike letters and 2 distinct
innd
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= X ^C2 X -
2!
=540.
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F
(iv) All different letters: There are 7 distinct letters E, F, I, T, N, V, C out of which 4 can be selected
in^C4 ways. So, there are groups of 4 letters each. The letters in each groups can be
arranged in 4! ways.
So, the total number of 4 letter words in which all letters are distinct = x 4! = 840.
Hence, the total number of 4-letter words = 24 +18 + 540 + 840 = 1422.
EXAMPLE 11 In how many ways can the letters of the word PERMUTATIONS be arranged if there are
always 4 letters between P and S ? [NCERT]
SOLUTION There 12 letters in the given word of which 2 are T's. There can be 4 letters between
P and S in one of the following ways:
(i) There are 2T's and 2 other letters from the remaining 8 letters (excluding 2T's and P
and S).
(ii) One T and 3 other letters from the remaining 8 letters,
(ui) There is no T and 4 other letters.
Let us now find the number of words in each case.

(i) In the first case, 2 letters can be chosen from remaining 8 letters in ^ C2 ways. Now, 2T's and 2
4!
other letters can be arranged between P and S in ways. Also, P and S can interchange their
2!
positions. So, 2T's and 2 other letters can be arranged between P and S in ®C2 x ~ x 2! ways.
Considering these six letters as one letter and the remaining 6 letters can be arranged in 7! ways.
Total number of words, in this case = ®C2 x —
2!
x 2! x 7!
(ii) In this case, 3 letters can be chosen from the remaining 8 letters in ®C3 ways. Now, one T and
ooww
3 other letters from the remaining 8 letters can be arranged between P and S in 4! ways. Also, P
and S can interchange their positions. So, one T and 3 other letters can be arranged between
P and Sin C3x4!x2! ways. Considering these six letters as one letter and the remaining 6
letters can be arranged in 7! ways.
e
Total number of words formed = ®C3x4!x2!x7!
ere
(iii)
rFl
In this case, 4 letters other than 2T's can be chosen from the remaining 8 letters in ^€4 ways.
Fre
These 4 letters can be arranged between P and S in 4! ways. Also, P and S can interchange their
rrF
positions in 2! ways. Thus, 4 letters between P and S can be arranged in ®C4 x 4!x 2! ways.
Taking these 6 letters as one letter with the remaining 6 letters (including 2T's), we have 7 letters
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which can be arranged in ^ ways.
kosk
Q 7!
Number of words formed =°C4x4!x2!x
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2!
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Y
Hence, total number of words = x — x 2!x 7!+ x 4!x 2!x 7!+® Cj x 4!x 2!x —
BB
2! ^ 2!
= 25401600
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EXERCISE 16.3
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ad
BASIC
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1. How many different words, each containing 2 vowels and 3 consonants can be formed with
5 vowels and 17 consonants?
innd
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2. Tliere are 10 persons named P^, P2, P3 ..., PlQ. Out of 10 persons, 5 persons are to be
arranged in a line such that is each arrangement P^ must occur whereas P4 and P5 do not
Fi
F
occur. Find the number of such possible arrangements.

3. How many words, with or without meaning can be formed from the letters of the word
'MONDAY', assuming that no letter is repeated, if (i) 4 letters are used at a time (ii) all
letters are used at a time (iii) all letters are used but first letter is a vowel? [NCERT]
4. Find the number of permutations of n distinct things taken r together, in which 3 particular
things must occur together.
5. How many words each of 3 vowels and 2 consonants canbe formed from the letters of the
word INVOLUTE? INCERT]
6. Find the number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time such that two
specified things occur together? [NCERT]
BASED ON HOTS
7. Find the number of ways in which: (a) a selection (b) an arrangement, of four letters can be
made from the letters of the word 'PROPORTION'.
COMBINATIONS 16.23
8. How many words can be formed by taking 4 letters at a time from the letters of the word
'MORADABAD7
9, A business man hosts a dinner to 21 guests. He is having 2 round tables which can
accommodate 15 and 6 persons each. In how many ways can he arrange the guests?
10. Find the number of combinations and permutations of 4 letters taken from the word
'EXAMINATION'.
11. A tea party is arranged for 16 persons along two sides of a long table with 8 chairs on each
side. Four persons wish to sit on one particular side and two on the other side. In how many
ways can they be seated?
ANSWERS
h-3
1. 816000 2. ^C4x5! 3. (i) 360 (ii) 720 (iii) 240 4. Cr-3 (r-2)! 3!
w
n-2
5. 2880 6. 2 (r -1) Pr-2 7. (a) 53 (b) 758 8. 626
9. ^^Ci5x14!x5! 10. 2454 11. %4 X (8!)^
Flo HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
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c 17
1. 2 vowels out of 5 and 3 consonants out of 17 can be chosen in C2 x C3 ways.
Fr
Now, 5 letters in each selection can be arranged in 5! ways.
So, total number of words = ^€2 x ^^03 x 5! = 816000 for
ur
3. (i) Total number of 4 letter words formed from the letters of the word 'MONDAY"
= ^C4x4!=360.
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(ii) Total number of words formed by using all letters of the word 'MONDAY'
oo
= 6! =720
eB
(iii) There are two vowels A and O. So, first place can be filled in 2 ways and the remaining
5 places can be filled in 5! ways.
So, total number of words beginning with a vowel = 2x5! = 240.
r
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ad
5. Required number of words = ^

n-2
Cr _ 2 ways. Cor\sider two
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6. Out of (n-2) remaining things select (r-2) things in

specified things as one and mix it with (r - 2) selected things. Now we have (r -1) things
nd
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which can be arranged in (r -1)! ways, but two specified things can be put together in 2!
n-2
ways. Hence, required number of ways = C,_2x(r-l)!x2L
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9. Total number of ways = ^Cgx 141x5!

11. 4 persons wish to sit on side A(say) and two on the other side B(say). So, 10 persons are left,
outof which 4 persons for side A can be selected in ^®C4 ways and 6 persons for side B from
the remaining 6 persons in ways. Hence, the number of selections for two sides
10
C4 X Now, 8 persons on each side can be arranged amongst themselves in 8! ways.
Hence, the total number of seating arrangements = ^*^C4 x x 8! x 8!
REVISION EXERCISE
1. Eight chairs are numbered 1 to 8. Two women and 3 men wish to occupy one chair each.
First the women choose the chairs from amongst the chairs 1 to 4 and then men selects from
the remaining chairs. Find the total number of possible arrangements.
. 2. A candidate is required to answer 7 questions out of 12 questions, which are divided into
two groups, each containing 6 questions. He is not permitted to attempt more than 5
questions from either group. Find the number of different ways of doing questions.
3. Out of 18 points in a plane, no three are in the same line except five points which are
collinear. Find the number of lines that can be formed joining the points.
4. We wish to select 6 persons from 8, but if the person A is chosen, then 6 must be chosen. In
how many ways can selections be made?
5. How many automobile license plates can be made if each plate contains two different
letters followed by three different digits?
6. Find the number of permutations of n distinct things taken r together, in which 3 particular
ooww
things must occur together.
7. Find the number of positive integers greater than 6000 and less than 7000 which are
divisible by 5, provided that no digit is to be repeated.
8. There are 10 persons named ^1' ^2' -^3/ ●●●^10- Out of 10 persons, 5 persons are to be
e
arranged in line such that in each arrangement Pj must occur whereas P4 and do not
re e
occur. Find the number of such possible arrangements.
rFl
Fre
9. There are 10 lamps in a hall. Each one of them can be switched on independently. Find the
rrF
number of ways in which the hall can be illuminated.
10. A box contains two white, three black and four red balls. In how many ways can three balls
sffoo
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we drawn from the box, if atleast one black ball is to be included in the draw.
11. Find the number of integers greater than 7000 then can be formed with the digits 3, 5, 7, 8
oksk
and 9 where no digit is repeated.
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12. If 20 lines are drawn in plane such that no two of them are parallel and no three are
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concurrent, in how many points will they intersect each other?

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13. In a certain city, all telephone numbers have six digits, the first two digits always being 41
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or 42 or 46 or 62 or 64. How many telephone numbers have all six digits distinct?
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14. In an examination, a student has to answer 4 questions out of 5 questions; questions 1 and 2
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are however compulsory. Determine the number of ways in which the student can make
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the choice.
15. 18 mice were placed in two experimental groups and one control group, with all groups
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equally large. In how many ways can the mice be placed into three groups?
16. A bag contains six white marbles and five red marbles. Find the number of ways in which
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F
four marbles can be drawn from the bag if (i) they can be of any colour (ii) two must be
white and two red and (iii) they must all be of the same colour.
17. In how many ways can a football team of 11 players be selected from 16 players? How
many of them will (i) include 2 particular players? (ii) exclude 2 particular players?
18. A sports team of 11 students is to be constituted, choosing at least 5 from Class XI and at
least 5 from Class XII. If there are 20 students in each of these classes, in how many ways can
be the team be constituted?
19. A group consists of 4 girls and 7 boys. In how many ways can a team of 5 members be
selected if the team has (i) no girls (ii) at least one boys and one girl (iii) at least three girls.
ANSWERS
n-3
1. 1440 2. 780 3. 144 4. 22 5. 468000 6. Cr_3x(r-2)!x 3!
7. 112 8. 4200 9. 1023 10. 91 11. 192 12. 190 13. 8400 14. 3
COMBINATIONS 16.25
18!
15.
16. (i) llQ (ii) ^C2X®C2 (iii) ^C4 + ^C4 17. (i) (ii)
{6lf
18. 2(2°C5
20
X
Cg) 19- (i) 21 (u) 441 (iii) 91
1. If = 840 and "Q = 35, then r =

15 15
2. The value of Cg + C5-1=C(,- C7 is
3. The value ’'Pj. -r "Q is
ooww
4. If n is even, then "Q is maximum when
n-2
5. If2x "C5 =9x Cg, then « =
6. If"C r-1 = 36, % = 84 and "Q+ j = 126, then r =
e
ree
rFl
7. If'»Ci5 + 2(^®Ci6)+ ^^Ci6+l="C3 ,thenn =
Fre
8. If"Ci2 ="C6,then"C2=
rrF
9. Ifl89c3^ +
189 190
Q = Q, tlien r =
ouur
sffoo
10. If''P4 =24.''C5, then the value of n is
okks
11. The value of "Q + 2 j +” C,_2, 2 < r < n, is
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ooo
12. A box contain 2 white balls, 3 black balls and 4 red balls. The number of ways three balls be
BB
drawn from the box if at least one black ball is to be included in the draw is
rr e
13. Three balls are drawn from a bag containing 5 red, 4 white and 3 black balls. The number of
ways in which this can be done if at least 2 are red is
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ad
YY
14. The total number of ways in which six '+' and four signs can be arranged in aline such
that no two signs occur together is
15. A committee of 6 is to be chosen from 10 men and 7 women so as to contain at least 3 men
dd
and 2 women. The number of different ways this can be done, if two particular women
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iinn
refuse to serve on the same committee is

F
16. The number of committees of five persons with a chair person can be selected from 12
persons, is
17. The number of automobile license plates that can be made if each plate contains two
different letters of English alphabet followed by three distinct digits, is
18. The number of permutations of « distinct objects taken r at a time in which tliree particular
objects occurs together is
19. Out of 10 persons P^, P2,...,Pjo/ 5 persons are to be arranged in a line such that in each
arrangement P^ must occur whereas P4 and do not occur. Tlie number of such
arrangements is
ANSWERS
n
1. 4 2. 0 3. r! 4. r = - 5. 10 6.3 7. 20 8. 153
2
16.26 MATHEMATICS-Xi
«+2
9. 36 10. 9 11. Cr 12. 64 13. 80 14. 35 15. 7800 16. 3960
n-3
17. 4,6800 18. C,_3(r~2)!3! 19. 7C4x5!
question:
m
n + r
1. Write S Q in the simplified form.
r=0
2. If 35c n + 7
35
C4,, _ 2 , then write the values of n,
3. Write the number of diagonals of an n-sided polygon.
w
4. Write the expression ^ _ ^ + 2 x "C^ in the simplest form.
6
Flo
56-r
5. Write the value of 2
r = l
C3 + 30q.
e
6. There are 3 letters and 3 directed envelopes. Write the number of ways in which no letter is
rree
put in the correct envelope.
r FF
7. Write the maximum number of points of intersection of 8 straight lines in a plane.
8. Write the number of parallelograms that can be formed from a set of four parallel lines
uurr
intersecting another set of three parallel lines.
for
9. Write the number of ways in which 5 red and 4 white balls can be drawn from a bag
kss
containing 10 red and 8 white balls.

ooook
Yo
10. Write the number of ways in which 12 boys may be divided into three groups of 4 boys
each.
eB
11. Write the total number of words formed by 2 vowels and 3 consonants taken from 4 vowels
and 5 consonants.
urr
ad
ANSWERS
Yo
1.
n+m+
^ n(n-3) n+ 2
5. 56c4
dY
«+ 1 2. 3,6 4. ^r+ 1 6. 2
2
Re
12!
innd
7. 28 8. 18 9. X «C4 10.
11. ^C2x5C3x5!
(41)3 3!
Fi

1. If _io , then is equal to
2. If 20c, = 20c r + 4 ' then'’C 3 is equal to
15
3. If = Cy + 2' ^ is equal to
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
4. If^°C r+1 -
20
, then r is equal to
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 19 (d) 12
COMBINATIONS 16.27
5. If C {n, 12) = C (n, 8), then C (22, n) is equal to

(a) 231 (b) 210 (c)252 (d) 303
6. If'"Ci=”C2,then
(a) lm=n (b) 2m=n(n + l) (c) 2m=n(n-l) (d) 2n=m(m-l)
7. If"Ci2=”C8,thenn =
(a) 20 (b) 12 (c)6 (d) 30
8. If"CV+”Cr+l=”‘'^*/then:c =
(a) r (b) r-1 (c) n (d) r + 1
9 if(«^-«)c2=<'»^-'^>C4,thenfl =
ww
10. ®Ci + ®C2 + ®C3 + ®C4 + ^Cs is equal to
FF loo
(a) 30 (b) 31 (c)32 (d) 33
ree
11. Total number of words formed by 2 vowels and 3 consonants taken from 4 vowels and 5
consonants is equal to
reFe
oroFr
rur
12. There are 12 points in a plane. The number of the straight lines joining any two of them
s ff
when 3 of them are coUinear, is
(a) 62 (b) 63 (c) 64 (d) 65
k
YYouo
13. Three persons enter a railway compartment. If there are 5 seats vacant, in how many
okso
ways can they take these seats ?

BBoo
(a) 60 (b) 20 (c) 15 (d) 125

r ee
14. In how many ways can a committee of 5 be made out of 6 men and 4 women contcdning at
least one women ?
ad
ouur
(c) 186 (d) none of these

Yo
(a) 246 (b) 222

15. There are 10 points in a plane and 4 of them are collinear. The number of straight lines
d
joining any two of them is

idnY
Re
(a) 45 (b) 40 (c)39 (d) 38

FFin
16. There are 13 players of cricket, out of which 4 are bowlers. In how many ways a team of
eleven be selected from ftiem so as to include at least two bowlers ?
17. If Cq + Cl + C2 +... + C„ = 256, then ^C2 is equal to

(a) 56 (b) 120 (c)28 (d) 91
18. The number of ways in which a host lady can invite for a party of 8 out of 12 people of
whom two do not want to attend the party together is
(a) 2x % + “Cj (b) wcj + %
(c) “Cg-%6 (d) none of these
19. Given 11 points, of which 5 lie on one circle, other than these 5, no 4 lie on one circle. Then Ihe
number of circles that can be drawn so that each contains at least 3 of the given points is

20. How many different committees of 5 can be formed from 6 men and 4 women on which
xact 3 men and 2 women serve ?
(a) 6 (b) 20 (c) 60 (d) 120

21. = 43c 3r + 1' then the value of r is
(a) 12 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) 10 (e) 14

22. The number of diagonals that can be drawn by joining the vertices of an octagon is
oww
(a) 20 (b) 28 (c) 8 (d) 16
23. The value of + +

+^C7 is
ee
(a) a -1 (b) T -1 (c) r-\
8
(d) 2
8
FFrlo
r
24. Among 14 players, 5 are bowlers. In how many ways a team of 11 may be formed with at
rF
least 4 bowlers?
ee
(a) 265 (b) 263 (c) 264 (d) 275
rF
ouru
25. A lady gives a dinner party for six guests. The number of ways in which they may be
selected from among ten friends if two of the friends will not attend the party together is
ffosor
os k
n + 1
26. If C3=2-”C2, thenn =
ook
Yo
Y
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c)5 (d) 6

Bo
27. The number of parallelograms tliat can be formed from a set of four parallel lines
reeB
intersecting another set of three parallel lines is

ooY
(a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 12 (d) 18

uur
28. The number of ways in which a committee consisting of 3 men and 2 women, can be chosen
ad
from 7 men and 5 women, is

dY
(a) 45 (b) 350 (c) 4200 (d) 230

INCERT EXEMPLAR]
nind
Re
29. The number of signals that can be sent by 6 flags of different colours taking one or more at a
F
Fi
time is
(a) 63 (b) 1956 (c) 720 (d) 21

INCERT EXEMPLAR]
30. The straight lines /^, I2 and are parallel and lie in the same plane. A total number of m
points are taken on /j, n points on li, k points on The maximum number of triangles
formed with vertices at these points are
m+n+k m+n+k
(a)
TH/^ ti/--
k^
C3 (b) ^3“ ^3“ ^3 ^3
(C) '"C3+"C3+‘^C3 (d) ’"Cjx'-Csx^Cj INCERT EXEMPLAR]

31. The number of committees of five persons with a chairperson that can be formed from 12
persons, is
12
(a) (b) C4 (c) 12 X 4 (d)
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
COMBINATIONS 16.29
32. Total number of words formed by 2 vowels and 3 consonants taken from 4 vowels and 5
consonants is equal to
(a) 60 (b) 120 (c) 7200 (d) 720
[NCERT EXEMPLARl
33. A five digit number divisible by 3 is to be formed using the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
without repetitions. The total number of ways this can be done is
(a) 216 (b) 600 (c) 240 (d) 3125
[NCERT EXEMPLARl
34. Everybody in a room shakes hands with everybody else. The total number of hand shakes
is 66. The total number of persons in the room is
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ww
35. The number of triangles that are formed by choosing the vertices from a set of 12 points,
seven of which lie on the same line is
(a) 105 (b) 15 (c) 175 (d) 185
Floo
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
36. Given 5 different green dyes, four different blue dyes and three different red dyes, the
ee
number of combinations of dyes which can be chosen taking at least one green and one blue
eer
dye is
(a) 3600 (b) 3720 (c) 3800 (d) 3600
FFr
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
oor r
uur r
37. The total number of 9 digit numbers which have all different digits is
s ff
(a) 10! (b) 9! (c) 9x9! (d) 10x10!
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
sk
YYoo
38. The number of parallelograms that can be formed from a set of four parallel lines
oooko
intersecting another set of three parallel lines is

eBB
(a) 6 (b) 18 (c) 12 (d) 9

INCERT EXEMPLAR]
39. The number of 5-digit telephone numbers having at least one of their digits repeated is
uurr
ad
(a) 90,000 (b) 10,000 (c) 30240 (d) 69760

Yo
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
40. The number of ways in which we can choose a committee from four men and six women so
dY
that the committee includes at least two man and exactly twice as many women as men, is
Re

ind
FFin
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
41. The number of ways in which a team of eleven players can be selected from 22 players
always including 2 of them and excluding 4 of them, is
16 20
(a) ''Cn (b) C5 (c) ^●’€9 (d) C9
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (d)

9. (b) 10. (b) 11- (c) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (b)
17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (d) 21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (c)
25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (b) 31. (c) 32. (c)
33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (d) 36. (b) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (d) 40. (a)
41. (c)
SUMMARY
1. If H is a natural number and r is a non-negative integer such that 0 < r < », then
nl
(i) "Q = (ii) "Q X r! =
{n-r)\r\
(iii) "C, =
n +
(iv)
n n-1 - n n-1 n~2
(v) ''Q=-"-' Cr-l = r — X
n-2
X .
r r -1 " ^ r r-1 r-2 1
(vi) "Cj. = "Cy => X = ij or, x + y = n

(vii) If«isanevennaturalnumber,thenthegreatestamong"Co , "C2,.../ "Cnis”C n ●
w
If n is an odd natural number, then the greatest among ”Cq , "C^, "C2, - ●., "C„ is
n
C I or, "C„+ 1 .
Flo
2 2
2. The number of \vays of selecting r items or objects from a group of n distinct items or objects
n\
ee
IS =
(«-r)!r!
Fr
for
ur
ks
Yo
oo
eB
ur
ad
Yo
d
Re
in
F
CHAPTER IZ
BINOMIAL THEOREM
17.1 INTRODUCTION
An algebraic expression containing two terms is called a binomial expression.

f 2 3^
w
For example, (a + b), (2x - 3y), x + — , X + — , — - etc. are binomial expressions.
Flo
Similarly, an algebraic expression containing three terms is called a trinomial. In general,
expressions containing more than two terms are known as multinomial expression.
reee
The general form of the binomial expression is (a: + a) and the expansion of (a: + a)”, neN is
FFr
called the binomial theorem. This theorem was first given by Sir Issac Newton. It gives a formula
for the expansion of the powers of a binomial expression.
uurr
In earlier classes, we have learnt that:
for
{x + =1
kkss
(a: + = X + a
Yo
oooo
2 2 2
(a: + ti) = a: + 2ax + a
eB
(x + fl)^ = x^ + 3xâ+3xa^ +
rr
(x + a)^ = x^ + 4x^ a + 6x^ 0^ + 4x a^ + a^

ou
ad
We observe that the coefficients in the above expansions follow a particular pattern as given
YY
below:
nndd
Re
Index of the binomial Coefficients of various terms

Fi
0 1
1 1 1
2 1 2 1
3 1 3 3 1
4 1 4 6 4 1
We also observe that each row is bounded by 1 on both sides. Any entry, except the first and
last, in a row is the sum of two entries in the preceding row, one on the immediate left and the
other on the immediate right. The above pattern is known as Pascal's triangle. It has been
checked that the above pattern also holds good for the coefficients in the expansions of the
binomial expressions having index (exponent) greater than 4 as given below.
17.2 MATHEMATICS-XI
Index of the binomial Coefficients of various terms

0 1
1 1 V 1
2 1 V 2 V 1
3 1 V 3 V 3 V 1
4 1 V 4 V 6 V 4 V 1
5 1 V 5 V 10 V 10 V 5 V 1
6 I V 6 V 15V 20V 15V 6 V 1
Pascal’s Triangle
ww
Using the above Pascal's triangle, we obtain
1
(x + a) x-^ a
Flo
or, (x + a)^ = x^ a^ + x'^ a'^ 'Co=l = ti
ee
2 2 2
rere
(:c + fl) = X + lax + a
r FF
■.●^Co=1,^C,=2,^C2=1
2-2 2
or. (x + af = + ^C-i X a
uurr
{x + = x^ + 3x^n + 3xfl^ +
foor
3-3 3
(X + = ^Co x^ / + x^ “ ^C2 x3 - 2,2 ^ ^C3 X
ks s
a
or.
Yoo
(x + a)^ = x*^ + 4x^(7 + 6x2(j2 + 4xa^ +

ooook
4-3 _3 4-4 A
{X + £7)^
eBB
£7 + X £7
or.
5-4 a A +,5r ^5-5 5

(X + £7)^ = ^Cq X^ £7° + ^Ci X^ ■ ^ £7^ + ^€2 X L5 X £7
uurr
By looking at the above expansions we can easily guess that the general formula would be of the
ad
form as given in the following theorem.

Yo
dY
17.2 BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR POSITIVE INTEGRAL INDEX

Re
THEOREM If X and a are real numbers, then forallneN,

innd
Co / <7° + "Cl + "C2 ^ + "Q ^ d +...

ti n n -
(X + £7)
FFi
+ ”c H-1 x^d-^ + ”C„ X° £7”

71
Z "Cr x” ' £?'■

n
i.e.. (x + £7)
r = 0
PROOF We shall prove the theorem by using the principle of mathematical induction on >7.
Let P {«) be the statement;
Co / fl" + "Cl X"-lfl'+"C2X
n -
(x + £7)
n II
+... + "C,x £?'’ +...
+ "C„ x° £7”
1 - 1
+ "C„_1 X^ £7
Step I We have, P (1): (x + £7)^ = ^Cq x^ £7^ + x^ £7^
We know that: (x + £7)^ = X + £7 = ^Cq X^ X^ £7^
P (1) is true.
BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.3

m-1 1 , wi m-1 2 1 7H - 1 HI,-. 0 m
(:c + fl) = Cq + C^x a + C2X Q +...+ Cm-1 X a + C,„ X a ●●●(i)
We shall now show that P (m +1) is true. For this we have to show that
m + 1 m + 1
(.v + fl) Cn a: »,+ l a0 + + +
m + 1
m + 1
Now, (a: + a)
= {x + a).{x + af = (x + fl) '"Co x'” / + '"Cj x m-1 I? 1 +, ... HI,- HI - r r

+ Cr X fl +...
, /l'” " 1 m,-. 0 HI

+ L,„ _ 1 X a + C,„ X a
w
m+ 1 0
+ ("'Ci + '"Co);r'"n' + rC2 + '"Ci)x
m m-1 .2
CqX a a +...
m + 1
+ ( C, + Cr _ 1) X ('"C 1 + %,) x^ a'" + '"C„, a
Flo
m -
m + 1
Cn X,m + 1 ^0 HI + 1 C-^x HI a 1 + m + 1 m-1 .2
___^m-Hl^^_^{m+l)-r^r
e
C2X a +.
ree
m + 1 HI,-. , HI,-. HI + 1-
+ ... + a
+ Cr = r = 1, 2, 3,..., m
FFr
m + 1
P {m +1) is true.
urr
Thus, P («i) is true => P (m + 1) is true.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the theorem is true for all n e N.
or
sf
Q.E.D.
kks
Yo
ooo
17.3 SOME IMPORTANT CONCLUSIONS FROM THE BINOMIAL THEOREM

In this section, we shall draw some useful conclusions from the binomial theorem,
eB
(i) We have.
n
n x~ n~r r
(x + a) Z Cr x a
ur
r = 0
ad
YYo
or. (x + a)" = "Cox"a^ + "C,xH - 1 1

a + C2 X
II,-
Since r can have values from 0 to n, the total number of terms in the expansion is (n +1).
dd
Re
(ii) The sum of the indicesof x and a in each term is n.

in
(iii) Since "C^ = ”C for r = 0,1, 2, ...,n

F
n-T '
Ci="C,«-1/ C2="C„_2=...
n
●● '-0 - ^n/
So, the coefficients of terms equidistant from the beginning and end are equal. These coefficients
are known as the binomial coefficients,
(iv) Replacing a by -a, we get

H -1 1 H,- n-2 2 It,-.
(x - a) - Cq X a - Cj X a + C2 X a
- C3X
H
n ^ / i\r tt-r r
i.e. (x-a) 1 (-1) Cr X a
r=0
Thus, the terms in the expansion of (x - a)" are alternatively positive and negative, the last term
is positive or negative according as n is even or odd.
17.4 MATHEMATICS-XI
(v) Putting x = l and a = a: in the expansion of (x + af, we get

(1 + x)" = "Co + "CiX+”C2 3:^+... + "C, / +... + "C„x''
i.e. (1 + xf = Z "Cr /
r = 0
This is the expansion of (1 + x)" in ascending powers of x.

(vi) Putting <7 = 1 in the expansion of (x + a)”, we get
(1 + X)" = "Co x" + "Cl x"- ^ + ”C2 x”-2 +... + ”c, x"-^ 4-... + 1 x+ "C n
(l + x)''= r Z= 0 "C, x"""
ww
i.e.
This is the expansion of (1 + x)” in descending powers of x.

(vii) Putting x = 1 and a = - x in the expansion of (x + a)”, we get
Flo
(1 - X)" = "Co - ”Ci X + ”C2 x^ - "C3 x^ +... + (-!)'■ "C, x^ +... + (-1)” ”C„ x".
e
eree
I.e. (1-x)” = r Z= 0 (-1)" ”C, x"
FFr
(viii) The coefficient of (r + l)lh term in the expansion of (1 + x)” is "C^.
uurr
(ix) The coefficient of x^ in the expansion of (1 + x)" is "C^.
orr
sfo
(x) (x + a)" + (x-a)” = 2j"Cox"A^ + "C2x"“Â^ + ”C4X
n-4 .4
A + ...
kks
Yoo
«-3 3
(x + a)”-(x-a)" = 2rCiX "-â^ + ”C3X
oooo
«md. A + ...
eBB
NOTE: Ifn is odd than {(x + a)" + (x ~ a)"} and l(x + af - (x - a)"} both have the same number of terms
n + 1
equal to whereas if n is even, then l(x + a)” + (x - a)”| has ~ ^ terms and
urr
2 12 /
ad
j(x
I + a)"-(x - a)”|/JAS —
YYo
terms.
J \2y
dd
Re
inn

F
Type I DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF TERMS IN THE EXPANSIONS OF BINOMIAL AND TRINOMIAL
EXPRESSIONS
EXAMPLE 1 Find the number of terms in the expansions of the following:

(i) (2x - 3yf (ii) (1 + 5 ^2 x)^ + (1 -5 V2 x)^
10 n
(iii) (Vx + +(4x- (iv) (2x+3y-4z)
8 8 2^20
(v) [(3x + y)‘’-(3x-y)‘^l (vi) (1 + 2x + x‘)-
SOLUnON (i) Theexpansionof(x + A)"has(n + l)terms. So,theexpansionof(2x-3y)^hasl0
terms.
(i) If n is odd, then the expansion of (x + a)" + (x - of contains —— terms. So, the expansion
V ^ >
of(l+5 V2x)^ + (1-5 V2 x)^ has = 5 terms.

BINOMIALTHEOREM 17.5
(iii) If n is even, then the expansion of |(x + /?)”+ (a: - fl)”|

n
has — +1 terms.
So, {^fx + has 6 terms.

(iv) We have.
(2x+3y-4zf =
^l2x +(3y-42)|
w
= "Co (2xf {3y-4zf + "Cj {2xf ” ^ (3y - 4z)^ + "Cj (2xf (3y - 4zf +...
+ "C„. 1 (22)' (3y-4z)"- ' + "C„ (3y -4z)".
Clearly, the first term in the above expansion gives one term, second term gives two terms, third
e
term gives three terms and so on.
row
re
(« + !){«+ 2)
So, total number of terms = 1 + 2 + 3 + ...+n + (n + l) =
2
(v) If n is even, then | (;c + o) (j: - fl)"| has ^ terms. So, (3x + y)® -{3x-y)
FFllo
8
eeF
n
has4 terms.
(vi) We have.
u = {(l+:c)^}
20
r
(1 + 2x + x^f^ 40
sFr
= (1+X)
kro
0 00
So, there are 41 terms in the expansion of (1 + 2:r + x )

uor
offo
Type II EXPANDING A GIVEN EXPRESSION USING THE BINOMIAL THEOREM
0 R
kos
EXAMPLE 2 Expand {x + 2a) by binomial theorem.
Y
Yo
eerBB
oo
SOLUTION Using binomial theorem,

(x^ + 2a)^ = ^Cq (x^)^ (2fl)° + ^Ci (x^)^ {2a)^ + ^€2 (x^ {2a)^
rY
+ ^€3 (x^)^ (2a)^ + ^C4 (x^) (2a)^ + % {x^ {2af

u
= + 5 (X®) {2a) +10 (x^) (4fl^) +10 (x^) {8a^) + 5 (x^) (16 a^) + 32
ou
ad
do
= x^° +10 X® fl + 40 x^ + 80 x^ + 80 x^ + 32 o®
nY
EXAMPLE 3 Expand (2x - 3y)^ by binomial theorem.

nid
SOLUTION Using binomial theorem, we obtain

Re
(2x-3y)^ ={2x + {-3y))^

F
Fi
= ^Co (2x)^ (- 3y)° + % (2x)® (- 3y) + ^€2 {2x)^ (- 3y)^ + (2x)^ (- 3y)® + ^04 (- 3y)^
= 16 x^ + 4 (8x®) (- 3y) + 6 (4x^) (9y^) + 4 (2x) (- 27 i/) + 81 y^
= 16x^ - 96x®y + 216xV - 216xy^ + 81y^
EXAMPLE 4 By using binomial theorem, expand:
(i) (l + x + x^)® (ii) (1-x + xV
SOLUTION (i) Let y = x + x^. Then, INCERT EXEMPLAR]
2s 3
(1 + X + x^) = (1 + y)® = ^Co + ®Ciy+®C2y^ + ®C3y®= l + 3y+3y^ + y®
= 1 + 3 (x + x^) + 3 (x + x^)^ + (x + x^)®
= 1 + 3 (x + x^) + 3 (x^ + 2x® + x^) + I ®Co X® (x^)® + x
+ ®C2 X (xV+®C3X^x^)®}
3-2
17.6 MATHEMATICS-XI
= 1 + 3 (:c + + 3 (:c^ + 2x^ + x^) + (x^ + 3x“^ + 3x^ + .r^)

= + 3x^ + 6x^ + 7x^ + 6x^ + 3x +1
2
(ii) Let y = -x + x . Then,
2A
= (1 + y)^ = ^Cq + y + ^C2 + ^C3 y^ +
w
{1-x + x^)
= 1 + 4y + 6y^ + 4y^ +y^ = 1 + 4(-x + x^) + 6(-x + x^)^ + 4 (-x + + (-x + x^)
= 1 -4x (1 -x) + 6x^ (1 -x)^ -4x^ (1 -x)^ + x^ (1 -x)^
e
= l-4x(l-x) + 6x^(l-2x + x^)-4x^{^Co-^C|X+^C2 x^-^CgX^)
e
o
wr
4^4 4^
Cq Cj X C2 X — C3 X + C4 X
r
+ X
F
= 1 - 4x + 4x^ + 6x^ (1 -2x + x^) -4x^ (1 - 3x + 3x^ -x^)+ x^ (1 -4x + 6x^ -4x^ + x^)
ullo
= 1 - 4x + 4x^ + 6x^ - 12x^ + 6x^ - 4x^ + 12x^ - 12x^ + 4x^ + x"^ - 4x^ + 6x^ - 4x^ + x®
r FF
e
= 1 - 4x + lOx^ - 16x^ + 19x^ - 16x^ + lOx^ - 4x^ + x®
rsre
A
oF
uo
k
f X 2
EXAMPLES Using bhiomial theorem, expand 1 + ,xÔ.
2 x^
SOLUTION We have,
oofr [NCERT]
sf
4
ko
Y
= n +
(x 2
2 x> [2 X
BB
Yo
Y
oo
2f 2f Ac,
/
-V^C2
X 2
4p
Lq +, 4p(-1 + "^3
er
2 2
re
U XJ 2 X, .2
uu
^ 2
2'l + 6, - 4 x^ 8 X 2
od
= 14-4 2 + ^ +4-^ —
Yo
ad
[2 X) 4 8
n
-f f--
/ \3 / n2
x^V 2^° 2^1
\ 4p^0 X
X + ^C2 V.2,
ndi
2J '^2j Xj ^
Re
F
Fi
0
2f ( 2 ^4
z' _ .\ / z'
4.4r
+ Lt ^
—
H2 y V X) 1^2^ \ x^
(.3
= 1 4- 2x s'! + 6. —
- x^ — r,2 4 ^ 4- 4
A X 8_ 3x_6
X) 4 -i2j [8 2 X
3 2
2 , x‘ 4 . x 8 16
4- 4- 4x - X — — 4- 6x — X +4X-X- —
4
16 8 X 4 X X X
'i {
=
,1 -f 2x —
^ 8
4-
3 2
— X
24fx^ 325- - 6x 4- —
—12 4—^ 4-
24
+
X^ 2 ,
X 4-6 -^4- —r
16 16
xj 2 X 2 2 X
^ X 16 r2 X 4
= {l-12 + 6) + {2x-6x)+ -x^~x

3 2 2 X
+ — + — +
^ (-8 24 h—
24 16 32 16
^)'W~x^jx^\^
+
a 2 16 K X
2 3 4
r A X X a: 16
= -5-4a: + — + — + +
2 2 16
2 2 3
EXAMPLE6 Find the expansion of{3x -2ax+3a ) using binomial theorem. [NCERT]
SOLUTION We have,
(3x'^-2ax+ 3a^)^
|(3x^ -2flx) + 3fl^|
ww
= ^Cq {3x'^-2axf {3a^f + (3at^ ~2ax)^ {3a^) + ^€2 {3x'^-2ax)^ (3a^)
+ ^C3(3x^-2axf(3a^)
= (3x^-2ax)^ + 9a^ (3x^-2ax)^ + 2?/ (3^-2ax) + 2?/
Flo
e
= 1 ^Cq (3:c^)^(-2flA:)^ +^C^(3xY (~2ax)^+^C2 (3x^) (~2ax)^+^C^ (3xY (-2fl.v)^|
eree
FFr
+ 9a^ (9x^ ~12ax^ + 4a^ x^) + 27a‘^(3x^ -2ax) + 2z/
uurr
= (27:c^ -54 x^ a+ 36x^ ^ - 8x^ a^) + (8U-^ a‘ -108x^ + 36x^ a‘^)
+ {81x^ /-54^:fl^) + 27/ orr
sfo
= 27x^ -54A + 117a:^ -116x^ +117x^ -54x/ + 27rt^
kks
Yoo
oooo
1
All
EXAMPLE? Using binomial theorem, expand x + -
eBB
y
SOLUTION We have.
11 aO /1 A
urr
1 11 11 1
X + — Cn X
ad
y \y y yj
YYo
a5 ( - a6
-îir
+ C4 X —
4flf 4- HrCo
+ X
(^ A®
— ^
dd
vVy y) y y y
Re
inn
/. ^ 10 11
2 1
+
11
Cg X + X 1 11
+ “C
1
F
11
yj ,y y)
10 9 8 7 6 5
= x'^ll^ + 55 ^ + 165 -^ + 330 ^ + 462 ^ + 462 ^
y y2 y3 y,4 y,5 y,6
330x^ 165.t^ 55x^ llx 1

+ + + +
7 8 10 11
y y y
n
n
Q 3" = 4
H
EXAMPLES Prove that 2 [NCERTl
r = 0
SOLUTION We have,
a,+ x)xJi — Cq +. n,-. X +, n,^
C2 X 2 + ... + 7f/->
Cfj X H
n
n
or. (1+x) 2 "CV x''
r = 0
17.8 MATHEMATICS-XI
Putting :ic = 3 on both sides, we get

n n
(1 + 3)'
r
Z= 0 "C, 3'' or, 4" = r 2= 0 "Q 3^
Type III ON APPLICATIONS OF BINOMIAL THEOREM

EXAMPLE 9 Find an approximation of{0.99f using the first three terms of its expansion. INCERT]
w
SOLUTION We have,
\5
(0.99)^ = (1 - 0.01)^ = f 1 - —
100 j
e
x2
1 f + ^cA- r 1 f
+ ^C2 X f —
1
= ^Co-^Cix -^c -"C5
e
HiooJ
o
^100 100
wr
100 100,
r
10 10 5 1
+ +
F
100 10000 1000000
(100)^ (100)^
ullo
r FF = 1 - 0.05 + 0.001 = 0.951

[Neglecting fourth and other terms]
e
rsre
EXAMPLE 10 Using binomial theorem, compute the following:
oF
uo
k
(i) (99f (ii) (102)^ (iii) (10.lf
SOLUTION
(99)^ = (100-1)^
(i) We have, oofr
sf
ko
Y
0
= ^Cq X (100)^ - X (100)^ + ^C2 X (100) ^ X (100)^ + ^€4 x (100)^ - % x (100)
BB
Yo
= (100)^ - 5 X (100)^ +10 X (100) ^ -10 X (100)^ + 5 x

Y
oo
100 -1
= 10^° -5x10® +10^ -10®+5x10^ -1
er
re
= (10^° +10^ + 5 X 10^) - (5 X 10® +10® +1) = 10010000500 - 500100001

uu
= 9509900499.
od
(ii) We have.
Yo
ad
(102)® = (100 + 2)®

n
= ®Co X (100)® + ®Cj X (100)® X 2 + ®C2 X (100)^ x 2^

ndi
+ ®C3 X (100)® X 2® + ®C4 X (100)^ X 2^ + ®Cs X (100)^ x 2® + ®C^ x (100)° x 2®

Re
F
= (100)® + 6 X (100)® X 2 + 15 X (100)^ x 2^ + 20 x (100) ® x 2® + 15 x (100)^ x 2^

Fi
+ 6x(100)^x2®+2®
= 10"" + 12 X 10"“ + 6 X 10^ + 16 X 10^ + 24 X 10® + 192 x 10^ + 64
12 10
= 1126162419264.
(iii) We have,
(10.1)® = (10 + 0.1)®
= ®Cq X (10)® X (0.1)° + ®Cj X (10)^ X (0.1) + ®C2 X (10)® X (0.1)^ + ^C3 X (10)^ X (0.1)®
®C4 X (10)^ X (0.1)^ + ®Cs X (10)° X (0.1)®
+
= (10)® + 5 X 10^ X 0.1 + 10 X 10 ® X (0.1)^ + 10 X (10)^ X (0.1) ® + 5 X 10 X (0.1)^ + (0.1)®

= 10® + 5 X 10® + 10^ +1 + 5 X 0.001 + 0.00001
= 100000 + 5000 +100 +1 + 0.005 + 0.00001 = 105101.00501.
n+ 1
EXAMPLE 11 Write dozvn the binomial expansion of (l + .x) , when a: = 8. Deduce that
n+ 1
9 -Sn-9 is divisible by 64, where n is a positive integer. [NCERT]
SOLUTION We have,
n+ 1 ^ 2 H+ 1 n+ 1
C3X^+...+
H + 1 M + 1/-. , n + l/~. w+ 1
(1 + x) — L.Q 4- Cj X + C2X +
Putting a: = 8, we get
Cl (8)^"'" ^02(8)^ + ”■^^03(8)^ +...+"■' n+ 1 (8)"^^ ...(i)
« + 1 n + 1 1
(1 + 8) Cq +
1 = l+(tt + l)x8 + n+ 1 C2 (8)2 + "-^^C3 (8)3+... + ”^^C„î(8)
n+ 1
9«+
9"+ 1
-8tj-9=(8)^ j C2 + (8) + ^C4 (8)^ +... + 1(8)"“^}
H + 1
JI +
llowow
)l+ 1
9 - 8/1 - 9 = 64 X an integer
9"+ 1 - 8n - 9 is divisible by 64.
EXAMPLE 12 Using binomial theorem, prove that 6” - 5/i always leaves the remainder 1 when divided
ree
by 25. [NCERT]
SOLUTION We have,
rF
6"-5/1 = (1+5)"-5/1
r FF
Cq + "Cl X (5) + "C2 X (sf + "C3 X (5)^ +... + "C„
rt
6” -5/1 =
H
X (5) -5/1
forfFreo
u
6" -5/1 = 1 + 5/1 + "C2 X 5^ + "Ca X 5^ +... + "C„ X 5" -5/i
s
ok
6"-5/1-1 = "C2x5^ + "C3x5^+... + "C„x5

YYour o
6" -5/1-1 = 5^ l"C2 + "C3 X 5 + "C4 X 5^ + ... + "C„ X 5 I

o
n-2
eeBo Bks
6" -5/1-1 - 25 X an integer

r
6" - 5/1 = 25 X an integer + 1

our u
ad
6" -5/1 leaves the remainder 1 when divided by 25.

Yo

d
Re
Type IV ON EXPANSION OF A BINOMIAL BY USING BINOMIAL THEOREM

in
EXAMPLE 13 Using binomial theorem, expand j(x + i/)^ +(x-y)^j and hence ifnd the value of
FFind Y
|(72+1)®+(V2-1)5 .
SOLUTION We have,
5 5^ 3 2 5^ 1 4I
(x + yf+{x-yf 2| Cq X + C2X y + C4A: y| = 2fx^ +10xV +5xy^
Putting x = f2 and y = 1, we get
{f2+lf = 2 |(V2)^ + 10 (V2)^ + 5 V2|= 2(^472 + 2072 +5 72^=58 72
EXAMPLE 14 IfO be the sum of odd terms and E that of even terms in the expansion of{x + of, prove
that:
c2 / 2 2j 2n 2n
(i) E ={x ~a ) (ii) 4 0E=(x + a) -(x-a)
(iii) 2(0^ +E^)=(x + a)

2/1 2«
+ {x-a) . [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
17.10 MATHEMATIC&-XI
SOLUTION We have,
n-l +, C„H a^
n
n n n-2 2 n n- 3 3
(x + a) Cq / + ”C2 ;e a +... +
Cl a: a +...
(x + a)’" = O + E ●●●(i)
n n H - 1 1 «/-. n-2 .2 n- 3 .3
and, (a: - a) Cq x'" - ”Ci a: fl + C2 a: a
-”C3X a +...
«-l «-l
+ "C„(-1)%
H
+ "C n -
a
oww
-2 2
Cl a: "-\^ + ’'C3X
n n n-3 3
Cq / + ”C2/
H
(x-a) a +... a +...
(x-af = 0-E ●..(ii)
e
(i) Multiplying (i) and (ii), we get
FFrlo
re
{x + af{x-af = (0 + £)(0-£)
ree
F
(ii) We have.
rF
40£ = (0+£)^-{0-E)^
fsoor
ouur
4 0E =
|(Ar + fl)"| -|(Ar-fl)”| [Using (i) and (ii)]
skf
ooko
2n 2n
40E = {x + ar‘-{x-a)
Yo
Y
(iii) Squaring (i) and (ii) and then adding, we get

Bo
reB
(a: + a)^ -¥{x-a)

2n
= (O + E)^ + (O -E)^ =2(0^+ e\
Type V ON APPLICATIONS OF BINOMIAL THEOREM
uur
oY
1000000
EXAMPLE 15 Which is larger{1.01) or, 10,000? [NCERTl
ad
SOLUTION We have,
dY
1000000
(1.01) -10000
innd
Re
1000000
= (1 + 0.01) -10000
Fi
1000000 1000000 1000000 1000000

C2 (0.01)^+...
1000000
F
Cq + Cl (0.01) + .+
^1000000 ^ (0.01) -10000
= (1 + 1000000 X 0.01 + other positive terms) -10000

= (1 +10000 + other positive terms) -10000
= 1 + other positive terms > 0
1000000
(1.01) >10000
EXAMPLE 16 If a and b are distinct integers, prove that a” - b” is divisible by {a - b), whenever neN.
[NCERTl
SOLUTION We have,
n n
a = {{a-b)+b\
a" ='‘Cq {a-bf+''C^ {a-b) “~h^+'‘C2 {a-b)
H-1
+...+”C n-l {a-b)b + "C„b
n
-&"=(fl-&)'' + "Ci {a-b) ""^l7^ + "C2 {a-b) «-2^2 X 71-1 {a-b)b‘‘ ^

n n
^ a
II-1 II-2
b + "C2 (a -b) ”-^b'^ + ... + ‘‘C II-1
It It
=> a
+ ^Ciia-b)
Clearly, RHS is divisible by (a-b). Hence, fl” -b" is divisible by (a -b).
EXAMPLE17 Using binomial theorem, prove that >100^^+99^^. [NCERT EXEMPLAR!
SOLUTION Let a: = 101'"'^ and y = 100^° + 99^°. Then,

50
x-y = lor'^ -100^° -99^*^

50
50 50 50
x-y = lOr'' -99-^" -100
ooww
x-y = (100 + 1)^°-(100-1)
50 50
100
Cj X 100^^ + ^°C3 X 100^^ +... + ^°C49 X 1001 -100

50 50
X-y = 2
ee
50 50 47 50 50
AT-y = 100 +2x C3 X100 +... + 2X C49XIOO-IOO
r
rFFl x-y = 2x^^C3x100^^+... + 2x^°C49x100
ree
F
a: - y = « positive integer
rF
x-y>0 => A:>y => 101^° >100^^ + 99
50
fsfoor
ouur
EXERCISE 17.1
kosk
BASIC
Yo
1. Using binomial theorem, write down the expansions of ê following:

oo
Y
BB
1
(i)(2i+3y)® (u)(2i-3y)^ (iii) AT—
X
(iv) (1 - 3xf
rre
X a
(v) ax — (vi) (vii) i^-Jx - (viii) (1 + 2a: - 3x^)'
ouu
in ix
Y
I ^
ad
( AT+1--1")^
dY
(ix) (x) (1-2x+3xY

l XJ
innd

Re
(i) (l + 2 4if +0.-2 4if (ii) (V2+1)^+(V2-1)^

Fi
F
(iii) (3 + 42f -(3-4if (iv) (2 + ^f+(2-^f

(V) (43 + if -(43-if (vi) (0.99)^ + (1.01)^
(vu) (43+42f-(43-42f [NCERT]
\6 / r— ●x6 4
(viii) ^x + 1 +^x-l
\
+
.Jx + 1 -^x -1 (ix) X + Jx^ -1 + x- -1
(x) ■ -1 I +|/-yja^ -1 | [NCERT, NCERT EXEMPLAR!
x4
4 4 /'
3. Find(fl + b)^-(<7-6)^.Hence,evaluate ^3 + 1 - V3 - V2 . [NCERT]
\ / \
4. Find (a: +1)^ + (x -1)^. Hence, or otherwise evaluate (V2 +1)^ + ^/2 -1)^. [NCERT]
BASED ON LOTS
5. Using binon\ial theorem evaluate each of the following:

(i) (96)^ INCERT] (ii) (102)^ [NCERT] (iii) (101)^ [NCERT] (iv) (98)^ [NCERT]
3n
6. Using binomial theorem, prove that 2 - 7« -1 is divisible by 49, where neN.
2n+ 2
7. Using binomial theorem, prove that 3 - 8« - 9 is divisible by 64, n e N.
3«
8. If n is a positive integer, prove that 3 - 26n -1 is divisible by 676.
BASED ON HOTS
10000
ooww
9. Using binomial theorem, indicate which is larger(l.l) or 1000? [NCERT]
4000
10. Using binomial theorem determine which number is smaller (1.2) or 800?
11. Find the value of (1.01)^^ + (1 - 0.01)^^ correct to 7 places of decimal.

4«+ 4
12, Show that 2 -15n-16, where n e N is divisible by 225. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
e
re e
rFl ANSWERS
Fre
1. (i) 32 + 240 xî/ + 720 x^y^ + 1080 + 810 xy"^ + 243 /
rrF
(ii) 16 x^ - 96 x^y + 216 x'^y^ - 216 xy^ + 81 y^
sffoo
ouur
(iii) >:^-6:c^ + 15:c^-20 + ^--^ + ^
1
oksk
6
x X X
Yo
(iv) 1 -21a: + 189:c^ -945x^ + 2835x^ -5103x^ +5103x^ -2187x^

oo
Y
BB
6ab^
(v) a^x^ - 6 a^x% + 15 a^xh^ - 20 +15 ^ +
rre
4 6
X x X
3 2 2 _3
ouu
(vi) _ - 6 -y + 15 - - 20
, X , X X
+15 - - 6 ^
a
Y
ad
3
^ x^ X
dY
(VU) X^ -6x^/3 + 15 X^/3 „2/3 _ 20 ^ 15 ^2/3 ,4/3 _ ^ ^1/3 ^5/3 ^ ^2

innd
Re
(viii) 1 + lOx + 25x^ - 40x^ - 190x^ + 92x^ + 570x^ - 360x^ - 675x® + 810x^ - 243x^°
Fi
F
(ix) x^ + 3x^ -5 +
(x) 1 - 6x + 21x^ - 44x^ + 63x^ -54x^ + 27x^

2. (i) 2 (1 + 40x + 80x^) (ii) 198 (iu)1178V2 (iv) 10084 (v) 152 (vi) 2.0020001
(vii) 396 V6 (viii) 16x (4x^ - 3) (ix) 64x^ - 96x^ + 36x^ - 2
(x) 2/ +12/ -lOfl^ -4fl^ + 2
3. 8{a^b + ab^),A046 4. 2(x^ + 15x^ + 15x^ +1), 198
5. (i) 884736 (ii) 11040808032 (iii) 104060401 (iv) 9039207968
10000
9. (1.1) >1000 10. 800 11. 2.0090042
2. (vii) We know that (a: + o)" -(x - a)” = 21 "“V + "C3X

n-3 .3
a
■ (V3+V2)^-(V3-V2)^= 2|^Cl{V3)^V2)^+^C3(V3)^V2)^ + ^C5(V3)^^/2f}
w
= 2 (6 X 9 X -^6 + 20 X 6 X y/6 + 6 x 4 x -^/6)
= +120V6+24V6l = 2x198^6 = 396^6
e
(x) Using (x + fl)” + (x - fl)” = 2 I + ”C2X
n-2 2
fl +...kweget
e
o
wr
4
r
-1 ^
F
ullo
— \2 / ,— 0
= 2^ 4/-. / 2v0 f rr
1 +^C2(aVf^
r FF Co (fl ) yja
\
1
1
4^ , 2^4
+€4(0)
rr -1
e
rsre
oF
uo
k
= 2 (fl® + 6fl^ -5/ - 2fl^ +1) = 2.7® + I2a^ - lOo^ - 4a^ + 2
oofr
sf
3. Using (x + a)" - (x - a)" = 21 CjX a + C3X
?I - 1 1 U/^ X- 3_3
ko
n
Y
a' + we get
BB
Yo
{a + bf-{a-b)‘^ = 2|^Cifl^&^ +^030^^1 = 2(4a^& + 4flb^) = 8ab{a^+b^)

Y
oo
er
re
(V3 + V2)^ -(V3 - V2)^ = 8-^3 X V2 |(V3)^ + {^2}^ | = 40V6

uu
od
Yo
4. Using(x + fl)” + (x -fl)" =2|^”Cqx” + ”€2 x

ad
x-2 _2
a +... , we get
n
(X +1)^ + (X -1)^ = 2f ^Co;c^ + ^C2X^ + ^C4X^ + ^Qx = 2(x^ + 15x^+15x^+l) 0

ndi
Re
F
Putting X = y/2, we get

Fi
(V2 + 1)^ + (V2 -1)^ = 2 |(V2)^ + 15 (V2)^ + 15 (V2)^ + l| = 2 (8 + 60 + 30 +1) = 198
5. (i) 96^ = (100-4)^

= ^Cq (100)^ (4)^^ - ^Cj (100)^ (4)^ + ^C2 (100)^ (4)^ - (100)° (4)^
= 10^ -12 X 10^ + 4800 - 64 = 1000000 -120000 + 4800 - 64 = 884736
(ii) (102)^ = (100 + 2)^

= ^Cq (100)^ 2' +
^Ci(lOO)'^ X 2 + ^C2 X (100)^ X 2^ + ^C3 x (100)^ x 2^
+ ^C4 X (100)^ X 2^ + % X (100)° X 2^
= 10^° + 10^ + 40 X 10^ + 80 X 10^ + 80 X 10^ + 32 = 11040808032
(iii) (101)^ = (10^ +1)^

= ^Co (10^)° + ^Ci(lO^)^ + ^C2 (10^)^ + (10^)^ + ^C4 (10^)
= 1 + 400 + 6 X 10^ + 4 X 10^ +10® = 104060401
w
(ix) (98)^ = (100-2)®
= ®Co (100)® - ®Ci(100)^ X 2 + ®C2 X (100)® X 2 - ®C3 X (100)^ x 2®
+ ®C4 X (100)^ X 2^ - ®Cg X (100)° X 2®
e
= 10^° -10° + 40 X 10® + 8000 - 32 = 1039207968
wr
lloo
r
9. Using (x + fl)" =”Cox”ii° + “CjX +... + ”C„ x° fl", we get
n-l 1 n-3 .3
a + C3X a
F
u
10000
(1.1)
10000
= fi.i
r FF 10
n2 10000
rsee
10000 10000 10000 10000- 1 ■)
Fr
Cq + Cjx — + +... + ^10000
uo 10 lOJ 10
k
o
10000
10000 if 10000 n
= 1 +1000 + fo
ofr C2 X
lOJ
+ ... +
^10000
10
kso
Y
10000
(1.1)
10000
-1000 = 1 +
10000
rC9 X M' 10000- 1
B
+ ...+ ^10000
eBrY
2 [10)
Yo
10
oo
10000 10000
(1.1) -1000>0 => (1.1) > 1000
e
4n+4 4(h+1) -15«-15-1

uru
12. 2 -15n-16 = 2
od
4sH+1
= (2’) -15 (« + !)-!
Yo
ad
n+1
= 16"^ ^-15(h + 1)-1
n
= (1 ^-15)"^^-15 (n + l)-l
ndi
n+1
Re
Ci(15) +”■' ^ C2 (15)^ +"■' ^C3(15)®+

«+l
F
Cq +
Fi
«H-1 n+1
+
^n+1 (15) -15 (n + l)-l
= jl+15 (h + 1) +
rt+1
C2 (15)^ +”■*■ ^ C3 (15)®+...+
n+1 n+1
C„.i(15)
-15(n + l)-l
n+ 1 n+ 1 n+ 1 n-l
= 225 C2 + C3 (15) +...+ ^n+ 1 (15)
- 225 X A natural number.

4n+4
Hence, 2 -15n -16 is divisible by 225.
17.4 GENERAL TERM AND MIDDLE TERMS IN A BINOMIAL EXPANSION
We have.
r r . , /I— ^0 n
{x + fl)” = "C„*%“ + "Cix
n- 1 1 n— n-
a + C2X fl +... + C.JJ X a

We find that: The first term = Cqx a

H-1 1
The second term = x a
n n-2 2
The third term C2 X a
n— 3 3 j
The fourth term = x a , and so on.
We thus observe that the suffix of C in any term is one less than the number of terms, the index of
a: is n minus the suffix of C and the index of a is the same as the suffix of C.
Hence, the(r + l)th termisgivenby "Q x^~^ /.Thus,if jdenotes the (r +1)^*^ term, then
oww
n-r r
= Cr X a
This is called the general term, because by giving different values to r we can determine all terms
of the expansion.
e
FFrlo
Since, (x-fl)” -{x+ (-«)}”. So, the general term in the binomial expansion of (x-fl)" is given by
re
^r+l="Qx"-''(-fl/=(-l)^”Qx
n-r r
ree
a
F
In the binomial expansion of (1 + x)”, the general term is given by
rF
= "C, x''
fsoor
ouur
In the binomial expansion of (1 - x)”, the general term is given by
skf
= (-1/ "Q /
ooko
Yo
NOTE: In the binomial expansion o/(x + <7)”, the r*^' term from the end is ((n + l)-r + l)
Y
Bo
= {n-r + 2)th ter?n from the beginning.

reB
17.4.1 MIDDLE TERMS IN A BINOMIAL EXPANSION
The binomial expansion of (x + a)” contains {n +1) terms. Therefore,

uur
oY
ad
th
ft
(i) If n is even, then — +1 term is the middle term.
dY
th th
(ii) If n is odd, then ^

n + S
innd
Re
and terms are the two middle terms.

2 2
Fi
F

Type I ON FINDING THE GENERAL TERM OR AN INDICATED TERM IN THE BINOMIAL EXPANSION OF
SOME GIVEN EXPRESSION
^ 6
EXAMPLEi Write the general term in the expansion of{x - y) . [NCERT]
SOLUTION We have, (x^ - yf =

The general term in the expansion of the above binomial is given by
6,-. , 2',6-r r 6 12-2r r
[V T,^1="C, X
H-
Q (x ) (-#= (-1) Cr X y
12
2
EXAMPLE 2 Find the 10th term in the binomial expansion of 2x + —
xj
17.16 MATHEMATICS’XI
SOLUTION We know that the (r + l)th term in the expansion of (.r + fl)" is given by
= "Q a
12
( 2 1^
Therefore, in the expansion of lx + — , the tenth term T^q is given by
xj
2^12-9^
T10 = Z9+ 1
12
C9 (2x") Here: n = 12, r = 9, x = 2x^ and a = —
KxJ X
12 2x3 1 12 1
T’lO C9 (lx-) I X —
9
=
3
X J
12 8 12x11x10 1760 12 12
C9 - C3
ww
ho - C3 -3
X 3x2x1 X X
3
12
X 3a
Floo
EXAMPLE 3 Find the 9th term in the expansion of —
V a
x^
e
SOLUTION We know that the (r + l)th term in the expansion of (x + af is given by
eere
n-T r
h + i = Cf x a
FFr
12
3a
oorr
uur r
Therefore, in the expansion of — 2 , the 9th term Tg is given by
a
s ff
X J
12-8 / 8 4 /■ ,8 4
fx^ 3a 3a 12
12^ C4 X 3® X
12 X
sk
h - ^8 + 1 Cs -
YYoo
=>
2 ^8 2 12
ooko
X J X J X
- /12- -12 4x0 8

eBB
T9 = ( C4 X a )3
Ax 5f
EXAMPLE 4 Find the 6th term in the expansion of 2
uurr
ad
T 9
Yo
4x 4:c 5 'l
SOLUTION Clearly, = < — +
2x
5 2x 5
dY
Re
x9-5
9^ f 4x 5f
nind
[V T,î=:"Qx
n - r r-i
h = h^l== ^5 ~r a ]
5 j I 2xJ
FFi
^^6
f .
4x1
\4
(Ax^^f 5 f [V ^C5=^C4l
- ^ - - C4
-
.5 2x; I 5 / \
2x
9x 8x7 X 6 5= 5040
T'6 = - 4x 3x2x1 5^ / \
2®x® X
18
EXAMPLES Find 13th term in the expansion of 9x 3^x

^ ,x?6 0. INCERT]
SOLUTION Clearly,
xl8 18
1 -1
9x- = 9x +
3-fx [3^)
12 12
18-12 1 1
^13 “^12+1“ ^^^12
3^j 3^fx
18 18!
Q = 1216! = 18564
- Cg X y X X X <j
^2 X g
3f 3 X'
EXAMPLE 6 Find the 4th tenn from the end in the expansion of —^~~z
X o
SOLUTION Clearly, the given expansion contains 8 terms.

So, 4th term from the end =(8 - 4 + l)th =5th term from the beginning
w
7-4/ 3^
Required term =75 = T^+ ■[ 7cU4 f —3 X
Flo 3/
\3 / 'x\f 12 ^
e
?c^3 ~23 X
7x6x5 3^ x_ 35 6 ●●● V ^3
ree
— X
U4
j
6 3x2x1 6^ 48
FFr
y \
25
1
EXAMPLE 7 Find the 11 th term from the end in the expansion of 2x-—^
for .
ur
X
SOLUTION Clearly, the given expansion contains 26 terms.

kkss
So, 11th term from the end = (26 - 11 + l)th term from the beginning i.e. 16th term from the
Yo
ooo
beginning 15
1
eB
25 25-15
Required term = Tjg - \ Ci5 (2x) 2
-X ;
15 10
^ 2
ur
25 25
<^15^- 20
ad
30
X X
YYo
Type IJ ON FINDING THE MIDDLE TERM(S)

/ 2 2
d
Re
EXAMPLE 8 Find the middle term in the expansion of -x-

in
2a:,
F
\th
20
SOLUTION Here n = 20, which is an even number. So, +1 term i.e. 11th term is the
V 2
middle term.
3V"
20-10
20 2 2 20 10
Hence, themiddleterm =Tn =Tio+1 = ClO T ^ Cio X
\ ^ ^ 2x
X
3f
EXAMPLE 9 Find the middle tenns in the expansion of 3x-—-
6
.
_. . . ... X
sf
SOLUTION The given expression is 3x- —6 . Here n-7, which is an odd number.
th th
7+1 7 + 1
So, and + 1 i.e. 4th and 5th terms are two middle terms.
2 J 2
13
r4=r3+i=^C3(3xf-=' 3 7 105x
Now,
6
= (-l) C3(3x)^ - D 8
3)^ 3)^ 35 a*
15
T5=T^^.2=^Q(3x)
7-4 X
7f^ /n \3 X
and. = C4(3a) —■
I ' 6 48
13 15
105 A 35 a
Hence, the middle terms are - and
8 48
ww
III ON FINDING THE COEFFICIENT FOR A GIVEN INDEX (EXPONENT) OF THE VARIABLE
11
S')
EXAMPLE 10
Find the coefficient ofx^^ in the binomial expansion of 2x^ - , when x=^0.
Flo
xj
2 3^^
ee
10
SOLUTION Suppose (r + l)th term contains a in the binomial expansion of 2a —
rere
xj
r FF
11 2ai-r 3Y r 11
Now, ^r + 1 = Cr (2a") - = (-1) ...(i)
xj
uurr
10
foor
ifr.r+l contains a , then 22 - 3r = 10 ^ r = 4. So, (4 + l)th i.e. 5th term contains a^^.
ks s
Putting r = 4 in (i), we get
Yoo
Tj = (-1)“ "C42
11-4
x3^xa'0 ^ 11
C4 X 2^ X 3*^ X A
10
ooook
10 11
Coefficient of a C4 X 2^ X 3^
eBB
15
32 -17
EXAMPLE 11
Find the coefficients ofx and X in the expansion of a** -
uurr
I X J
ad
Yo
15
32 f 1
SOLUTION Suppose (r + l)th term involves a in the expansion of a^ —5
dY
_ - O
A
Re
innd
\r
15 4.15-r 1 r 15 60-7r
Now, .Tr + 1 Cr(^’) = (-l) Cr ^
3
FFi
For this term to contain a , we must have: 60 - 7r = 32 => r =4.
So, (4 + l)th i.e. 5th term contains x^^.

Tg = (-1)^ ^^C4 ^
15 32
C4 A .
32 15
Coefficient of a C4 = 1365.
15
1
a^ -
-17
Suppose (s + l)th term in the binomial expansion of 3
contains a
^ J
15 4sl5-s 1 s 15 60-7s
Now, Ts Q (X-*)
+ 1
3 =(-i) Qa ...(ii)
^ X J
17.19
BINOMIALTHEOREM
-17
If this term contains x ,we must have: 60 - 7s - -17 ^ s==ll
-17
So, (11 + l)th i.e. 12th term contains x
Putting s =11 in (ii), we get
-17 15 -17
Ti2 = (-1)
11 15
Cii a:
-17 15
Cii X C4 X [v"C,=”C„_,]
-17 15
Coefficient of x C4 = -1365.
EXAMPLE 12 Find the coejficient ofx y in the expansion of{x + ly) . INCERT]
SOLUTION Suppose x^ y^ occurs in (r +1)^^ term of the expansion of {x + 2yf.

Now,
ww
9-r 9-r r
Tr + 1 = X (:r) X {2yf = X 2" X X xy
This will contain x^ y^, if 9 -r = 6 and r = 3 => r = 3

9! 9x8x7x6!
Flo
Coefficient of = ^C3 x 2^ = 3!6! x2^ =
3!x 6!
X 8 = 672
e
eree
40 2 27
EXAMPLE 13 Find the coefficient ofx^ in the expansion of{l + 2x + x ) .
FFr
SOLUTION We have.
27
{(1 + oorr
uur r
2x27 54
(1 + 2x + x^) = {l + x)
sf
occurs in (r +1)*^ term in the expansion of (1 +
40
Suppose X
Yoo
ks
54
oook
Now, + 1 Cr X
eBB
40 54
For this term to contain a:^, we must have r - 40. So, coefficient of x C40.
A LITER We know that the coefficient of in (1 + x)" is .

uurr
. /T v54 . 54,-n
ad
40
Coefficient of x m(l + x) IS C40.
Yo
11
6 I 2 3 '
Frove that there is no term involving x° in the expansion of 2x — , where r ^ 0.
dY
EXAMPLE 14
Re
innd
f
SOLUTION Suppose x^ occurs in (r+ 1)^^ term in the expansion of 2x — .
FFi
11 2xll-r sY 11
Cr (-I)" 2
11-r
s'" X
22- 3r
...(i)
Nov/, jT. ^ I Cr (2x-)
xj
For this term to contain x^, we must have: 22-3r = 6=> r ~ which is a fraction. But, r is
a natural number. Hence, there is no term containing x^.
Type IV ON FINDING THE TERM INDEPENDENT OF THE VARIABLE

10
f 2 1
EXAMPLE 15 Find the term independent ofx in the expansion of 3x
2x^J
SOLUTION Let (r + l)th term be independent of x in the given expression.
Now, =
10 1 10 10-r lY 20-5r
Q 3 X
[ 2x^ I 2j
This term will be independent of x, if 20 - 5r = 0 => r = 4.
So, (4 + l)th i.e. 5th term is independent of x. Putting r = 4 in (i), we get
10 10 X 9 X 8 X 7 729 76545
T5 = C4^ 3^ --2 4x 3x2x1
X
16 8
76545
Hence, required term =
8
EXAMPLE 16 Find the term independent ofx in the expansion of

n12 10
(i) fx-i (ii)

f
2x-±
1
ww
X)
SOLUTION (i) Let (r + l)th term be independent of X in the given expression.
Floo
\r
12 12-rT 1 12 12-2r
Now, T^+j CrX Q X
X)
ee
For this term to be independent of x, we must have 12 - 2r = 0 =^> r = 6.
eer
FFr
12
Ce (-1)*^ =
12
T7 =
oorr
uur r
12
Hence, required term = C6
s ff
(ii) Let (r + l)th term be independent of x in the given expression.
sk
1Y
YYoo
10 10-r T 10 10-r 10-2r

ooko
Now, Tr+i = Cr (2x) X - =(-i) Cr2 ...(i)

X^
eBB
For this term to be independent of x, we must have 10 - 2r = 0 => r = 5.

uurr
5 10 10-5 10 10x9x8x7x6
Te = (-1) C5.2 Csx2^ = X 32 = - 8064
ad
5x4x3x2xl
Yo
Hence, required term = - 8064

dY

Re
ind
Type 1 ON FINDING THE UNKNOWN WHEN A RELATION BETWEEN TWO OR MORE TERMS IS GIVEN.
FFin
EXAMPLE 17 Find n, if the ratio of thefifth term from the beginning to the fifth term from the end in
( 1
the expansion of ^ + -^ isfe-A. INCERT]
¥3
th
Fifth term from the end = (n +1 - 5 +1)term from tlie beginning
= (n - 3) term from the beginning
4 n-4
«-4 /●
Cif/2
1
= ”C4x2 4 xi3
n
Now, 75 -T4+ 1 =
^
\«-4
n-(n-4)/ j
I
n n 1
and. ^n-3 “^(h-4)+ 1 = = 'r «-4 X 2x
1^3 n-4
3 4
^5 V6
It is given that —
«-3 1
«-4
1
>/6 =>2 n-4 ^ n-4 ^
n
C4 X 2 4 X —
^ 3 4 X 3 4 . L.4 - _4
n-4 I
n
4
C„ _ 4 X 2 X 3
n-8 ?j - 8
2 4 X 3 4
«-8 n -8
n-8
(2x3) 4 =6^/^ =>6 4 = 6^/2
ooww
= —=> ji-8=2=> n = 10
4 2
50
EXAMPLE 18 Find a, if 17th and 18th terms in the expansion of{2 + a) are equal. INCERT]
SOLUTION We have,
34 16
%=ri6+l=“Ci6(2)
50-16 16 50
e
a
C16 X 2 X a
ree
and,
rFl
^18=^17+1=
50
^17
50-17
a
17 50
C 17 X 2'
33
X fl
17
Fre
It is given that 17^^ and 18*^ terms are equal.
rrF
i.e. T^':’
17 =7i8
50 34 16 50,.. 33 .17
ouur
C16 X 2 X a sffoo
^17 X 2” X fl
50c 16 a
17
50! 331171
X 2 =
17
X 2=1
X 2 = ^ a =
34116!^ 50!
okks
50 16 34
^17 a
Yo
oo
Tijpe II ON MIDDLE TERM{S) IN A GIVEN EXPANSION

Y
BB
2n .
EXAMPLE 19 Show that the middle term in the expansion o/(l + x) IS
rre
l-3-5...{2n-l) t -X [NCERT]
«!
ouu
YY
ad
SOLUTION The exponent of (1 + x) in (1 + x)^ is an even number lit

sth
2n 2n
i.e. {n +1) term is the middle term in the binomial expansion of (1 + x) .
dd
So, y + 1
Re
iinn
2ii 2n - « n 2n n (2n)! n
Now, T.n+ 0.(1) X X
F
1 - n
(2n-«)!«!
1 - 2 ● 3 ● 4 ● 5 ● 6... (2m - 3) (2n - 2) (2n -1) (2«) X
H
n!n!
|l-3-5...(2n-3) (2«-l)|| 2-4-6..

. (2m-2)(2w)| .1
n\n\
|i-3-5...(2m-3) (2n-l)||l-2-3...(n-l) («)|2” n\n\

n
|l-3-5...(2n-3) (2«~1)|m!-2
n n
● X
1-3-5...(2n-l) 2”x"
n\n\ n!
17.22
MATHEMATtCS-XI
,2«
/ 1
EXAMPLE 20 Show that the middle term in the expansion of x — IS
l-3-5...(2;i-l) n
(-2) [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
n\
7n th
( 1 2n th
SOLUTION The exponent in x — is an even natural number. So, — +1 i.e. (rt +1)
\ xj 2
term is the middle term and is given by

iT
n
2n 2n-n n (-1) l-2-3-4-5-6...(2n-l)(2n) n
^1+ 1 - C„ W X X
x(-l)
oww
n
n! nl X n\n\
^n+ 1 -
|l-3-5...(2«-l) II 2-4-6...
(2«-2)(2«)} x(-l) n
nlnl
|l-3-5...(2n-l) ||l-2-3...(n-l)
e
FFrlo
re
ti
+ 1 - ' x(-l)
n!rt!
ree
F
l-3-5...(2«-l) 2tl / ●! xrt l-3-5...(2«-l) n
+ 1 - X (-1) = x(-2)
;i! n\
rF
2ji
EXAMPLE 21 Prove that the coefficient of the middle term in the expansion of{l + is equal to the
oor
ouur
2n-l
kffs
su7n of the coefficients of middle terms in the expansion of [\ + x) INCERT]
2it
SOLUTION As discussed in the previous example, the middle term in the expansion of (1 + x)
kos
Yo
is given by .t”.
ooo
Y
n
BB
So, the coefficient of the middle term in the expansion of (1 + x)^ is n

re
2n-l
Novkf, consider the expansion of (1 + x) . Here, the index (2n -1) is odd.
uur
oY
th
ad
\th
(2/i-l) + l (2n-l) + l th
So, and + 1 i.e. « and (n +1) terms are middle terms.
dY
2 2
(l)(2n-l)-(n-l) ^
1-1 2n-l n-1
Now,
innd
-^(n~l)+ 1 = ^j-1
Re
2h-1 2n-l
Fi
n
F
and. '^n+ 1 C„n X
2n~l ln-1^
So, the coefficients of two middle terms in the expansion of (1 + x) are
Qj-1 and
‘
2n-l
C...
Sum of these coefficients = 2/t-V

2tt-l
+ Cn
2n tt+ 1
n ~ Cn [V + Q]
2n
= Coefficient of middle term in the expansion of (1 + x)
Tijpe III ON FINDING THE COEFFICIENT OF A GIVEN EXPONENT OF THE VARIABLE
EXAMPLE 22 Find the coefficient ofx^ in the expansion of the product (1 + 2x)^ {1 -x)^. (NCERT)
SOLUTION We have.
1 + % (2x) + ^C2 (2:*:)^ + (2xf + {2xf + % {2xf + (2j:)^|

4i- 7Ci:c-.^C2:t"-"C3x3H-^C4:.^-^C5X^+...
= (1 + 12x + 60x^ +160x^ + 240x^ + 192x^ +...)
X (1 -7x + 21x^ - 35x^ + 35x^ -21x^ +...)
Coefficient of x^ in the product = 1 x (-21) +12 x 35 + 60 x (-35) +160 x 21 + 240 x -7 +192 x 1
= - 21 + 420 - 2100 + 3360 -1680 +192 = 171
oww
10
EXAMPLE 23
Find the value of a so that the term independent ofx in + “y is 405.
10
f
SOLUTION Let (r + 1)* term in the expansion of +-^
e
be independent of x.
FrFlo
re
Now,
ree
F
10 10-r
/
a
.
10
5-^:
Tr.l Cr {^) Cr X 2 a
rF
2
This will be independent of x, if fsfoor

ouur
5_I_2r = 0 => 5-— = 0 => 5 = — ^ r = 2
kosk
2 2 2
10
Putting r = 2 in (i), we get: T3 = C2
Yo
oo
It is given that the term independent of x is equal to 405.

Y
BB
C2 a^ = 405 => 45fl^ = 405 => = 9 => a = ± 3

10
rre
Type IV PROBLEMS RELATING TO COEFRCIENTS IN A BINOMIAL EXPANSION

In solving the problems relating the coefficients in the binomial expansion we generally use the
oYuu
ad
following results:
(i) Coefficient of (r + l)th term in the binomial expansion of (1 + x)" is "C^.
dY
(ii) Coefficient of x^ in the binomial expansion of (1 + x)” is .

innd
Re
(iii) Coefficient of./ in the expansion of (1 - x)“ is (-1)^ "C^ .

(iv) Coefficient of (r +1) th term in the expansion of (1 - x)” is (-1)^ ”Cr.
Fi
F
, prove that the coefficients ofa'^ and a" are equal.

m + n
EXAMPLE 24 In the binomial expansion of{I +1^)
[NCERT]
SOLUTION Let A and B be the coefficients of a”^ and <?” respectively in the expansion of
rn+n
(l+«) .Then,
m + n m + n (m + n)!
A - Coefficient of a”‘ in the binomial expansion of (1 + a) Cm
mini
...(i)
m+ n m + n (m + n)l
B = Coefficient of fl” in the binomial expansion of (1 + /?) C„
mini
...(ii)
m + n
Clearly, A = B i.e. the coefficients of fl"' and a" in the binomial expansion of (1 + a) are equal.
2h-1
EXAMPLE 25 Provethatthecoefficientsofx" in {\ + x)^ is twice the coefficient of x'^ in (1 + x)
INCERTl
2n
SOLUTION Let A and B be the coefficients of in the binomial expansions of (1 + x) and
2«-l
(1 + x) respectively. Then,
2n 2n {2n)\ (2n)(2n-l)! o {2n-V)\
A = Coefficient of x' in (1 + x) cn ~
n\n\ n{n-l)\n\ (n-l)!rt!
and.
2ji - 1 2« - 1 (2n-l)!
B = Coefficient of x” in (1 + x) Cn -(ii)
(«-l)!n!
From (i) and (ii), we find that:

2n 2JI-1
A = 2B i.e. Coefficient of x” in (1 + x) = 2 X Coefficient of x" in (1 + x)
loow w
EXAMPLE 26 /?i the binomial expansion of (a + bf\ the coefficients of the fourth and thirteenth terms are
equal to each other. Find n.
SOLUTION The coefficients of the fourth and thirteenth terms in the binomial expansion of
ee
(a + b)’^ are ”C3 and respectively. It is given that:
Fr
»
Coefficient of 4th term in (f? + = Coefficient of 13th term m{a + b)
n
r FF
C3 =”Ci2 => n = 15 [v => x = ij,orx + y=n]
rre
fofr oF
EXAMPLE 27 Find a positive value of m for which the coefficient ofx^ in the expansion of{l + xf" is 6.
u
ks
[NCERT]
YYouro
SOLUTION We know that the coefficient of x^ in (1 + x)” is . Therefore, coefficient of x^ in

s oo
(1 + x)”’ is ”*C2- It is given that the coefficient of x^ in (1 + x)^ is 6.

BBook
, '»C2=6^^^^^=6
r ee
^ 2!
ouru
=> 7n^-m =12 => riP' -m-12 = 0 => {m - A} {m + 3) =0 => m - 4 = 0 m = 4.

ad
[●.■ m + 3 0]
Yo
EXAMPLE 28 If the Coefficients of{r - and (2r -1)^^ terms in the expansion of (1
34
+ .x) are equal,
find r. INCERTl
d
Re
of (1 + x)" is ”C^ _ j.
iYn
SOLUTION We know that the coefficient of term in the expansion

FFind
Therefore, Coefficients of (r - 5)^^* and (2r -1)^^' terms in the expansion of (1 + x) ^ are r-6
34
and C2r _ 2 respectively. It is given that these coefficients are equal
34
Cr - 6 _
-
34,-.
‘“2r - 2
r-6 =2r-2 or, r - 6 + 2r - 2 = 34 = ”Cg => r = s OT, r + s =n

3r - 8 = 34 [-.● r - 6 = 2r - 2 ^ r = - 4, which is not possible]
3r=42 => r=14
Type V PROBLEMS BASED ON CONSECUTIVE TERMS OR CONSECUTIVE COEFFICIENTS

If consecutive terms or coefficients of consecutive terms in the expansion of (x + aff are given,
we assume that the consecutive terms are , (r +1)* and (r + 2)'^ i.e. 7J- , 7^ + j and + 2-
T.r+ 1 n-r +1 a
In case of consecutive terms, we find and— . It should be noted that
Tr ^r-l Tr r X
th Ih
r coefficient
and
(r +1) coefficient
In case of consecutive coefficients, we find the ratios — th th
(r +1) coefficient (r + 2) coefficient
etc. to get equations and solve them. In computing these ratios, we may use the following
results:
n
n c r+
_ n-r + 1 and
1 n-r
cTZ
n n
r + 1
r
Cr
ooww
EXAMPLE 29 The coefficients of three consecutive terms in the expansion o/(l + x)” are in the ratio
1:7:42. Findn. [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let the three consecutive terms be rth, (r+l)th and (r + 2)th terms. Their
coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x)”are”Cr _ i/”Cr and j respectively. It is given that,
ee
n n
Cr 7
^ = 1 and
r
rFFl
ree
H
= l:7:42.i.e.
F
n n
Cr 7 C r+1 42
rF
n
Cr-1 1 r 1 n-r + 1
= - => n-8r + l = 0
Now, fsfoor
ouur
n n
7 n~r+l 7
Cr Q-i r
kosk
n
r + 1 Cr+ 1
5l_ - Z
n-r
Yo
and, — => n-7r-6 = 0 ...(ii)

oo
n
n
42 6 r + 1
Y
Cf + 1
n -r
Q
BB
Solving (i) and (ii), we get r = 7 and n = 55.

rre
EXAMPLE 30 In the binomial expansion of{l + xf, the coefficients of the fifth, sixth and seventh terms
ouu
Y
ad
are in A.P. Find all values ofn for which this can happen.
dY
SOLUTION The coefficients of fifth, sbcth and seventh terms in the binomial expansion of (1 + x)
C5 and "C^ respectively. We are given that ”€4 , "C5 and

n ti
are in A.P.
11/^
are C 4'
innd
Re
2 "C5 = "C4 + "Ce

Fi
F
n «
2 = C4 +
C6
[Dividing both sides by ”05]
H n
C5 "C5
2 =
5
+
n -5 ”cy _ n-r + l
n
«-4 6
Cr-l r
30 + (n-4) (n-5)
2 =
6 (n - 4)
12n-48 = 30 + «^-9n + 20 «^-21tt + 98=0 => (n-14)(n-7) = 0 => n = 7,14.

- 1 r r + 1
EXAMPLE 31 If the coefficients ofd ,a ,a in the binomial expansion o/(l + of are in A.P., prove
that n^ - n (4r + 1) + 4r^ - 2 = 0. [NCERTl
SOLUTION The coefficients of d \ d and a

r+ 1 n
in the binomial expansion of (1 + a) are
n n
Cr_i/ Q and "C r + I respectively. It is given that _y and "C^ + j are in A.P.
2"C, =
n n
Q-i Q+ 1
2 = +
w n
Cr Cr
n
r n -r
Q « -r +1
2 = +
« -r +1 r + 1 n
Cr-1 r
2 =
r(r + l) + (n-r) {n-r + 1)
(r + 1) (n-r + 1)
ww
2|(«-r + l) (r + 1)} = r (r +1) + (n - r) (n - r +1)
2 2 2 2
Flo
2nr-2r +2n + 2=r +r + n -2nr+r +n-r
-4«r-J7 + 4r^-2 = 0 => -n(4r + 1) + 4r^-2 =0
e
eree
EXAMPLE 32 The coefficients of{r - rth and (r +1)^^* terms in the expansion of{x + 1)" are in the
FFr
ratio 1:3:5. Find n and r. [NCERT]
oorr
uur r
SOLUTION We know that the coefficient of rth term in the expansion of (jr + 1)” is _ i-
sf
Therefore, coefficients of (r-1)*^, r^^ and (r + 1)^ terms are "Q
n
2 ' _ 1 and ”C^
sk
Yoo
respectively. It is given that

oook
n
Q_2:”C,_i:"Q =1:3:5
eBB
Q-1_3
n n
Cr = — and
n-r + 1
— and
n-r+2 3 Q n-r + 1
n n n
Cr-l 3 Cr_2 ^ 3 r-1 1

Cr-l
uurr
r r
ad
^ 3n-8r + 3 = 0 and n-4r+5 = 0 ^ n=7 and r = 3

Yo
dY

Re
innd
Type I ON FINDING THE UNKNOWN WHEN THE VALUE OF A TERM IS GIVEN

FFi
fl ●oglO^
EXAMPLE 33 If the third term in the expansion of —+ a: is 1000, then ifnd x.
X
SOLUTION We have, T3 = 1000

T2+ 1 = 1000
n5-2
VC2 fl- = 1000 => 10(a:^°S10^)2 X X
-3
= 1000
V xj
■
loglO ^ -3 21ogiox-3
X X = 100 ^ X
= 10^ => 2 logio X - 3 = 10^
2 2
21ogio^-3 = => 2y - 3 = —, where y = logio X
logic ^ y
1
2y^-3y-2 = 0 (2y +1)(y-2) = 0 => y = 2 or y = -~
^ 2
1
loSlO ^ = 2or,logio3: = “=> ^ = 10^ = 100 or, a: =10
VTo'
6
1 1
EXAMPLE 54
Ij the fourth term in the expansion of ■ \ ^ ^ + X 12 ● is equal to 200 and x>l,
then find x.
SOLUTION It is given that T4 = 200
=> T3+ 1 = 200
6-3 3/2
.. J 1
ww
=>
3 .
1
(X
V12^3
y =200 => 20 ^logA:+ 1 =200
]j^losx^l
Flo
3 1 1
+ -
e
2 log X + 1
^=10^1 1
j = logx 10
eree
^ X +
2[lo$x + l^
FFr
3
3 1 1 1
+ 1=2. where y = logm x
uurr
H —
2^1ogioA: + l 4 logio X 2(y + l) 4 y' ^

orr
sfo
6 +y+l
= 1 => y^ + 3y-4 = 0 => (y + 4) (y-1) = 0=> y = 1,-4
4(y + l) y
kks
Yoo
=> logjô X = I, -4=> x=10or, x = 10"^=> x = 10 Iv x>ll

oooo
EXAMPLE 35 For what value of x is the ninth term in the expansion of

eBB
10
^log3^
x-1
+ 7
+ 3(-l/8)log3(5'^ 1+1) is equal to 180?
urr
ad
YYo
SOLUTION We know that ^ =N.

10
dd
x-1 10
x-1
+ 7 1/8
Re
^25-’'”l+7 +(5
+ 1) x-1
g(-1/8) logs (5
inn
+ + 1)
F
Let Tg be the 9th term in the above expansion. Then,

Tg = 180
8
Cg 1^25^-'+7| |(5^-' + ir^^®}

10
= 180
+ 7) (5"^"1+1)"1 = 180
10 x-1
Cg (25
y^+7
x-1
45(25"" 1+7) = 180 =>
25 + 7
= 4 => = 4, where y = 5
x-1
5^"l + 1 5^“i +1 y +1
y^-4y+3 = 0=i> (y-3)(y-l) = 0=> y = 3,-1

x-1 x-1
5 = 3 or, 5 = 1 => 5^ = 15 or, 5^ = 5 => X = logs x-1.
if
EXAMPLE 36 If the fourth term in the expansion of ax + —
X IS ^, then find the values ofa and n.
I => "C3 (ot) -3fif "

n 5 «- 3
2 ^ 2
Clearly, RHS of the above equality is independent of x. Therefore, n-6 = 0 => n = 6.

Putting n = 6 in (i), we get
3 5 6x5x43 5 3 1 1
Cr>a = - => a a => a
2 3x2x1 2 8 2
ooww
Hence, a= — and 11 = 6.
2
Type IT ON MIDDLE TERM (S) IN A BINOMIAL EXPENSION

EXAMPLE 37 Find the value of a for which the coefficients of the middle terms in the expansions of
e
(1 + ca)^ and (1 - ccr)^ are equal, find a.
ree
rFl
SOLUTION In the expansion of (1 + ox)^. Middle term = ^€2 (otx)^ = 6a2 ..2
Fre
rrF
In the expansion of (1 -ca)^. Middle term = ^C3 (-co:)^ =-20 x^
It is given that:
ouur
sffoo
Coefficient of the middle term in (1 + cu:)^ = Coefficient of the middle term in (1 - co:)^
okks
6ct^=-20a^ ^ a = 0, a = - —
Yo
10
ooo
10
BB
1 63
EXAMPLE38 If the middle term in the binomial expansion of —+ xsinx is equal to —,find the
rr e
value ofx. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

ouu
nIO th
ad
YY
fl 10
SOLUTION In the binomial expansion of — + xsin x —+ 1 i.e. 6th term is the middle
) V2
dd
term. It is given that

Re
iinn
.p 63
■‘6
8
F
n10-5
10 fl 63
^5 (x sin =
8
10! , . ,5 63 , . .5 I 1 , 1 . n / i\H ^ >7

(sm x) = — (sm x) = - => smx = —= sm—=> x=nn+{-l) —,neZ
5!5! 8 2> 2 6 6
Type III ON COEFFICIENTS OF TERMS IN A BINOMIAL EXPANSION

\tn
3
EXAMPLE 39 The sum of the coefficients of first three terms in the expansion of x —j /X 0,
m being a natural number, is 559. Find the term of the expansion containing x^. INCERT]
SOLUTION We have.
3f
Nffl
\tn
3 m r' m m,-. m-1 3 1 m-2 0 3
CqX + CiX 2 + C2X 2 2
X ) K X J < X ; ^ X
V"
3 -2m
Cq x'" + (- 3 X '"C^) JC 3+(9x”'C2)x'"-S... + "'C„(- 3fxx
m m -
X -
2
X )
Clearly, the coefficients of first three terms are: ^”Cq , - 3 x '”Cj and 9 x '”C2
It is given that the sum of these coefficients is 559.
Cn - 3 X '"Ci + 9 X "'C2 =559
m
9m (m -1)
1 - 3m + =559 => 2 - 6m9m (m-1) =1118
2
9m^-15m-1116 = 0 => 3m^-5m-372 = 0

3m^ - 36m + 31m - 372 = 0 => 3m(m-12) + 31 (m-12) = 0
ww
{m-12)(3m+ 31) = 0 =i* m = 12 [●.● meN 3m + 31 0]
Suppose (r +1)^^ term contains x^.
Now,
Flo
\r
m- 3r 12 12- 3r
’^r + 1 ~ ='”Cr(-Sfx Q(-3)'’x [v m = 12]
e e
K X J
rere
This will contain x^, if 12 - 3r = 3 i.e. r = 3. Putting r = 3 in
rFF
r + j, we get
C3 (-3)^x^^"^=-5940j:^
12
Required term = 15 =
uur r
11
ffoor 11
( 1 , -7 . 1
EXAMPLE 40 FiW the coefficient ofx^ in ax'^ + — and X in ax - and find the relation
sks
bx) V bx^,
Yoo
ooko
between a and b so that these coefficients are equal.

11
eBB
SOLUTION Suppose x^ occurs in (r +1)*^^ term of the expansion of ax^ + —bx)

Now,
uurr
ad
(1
Cj. a n-r^-r ^22-3r
11 2vll-r 11
Cr {ax ) -(i)
Yo
bx
dY
This will contain X ,if

Re
22 - 3r = 7 => 3r = 15 => r = 5.
innd
Putting r = 5 in (i), we obtain that

FFi
11
7 f 2 1 11 r’ .,6 ,,-5
Coefficient of x in the expansion of ax + — IS
C5 A 0 .
bx^
11
—7 th 1
Supposes occurs in (r +1)" term of the expansion of ax
bx^j ■
\r
11 11-r 1 11 11-r 11- 3r
Now, +i Cr (ax) Cr a (-1/ b~^ X (ii)
_ y
This will contain x , if
11 - 3r = -7 =i> 3r = 18 r = 6.
Putting r = 6 in (ii), we obtain that

_ 7
Coefficient of x in the expansion of ax -
bx^,
If the coefficient of x
7
in ax
2
+ —
iV'
i 1
is equal to the coefficient of x in ax - , then
bx
bx^j
11
Csa^b~^ = =>
11 11
“Cs =
11
ab = Cg => = 1 C6
2n
EXAMPLE 41 If x^ occurs in the expansion of x^ +— , prove that its coefficient is
ww
{2n)\
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
An~p 2n + p
{ 3 I 3
Flo n2ji
e
SOLUTION Suppose x^ occurs in (r +1)^ term in the expansion of x^ + —
eree
xj
FFr
2n 2n 4}}-3r
Now, Trr+ 1 Cr (X^) Cr X
oorr
uur r
X
V /
4n-p
sf
For this term to contain x^, we must have 4n-3r = p => r =
3
sk
4« -p
Yoo
2n
Coefficient of x^ = “‘Cr where r =
oook
3
(2n)\ An-p
eBB
, where r =
(2n-r)!r! 3
(2n)! (2n)!
uurr
'4«-p 2« + p' 4« -p
ad
2n-
An -p I I r
Yo
{ 3 ) 3 / I 3 / \ 3 )
dY
EXAMPLE 42 Find the coefficient ofx” in the expansion of (1 + x) (1 - x)”.

Re
innd
SOLUTION Coefficient of x" in (1 + x) (1 - x)

n
FFi
H-1
= Coefficient of x” in (1 - x)” + Coefficient of x
n
in(l -x)
H -1 n
= (-1)" "C„+{-l) C„-i= (-1)" (i-«)
A 9 11
EXAMPLE 43 Find the coefficient of X in the expansion of {I + x + x +x ) .
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION (1 + X + X^ + x^)^^ = {(1 + x) + X^(l + x)l^^ = 1(1 + X) (1 4- X^)^^l =(1 + x)^’ (1 + X^)^^
Co x^ x^ xS^'Cs xV..l X
11
'^Co+''Cix2+i1c2(x2)2+''C3(x2)^4....
Coefficient of x^ in (1 + x + x^ + x^)^ = ^^Cox^1C2-^”C2X^1Ci4-“C4x'^Co
= 55 + 55x11 + 330 = 990
EXAMPLE 44 If the coefficients of x and in the expansion of (1 + x)"^ (1 - a:)” are 3 and ~ 6
respectively. Find the values ofm and n.
SOLUTION We have,
(1 + xf^ (1-x)
H
Cq Cl X + "C2 X^
/ 1 vH n
Co + '"Cj ;c + ""C2 +.... + "'C,,, 'x

m m n
X + (-1) Q, X
Co''Cl-"Co "'CiV +
m m
Co "Co -
m
Cq C-2 + Uq L-2 - L-i L-i X +
oww
It is given that the coefficients of x and x^ in the expansion of (I + x)”' (I - x)" are 3 and - 6
respectively.
m
Cl "Ci = -6
m
.nir- «r- m
“V Oq L-i - L-o Cl) = 3 and, Lq O2 + Oq (-2
e
m - n = 3 and « («-l) + m(m-l) -Imn- -12
m-n = 3 and (m-n)^ -(m + n) =-l2 => m-« = 3 andm+n = 2l
re
=> m =12,« = 9
FFrllo
Type IV ON FINDING THE TERM INDEPENDENT OF THE VARIABLE
rF
EXAMPI.E 45 Find the coefficient of the term independent of x in the expansion of
ee
lO
ouru x + l x-l
sor rF
SOLUTION We have,
kffo
x + l x-l x-l
os
1/2
x2/3.;,V3^1
ook
Yo
x-x
Y
x'/2 + l ( X 1/2
Bo
1/3 2/3 .1/3 -I

+ 1) + 1)
reeB
-X
x^/^-x'/^+l x^/2 1/2 _i

ouY
X
ur
ad
= ;,V3^j_j_^-l/2^^1/3_^-V2
Yo
d
.10
nidn
x + l x-l
Re
x^'^-xV^+1 x-x^'^
F
Fi
.10.
1/3 1/2
Let + 1 be the general term in x Then,
lO-r _ r
- l/2^r
10
C, (-!)'■ (X )' =(-!)'' ^°Cr X 3 2
For this term to be independent of x, we must have
10-r _ Lr = 0=> 20-2r-3r = 0=>r = 4
3 2
10
So, required coefficient = C4(-l)^ = 210.
EXAMPLE 46 Find the greatest value of the term independent of x in the expansion of
10
cos a
X sm a + , where a e R.
X
th
SOLUTION Let (r +1) term be independent of x.
10 10-r COS a 10 10-2r 10-r
Now, .Tr + 1 Cr (JT sin a)
X
Cr X (sin a) (cos a)^
If it is independent of x, then r ~ 5.
10
C5 (sin a cos a)^ =
10
Term independent oix = = C5 X 2 ^ (sin 2 a)^
10 10!
Clearly, it is greatest when 2 a = n/2 and its greatest value is C5 X 2-5 =
2^ (5!)^
Type V ON COEFFICIENTS OF TERMS IN A BINOMIAL EXPANSION
5 21 22 30
EXAMPLE 47 Find the coefficient of X in the expansion of {I + x) + (1 + +...-f (1 +
SOLUTION We have,
ww
(l + x)^^ + (l + x)^ + ... + (l + x)
30
10
21 (1 + x) -1 31 21
Floo
= (1+A-r -a+x)
(l + x)-l
ree
.'. Coefficient of x^ in the given expression = Coefficient of in 1 j(l + x)
31 21
-a + x)
lx [
rFee
= Coefficient of in j (1 + x)
31 21
-(1 + ^)
F
oor r
rur
3V 21 ^
s ff
= ^6“ ^6
EXAMPLE 48 Find the coefficient ofx^^ after simplifying and collecting the like terms in the expansion
osk
YYoou
o/(l + ;r)™ ^x{l+xf^^ ^xîl + xf^^ +...+ X

1000
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
oook
SOLUTION Let S = (l + x)^°°° + x(l + x)^^ + x^(l+x)^^®

1000
eBB
+ ...+ ;c . Clearly, it is a G.P.

consisting of 1001 terms with first term (1 + and common ratio .
1 +x
uur r
1001
ad
X
1-
Yo
1001 1001
1000 1 + x 1000 (1+^) -X 1001 1001
S = (l + x) ● =(1+^) ■
1000
● =(1+T) -x
X
H + X)
dY
1-
Re
1 + x^
idn
FFin
in S = Coefficient of in j (1 + x)
50 1001 1001
Coefficient of x -X
50 1001 1001
= Coefficient of x in (1 + x) ^50-
-1 { 1Y'
EXAMPLE 49 If n is a positive integer, find the coefficient of X ^ in the expansion of {\ + xf^ 1+— .
X)
SOLUTION Clearly, [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

n 2n
(1 + X)
x”
n
X) X
2n
●1 A" -1 (1 + x)
Coefficient of x in (14- x)” 1 + - = Coefficient of x in
X) X
tl-1 2n 2n^
= Coefficient of x in (1 + x) -
2/J-l
EXAMPLE 50 // in the expansion of(l - x) , the coefficient ofx is denoted by a^, then prove that
(V-l + «2»-r =0-
SOLUTION We have,
- 1 2;i - 1
= Coefficient of ^ in (1 - x)
2n-\
= (-If Cr-1
2/z-r 2)1-1 In-r 2JI-1
^2ii -r ~ Coefficient of x in (1 - x) = (-l) C2n-r
-1 2«-l 2?i-r 2)1-1
■■ ^-1 + ^2«-r= (-1)^ C2)!-r
r-12)i-l In -r 2)J-1
= (-1) C(2«-l)-(r-l) (~1) C2)i-r [V ”Q="C„_,]
-1 2n-l -r 2/1-1 2«
= {-If c 2n-r + (-l) Cz/i-r [V (-1)"‘=11
w
1
= ((-if'’+(-1) r,'} 2n- 1^ -1 2)1-1
^2«-r = (-If C2n-r
(-If
Flo
2r-l
(-1) + 1 2)1-1 -1+1 2n-l 2r-l
ee
C2n-r C2n-r - 0 [V (-1) = -l]
(-If (-1)^
Fr
Type VI ON CONSECUTIVE TERMS AND THEIR COEFFICIENTS
EXAMPLE 51 If ay 02, a^, a^ be the coefficients of four for consecutive terms in the expansion o/(l + xf,
ur
then prove that: + ^ 2^2 [NCERT EXEMPLAR!
^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^2 ^3
ks
Yo
SOLUTION Let ay 02, a^, a^ be the coefficients of 4 consecutive terms viz. the rth, the (r + l)th,
oo
the (r + 2)th and the (r + 3)th terms. Then,

eB
^1 - Cr _ 1 / 02= Cf , 03 - C r + ^ and ^4 — C^ 2
.Or 11+ 1 ^ ^ nr- , n+ 1
Now, fll + ^2 — Cf _ 2 + Cf. — cr ' ^2 + - Cr + Cr + 1 C) + 1
r
0/- . Or n+ 1
ou
and. Cr
ad
^3 + U4 = Cr + 1 + + 2 - + 2
n n
Y
c./●-I Cr + 1
+
n+ 1 11+1
^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 Cr cr
nd
+ 2
Re
n n
Cr-1 Cr+ 1
Fi
Lr — ● Cr-1
JJ + l'l « + l r
Cr-1
n
r
Cr + 1
r + 2
/ \
r r + 2 r + 1
= 2 ...(i)
?i +1 n +1 « + l
)i n
2^2_ Cr Cr r + 1
and. = 2
)i+ 1
= 2
n + 1
= 2 ●(ii)
n + 1
O2 + ‘’S Cr + 1
r + 1
From (i) and (ii), we obtain

a-^ - +
^3 2fl2
i?l + ^2 ^3 4" *^4 ^2 4" ^3
EXAMPLE 52 The 3^^, 4^^’ and 5^^ terms in the expansion of(x + fl)” are respectively 84, 280 and560,
find the values of x, a and n.
SOLUTION It is given that: 73 = 84, T4 = 280 and I5 = 560
We have.
n n-r T
Cj. X a n-r + 1 a
n-r +1 r-1
Tr
n
C r-1 ^ , a r X
74 _ - 2 . —a and
, Tr
=
n-3 a
3 X T4 4 X
280 n-2 a 560 n-3 a

84 3 X
and
280 4 X
[: 73 = 84,74 = 280 and 75 =560]
10 n-1 a 2 n-3 a
.- and — =
ww
3 3 X 1 4 X
a 10 a 8 10 8
and — = =>5«-15 = 4n-8^« = 7
X n-2 X n-3 n-2 n-3
Floo
a 10 a 10
Putting n = 7 in — = we get: — - — ^ 2x = a
n-2 '
ree
X X 5
Now, 73 = 84
rFee
n n-2 2
C2 a: a = 84
F
oor r
rur
^C2 x^{2xf = 84 [: a = 2x and n=7]
s ff
21 X 2"^ X / = 84 => / = 1 => a: = 1
osk
YYoou
fl = 2AT = 2xl =2
oook
Hence, n = 7,a = 2 and x = 1.

eBB
Type VII ON APPLICATIONS OF BINOMIAL THEOREM

1/5 . ,.1/I0v55
EXAMPLE 53 How many terms are free from radical signs in the expansion of{x +y
uur r
ad
SOLUTION The general term in the expansion of jg given by

Yo
■S5-r
55 1/10 55 ll-r/5 r/10
7r + 1 Cr y => 7r+ 1 Cr X y
dY
Re
idn
Clearly, 7^ ^ ^ will be free from radical signs, if - and — are integers for 0 < r < 55
FFin
r = 0,10, 20, 30, 40,50.
Hence, there are 6 terms in the expansion of (x V5 ,

+ y Yvhich are independent of radical
signs.
1024
EXAMPLE 54
Find the number of integral terms in the expansion of 5 1/2 _^7l/8
1024
1/2 1/8
SOLUTION The general term 7J. + j in the expansion of 5 +7 is given by
1024-r 512-
Cr 5^^^ 7I/8 2 7^/8
1024 1024
7r+ 1 Cr 5
\r/8
( 4
=. 5512-r|
1024 512-r
r.r+ 1 Q 5 X 5^x7
Clearly, ^ will be an integer, iff

/
is an integer such that 0 < r < 1024
r is a multiple of 8 satisfying 0 <r <1024 ^ r = 0, 8,16, 24,, 1024

r can assume 129 values.
1024
1/2
Hence, there are 129 integral terms in the expansion of 5
EXERCISE 17.2
w
BASIC
1. Find the 11th term from the begirming and the 11th term from the end in the expansion of
Flo
25
1
.r
ee
10
f 1 2
Fr
2. Find the 7th term in the expansion of 3x —^
10
for
ur
1
3. Find the 5th term from the end in the expansion of 3x —^
_^l/2y3/2)W
ks
3/2 1/2
4. Find the 8th term in the expansion of (a: y
Yo
oo
f [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
5. Find the rth term in the expansion of at + —
eB
6. Find the 4th term from the beginning and 4th term from the end in the expansion of
r
X +
ou
ad
X
YY
I' 3
a: 2
7. Find the 4th term from the end in the expansion of 2? '
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
nd
Re
/ 2 3^
3
Fi
8. Find the 7th term from the end in the expansion of 2x - ~

2x
9. Find the coefficient of:
10 2 1^0
1 7
f ^
1
(i) x in the expansion of 2x — (ii) X in the expansion of at —^
X) I X )
slO t « ■ 12
-15 2 a 11 3 2
(iii) X in the expansion of 3x - (iv) a: in the expansion of x —^
X )
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
/ 1
(v) x”* in the expansion of x + — .
xj
(vi) X in the expansion of (1 - 2x

3 5 f
+ 3x ) 1 + —
if .
I xJ
5 7 12
(vii) fl b intheexpansionof(fl-2fo) . [NCERT]
2 16
{viii) a: in the expansion of(l-3x +7 X )(1-a:) . [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
-1 }i( lY'
(ix) X m the expansion of (1+x)” 1+— . [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
15
1 1
(x)
X
^ in the expansion of X
^ [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
(xi) intheexpansionof(x-:c^)^^. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

21
n1/3 n1/2
ww
y
10. Which term in the expansion of ■{ -j= + ● contains x and y to one and the
FF loo
same power?
( 2 if°
ree
Q
11. (i) Does the expansion of 2x - contain any term involving x ?
xj
n18
reFe
2 2
(ii) Determine whether the expansion of x — will contain a term containing x^*^?
oroFr
r ur
xj
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
s ff
12
( 2 1
k
12. Show that the expansion of x + — does not contain any term involving x
YYouo
koso
X
BBoo
13. Find the middle term in the expansion of:
3f
12 10
r ee
I 2 a 2^
<nr—
2a:,
(ii) ~ + bx
X
(iii)
X)
ad
ouur
14. Find the middle terms in the expansion of:

Yo
n7 n15 11
(i) 3x-i (ii) {ix^-- (iii) (iv)

d
Re
idnY
o
a: ) X
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
FFin
15. Find the middle term(s) in the expansion of:

10
( l1
(i) x-i
2.n
(ii) (1 - 2x + X )
X)
2^^
(iii) (1 + 3x+ 3x^ + x^)^ (iv) 2x-^
4
2n+ 1 slO
(x
(V) X-- (Vi) —+ 9i/ [NCERT]
l3
(vii) 3-^ (viii) 2<7X ^ [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

o
X J
xlO
fx a
(ix) [NCERT EXEMPLAR] (x) [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
X p a
xj
16. Find the term independent of a: in the expansion of the following expressions:
n9
/., 3 2 (ii) 2x + —
\ ^ 3x s
3a:^
15
/
3f ( 2
(iii) 2x^ —^
X J
(iv) 3x-4 x
(NCERT EXEMPLAR]
10 3n
7^ V3 1
oww
(V)
3 2:^2 [NCERT EXEMPLAR] (vi) x —^
3 2 1
(vii) 1^1/3
^ +, x
.-1/5 (viii) (l + x + 2x^) -a: 3x
e
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ree
rFl 18
Fre
3 2 1
(ix) ^+—i ,x>2
(X) V fx [NCERT]
2^x 3x
rr F
^
BASED ON LOTS
ouur
17. If the coefficients of (2r + 4)th and (r - 2)th terms in the expansion of (1 + x)
sfoo 18
are equal,
find r. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
kks
18. If the coefficients of (2r + l)th term and (r + 2)th term in the expansion of (1 + a:) are equal,
oooo
Yo
find r.
eBB
19. Prove that the coefficient of(r + l)th term in the expansion of (1 + a:)”'*’ is equal to the sum
of the coefficients of rth and (r + l)th terms in the expansion of (1 + a:)”.
uurr
( 1 . l-3-5...(2n-l)
Prove that the term independent of a: in the expansion of a: + — IS 2 .
ad
20.
YYo
\ X) n.
21. The coefficients of 5th, 6th and 7th terms in the expansion of (1 + a:)” are in A.P., find n.
dd
If the coefficients of 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms in the expansion of (1 + x)^' are in A.P., show
Re
22.
iinn
that 2r? -9n+ 7 = 0. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

F
23. If the coefficients of 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms in the expansion of (1 + a:)” are in A.P., then find
the value of n.
24. If in the expansion of (1 + a:)”, the coefficients of pth and qth terms are equal, prove that
p + q = n + 2, where p^ q-
25. Find a, if the coefficients of x and x in the expansion of (3 + ax) are equal. [NCERT]
26. Find the coefficient of in the product (1 + 2a)^ (2 - a)^ using binomial theorem.
[NCERT]
BASED ON HOTS
27. In the expansion of (1 + x)" the binomial coefficients of three consecutive terms are
respectively 220,495 and 792, find the value of ?i.
28.
If in the expansion of (1 + :t)”, the coefficients of three consecutive terms are 56,70 and 56,
then find n and the position of the terms of these coefficients.
29.
If 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th terms in the expansion of (x + a)” be respectively a, b, c and d, prove
1.U
that -= = —.
c^-bd 3c
30. If a, b, c and d in any binomial expansion be the 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th terms respectively, then
b^ ~ac _ 4rt
prove that
c"-bd 3c ■
ooww
31. If the coefficients of three consecutive terms in the expansion of (1 + x)” be 76,95 and 76,
find 71.
32. If the 6th, 7th and 8th terms in the expansion of (x + a)” are respectively 112,7 and 1 /4, find
X, a, n.
e
If the 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms in the expansion of (x + a)” are 240,720 and 1080 respectively,
re
33.
rFFl
ree
find x,fl,«. INCERT]
F
34. Find a, b and n in the expansion of (fl + &)", if the first three terms in the expansion are 729,
rF
7290 and 30375 respectively. [NCERT]
fsfoor .
ouur
35.
If the term free from x in tlie expansion of ^ is 405, find the value of k.
kosk
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Yo
1/2 . 1/3
oo
36. Find the sixth term in the expansion y + x , if the binomial coefficient of the third
Y
BB
term from the end is 45. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

rre
37. If p is a real number and if the middle term in the expansion of ~ + 2 is 1120, find p.
oYuu
ad
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
dY
38. Find n in the binomial ^ ^ if the ratio of 7^ term from the beginning to the 7^*’ term
PJ'
innd
Re
1
from the end is —. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Fi
F
( 1
39. If the seventh tenn from the beginning and end in the binomial expansion of ^
are equal, findn. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

ANSWERS
/ IS \ 10
25 17010 17010
1. Cjo — / Cl5 - 2.
10
3. ——
8
X X X
(2r)!
4. -120 x^y^^ 6.672x^52^
2
5.
(r + l)!(r-l)! X X
10 20 10 40 40 7
8. 4032 X 9.(i) ""Cio-2 (m)
27
«
nl
(iv) -25344 (v) ^ /
(vi) 154 (vii) -101376 (viii) -19
n-m n + m
2 / V 2 J
2«
(ix) C„-i- (x) -1365 (xi) -252
10. 10*h 11. (i) No (ii) No.
20
13. (i) C 10 (ii) 924 (iii) - 8064 (iv) -252
189 17
14. (i) X (ii) -560^,280
8 16
- 6435 X 3® X 2^ 6437 X 3^ X 2®
(iii) 6 9
(iv) -462:f^, 462
X X
ooww
(2n) « n (6n)! 3n
15. (i) -252 (ii) 2(-l) ^ (iii) T ^
(n!) [(3nlf
. 63 13 63 14 n 2«+ 1 ^ - yn + 1 2« + V 1
(iv) — a: X (V) (-1)“. C„ a:, (-1) . C„ -
4 32 X
e
ree
105 9 35 12 59136
rFl
(vi) 61236 / / (vii) - — X , — X (viii)
Fre
6
8 48 X
rrF
126x
(ix) (x) -252
P
ouur
7 ,..y 64 9^
sffoo /...y 25- /-IS -lOy
16. (i) (u) — X C3 (m) Cio (2x3)
18 27
okks
5
(iv) - 3003 X 3^° X 2^ (v):^ (vi) (-1)" ^"C
Yo
H
12
ooo
18
eBB
17 C9 5
(vii) 7 (viii) — (ix) (X)
54 2^ 12
uurr
17. 6 18. 14 21. 7 or 14 23. 7

8
ad
25. - 26. -438 27. 12 28. n = 8,4th, 5th, 6th

YYo
7
1
31. 8 32. n = 8, a: = 4, fl = — 33. n=5,x = 2,a = 3
dd
2
Re
iinn
34. a = 3,b =5, n = 6 35. ± 3 36. 252 A^ 37. ±2

F
38. 9 39. 12
9. (vii) Let + jbe the (r + l)*term in the expansion of {a - 2b)^^. Then,

12 12-r 12 12-r,r
Tr^l = Cf a {-2hf = c, (-!)'■ 2''a b
If appears in (r + I)**’term, then 12-r =5 and r =7 r =7

Thus, a b appears in 8 term given by Tg = C7 (-1)^ 2^flV =-101376rtV
7 5 ih 12
Hence, Coefficient of A^ = -101376

(viii) (1-3x + 7a:^)(1-a:) = /I(l“3.X’ o -7 16^ 16^ 2 16^ ^3. \
16
+ 7x )( Cq “ ^1^ ^2^ ” ^3^ +.w)
Coefficient of x in (I - 3a: + 7 y^) (1 - a:) = lx-^^Ci-3x^^Co =-16-3=-19
16
2/1
1 1 +x (1 + x)
(ix) (l+:c)'' l + i
n
= (1+4 n n
xj < X X
10 Sth
10
15. (vi) In the expansion of — + 9y there are 11 terms. So, —+1 i.e. 6th term is the
\ 3 12
middle term.
10-5
10 fx^
Now, Tg = T5+ 1 Cs 134 (9y)^ = 61236.r^/
oww
3x^ 1
16. (x) Let (r + 1)^^ term in the expansion of —^ 3:r
be independent of x. Then the
th
exponent of a: in (r + 1) term must be zero.
e
FFrlo
6-r / -x6-r /
1 Y
V
re
1
Now, 7J. + j ^12-3r ...(i)
2 3x V 3j
ree
F
ForTr + j to be independent of x, we must have 12-3r = 0^r = 4
rF
th
Hence, 5 term is independent of a:. Puting r = 4 in (i), we get
6^ (3i^f if = 15x fsoor

ouur
1 _ 5
^5 =
= C4^- 3j
skf
4x9 12
18 18
ooko
17. ^2r+ 3- C^_3 => (2r+3)+(r-3)=18 =i- r=6

Yo
Y
2rt
22. It is given that C2 and ^€3 are in A.P.
Bo
reB
2n 2ii 2n
2x C2- Cj+ C3
=> 2x
(2«)(2«-l) = 2« +
2n{2n~l) (2«-2)
uur
oY
2.1 3.2.1
ad
(2n-l){2«-2)
=> 6(2«-l) = 6 + (2?j-l)(2«-2) =>2n^-9n + 7=0
dY
=> 2n{2«-l) =2« + 2ji

6
24. We have,
innd
Re
(3 + fl4^ =^Cox 3^ + ^Cjx 3® X + ^C2 X 3^ x{axf + 3^ x{axf + Cg(axf

Fi
F
Coefficient of x^ = ^€2 x 3^ x and. Coefficient of = ^€3 x 3^ x

2 3
Now, Coefficient of a: = Coefficient of x
9^
C2 X 3
n7 X
2 9-
= C3X 3
06
X n
3 .
=>36x3 xfl
2 oA
=84x3
r,6
x a
3
=> a =
36 X 3^ _ 9
84x 3^ ^
26. (l + 2fl)^(2-fl)^
I ^Co + ^Ci (2«) + (2af + “C3 (2a) (2a)“|
X < Cg 2 — Cj 2 fl + C2 2t7 — C32tJ + C4 (2) ci — C5 d ^
Coefficient of= “^Cg X ^C4 x 2 + x 2 x -^C3x2^

/ V
+
^C2 X 2^
(4
X ^02x2"* / + V C3x2^ X -^Cix2^ + ^C4x2^ x ^00x2"^ / V / V /
= 10 + 8 X (-40) + 24 X 80 + (4 X 8) (-80) + (16 x 32)

= 10 - 320 +1920 - 2560 + 512 = - 438
n
33. It is given that in the expansion of (x + a)
T2 = 240, T3 =720 and T4 = 1080
n-2+1a n-3+1a 3 ^+ 1 n-r+ 1 a
^ = 3andi=l — = 3 and
Ti T3 2 2 X 3 X 2 Tr r X
n-1 n-1
^ (n-1)— = 6 and (n-2)— = ^2 = ix2^ = — 4n — 8 = 3n—3
n-2 9 n-2 3
w
n=5
Putting n =5 in (n -1) ^ = 6, we get 2a = 3x.
Flo
n-1 3x
Now,T2 = 240 => ”Cix' = 240 => nx” = 240 "«=5/fl = -
e
ree
3x
FFr
4
=> 5x X = 240
2
;c^ = 32 => x®=(2)®=> X = 2

urr
2a = 3x => a = 3. Hence, x = 2, fl = 3 andn =5.
for
34. We have.
kkss
b =7290 and ”C2 cP~'^h^ = 30375

n-1
”Cofl"b°=729,”Cifl’
Yo
ooo
n-1
a =12^,nd b=7290 and n(n-1) =60750
eB
nd^'^b 7290 and

n (n-l)/'^b^ 60750
729 nfl”-S 7290
ur
ad
(n-D-
YYo
nb (n-l)&_25 a _
25 n-1 5
—=10 and = —=> n = 6
a a 3 b 30 n 6
n-
a
d
Re
Now, fl” =729=> = 3^ => = 3

in
F
nb 6xb
— =10=> =10=t>b=5
a 3
10
35. Let(r+l)*^tenn, in the expansion of 4^—j- , be free from x and be equal to 7J. + Then,
\r 5r
T,+1 = ^°Q(V^) lO-r (;jc X 2 {-kf ...(i)

W)
5r
= 0=>r = 2
If IJ. +1 is independent of x, then 5 - y
Putting r = 2 in (i), we obtain: T3 = {-k)^ = 45fc^
But, it is given that the value of term free from x is 405.
45fc^ =405 => k^=9=>k=±3
36. In the binomial expansion of (y l/2^^1/3.n

) , there are (n +1) terms. The third term from the
end is ((« + !)- 3 +1)^ i.e. term from the beginning.
th
The binomial coefficient of 3rd term from the end

= The binomial coefficient of (n -1)^ term from the beginning = ”C„_2 = "C2
It is given that the binomial coefficient of the third term from the end is 45.
C2=45=>?^
n
= 45=> -«-90 = 0=> (n-10) (« + 9) =0=> n = 10.

2
Let T5 be the sixth term in the binomial expansion of Then,
ooww
[vn=10]
Nth
V 8
37. In the expansion of L + 2 , we observe that - +1 i.e. 5^*^ term is the middle term. It is
.2
given that the middle term is 1120.
e
n8-4
ere
8 P
●. r5=1120=> X4 £- (2)^=1120 => p^=16=>p=±2
rFl .2
Fre
th
'f (
rrF
th
38. In the binomial expansion of ^ + , (« + l)-7+l i.e. («-5) term from the
sffoo
ouur
beginning is 6 times the 7th term from the end i.e. Ty : =1:6.
Now,
kosk
r 1 f
n
__2
n-6 1
TT=’'C(,m) = "Qx2 3 X
Yo
3^
oo
Y
BB
yi- 6
1 1
= "Qx2^X
n
and,r„_5='‘C n-6
3„/3-2
rre
It is given that
ouu
Y
ad
n 1
X
dY
1
%j-5 6 n
Qx2^ 6
3(n/3)-2
innd
Re
n
=> --4=-l=>« = 9
Fi
F
3
39.Given that Ty = TJj.g
\n-6
^ "Qx2t'^ 3^1
«
¥3 => ”C6x23 x~="C6x2^x^_g

32
3 3
"-4 ^^^-2 n
1-4
n
__4
n
--4
0 n
23 X 3 3 =1 => 23 X 33 =1 => (6)3 = 6'' =>--4 = 0=>n = 12
3

30 .
1. The largest coefficient in (1 + x) IS
41.
2. The largest coefficient in (1 + :r) IS
n .
3. The number of terms in the expansion of (a: + y + z) IS
2 28 .
4. Middle term in the expansion of (<? + ba) is
m+n.
5. The ratio of the coefficients of x'" and x' in the expansion of (1 + x) IS
6. The coefficient of rt -6,4. ■ ffi 2.y°.is

b m the expansion of ——b
16
2 i
7. In the expansion of x —^ , the value of the constant term is
AT J
10
X 3
8. The position of the term independent of X in the expansion of ^ —2
IS
ww
15
9. If 2 is divided by 13, the remainder is
10 _
10. The sum of the series ^ is
r=0
Flo
r 3 4l^ .
e
11. The number of terms in the expansion of U2x +1/ ) ^ i IS
eree
/ ^n18
FFr
12. The middle term in the expansion of x — i
is
I x)
uurr
10
13. The coefficient of the middle term in the expansion of (1 + x)
orr is
sfo 2»
14. The total number of terms in the expansion of (1 + x)^ -(1 -x)
15
f 1
kks
Yoo
15. If x^ occurs in the terms in the expansion of x + —^ , then r =

oooo
X
eBB
2 a
16. The coefficient of x in the binomial expansion of x + — is
I xj
2n-l
17. If A and B are the coefficient of x” in the expansion of (1 + x)^ and (1 + x)
urr
respectively.
ad
then — =
YYo
7 8 r xf
dd
18. If the coefficients of X andx in 2 + — are equal, then n =

. 3 j
Re
inn
th f 2 2f
19. If 13 term in the expansion of x +~- is independent of x, then the value of n
F
X)
is.
nIO
20. The term independent of x in the expansion of -fx + -j IS
ANSWERS
1120
41 41 n+2 , 28,-. 56,14 5. 1 6.
1.
15 2. ^21 ^20 C2 4. Ci4 a b 27
7.
16
^8 8. Third term 9. 12 10. 2 19^1 20^ 10 11. 29
2
12.
18 10
13. "X5 14. « 15. 9 16. lOfl^ 17. 2 18. 55
19. 18 20, 252

question:
1.
Write the number of terms in the expansion of (2 + + (2 - yfSx)^^.
^ 111
2.
Write the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of {1 - 3:c + x ) .
3.
Write the number of terms in the expansion of (1 - 3x + 3x^ -
10
2a^ 3
4.
Write the middle term in the expansion of —
2a^ ■
ww
1
^9
5.
Which term is independent of x, in the expansion of a -
?
. 3a^J
If a and b denote respectively the coefficients of a”* and a” in the expansion of (1 + a)^ ”,
Flo
6.
e
then write the relation between a and b.
eree
2n 2«-l
7,
If a and b are coefficients of a" in the expansions of (1 + a) and (1 + a) respectively.
FFr
then write the relation between a and b.
xlO
uurr
1
8.
Write the middle term in the expansion of a + —
A
orr
sfo
9. If a and b denote the sum of the coefficients in the expansions of (1 - 3a + IOa^)” and
(1 + A^)” respectively, then write the relation between a
kks
Yoo
and b.
oooo
10.
Write the coefficient of the middle term in the expansion of (1 + a)^”.
eBB
11.
Writethenumberof terms in the expansion of {(2a+ 1/ ) } .
12. Find the sum of the coefficients of two middle terms in the binomial expansion of
urr
a^x)
ad
13. Find the ratio of the coefficients of x^ and a*^ in the expar\sion of (1 + a)^'*’
YYo
14.
Write last two digits of the number 3^^^.
Find the number of terms in the expansion of{a + b + c)”.
dd
15.
Re
inn
If a and b are the coefficients of a” in the expansions of (1 + a)^* and (1 + x)

2«-l
16.
respectively.
F
find-.
b
100
17.
Write the total number of terms in the expansion of (a + a)
If (1-A +A^)” =aQ+ajX + a2 a^+...+ A2« x
2ii
18. , find the value of +
ANSWERS
th
1. 6 2. -1 3. 25 4. 252 5. 4‘“ term 6. a = b 7. a = 2b
10
8. Cs 9. a =b^ 10.
2n
n
11. 29 12. 13. 1 14. 01
15.
n(n + l) T +1
16. 2 17. 51 18.
2 2

1. If in the expansion of (1 + x) the coefficients of rth and (r + 4)th terms are equal, then r is
equal to
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 10
12
2. The term without x in the expansion of 2x —^ IS
2-v^J
(a) 495 (b) -495 (c) - 7920 (d) 7920
ooww
12
f 2 I
3. If rth term in the expansion of 2.v -- is without X, then r is equal to
xj
(a) 8 (b) 7 (c) 9 (d) 10

n + 3
4. If in the expansion of (n + &)” and {a + b)
e
, the ratio of the coefficients of second and third
ree
rFl
terms, and third and fourth terms respectively are equal, then n is
Fre
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
rrF
5. If A and B are the sums of odd and even terms respectively in the expansion of {x + «)”, then
’2n 2n
ouur
(x + - (a: - a)"' is equal to
sffoo
(a) 4(A + B) (b) 4{A-B) (c) AB (d) 4AB
okks
45
6. The number of irrational terms in the expansion of 4 1/5 ^71/10

Yo
is
ooo
eBB

15
-17
7. The coefficient of x
in the expansion of x'^ —^
uurr
is
^ /
ad
YYo
(a) 1365 (b) -1365 (c) 3003 (d) -3003

2 if
dd
8. In the expansion of x - , the term without x is equal to

3x)
Re
iinn
28 -28 28
(a) ^ (b) (c) (d) none of these
F
81 243 243
9. If in the expansion of (1 + the coefficients of (2r + 3)* and (r -1)* terms are equal,
then the value of r is
(a) 5 Cb) 6 (c)4 (d) 3

10
f2x^ 3
10. The middle term in the expansion of —^

is
2x^
f iV= /A: -17
11. If in the expansion of x** - occurs in rth term, then
(a) r=10 (b) r=ll (c)r=12 (d) r=13

^9
1
12.
In the expansion of x - ^ , the term independent of :r is
[ 3x^J
(a)T3 (b) T4 (c)Ts (d) none of these
13. If in the expansion of (1 + yf, the coefficients of 5th, 6th and 7th terms are in A.P., then «is
equal to
(a) 7,11 (b) 7,14 (c) 8,16 (d) none of these
In the expansion of —1^1/3

-1/5
14. + X
, the term independent of x is
(a)T5 (b) Tg (c)Ty (d) Ts

15. If the sum of odd numbered terms and the sum of even numbered terms in the expansion of
w
(x + fl)” are A and B respectively, then the value of (x^ - is
(a) A^-B^ (b) A^ +
Flo
(c) 4 AB (d) none of these
( 2 Xf
e
rree
16. If the coefficient of x in x^ + — is 270, then X =
X)
r FF
10
uurr
17. The coefficient of x^ in — - IS
for
2
kss
405 504 450
ooook
Yo
256 259 263

100 100
18. The total number of terms in the expansion of (x + a) + (X - fl) after simplification is
eB

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
urr
ad
n+ 3
19.
If T2 /T3 in the expansion (^f (a + &)” and T3 /T4 in the expansion of (a + b) are equal.
Yo
then n =
dY
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6

Re
innd
1 1
20.
The coefficient of — in the expansion of (1 + x) 1 + IS
Fi
X X
nl {2n)l
(a) (b)
{(n-1)!(« + !)!} [(«-!)!(« + !) !j
(2n)\
(c) (d) none of these
(2«-l)!(2n + l)!
f 1
21.
If the sum of the binomial coefficients of the expansion 2x + -X is equal to 256, then the
term independent of x is
2/3
22. If the fifth term of the expansion {a + does not contain 'a'. Then n is equal to
Nil
o jn
23. The coefficient of a: in the expansion of x is
\
(a) -924m^ (b) -791 n? (c) -791 (d) -330 m’'

14
r
24. The coefficient of the term independent of x in the expansion oi ax+ — is
14! 14!
(a) 14! a'b? (b) (c) (d)
7!
(7!)^ (7!)^
30 X
25. The coeffldent of in the expansion of (1 + + x)^ +... + (1 + x) + (1 IS
ww
(a) (b) ’Cs (d) ®“C5 + ^“C5
26. The coefficient of x® y*** in the expansion of (x + y)*® is
FF loo
18
(a) “Cs (b) “Pio (c)2 (d) none of these
ree
th 20
27. If the coefficients of the (n +1)^” term and the (n + 3)‘" term in the expansion of (1 + x)"' are
reFe
equals then the value of n is
oroFr
rur
s ff
28. If the coefficients of 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms in ti\e expansion of (1 + jc)”, n e N are in A.P.,
k
thenn =
YYouo
okso

BBoo
^ lx 3
29. The middle term in the expansion of — - is
r ee
Ix^,
n 2n -n -n
ad
(d) none of these

ouur
(a) n (b) (-1) Cn X (c)

Yo
20
th f 2 1 th
30. If r term is the middle term in the expansion of x -— , then (r + 3) term is
lx)
d
Re
idnY
-13
(c)-“C7X.2
-12
‘^14 TU (b) “Ci2 x^ 2 (d) none of these
FFin
n600
( 1/3 1/2
31. The number of terms with integral coefficients in the expansion of 17 + 35 x
is
(a) 100 (b) 50 (c) 150 (d) 101

xlO
(
32. Constant term in the expansion of x — is
I
(a) 152 (b) -152 (c) -252 (d) 252
33. If the coefficients of x^ and x ^ in the expansion of (3 + are the seime, then die value of a
is
<a)-| (b)-f (d)|

17..*8 MATHEMATICS-XI
(3r)* and (r + 2)
nd
34. Given the integers r>l,n>2, and coefficient of terms in the binomial
expansion of (1 + x)^ are equal, then

(a) « = 2r (b) n = 3r (c) « = 2r + l (d) none of these
35. The two successive terms in the expansion of (1 + whose coefficients are in the ratio 1:4
are
rd th ih th th th th th
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
nd
36. If the coefficients of 2 , 3™ and the 4^ terms in the expansion of (1 + x)" are in A.P., then
the value of n is
ww
(a) 2 (b) 7 (c) n (d) 14
[NCERT EXEMPLAR)
10
1 7
Floo
37. If the middle term of —+ xsinx is equal to 7 — then the value of x is
X 8'
i_
ee
(a) 2nn + —
6
(b) nn + —
6
(c) nK + (-lf^6 (d) OT+ (-!)" I
eer
[NCERT EXEMPLAR)
FFr
51 51
38. The total number of terms in the expansion of (x + a) (x-a) after simplification is
oor r
uur r
s ff
7 8 xY’
X
39. If the coefficients of X and x in 2 + —
- are equal, then n is
sk
YYoo
oooko
(a) 56 (b) 55 (c) 45 (d) 15

eBB
15
40. The ratio of the coefficient of x

15 ( 1 2
to the term independent of x in x + — , is
X
uurr
(a) 12:32 (b) 1:32 (c) 32:12 (d) 32:1

ad
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Yo
f
41. Ifz =
. i V3
+ — + - , then
dY
2 2 2 2
Re
ind
(a) Re (z) = 0 (b) Im (z) - 0

FFin
(c) Re (z) > 0, Im (z) > 0 (d) Re (z) > 0, Im (z) < 0 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
42. If (1 -x + x^)" = Aq + x + <?2 ^
2n
, then aQ + 02+ +.. -+^271 equals
, . 3"+l
(b)^
-1 1-3
(a) — (0- (d) 3%1
[NCERT EXEMPLAR)
ANSWERS
1- (c) 2- (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c)

9. (a) 10. (b) 11- (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (a)
17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (b) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (c)
25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (c) 31. (d) 32. (c)
33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (C) 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (b)
41. (b) 42. (a)
ACTIVITY
OBJECTIVE To construct the Pascal's triangle and to write binomial expansion for a given
positive integral exponent.
MATERIALS REQUIRED Cardboard, chart paper, thumbpins, match sticks and adhesive.
Step I Take a cardboard of appropriate size and fix a chart paper on it using thumb pins.
Step II Take some match sticks and fix them on the chart paper with the help of adhesive as
shown in Fig. 17.1.
ww
“►RowO
Floo
,-^Rowl
—► Row2
e
eere
—► Row 3
1 L
FFr
oorr
uur r
s ff
6'
1
sk
Row7
YYoo
I 7 21 as as 21 7 1
ooko
Row 8
.1 n
eBB
Row9
J. X JL JO. 02i. M JL ± 1
Fig. 17.1
uurr
ad
Yo
Step I The figure looks like a triangle known as the Pascal's triangle. At the apex of the
dY
Pascal's triangle is 1.
Re
Each of the rows, which follows, begins and ends with 1 and all other numbers in a
nind
Step n
row is the sum of the two numbers in the preceding row, one on the immediate left
FFi
and other on the immediate right.

1 2 3
Step III For the expansions of {a + b) ,{a + b) ,{a+b) , we use the numbers obtained in
first, second, third. rows of the Pascal’s triangle.

First row is used to write the binomial expansion of +
The numbers in the first row are 1,1.
{a + b)^ =1-a+ l-b = a + b

2
Second row is used to write the binomial expansion of (a + b) .
The numbers in the second are 1,2,1.
{a+bf =l-a^ +2-ab + l-b^ =n^+2ab+b'^

To write the binomial expansion of {a + b) , we use the numbers in third row.

The numbers in the third row are 1,3,3,1.
(a + bf =l-a^ + 3-ah+3-ab^+l-b^ =a^ + 3ah + 3ab^ +b^
We use the numbers in fourth row to write the binomial of {a + 4)^.The numbers in the
fourth row are 1,4,6,4,1.
(a + b)"^ ==l-a'^ + 4-ah + 6-ah^ + 4-ab^ + l-b'^ + 4ah + 6ah^+ 4ab^+b^
and so on.
ooww
OBSERVATIONS In the binomial expansion of {a + b)’\
(i) The sum of the indices (exponents) of a and b in each term is n.
(ii) The exponents of a and b in various terms are as follows:
e
Term Exponent of'a' Exponent of 'b' Sum of the exponents of a and b
ere
rFl
First term n zero n
Fre
Second term («-l) 1 n
rrF
Third term (n-2) 2 n
sffoo
ouur
Fourth term (n-3) 3 n
Fifth term
kosk
in-4) 4 n
and so on.
Yo
oo
(iii) The number of terms is (n + 1).

Y
BB
SUMMARY
rre
1. {Binomial theorem) If x and a are real numbers, then for all« e N, we have
ouu
(x + a)^ = %x’â^ + %x
«-l 1
+ "C2a:
Y
ad
+% / +... + "C H - 1 x^cP-^

n
dY
+ '‘an
n
n
£ % / " fl"
innd
i.e., {x + a)
Re
r = 0
Fi
F
This expansion has the following properties:

(i) It has (« + 1) terms,
(ii) The sum of the indices of x and a in each term is n.
(iii) The coefficients of terms equidistant from the beginning and the end are equal,
n n-r _r
(vi) General term is given by 7J. j Cr X a
n
n nl
£ "C. X
n-
^ / can also be expressed as (x + a)" = £
r s
(V) (x + a) X a
r = 0 r+s=« r!s!
(vi) Replacing by - in the expansion of {x + a)^\ we get

n-l 1 n-2 _2
(x-<7) = Cq X a - Cl X a + C2X a
n-3 _3 . / t\r n-r r , ^^n n,- 0 n

V
a
+ ... + (“l) Cf X a +... + (—1) C,| X a
The general term in the expansion of (x - «)” is 7J. + ^ = (-1)^ ”Q x” ^ /

(vii) Putting X = 1 and replacing fl by x in the expansion of (x + fl)”, we get
(1 + x)” = ”Co + "CiX + ”C2X^+... + ”C„:^” = "Q /
This is expansion of (1 + xf is ascending powers of x. In this case, 7J. + i = ”Q.
(viii) Putting a = 1 in the expansion of (x + fl)”, we get
(1 + xf = "Co:r" + "Cix”-^ + ”C2x"-2+... + ”C„xO = "Q x”"''
oww
This is the expansion of (1 + x)” in descending powers of x. In this case,
r ”r v”"''
h+1 - w ^
e
(ix) (x + af*(x-af = 2|"Cox"/ + "C2x' )
n-2 .2
FFrlo
a +..
re
= 2 {Sum of the odd terms in the expansion of (x + fl)”}
ree
F
= 2 |"Ci/ ■I
-1 -1 -3 .3
(X + «)” - (X - fl) + "C3^
n
rF
a
= 2 {Sum of the even terms in the expansion of (x + a)”}

fsoor
ouur
|(x + af + (x - fl)”| and |(x + af -(x - a)”| both have
skf
Ifw is odd, then terms.
ooko
Yo
a)”| has 12 j |(x + fl)”-(x-fl)”|

n
Y
If n is even, then ■ (x + fl)” + (x - — +1 terms whereas has

Bo
reB
'n"
terms.
UJ
uur
oY
ad
(x) If O and £ denote respectively the sums of odd terms and even terms in the expansion of
dY
(x + fl)”, then
innd
(a) (x + af = 0 + E and(x-a)" = O-E (b) (x^-a^f = 0^-£^

Re
= 2(0^+E^)
2n
(d) (x*a)^ + (x-a)
2n
(C) 40E = (x-fl)^-(n-fl)
Fi
F
Nth
(xi) Ifniseven, itien —+ 1 term is the middle term.

\2 >
Tn + 1^
If n is odd, then and are middle terms.
\
2 I 2 J
CHAPTER 18
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS
18.1 SEQUENCE
A sequence is a function whose domain is the set N of natural numbers.
ww
It is customary to denote a sequence by a letter 'a' and the image a{n) of n € N under a by a^. Since
the domain for every sequence is the set N of natural numbers, therefore a sequence is
represented by its range. The images of 1,2,3,n,... under a sequence 'a' are generally denoted
by ai, ^2/ £13,... ... respectively, a^, 02, a^,... a^j,... are known as first term, second term ...,
Flo
nth term,... respectively of the sequence. If £7„ is the nth term of a sequence, 'a‘ then we write
e
a = <Ofi>.
eree
REAL SEQUENCE A sequence lohose range is a subset of R is called a real sequence.
FFr
In other words, a real sequence is a function with domain N and the range a subset of the set R of real
numbers.
oorr
uur r
REPRESENTATION OF A SEQUENCE There are several ways of representing a real sequence.
sf
One way to represent a real sequence is to list its first few terms till the rule for writing down
other terms becomes clear. For example, 1,3,5,... is a sequence whose nth term is (2n -1).
sk
Yoo
oook
Another way to represent a real sequence is to give a rule of writing the nth term of the sequence.
For example, the sequence 1,3,5,7,... can be written as = 2n -1.
eBB
Sometimes we represent a real sequence by using a recursive relation. For example, the
Fibonacci sequence is given by
uurr
flj = 1, = 1 and fl„+i=£?„+fz„_l,n>2

ad
The terms of this sequence are 1,1,2,3,5,8,

Yo
ILLUSTRATION 1 Give first 3 terms of the sequence defined byOj^ =

dY
n^^l
Re
innd
SOLUTION Putting n = 1, 2, 3 in = , we get

FFi
2''"^ 2^+1 = ^5 and fl3^ 3^+1

1 1 2
1^+1 10
ILLUSTRATION 2 Find the first four terms of the sequence whose first term is 1 and whose {n + l)th
term is obtained by subtracting nfrom its nth term.
SOLUTION We are given that = 1 and ^ - n.
Putting n = 1, we obtain
a2=ai~l=> ai =1-1=0 [V £7i=l]
Putting n = 2, we obtain
fl3=£?2-2^£23=0-2=-2
Similarly, by putting n = 3, we obtain
£?4=fl3-3 = -2-3=-5
18.2 MATHEMATICS-XI
SERIES Ifa^, 02, a^, a^,af,,...isasequence, then the expression + 02 + 0^ +04 + ... + + ...
is a series.
A series is finite or infinite according as the number of terms in the corresponding sequence is
finite or infinite.
PROGRESSIONS It is not necessary that the terms of a sequence always follow a certain pattern or they
are described by some explicit formula for the nth term. Those sequences whose terms follow certain
patterns are called progressions.
In this chapter, we shall study arithmetical progressions as defined below.
18.2 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (A.P.)
A sequence is called an arithmetic progression if the difference of a term and the previous term is always
same.
ww
i.e.
+ 1 - = constant {= d) for allneN
The constant difference, generally denoted by d is called the common difference.
Floo
ILLUSTRATION 1 1,4,7,10,... is an A.P. whose first term is 1 and the common difference is equal to
4-1 = 3.
ree
ILLUSTRATION 2 11,7,3, ~1,... is an A.P. whose first term is 11 and the common difference is equal
fo7-n=-4.
rFee
In order to determine whether a sequence is an A.P. or not when its nth term is given, we may
F
use the following algorithm. oor r
rur
ALGORITHM
s ff
Step I Obtain
osk
YYoou
Step II Replace nbyn + lin a„ to get a,, +

oook
Step III Calculate dji +

eBB
Step IV IfOjj +-[-Ofjis independent of n, the given sequence is an A.P. Otherwise it is not an A.P.
Following examples illustrate the procedure:
uur r
ad
Yo

dY
EXAMPLE 1 Shozo that the sequence defined bya„=4n-\-5isan A.P. Also,find its common difference.
Re
idn
SOLUTION We have, 0fi=4n + 5.

FFin
Replacing nhy{n +1), we obtain: 1 = 4(n +1) + 5 = 4n +9

= (4« + 9)-(4n + 5) = 4
We find that + 1 - is independent of n and is equal to 4. So, the given sequence is an A.P.
with common difference 4.
2
EXAMPLE 2 Show that the sequence defined by arj-2n +lisnotanA.P.
SOLUTION We have, a„=2n^ + 1

2 2
Replacing « by (n +1) in a,j, we obtain : ^ = 2(n +1) +1 = 2n + 4n + 3
1 = (2n^ + 4« + 3)-(2n^ +1) = 4n + 2

We find that a,^ + i-a^ is not independent of n and is therefore not constant. So, the given
sequenceis not an A.P.
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 18.3
4>
EXAMPLE 3 Show that the sequence log a, log —
b
, log , log — forms an A.P.
/ 2^ f :
^ 1 =l0g
, -
log \ y J -lOgfl = log \ ^7 -X-
a IbJ
r S') (2] ^ _3
a
b 1
log -log — =log
b ^x- =log^-
w
a
4 'l / . N
a a a 1 ^
log -T
_,0g ^ =,og
and so on.
Flo
b^ V / V y
e
This shows that the difference of a term and the preceding term is always same. Hence, the
ree
given sequence forms an A.P.
FFr
ALITER From the symmetry, we obtain
urr
= log
a
n
or , a
n+ 1
sf
n
kks
Yo
n+ 1 n n + 1 i
ooo
1 ^ 1 a
^
= log — -log - H-l = log X
1
^ +1 % n n
b b a
eB
Clearly, j - % is constant for all values of n. So, the given sequence is an A.P. with common
ur
difference log - .
ad
YYo
EXAMPLE 4 Show that a sequence is an A.P. if its nth term is a linear expression in n and in such a case
dd
Re
the common difference is equal to the coefficient of n.

in
SOLUTION Let fl„ be the n^ term of a sequence. Let a,, be a linear expression in n.
F
i.e. 0,1 = An + B, where A, Bare constants.

a,,^^ = A{n + \) + B
= {A{n-i-l) + B]-{An + B]=A
Clearly, j - is independent of n and is therefore a constant. Hence, the sequence is an A.P.
with common difference A.
NOTE Students are advised to use the statement of the above example as a standard result.
EXAMPLE 5 The n‘^ term of a sequence is 3n - 2. Is the sequence an A.P. ? If so, find its 10th term.
SOLUTION Here, a„ = 3n~ 2. Clearly, is a linear expression in n. So, the given sequence is an
A.P. with common difference 3. Putting n = 10, we get: Oiq = 3 x 10 - 2 = 28
REMARK It is evident from the above examples that a sequence is not an A.P. if its nth term is not a
linear expression in n.
18.4 MATHEMATICS-XI
EXERCISE 18.1
BASIC
2
1 ● If the n* term of a sequence is given by a,,=n -n + 1, write down its first five terms.
3 2
2. A sequence is defined hyOjj=n -6n + lln -6,neN. Show that the first three terms of the
sequence are zero and all other terms are positive.
3. Find the first four terms of the sequence defined by =3 and, 0,^ = 3^^ _ j + 2, for all
n>l. INCERT]
4. Write tlie first five terms in each of the following sequences:
(i) r?! =1,0,, = a,j_i + 2,n>l (ii) =1 ^ a2,a„ = a,,_ j + «„_ 2,« >2
w
(iii) t7| = /?2 = 2,0jj = aj^_i~l,n>2 [NCERT]
5. The Fibonacci sequence is defined by =1 = ~ ^ -1 -2 « > 2.
Flo
^1+ 1
Find for « = 1,2, 3,4,5. [NCERT]
e
^2
ree
FFr
6. Show that each of the following sequences is an A.P. Also, find the common difference and
write 3 more terms in each case,
urr
(i) 3,-1,-5,-9... (ii) -1,1/4, 3/2,11/4,...
(iii) V2, 3V2, 5V2, 77^...
or
(iv) 9,7,5,3,...
kks
sf
BASED ON LOTS
Yo
ooo
7. The term of a sequence is given by = 2n + 7. Show that it is an A.P. Also, find its 7th
term.
eB
2
8. The term of a sequence is given by a,, = 2n +n + l. Show that it is not an A.P.
ANSWERS
ur
ad
1. flj =1, ^2 = 3, ^3 =7, fl4 =13, =21 3. flj = 3, ^2 = 11, ^3 = 35, i?4 = 107
YYo
4. (i) flj =1, i?2 = 3, 03 =5,04 =7, =9 (ii) a-^ =1, ^2 =1/ = 2, ^4 = 3, =5
(iii) flj = 2, fl2 = 2, fl3 = 1, ^4 = 0, -1
d
Re
(ii)^
in
6. (i)-4 (iii) 2 V2 (iv) -2 7. 21

F
18.3 GENERAL TERM OF AN A.P.
THEOREM Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of an A.P. Then, its nth term is
a + {n-l) di.e. = « + (n -1) d.
PROOF Let a^, a2 , a^, , a^ ,, Ofj,... be the given A.P. Then,
a^ = First term = a a-y=a + {\-\) d.
Using the definition, we obtain:
^2 - = d^ Q2 = + d => ^2 = a + d^ 02 = a -¥{2-\) d
a^-a2=d=> a^ = 02 + d:=^ a^ ={a + d) + d => = a + 2d=> a^ = a + {3 -1) d
^4 -/I3 =d=5' ^4 = ^3 + d=> ^4 =(fl + 2rf) + d => «4 = fl + 3d=> ^4 = a+ {A-l) d
Similarly, a^ = a + {5 ~1) d, = a + {6 -1) d,..., <?„ = + (n -1) d.
Hence, «th term of an A.P. with first term a and common difference d is On = a + (n-1) d.
Q.E.D.
18.3.1 nth TERM OF AN A.P. FROM THE END

Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of an A.P. having m terms. Then, term
from the end is (m - « +1)^ term from the beginning,
term from the end = = a + (m -n + 1 -1) d - a + (m-n) d
For finding the term from the end, we may take as the first term and -d as the common
difference.
Taking as the first term and common difference equal to d', we find that
n* term from the end = a„^ + {n -1) {- d)
ww
Type I ON FINDING THE INDICATED TERM OF AN A.P.
EXAMPLE 1 Show that the sequences, 12,15,18,... is an A.P. Find its 16th term and the general term.
SOLUTION Clearly, (12 - 9) = (15 -12) = (18 -15) = 3, so the given sequence is an A.P. with
FF loo
common difference d = 3 and first term a = 9.
16th term = = a + {16 -1) d = a + 15d = 9 +15 x 3 = 54 [●.● a,, = a + {n-l) d]
ree
and. General term = nth term = a„ = a + {n-l) d = 9 + (n -1) x 3 = 3w + 6
'2. 3
reFe
EXAMPLE 2 Show that the sequence log a, log (ah), log {ab ), log{ab ),... is an A.P. Find its nth term.
SOLUTION We have.
oor rF
rur
(ah') ab^
s ff
log (ab) - log A = log —a
= log b, log (ab) - log (ab) = log ab = logb
k
YYoou
okso
log(flb^) -log(fl&^) = log = log b and so on.

ab^
BBoo
r ee
It follows from the above results that the difference of a term and the preceding term is always
same. So, the given sequence is an A.P. with common difference log b.
b” ” ^ = log {ah’^ ~ ^)
ouur
ad
= a + {n-1) d= log fl + (n -1) log b = log a + log

Yo
EXAMPLE 3 Which term of the sequence 72, 70, 68, 66,... is 40?
SOLUTION Clearly, the given sequence is an A.P. with first term a =72 and common difference
d
idnY
Re
d = -2. Let its nth term be 40.

i.e.
A,, =40
FFin
a + {n-l)d =40
72 + (n-l)(-2) = 40 [●.● A„ = A + (M -1) d]
72 - 2m + 2 = 40 => 2m = 34 => m = 17
Hence, 17th term of the given sequence is 40.

EXAMPLE 4 Which term of the sequence 4, 9,14,19,... is 124?
SOLUTION Clearly, the given sequence is an A.P. with first term a = 4 and common difference
d=5. Let 124 be the nth term of the given sequence. Then,
a,, = 124=>A + (M-l)rf = 124:^4 + (n-l)x5 = 124=>m = 25
Hence, 25th term of the given sequence is 124.
EXAMPLE 5 How many terms are there in the sequence 3, 6, 9,12,..., 111?
18.6 MATHEMATICS-XI
SOLUTION Clearly, the given sequence is an A.P. with first term a = Z and common difference
d = 2>. Let there be n terms in the given sequence. Then,
th
n term =111 => a + (n - \) d =111 => 3 + (n -1) x 3 =111 => n = 37
Thus, the given sequence contains 37 terms.
EXAMPLE6 Is 184a term of the sequence 3,7,11,... ?
d = 4. Let the nth term of the given sequence be 184. Then,
a„=lS4=> a + {n-l)d = 184=> 3 + (n-l)x4 = 184=>4n = 185=>n = 46^.4
Since n is not a natural number. So, 184 is not a term of the given sequence.
1 1 3
ww
EXAMPLE? Which term of the sequence 20,19 — , 18 — , 17 — ,... is the first negative term?
SOLUTION The given sequence is an A.P. in which first term a = 20 and common difference
FF loo
3
d= . Let the nth term of the given A.P. be the first negative term. Then,
ree
a„<0
^ a + {n -1) d <0
reFe
=> 20 + (n-l)x(-3/4)<0 => — < 0 => 83 - 3n < 0 => 3n>83=>n>27-
4 4 3
oroFr
r ur
2
s ff
Since 28 is the natural number just greater than 27 ~. So, n = 28. Tlius, 28th term of the given
3
sequence is the first negative term.

k
YYouo
okso
EXAMPLE 8 Which term of the sequetice 8 - 6i, 7 -4i, 6 - 2i, ...is (i) purely real (ii) purely imaginary?
SOLUTION The given sequence is clearly an A.P. with first term <7 = 8-6/ and common
BBoo
difference d = -l + 2i. The nth term of the given A.P. is given by

r ee
Ojj = a + {n ~l) d = 8 - 6/ + (n -1) (-1 + 2/) = (9 -n) + /(2n - 8)

(i) Let the nth term of the given sequence be purely real. Then, a,^ is purely real.
ad
ouur
Yo
(9-n) + i(2n - 8) is purely real ^ 2n-8 = 0:^n = 4

So, 4th term of the given sequence is purely real,
d
(ii) Let the nth term of the given sequence be purely imaginary. Then, <^ is purely imaginary
Re
idnY
(9 - n) + i{2n - 8) is purely imaginary =>9-n = 0=>n = 9

FFin
Thus, 9th term of the given sequence is purely imaginary.

Type II PROBLEMS BASED UPON <7„ = <7 + (n -l)d

EXAMPLE 9 Ifpth, qth and rth terms of an A.P. are a, b, c respectively, then show that:
(i) a{q -r)+ b(r -p) + c{p-q)=0 (ii) (a -b)r + (b - c) p + (c - a) q = 0 [NCERTl
SOLUTION Let A be the first term and D be the common difference of the given A.P. Then,
a = pth term =^<7 = A +(p -1)D

b = qtin term =>fc = A+ {q~l)D ●..(ii)
c = rth term ^ c =A+(r-l)D ...(iii)
(i) Substituting these values oi a, b, c, in a (q-r) + b (r -p) + c (p -q), we obtain
a{q-r) + b{r-p) + c(p-q)
= {A + {p-l)D]iq-r) + \A + iq-l)D]{r~p)-^{Aîr-l)D]{p-q)
= A{iq-r)+(r-p)+{p-q)] +D{{p-1) {q-r)+(q-1) (r - p) + (r -1) (p - q)\
= A .0 + D {piq -r) + qir -p) + r (p ~ q) -iq -r) -{r ~p) -ip - q)]
= A.O + D.O = 0
(ii) On subtracting (ii) from (i); (iii) from (ii) and (i) from (iii), we get
a-b = {p-q)D ... (iv) {b -c) = {q-r) D ... (v) c - a = (r -p) D ...(Vi)
{a -b) r + {b - c) p + {c - a) q = {p - q) D r + {q -r) D p + {r - p) D q
w
= D[{p-q)r + (q-r)p + (r-p)q\= DxO = 0
EXAMPLE 10 Show that the sum of{m + and (m term of an A.P. is equal to twice the
th
m term. [NCERT]
roow
e
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and d be the common different of the AP. Then,
re
ih
am + n - (m + n) term = a + {m + n-l) d and, -n = (m - term - a ■¥{m-n-\) d
reF
flm + H +^m-n = {a + {m + n-l)d} + {a + {m-n-l)d\
uFFll
e
- 2fl + (m+ n-l+ m-n-1) d= 2fl + 2(m-l)d= 2{a + {m-l) d] = 2^^,.
EXAMPLE 11 Ifm times the mth termofanA.P. is equal ton times its nth term, show that the {m + n)th
sFr
term of the A.P. is zero.
foro
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of the given A.P. Then,
uor
m times m
th
term = n times nth term
fk
okso
ma^„ = na,j
Y
Yo
m{a + (m -1) d] =n{a + {n-l) d]

oo
BB
m{a + (m -1) d] ~n[a + (k -1) d} =0

a{m - n) + |m(m -1) - n{n -1)} d = 0
rYree
a{m - n) + {(m^ - n^) - (m - «)} d = 0

ouu
ad
a{m ~n) + {m-n) {m + n -1) d = 0

Ydo
{m-n) [a + {m-hn-l) d] = 0 => a + {m + n -1) d = Q^ Oj,j + n = 0 [v m^fi]

nidn
Hence, the {m + term of the given A.P. is zero.

Re
th
EXAMPLE 12 If the pth term of an A.P. is q and the q term is p, prove that its nth term is
F
Fi
ip + q-n). [NCERT]
SOLUTION difference of the given A.P. Then,
Let a be the first term and d be the common
pth term = q=^ a {p -1) d = q

(?th term = p=> a-i-(q-l) d = p ...(ii)
ip-q)d = iq-p) => d=-l
Putting d = -1 in (i), we get: a = (p + q-1)
»ith term = a + (« -1) d = (p + g -1) + (« -1) x (-1) = {p + q-n)
EXAMPLE 13 If the mth term of an A.P. be 1/n, and nth term be 1/m then show that its (mn)th term is 1.
SOLUTION Let a and d be the first term and common difference respectively of the given A.P.
Then,
- = mth term => - = a + (m-l) d ...(i)
n n
18.8 MATHEMATICS-X!
— = nth term => — = a + {n-l) d ●●●(ii)

m m
On subtracting (ii) from (i), we obtain

1 1 m-n
— = (m - n) fr ^ = {m-n) d-^ d - —
n m mn mn
1
Putting d = in (i), we obtain
mn
1
a +
(m-1)^=> -=a
^
1 +
1 1 => a
1
n mn n n mn mn
1 1
(mn)th term =a + {mn-l)d=— + {mn-l) — = 1
mn mn
EXAMPLE 14 Determine the number of terms in the A.P. 3, 7,11,... 407. Also, find its 20th term from
w
the end.
SOLUTION Clearly, the given sequence is an A.P. with first term 3 and the common difference
4. Let there be n terms in the given A.P. Then,
Flo
407 = nth term 407 = 3 + (n -1) x 4 4n = 408 => n = 102
Now,
ee
20th term from the end = [102 - 20 + l]th term from the beginning
Fr
= 83rd term from the beginning = 3+ (83-l)x4 = 331
ALITER To find 20th term from the end, we consider the given sequence as an A.P. with first
for
ur
term = 407 and common difference - 4.
20th term from the end = 407 + (20 -1) x (- 4) = 331.

s
EXAMPLE 15 How many numbers of two digits are divisible by 7?
ok
Yo
SOLUTION First two digit number divisible by 7 is 14 and last two digit number divisible by 7 is
Bo
98. So, we have to determine the number of terms in the sequence 14,21,28,..., 98. Let there be n
terms in this sequence. Then,
re
98 = «th term ^98 = 14 + (« -1) x 7 ^ 7« = 91 ^ n = 13

ou
ad

Y
EXAMPLE 16 Show that there is no A.P. which consists of only distinct prime numbers.
SOLUTION Let a-y, ^2/ ^3, ●●●/
... be an A.P. consisting only of prime numbers. Let d be the
nd
Re
common difference of the A.P. Since the difference of two consecutive prime numbers is greater
than or equal to 1. Therefore, d>l.
Fi
Now,
th
(flj +1) term of this A.P. - ai + {ai + \ -1) d = (1 + d)
(flj +1)* term is not a prime number
This is a contradiction that the A.P. consists of only prime numbers as its terms.
Hence, there cannot be an A.P. which consists only of distinct prime numbers.
EXAMPLE 17 Show that in an A.P. the sum of the terms equidistant from the beginning and end is
always same and equal to the sum offirst and last terms. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let ^2/ ^*3/ — / be an A.P. with common difference'd'. Then,
kth term from the beginning = = a-i + {k -1) d
and. kth term from the end = {n-k + l)th term from the beginning
= a„-l(+ 1= a-i + {n - k +1 - V) d = a-^+{n-k) d
{kth term from the beginning) + {kth term from the end)
-^k+î-k+1
= {flj + (k -1) d\ + {flj +{n-k) d] = la^ +{n-l) d = + {a^ + (n -1) d] = a^+ Ojj
Thus, (^k'^î-k+l “ for allfc =1,2, ...n
=‘^3+'^-2 =^4 + ‘î-3 =■■■ ='^1+'^
Hence, the sum of the terms equidistant from the beginning and end is always same and equal
to the sum of first and last terms.
NOTE The statement of the above example may be treated as a standard result.
EXAMPLE 18 Inthearithmeticprogressions2,5,8,... upto50terms,and3 ,5,7,9,... upto60terms,find
oww
how many terms are identical.
SOLUTION Let the mth term of the first A.P. be equal to the nth term of the second A.P. Then,
2 + (m-l)x3 = 3 + (n-l)x2
3m “ 1 = 2n +1
e
n + 1
3m = 2?i + 2 ^ — = — = cf(say)
FFrlo
re
2
m = 2k and n = 3k-1
rFee
2Jc550 and 3Jt-l<60 [■.' m < 50 and n ^ 60]
rF
fc<25 and cf<20—
3
fsoor [●.* A: is a natural number]

ouur
it <20
k = 1,2, 3,... 20
skf
Corresponding to each value of k, we get a pair of identical terms.
ooko
Yo
Hence, there are 20 identical terms in the two A.P.'s.

Y
Bo
EXAMPLE 19 Find the number of terms common to the two A.P.'s: 3,7,11, ...407 and 2, 9,16,..., 709.
reB
SOLUTION Let the number of terms in two A.P.'s be m and n respectively. Then,
407 = mth term of first A.P. and, 709 = wth term of second A.P.
ooY
407 = 3 + {m-l)x4 and 709 = 2 + («-1) x 7

uur
ad
m = 102 and n = 102

dY
So, each A.P. consists of 102 terms.

Let pth term of first A.P. be identical to qth term of the second A.P. Then,
innd
Re
3 + {p-l)x4 = 2 + (f^-l)x7
4p~l = 7q~5
Fi
F
4p + 4 = 7q
4(p + l) = 7q ^ ” 4 ^ ^ P =7k-l and q = ^k

Since each A.P. consists of 102 terms.
p<102 and g<102
7A:-1 ^102 and 4ic<102 ^ /c<14-and A: <25- => cf ^14 => /c =1,2, 3,... ,14
7 2
Corresponding to each value of k, we get a pair of identical terms.

Hence, there are 14 identical terms in two A.P.'s.
EXAMPLE 20 <?2/ - / ‘hi ^êre Oj > Ofor all i, show that
1 1 1_ _ n-1
+ +... +
7^ + 7^ 7^+7^ ■J^hi - 1 + yf^ 7^’*'7^ INCERT EXEMPLAR]

SOLUTION Let d be the common difference of the given A.P. Then
<72-^1 - -<^2 “ ●●● - = d

1 1 1 1
Now, +... +
a
3 +
+ + ...+
(^[^+V^) (V^ “ ■'■ ^!^'^ (V^ '*' l) (l/^
- ~V^ I -fis + ... +
fl3 -^2 1
«3 - - 1
w
+ + ... + [Using (i)l
d d
Flo
. +
(yIt^-^‘hi-\) ■
ee
“V‘^1 ■
Fr
(V^ - V^) (V^+V^) for _ flj + (« -1) - flj _ n-l n-1
ur
^(V^ + V^) î^[^ + y^^) V^ + V^ 4^ + ^[^
EXAMPLE 21
lf(i\, (i2, <^3/ — / of non-zero terms, prove that
ks
1 1 1 n-l
Yo
+ + ... +
oo
d-y fl2 ^2 ^3 - 1 ^ fll Ofj

eB
SOLUTION Let'd' be the common difference of the given A.P. Then,

fl2-fli = fl3-«2 = ●●● = ^ (say). ...(i)
r
Now,
ou
ad
1 1 1 1
+ + +... +
Y
(Jy 02 ^2 «3 ^4 Ai -1
1 d d d d
nd
Re
— 1
+ ... +
d Oy <?2 02 ^3 ^3 ^4 ^-1 ^
Fi
K-'^-i)
_ i (^2 ~ ^l) (^3 ~ ^2) ^ (^4 ~^3) + ... +
d Oy O2 02 03 ^3 "4 ^ - 1
\ f
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + J__ J_ + ... +
d Oy 02 02 ^3^ <73 ^4 1 ^
d
1
L[ = iJ^LZfl , 1 flj + (« - 1} d - flj I _ « - 1
Oy 0,, d OyOjj d Oy Of, Oy a„
EXAMPLE 22 Ifoy, 02, ^2, ..., a„ ove in AP with common difference d (where d ■* 0), then the sum of
series.
sind(cosec Oy cosec 02 +cosec 02 cosec ^3 + ...+cosec Ojj_y cosec <^,) is equal to cota^ -cot Ojj.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have,
sinc?(coseccosec^2 + cosecfl2 cosecfl3 +...+ coseca^_-^ cosecfl„)
sind s'md sinrf sind
+ ...+
smflj smr?2 sin<72 smfl3 smfl3 sm <74 sln^^,_;^ sin^^

sin {^2 sin (<?3 -<?2) sin (^4 -03) +...+
sin
SinfljSin(22 Sinfl2Si^^'^3 Sinfl3smfl4 sm Oji_i sin Of,
_ sin ^2 cosfl^ -cos<7i sin <72 ^ sin <73 cos ^2 -cos<73 sin <72 + ...+
sm Ofj cosi^,_i - cos Ojj sm
sm sm
sm £7| sm ^2 sm772 sm773
= (cot flj -cot 772) +(cot 772 ^3) + ●●●+ (cot7^,_2 “COt /?„)
= cotfli1 - cot 77 n
EXERCISE 18.2
w
BASIC
1. Find:
Flo
(i) 10th term of the A.P. 1,4, 7,10,... (ii) 18th term of the A.P. V2, 3^f2,5-Jl,...
(iii) nth term of the A.P. 13,8,3, -2,...
reeee
2. In an A.P., show that am + n
+ a
m-n
FFr
3. (i) WhichtermoftheA.P.3,8,13,...is248? (ii) WhichtermoftheA.P .84,80,76,...is0?
(iii) Which term of the A.P. 4,9,14,... is 254 ?
4. (i) Is 68 a term of the A.P. 7,10,13,... ?
for
(ii) Is 302 a term of the A.P. 3, 8,13,... ?
ur
1 1 3
5. (i) Which term of the sequence 24, 23—, 22—, 21 —... is the first negative term ?
kkss
(ii) Which term of the sequence 12 + 8i, 11 + 6i, 10 + 4/,... is (a) purely real (b) purely
Yo
oo
imaginary ?
6. (i) How many terms are there in the A.P. 7,10,13,... 43 ?
eB
1
(ii) How many terms are there in the A.P. -1,-—,-—,- — ,...,—?
6 3 2 3
r
7. The first term of an A.P. is 5, the common difference is 3 and the last term is 80; find the
ou
ad
number of terms.
YY
8. The 6th and 17th terms of an A.P. are 19 and 41 respectively, find the 40th term.
9. If 9th term of an A.P. is zero, prove that its 29th term is double the 19th term.
ndd
Re
10. If 10 times the 10th term of an A.P. is equal to 15 times the 15th term, show that 25th term of
the A.P. is zero.
Fi
11. The 10th and 18th terms of an A.P. are 41 and 73 respectively. Find 26th term.
12. In a certain A.P. the 24th term is twice the 10th term. Prove that the 72nd term is twice the
34th term.
BASED ON LOTS
13. If(m + l)th termof an A.P. is twice the (« + l)th term, prove that (3m + l)th term is twice the
(m + 77 + l)th term.
14. If the nth term of the A.P. 9,7,5,... is same as the nth term of the A.P. 15,12,9,... find n.
15. Find the 12th term from the end of the following arithmetic progressions:
(i) 3, 5, 7, 9, ...201 (ii) 3, 8,13,..., 253 (iii) 1,4,7,10,..., 88
16. The 4th term of an A.P. is three times the first and the 7th term exceeds twice the third term
by 1. Find the first term and the common difference.
17. Find the second term and nth term of an A.P. whose 6th term is 12 and the 8th term is 22.
18. How many numbers of two digit are divisible by 3 ?

last terms be 7 and 125 respectively, find
19. An A.P. consists of 60 terms. If the first and the
32nd term.
20. The sum of 4th and 8th terms of an A.P. is 24 and the sum of the 6th and 10th terms is 34.
Find the first term and the common difference of the A.P.
21. How many numbers are there between 1 and 1000 which when divided by 7 leave
remainder 4?
BASED ON HOTS
22. The first and the last terms of an A.P. area and / respectively. Show that the sum of nth term
from the beginning and nth term from the end is fl + /.
23. If an A.P. is such that
Oj 3 «8
w
24. If 0|, 02, 83,..., 0„ are in AP, whose common difference is d, show that
tan 0„ - tan 0j
sec 0| sec ©2 + sec ©2 sec ©3 + ... + sec 0„_i sec 0„ =
Flo
[NCERT
sin d EXEMPALR]
ee
ANSWERS
Fr
1. (i) 28 (ii) 35 (iii) -5n +18 3. (i) 50 (ii) 22 (iii) 51
4. (i) No (ii) No 5, (i) 34th (ii) (a) 5 (b) 13
for
ur
6. (i) 13 (ii) 27 7. 26 8. 87 11. 105 14. 7
15. (i) 179 (ii) 198 (iii) 55 16. First term = 3, common difference = 2
ks
i ^ 4
Yo
17. a2=-8, a„« =5n-18 18. 30 19. 69 20. - 23. -

2' 2
oo
5
eB
18.4 SELECTION OF TERMS IN AN A.P.
Sometimes we require certain number of terms in A.P. The following ways of selecting terms are
ur
generally very convenient.

ad
Yo
Number of terms Terms Common difference
3 a - d, a, a + d d
d
Re
4 a - 3d, a - d, a + d, a + 3d 2d
in
5 a - 2d, a - d, a, a + d, a + 2d d
F
6 a-5d, a - 3d, a-d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d 2d
It should be noted that in case of an odd number of terms, the middle term is a and the common
difference is d while in case of an even number of terms the middle terms are a-d, a + d and the
common differences is 2d.
The following examples will illustrate the use of such representations.
EXAMPLE 1 The sum of three numbers in A.P. is - 3, and their product is 8. Find the numbers.
SOLUTION Let the numbersbe {a - d), a, (a + d). Then,
Sum = -3=> {a~d)+a-i-{a + d) = -3=>3fl = -3=>a = -l

and. Product = 8
=> (rt -d) (fl) ((? + d) = 8
=> a(a^-d^) = 8=> (-l)(l-d^) = 8 => = 9=>d = ±3 [V a=-l]
When a = -l and d = 3, the numbers are -4, -1, 2. When a = -l and d = - 3, the numbers are
2, -1,-4. So, the numbers are -4,-1, 2, or 2, -1,-4.
EXAMPLE 2 Find four numbers in A.P. whose sum is 20 and the sum of whose squares is 120.
SOLUTION Let the numbers be {a - 3d), {a - d), (a + d), (a + 3d). Then,
Sum = 20 => (fl - 3d) + (a - d) + (fl + d) + (a + 3d) = 20 => 4a = 20 => a =5
ww
and. Sum of the squares = 120
=> (a-3d)^+(a-d)^+(a + d)^+(a+3d)^ = 120
Floo
4a^ + 20d^=120 => a^+5d^=30 => 25+5d^=30 => 5d^ =5 => d = ± 1 [v a =5]
e
If d=l, and a =5,then the numbers are 2,4,6,8. If d = -l, and a =5, then the numbers are
eere
8, 6, 4,2.
FFr
Thus, the numbers are 2,4,6,8 or 8,6,4,2.
oorr
uur r
s ff
EXAMPLES Divide 32 into four parts which are in A.P. such that the product of extremes is to the
product of means is 7:15.
sk
YYoo
ooko
SOLUTION Let the four parts be (a - 3d), (a - d), (a + d) and (a + 3d). Then,
Sum = 32 => (a - 3d) + (a - d) + (a + d) + {a + 3d) = 32 => 4a = 32 => a = 8
eBB
It is given that the product of extremes is to the product of means is 7:15.

(a - 3d) (a + 3d) 7
uurr
ad
(a - d) (a + d) 15
Yo
a^ - 9d^ 7 64 - 9d^
— => — => 128d^ = 512 => d^ = 4 => d = ± 2
dY
a 2-d2 15 64-d^ 15
Re
nind
Thus, the four of 32 parts are 2,6,10,14.

FFi
When a = 8 and d = 2 four parts are: 2,6,10, and 14. When a = 8 and d = -2 four parts are 14,10,6
and 2.
EXAMPLE 4 The product of three numbers in A.P. is 224, and the largest number is 7 times the smallest.
Find the numbers. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let the three numbers in A.P. be a - d, a, a + d, where d > 0. Clearly, a + d is the largest
number and a - d is the smallest number.
It is given that:
Product of numbers = 224 and. The largest number = 7 (The smallest numbers)
(a-d) a{a + d) =224 and, a + d=7 (a-d)
a (a^ - d^) = 224 and, 6a = 8d
a{a^-d^)=224 and, d = —:â

4 16
= 224 [On eliminating d]
7a^
= 224 => =512 = 8^ => a = 8.
16
3a
Puttingfl = 8ind = —,we obtaind = 6. Hence, three numbers are 2,8,14.
EXAMPLE 5
If the fourth power of the common difference of an A.P. with integer entries is added to the
product of any four consecutive terms of it. Prove that the resulting sum is the square of an integer.
SOLUTION Let a - 3d, a - d, a + d, a + 3d be four consecutive terms of an A.P. with integer
terms. Clearly, the common difference is 2d. Since the terms are integers, therefore a and d are
also integers.
w
Now, Given sum = {a - 3d) {a - d) {a + d) {a + 3d) + (Id)^
= {a^ -9d^)ia^ -d^) + 16d‘^
Flo = -lOfl^ d^ + 9d^ +16d'^
reeee
= / d^ + 25d^
FFr
2 2 2
= (fl -5d ) , which is square of an integer as a and d are integers.
for
ur
EXERCISE 18.3
kkss
BASIC
Yo
1. The sum of three terms of an A.P. is 21 and the product of the first and the third terms
oo
exceeds the second term by 6, find three terms.

eB
2. Three numbers are in A.P. If the sum of these numbers be 27 and the product 648, find the
numbers.
r
BASED ON LOTS
ou
ad
YY
3. Find the four numbers in A.P., whose sum is 50 and in which the greatest number is 4 times
the least.
ndd
BASED ON HOTS
Re
4. The sum of three numbers in A.P. is 12 and the sum of their cubes is 288. Find the numbers.
Fi
5. If the sum of three numbers in A.P. is 24 and their product is 440, find the numbers.
[NCERTl
6. The angles of a quadrilateral are in A.P. whose common difference is 10*^. Find the angles.
ANSWERS
1. 1, 7,13 2. 6,9,12 3. 5,10,15,20 4. 2,4,6 or 6,4,2

5. 5,8,11 6. 75°, 85° 95°, 105°
5. Let the three numbers be a ~ d, a, a + d. It is given that the sum and product of these
numbers are 24 and 440 respectively. Therefore,
a-d + a + a + d = 24 and{a-d)a{a + d)= 440
=> 3fl = 24 and a {a^ - d^) = 440 => o = 8 and a (a^ - d^) = 440
Now,
fl(fl^-d^)=440 8(64-d^)=440 => 64-/=55 => d^=9 =?● d = ±3

Hence, three numbers are 5,8,11 or 11,8, 5.
18.5 SUM TO n TERMS OF AN A.P.
THEOREM Show that the sum S„ ofn terms of an A.P. withfirst term ‘a' and common difference 'd' is
^ = Ijlfl +(n-l)d|
ww
or.
5^ = ^ (fl + 0/ where I = last tertn = a + {n -1) d
PROOF Let a-y, 02, ay... be an A.P. with first term a and conunon difference d. Then
FF loo
flj = a, 02 = a + d,02 = a+ 2d,a^ = a+ 3d,...,Ofj - a+ {n-l) d
ree
Now,
£5, - ai + a2 + a^+... + a,j_i + a,j
reeF
5,1 - a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) +... +{a+ {n ~2) d) + {a-i-(n-l) d] -{i)
oroFr
r ur
Writing the above series in a reverse order, we get
s ff
^ = \a + {n -1) d] + {a + {n - 2) d] +... + {a + d) + a ...(ii)
k
YYouo
Adding the corresponding terms of (i) and (ii), we get

kos o
2^ = {2(7+ (n-1) d} + {2fl + (n-1) d| +... + {2fl + (w-1) d)

BBoo
=> 2% - 7!{2fl + {n-l) d) [●.● 2a + {n -1) d repeats n times]

r ee
Sn = ^{2« + (« -l)d|
ad
ouur
Yo
Now, / = last term =a + {n-l)d
^ |2(7 + (n -1) d| a + ■ a + (n -1) d

n
a + /
d
Re
21
dinY
AUTER We have,
FFin
^ = (7J + (72 + (73 +... + i^_2 + 1 + fln ...(i)

or. ^ =(^+(^_l+(^_2 + ■...+ 03 + (32 + ...(ii)
Adding corresponding terms in (i) and (ii), we get
= («1 + + («2 + ^ - 1) + (^3 - 2) + ● ● ■ -1 ^2) + (*^ + ^1)
2^ = (fl| + £î) + (Oi + fl,]) + ((7j + (?„)+...+ {(7j + Ofj) + {(7| + (7„)
2^ = n (flj + (7^) [●.● flj + = (7|t + (7^ _ + 1 for /c = 2, 3,..., n]
^1=1 (^*1 + iî) = ||(7i + fli +(«-!) d| [v a„=ai + {n-l)d]
^ =||2(7i + n-l)d|
NOTE 1 In the formula ^ 12o + (?i -1) frj, there are four quantities viz. a, n and d. If any
three of these are known, the fourth can be determined. Sometimes two of these quantities are given, in
such cases remaining two quantities are provided by some other relations.
NOTE 2 // the sum S„ofn terms of a sequence is given, then nth term On of the sequence can be
determined by the using formula: a„ = ^ -1

Type I ON FINDING THE SUM OF GIVEN NUMBER OF TERMS OF AN A.P.
a + l\.
n
ww
11
Formula: S n ~ 2a + (n -1) d or, S,
2 2
EXAMPLE 1 Find the sum of 20 terms of the A.P. 1, 4, 7,10,...
FF loo
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of the given A.P. Clearly,
a = \, d = 3. We have to find the sum of 20 terms of the given A.P. Putting fl = 1, fr = 3,« = 20 in
ree
= ^ { 2fl + (n ~1) d|, we get
reeF
S20 = y |2x 1 + {20 -l)x sj =10x59=590 oroFr
r ur
EXAMPLE 2 Find the sum of the series ; 5 + 13 + 21 +... +181.
s ff
SOLUTION The terms of the given series form an A.P. with first term a = 5 and common
difference d = 8. Let there be n terms in the given series. Clearly,
k
YYouo
Oj, = 181 => a + {n-l) d = 181 =>5 + («-l)x8 = 181 => 8n = 184 => n = 23
kos o
Required sum =^ (fl +/) = y (5 + 181) = 2139.

BBoo
r ee
EXAMPLE 3 Find the sum of all three digit natural numbers, which are divisible by 7.
SOLUTION The smallest and the largest numbers of three digits, which are divisible by 7 are
ad
105 and 994 respectively. So, the sequence of three digit numbers which are divisible by 7 are
ouur
Yo
105, 112, 119, ..., 994. Clearly, these numbers are in A.P. with first term a = 105 and conunon
difference d-7. Let there be n terms in this sequence. Then,
a, = 994 => a + {n-l)d = 994 => 105 + («-1) x 7 = 994 => n = 128
d
Re
Required sum = | |2fl + (n -1) dj =^ |2 x 105 + (128 -1) x 7^ =70336

dinY
FFin
EXAMPLE 4 Find the sum of all natural numbers between 250 and 1000 which are exactly divisible by 3.
SOLUTION Clearly, the numbers between 250 and 1000 which are divisible by 3 are 252, 255,
258,..., 999. These numbers are in A.P. with first term a = 252, common difference = 3 and last
term = 999. Let there be n terms in this A.P. Then,
= 999=>fl + (7i-l) d = 999 => 252 + (tt-l)x 3 = 999 =>n = 250
250
Required sum = = ^(fl + /) = y (252 + 999) = 156375
EXAMPLE 5 Find the sum of all odd integers between 2 and 100 divisible by 3.
SOLUTION The odd integers between 2 and 100 which are divisible by 3 are 3,9,15,21,..., 99.
Clearly, these numbers are in A.P. with first term a = 3 and common difference d = 6. Let there be
n terms in this sequence. Then,
a,t = 99 => fl + (n -1) d => 3 + (« -1) x 6 = 99 ^n = 17
Required sum (fl +/) = y(3 + 99) = 867.

EXAMPLE 6 Find the sum offirst 20 terms of an A.P., in which 3rd term is 7 and 7th term is two more
than thrice of its 3rd term.
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of the given A.P. It is given
that
fl3 =7 and Oj =3a^+2

a + 2d =7 and a + 6d = 3{a + 2d) + 2 => a + 2d =7 and a = ~l => a = -\, d =4
S2o=y|2x-l+(20 -l)x4l=y (-2 + 76)=740 Using: £i, = ^ |2fl +(« -1) frj
EXAMPLE 7 The sum of the first four terms of an A.P. is 56. The sum of the last four terms is 112. If its
first term is 11, then find the number of terms. [NCERT]
looww
SOLUTION Let there be n terms in the A.P. with first term t? = 11 and common difference d. It is
given that
Sum of first four terms =56 => ^ |2xll +(4 -l)rf| = 56 => 22+3d = 28 => 3d = 6 ^d = 2
ree
Sum of last four terms = 112
ree F
r FF
Using: ^ =|(fl + 0
=> +
fofroF
u
^ 4- Off_ 3 = 56
ks
=> {11 +(n-l)x 2) + {ll +(«“4)x 2) =56 => 22 + 2 (2ji-5) =56 => 4n = 44=> n =11.
kos o
YYouor
Hence, there are 11 terms in the A.P.

BBoo
r ee
Type I ON FINDING THE VALUE OF UNKNOWN WHEN THE SUM OF TERMS OF AN A.P. IS GIVEN
ad
ouur
EXAMPLES If the sum of n terms of an A.P. ispn + qn , where p and q are constants, find the common
Yo
difference. [NCERTl
SOLUTION Let denote the sum of n terms and a„ denote the nth term of the A.P. Then,
d
Re
inY
S„=pn + qn^
FFind
S„_l=p{n-l) + q{n-l)'^ [On replacing n by (n -1) in

Now,
a,= [pn + qn^\ -{p{n-l) + q {n -1)^)

=> a„=pn-p(n-V) + qn^ -q{n-1)^ = p |n - (n -1)} + q{n^ -{n-1)^)
=> Oj,=p + q(2n-l)
aj,_i=p + q{2{n~l)~l] [Replacing n by (n -1) in Oj^]
Let d be the common difference of the A.P. Then,
d = a,j —Ojj_ I
=> d = {p + q{2n-l)} - [p + q{2{n -1) ~l]] = {p + q{2n-l)] -{p + q(2n- 3)]
^ d-q{2n-1-2n+3) =2q
Hence, the common difference = 2q.
EXAMPLE 9
If the sum of n terms of an A.P. is 3n + 5n and its mth term is 164, find the value
of m. [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let ^ denote the sum of n terms and Oj, be the wth term of the given A.P. Then,
^, = + 5n ^ ^ 1 = 3 (n -1)^ 4- 5 {n -1) = -H -2 [On replacing « by (« -1) in £y,]
Now, an = Sn -^.i=(3«^+5n)-(3«^ -n~2) = 6« + 2

It is given that % = 164 => 6m + 2 = 164 => 6m = 162 => m = 27
EXAMPLE 10 Find the sum to n terms of the sequence given bi/ a,, = 5 - 6n,n e N.
SOLUTION Wehave, =5'-6«.Replacingnby (n+1), weobtain
1 =5 - 6(n +1) = -1 - 6«
w
(^ + 1 - = (-1 - 6m) - (5 - 6n) = - 6 for all m e N
Since is constant for all n € N. So, the given sequence is an A.P. with common
Flo
difference - 6. Putting « = 1, in =5 - 6«, we get: <3^ = -1.
reeee
So, tlie sum Sf^ton terms is given by
=|(«1 + “!«) =^(-1+5-6«) (2 - 3«)
FFr
EXAMPLE 11 If the term of an A.P. is - and the term is --, show that the sum of mn terms is
for
ur
n m
1
— {mn + 1), where m^n. INCERTJ
kkss
Yo
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of the given A.P. It is given
oo
that
eB
1 .4 1
- and Off=-
n m
1 1
r
Now, Oj„ = - a + {m -1) d=~-

ou
ad
n n
YY
and. Ojf — — =>« + («-l)d = - ...(ii)

m m
ndd

Re
m-n 1
(m-n) d = - — => (m - n) - d =
Fi
n m mn mn
1
Putting d = — in (i), we get
mn
, ,,1 1 1 1 1 1
a + {m-1) — = -^M + => a =
mn n n mn n mn
1= l(m« + l)
nn 2 , ,, 1
Sn m — < — + {mn -1) X —
2 mn m)
Txjpe II FINDING THE NUMBER OF TERMS IN AN A.P. WHEN THE SUM OF ITS n TERMS IS GIVEN
EXAMPLE 12 How many terms of the series 54,51,48,... be taken so that their sum is 513 ? Explain the
double answer.
d = -3. Let the sum of n terms be 513. Then,
S,^ = 513
^|2 -37n+ 342 = 0 => (n-18) {«-19) = 0 =>n=18or,19
Here, the common difference is negative. So, the terms are in decreasing order and the value of
19^^ term is 54 + (19 -1) x - 3 = 0. Thus, the sum of 18 terms as
well as that of 19 terms is 513.
1 2
EXAMPLE 13 Find the number of terms in the series 20,19 — , 18 — t ● .. of which the sum is 300,
3 3
explain the double answer.
oww
SOLUTION The given sequence is an A.P. with first term a = 20 and the common difference
2
d = —. Let the sum of n terms be 300. Then,
3
^ = 300
e
||2« + (h-1) frj
eree
rFl = 300
FFr
-I2X
2
20 + (n-l)f--
' I 3
^ = 300
orr
ouur
sfo
n ^ -61n +900 = 0 => (?i-25)(n-36)=0 => n = 25or, 36
Sum of 25 terms = Sum of 36 terms = 300.
kks
Yo
oooo
Here, the common difference is negative therefore terms go on diminishing and 31sf term
becomes zero. All terms following 31st term are negative. These negative terms when added to
eBB
positive terms from 26th term to 30f/i term, they cancel out each other and the sum remains same.
Hence, the sum of 25 terms as well as that of 36 terms is 300.
urr
EXAMPLE 14 Solve I + 6 + 11+16 + ... + a: =148.

ad
SOLUTION Clearly, terms of the given series form an A.P. with first term a = \ and common
YYo
difference d = 5. Let there be n terms in this series. Then,

1+6 + 11+16 + ... + x = 148
dd
Re
Sum of n terms = 148

inn
rfj
F
= 148
||2 + («-l)x5| = 148 => 5n^ -3n-296 = 0 => (h-8)(5ji+ 37) = 0 => k = 8
Ih
Clearly, x =n“‘ term = fl + (;i -1) d = l + (8 -1) x 5 = 36 [ ●.● = 1, fr = 5, n = 8]
Type III PROVING RESULTS RELATED TO THE SUM OF n TERMS OF AN A.P.

EXAMPLE 15 The sum of the first p, cj, r terms of an A.P. are a, b, c respectively. Show that
-{q -r) + -(r -p) + - {p -q) =0 [NCERT]
P q r
SOLUTION Let A be the first term and D be the common difference of the given A.P. Then,
fl = Sum of p terms => a = ^|2A + (g -1)d|=> —= j 2A+ip -1)D ...(i)

b = Sum of q terms =>b = ■^|2A+(g -1)d| => — = | 2A+{q -1)D ...(ii)
and,
c = Sum of r terms :=> c =-^ |2A + (r -1) d| — = |2A +{r -1) d| ...(iii)
Multiplying (i), (ii) and (iii) by {q - r), {r - p) and {p - q) respectively and adding, we get
la, . 2b 2c
— iq-r) + {r-p) + — {p~q)
V r
= {2A + {p-l)D]{q-r) + [2A+{q-l)D\{r-p) + {2A+{r-l)D]{p-q)

= 2A(q-r + r-p + p-q)+D{{p-l){q-r) + {q-l){r-p)+{r-l){p-q)]
=2Ax0+Dx0=0
ww
EXAMPLE 16 The sum of ?h 2n, 3n terms of an A.P. are 5^,52, S3 respectively. Prove that:
S3 = 3(S2-Si). [NCERTl
FF loo
Sj = Sum of n terms => Sj = -^ 12a + (« -1) dj
ree
...(i)
2n
reFe
$2 = Sum of 2 « terms => S2 = — j 2a + (2« -1) d ...(ii)
oor rF
rur
and. %
= Sum of 3 « terms => S3 =-^|2a+(3u-1) d| ...(iii)
s ff
Now,
S2 - Si = y |2a + (2u-l) d| |2a + (t -1) d|
k
YYoou
okso
S2 - Si =1 2|2fl + (2fi-l) d| -|2a + (n -1) d ^ |2a + (3H-l) d|

BBoo
r ee
3(S2-Si) = y |2a + (3n -1) d| ...(iv)

ouur
ad
Yo
From (iii) and (iv), we get: 3 (S2 -Sj) = S3

EXAMPLE 17 The sums of n terms of three arithmetical progressions are S^, $2 and S3. The first term of
d
each is unity and the common differences are 1,2 and 3 respectively. Prove that Si + S3 = 2 $2.
idnY
Re
SOLUTION We have.
FFin
Si = Sum of n terms of an A.P. with first term 1 and common difference 1
Si = y 2 X 1 + (;i-l) X 1 = -in + 1)
$2 = Sum of n terms of an A.P. with first term 1 and common difference 2
S2 = ^|2xl+(n -l)x2|
2
= n
S3 = Sum of n terms of and A.P. with first term 1 and common difference 3
$2 = ■^|2xl + (n -l)x 3|=~(3«-1)

S1 + S3 = ^(n + l) + |(3n-l) = 2«2
Hence, Si + S3 = 2^ [●■● S2 =/i^]
EXAMPLE 18 If in an A.P. the sum ofm terms is equal to n and the sum ofn terms is equal to m, then
prove that the sum of(m + n) terms is - (m + n). Also, find the sum offirst (m-n) terms {m > n).
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
+ = n => lam + m{m -1) d = In
oww
and.
Sfj = m ^ 12fl + (?i -1) d| = w 2an + n{n -1) d = 2m ...(ii)

2a {m -n) + {f/i (m -1) - n (n -1)} d = 2n- 2m
e
2a {m -n) + {{n? - n^) - {m - n)} d = - 2 (m - «)
re
=^>
FFrllo
2a+ {ni+ n-l) d = -2 [On dividing both sides by (m - n)] ...(iii)
rF
m + n
Now, +„ 2a + {m + n -1) d
ee
2 1
ouru
(ffl + ») . 2)
sor rF
[Using (iii)]
n + n
2 ^ ’
% I + n - -{m + ir)
kffo
From (iii), we obtain
2a=-2-{m + n-l) d ...(iv)
os
ook
Substituting this value of 2a in (i), we obtain

Yo
Y
m + n
...(V)
Bo
-2m-m{m + n-l) d + m{m-l) d-2n => d~-2

reeB
mn
m + n
ouY
Puttingd ~-2 in (iv), we obtain

mn J
ur
2
ad
Yo
2a=-2 + — (m + M-1) (m + «) ...(Vi)

d
mn
Now,
nidn
|2fl + (m-«-l) d|
Re
-n ~
F
Fi
m-n 2 2
-2 + — (fn + n-l) (m + n) {ni-n-1) (m + n) [Using (v) and (vi)]
mn mn
m-n 4n
Sm -n ~
-2 + (m + n) — (m -n) (m + 2n)
2 mn m
EXAMPLE 19
If the sum offirst m terms of an A.P. is the same as the sum of its first n terms, shoxv that
the sum of its (m + n) terms is zero. [NCERT]
=^t
Y |2î + (m -1) frj = I |2fl + (n -1) d|

=> 2a{m -n) + [m{m-l) -n{n -1)) d = 0
=> 2a (m-n) + {(m^ - n^) - (m -n)] d =0
(m-n) {2a+{m+n-l) d\ - 0
2a + {m + n -1) d = 0
m + n m + n
Sm + n~ 2a + {m + n -1) d xO = 0 [Using (i)]
2 2
2 2
EXAMPLE 20 The ratio of the sutns ofm and n terms of an A.P. ism :n . Show that the ratio of the mth
and nth terms is {2m -1): (2n -1). [NCERTl
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and d the common difference of the given A.P. Then, the sums
of m and n terms are given by
= ^|2fl+{m-1) dj and, 5^ = ^|2fl+ («-1) frj respectively.
oww
It is given that
c 2
§m -
e
2
Sn n
re
^ |2fl + (m- 1)
FFrlo
2
rF
m
ee
^|2fl+(«-l)d|
2
n
ouru
sor rF
2a + {m - V) d m
2a + {n -1) d n kffo
{2a + {m-l)d]n = {2fl + (n-l)d}m
os
2a{n-m) = dl{n-l)m-{m-l)n} => 2a{n-}7i) = d{n-m) :=!> d = 2a
ook
Yo
Y
_ a + {m-l)d _ a + {m-l)2a _ 2m-l

Bo
Tfj a+{n-l)d a + {n-l)2a 2n-l

reeB
EXAMPLE 21 The interior angles of a polygon are in A.P. The smallest angle is 120® and the conunon
ouY
difference is5°. Find the number of sides of the polygon. [NCERT]

ur
SOLUTION Let there be n sides of the polygon. Then, the sum of its interior angles is given by
ad
Yo
= {2n - 4) right angles = (n - 2) x 180° ...(i)

d
Thus, the interior angles form an A.P. with first term a = 120® and common difference d - 5®.
S,j = ||2xl20° + (n-l)x5°|

nidn
●●●(ii)
Re
F
From (i) and (ii), we get

Fi
n
(« - 2) X 180®
= ^|2xl20® + (n-l)x5°
{« - 2) X 360 = n {5n + 235)
«^-25ji + 144 = 0 => (n-16)(n-9) =0 => h = 16 or,« = 9
For «=16, we obtain
Last angle = Ofj = a + {n -1) d = 120® + (16 -1) x 5 = 195® , which is not possible.
Hence, n = 9.
EXAMPLE 22 Thefirst, second and the last terms of an A.P. are a, b, c respectively. Prove that the sum is
{a + c){b + c - 2a)
INCERT EXEMPLAR!
2{b-a)
SOLUTION
Let d be the common difference of the given A.P. Then, d = b - a. Let there be n
terms in the given A.P. Then,
c = frth term
c - a + {n-\) d
c = a + (n -1) {b - a) [■: d = b - a]
c-a c-a b + c - 2a
n-1 => n +1 => « -
b -a b -a b -a
Sum of the A.P. = Sum of its n terms
= +
Using : 4, = ^ (a+ 1)
(a + c){b + c- 2d)
2{b-a)
EXAMPLE 23 Let Sn denote the sum of the first n terms of an A.P. ^ = 3 5^, then prove that = 6.
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and d the common difference of the given A.P. Then,
ww
S2fj = 3 Sfi
1+ (2« -1) = ^{ 2« + (n -1) fr}

2 {2a + (2n-l)d} = 3 {2a + (n -1) d]
FF loo
ree
2a-{3n-3-4n + 2)d = 0 => 2a-(n +1) d = 0 => 2a={n + l)d
^3n _ ^"|2a + (3» -1) d|

reFe
Now,
||2a + (f7-l) d| oroFr

rur
s ff
§3n _ 3|(n + l)d + (3n-l) d| [Using (i)]
k
● (« + l)d + {n-l)d|
YYouo
5;,
okso
BBoo
^3n 12 nd ^
= 6.
r ee
Sn 2nd
Type 7V ON SUM OF TERMS OF AN A.P.

Prove that a secjiience is an A.P. iff the sum of its n terms is of theform An^ + Bn, where A,
ad
ouur
EXAMPLE 24
Yo
B are constants.
SOLUTION Let be the sum of n terms of an A.P. with first term a and common difference d.
d
idnY
Re
Then,
2
fd^ n 2 d>
= ||2a + (n-l)d| =
n n
d--d = + a — n
FFin
an +
2 2 <2; 2
2 d d
= An + Bn, where A = — and B = a —
^ 2 2
2
Thus, the sum of n terms of an A.P. is of the form An + Bti
2
Conversely, let the sum 5^ of n terms of a sequence a^, a2, a^,... ,0,^,...he of the form An + Bn.
Then, we have to show that the sequence is an A.P.
We have, ^ = An^ + Bn
=> = A{n-l)^ + B{n-l) [On replacing n by n -1]
Now, a„ = ^-^-1
= {An^ + Bn}-|A(n-l)^ + B(n-l)l = 2An + (B-A)
= 2A{n + l)+(B-A) [On replacing n by n + 1]
+ + [2A n + (B - A)) = 2A
Clearly, ^ = 2A for all w e N. So, the sequer\ce is an A.P. with common difference 2A.
REMARK It follows from this example that a sequence is an A.P. iff the sum of its n terms is of the
form An + Bn i.e. a quadratic expression in n and in such a case the common difference is twice the
2 2
coefficient ofn . For example, ifS„ = 3n + 2n, one can easily say that it is the sum ofn terms of an
Q
A.P. with common difference 6. Similarly, ^=nP + -n{n-l)Q= — n^ + P - — n is the sum ofn
2 2 2) ^
terms of an A.P, with common difference Q.
EXAMPLE 25 Find the sum of first 24 terms of the A.P. Oi,a2,a^, ... , if it is known that
+ <^ + fljQ + + <?20 ^24 ~ 225. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
oww
SOLUTION We know that in an A.P. the sum of the terms
equidistant from the beginning and
end is always same and is equal to the sum of first and last term i.e. = ^2 ^ -1
= fl3 = ... So, if an A.P. consists of 24 terms, then a-^ +^24~^ "'■^20 “^10
Now, rtj + /^ + fl|Q + + /720 ^24 ~
e
225
=> (a-^ + 024) + (^% + (^2o) (^10 ^15) “ ^ 3 (^1 + ^24) “ 2^3 => ai + ^24 = — = 75 ...(i)
eree
rFl 24
3
FFr
%4 = Y + «^24) Using +
=> S24 = 12 (75) = 900

orr [Using (i)]
ouur
sfo
EXAMPLE 26 The ifrst term of an A.P. is a and the sum offirst p terms is zero, show that the sum of its
a{p + q)q
next q terms is - [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
kks
p-1
Yo
oooo
SOLUTION Let d be the common difference of the A.P. It is gtiven that the sum of first p terms is
eBB
zero
^|2« +(P ~l)rf|

2a
i.e. = 0^d = -
p-1
urr
Let S be the required sum. Then,

ad
^ = ^p+l+^p+2 +---+^p+ij
YYo
=5. S = + 02 + ... + flp + j +...+ flp^. -(rij + i?2 +...+ Up)

=> S = Sp+ q~Sp
dd
Re
=> s = s -0
inn
p+q [■●● Sp = 0 (given)]
S=^|2fl +(p + (j-l)rf|=^

F
2a
=>
■ 2a + {p + q-l) -
p-1
p-l-p-^+1
S={p + q) a <1- ■ ={p+q)a
p-i p-i p-i
EXAMPLE 27 If the first term of an A.P. is 2 and the sum offirst five terms is equal to one-fourth of the
sum of the next five terms, find the sum offirst 30 terms.
SOLUTION Letfl^, ^2 / '^3/ - "he given A.P. with common difference d. It is given thatij^^ =2 and
the sum of first five terms is equal to one fourth of the sum of next five terms.
I.e.
^1 + £72 ■*” + £74 + £^ = — {£7g + £77 + £7g + flg + £7]^q)
4(f7'j + £?2 + £7g + £?4 + 0^) = (£7g + <77 + £7g + £7^ + £7]^q)
5 (£7^ + £?2 + £73 + £74 + £^) = (£7|^ + £72 + ● ● ● + <^lo)
5 % - Sio
5 ||2x2+(5 -l)rf| =y|2x2 + {10 50(1 + = 20 + 45d => d = -6
Thus, we have a = 2 and d = -6.
Required sum = S30 = -^ 12 x 2 + {30 -1) x - 6 = -2550.
EXAMPLE 28 The term of an A.P. is a and qth term is b. Prove that the sum of its (p + q) terms is
p + q a-b
■ a +b + [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
2 p-q
SOLUTION Let A and D be the first term and common difference respectively of the given A.P.
ww
Then,
a = pth term a = A+(p-l)D
b = qth term =>b = A+{q-l)D ...(ii)
Flo
a ~b
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get: D =
ee
V-q
rere
Adding (i) and (ii), we get a + b = 2A + {p + q-2)D
r FF
a + b = 2A + (p + g-1) D-D
uurr
a-b foor
(a + b) +D = 2A + ip + q -1) D {a +b) + - = 2A -f (p + g -1) D ...(hi)
p-q
ks s
Now, S■p+q - Sum of (p + g) terms
Yoo
oook
a -b
Sp,,= £±5|2A + (p + ,-1)D

p + q
■ a +b + [Using (hi)]
2
eBB
p-q
EXAMPLE 29 The ratio of the sum ofn terms of two A.P.'s is {7n +1): (4« + 27). Find the ratio of their
mth tenns.
uurr
ad
SOLUTION Let ^2 the first terms and d2 the common differences of the two given
Yo
A.P.'s. Then, the sums ^ and Sy,' of their n terms are given by
S„ = +{«-!) frij, and V =f |2«2 + (« "D‘*2}

dY
Re
innd
+{n-l)dj
FFi
4. - _ 2a-i + (n -1) di
2^2 + (n — 1) i?2
^ ■ 2^2 +(« ■"!) ^2
It is given that
n-\
«l +
S,^ 7n + \ 2fli +{n-l) di 7n + l 7n + l
Sfj' An+ 27 ^ 2a2+(n-l)d2 ~ An+27 U") +

n-1
— di
4n + 27
2 [ 2
ai + {m-\) di
We have to find the ratio to m^^ terms of two A.P.'s i.e.. . Clearly, this can be
ai + {m-l) ^2
obtained by replacing by {m -1) on the LHS of (i). Replacing by m -1 i.e. n by (2m -1) on
both side of (i), we get
_ 7 {2m-l)+l 14m-6
fl2+(m-l) d2 ~4(2m-l) + 27 8m + 23
Hence, the ratio of the with terms of the two A.P.'s is (14m - 6): (8m + 23).
REMARK It is evident from the above example that ifwe are given the ratio of the sums of n terms of tioo
A.P.'s then the ratio of their m^^' terms is obtained by replacing n by (2m -1).
EXAMPLE 30 The sum of n terms of two arithmetic progressions are in the ratio (3« + 8): (7n +15).
Find the ratio of their 12th terms. [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let flj, the first terms and ^2 the common differences of the two given
A.P.'s. Then, the sums of their n terms are given by
^=1 |2ai+(«-!) dll and, ^ {2^2 + (>i -1) dil
ww
It is given that
3m + 8
V ~7« + 15
Flo
ee
rere
+(«-!) «1 +
2a-i 4- (n-1) di _ 3n+ 8
r FF
3n + 8 \ ^ J 3n + 8
^|2fl2 +(»-!) ^2
7n +15 2^2 +(«“!) (^2 7n +15 7n +15
^2 ^2
uurr
foor
n-1
Replacing by 11 i.e. n by 23 on both sides, we get
ks s
Yoo
oook
ai +11 d-i _3x23 + 8_77_7

fl2+llrf2 "7x23 + 15"T^~16
eBB
Hence, the required ratio is 7; 16.

uurr
th
ALITER If the ratio of the sums of n terms of two A.P.s
is given, then the ratio of their m“‘ terms
ad
is obtained by replacing n by (2m -1) in the given ratio. So, required ratio is obtained by
Yo
replacing n by 2 x 12 -1 = 23 in (3n + 8): (7n -f 15).

dY
Hence, required ratio = (69 + 8): (161 +15) = 7 :16.

Re
innd
EXAMPLE 31 If there are (2n + l) terms in A.P., then prove that the ratio of the sum of odd terms and the
sum of even terms is (n +1): n.
FFi
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let a and d be the first term and common difference respectively of the given A.P.
Let a^. denote the terms of the given A.P. Then, af^=a + {k-l)d.
Now, Sj = Sum of odd terms = + <73 + <^ +... + ^2^ + i
n + 1 ^
Si =
2
+ + 1
{fl + rt + (2n + 1 -1) frj = (n +1) (i7 + nd)
and. $2 = Sum of even terms = a2 + a^+ a^+ ...■¥ 02,,
$2- - «2 +
j ^ (fZ + fr) + |fl+(2«-l)d|
c
= n(a + nd)
2 V
$1: ^ = (n + 1) {a+ nd):n (a+ nd) - (n + 1): n

Sfcr
EXAMPLE 32 Let S^. be the sum offirst k terms of an A.P. What must this progression befor the ratio
to be independent ofx ? ^
SOLUTION Let tj be the first term and d common difference of the given progression. Then,
^kx _ y 12fl + (fcr -1) d| cfj kxd + (2a - d)|

^ jzfl + {x-1) d| + ■
Clearly, the RHS of the above relation will be independent of x iff 2fl - fr = 0 i.e. d - 2a.
Hence, the progression is a, 3a, 5a, 7a, where a is any non-zero real number.
EXAMPLE 33 Let S,j be the sum offirst n terms of an A.P. with non-zero common difference. Fmd the
ww
1 ‘2
ratio offirst term and common difference if is independent ofn-^.
Floo
SOLUTION Let the first term and common difference of the A.P. be a and d respectively. Then,
^>l«2 - |{2» + («i-l)rf}
ee
ti2|2fl + («! «2 n2^(2a-d)+nin2 d|
eer
T‘2
FFr
2a + {«! -1) d (2fl - d) + d
oorr
uur r
s ff
Clearly, RHS will be independent of n■^ iff 2fl - d = 0 i.e. d = 2a. Hence,
sk
$2, S3,... ^ are the sums of n terms of m A.P.'s whose first terms are 1,2,3,..., m
YYoo
EXAMPLE 34
ooko
and common differences are 1,3,5,..., (2 m- 1) respectively. Show that
Si + S2+... + ^„ = ^{mn + 'l)

eBB
SOLUTION The first terms, common difference and the sums of their n terms are as under:
uurr
First terms Common differences Sums ofn terms

ad
Si
||2xl+(fi -l)xl|
Yo
1 1
^|2x 2 + («-l)x sj
dY
2 3 S2
Re
nind
3 5 S3 = 2x 3 + (»-l)x5|
FFi
m 2m-1 4,,
^|2m + (»-l) (2m-l)}
S\ + §2 + .■■ + S„
^ 2xl+(n-l)xl +1 2x2 + (h-1)x 3 +...+ ” 2m+ («-!)(2m-1)
n
2 L J
n
^ 2x(l + 2+ 3 + ...+m)+(«-l)(l+3+5 + ...+ (2m -1)

^ 2x ^(l+m)+(n-l)^ll+(2m-l)|
n
2 2 2
^ m(m + l) + m^ (ji-1) =^(mn + l)

n
EXAMPLE 35 If the sum of m terms of an A.P. is equal to the sum of either the next n terms or the next p
terms, then prove that
,(m + n),11.
={m + p)
vf 1 1
m
p) m n
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let a denote the first term and d the common difference of the A.P. Further, let ojt
denote the term of the A.P. Then,
Sum of m terms = Sum of next n terms
fli + fl2 + + 1 + % + 2 + ●●● + % + tt

2{ai + 02+ ... + a,n) = (^1 + ^2 ^ 1 + ^+ 2 +
2^, = it + n
+” f , ,, ,1
2 2fl + (m-l) d| 12fl + (m + n -1) d>
w
2m 2a + {m + n-l) d
m + n 2a + (m-l) d
Flo
2m 2a + {m + n -1) d m-n nd
-1 = -1 => -(i)
m + n 2a + (m -1) d m + n 2a + (m -1) d
eeee
Similarly,
Fr
m-p pd
Sum of m terms = Sum of next p terms ^ ...(ii)
m + p 2a + (m -1) d
for
ur
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get
m-n m + p n
ks
m +n m-p P
Yo
{m - n) (m + p) _ (m + n){m- p)
oo
n
P
eB
(m -n)(m + p) _ {m + n) {m - p)
nm
mp
ur
ad
m-n
m-p
= (m + n)
Yo
(m + p)
mn
V '"P )
r1 1 '1 (1 1 , s 1 1
d
Re
(??Z + ?l) = (m + p) => (m + ?i) = {m + p)

in
m n m
m p m n
F
EXERCISE 18.4
BASIC
1 ● Find the sum of the following arithmetic progressions:

(i) 50,46,42,... to 10 terms (ii) 1,3,5,7,... to 12 terms
(iii) 3,9/2,6,15/2,... to 25 terms (iv) 41,36,31,... to 12 terms
(v) + b, fl - 3b,... to22 terms (Vi) {x-yf,(x^+/),(x + yf. ... to n terms
x-y 3x-2y 5x-3y

(vii) ,... to n terms
x+y' x+y ' x+y
2. Find the sum of the following series:
(i) 2 + 5 + 8 + ... +182 (ii) 101 +99 + 97 + ... + 47
(iii) +b^) + {a+bf +...+ [(fl + bf + 6ab]

3. Find the sum of first n natural numbers.
4. Find the sum of all natural numbers from 1 to 100, which are divisible by 2 or 5. [NCERTl
5. Find the sum of first n odd natural numbers.

6. Find the sum of all odd numbers between 100 and 200.
7. Show that the sum of all odd integers between 1 and 1000 which are divisible by 3 is 83667.
8. Find the sum of all integers between 84 and 719, which are multiples of 5.
9. Find the sum of all integers between 50 and 500 which are divisible by 7.
ooww
10. Find the sum of all even integers between 101 and 999.
11. Find the siun of all integers between 100 and 550, which are divisible by 9.
12. Find the sum of the series: 3 + 5 + 7 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 9 + 13 + 17 + ... to3n terms.
13. Find the sum of all those integers between 100 and 800 each of which on division by 16
ee
leaves the remainder 7.
BASED ON LOTS
r
rFFl
ree
F
14. Solve: (i) 25 + 22 + 19 + 16 + ... + a: = 115 (ii) 1+4 + 7 +10+ ... + o: = 590.
rF
2
15. Find the rth term of an A.P., the sum of whose first n terms is 3« + 2tt
fsfoor [NCERT EXEMPLAR!
ouur
16. How many terms are there in the A.P. whose first and fifth terms are -14 and 2 respectively
kosk
and the sum of the terms is 40 ?
The sum of first 7 terms of an A.P. is 10 and that of next 7 terms is 17. Find the progression.
Yo
17.
oo
Y
18. The third term of an A.P. is 7 and the seventh term exceeds three times the third term by 2.
BB
Find the first term, the common difference and the sum of first 20 terms.
rre
19. The first term of an A.P. is 2 and the last term is 50. The sum of all these terms is 442. Find
the common difference.
ouu
Y
ad
20. The number of terms of an A.P. is even; the sum of odd terms is 24, of the even terms is 30,
and the last term exceeds the first by 101/2, find the number of terms and the series.
dY
21. If = n p and S,„ =nt p,m^n,m an A.P., prove that Sp=p .

innd
Re
22. If 12* term of an A.P. is -13 and the sum of the first four terms is 24, what is the sum of first
Fi
F
10 terms ?
23. If the 5th and 12th terms of an A.P. are 30 and 65 respectively, what is the sum of first 20
terms ?
24. Find the sum of n terms of the A.P. whose cfth terms is 5fc +1. [NCERT]
25. Find the sum of all two digit numbers which when divided by 4, yields 1 as
remainder. [NCERTl
26. If the sum of a certain number of terms of the AP 25,22,19,... is 116. Find the last term.
[NCERT]
27. Find the sum of odd integers from 1 to 2001. [NCERTl

11
28. How many terms of the A.P. - 6, - 2 ' -5,... are needed to give the sum - 25?
29. In an A.P. the first term is 2 and the sum of the first five terms is one fourth of the next five
terms. Show that 20th term is -112. [NCERT]
BASED ON HOTS
30. If Si be the sum of {2n + 1) terms of an A.P. and Si be the sum of its odd terms, then prove
that: $i:S2 =(2«+l):(« + !).
31.
Find an A.P. in which the sum of any number of terms is always three times the squared
number of these terms.
32. If the sum of n terms of an A.P. is nP + ~n{n -1) Q, where P and Q are constants, find the
common difference. [NCERTI

33.
The sums of n terms of two arithmetic progressions are in the ratio 5« + 4: 9n + 6. Find the
ratio of their 18th terms. [NCERT]
34. The sums of first n terms of two A.P.'s are in the ratio (7« + 2): {« + 4). Find the ratio of their
5th terms.
w
ANSWERS
Flo
1. (i) 320 (ii) 144 (iii) 525 (iv) 162 (v) 21a - mb (vi) n{{x-yf +(n-l) xy\
^n{lx-y)-y
n
e{a^ +Sab)
reeee
(vii) 2. (i) 5612 (ii) 2072 (iii)
2(;t-fy)
FFr
3 »(n2+ l) 4. 3050 5. 6. 7500 8. 50800 9. 17696 10. 246950
11. 16425 12. 3« {2n + 3)

for
ur
13. 19668 14. (i) -2 (ii) 58 15. 6r-l
16. 10 17. a = \, d = l/7 18. -1,4,740 19. 3
kkss
1 1
20. 8 terms, 1 — , 3, 4 — ,... 22. 0 23. 1150 24.
^(5n + 7) 25. 1210
Yo
2 2
oo
26. 4 27. 1002001 28. 5 or 20 31. 3,9,15,21 32. Q

eB
33. 179:321 34. 5:1

r
ou
ad
3. Required sum =1 + 2+ 3+... + ?i=^(l +«)

YY
4. Required sum = Sum of natural numbers betweenl and 100 which are divisible by 2
ndd
+ Sum of natural numbers between 1 and 100 which are divisible by 5

Re
- Sum of natural numbers between 1 and 100 which are divisible by 2

Fi
and 5 both i.e. by 10

= (2 + 4 +... + 100) + (5 +10 + 15 + ... + 100) -(10 + 20 + ... +100)
50 20 10
= y (2 + 100)+ y (5+ 100)-—(10 + 100)
= 2550 + 1050-550 = 3050
5. Required sum =1+3 + 5 + ..

. + (2n-l)=^|l+(2H-l)|=n^
6. Required sum = 101 + 103 + ... + 199 =
y (101 +199) =7500
127
8. Required sum = 85 + 90 + ... + 715 =
y (85+ 715) =50800
9. Required sum = 56 + 63 + ... + 497
10. Required sum = 102 + 104 + ... + 998
11. Required sum = 108 + 117 + ... + 549
18.31
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS
12. Required sum = {3 + 6 + 9 + ... to w terms) + (5 + 9 +13 +... to n terms) + (7 +12 +17 +... to n
terms)
13. Required sum = 103 +119 + 135 +... + 791
15. (V=S^-^-l=(3''^ + 2r)-|3(r-l)2+2{r-l)| = 6r-l
17. We have, ^ =10 and 5^4 =10 + 17 =27

24. We have.
+1 => = 6 and = 5« +1
c »( \ c ” 6 + 5n+1
n
= — 5n+ 7
2 V / 2
25. We have to find the sum of all two digit numbers of the form 4/c +1, cf s N. Clearly, such
llowow
numbers are 13,17,21, 25,..., 97 and are forming an A.P. with common difference 4. Let
such numbers be n in number. Then,
th
97 =M term of AP with first term 13 and common difference 4
ee
97 = 13 + («-l)x4=>n-l = 21 =>n = 22
Fr
Let S be the sum of such numbers. Then,
S =
n
-
/ 22 r
2 ^
13+97
r FF
= 1210
er
2 V. forfFor
26. Let the sum of n terms of the A.P. 25,22,19,... be 116. Then,
u
2x25 + (n-l)x(-3)|
s
116 =
ok
YYour o
so
232 = w(-3n + 53) 3n^-53?i+232 = 0

eeBoBk
29
3n^ - 24n - 29n + 232 = 0 => (n - 8) (3n - 29) = 0 => = 8 3
r
ouru
ad
.-. flg = 25 + 7 X (- 3) =4
27. The odd integers from 1 to 2001 are 1, 3,5, 7,..., 2001. Let the number of such integers be n.
Yo
Then,
d
Re
2001 = l + («-l)x2=>n = 1001

in
1001
^ {1 + 2001) = 1001 X 1001 = 1002001.

FFind Y
Required sum =
A LITER The sum of firstnodd integers isn^. So, the sum of odd integers 1,3,5,7, ...,2001 is
(1001)^ =1002001.
29. We have, fl-j = 2 and + fl2 + ■ ■ ■ + '^ = — (fl^ + + ... + fl;io)
Now,
i?! + <72 ^ — i(fl6+fl7 + ... + fll0)

4 (<7| + <72+... + ^^) =<7g+<77+... +
4 S5 = Sio - S5 => 5 S5 = Sjo => 5

||[2x2 + {5-l) d}|=y|2x2 + (10-l) d)}
25 10
=> — (4 + 4ii)=y (9rf + 4)=> 20(1 +^0 = 2(9rf + 4) => lO + lOrf = 9rf + 4 => fr=-6
®20 ~ di+19d = 2 + 19x{—6) = —112
31. Use £y, = and/7„ =
1 1
32. We have, 5^ = nP +-n{n-1) Q => S, j-1 = („-l)P + _(„_l) (n-2)Q
Let be the term. Then,
^ -1
a
n
= |«P+l«(n-l)Q|-. („-l)P+i(„-i) («-2)Q .= P + i(n-l) {n-(n-2)}Q
=> a„=P +{n-l)Q ^ a„_j=P +{n-2)Q
ww
Letdhe the common difference. Then,
<^ = ^-‘h^-l={P + i^-l)Q\-{P + {n~2)Q\=Q
■●\[JTER We have,
^,=nP + i«(n-l)Q => 5,=i„2Q + fp_e2 ^
Floo
n
ree
^ 2
Clearly, S,i is of the form An 4 Bn. Hence, the sequence is an A.P. with common difference
rFee
2/1 =Q.
F
33. Let S„ and S'„ be the sums of n terms of two arithmetic progressions. Then,
oor r
rur
5n + 4
s ff
Sfj' 9n + 6
n-1
osk
^|2ai+ («-!) dll

YYoou
5n + 4
£?1 +
=> .A 2a-i + (n-l) dj _5n + 4 5n + 4
oook
9n + 6 2^2+(«-1)^2 9n + 6 n-1 9n+ 6

- {2fl2 +(«-!) £^2!
eBB
£?2 "t ^2
2 J
Replacing by 17 i.e. n by 35, we get fli +17di ^ 179
uur r
£12+17^2 ” 321
ad
Yo
ALITER If the ratio of the sums of n terms is given, then to find the ratio of their terms,
we replace n by (2n -1). So, to find the ratio of 18th terms, we replace n by 2x18-1 = 35 in
the ratio 5n + 4: 9n + 6
dY
Re
Hence, required ratio is (5 x 35 + 4): (9 x 35 + 6) i.e. 179 : 321.

idn
FFin
18.6 PROPERTIES OF ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS

In this section, we shall discuss some properties of arithmetical progressions which will be
frequently used in this chapter and in the subsequent chapters.
PROPERTY 1 If a constant is added to or subtracted from each term of an A.P., then the resulting
sequence is also an A.P. with the same common difference.
PROOF Let flj, ^2/ «3/ ●●● be an A.P. with common difference d, and let kbea fixed constant
which is added to each term of this A.P. Then, the resulting sequence is a-^ + k, a2 + k, a^ + k-^...
Letb„ =Ojj + k,n=l,2, ...Then, the new sequence is bi,b2,b2,...
Now, + =‘ht+l~‘hi =dIora\lneN
Thus, the new sequence is also an A.P. with common difference d.
PROPERTY 2 If each term of a given A.P. is multiplied or divided by a non-zero constant k, then the
resulting sequence is also an A.P. with common difference kd or d/k, where d is the common difference of
the given A.P.
PROOF Let flj, '● ● ● common difference d and let khea non-zero constant.
Let bi,b2,b2,...he sequence obtained by multiplying each term of the given A.P. by k. Then,
= flj cf, ^2 ~ U2 k, ...,bj^ = 0)1 k,...
Now, = = [v -% = d for all« 6N]
This shows that the new sequence is an A.P. with common difference dk.
Similarly, it can be proved that on dividing each term of a given A.P. by a non-zero constant, we
ooww
obtain a sequence which is also an A.P.
PROPERTY 3 In a finite A.P. the sum of the terms equidistant from the begin7ting and end is always
same and is equal to the sum offirst and last term.
e
i.e.
% + 1) “^1 for all cf =1, 2, 3, ...,n -1.
re
PROOF Let a-i,a2,a^,...,a,i be an A.P. with common difference d. We have to show that
rFFl
ree
F
ai + Ofj = ^2 + ^-1 + ^-2 = '^4 + î-3 = ■■■
rF
i.e.
a-[+ Oyj = _ 1) for all cf = 1,2,3,..., n -1
For any =1, 2,..., «-l fsfoor
ouur
^k+^-ik-l) - % + ‘^1+ 1-fc
kosk
[flj + (fc -1) fr] + [^1 + (n + 1 - cf -1) d]
Yo
= 2ai + {k -1 +n + 1 - k -1) d
oo
Y
= 2ai + {n~l)d= a^ [ai + {n -1) d] = a^ + Ojj.

BB
PROPERTY 4 Three numbers a, b, c are in A.P. iff 2b = a + c.

rre
PROOF First, let a, c be in A.P. Then,

oYuu
b-a = Common difference and, c-b = Common difference

ad
=> b-a = c~b=> 2b -a + c

dY
Conversely, let b, cbe three numbers such that 2& = a + c.Then, we have to show that a, b,c are
innd
Re
in A.P.
We have, 2b=a + c => b~a=c-b ^ a, b, c are in A.P.

Fi
F
2 5
ILLUSTRATION If - , k, - are in A.P., find the value ofk.
^ 3 8
SOLUTION It is given that,

31 31
-,
3
Ic, -8 are in A.P. => 2/c =13 + -8 => 2^: = 24
=>k =
48
PROPERTY 5 A sequence is an A.P. iff its nth term is a linear expression in n i.e. = An + B, where A,
B are constants. In such a case the coeffcient of n in an is the common difference of the A.P.
PROOF See example 3 on page 18.3.
PROPERTY 6 A sequence is an A.P. iff the sum of its first n terms is of the form An + Bn, where A, B
are constants independent ofn. In such a case the common difference is 2A i.e. 2 times the coefficient of n^.
PROOF See example 6 on page 18.17.
PROPERTY 7 If the terms of an A.P. are chosen at regular intervals, then they form an A.P.
PROPERTY 8 IfOjt, and consecutive terms of an A.P., then 2/^+i=<in + ^ + 2
Tijpe I TO PROVE THAT THREE NUMBERS ARE IN A.P. WHEN THREE GIVEN NUMBERS ARE IN A.P.
EXAMPLE 1 If a, b, c are in A.P., prove that the following are also in A.P.
... 1 1 1
(ii) b + c,c + a,a + b
be ca ab
..... a [1- + -1) ,b, -1 + -1] 1

c"P (b + c),b^ {c + a), c~ {a + b)
ww
(ill) ,c _ + _ [NCERT] (iv)
{b cj l,c aj a b
1 1 1
(vi)
FF loo
fb + ■yjc ■'[c + -fa .fa + fb
SOLUTION (i) a, b, c are in A.P.
ree
a
^ c . * r,
abc
, / abc
—, —areinA.P.
abc [On dividing each term by abc and using Property 2]
rFee
^11
—, An
—, — are in A.P.
F
be ca ab
oor r
rur
Thus, a, b, c are in A.P. => —, —, ^ are in A.P.
s ff
—
be ca ab
(ii) It is given that
k
YYoou
a,b, c are in A.P.

ookos
=> a-{a + b + c), b-{a+ b + c), c-{a+ b + c) are in A.P. [Subtracting a + b + c from each term]
BBo
=> “(ft + c),-(c + fl),-(fl + ef) arein A.P. [Multiplying each term by -1]
re
=> af + c, c + + & are in A.P.

(iii) a, b, c are in A.P.
ouur
ad
a ^ ● A r.
— , — / — are m A.P. [On dividing each term by abc and using Property 2]
Yo
abc abc abc

1
—, —, — are m A.P.
- A n
dY
be ca ab
Re
idn
ab + bc + ca ab + be + ca ab + be + ca
are in A.P.
FFin
be ca ab
[On multiplying each term by ab + bc + ca and using Property 2]

ab + be + ca ^ ab + be + ca ^ ab + be + ca
i , ~1 / -1 are in A.P.
be ca ab
[On adding -1 to each term and using Property 1]

ab + ac ab + be be + ca
are in A.P.
be ca ab
a
fl- + -1 ,b,fl- + -
1 , c
^1
-
- + -
1) are in A.P.
fa c) a fa
(iv) a^ (fa + c), af^ (c + a), c^ {a + af) will be in A.P.

if b^ (c + a)-a^ {b + c) = c^ {a + b)-b^ (c + a)
i.e. if c(b^-a^) + ab{b-a) = a(c^-b^)+bc (c-b)
i.e. if {b - a) (ab + be + ca) = {c-b){ab+ bc + ca)
i.e. if b-a = c-b

i.e. if 2b = a + c
i.e. if a,b, c are in A.P.
Thus, a, b, c are in A.P. => {b + c), b^ (c + a), {a + b) are in A.P.
ALITER It is given that

a, b, c are in A.P.
a
w
—, , — are in A.P.
abc abc abc
1
—, —, —are in A.P.
be ca ab
ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca
roow
e
are in A.P.
be ca ab
re
ab + ca ab + bc bc + ca
1 + /1 + ,1 + are in A.P.
be ca ab
reF
uFFll
a{b + c) b{a + c) c{a + b) are in A.P. [Subtracting 1 from each term]
e
be ca ab
a^{b + c) b^{a + c) c^{a + b)
sFr
are in A.P.
abc ' abc ' abc
a^ {b + c), foro
{c + a), ^ (a + b) are in A.P.
uor
fk [Multiplying each term by abc]
okso
(v) It is given that
a, b, care in A.P.
Y
Yo
-2a, -2b, -2c are in A.P. [Multiplying each term by - 2]

oo
BB
n + b + c-2a,a+b + c-2b, a+ b + c-2c are in A.P. [Adding a+ b + c to each term]

b + c-a, c + a-b, a + b -c arein A.P.
rYree
(a + b + c){b + c-a), {a + b + c){c + a-b),(a + b + c){a + b-c) are in A.P.

ouu
[Multiplying each terming a + b + c]

ad
Ydo
=> {b + cf -a^,{c + a^) -b^, (a + b)^ -c^ are in A.P.

1 1 1
(Vi) will be in A.P.
nidn
ylb + -Jc'-Jc+‘Ja'yfa + ^Jb

Re
1 1 1 1
if
F
■Jc + ^fa -Jb +-Jc y[a+-yjb 4^4^

Fi
i.e. if
4b -4^ (4c -4b)
(4c + 4^) (4b + 4^) (4a + 4b) (4^+4a)
i.e. if 4b -4a __ 4^-4b
4b + 4c 4a + 4b
i.e. if b-a = c-b
i.e. if 2b = a + c
i.e. if a, b, c are in A.P.
1 1 1
Thus, a, b, c are in A.P. => are in A.P.
4b+4c'4c+4a'4a+4b
ALITER It is given that
a, b, c are in A.P.
b-a-c-b
\r \ ( \ /
■Jb +Vfl yjb --Ja ■\fc --Jb -Jc + yjb

/ \ / \ A
■Jb -yfa _ -Jc--Jb

^/b -Jb + -Ja
^ f \ f
■Jb +Vc - -Ja +Vc ■sfc + — -Jb + -Ju
J_ V j / V
^Jb + J^ ■Jb + -Jo

' \ / ' \ f
■Jb + -Jc — -Jc + ■J^ ■Jc -¥ ■Jn — -Jq "h yjb
1
\ / \
●s/b +Vc -Jc ■\--Ja ■Ja -^y/b ■Jc -i-yfa
w
y V / V
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
are in A.P.
yfc-^-yfa -v/fc+Vc -Ja-i-ylb y/c + yfa -Jb-\-yfc' -Jc-hy/a' Ja + -Jb
EXAMPLE 2
Flo 2 2 2
If a ,b ,c are in A.P, then prove that the following are also in A.P.
e
rree
1 1 1 a b c
(i) (ii)
b -i- c' c a' a + b b c' c -h a' a -¥b
r FF
SOLUTION (i) _l 1 will be in A.P.
uurr
& + c'c + fl% + b
for
1 1 1 1
if
kss
c+fl b+c fl+b c+fl
ooook
Yo
b ~a c-b
i.e. if
(c + fl) (b + c) {a + b) (c + a)
eB
i.e. if b-a _ c-b

b + c a -t-b
urr
b^~a^ =
ad
i.e. if
Yo
i.e. if 2!,^ +
dY
2 2 2
i.e. if a ,b ,c are in A.P.
Re
innd
2 2 2 1 1
Thus, a ,b , c are in A.P. ^ — are in A.P.
Fi
b c ' c a' a + b
ALITER (i) It is given that

a b^, are in A.P.
(b-a) (b + a) =(c-b) (c + b)
b-a c-b
b-¥c a +b
(b + c)-(g + c) _ (c + fl) -(b + a)

b +c a-\-b
(b + c) -(a + c) _ (c + a) -(b + a)
(a + c)(b + c) (a + b)(a + c)
[Multiplying both side by —^]
a +b
1 1 1 1
fl+c b+c a+b a+c

1
,
1
b +c c+a
, —^,areinA.P.
a +b
a
(ii) , — ^willbeinA.P.
b + c c + a a +b
+1, c ^+ a +1, a +^ b■ +1 are in A.P.

a
if [On adding 1 to each term]
b + c
a + b + c a +b + c a +b + c
i.e. if are in A.P.
b+c ' c+a c + a
oww
i.e. if _l 1 — are in A.P. [On dividing each term by a + b + c]
b + c' c + a' a + b
1 1 1 1
i.e. if
c+a b+c a+h c+a
e
b -a c -b
ree
i.e. if
rFl
(c + fl) (fc + c) {a + &) (c + a)
Fre
b ~a _ c-b
rr F
i.e. if
b+c a+b
^ = c' -b^
ouur
i.e. if -a
sfoo
i.e. if 2b^ = a
2
+ c
2
kks
if are in A.P.
Yo
oooo
I.e.
2 2 2 a b
Thus, a ,b , c are in A.P. ^ — are in A.P.
eBB
b + c' c + a' a + b
AUTER It is given that

uurr
a ^ ,b^, c^ are in A.P.

ad
YYo
b^-a^=?-b\
{b + a){b-a)={c + h) (c-b)
dd
b-a _c-b
Re
iinn
b+c a+b
F
=>
{b + c)~(a + c) _{c + a)-{b + a)
b +c a +b
(b + c)-(fl + c) _{c + a)-{b + a)

(fl + c)(ij + c) (a + b){a + c)
1 1 1 1
a+c b+c a+b a+c
_1 1 — are in A.P.
b + c' c + a' a + b
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
are in A.P.
b+c ' c+a ' a+b
a a b A
1 + /1 + —, 1 + are in A.P. => — are in A.P.
b +c c + a a +b b + c' c + a' a+b
b + c-a c + a-b a + b -c 111

EXAMPLES If — are in A.P., prove that —, - , - are also in A.P.
a b c a b c
b + c-a c + a-b a+b - c
SOLUTION — are in A.P.
a b c
b + c -a c + a~b a +b - Q
+ 2 ■/ ■ + 2 , — + 2 ^ are in A.P. [Adding 2 to each term]
a b c
a +b + c a +b + c a + b + c
are in A.P.
a b c
111 -An
a b c
Dividing each term hy a + b + c
EXAMPLE 4 If a^ + 2bc,b^ + 2ac, + lab are in A.P., show that b ^
w
-— are in A.P.
-c c-a ' a-b
SOLUTION a^ + Ibc, b^ + lac, + lab are in A.P.
Flo
(fl^ + Ibc) - (ab + bc + ca), + 2£?c) - {ab + bc+ ca), (c^ + lab) - {ab +bc + ca) are in A.P.
e
reee
[On subtracting (ab + bc + ca) from each term]
2 2 2
FFr
=> a +bc - ab ~ca,b + ca - ab -be, c + ab -be - ca are in A.P.
=> (a-b) (a- c), (b -c)(b - a), (c -a)(c - b) are in A.P.
-1 -1 for
ur
— are in A.P. On dividing each term by (a -b)(b - c) (c - a)
b-c c-a a-b
kss
1 1
^— are in A.P. [On multiplying each term by -1]
b-c'c-a'a-b
Yo
oo
EXAMPLE 5 If(b - c)^,(c -a)^,(a -b)^ are in A.P., prove that — _ _l are in A.P.
eB
b-c'c-a'a-b
SOLUTION (b - c)^, (c - a)^, (a - b)^ are in A.P.

ur
=> (c-a)^-(b-c)^ = (a-b)^-(c-a)^

ad
Yo
=> (b - a) (Ic - a-b) = (c-b)(la-b-c)...(i)

=> (&~fl)({c-fi)+{c-&)| = (c-b){(n-fj) + (fl-c)}
d
Re
(b-a)(c-a) + (b-a)(c-b) = (c-b) (a-b)+ (a-c)(c-b)

in
=> -(a -b)(c - a) + (a-b) (b -c) =-(a-b) (b -c) + (b - c) (c - a)

F
1 1 1 1
b-c
+
c-a c-a
+
a-b
[Dividing throughout by (a -b)(b - c) (c - a)
1 1 1 1 1
-— are in AP.
c-a a-b b-c b-c' c-a ' a-b
1 1
Thus, if (& -c)^, (c -d)^, (a -b)^ are in A.P., then b-c'c-a'a-b
-— are in A.P.
EXAMPLE 6 If a, b, c are in A.P., then prove that:

(i) (a-c)^ = -ac) (ii) a^ +Ab^ + c^ = 3b(a‘^ + c^)
a + c
SOLUTION (i) It is given that a, b, c are in A.P. Therefore,
2b =a + c=> b = ^
r.. . a + c
Puttmg b = ^ on RHS, we obtain

\2
RHS = 4(b^-ac)^4-
a + c
2
-ac ■ =4 ^ 4
-4ac
fl + c
(ii) It is given that a, h, c are in A.P. Therefore, 2b =a + c =>b = —^
LHS = fl^ + 4&^ + c^
a + c
= fl^ + 4 + c
2
J 2{a^ +c^) + (fl+ c)^) ■ =i|2(fl + c)(fl^-flc + c^)+{fl + c)^|
ww
^(fl + c) ■ 2{fl^-flc + c^)+{fl + c)^
Flo
ee
~{a + c) 3(fl^ + c^) = 3
rere
2 ,
r FF
ALITER LHS = +4b^ + ={a^ + c^) + 4b^ ={a + c)^ -3ac (a+ c) + 4b^
uurr
= {2b)^~ 3ac (2b) + 4b^ = 12b^ -6abc
foor
= 3b (4b^-2flc) = 3b|(2b)^ I = 3b |(fl + c)^ -2flc| = 3b (fl^ + c^) = RHS
ks s
-2flc
Yoo
ooook
EXAMPLE 7 // (b + c), b^ (c + a), (fl + b) are in A.P., show that either a, b, c are in A.P. or
eBB
ab + be + ca = 0.
SOLUTION fl^ (b + c), b^ {c + fl), (fl + b) are in A.P.

uurr
b^ (c + fl)-fl^ (b + c) = c^(fl + b)-b^(c + fl)

ad
Yo
(b^fl~fl^b) + (b^c-fl^c) = {ch-b‘^c)+{c\~bâ)

dY
{b -a){ab +bc + ca) = {c ~b){ab+bc + ca)

Re
innd
(flb + be + ca) (2b - a - c) = 0

FFi
=> flb + be + cfl = 0 or 2b-a~c = 0=>ab +be+ ca-0 or fl, b, c are in A.P.
EXAMPLE 8 If -—- = -—- = and a, b, c are in A.P. Show that —, - are in A.P.
ax
by
... ...
cz X y z
p-x _p-y _p-z . Let p-x _p-y _v-^ = X. Then,

SOLUTION It is given that ax cz ax cz
^.X,^^ = Xand^ = X
ax
by cz
fl =
Xx Xz
^„=lfP-ll,f,=if£-l]andc=if£-l
Xyx Hv X^2
It is given that fl, b, c are in A.P. Therefore,

2b =fl + c
2 P -ifP Up 2 11 111 .
-= — + -=> —, —, - are in A.P.
^ „
Uy X X 2
y X z
y X z X y z
EXERCISE 18.5
BASIC
1. If-,-, - are in A.P., prove that:

a b c
b + c c + a a +b
(i) I ; /
are in A.P. (ii) a{b + c), b(c + a), c{a + b) are in A.P.
a b c
2 2 2 a b
2. If , c are in A.P., prove that — are in A.P.
b+c'c+a'a+b
ww
3. If a, b, c are in A.P., then show that:
(i) {b + c), (c + a), (a + b) are also in A.P.

(ii) b + c-a, c + a- b,a + b- c are m A.P.
Flo
(iii) be-a^,ca~b^,ab-c'^ are in A.F.
ee
b + c c + a a +b
rere
4. If — are in A.P., prove that:
r FF
a c
(i) - / -, - are in A.P. (ii) be, ca, ab are in A.P.

uurr
a b c foor
5. If c are in A.P., prove that:
(i) (a-cf =4{a-b){b-c) (ii) a^ + + 4ac - 2 (ab +bc + ca)
ks s
Yoo
(iii) + 6abc = Sb^

ooook
„ (1 l] ,(l 1 / c 1 1]
eBB
- + - are in A.P., prove that a, b, c are in A.P.

yb c) l^c a a bj
7. Show that + xy+ y^+zx + x^ and y^ +yz +'^ are consecutive terms of an A.P., if x, y
uurr
and 2 are in A.P.

ad
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Yo

dY
a + c a + c a + r
5. (i)Putb = on RHS (ii) Put b = -ônRHS (iii) Futb=^^ on RHS and LHS
Re
2 2
innd
n fl 1
6, ^ — + — , b —I— , c - + - are in A.P.
FFi
cj a a
1
- + — +1 ,b -
-
l^l , .fl 11 +1,c
- , fl- + - +1 are A.P.
a
b c
+ -
[●.' Adding 1 throughout]
U a, a
K
a
1
- + - +-, b
11 « J1 1 ^w
- + - +- fl- + -1 +-aremA.P.
● A r.
cJ a
yc a b' ^ â bJ c
,b.fl- + -1 + - ,c - + - + - arem A.P.
a
1
- + - + -
1 1 ll fl 1 ll . ^ „
b c a c a b] a b c
a, b, care in A.P. Dividing each term by -a + —b ^c

+ -
7. It is given that x, y, z are in A.P. Therefore, y-x-z-y = d (say)

Now, (x^ +ZX + 2^)-(x^ + xy + y^) =(-y^ +z^) + x (z-y) =(z-y) (x + y+z) = d (x + y + z)
and, (2^ +yz + y^)-(z^ +zx + x^)=(y^ -x^) +z(y-x) =(y ~x) (x + y + z) =d (x + y + z)
{x^ +zx + z^)-{x^ + xy + y^) = {z^ + yz + y^)-{z^ +zx + x^)

2 2 2 2 2 2
=> x +xy + y ,z +ZX + X ,y +yz + z are in A.P.
18.7 INSERTION OF ARITHMETIC MEANS
If between two given quantities a and b we have to insert n quantities A-[, A2, ■■■, such that
a, Ai, A2,... A,j, bform an A.P., then we say that Aj, A2,..., Ai arithmetic means between a and b.
ILLUSTRATION Since 15,11, 7, 3, -1, -5 are in A.P., it follows that 11,1, 3, -2 are four arithmetic
means between 15 and -5.
lfa,A,b are in A.P., we say that A is the arithmetic mean of a and b.
ooww
18.7.1 INSERTION OF ARITHMETIC MEANS
Let Ay A2, Afjhe n arithmetic means between two quantities a and b. Then,fl, Ay A2,
A,,, & is an A.P. Let d be the common difference of this A.P. Clearly, it contains {n + 2) terms.
b -a
b = {n + 2)^ term =>b = a + {n + l) d => d = n + 1
e
b -a
ree
Now, Ai ~ a + d= a + n
rFl + 1
Fre
2ib-a)
A2 — a + 2d -- a +
rrF
n + 1
3(b-a)
A3 =a+ 3d = a +
ouur
n +1
sffoo
okks
n(b - a)
Af, = a + nd = a +
Yo
n + 1
ooo
These are the required arithmetic means between a and b.

BB
18.7.2 INSERTION OF A SINGLE ARITHMETIC MEAN BETWEEN TWO NUMBERS

rr e
Let a and b be two numbers and A be the single arithmetic mean between them. Then,
a +b
ouu
fl. A, b are in A.P. => A - a =b - A => 2A=a + b =>

A= ^
ad
YY
Thus, the arithmetic mean of a and b is

dd
Re
iinn
F
EXAMPLE 1 Insert three arithmetic means between 3 and 19.

SOLUTION Let Ay A2, A3 be 3 A.M.'s between 3 and 19. Then 3, Ay A2, A3,19 are in A.P.
whose common difference d is given by fr = 1^
3 + 1
= 4.
Aj = 3 + fr = 3 +4 = 7,A2 = 3 + 2rf = 3 + 2x4=11, A3 =3 + 3rf = 3+3x4=15.
Hence, the required A.M.'s are 7,11,15.
n+1 n+ 1
a + b
EXAMPLE 2 For zvhat value ofn, is the arithmetic mean of a and b ? [NCERT]
a^'+b
n
n+1 n+1
a+b a +b
SOLUTION The A.M. of a and b is . Therefore, will be the A.M. of a and b, if
/+&
n
2
«+ 1 n+ 1
a + b a +b
a’' +b
n
2
fl+ 1 n+ 1
2 (a + b ) = (/ + b”) {a + b)
11+ 1 n+ 1 )i+ 1 n , lit 1 n + 1
2 a + 2b a + fl b +b a+b
11+ 1 n+ 1
a + b
n / \Q
a” (a-b) = &” (fl -i;) => fl" = cf” => b^ = 1 =>

a a a
= 1 => " => « = 0.
b b
EXAMPLES
If n arithmetic means are inserted between 20 and 80 such that the ratio offirst mean to the
w
last mean is 1:3, then find the value of n.
SOLUTION Let Ai, A2, A,, be n arithmetic means between 20 and 80 and let d be the
common difference of the A.P. 20, A-^, A2,... A„, 80. Then,
Flo
80-20 60 - a
d =
Using: d=-
ee
n + 1 71 + 1 77 + 1
Fr
60 77 + 4
Now, Aj = 20 +d=>Ai =20 + 71 = 20
+ 1 71 + 1
for
ur
6077 4n + l
And, Afj = 20 + nd => A„ = 20 + = 20
71 + 1 71 + 1
ks
Yo
It is given that
oo
20 (71 + 4)
eB
fll=l n + 1 1 n + 4
— 4n +1 = 3n +12=> n = 11
A, 3 20 (4n + 1) 3 4n + l 3
n + 1
ur
ad
EXAMPLE 4 Between 1 and 31 are inserted m arithmetic means so that the ratio of the 7th and {m - l)th
Yo
means is 5:9. Find the value ofm. INCERT]

SOLUTION Let Ai, A2, Ajjj be m arithmetic means between 1 and 31. Then 1,
A-i, A2,..., An ' 31 is an A.P. with common difference d given by
nd
Re
31 -1 _ 30 -a
Fi
d =
771 + 1 777 + 1
Using: d = -
71 + 1
7 X 30 m + 211
Now, Ay =l+7d =1 +
7n + l m + 1
30 (m-1) 317n - 29
and. Aj„_i=l +{m-l) d =1 +
771 + 1 777 + 1
It is given that
Aj 5 m + 211
= — => 9m +1899 =155771-145 => 146m = 2044 =>m = 14
An -1 9 31m-29 9
EXAMPLE 5 Prove that the sum ofn arithmetic means between two numbers is n times the single A.M.
between them.
SOLUTION Leti4^, Ai, be w arithmetic means between and b. Then, £?, A^, A2,Aj / ^
h -a
is an A.P. with common difference d given by d = n + l
V Sn = -'^{a + D
n
Now, /4 j + A2 +... + Aji — —
2v.
Aj^ + A n
« / IX
~{a^b) [v a, Ai, A2,Afj,b is an A.P. a + b =Ai + AJ
= n ^ — = « X (A.M. between a and b)

13
EXAMPLE 6 The sum of two numbers is —.
6
An even number of arithmetic means are being inserted
ww
between them and their sum exceeds their number by 1. Find the number of means inserted.
13
SOLUTION Let a and b be two numbers such that a + b = —
6
Let , A2,... / A2,, be 2n arithmetic means between a and b. Then,
Flo
a + b
Ai + A2 +... + A2jj — 2n [Using result of Example 5]
ee
2
rere
13
r FF
[Using (i)]
Ai + A2+... + A2,, = n (a + b) = "g" ”
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2n + l=—n [●.● + A2 +... + A2„ = 2« +1 (given)]
foor
6
12« + 6 = 13fi => n = 6
ks s
Hence, 126 arithmetic means are inserted between the numbers.
Yoo
ooook
EXAMPLE 7 If the A.M. between pth and qth terms of an A.P. be equal to the A.M. between rth and sth
terms of the A.P., then show thatp + q = r + s.
eBB
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of the given A.P. Then
Op = pth term = a + (p -1) d; a^ = flth term = a + (q~V) d
uurr
= rth term = a + (r -V) d and,

a. = sth term = a + (s -1) d
ad
It is given that
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A.M. between a„ and a^ = A.M. between a^ and a^

dY
-(ap + a^) = -{Or + Os)

Re
innd
\a + (p-1) d} + {a + (q-1) d] = {fl + (r -1) fr) + {p + (s -1) d]

FFi
(p + q~2) d = (r + s - 2) d => p + q = r + s
EXAMPLE 8 Suppose X and y are two real numbers such that the rth meari between x and 2y is equal to
the rth mean between 2x and y when n arithmetic means are inserted between them in both the cases. Show
n + l
tlrnt -y=i.
r X
SOLUTION Let Ai, A2,..., Ai ” arithmetic means between x and 2y. Then,x, Aj, A2, ●●●/
2y-x
A„, 2y are in AP with common difference d^ given by d-^ = n + l
th 2y-x
r
mean = A^ = x + r d-^ X + r
n + l
Let Ai', A2 ,, A„'ben arithmetic means between 2x and y. Then, 2x, A-^', A2 A^' ,y are
y-2x
in A.P. with common difference d2 given by ^2 = n + 1 ■
y-2x
mean = Ar' = 2x + r d2 = 2x + r
rt + 1
It is given that:
A = A'
x + r
'2y-y = 2x + r
y-2x
n + 1 n + 1
(n + 1) x + r{2y-x) = {n+ 1) 2x+ r {y-2x)
w
n + 1
(n + 1) X -ry = rx => 1=1
r x
Flo
EXERCISE 18.6
e
BASIC
rree
1. Find the A.M. between:
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(i) 7 and 13 (ii) 12 and -8 (iii) (x-y) and(A: + y).
2. Insert 4 A.M.s between 4 and 19.
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3. Insert 7 A.M.s between 2 and 17.
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4. Insert six A.M.s between 15 and -13.
kss
ooook
BASED ON LOTS
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5. There are n A.M.s between 3 and 17. The ratio of the last mean to the first mean is 3:1. Find
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the value of n.
6 Insert A.M.s between 7 and 71 in such a way that the 5‘’’ A.M. is 27. Find the number of
urr
A.M.s.
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7. If n A.M.s are inserted between two numbers, prove that the sum of the means equidistant
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from the beginning and the end is constant.

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8. If X, y, z are in A.P. and Aj is the A.M. of x and y and A2 is the A.M. of y and 2, then prove
that the A.M. of A^ and A2 is y.
Re
innd
9. Insert five numbers between 8 and 26 such that the resulting sequence is an A.P.
Fi
[NCERT]
ANSWERS
l.{i)10 (ii) 2 (iii) X 2. 7,10,13,16
3.^ 23 61 19 91 53 121
8*' 4 ' 8 ' 2 ' 8 ' 4 ' 8
4. 11,7,3,-1,-5,-9 5.6 6. 15 9. 11,14,17,20,23
9. Let a2, a^, be five natural numbers between 8 and 26 such that
8, ^2/ ^3' ^4 / 26 is an A.P. Let frbe the common difference. Then,
26-8 b -a
d = = 3 V d =
5 + 1 n + 1
— 8 + 3 —11, ^2 “■ ^1 3 “ 14/ ^3 “ 1^/ “ 20 3nd — 23

Hence, five numbers are 11,14,17,20 and 23.
18.8 APPLlCATfONS OF A.P.
In this section, we shall discuss some problems based upon the applications of arithmetic
progressions.
EXAMPLE 1
The digits of a positive integer, having three digits, are in A.P. and their sum is 15. The
number obtained by reversing the digits is 594 less than the original number. Find the number.
SOLUTION Let the digits at ones, tens and hundreds place be {a - d), a and {a + d) respectively.
Then the number is
w
(fl + d) X 100 + flxl0+((?-d) = lllfl + 99d
The number obtained by reversing the digits is
Flo
(fl-d)X 100 + flxl0 + (rt + d) = lllfl “99d
e
It is given that {a - d) + a + (a + d) =15 and. Ilia -99d =lllfl + 99d -594
ree
3a = 15 and 198d = 594 => a = 5 and d = 3
FFr
So, the number islllfl + 99d =111 x 5 + 99 x 3 = 852.
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or
sf
EXAMPLE 2 Two cars start together in the same direction from the satne place. The first goes with
uniform speed of 10 km/h. The second goes at a speed of 8 km/h in the first hour and increases the speed by
kks
1/2 km each succeeding hour. After how many hours will the second car overtake the first car if both cars
Yo
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go non-stop ?
SOLUTION Suppose the second car overtakes the first car after t hours. Then the two cars travel
eB
the same distance in t hours.
Distance travelled by the first car in t hours = 101 km.

ur
Distance travelled by the second car in t hours

ad
YYo
= Sum of t terms of an A.P. with first term 8 and common difference 1/2.
t 1 t (f + 31)
= -|2x8f(f-l)x-
dd
4
Re
in
When the second car overtakes the first car. The distance travelled by both cars is same.
f (f + 31)
F
lOf = =>f(f-9) = 0=>f = 9 [●●● t ^ 01

4
Thus, the second car will overtake the first car in 9 hours.
EXAMPLE 3
A man repays a loayt off 3250 by paying f 20 in the first month and then increases the
payment by f 15 every month. How long will it take him to clear the loan ?
SOLUTION Suppose the loan is cleared in n months. Clearly, the amounts form an A.P. with
first term 20 and the corrunon difference 15.
Sum of the amounts = 3250
||2x 20 + (H-l)xl5| = 3250
3n^+5n-1300 = 0 => (n - 20) (3n + 65) = 0=> n = 20 3tt + 65 ^ 0
Thus, the loan is cleared in 20 months.

EXAMPLE 4 150 workers were engaged to ifnish a piece of work in a certain number of days. Four
workers dropped the second day,four more workers dropped the third day and so on. It takes 8 more days to
finish the work now. Find the number of days in which the work was completed.
SOLUTION Suppose the work is completed in n days when the workers started dropping. Since
4 workers are dropped on every day except the first day. Therefore, the total number of workers
who worked all the n days is the sum of n terms of an A.P. with first term 150 and common
difference - 4.
i.e.
||2xl50 + (« -l)x-4| = «{152-2«)
Had the workers not dropped then the work would have finished in {n - 8) days with 150
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workers working on each day. Therefore, the total number of workers who would have worked
all the n days is 150 (n - 8).
n(152-2«) = 150(«-8) => tt^-H-600 = 0=> (n-25)(« + 24) = 0 => n = 25.
Thus, the work is completed in 25 days.
Flo
ee
EXAMPLE 5 Along a road lie an odd number of stones placed at intervals of 10 metres. These stones have
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to be assembled around the middle stone. A person can carry only one stone at a time. A man carried the job
with one of the end stones by carrying them in succession. In carrying all the stones he covered a distance
uurr
of 3 km. Find the number of stones.
foor
SOLUTION Let there be (2« + 1) stones. Clearly, one stone lies in the middle and n stones on
ks s
each side of it in a row. Let P be the mid-stone and let A and B be the end stones on the left and
Yoo
right of P respectively. Clearly, there are n intervals each of length 10 metres on both the sides of
oook
P. Now, suppose the man starts from A. He picks up the end stone on the left of mid-stone and
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goes to the mid-stone, drops it and goes to (n - l)th stone on left, picks it up, goes to the
mid-stone and drops it. This process is repeated till he collects all stones on the left of the
mid-stone at the mid-stone. So, distance covered in collecting stones on the left of the mid-stones
uurr
ad
= 10 X n + 2 [10 X (rt -1) + 10 X (» -2) + ... + 10 X 2 + 10 X 1],

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After collecting all stones on left of the mid-stone the man goes to the stone B on the right side of
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the mid-stone, picks it up, goes to the mid-stone and drops it. Then he goes to (n -1)* stone on
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the right and the process is repeated till he collects all stones at the mid-stone.
innd
Distance covered in collecting the stones on the right side of the mid-stone
FFi
= 2 [10 X n + 10 X (n -1) + 10 X (h -2) + ... +10 X 2 + 10 X 1]

Total distance covered
= 10 X M + 2 [10 X (n -1) + 10 X (« -2) +... + 10 X 2 + 10 X 1]

+ 2[10x« + 10x («-!) + ... +10X 2 + lOx 1]
= 4 [10 X w + lOx (n -1) + ... + 10 X 2 + 10 X 1]-10 X «
= 40 1 + 2+3+... +n -lOn = 40
|(l+n) -10« = 20n^ +10«.
But, the total distance covered is 3 km = 3000 m.
20tt^+10n = 3000 => 2«^+)i-300 = 0 => (n-12) (2« +25) = 0 n=12
Hence, the number of stones = 2« + 1 = 25.

EXERCISE 18.7
BASIC
1.
A man saved ? 16500 in ten years. In each year after the first he saved ? 100 more than he
did in the receding year. How much did he save in the first year ?
2.
A man saves ? 32 during the first year, ? 36 in the second year and in this way he increases
his savings by ? 4 every year. Find in what time his saving will be ? 200.
3. A man arranges to pay off a debt of ? 3600 by 40 annual instalments which form an
arithmetic series. When 30 of the instalments are paid, he dies leaving one-third of the debt
unpaid, find the value of the first instalment.
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A.
A manufacturer of radio sets produced 600 units in the third year and 700 units in the
seventh year. Assuming that the product increases uniformly by a fixed number every
year, find (i) the production in the first year (ii) the total product in 7 years and (iii) the
product in the 10th year.
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5. There are 25 trees at equal distances of 5 metres in a line with a well, the distance of the well
FFrlo
from the nearest tree being 10 metres. A gardener waters all the trees separately starting
r
from the well and he returns to the well after watering each tree to get water for the next.
rF
ee
Find the total distance the gardener will cover in order to water all the trees.
BASED ON LOTS
rF
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6. A man is employed to count ? 10710. He counts at the rate of ? 180 per minute for half an
hour. After this he coimts at the rate of ? 3 less every minute than the preceding minute.
ffosor
Find the time taken by him to count the entire amount.
os k
/ .
A piece of equipment cost a certain factory ? 600,000. If it depreciates in value, 15% the first,
135% the next year, 12% the third year, and so on. What will be its value at the end of 10
ook
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years, all percentages applying to the original cost ?

Bo
8. A farmer buys a used tractor for ? 12000. He pays ? 6000 cash and agrees to pay the balance
reeB
in annual instalments of ? 500 plus 12% interest on the unpaid amount. How much the
tractor cost him?
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9. Shamshad Ali buys a scooter for ? 22000. He pays ? 4000 cash and agrees to pay the balance
ad
in annual instalments of ? 1000 plus 10% interest on the unpaid amount. How much the
scooter will cost him.
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10. The income of a person is ? 300,000 in the first year and he receives an increase of ? 10000 to
nind
his income per year for the next 19 years. Find the total amount, he received in 20
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years. [NCERT]
F
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11. A man starts repaying a loan as first instalment of ? 100. If he increases the instalments by
? 5 every month, what amoimt he wiU pay in the 30th instalment? [NCERTl
12. A carpenter was hired to build 192 window frames. The first day he made five frames and
each day thereafter he made two more frames than he made the day before. How many
days did it take him to finish the job? INCERT EXEMPLARl
BASED ON HOTS
13. We know that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°. Show that the sums of the
interior angles of polygons with 3,4,5,6,... sides form an arithmetic progression. Find the
sum of the interior angles for a 21 sided polygon. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
14. In a potato race 20 potatoes are placed in a line at intervals of 4 meters with the first potato
24 metres from the starting point. A contestant is required to bring the potatoes back to the
starting place one at a time. How far would he run in bringing back all the potatoes?
[NCERT EXEMPLARl
15. A man accepts a position with an initial salary of ? 5200 per month. It is understood that he
will receive an automatic increase of ?320 in the very next month and each month
thereafter,
(i) Find his salary for the tenth month,

(ii) What is his total earnings during the first year?
16. A man saved ?66000 in 20 years. In each succeeding year after the first year he saved ? 200
more than what he saved in the previous year. How much did he save in the first year?
17. In a cricket team tournament 16 teams participated. A sum of ? 8000 is to be awarded
among themselves as prize money. If the last place team is awarded ? 275 in prize money
and the award increases by the same amount for successive finishing places, how much
amount will the first place team receive?
low
ANSWERS
1. ?1200 2. 5yrs 3. ?51 4. (i) 550 (ii) 4375 (iii) 775

5. 3500 m 6. 89 minutes 7. ? 105000 8. ? 16680
9. ? 39100 10. ?7900,000 11. ?245 12. 12 days
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13. 3420° 14. 2480 m rF 15. (i)? 8080 (ii) ? 83520
Fr
16. ?1400 17. ? 725
10.
for
Here, a = 300,000, d = 10,000 and n = 20. Let S be the total amount received in 20 years.
ou
Then,
ks
20
S = ?y{2x 300,000 +(20-l)x 10,000} = ?10 (600,000 +190,000) = ? 7900,000
oo
Y
11. Here, a =100, fr =5 andn - 30.

B
Amount to be paid in 30th instalment = ^30 = rt + 29d = 100 + 29 x 5 = 245

re
12. Suppose the carpenter takes n days to make 192 window frames, the numbers of window
frames made by the carpenter on various days form an AP with first term a =5 and common
ou
ad
difference d=2.
Y
192=|{2x5 + (n-l)x2}
nd
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=> 182=5n + «^-rt=>«^+4«-192 = 0 => (« + 16) («-12) = 0 => n=12

Fi
13. The sum of the interior angles of an n sided polygon is {2n - 4) x 90°=180°n - 360°. Putting
tt-3, 4,5,6,..., we obtain: 180°, 360°, 540°, 720°
Clearly, it is an A.P. with common difference 180°.

1. The sum of the terms equidistant from the beginning and end in an A.P. is always same and
is equal to the sum of and terms.
1-x
2. The minimimivalue of 4^ + 4 , a: e R, is
3. If the first, second and last terms of an A.P. are a, b and 2a respectively, then the sum of its
terms is
4. The number of terms in an A.P. whose first term is 10, last term is 50 and the sum of all
terms is 300, is
5. The arithmetic mean of first n natural numbers is
6. The sum of first n odd natural numbers is

7. The sum of first n even natural numbers is
8. If n is even, then the sum of first n terms of the series 1-2 + 3 4 + 5-6 +...,
is.
9. If twice the 11 term of an A.P is equal to 7 times of its 21** terms, then the value of 25*** term
IS .
10. If the sums of«terms of two arithmetic progressions are the ratio (2n+ 3) :(6m+5), then the
ratio of their 13*** terms is
11. The sum of n arithmetic means between a and b is
12. If the sum of n arithmetic means between 9 and 51 is 270, then the value of n
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IS.
13. The sum of 4 arithmetic means between 3 and 23 is

_H+1 n+l
a +b
14. If
n n
is the A.M. of a and b, then n =
a"+b
e
ree
ANSWERS
rFl
Fre
Sab . ?i + l
2. 4 3. 4. 10
rr F
1. First, Last 3.
2(b-a) 2
n
ouur
6. 7. n (n +1) 8. -
2
sfoo9. 0 10. 53:155
13. 52 14. 0
kks
11. -ia + b) 12. 9
oooo
Yo

eBB
question:
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Write tlie common difference of an A.P. whose nth term is xn + y.

ad
1.
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P 2
2. Write the common difference of an A.P. the sum of whose first n terms is — « + Qn.
dd
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If the sum of n terms of an AP is 2n + 3n, then write its nth term.

iinn
3.
If log 2, log (2^ -1) and log (2* + 3) are in A.P., write the value of x
F
4.
5. If the sums of n terms of two arithmetic progressions are in the ratio 2n + 5: 3n + 4, then
write the ratio of their mth terms.
6. Write the sum of first n odd natural numbers.

7. Write the sum of first n even natural numbers.
8. Write the value ofnfor whichndi terms of the A.P.s 3,10,17,... and 63,65,67,.... are equal.
3 + 5 + 7 +... + upto n terms
9. If = 7, then find the value of n.
5 + 8 +11 +.... upto 10 terms
10. If mth term of an A.P. is n and nth term is m, then write its pth term.
11. If the sums of n terms of two A.P.'s are in the ratio (3n + 2): (2n + 3), find the ratio of their
12*** terms.
ANSWERS
1. X 2. P 3. 4« +1 4. log25
5. {4m + 3):(6ffJ + l) 7. «{n 4-1)
8. 13 9. 35 10. m + n-p 11. 71 :49
MULTIPLE CHOfCE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

1.
If 7th and 13th terms of an A.P. be 34 and 64 respectively, then its 18th term is
(a) 87 (b) 88 (c) 89 (d) 90
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2.
If the sum of p terms of an A.P. is q and the sum of q terms is p, then the sum of p + ^ terms
will be
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(a) 0 (b) p-q ic) p + q (d) -ip + q)
3. If the sum of «terms of an A.P. be 3 n and its common difference is 6, then its first term
e
rree
is
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(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 4
4.
Sum of all two digit numbers which when divided by 4 yield unity as remainder is
uurr
(a) 1200 (b) 1210 (c) 1250
for (d) none of these.
5. In A.M.'s are introduced between 3 and 17 such that the ratio of the last mean to the first
kss
mean is 3 :1, then the value of n is
ooook
Yo
_,then^-
eB
6. If Sf, denotes the sum of first n terms of an A.P. <Ofj> such that
n (hi
2m + l 2m-1 m-1 m + 1
urr
(a) (b) (c) (d)

2« + l 2n-l n-1 n + 1
ad
Yo
7. The first and last terms of an A.P. are 1 and 11. If the sum of its terms is 36, then the number
dY
of terms will be
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
Re
innd
8. If the sum of n terms of an A.P., is 3 n + 5 h then which of its temis is 164?

Fi
(a) 26th (b) 27th (c) 28th (d) none of these.

9. If the sum of n terms of an A.P. is 2 n + 5 «, then its nth term is
(a) 4n-3 (b) 3n-4 (c) 4 « + 3 (d) 3 n + 4
10. If £12/ <^3/ ●●●● ^ are in A.P. with common difference d, then the sum of the series sin d
[cosec ai cosec £^2 + cosec a2 cosec a^ ++ cosec £^_ i cosec ] is
(a) sec a^ - sec a„ (b) cosec a-i - cosec a,,
(c) cot - cot Oy, (d) tan £ij - tan a„
11.
In the arithmetic progression whose common difference is non-zero, the sum of first 3 n
terms is equal to the sum of next n terms. Then the ratio of the sum of the first 2 n terms to
the next 2 n terms is
(a) 1/5 (b) 2/3 (c) 3/4 (d) none of these

12. \ia-^, (i2,a2> ●●●● ^ are in A.P. with common difference d, then the sum of the series
sin d [ sec Aj sec A2 + sec «2 see A3 +.... + sec sec a,,l is
(a) sec Aj - sec (b) cosec Aj - cosec %
(c) cot Aj - cot A, (d) tan a„ - tan Aj
13. If four numbers in A.P. are such that their sum is 50 and the greatest number is 4 times the
least, then the numbers are
(a) 5,10,15, 20 (b) 4,10,16, 22 (c) 3,7,11,15 (d) none of these
14. If « arithmetic means are inserted between 1 and 31 such that the ratio of the first mean and
nth mean is 3: 29, then the value of n is
(a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14
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15. Let 5y, denote the sum of n terms of an A.P. whose first term is a. If the common difference d
is given by d = ^ -1 + - 2 ' ^=
16. The first and last term of an A. P. are a and I respectively. If S is the sum of all the terms of the
e
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re
A.P. and the common difference is given by , then k =
k-{l + a)
rFee
(a) S (b) 2S (c) 3S (d) none of these
17. If the sum of first n even natural numbers is equal to k times the sum of first n odd natural
rF
numbers, then k =
n-l n + 1 n + 1
fsoor
ouur
(a) - (b) (c) (d)
n n 2n n
skf
18. If the first, second and last term of an A.P are a, b and 2a respectively, then its sum is
ooko
ab ab 3 ab
(c) (d) none of these
Yo
(a)
2(b-a)
Y
2(b-a) -a
Bo
If, is the sum of an arithmetic progression of 'n' odd number of terms and S2 the sum of
reB
19.
the terms of the series in odd places, then

-
S2
ooY
uur
2n n n + 1 n + 1
(b) (c) (d)
ad
(a)
n + 1 ?i +1 2« n
dY
^p, where denotes the sum of r terms of the A.P., then Sp

2
20. If in an A.P., S„=n p and = m
innd
is equal to
Re
(^) \P^ (b) mn p (c) p^ (d) (m + n)p^

Fi
F
th
21. If in an A.P., the pth term is q and {p + q) term is zero, then the 7“’ term is
(a) -p (b) p (c) p + q (d) p-q
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
22. The 10* common term between the A.P.s 3,7,11,15, ... and 1,6,11,16,... is
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
23. If in an A.P. S^j = n^q and = m^q, where Sy denotes the sum of r terms of the A.P., then
equals
-4 (b) tnnq (c) q^ (d) (m^ +n^) q

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
24. Let S,j denote the sum of first n terms of an A.P. If =3 then S^„ : is equal to
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 10
INCERT EXEMPL.ARI
25. If the sum of n terms of an A.P. is given by 5^ = 3« + 2n , then the common difference of the
A.P. is
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 4

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
26. If 9 times the 9* term of an A.P. is equal to 13 times the 13th term, then the 22"^ term of the
A.P. is
(a) 0 (b) 22 (c) 220 (d) 198
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ANSWERS
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1- (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b)
9. (c) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (b)
17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (c) 21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (b)
25. (d) 26. (a)
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e e
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ACTIVITY
rFF
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the concept of arithmetic progression and its sum.
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ffoor
MATERIALS REQUIRED Plastic Strips, chart papers, thermocol sheets, adhesive etc.
sks
YYoo
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Step I Take a thermocol sheet in the shape of the rectangle ABCD.

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Step n Take some plastic strips each of equal fixed length denoted by a and some plastic
strips, each of equal fixed length denoted by b.
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Step in Cover the thermocol sheet by a chart paper.

ad
Yo
Step IV On the chart paper arrange and paste both types of strips so as to get terms
a, a + b, a + 2b,a + 9b placed at unit distance apart and arrange along the rectangle
dY
as shown in the figure. 18.1. The last strip ends in F along BC, extend F toC by a fixed
Re
innd
length a so as to cut rectangle ABCD.

FFi
A D
a + b
a + 2b
a + 3b
a + 4b
n + 5b
a + 6b
a* 7b
a + 8t»
2a + 9l>
a + 9b' ■> F C
Fig. 18.1
Step I Length of the first strip -a
Length of the second strip = a +

Length of the third strip = ^7 + 2fc
th
Length of the 10 strip =a + 9b
Clearly, lengths of the strips from an A.P. a, a + b, a + 2h,a + 9b.
Step II The sum of the A.P. in step I is given by
ww
S = a-i-{a + b) + {a + 2b) + ... + {a+9b)
=> S = lOii + {& + 2& + 3b+.. .+9b)
Flo
^ S=10fl + 45&
e
10
S =
y (2fl + 9b)
rree
r FF
s = i|10x(2fl + 9b}
uurr
for
S = i I Area of the rectangle ABCD whose length and breadth are BC = 2a + 9b
kss
and 10 units respectively)

ooook
Yo
th
OBSERVATIONS (i) The n term of the A.P. a, a + b, a + 2b, a+ 3b, ...isa + {n -1) b.
eBB
(ii) The sum of the arithmetic progression a, a+b, a+2b,a-^{n-l)b is given by
S = y {2fl + («-l)M=in [2fl+(n-l) h]

urr
ad
Yo
= Half of the area of the rectangle whose length is 2a + (u -1) b and breadth is n units.
dY
SUMMARY
Re
innd
1. A sequence is a function whose domain is the set N of all natural numbers or some subsets
Fi
of the type {1, 2, 3,...,«}.

A sequence containing a finite number of terms is called a finite sequence.
A sequence is called an infinite sequence if it is not a finite sequence.
2. liui, fl2/ ^3/ ●●●/ i^,,...isasequence, then the expression + 02 + a^ +...+ +... is called a
series.
A series is called a finite series if it has got finite number of terms, otherwise, it is called an
infinite series.
3. Those sequences whose terms follow certain patterns are called progressions.
4. A sequence is called an arithmetic progression if the difference of a term and the previous
term is always same, i.e. + 1 - ^ = constant (= d) for all« e N
The constant difference'd' is called the common difference.
18.54 MATHEMATICS-Xt
5. A sequence is an arithmetic progression if and only if its «th terms is a linear expression inn
and in such a case the common difference is equal to the coefficient of n.
6. If a is the first term and d is the common difference of an A.P., then its nth term is given by
Of, = a+ (n-l) d
7. If an A.P. consists of m terms, then ?tth term from the end is equal to (m - n +1)^^ term from
w
the beginning.
8.
The following ways of selecting terms of an A.P. are generally very convenient:
Number of terms Terms
Coinmon difference
e
3 a ~d, a, a + d d
4 a - 3d, a - d, a + d, a + 3d
e
2d
orw
5 a - Id, a -d, a, a + d, a + 2d d
r
6 a-5d, a - 3d, a -d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d 2d
F
9. The sum ^ of n terms of an A.P. with first term 'a' and common difference ‘d' is given by
ullo
+ or, Sf, = ^ (fl + 0/where/= last term =rt + (n-l) d.
FF
e
th
10.
If the sum ^ of n terms of a sequence is given, then term a„ of the sequence can be
sre
n
r
determined by using the formula a,, = S,j-S„_ 1
koF
11. A sequence is an A.P. iff the sum of its n terms is of the form An^ + Bn i.e. a quadratic
oofr
uor
expression in n and in such a case the common difference is twice the coefficient of n^.
sf
th
12.
If the ratio of the sums of n terms of two A.P.'s is given, then the ratio of their n terms is
ko
Y
obtained by replacing n by (2« -1) in the given ratio
rBB
Yo
13. Three numbers fl, b, carein A.P. iff 2/) = a + c. In such a case Ms called the arithmetic mean
oo
eY
of a and c.
a +b
re
14. The arithmetic mean of a and b is

2
u
15.
If n numbers A^, A^,..., are inserted between two given numbers a and/> such that
d
ou
a, Ai, A2,Afj,b is an arithmetic progression, then A-^, A2,..., A„ are known as n

o
ad
arithmetic means between a and b and the common difference of the A.P. is d = -—-
nY
n + 1
a + b
nid
Also, Aj + A2 +... + Aji = n

Re
F
2
Fi
16. In an A.P. the sum of the terms equidistant from the beginning and the end is always same
and is equal to the sum of first and last term.

CHAPTER IB
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS
19.1 GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
A sequence of non-zero numbers is called a geometric progression (abbreviated as G.P.) if the ratio of a
w
term and the term preceding to it is always a constant quantity.
The constant ratio is called the common ratio of the G.P.
1
= constant for
Flo
In other words, a sequence, Uy U2, a^ ,a,,,... is called a geometric progression if an
reeee
all neN.
12
ILLUSTRATION 1 The sequence 4,12,36,108,... is a G.P., because — - ... = 3, which is
FFr
12 36
constant.
Clearly, this sequence is a G.P. with first term 4 and common ratio 3.
for
ur
1 3 9 1
ILLUSTRATION 2 The sequence , - ,...isa G.P. with ifrst term — and common ratio
2'4' 8 3
kkss
f ll 1 3
Yo
equal to — -s
oo
V ^J J 2
Show that the sequence given by a„ = 3 (2”), for all neN, is a G.P. Also, find its
eB
ILLUSTRATION 3
common ratio.
«+ 1
SOLUTION Wehave,fl„ = 3 (2”). Therefore, = 3(2
r
ou
ad
n+ 1
3(2 )
YY
= 2, which is constant for aU n e N.

an
3 (2")
ndd
Re
So, the given sequence is a G.P. with common ratio 2.

GEOMETRIC SERIES If , ^2 / / ●●● ' — is a G.P., then the expression a-^+a2+a^ +■■■ +-
Fi
is called a geometric series.

Note that the geometric series is finite or infinite according as the corresponding G.P. consists of
finite or infinite number of terms.
19.2 GENERAL TERM OF A G.P.

n-\
THEOREM Prove that the nth term of a G.P. with first term a and common ratio r is given by 0^= ar
1-1
PROOF ^1=*^ ^ a-^=ar
Since ay 02, a^^,..., a^, ...isA G.P. with common ratio r. Therefore,
(?2 2-1
-^ = r => <i2 = **1^ ^ a2~ar => a2=ar
<^1
3-1
^=r => fl3=fl2^ => f?3=(flr)r => U'^=ar^ => ao,=ar
«2
19.2 MATHEMATICS-XI
«4 2 3 4-1
= r => a^=a^r => a^={ar )r a^^-ar => ^4 = flr
^3
n-1
Continuing in this manner, we get Ojj=ar Q.E.D.
NOTE It follows from the above discussion that if a is the first term and r is the common ratio of a G.P.,
then the G.P. can be written as a, ar, ar^,.... ar”~ôr,a, ar, ar'^, ar^, ar*,ar”~ according as
it is finite or infinite.
19.2.1 nth TERM FROM THE END OF A FINITE G.P.
m-n
THEOREM 1 Prove that the nth term from the end of a finite G.P. consisting of m terms is ar , where
a is the first term and r is the common ratio of the G.P.
PROOF Since the G.P. consists of m terms.
oww
m-n
«th term from the end = (m - n + l)th term from the beginning = ar
THEOREM 2 Prove that the nth term from the end of a G.P. with last term I and common ratio r is
/1 \n - 1
given by 0^=1 -
e
ree
PROOF Clearly, when we look at the terms of a G.P. from the last term and move towards the
rFl
Fre
begirming we find that the progression is a G.P. with common ratio 1/r.
\H- 1
rr F
1
So, nth term from the end = /
V)
ouur
sfoo
kks
Yo
oooo
Type I FINDING THE INDICATED TERM OF A G.P. WHEN ITS FIRST TERM AND THE COMMON RATIO
eBB
ARE GIVEN
EXAMPLE 1 Find the 9th term and the general term of the progression: — , - -1-2
4' 2 / ■‘■z ●●●
uurr
SOLUTION The given progression is clearly a G.P. with first term <7 = 1/4 and common ratio
ad
r = -2.
YYo
4 (-2)^
(9-1)’ = ar 8
9th term = <79 =ar ' = 64
4
dd
and. General term - a^=ar

(«-l) _
i(-2) n-1
= (-!)”
Re
iinn
(V2-1) f 3-2V2
\ (
542-7
F
EXAMPLE 2 Find the 5th term of the progression 1

' 243 ' 12 j'l 24^3 y
/ V ^ J
SOLUTION Clearly, the given progression is a G.P. with first term <7=1 and common ratio
V2-1
. So, its 5th term is given by
243
(5-1)
= 1 X
V2-I (V2-l)^
05=ar
^ 2V3 144
EXAMPLE 3 Find 4th term from the end of the G.P. 3,6,12,24,..., 3072.
SOLUTION Clearly, the given progression is a G.P. with common ratio r = 2.
^-,^4-1
4th term from the end = / = (3072) - = 384
r 2
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS 19.3
Txipe II ON FINDING THE POSITION OF A GIVEN TERM IN A GIVEN G.P.

1
EXAMPLE 4
Which term of the G.P. 2,1 , 4 ' ...is — ?
128
SOLUTION Clearly, the given progression is a G.P. with first term a = 2 and common ratio
r=l/2. Let the Nth term be — . Then,
128
n«-2 n7
1 1 1
=> ar => n~2-7 => « = 9
% =
128 128 2 128 12 2
Thus, 9th term of the given G.P. is
ww
EXAMPLE 5 Which term of the G.P. 5,10,20, 40,... is 5120 ?
SOLUTION Clearly, the given G.P. has first term a =5 and the common ratio r = 2. Let the fith
term be 5120. Then,
a„ =5120
FF loo
ree
.
=>
.
ar
H - 1
=5120 => 5{2”“^)=5120 =>2” ^=1024 => 2
H-1
= 2^°=> N-l=10 => N=ll
Thus, 11th term of the given G.P. is 5120.
reFe
EXAMPLE 6 Which term of the G.P. 2,8,32,... is 131072 7 [NCERTl
oor rF
rur
SOLUTION Here, a = 2 and r = 4. Let the nth term be 131072. Then,
s ff
=131072
n-1 8
k
n-1 n-1
=> ar = 131072 =>2x4 = 131072 => 4 = 65536 =;> 4 = 4° => n-1 =8 => n = 9
YYoou
okso
Hence, 131072 is the 9th term of the given G.P.

BBoo
M -1
Type III PROBLEMS BASED ON THE DEFINITION OF A G.P. AND THE FORMULA n„ = nr
r ee
EXAMPLE 7 The fourth, seventh and the last term of a G.P. are 10, 80 and 2560 respectively. Find the
first term and the number of terms in the G.P.
ouur
ad
Yo
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio of the given G.P. Then,
^4 =10, =80 => ar^ =10 and ar^ =80 =?● =3- r ^ = 8 => r = 2.
d
idnY
3 10
Re
ar
10 5
Puttingr = 2 in ar^ =10, we get: (2)^ =10=> fl = —
FFin
O 4
Let there be n terms in the given G.P. Then,

fl„=2560
h-4 «-4 8
=> ar = 2560 => - (2 )=2560 => 2 = 256 => 2 = 2° => n-4 = 8 => n=12.
4
EXAMPLE 8 The first term of a G.P. is 1. The sum of the third and fifth terms is 90. Find the common
[NCERT]
ratio of the G.P.
SOLUTION Let r be the common ratio of the G.P. It is given that the first term a-1.
Now, ^3 + = 90
ar
2
+ ar ^ =90 => =90 => + r^ -90 = 0
+10r^ -9r^ -90=0 => (r^ +10)(r^ -9) = 0 => -9=0 => r =± 3.
Hence, the common ratio of the given G.P. is 3 or - 3.
19.4 MATHEMATICS'XI
EXAMPLE 9 If the 4th and 9th terms of a G.P. be 54 and 13122 respectively, find the G.P.
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and r the common ratio of the given G.P. Then,
^4 =54 and Og =13122
8
13122
ar^ =54 and ar^ =13122 =>
ar
=> = 243 => r® = 3^ => r = 3
ar 3 54
Putting r = Sin ar^ =54, we get: (3)^ =54 => a = 2

Thus, the given G.P. is fl, flr, i.e. 2,6,18,54,...
EXAMPLE 10 Find a G.P. for which the sum offirst two terms is ~4 and the fifth teiyn is 4 times the third
term.
[NCERTI
ww
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio of the given G.P. It is given that
The sum of first two terms= -4. => flj + fl2=-4 => fl + i7r=-4 ...(i)
FF loo
<75 = 4^3 => ar ^ = 4<2r^ => r ^=4 => r=±2
ree
Putting r = 2 and - 2 respectively in (i), we get = —3 and a = 4 respectively.
reFe
4 8 16
Thus, the required G.P. is - —, .. or 4,-8,16,-32,...
3 ' 3 '■ oroFr
r ur
s ff
EXAMPLE 11 The third term of a G.P. is 4. Find the product of its first five terms.
k
YYouo
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and r the common ratio. Then,
koso
r?3 =4 => ar^ =4

BBoo
Product of first five terms = <?2 173 04 = /? (ar) (ar^) (ar^) {ar^)
r ee
5 10
a r = {ar^f=4^ [Using (i)]
ad
ouur
EXAMPLE 12 If the pth, qth and rth terms of a G.P. are a, b, c respectively, prove that:
Yo
[NCERTJ
d
SOLUTION Let A be the first term and R be the common

Re
ratio of the given G.P. Tlien,

idnY
a = pth term =AR^^~^\ b = qth term = AR^‘^~ and c = rth term =AR^^
FFin
Substituting the values of a, b and c, we get
ir-p) (P-*?)
AR (P-1)
^ ^1‘1-r + r-p+p-q) - \)(q-r) +{q-l){r-p)+(r - l)(p - q)

= ^0 + ?(r-p) + r(p-4)-(4-r)-(r - p)-{p-£j) = A^R^ =1.
EXAMPLE 13 If a, b, c are respectively the p^^, and terms of a G.P., show that
(q - r) log a + (r - p) \o^b + (p - q) log c = 0.
SOLUTION Let A be the first term and R the common ratio of the given G.P. Then,
= pth term ^ a=AR^ ^ => log n = log/I + (p -1) log R ...(i)

b=qthterm => b=AR‘^~^ => logfc =Iog A + -1) log R -(ii)
c=rthterm c = AR^"^ log c = log A + (r-1) log R ...(iii)
Substituting the values of log a, log b and log c, we get

(q-r) log a + (r-p)logb+ (p-q) log c
= (£j-r)|logA+(;7-l) logRj+{r-p)|logA+(^-l) logRj

+ (p-i?)|logA + (r-l) logRj
log A|{g-r) +(r ~p) + (p -ij)| + log R |(p -1) (q ~r) + (q ~1) (r - p) +(r -1) (p - t/)|
ooww
= (logA)0 +
jp (q -r) + q(r - p) + r (p - q) -(q -r) -(r - p) -(p - q)j log R
= (log A) 0 + (log R) 0 = 0.
e
Findfour numbers forming a geometric progression in which the third term is greater than
re
EXAMPLE 14
thefirst terms by 9, and second term is greater than the 4th by 18. [NCERT]
rFFl
ree
F
2 3
SOLUTION Let the four numbers in G.P. be fl, flr, flr and or . It is given that
rF
2 3
ar = a + 9 and ar = ar + 18
=> (r^ -1) = 9 and ar (1 - r^) = 18 => ar (1 -r^) _18

fsfoor
ouur
-r=2 => r = -2
a{r^-l) 9 ^
kosk
Putting r = - 2 in (r^ -1) = 9, we get: a (4-1) = 9 => a = 3

Yo
oo
Y
Hence, the numbers are: 3, 3 (-2), 3 (-2)^, 3 (-2)^ or, 3, - 6,12, - 24.
BB
EXAMPLE 15 The number of bacteria in a certain culture doubles every hour. If there were 30
rre
bacteria present in the culture originally, how many bacteria will be present at the end of 2nd hour, 4th
hour and nth hour? [NCERT]
oYuu
ad
SOLUTION Clearly, number of bacteria at the end of different hours forms a G.P. with first term
dY
a = 30 and common ratio r = 2.
Number of bacteria present at the end of 2nd hour

innd
= (Third term of the G.P. with first term a = 30 and common ratio r = 2) = ar ^=30x2^=120
Re
Fi
Number of bacteria present at the end of 4th hour

F
= (5th term of the G.P. with first term a = 30 and common ratio r = 2)= ar ^ = 30x 2^ =480
Number of bacteria present at the end of nth hour
n
= {(n + 1)* term of the G.P. with first term a = 30 and common ratio r = 2} = flr" = 30 x 2
EXAMPLE 16 What will X 500 amounts to in 10 years after its deposit in a bank zohich pays annual
interest rate of 10% compounded annually? [NCERTI
SOLUTION We have, P = Principal = ? 500, R = Rate of interest = 10%
( PR^ = X P
^1 +
R
Amount at the end of one year = X P + 100 100
R R R
Amount at the end of second year = ? < P 1 + + P 1 +
100 100 j 100
R R R
= X P 1 + 1 + = ?P 1 +
100 J\ 100 ) 100 )
19.6 MATHEMATICS-XI
R R a2 R
Amoimt at the end of the third year = ? P 1 + + P 1 +
100 100 100
\3
R
= ?P 1 +
100
and so on.
We find that amounts at the end of various year form a G.P. with first term and common
f
ratio 1 +
R
100;
ww
xlO
th R
Amount at the end of 10th year =(11 term of the G.P.) = ?P 1 +
100
10 nIO
10 11
Flo
10
= ^500 1 + = ?500x = ? 500 X (1.1)
e
100 lo;
eree
EXAMPLE 17 A manufacturer reckons that the value of a machine, which costs him ? 15625, will
FFr
depreciate each year by 20%. Find the estimated value at the end of 5 years. [NCERT]
uurr
SOLUTION We have.
Initial value of the machine = Vq = ? 15625 and, R = Rate of depreciation = 20%
orr
sfo
VnR
0 R
Depreciated value at the end of first year = Vq - = Vo 1-
kks
100
Yoo
100
oooo
^2
V^R R R
Depreciated value at the end of second year = Vj - = Vi 1- = Vo 1-
eBB
100 100 100

ans so on.
urr
Clearly, depreciated values at the end of different years form a G.P. with first term Vq and
ad
R
common ratio 1 -
YYo
100
Depriciated value at the end of 5 years

dd
Re
inn
R
= 6th term of the G.P. with first term Vq{ = 115625) and common ratio r = 1 -
100
F
R
\5‘ fA
n5
20
= Vo 1- = ?U5625 1- ^ 15625 X - [ =?5120
100 100 5
EXAMPLE 18 In a G.P. of positive terms, if any term is equal to the sum of next two terms, find the
common ratio of the G.P.
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio of the G.P. By hypothesis
^ ='^+1+^+2
ar
n-1
=ar
n
+ar
«+l _ 1
=>l=r + r
2 => r
2 T
+r-l = 0=>r =
-1 ± JTTZ -1±V5
2 2
But, r > 0. Therefore, r =

-1 + ^5 V5-1 = 2 sin 18®
2 4
EXAMPLE 19 In a ifnite G.P. the product of the terms equidistant from the beginning and the end is
always same and equal to the product offirst and last term.
SOLUTION Let a-i ,02 , a^ ,,a„_i,afj be a finite G.P. with common ratio r.
Ic “ \
Now, a^ = kth term from the beginning = r
xfc-l
and, 1 = cfth term from the end = a,j - , where 1 < A: < «
k-l if
= flj a„ for all k satisfying 1 < A: < n.
oww
- cf + 1 = ^
\rj
Hence, the product of terms equidistant from the beginning and the end is always equal to
the product of first and last term.
EXAMPLE 20 If the first and the nth terms of a G.P. are a and b respectively and ifP is the product of the
e
first n terms, prove that P^ = (abf. INCERT]
re
FFrllo
SOLUTION Let r be the common ratio of the given G.P. Then,
rF
1
ee
b = nth term =ar
n-1
=> r
n-1 b
^ r =
^b]n-l
ouru a
sor rF
Now,
2 n-1 fi 1+ 2+ 3 + ...+ (w — 1)
P = Product of the first n terms ~ a. ar .ar ... ar kffoa r
^-1) n-1 \f
P = a'V 2 V l + 2+3 + ... + (n-l) =
os
I 2
ook
y 2
Yo
Y
n(n-l)
Bo
1
reeB
n n
=> P = a a = a
ouY
a
V/
ur
ad
Yo
p2 =[(abf^^Y = {ab) n
d
nidn
ALITER Let Aj =A, ^2/ ●/ ^ given G.P. the product of whose terms is P.
Re
Then,
F
Fi
P=fll A2 ^3 ^1-2 ^-1 (^^2 î-l) (^3 ‘^-2) a„

n
an
2+1
2 2 ,
P = {a b) {a b) {a b) (ab) [●.● Ajt ^t-k+1 = «l «« for all cf = 1, 2, ,,n]

n
- - times
2
n/2
=>P^=(a&)
n
P=(ab)
EXAMPLE 21 The {m + n)th and (m - n)th terms of a G.P. are p and q respectively. Show that the mth and
\m/2n
nth terms are ^Jpq and p — respectively.

V /
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio. Then,
+ « -P ^rid Off, -n = 9
_ m + n-1 m -n - 1
ar = p and ar
19.8 MATHEMATICS-XI
»? + »-! \l/2« \l/2n

ar
P 1
=> r =
?»-«-! q r
V
P /
m-\
Now,
/'i
a,m ^ ^/m + n-1) 1 ^ a.m + n
n m + H - 1
n
= ar
V) V)
f \«/2?i \V'hx
.1 (\
= ;> 5 V i^„ + „ =p and -= -1
" UJ
n1/2
w
«m = P
If’
H-1
and.
Flo
= ar
\ni
(1 m + It - 1
reee
a.n ~ ar = a
m + n
r
[■●■ «m + M
\ ■ /
FFr
f \m/2n n1/2«
= P 5 V + „ =p and -= -i-
r
P
urr
for \' /
EXAMPLE 22 Ifpth, qthand rthtermsofanA.P.aswellasaG.P.area, b and c respectively. Prove that

kkss
b-c 1 c - a a-b
a b c = 1. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Yo
oooo
SOLUTION Let A be the first term and dbe the common difference of the A.P. It is given that a, b
and c are and r^^ terms of the A.P. Therefore,
eB
a = A + {p -1) d, b = A+{q-l)d,c = A+{r-l)d

b-c = {q -r) d, c -a = {r-p)d and a-b = (p-q)d.
r
ou
ad
Let a be the first term and R be the common ratio of the G.P. Then,
YY
a a R^ \b=aK^ and c = a R’^ -1

iq-r)d Mp-q)d
nndd
b- a- b -1
Re
a a rp X a X a K''
Fi
a {q-r)d+(r-p)d+(p~q)d ^{p - l){q-r)d + (q-l){r - p)d + {r - l){p-q) d

= + j^{p.(q-r)+ qir -p) + r{p-q)-{q-r)-(r-p)-{p~q)]d
= a
0 R
„0 =1.
1
EXAMPLE 23 Find all sequences which are simultaneously A.P. and G.P.
SOLUTION Let flj, U2, a^,..., - ...be a sequence which is both an A.P. as well as a G.P.
Let 'J,! /«,, + 1, + 2 be three consecutive terms of the A.P. Then,
2 ««.n =««+«,,+2'
Let r be the common ratio of the sequence when it is considered a G.P. Then,
» -1 n+ 1
a„=a^r / arid
Putting these values in (i), we get

H-1 11+ 1
=> 2r=l +r^ ^-2r + l=0 => (r-l)^=0 => r=l
r, «
2 r = r + r ^ r
Putting r =1 in Aj, ^2 =<î r, <73 a^ =af^,..., we obtain

a2=a-i, a^ =a^, a^ =a-i ..., which is a constant squance.
Hence, the constant sequence is the only sequence which is both an A.P. as well as G.P.
2
EXAMPLE 24 Show that the products of the corresponding terms of the sequences a, ar, ar ,, or
and A, AR, AR^ , AR ^form a C.P., andfind the common ratio.
n -
[NCERT]
SOLUTION The sequence formed by the products of the corresponding terms of the given
sequences is
2 2 «-l«n-l
aA,aArR,oAr R ,...,aAr R
H-1
or. aA, aA {rR), aA (rR)^ , aA {rR)^ ,...., oA (rR)
oww
Clearly, the ratio of any term and preceding term in the above squance is same equal to rR.
So, it is a G.P. with common ratio rR.
EXAMPLE 25 ifp‘^, and terms of an A.P. are in G.P., then show that(p -q), (q-r), (r -s)
e
are also in G.P. [NCERT]
re
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of the given A.P. Further, let
FFrllo
Up ,af^, Or and a^ be its , q^^, r^‘ and terms respectively. Then,
rF
ee
Up = a + ip -1) d, a^^ = a -h {q -1) d, Oj. = a + {r - V) d and Os = a + (s -1) d.
a
ap-a^=ip~q) d,a^-Oj. =iq-r)d anda^ ={r-s)d

ouru
sor rF
It is given that (Ip, a,, andoj are in G.P. LetAbe the first term and K be the common ratio of the
G.P. Then,
A = Op , AR = a^ , AR^ = and AR ^ = <h-

kffo
A~AR = flp-fl^,AR-AR^ = and AR^-AR^ =
os
Or -Os
ook
Yo
Y
A{l-R) = ap q , AR (1 - R) = flg - flr and AR ^ (1 - R) = «;.

~a
Bo
reeB
(a,-fl,)^=|AR (1-R)|^=|a (l-R)||ylR^(l-R)| = («p -‘h)

ouY
j{p - q) d| |(r -s) d|

ur
iq-rf d^ [Using (i)j

ad
Yo
d
●y
iq-r) = (p “{?) (r -s) => p - q, q-r ,r -s aiein G.P.
nidn
EXERCISE ^9.^
Re
BASIC
F
Fi
1. Show that each one of the following progressions is a G.P. Also, find the common ratio in
each case:
(i) 4,-2,l,-l/2,... (ii) -2/3,-6,-54,...
2 3
(iii) a, — , — , (iv) 1/2,1/3, 2/9, 4/27,...

4 16
2
2. Show that the sequence defined by d„ = —, n e N is a G.P.
3
3. Find:
(i) the ninth term of the G.P. 1,4,16,64,...
3 1 1 2
(ii) the 10th term of the G.P.
4'2 ' 3'9 '■■■
(iii) the 8th term of the G.P. 0.3,0.06,0.012,...
(iv) the 12th term of the G.P. ^ 3 3
' ax, a X ,...
a X
1
(v) «th term of the G.P. -J3, -
1
(vi) the 10th term of the G.P. -Jl, ...
2 2 2
4. Find the 4th term from the end of the G.P. — ..,162.
27 ' 9 ' 3 ' ■
5. Which term of the progression 0.004,0.02,0.1,... is 12.5 ?
6. Which term of the G.P.:
(i) i ,... is
1
?
V2 2V2 4^/2 512V2
(ii) 2, 2^2,4,... is 128? [NCERT]
ww
(iii) -js, 3, 3v^,... is729? [NCERT]
... 1 1 1 . L.7
(iv) — , — , ... IS [NCERT]
3 9 27 19683
Floo
512
7. Which term of the progression 18, -12, 8,... is ?
729
ee
1 1 J_ 2 1
eer
8. Find the 4th term from the end of the G.P. —
2'6'18'54''"' 4374'
FFr
BASED ON LOTS
oorr
uur r
9. The fourth term of a G.P. is 27 and the 7th term is 729, find the G.P.
s ff
10. The seventh term of a G.P. is 8 times the fourth term and 5th term is 48. Find the G.P.
sk
11. If the G.P.'s 5,10,20,... and 1280,640,320,... have their nth terms equal, find the value of n.
YYoo
ooko
12. If 5*, 8* and 11* termsofaG.P. arep, q and s respectively, prove that q^ -ps. [NCERT]
eBB
th
13. The 4th term of a G.P. is square of its second term, and the first term is - 3. Find its 7 term.
[NCERT]
uurr
th
14. InaGP the 3^*^ term is 24 and the 6'*‘ term is 192. th
Find thel0“‘ term. [NCERT]
ad
Yo
BASED ON HOTS
dY
15. Iffl,fe, c, d and pare different real numbers such that:

Re
{a^ +b^ + c^) -2 {ab + be + cd) p + (b^ + + d^) < 0, then show that a, b, c and d are
nind
in G.P. [NCERT]
FFi
16. If a-hbx _b + cx _ c + dx {x * 0), then show that a, h, c and d are in G.P. [NCERT]
a-bx b -cx c-dx
1
th / P-4
17. If the p^^ and 4^^ terms of a G.P. are 4 and p respectively, show that(p + 4) term is —
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ANSWERS
..... 3fl ... 2 8 1 (2

® -5 (ii) 9 (ill) — (iv) - 3. (i)4 (ii) — —
2[3)
\n-l
(V) ./3[i (vi) 4

1
(iii) (0.3) (0.2)^
41
(iv) (ax)
th th th th 1
4. 6 5. 6 6. (i) 11"' (u) 13"' (iii) 12"' (iv) 9 7. 9 8.
162
9. 1,3,9,... 10. 3,6,12,.. 11. 5 13. -2187 14. 3072
6. Cii) Let term of the G.P. 2, 2 V2, 4,... be 128. Then,

n+ 1
n + 1
2(V2)
H-l
= 128 =>2 2 =2^ => = 7=>n=13
2
Tlius, 13th term of the G.P. 2, 2 -J2, 4,... is 128.
ooww
th
(iii) Let« term of the G.P. 3, 3-/3,... be 729. Then,
n
n
V3x(V3)” ^=729 => 32 =3^ => 2
= 6=> n=12
th
e
Hence, 12 term of the given G.P. is 729.
ere
1
(iv) Let nth term of the G.P.— , —, — ....be . Then,
rFl 3 9 27 19683
Fre
\n- 1
-f-
rrF
1
3 = 3^^n = 9
3I3,
=> n
19683
sffoo
ouur
12. Let a be the first term and r the common ratio of the given G.P. It is given that
th 4 7 10
^=5^*^ term, ^ = 8^^ term, s=ll term => p =ar , q=ar , s -ar
kosk
=a^ and ps=a^r^^ => q^ =ps.

Yo
oo
Y
13. Let the common ratio of the given G.P. be r. It is given that the fourth term is square of its
BB
second term.
.-. (-3)r^ = (-3r)^ => -3r^ = 9r^ => r=-3

rre
Hence, 7*'' term =(- 3) / = - 3 (- 3)^ =-2187.

ouu
Y
ad
14. Let the first term and common ratio of the given G.P. be a and r respectively.
dY
It is given that term = 24 and 6*^ term = 192

innd
5
Re
nr 192
ar ^ = 24 and ar^ = 192 => 2
=> r ^ = 8 => r = 2
24
Fi
F
ar
2
Putting r = 2 in = 24, we get a = 6.
th
10 term = = 6 x 2^ = 3072
15. It is given that
{a^ +b^ + c^) p^ -2 {ab +bc + cd)p + {b^ + + d^) < 0
=> (fl^ - 2 abp + b^) + (b^ p^-2 bcp + c^) + (c^p^ - 2 cdp + d^) < 0
=> (ap - 6)^ + {bp -c)'^ +(q}-d)^ <0
=> (ap-b)'^ + {bp ~c)^+ {cp-d)^ =0 [v {ap-b)^ + {bp -c)^ +{cp-d)^ caimot be negative]
=> ap-b=Q, bp-c = 0, qj~d = 0
b c
=>
a b
—c = p => fl, b, c, fr are in G.P. with common ratio p.
16. We have,
a+ bx b + cx c + dx
a -bx b - cx c-dx
a + bx _b + cx
a-bx b - cx
{a + bx) + (fl - bx) _{b + cx) + (b - cx)

(a + bx) - (a- bx) (b + cx) -{b - cx)
a b b e
bx cx a b
b + cx c + dx c d
Similarly
' b - cx c-dx b c
w
b e d
=> a, b, c, d are in G.P.
a b c
Flo
19.3 SELECTION OF TERMS IN G.P.
e
SomeJ’Mnes it is required to select a finite number of terms in G.P. It is always convenient if we
reee
select the terms in the following manner:
FFr
No. of terms Terms Common ratio
a
3 - ,a,ar r
r
for
ur
a a 3 1
4 -, ar, ar r
r^'r
kkss
a a 2
5 - , a, ar, ar r
r^ ' r
Yo
oo
y 3
If the product of the numbers is not given, then the numbers are taken as a, ar, ar , ar ,...
eB
The following examples illustrate the application of the above selections.

ur
ad
YYo
EXAMPLE 1 If the sum of three numbers in G.P. is 38 and their product is 1728, find them.
d
Re
SOLUTION Let the numbers be -, a, ar. It is given that the product and sum of these numbers
in
are 38 and 1728 respectively.

F
Now, Product = 1728 => - (o) (ar) = 1728 => = 1728 => a =12 and. Sum = 38
r
a
1 , 1 + r +
- + a + ar = 38 => a - + 1 + r = 38 => 12 = 38
r r
6 + 6r + 6r^=19r=> 6r^-13r + 6 =0 => (3r -2) (2r - 3) = 0 => r = 3/2 or, r=2/3
Putting the values of a and r in-,a, ar,we find that the required numbers are 8,12,18 or 18,12,8.

EXAMPLE 2 If the continued product of three numbers in G.P. is 216 and the sum of their products in
pairs is 156, find the numbers.
SOLUTION Let the three numbers be a/r, a, ar. Then,
Product = 216 => {a/r). (a). (ar) = 216 => = 6^ fl = 6.

Sum of the products in pairs = 156
a
-. a + a. ar + - .ar
a
= 156 => a
ifl- + r + l = 156 => 36
1 + + r
= 156
r r r
3(r^ + r+ 1) = 13r=> 3r^ -lOr + 3 = 0 => (3r-1) (r - 3) = 0 => r =-

3
or, r = 3
Putting the values of a and r, the required numbers are 18,6,2 or 2,6,18.
EXAMPLE 3 Three numbers are in G.P. whose sum is 70. If the extremes be each multiplied by 4 and the
ooww
means by 5, they will be in A.P. Find the numbers.
2
SOLUTION Let the numbers be a, ar, ar . It is given that the sum of these numbers is 70.
ff (1 + r + r^) = 70 -(i)
2
e
It is also given that 4a, 5ar, 4ar are in A.P.
ere
2 (5flr) = 4a + 4ar^
rFl
Fre
5r = 2 + 2r^ 2r^-5r + 2 = 0 => (2r-l)(r-2)=0=> r = 2 or, r=l/2
rrF
Putting r = 2 in (i), we obtain a = 10. So, the numbers are 10,20,40
Putting r =1/2 in (i), we get a = 40. So, the numbers are 40,20,10.
sffoo
ouur
EXAMPLE 4 Find three numbers in G.P. whose sum is 52 and the sum of whose products m pairs is 624.
kosk
SOLUTION Let the required numbers be a, ar, ar^. Then,
Yo
Sum = 52^ a + ar + ar^ = 52^ a(1 + r + r^) =52

oo
Y
BB
Sum of the products in pairs = 624

2
a .ar + ar .ar + a .ar ^ = 624
rre
a\ (1 + r + r^) = 624 ...(ii)

ouu
Y
ad
12
Dividing (ii) by (i), we get ar = V1^ a= — ....(iii)
dY
12
Putting a~ — in (i), we get
innd
r
Re
12
(1 + r+ r^)=52 => 3r^ -lOr + 3 =0 => (3r-1) (r - 3) =0 => r=-or, r = 3
Fi
F
r 3
Putting r = 3 in (iii), we obtain a =4. So, the numbers are 4,12,36.

Putting r = ~ in (iii), we get a = 36. So, the numbers are 36,12,4.
3
EXAMPLE 5 The product offirst three terms of a G.P. is 1000. If 6 is added to its second term and 7 added
to its third term, the terms become in A.P. Find the G.P.
SOLUTION Let first three terms of the given G.P. be - , fl, ar. Then,
r
Product = 1000 ^ =1000 ^ a =10.

a
It is given that , <7 + 6, flr + 7 are in A.P.
r
a
2{a + 6) =- + ar +7
r
10
32 = — + lOr + 7
r
10
25 = —+ 10r => 5=- + 2r => 2r^-5r + 2 = 0 => (2r-l)(r-2) = 0 => r=2,-
r r 2
Hence, the G.P. is 5,10, 20,... or 20,10,5,...
EXA.MI’LE 6 The sum of three numbers in G.P. is 56. If we subtract 1, 7,22 from these numbers in that
order, we obtain an arithmetic progression. Find the numbers. [NCERTJ
2
SOLUTION Let the numbers in G.P. be a, ar, ar . It is given that the sum of these numbers is 56.
2
a + ar ■¥ ar =56
ooww
2
a -l,ar-7 and ar -21areinA.P.
2 {ar - 7) = (fl -1) + {ar^ - 21) => lar = a + ar ^ - 8 => a + ar'^ = lar + 8 ...(h)
From (i), we obtain
2
a + ar =56-ar ...(hi)
e
ere
2
Substituting a + ar =56-ar on the LHS of (ii), we get
rFl
Fre
lar + 8 =56 - ar => 3ar =48 => ar =16 => r = —
rrF
a
16
Putting r = — in (i), we get
sffoo
ouur
a
256
a+ 16 + =56=>fl^ + 16fl + 256=56fl=>fl^-40fl + 256 = 0=> (fl - 32) (fl-8) =0 => a = 8, 32
kosk
16 16 16
Yo
Putting = 8, in r = — we get: r = — = 2. Putting = 32, in r = — we get: r =

32 ”2
oo
a 8 a
Y
BB
When a = 8 and r = 2, we obtain 8,16 and 32 as the numbers in G.P.

rre
When a = 31 and r = —, we obtain 32,16,8 as the numbers in G.P.

2
ouu
Hence, the numbers, in order, are 8,16 and 32 or 32,16 and 8.

Y
ad

dY
EXAMPLE 7 Find three numbers in G.P. whose sum is 13 and the sum of whose squares is 91.
innd
Re
2
SOLUTION Let the numbers be a, ar, ar . Then,
Fi
F
Sum - 13^ a + ar + ar^ = 13 => a(1 + r + r^) = 13 ...I
Sum of the squares = 91

2 2 2 2 4
a + a r + a r = 91 => a^{l + r^ + r^) = 91 ...(h)
Now, a{l + r + r^) =13

a^{l+r + r^f = 169 [From (i)]
(1 + + r^) + la^ r{l+r+ r^) = 169
91 + 2flr j(?(l+7- + r^)| =169
=> 91 + lar X 13 = 169 [Using (h)]
ar = 3 [Using (i)]
3
a ...(hi)
r
3
Putting rt = — in (i), we get
-(l + r + r^)=13
r
- + 3 + 3r = 13 => 3r^ -lOr + 3=0 => (3r-l)(r-3) =0 r = 3 or, r

r 3
1
Putting r = 3 in (iii), we get a = 1. So, the numbers are 1,3,9. Putting r = —
3
in (iii), we get a = 9. So,
the nmbers are 9,3,1. Hence, the numbers are 1,3,9 or 9,3,1.
EXAMPLE 8 Find four numbers in C.P. whose sim is 85 and product is 4096.
SOLUTION Let the four numbers in G.P. be-~,ar,ar^.
ww
r^ r
It is given that
Product = 4096 ^ = 4096 ^ = 8^ ^ = 8
Flo
e
and. Sum = 85
ree
^ f t \
1 1
^ =85 => 8 r^+\
1
Fr
a -=- + - + r + r + 8 r + - = 85
rF
3
r r
\r r >
uurr
8 r + -
1
-3
1
r + - i+8 ( r+- = 85 => 8 r + -
1
for
-16 r + -
1
-85 = 0
r r r
rj
s
kks
Yo
3 1
oooo
8x -16x-85 = 0, wherer + - = .r
r
eB
(2x-5)(4x^ +10X + 17) = 0

2
2x-5 = 0 4x + lO.r +17 = 0 has imaginary roots]
ur
ad
-5r+2 = 0=>{r-2)(2r-l)=0 =>r = 2 or, r=^

5
' =5^2r^
YYo
X = — =>r + -
2 r 2
Putting a = S and r = 2 or r = ^, we obtain that the four numbers are either 1, 4,16, 64 or, 64,
dd
Re
in
16,4,1.
F
EXERCISE 19.2
BASIC
1. Find three numbers in G.P. whose sum is 65 and whose product is 3375.
2. Find three numbers in G.P. whose sum is 38 and their product is 1728.
3. The sum of first three terms of a G.P. is 13/12 and their product is -1. Find the G.P.
BASED ON LOTS
4. The product of three numbers in G.P. is 125 and the sum of their products taken in pairs is
871^. Find them.
39
5. The sum of first three terms of a G.P. is — and their product is 1. Find the common ratio and
10
the terms. INCERT]
6. The sum of three numbers in G.P. is 14. If the first two terms are each increased by 1 and the
third term decreased by 1, the resulting numbers are in A.P. Find the numbers.
7. The product of three numbers in G.P. is 216. If 2,8, 6 be added to them, the results are in
A.P. Find the numbers.
8. Find three numbers in G.P. whose product is 729 and the sum of their products in pairs is
819.
BASED ON HOTS
9. The sum of three numbers in G.P. is 21 and the sum of their squares is 189. Find the
numbers. [NCERT]
ANSWERS
ww
1. 45,15,5 or 5,15,45 2. 8,12,18
4 , 3 3 -1 i 4. 10,5,, —
T or —, 5,10
3-3'-1'-'-
or
4 ' 4' 3' 2 2
Flo
e
6. 2,4,8 or 8,4,2 7. 18,6,2 or 2,6,18
3-55
eree
2
8. 1,9,81 or 81,9, 9. 3, 6,12
FFr
uurr
a
orr
sfo
3. Let the terms of the G.P. be -, t?, ar. It is given that
r
kks
Yoo
a 13 a
- + a + ar = — and - xa.yar = -l
oooo
r 12 r
eBB
+ r + l 13
a and =-l
r 12
urr
13 r 13 r
-1 and fl (r^ + r + 1) = 2 1
=> 12 + 25 r +12 = 0
ad
a = =>r +r + l=-
YYo
12 12
12r^ +16r + 9r + 12=0 => (3r + 4)(4r+ 3)=0 => r=-~3 :: — or — ^

dd
4
Re
inn
Hence, three numbers are —, -1, — or, —, -1, —.

4 3 3 4
F
5. Let the terms of the G.P. he-,a, ar. It is given that

r
a 39 a
- + a + ar = and- X ax ar =1
r 10 r
2
r +r + l 39 39r
=> 10(r^+r + l) = 39r
3 2
a andfl =1 => fl=l andfl(r +r + l) =
r 10 10
10r^-29r + 10 = 0 => (2r-5)(5r-2) = 0 => r = |orr=-

2
1 5 5,2 2
Hence, the numbers are — ,l,-or-,l,-
5 2 2 5
19.4 SUM OF THE TERMS OF A G.P.
THEOREM Prove that the sum ofn terms of a G.P. with first term 'a' and common ratio Y is given by
n n
r -1 1 -r
a or, a
r-1 1 -r
PROOF Let 5^ denote the sum of n terms of the G.P. with first term 'a' and common ratio r. Then,
2 n-2 H-1
S«n = a + ar + ar +... + ar + ar
oww
Multiplying both sides by r, we get
2 n-1 n
rS n flr + flr +... + ar + ar ...(ii)
On subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
e
n
S„-rS n a-ar
re
FFrllo
S„(l-r) =
reF
r"-l ,
n
e
1 -r
a or, S n a
, provided that r ^1,
ouru 1-r r-1
osFr
n ti
1 -r r -1
Hence, S n a
1 -r
or, fkfor Sn ~
a
r-1
,r^l
kso
Q.E.D
ooo
Yo
Y
NOTE Some authors state two different formulas for viz.,

BB
n n
1 -r r' -1
n
=a
1 -r
forr <1 and Sn a
r-1
forr >1.
Y
r ree
ouu
In fact these two are exactly identical. The only thing which must be noted is that the above formulae do
ad
Ydo
not hold for r = 1. Forr = 1, the sum of n terms of the G.P. is S„ =a + a-ha+...+a{n times) -na.
H-l
REMARK 1 If I is the last term of the G.P., then I = ar
nidn
n-1
Re
n n
1-r a-ar a~{ar )r a-lr
Sn a
F
1-r 1 -r 1 ~r 1-r
Fi
a-lr Ir-a
Thus, Sn or. S„ , r^l
1 -r r-1
Type I FINDING THE SUM OF GIVEN NUMBER OF TERMS OF A GIVEN G.P.

EXAMPLE 1 Find the sum of 7 terms of the G.P. 3,6,12,...
SOLUTION Here,fl = 3,r = 2andn=7.
( 7
/-I
Srj ■= a r-1
=3 ^ 2-1
-1
= 3 (128-1) = 381
EXAMPLE 2 Find the sum of 10 terms of the G.P. 1,1/2,1/4,1/8...

SOLUTION Here, a =1, r =1/2 and w =10.
10
-1
^10 a
r-1
(i/2)^°-i 1 (1024-1) 1023

Sjo =1 ● 10
= 2
10
512
(1/2)-1 ^
512
2 . 2
EXAMPLE 3 Find the sum to 7 terms of the sequence

\ r \ f
1 A A 1 2 3
JL A A
5 5^^5^J\5^
—r + -^ +
5^
w
SOLUTION The given sequence is
1 A a1 A 1 A A A 1 A A
[r52%3j'-
- +
5 '
Flo
1 2 3 38 1
e
Clearly, this is a G.P. with first term a = — + -^ and common ratio r =
reee
5 5^ 5^ 125 5^’
FFr
3.7 21
1-/ 38 l-(l/5") 38 1 -1/5 19
Sj ■=■ a => S; = 21
1 -r 125
l-{l/5^)
for 125
1 -
62
5 .
ur
125

kss
EXAMPLE 4 Sum the series: x{x + y) + + y^) + x^ + y^)

Yo
+ ...ton terms
oo
SOLUTION Let Sfj denote the sum to n terms of the given series. Then,
eB
= x{x + y) + x^ (x^ + y^) + x^ (x^ + y^) +... + x” (x” + y")

5^ = (x^ + x^ + x^ + ... + x^) + (xy + x^ y^ + x^ y^ + ... + x” y")
ur
2n
jxyf-1
ad
2 -1
YYo
4: = ■ +xy + xy
1 x^-1 xy-1 X 2-1 xy-1
EXAMPLE 5
Find the sum of the series 2 + 6 +18 +... + 4374.
d
Re
The given series is a geometric series in which a-2,r = 3 and / = 4374.

in
SOLUTION
Hr-a) 4374 X 3 - 2
F
Required sum = = 6560.

(r-1) 3-1
EXAMPLE 6 Find the sum of the following series:

(i) 5 + 55 + 555 4-... to n terms (ii) 07 + 0.77 + 0.777 +... to n terms
(iii) 5 + 55 + 555 + 5555 +...tonterms
SOLUTION (i) Let S be the sum of the series 5 + 55 + 555 +... to n terms. Then,
S = 5^1+11+ 111 + ... + tow terms
j= ^|9 + 99 + 999+ . . + to w terms
S= ||(10-l) + (lo2-l) + (10^ -1)+...

+ (10"-1)}
s = - ■ (10 + 102+10^+...+10”)-{l + l+l+...+l)
^ n times
5
s= -nox
9 10-1
-n ■ 59 15(10”_1)_„L
9
Alio
81
n+ 1
-10-9n^
(ii) Let S be the sum 0.7 + 0.77 + 0.777 +... to n terms. Then,
S = 7 X 0.1 + 7 X 0.11 + 7 X 0.111 +... ton terms
S= 7 lo.l + 0.11 + 0.111 + ... tonterms

S= -
7
0.9 + 0.99 + 0.999 +... to n terms 7 l_^ 99 999
+... to n terms
9 9 110 100 ' 1000
S= -<
7
1- —
1
.fi-A +
f
1-
1
+... to n terms ●
9 10 100 1000 )
ww
\ /
7 1 ^ 1
S= 1- — . 1-^ + ...+ 1-
9 I, 10 10^ J \ 10^> 10
tt
FF loo
(r n
n-
10.
ee
s= 7-u- —+ ^ 1 7 1
=> +... + n -
Fe r
9 10 10^ 10
n
10
1-i
10
Frre
r ur
fforo
7 1 11 1 7
S= - n-- 9n-l + —●
« H
9 9 81
ks
10 10
YYouo
(iii) Let Sbe the sum of the series 5 +5.5 +5.55 + 5.555 + tonterms. Then,
koso
S = 5 +5.5 +5.55 +5.555 + ...tonterms

BBoo
=> S=5+(5 + 0.5) + (5 + 0.55) + (5 + 0.555) + tonterms

r ee
=> S=(5 +5 + 5 +...nterms) + {0.5 + 0.55 + 0.555+ ...to(n-l)terms)

=> S =5n + 5 {0.1 + 0.11 + 0.11 + ...to(n-l) terms)
ad
ouur
5 5 9 99 999
^ S =5n + — (0.9 + 0.99 + 0.999 + to(n -1) terms) =5n + +...to(n-l) terms
Yo
— —+
9 9 10 100 1000
5 1W 1 ... 1-^n-1
d
1__L +
Re
idnY
^ S =5n + — + .
9 10 100 J V 1000 10
FFin
5 1 1 1
=> S =5n + — ■ (n-1)-
lîo'îo^’îo^
+...+
n-1
9 10
f 1
1
5
● (n-l)-i9 1 1
5 10
^ S=5n + — ■
= 5n + —
n-1
9 10
i-i 9 10 y
10,
EXAMPLE 7 The sum offirst three terms of a G.P. is 16 and the sum of the next three terms is 128. Find
the sum ofn terms of the G.P. [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and r the common ratio of the G.P. It is given that
a + ar + ar^ =16 ...(i) and, ar^+ar^+ar^ =128 ●●●(ii)

a{l + r + r^) =16 and, ar ^ (1 + r + r^) = 128

ar^ {1+r + r^) 128 =5> r 3 = 8 = 2
a{l+r + r^) 16
16
Putting r = 2 in (i), we get:
n n
r'-l 16 2 1
r-1 7 2-1 y{2"-l)

EXAMPLE 8
Find a G.P.for which the sum of the first two terms is - 4 and the fifth term is 4 times the
ooww
third term. [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio of the G.P.
We have,
fll+fl2=~4 and ^5=403
ee
4 2 2
^ a + ar - - 4 and ar =4ar => a (1 + r) = - 4 and r =4=>fl(l + r)=-4 and r = ± 2
r
rFFl -4, => 4
ree
When r = 2: (1 + r) = a- —
F
3
rF
Whenr=-2:fl(l+r)=-4=> a = 4
4 8 16
Hence, required G.P. is —, —, fsfoor ...or, 4,-8,16,...
ouur
3 3 3 '●
Type II FINDING VALUE{S) OF n, r AND a WHEN THE SUM OF n TERMS OF A G.P. IS GIVEN
kosk
EXAMPLE 9
Determine the number of terms in G.P. <Ofj>, ifa^ = 3, = 96 and = 189.
Yo
oo
SOLUTION Let r be the common ratio of the given G.P. Then,

Y
BB
H - 1 M-1
= 96 ^ aj r = 96 => 3r = 96=>r = 32 ...(i)
rre
Now, % = 189
/ H - 1\ 1
ouu
n
r -1 (r )r-l 32r-l
Y
\ =189 =>
ad
= 189 => 3 = 63 [Using (i)]

r-1 r-1 r-1
dY
=> 32r-l = 63r-63 => 31r = 62=>r = 2

innd
Re

2«-1 = 2^ =? «-l=5 =>« = 6.
Fi
= 32 => 2
F
EXAMPLE 10 How many terms of the geometric series 1 + 4 +16+ 64 + ... will make the sum 5461 ?
SOLUTION Let the sum of tt terms of the given series 5461. Here, a =1, r = 4and =5461.
Sn = 5461
n n
r" -1 4 -1
a = 5461 => - = 5461 [●-■ a = 1 and r = 4]
r-1 4-1
=> 4" -1 = 16383=> 4" = 16384=> 4'' = 4^ => n = 7

n n n
EXAMPLE n The sum of some terms of a G.P. is 315 whose first term and the common ratio are 5 and 2,
respectively. Find the last term and the number of terms. [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let there be n terms in the G.P. with first term a =5 and common ratio r = 2. Then,
Sum of n terms = 315
H
r
● *
-1
*1
2" -1
a = 315 => 5 — = 315 [●.● a =5 and r =2]
r-1 2-1
II II
2' -1=63 => 2 =64=2 => n = 6
II-1 6-1
Last term =i7r = 5x2 = 160
EXAMPLE 12
Iti an increasing G.P., the sum of the first and the last term is 66, the product of the second
and the last but one is 128 and the sum of the terms is 126. How many terms are there m the progression ?
SOLUTION of the given G.P. Further, let there be n
Let a be the first term and r the common ratio
terms in the given G.P. It is given that the sum of the first and last term is 66.
II- 1
i.e.
ai + Of, = 66 a + ar = 66
w
It is also given that the product of second and the second last term is 128.
H -1 128
i.e. «2 «n-l = 128 => ar =128 => =128 => =128 => ar
FF llowo
a
ii-l
Putting this value of ar in (i), we get
ree
128
a + = 66 - 66fl + 128 = 0 => (fl - 2) {fl - 64) = 0 => = 2, 64
a
rF
Putting rt = 2 in (i), we get; 2 + 2. r” ^ = 66 ^ r" ^ = 32.
ur
n- 1 tLlL II -1 1
for Ffre o
Putting fl = 64 in (i), we get: 64 + 64r = 66 => r =—
32
s
We reject the second value as the G.P. is an increasing G.P. and therefore r > 1. Thus, we obtain
ok
YYour o
ii-l
a = 2 and r = 32.
o
Now, % = 126
Bo kBs
r ee
« II It- 1
-1 -1 r -1 32r-l
2 - = 126 =5* - = 63 => - = 63 => = 63 => r = 2
r-1 r-1 r-1 r-1
our u
ad
II-1 n-1
= 2^ ^«-l=5=i>tt = 6
Yo
r = 32=> 2
Hence, there are 6 terms in the progression.

d
Re
Find the sum of the products of the corresponding terms of the sequences 2,4,8,16,32 and
in
EXAMPLE 13
128,32,8,2,-. INCERT]
'2
FFind Y
SOLUTION If a, ar, ar^ , and A,AR,AR ,.... are two geometric sequences, then the
sequence having terms as the product of corresponding terms of the two sequences is also a
geometric sequence with first term aA and common ratio rR.
Given sequences are geometric sequences with first terms 2 and 128 respectively and common
ratios 2 and ~ respectively. Therefore, the sequence formed by multiplying the corresponding
terms of the given sequences is a G.P. with first term a = 2x 128 = 256 and common ratio
r=2xl=l.
4 2
Since each sequence contains 5 terms. Therefore, the sequence formed by the products of the
corresponding terms has 5 terms.
\5
i-fl 1-
1
32 f 1- —
1 31
Hence, required sum = 256 - 1
= 256
1
= 512 = 512 X — = 496
32 32
1 -
2 2
1
ALITER Required sum = 2 x 128 + 4x 32 + 8x8 + 16x2+ 32x —
2
= 256 + 128 + 64+ 32 + 16
1
1 -
2
= 256 =512
f1 -—
1 =512 X
31
= 496
oww
1 32 32
1 -
2
Tijpe III ON PROVING RESULTS BASED UPON THE FORMULA FOR THE SUM OF nTERMS OF A G.P.
e
EXAMPLE 14 If Si, $2 and S3 be respectively the sum ofn, 2n and 3n terms of a G.P., prove that
eree
rFl S,(S3-S2) = (Sj-Si)^
FFr
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and r the common ratio of the G.P. Then,
n 2»i 3«
^ s, -■
r"‘ -1 -1
orr
r
$i = a and S3 = fl
ouur
a
r-1 r-1
sfo r-1
Now,
kks
Yo
oooo
II 3« 2n
r-1 r*"* -1 r"‘ -1
Si(S3 -%) = a a -a ■
eBB
r-1 r-1 r-1
2 2
(r"-l)|(r
urr
a 3n 2n a 3n 2n
Si(S3-S2) =
(r-lf
-l)-(r 2(r”-l)(r -o
ad
(r-1)
YYo
2
2 n
a , n ,■. 2jt , n r'-l
dd
II
=>
Si(S3-S2) = y(r -l)r (r -1) = ar ■
Re
r-1
inn
(r-1)
F
2
2h II 2 2
r"‘ -1 r“ -1
(S2-Si)^
a
and. = < a -a
r-1 r-1
(r-l)2
2
2 [- 1 2 II
r“ -1
{S2-Sif =
a 11
a r ...(ii)
{r-lfi J r-1
From (i) and (ii) we obtain: Sj (S3 - Sj) = (S2 - Sj)^

EXAMPLE 15 IfS be the sum, P the product and R the sum of the reciprocals ofn terms of a G.P., prove
that — = P^. [NCERTl
R)
2 H-1 r -1
S = a + ar + ar +... + ar a
r-1
P = a .ar ar
2
... ar
H - 1
^1+ 2 + 3 + ... + (h- 1) _ a r
0
...(ii)
n
1 1 1 1 1 1-r 1
and. R - H +
2
+... +
jt- 1 «-1
a ar
ar ar
a
iVr) - 1 a 1 -r r
ooww
n
1 r-1 1
R
n - 1
...(iii)
a r-1 r
ee
n
S r' -1 r-1 n-1 2 Ji-1
rFl
re
a . a r a r
n
R r-1
Fre
r' -1
rrF
fsT «
a r 2 ● =P^
sffoo [Using (ii)]
ouur
R
kosk
Yo
Hence,
oo
Y
BB
EXAMPLE 16 A person writes a letter tofour of his friends. He asks each one of them to copy the letter and
rre
mail to four different persons with instruction that they move the chain similarly. Assuming that the
chain is not broken and that it costs 50 paise to mail one letter. Find the amount spent on the postage when
ouu
Y
8th set of letter is mailed [NCERT]

ad
dY
SOLUTION Amount spent on mailing one letter = ^ ~

innd
Amount spent when first set of 4 letters is mailed = ^ 2

Re
Amount spent when second set of 4 x 4 = 16 letters is mailed = f (2 x 4) = 8

Fi
F
Amount spent when third set of 4 x 4 x 4 = 64 letters is mailed = ? (8 x 4) = 32

Clearly, 2,8,32,... is a G.P. with first term 2 and common ratio 4.
Total amoimt spent when 8th set of letters is mailed = Sum of 8 terms of the G.P.
8
r" -1
a
r-1
[ f4
= ? ■( 2
-1
[●.● = ? 2 and r = 4]
4-1
65536-1
■ = ? (2 X 21845)
3
= ? 43690

\2 /
EXAMPLE 17 Find the sum to n terms of the sequence x + —

1 ^2 2 1
/ X
3.+ if / ● ● ●
3
X
X y
SOLUTION Let denote the sum to n terms of the given sequence. Then,
n2 / \2 \2
if 2 1 n 1
Sn = X + - + X +
2
+
3
+... + X + —
n
X^ X >
\ /
2n
S) = X + —+ 2 + X + '—T- + 2 + X H—-r + 2 +... 4* X +
2«
^2 X4 .6
oww
V X J \ / \ X X
/
, 2 A 6 2mv 1 1 1 1
— (x +X +X +... + X )+ —^ ^H g + ... + 2n
+ (2 + 2+...)
U X X X H times
In''
1 |(l/jrV-l
In
x"" -1 1 1 -X
2
● + 2« = x^
ee
+ 2«
rFFlo
X
* I (l/x^)-l x^-l X
2n
l-x2
r
ree
r.^-1
F
2n 2n
-1 1 -1 2 1
Si, = f - + 2«= - X + + 2n
x^-l 2/1
x^^-1 x^-l 2n
rF
X
EXAMPLE 18 Find the sum to n terms of the sequence given by a„ = 2” + 3«, neN.
fsfoor
ouur
SOLUTION Let S>, denote the sum to terms of the given sequence. Then,
kosk
Sn = a-i + 02 + + ... + a,j
^ = {2^ + 3xl) + (2^+ 3x 2)+(2^ + 3x 3) +... + (2" + 3x n)
Yo
oo
Y
S,t = (2^ + 2^ + 2^ + ... + 2") + (3x1 + 3x 2+ 3x 3 + ...+

BB
3x«)
£y, = (2^ + 2^+2^+... + 2"}+3(l + 2+3+...+n)
rre
llsl ^(l+«) = 2(2"-l) + |^(n + l)

//
2 ? n
oYuu
=> Sn =
ad
2-1
dY
EXAMPLE 19 Prove that the sum to n terms of the series:

11 +103 +1005 +... is, ^ (lO” -1) +«^.
innd
Re
SOLUTION Let denote the sum to n terms of the given series. Then,
^ = 11 +103 +1005 +... to « terms
Fi
F
4, = (10 +1) + (10^ + 3) + (10^ +5) + ... + no" + (2ji -1)1

= (10 + 10^+... + 10") + |l + 3 + 5+ ... +{2«-l)j
Sn =
10 (10" -1) , -(l + 2«-l) = — (10"-l)+f
(10-1) 2 9
2
EXAMPLE 20 Find the least value of nfor which the sum 1 + 3+ 3 + ...ton terms is greater than 7000.
SOLUTION We have,
n n
3 -1 3-1
^ = l + 3+3^+...to«terms => S,, = 1 X
3-1 2
Now, >7000 => ?- >7000 => 3" -1 >14000 n
2
log 14001 4.1461

3” > 14001 => n log 3 > log 14001 => n > => n> = 8.69
log 3 0.4771
Hence, the least value of n is 9.

EXAMPLE21 Iffisafurictionsatisfyingf{x + y)=f{x)f{}/)forallx,yeN suchthatf{l) = 3and
n
Z f(x)~ find the value of n. [NCERTl

x = l
SOLUTION We have, / (a: + y) = f {x) f (y) for all x, y € N

f{x) =/(1+1+1+... + !)=/(1)/(1) /(I) .../(!)= [f(l)fforallx€N
X-times x-times
/ (x) = 3^ for all X e N [V /(I) = 3]
w
Now,
S /(x)=120=> x*l
I S"" = 120 => 3+3^+...+3" = 120
n
x=l
Flo
H
3 ^ -1
= 120 ^ 3" -1 = 80 => 3“ = 81 => 3" = 3^ => n = 4.
n n n
ee
3-1
Fr
n
EXAMPLE 22 Find the natural number a for which (« +k) =16 (2”-1), where the function f
k=l
or
ur
statisfies f{x + y) =/(x)- f{y)for all natural numbers x, y and further f {\) = 2.
sf
[NCERT, NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Preceding as in Example 20, we obtain /(x) =(/(!))* = 2^ for all x e N.

ok
Yo
n
Bo
X/(fl + cf)=16{2"-l)
k=l
re
n
a+k
= 16(2"-1)
k=\
ou
ad
2‘" 2 2^ =16 (2"-1)

Y
,k=l ,
nd
f yti
Re
-1
2‘’(2 + 2^ + 2^ + ...+ 2")=16(2”-l) => 2'"-| 2 ^2-1 = 16 (2”-l)
Fi
<1+1
2«-"1(2”-1)=16(2”-1) => 2 = 2'^ => fl + l= 4^fl = 3.
EXERCISE 19.3
BASIC
1. Find the sum of the following geometric progressions:

(i) 2,6,18,... to 7 terms (ii) 1,3,9,27,... to 8 terms
a -b
(iii)l,-l/2,l/4,-l/8,... (iv)(,a^-bh(,a-b) ' I '
... to n terms
(v) 4,2,1,1/2... to 10 terms.

2. Find the sum of the following geometric series:
(i) 0.15 + 0.015 + 0.0015 +... to 8 terms; (ii) +4
1
+... to 8 terms;
V2 2V2
2 1 1 3
(iii) h h... to 5 terms; (iv) -J7 , / 3^7 ,.... to n terms [NCERT]
9 3 2 4
a a a a
(v) — + ^ —j- +... to 2« terms; (vi) + +... +
5 5^ 5^ 5^ {l+if (1 + 0®
n
1+i
(1 + 0
2 3
(vii) 1, - a, a ,-a ,... tow terms {a ^ 1) [NCERT]
3 5 7
(viii) X , X , X ,io n terms [NCERT]
2 2 3 2 2 3
(ix) {x + y)+{x +xy + y ) + {x +x y + xy +y ) + ...ton terms;
BASED ON LOTS

10
(i) I (2+3") [NCERT] (ii) k 2= l (2^ + 3^" ^
n n
(iii) 2 4
ww
n=l m = 2
4. Find the sum of the following series:
Flo
(i) 5 + 55 + 555 +... to n terms. [NCERT] (ii) 7 + 77 + 777 +... to «terms, [NCERT]
(iii) 9 + 99 + 999 +... to n terms, (iv) 05 + 055 + 0555 +... to n terms.
e
rere
(v) 0.6 + 0.66 + 0.666 +.... ton terms. [NCERT]
r FF
3069,
5. How many terms of the G.P. 3,3/2,3/4,... be taken together to make 512
uurr
6. How many terms of the series 2 + 6 +18 + ...must be taken to make the sum equal to 728?
for
7. How many terms of the sequence 3, 3V3,...mustbe taken to make thesum 39 +13^3?
kss
8. The sum of n terms of the G.P. 3,6,12,... is 381. Find the value of n.
Yoo
ooook
9. The common ratio of a G.P. is 3 and the last term is 486. If the sum of these terms be 728, find
the first term.
eBB
10. The ratio of the sum of first three terms is to that of first 6 terms of a G.P. is 125:152. Find the
common ratio.
uurr
1
ad
11. The 4th and 7th terms of a G.P. are — and respectively. Find the sum of n terms of the
Yo
27 729
G.P.
dY
10
1 - 1 + /V' 1
Re
innd
12. Find the sum : ^

n=l
2 5j
Fi
13. The fifth term of a G.P. is 81 whereas its second term is 24. Find the series and sum of its first
eight terms.
BASED ON HOTS
14. If $2, S3 be respectively the sums of n, 2n, 3n terms of a G.P., then prove that
sf+ S^ = Si(S2 + S3).
15. Show that the ratio of the sum of firstn terms of a G.P. to the sum of terms from (n +1)* to
(2n)*term is-^. r
[NCERT]
2 2
16. If a and b are the roots of x - 3x + p = 0 and c, d are the roots x - Vlx + q = 0, where
a,b, c, dformaG.F.Frovethat{q + p) :{q-p) = 17:15. [NCERT]
3 3 3069, [NCERT]
are needed to give the sum
17. How many terms of the G.P. ^ ^ ^^ 512
18. A person has 2 parents, 4 grandparents, 8 great grand parents, and so on. Find the number
of his ancestors during the ten generations preceding his own. INCERT]
19. If Sj, $2,..., 5^, are the sums of n terms of n G.P.'s whose first term is 1 in each and common
ratios are 1,2,3,..., n respectively, then prove that
Sj + $2 + 2S3 + 3S4 + ... (n -1) =1" + 2" + 3" + ... +
20. A G.P. consists of an even number of terms. If the sum of all the terms is 5 times the sum of
oww
the terms occupying the odd places. Find the common ratio of the G.P. [NCERT]
100
21. Let Ojj be the nth term of the G.P. of positive numbers. Let E a2„ =0. and
rr= 1
100
e
E «2n-1 =P/Such that a p. Prove that the common ratio of the G.P. is a/p.
n = 1
re
FFrlo
22. Find the sum of 2n terms of the series whose every even term is 'a' times the term before it
rF
ee
and every odd term is 'c' times the term before it, the first term being unity.
ANSWERS
rF
ouru
a -b {a + bf -1
fosor (V) 8 1--^
171
l.(i) 2186 (ii) 3280 (iii) (iv) n-2 ■
256
(a + b) (fl + b) -1 1024
skf
ooko
n
255 V2 2 x"-l
Yo
1 55 -1
Y
1 -
8
(ii) (iii)^ (iv) < X
128 72 x-1 y-1
Bo
10
reeB
n 2n
19 l-(-n)
(v) ^ 1-42n (vi) -flMl-(l+0‘"} (vii) (viii) a:
ooY
X 2 -11
uur
24 \ + a
5^‘J
ad
n/l
dY
f(4^-l)
n+2
(Xi) V7 - 3.(i) 265741 + 3"-5) (iii)
Vs-1
nind
Re
4-(i) 4(10 n+ 1
-9n-10]
n+ 1
-9n-10] (iii) 1[10 H+ 1 -9n-10]
F
Fi
81 81
n-ifl 1 f-1 1
(iv)|
1
9 10", (v)| <n —

9 10
«
/
5. 10 6. 6
7. 6 8. 7 9.2
3
10. -
5
ll.lfl-i
n 3
«
10 10
2*''-! 5 -1 65x97
12. + - 13. a =16, ^ = ^ “ 17. 10
2^ 4x5 11 8
(«c)”-l
18. 2046 20. 4 22. {a +1)
flC -1
2 3
2. (vii) Let denote the sum of n terms of the G.P. 1 - fl, ,-a ....Then,
1--(-!)%
n
^=1
-a-1 Tl + a
(viii) Let 5^ be the sum of n terms of the G.P. Then,

In
3 3 X -1
%=X { = x
x^-1
(ix) Let denote the sum of n terms of the G.P. -fj, 3^7,.... Then,
ww
(V3)"-l 3”''^-!
4.=V7 = V7
' V3-1 ■
Flo
11 11 11 11
3^-1
(i) 2 (2+3”)= 2 2+ 2 3"=2x11 + 3 = 22+ -(3^^-l) =265741.
e
3.
eree
n=l n= 1 n=l
3-1 2
4. (i) Let = 5+55+555+ .... ton terms. Then,
FFr
5^ = 5 (1 +11 + 111 +.... to n terms)
uurr
Sn = -(9 + 99 + 999 +
9
to n terms)
orr
sfo
5
= T
9 |{10-1) +(10^-1)+(10^ -1) + ...+ (10"-1)|
kks
Yoo
|(10 +10^ +10^ +.... +10") -n|

5
oooo
=>
9
eBB
n
5 10" -1 5 n+ 1
=> % = ^ ■
9
10 — (10"-l)-« = — (10 -9n-10).
10-1 9 9 81
urr
(ii) Proceed as in (i)

ad
YYo
(v) Let 5^ = 0.6 + 0.66 + 0.666+ .... ton terms. Then,

% = 0.6 + 0.66 + 0.666 + to n terms
dd
^ = — (0.1 + 0.11 + 0.111 +.... to n terms)

Re
inn
9
6
=> = T 0.9 + 0.99 + 0.999 + to n terms
F
6 f 1 w 1
I 1-— + 1- +.
9 10 10^ 10^. 10
n
6 1 1 1 1
^ = — (n- — + +... +
9 10 10^ 10^ 10
n
i-fi
10
6
n
1 1. 6
n —
1
1 Ll
^
9 10
1-1 9 9
10"J
10
\
«
1-r
a
«-l 1-r
fl + flr + ... + ar 1
^2
15. Required ratio = n 2n-l n
n
r
ar . + ar
n 1-r
ar
1-r
2 3
16. We have, a + b = 3,ab =p,c + d=12 and cd = q Letb=ar,c = ar and d = ar .Then,
a + b = 3 and c + d=12
(1 + r) = 3 and ar^ (1 + r) = 12 => ar^(l + r)_12

a(\+r) 3
<i(l + r) = 3 => fl=l
Now, p = ab= a.ar = 2, q = cd = ar^ ^ ar^ =2^ = 32
w
<? + p^32 + 2_34_17
" 32 - 2 30 15
Flo
q-p
3 3 3069
17. Let the sum of nterms of the G.P. 3, — , — be . Then,
e
2 4 512
rree
/i
r FF
1- -
1
3069 ^ 1023
= i => n = 10
2l0
uurr
1-i 1024 2
n
512 2” for
2
kss
3069
Hence, the sum of 10 terms of the given G.P. is
ooook
512
Yo
18. Number of ancestors during the ten generations preceding his own generation
eB
f^lO -1 ^
= Sum of 10 terms of the G.P. 2,4, 8,... = 2 - = 2046.
2-1
urr
ad
20. Let there be 2n terms in the G.P. with first term a and common ratio r. Then,
Yo
Sum of all itie terms = 5 (Sum of the terms occupying the odd places)
dY
fll + <*2 +●●● ^2n = 5 («! + ^3 +<%+... + «2n-1)

2n-2
=5{a + ar^ + ... + ar
2n-l
Re
)
innd
a + ar + ... + ar
2n] 2xtt
Fi
1-r i-(0 => 1 + r =5 => r = 4

a =5a
1-r l-r^
21. Let fl be the first term and r be the common ratio of the G.P. Then,
100 100
S aojiÔL and n=l
S fl2n-l=P
«=1
fl2 + «4 + ●●● + <*200 = ^ fll + <13 +... + fli99 =P

ar + ar
3
+... + ar =a and a + ar^ +... + ar 198 = P
ar
l-(r‘)
2x100
= a, and a
ri_(^2)iooi =P
l-r2 l-r^
200^ 200^
1-r 1-r a
ar = a, and a = p => r = —
1-r^ J P
22. Let + <?2 + ^3/... + <32n given series. It is given that

a^-l, a2=a flj, = CU2, = ca^ and so on.
2 2 2 3 2
=> =1, ^2 =^/^^3 c,a^=a c ,a^=a c f ● ● ●
Required sum = + ^2 + ^^3 + ● ● ● + «^2h

2 2 2
= l+ a + ac + a c + a c +...to2« term
= (1 + fl) + flc (1 + fl) + i7^ (1 + fl) +... to w terms

n
1 -{ac) {acf-1
= (1 + rt) ■ = (l + fl)
1 - ac ac -1
ww
19.5 SUM OF AN INFINITE G.P.
THEOREM The sum of an infinite G.P. with first term a and common ratio r (-1 <r <1 i.e., [ r j <1)
a
is S =
1 -r
Flo
PROOF Consider an infinite G.P. with first term a and common ratio r, where -1 <r <1 i.e.
e
I r I < 1. The sum of n terms of this G.P. is given by
ree
11 -r
n^ a ar
n
Fr
Sn = a -(i)
rF
1 -r 1-r 1-r
uurr
Since -1 < r < 1, therefore r” decreases as n increases and tends to zero as n tends to infinity for
n
I.e. r -> 0 as « 00.
s
n
kks
a r
^ 0 as n CO.
Yo
oooo
1-r
Hence, from (i), the sum of an infinite G.P. is given by

eB
f . . n ^
a ar a
S = lim = lim / if I r| <1
« -^00 1-r 1-r 1-r
ur
NOTE lfr>\, then the sum of an infinite G.P. tends to infinity. Q.E.D.
ad
YYo
dd

Re
in
Type 1 FINDING THE SUM TO INFINITY OF A G.P. OR A GEOMETRIC SERIES

5
F
EXAMPLE 1 Find the sum to infinity of the G.P. ,

4 16 64 '■■■
SOLUTION The given G.P. has first term <7 =-5/4 and the common ratio r = -1/4. Also, | r | < 1.
Hence, the sum S to infinity is given by
a -5/4
S = = -l
1-r l-(-l/4)
EXAMPLE 2
Sum the following geometric series to infinity:
(ii)|
1 1 1 1 1
(i) (V2 + 1) + 1+(V2-1) + .. . 00
H =- + —=- + —j + H — + ... 00
g2 2^ 3^ 2^ 3^
SOLUTION (i) The given series is a geometric series with first term a=^J2 +1 and the common
ratio r given by
1
= 72-1
V2+1 (^ + 1)(V2-1)
Hence, the sum S to infinity is given by

5 =
a V2+I ^ + 1 _ V2+I
1 -r ■ 1-(V2-1) " 2-V2 V2(V2-1)
^ i^+if 3 + 2V2 _ 4 + 3V2
V2(V2-1)(V2+1) V2 2
(ii) We have.
1 1 1 1 1 1
—r + ...to CO
2 3^ 2^ 3^ 2^ 3^
^+^ J_
ooww
1 1 1
+...
1 5- + —c" + ●●●
2 2^ 2^ / V 3^ 3^ 3^
1 1 1 1
An infiniteG.P. with a=— ,r =—= + An infinite G.P. with =—;r /
2 2^ / 3^''"3^
e
V
ere
(1/3^)
rFl (1/2)
■ + ■ ^ + 1 = 1?
Fre
l-(l/2^) 1 -(1/3^) 3 24
rrF
1/2 1/4 1/8
EXAMPLE 3 Prove that: 6 x 6 x 6 CO = 6.
sffoo
ouur
SOLUTION Clearly,
^ g|l/2+ 1/4+ 1/8+ ...=o)
kosk
...CO
Yo
1 / 2
^ l(l/2)/(l-1/2)1 [..1^1+1+ = 1
oo
Y
2 4 8 1-1/2
BB
= 6^ = 6
rre
Ti/pell ON PROVING RESULTS BASED UPON THE FORMULA FOR THE SUM TO INFINITY OF A G.P.
ouu
Y
b
ad
2 3
EXAMPLE 4 Ifb=a + a + a +...00, prove that a = 1+b
dY
SOLUTION We have,
2 3
innd
b = a + a + a +...co
Re
Clearly, RHS is a geometric series with first term 'a' and common ratio 'a'
Fi
F
,
b =
L
=>b -ab =
. ^
1 -a 1 + b
Type IIJ FINDING REQUIRED UNKNOWN WHEN THE SUM OF AN INFINITE G.P. IS GIVEN
EXAMPLE 5 The first term of a G.P. is 2 and the sum to infijuty is 6. Find the common ratio.
SOLUTION Let r be the common ratio of the given G.P. It is given that, a = 2 and Sco = 6.
Now, Sco = 6 =>
a
= 6 ^ ^- = 6 => 6-6r=2 => r=2/3.
1 -r 1 -r
EXAMPLE 6 The sum of an infinite G.P. is 8, its second term is 2, find the first term.
Soo = 8 and flr = 2
a 2
- 8 and r = —
1 -r a
a
= 8
[Eliminating r]
-8a+ 16 = 0=>(a- 4)^ = 0 fl = 4.

Type 1 ON PROVING RESULTS BASED UPON THE FORMULA FOR THE SUM TO INFINITY OF A G.P.
, b b , c c
EXAMPLE? Ifx=a + - + ~ + .. .co,y=&-- + — -...CO and, z-c + ^ + -^ + ...co, prove that
r
r r
^_ab
z c
SOLUTION Clearly, x, y and z are the sums of infinite geometric progressions,
ww
2
a ar b br
and, z = ^
cr
X
y =
1 -- 1 +r
1 -
r
\ rj r
Flo abr^ abr^ 2
e
ar br ab
^ = cr
ree
xy =
r-1
y V
r + 1 r^-l z 2 1
r -1 ■ (r^-l) c
Fr
rF
EXAMPLES Ifx=l+a + a^ +... <x>,zvhere\ a \ <landy-l + b + b +...00, where(1? | <1. Prove
uurr
that:
1 + ab + a b
2 2
+...00 = xy
for
x + y-l
s
kks
SOLUTION We have,
Yo
oooo
1 1
X = 1 + a + a^ +.. . 00 => X 1 -a =
1 -a X X
eB
1
and, y = l+ b + b^+b^ + CO => y = 1-b = -=>b = 1-- ...(h)
1-b y y
ur
1 1
ad
l + ab + (ab)^ + (ab)^ +.. . 00 =

[Using (i) and (ii)]
YYo
1 - ab 1
1- 1-- 1-1
xj yj
dd
Re
xy
in
X + y-1
F
2a b 2h
EXAMPLE 9 If A=l+r‘^ +r +... fo 00 and B =1 + r^ + r^° +... co, prove that
l/a 1/b
fA-l fB-1^
r
A
2a
SOLUTION We have, A = 1 + r** + r +... 00 and. B = 1+r^ +r^^ +... 00
1 1 1
A =
a
and, B = — and, 1 -r^ =
1 -r 1 -r A B
l/a Nl/b
=1-4-A and, r^ =1-—=c.r =
/I -1 B-1
and, r =
B A B
l/a l/b
(A-1) f B-1
Hence, r -
^ ) B
Type II ON FINDING THE REQUIRED UNKNOWN WHEN THE SUM OF AN INFINITE G.P. IS GIVEN
EXAMPLE 10 The sum of an infinite G.P. is 57 and the sum of their cubes is 9747, find the G.P.
a
Sum = 57 => = 57
1 -r
w
3
a
Sum of the cubes = 9747 => + a^ +... = 9747 => = 9747 ...(ii)
Dividing the cube of (i) by (ii), we get
e
(57)3
re
o
rw
a
—
.3
(1-r)^ a
9747
F
l-r^ 1 + r + r^
ullo
= 19 => = 19 => 18r^ - 39r +18 = 0 => (3r - 2) (6r - 9) = 0
FF
(l-r)2 (1-r)^
ee
=> r = 2/3 or, r = 3/2 => r ~ 2/3 [v r * 3/2, because-1 <r <1 for an infinite G.P.]
srr
roF
Putting r = 2/ 3 in (i), we get
k
uor
a
= 57 => a = 19
ofof
l-(2/3)
Y
kos
Hence, the G.P. is 19,38/3,76/9,....
Yo
B oo
Type IV FINDING A RATIONAL NUMBER WHOSE DECIMAL EXPANSION IS GIVEN

rY
eerB
EXAMPLE 11 Which is the rational number having the decimal expansion 0.356 ?
SOLUTION We have, 0.356 = 0.3 + 0.056 + 0.00056 + 0.0000056+ ... oo
u
56
ou
d
o
ad
= 0.3 +
56 56 . 56 3
+ ... CO ^ = — +
loi,
3 5
10^ 10 i_J: 10 990 ~ 990
nY
10^ 10^
10^
nid
Re
EXAMPLE 12 Use geometric series to express 0555... = 0.5 as a rational number.

F
Fi
SOLUTION We have, 0.5 = 05555...

(5/10) 5
= 05 + 0.05 + 0.005 +... 00 = A + ^
5
+... oo =
7 '5
10 10^ lO-^ 1-(1/10) 9
Type V ON APPLICATIONS OF INFINITE G.P.

EXAMPLE 13 A square is drawn by joining the mid-points of the sides of a square. A third square is
drawn inside the second square in the same way and the process is continued indefinitely. If the side of the
square is 10 cm, find the sum of the areas of all the squares so formed.
SOLUTION Let.A|.A2i43A4bethefirstsquarewitheachsideequaltol0cm.L etBj, B2' ®3/
the mid-points of its sides. Then,
B1B2 = =5^2 cm.
LetCj,C2/ C3, C4 be the mid-points of the sides of the square B1B2B3B4. Then,
5V2 5V2
ca=-/v77^ 12 +
2
=5 cm
44 h ^43
C4 C3
Similarly, the side of fourth square is cm and so on.
V2 B4 «2
Sum of the areas of all the squares so formed

^2
= ■ 10^ + (5^)^+(5)^+f4 + ... 00 sq. cm. [v Area = (Side)
B
1 A2
.V2j
oww
Fig. 19.1
25 100
100 + 50 + 25 + + ... CO
= 200 sq. cm.
2 l-(l/2)
e
EXAMPLE 14 After striking a floor a certain ball rebounds of the height from which it has fallen.
re
—
w
FFrllo
Find the total distance that it travels before coming to rest, if it is gently dropped from a height of 120
reF
metres.
e
SOLUTION Initially the ball falls from a height of 120 metres. After striking the floor it rebounds
ouru
4 4
osrF
and goes to a height of — (120) metres. Now, it falls from a height of — (120) metres and after
5 5
ffor 4/4
rebounding again it goes to a height of - - (120) metres. This process is continued till the ball
5 5
k
kso
comes to rest.
ooo
Yo
Y
\2
BB
The total distance traveled = 120 + 2 ● (120) + ... CO.

r ree
Y
|(120)
uu
= 120 + 2 X . ● =120 + 960 = 1080 metres.

ad
1-^
doo
5
Y
EXAMPLE 15 The inventor of the chess board suggested a reward of one grain of wheat for the first
nidn
square, 2 grains for the second, 4 grains for the third and so on, doubling the number of the grains for
Re
subsequent squares. How many grains would have to be given to inventor ? (There are 64 squares in the
F
Fi
chess board).
SOLUTION Clearly, required number of grains is the sum of an infinite G.P. with first term 1
and common ratio 2.
c 64
7 ^ 7 -1 64
Number of grains = 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 +... to 64 terms =1 - = 2 -1.
2-1

Type I ON FINDING THE SUM OF AN INFINITE G.P.
EXAMPLE 16
Find the sum of an infinitely decreasing G.P. whose first term is equal tob + 1 and the
common ratio to He, where b is the least value of the product of the roots of the equation
(m^ +1) - 3x + (m^ +1)^ = 0, and c is the greatest value of the sum of its roots.
SOLUTION Given equation is: (m^ +1) - 3x + (m^ +1)^ = 0
3 2
Sum of the roots = and. Product of the roots = (m +1)
+1
2
Now, b = Least value of the product of roots = Least value of (m + 1)
b = 1 [: m +1 > 1 for all m]
3
c = Greatest value of the sum of the roots = Greatest value of
m +1
o A 2
Clearly, is greatest when + 1 is least and the least value of m +1 is 1.
nr + 1
w
c 5 = 3
1
2 2
So, first term of the mfinite G.P. is& + 2= l + 2 = 3 and, the common ratio is -
c
= 3
e
roow
Hence, the sum S of the infinite G.P. is given by
re
a
S = Using : S = 1 -r
1 --
reF
uFFll 3
e
Type II ON PROVING RESULTS BASED UPON SUM OF AN INFINITE G.P.
00
(b,z= X cos'^'0 sin^ (t), zy/iere 0 < 0, < 7i/2

. 2n 2n
EXAMPLE 17 Ifx= I COS Q, V = Z sm
sFr
n=0 n=0 « = 0
then prove that xz + yz-z = xy.

foro
ofk
uor
SOLUTION We have,
. 2 Q0 1
OD
1
X
2ti
0 = 1 + COS^ 0 + COS^ 0 + ... CO => x = sm =—
kos
1 - COS^ 0 X
Y
« = 0
Yo
reeBB
oo
CO
1 2 1
([) = 1 + sin^4)+sin‘^(l)+... CO =>y =
2n
=>
y = 2] Sin ^ COS (|) =
1 -sin^ (f) 3/
uurY
n = 0
00
and. z - 2] cos
2n
0, sin^ (j) = 1 + cos^ 0 sin^(})+ cos*^ 0 sin^ +... 00
ad
« = 0
doo
1 1
nY
^ ” 2 2
1 - COS 0 sin (f) l-(l-sin^ 0) (l-cos^(|))
nid
Re
1 1 ^3/
Z => 2 ^ z => XZ + yz-z = xy
1_ l_iiV l_ii^l
F
x + y-1
Fi
X y xy
yj
EXAMPLE 18
If\x\ <1 and \y\ <\,find thesum to infinity of the following series:
(x + y) + {x^ + xy + y^) + {x^ + x'^y + xy^ + y^) +...
SOLUTION (x + y) + (x^ + xy + y^) + (x^ + x^y + xy^ +y^) + ... 00
-y^) + ... toco

x-y I
n n
X -a
= x
«-l
+ / ^fl^ + / +... + «" \nsN
X -a
. to Qo) - {y^ + y^ + y^ + ... to oo)j

1
+.
x-y
2 2
1
x-y \~x \-y
}_ 1 j{x^-y^)-;cy(Ar-y)|
2 2 2 2
1 AT -a: y-y +y x
X + y -xy
x^~y a-x){l~y) (x-y) {^-x){l-y) ■{l-x)(l-y)
Type III ON FINDING REQUIRED UNKNOWN WHEN SUM OF AN INFINITE G.P. IS GIVEN
EXAMPLE 19 The sum of an infinite geometric series is 15 and the sum of the squares of these terms is 45.
Find the series.
oww
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio of the infinite geometric series.
a
Sum =15 ^ = 15
1 -r
e
FrFlo
a
Sum of the squares of terms = 45 => +... oo) = 45 = 45 ...(ii)
re
l-r^
ree
Dividing the square of (i), by (ii), we get
F
2
a (15)^ 1 +r
, 2
rF
- = 5^ 6r = 4=> r = —
i^-rf 45 1 -r 3
fsfoor
ouur
2 a
Putting r = —3 in (i), we get: = 15=>a =5
1 -2/3
kosk
40
Hence, the required series is 5 + — + —
Yo
+ ... 00.
oo
3 9 27
Y
BB
EXAMPLE 20 If each term of an infinite G.P. is twice the sum of the terms following it, then find the
rre
oYuu
= 2 [a,j + 2 + + 2 + + 3 + ● ● ● ●*] for all« s N

ad
a
n
n-1 n+ 1
= 2 [ar" + ar
dY
ar + ... oo]
n
rt-1 2ar Ir 1
innd
ar
Re
1 -r 1-r 3
Fi
F
EXERCISE 19.4
BASIC
1. Find the sum of the following series to infinity:

1 1
(i) 1--3 + ^ +... 00
(ii) 8 + 4V2 + 4 + .. . 00
2T 3^ 3^
(iii) 2/5+3/5^ +2/5^+ 3/5^.. . 00. (iv) 10-9 + 8.1 -7.29 + ...00
,,1 1 1 1 1 1
(v)- + ^ + ~ + — + — + .00 [NCERT]
3 5^ 3^ 5^ 3^ 5^
2. Prove that: .00) = 3.
3. Provethat:(2'/^4'/^8'^'^16'/3^..oc) = 2.
BASED ON LOTS
4. If Sp denotes the sum of the series 1 + . . to CO and Sp the sum of the series
1 -r^ + tooo, prove that Sp + Sp =2 S^p-
5. Find the sum of the terms of an infinite decreasing G.P. in which all the terms are positive,
the first term is 4, and the difference between the third and fifth term is equal to 32/81.
6. Express the recurring decimal 0.125125125 ... as a rational number.
7. Find the rational number whose decimal expansion is 0.423.
8. Find the rational numbers having the following decimal expansions:
(i) 0.3 (ii) 0.^ (iii) 352 (iv) 0.68 [NCERT]
9. One side of an equilateral triangle is 18 cm. The mid-points of its sides are joined to form
ww
another triangle whose mid-points, in turn, are joined to form still another triangle. The
process is continued indefinitely. Find the sum of the (i) perimeters of all the triangles,
(ii) areas of all triangles.
Flo
BASED ON HOTS
e
eree
10. Find an infinite G.P. whose first term is 1 and each term is the sum of all the terms which
follow it.
FFr
11. The sum of first two terms of an infinite G.P. is 5 and each term is three times the sum of the
oorr
uur r
succeeding terms. Find the G.P.
12. Show that in an infinite G.P. with common ratio r (| r | < 1), each term bears a constant ratio
sf
to the sum of all terms that follow it.
Yoo
If S denotes the sum of an infinite G.P. and S| denotes the sum of the squares of its terms,
ks
13.
oook
. , 2SSi , - Si
then prove that the first term and common ratio are respectively ^—i-and
eBB
S^ + Si S^ + Si*
ANSWERS
uurr
ad
12
i.(i) I (ii) 8(2 + V2) (iii)

13
— (iv) 5.263 (V) ^ 5. 6,
Yo
24 12 3-2V2
231 317 31
, 125
7. ^ 8. (i) i(ii)
dY
(iii) (iv) ^
■ 999 990 999 90 45
Re
innd
1 1 1 1
9. (i) 108 cm (ii) 108 ^f3 square cm 10.1, 11. 4,1,-
4'16'"
FFi
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEM
\ 18 18
9. Sum of the perimeters = 3.|l8 + -^ + -^ + ...co
n2
Sum of the areas = ^18^ + risf +
18
+ ... 00 ●
4 2 J 4
19.6 PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS
In this section, we shall discuss some important properties of geometric progressions and
geometric series.
PROPERTY I If all the terms of a G.P. be multiplied or divided by the same non-zero constant, then it
remains a G.P. with the same common ratio.
PROOF Let 02, a^,a,j, ...be a G.P. with common ratio r. Then,
^+1
= r, for all« 6 iV
a-.n
Let be a non-zero constant. Multiplying all the terms of the given G.P. by k, we obtain the new
sequence: ka-^, Jai2,ka'^,... ka^j,...
1_ %+ 1 = r for all n € N
Clearly [Using (i)]
ka„ a
n
Hence, the new sequence also forms a G.P. with common ratio r.
PROPERTY II The reciprocals of the terms of a given G.P. form a G.P.
PROOF Let a^, 02, a^,..., a,j, ...be a G.P. with common ratio r. Then,
ooww
+ 1
= r for all« € N
On
The sequence formed by the reciprocals of the terms of the given G.P. is
1 1 1 1
e
r * *'
ree
fll 02 ^3 a
n
rFl
For this sequence the ratio of a term and the preceding term is given by
Fre
1
rrF
[Using (i)]
_
l/«,n ^1+ 1 r
ouur
So, the new sequence is a G.P. with common ratio 1 /r.
sffoo
PROPERTY III If each term of a G.P. be raised to the same power, the resulting sequence also forms a G.P.
okks
PROOF Let a-i, 02, a^,... a„, ...he a G.P. with common ratio r. Then,
Yo
ooo
1
= r for all neN
BB
a
n
Let be a non-zero real number.

rr e
Consider the sequence whose terms are k*^ powers of the terms of the given sequence
ouu
k k k k
ad
YY
i.e.
a\,a2,a-^,...,0y^,...
For this sequence, we have
dd
k
1 ^1+1 k
Re
= r for all n € N
iinn
k
a.n
[Using (i)]
F
fc k }c k
Hence, o^, 02,02,... Oj,, ...is a G.P. with common ratio r .
PROPERTY IV In a finite G.P the product of the terms equidistant from the beginning and the end is
always same and is equal to the product of the first and the last term.
PROOF Let flj, 02, a^,..., Oj^he a finite G.P. with common ratio r. Then,
fc-1
kth term from the beginning = r
n-k
kth term from the end = (n-k + l)th term from the beginning - = a-^r
.’. {kth term from the beginning) {kth term from the end)
it-1 n-k 2 n-1 n-l
- ^k^-k+l = a^r = r
= ai.a^r = <7„ for all cf = 2, 3, 1
Hence, the product of the terms equidistant from the beginning and the end is always same and
is equal to &e product of the first and the last term.
2
PROPERTY V Three non-zero numbers a, b, c are in G.P. iff b =ac
PROOF Clearly,
b e 2
a, b, c are in G.P. <=>- = -- ( common ratio) b = ac
a b
NOTE W/ien a, b, c are in G.P., then b is known as the Geometric mean of a and c.
PROPERTY VI If the terms of a given G.P. are chosen at regular intervals, then the new sequence so
formed also forms a G.P.
PROPERTY VII If aj,a2,a3,...,a, . IS a G.P. of non-zero non-negative terms, then
r\i
log a-^, log «2 / ●●● / log ... is an A.P. and vice-versa.

PROOF letai,a2,a^,...,a„,... be a G.P. of non-zero non-negative terms luith common ratio r. Then,
n-l
a„ = r , for all n e N
ww
log a,, = log + (« -1) log r, for all w e N
Let bf, = log a„ = log flj + {n -1) log r, for all« e N
FF loo
Then, b„+i-b„ = [log a^ + n log r] - [log a^+in-1) log r] = log r for all« s N
Clearly, j = log r = Constant for all« e N.
ree
Hence, bi,b2,... ,b,i,... le. log a-^, log 02,..., log .a .. is an A.P. with common difference
n' ●
log r.
reFe
Conversely, let log log a2,..., log a„, ...he an A.P. with common difference d. Then,
oroFr
rur
log flf, + 1 - log = d for all nehJ.
s ff
^1+ 1
log = d for all« e N.
k
an
YYouo
okso
%+ 1
= e^ (a constant) for alln e N.
BBoo
.. is a G.P. with common ratio e^.

r ee
ai,a2,a^,...,a,i,.
ad
ouur
Yo
BASED ON LOTS
Type I PROBLEMS BASED UPON FOLLOWING RESULTS:

d
idnY
Re
(i) a, b, care in G.P. iffI?"

- ac (ii) a, b, c are in A.P. iff 2h = a + c.
Ifp, q, r are in A.P., show that the pth, qth and rth terms of any G.P. are in G.P.
FFin
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION Let A be the first term and R the common ratio of a G.P. Then,
-1 -1
a
p a^=AR"’ and a^ =AR’^
We have to prove that Up, a^f, a^ are in G.P. For this it is sufficient to show that
{aqf âp.Or
Now, (a/ = (ARl-y
{ay =
+ r-2
(ay = RP [●.' p, q, r are in A.P.2q=p + r]
-1
(ay = (ARf-^)(AR' ) — Up .a^
Hence, Up, a^, are in G.P.
EXAMPLE 2
lfa,b,c are in G.P., then prove that log a”, log b”, log c” are in A.P.
SOLUTION It is given that a, b, c are in G.P.
b^ = ac
(b^f = (nc)
a c
2»
logb = log(/c")
=> log (b”)^ = log fl” + log c” => 2 log b” = log a” + log c” => log a”, log b”, log c” are in A.P
EXAMPLE 3 Three numbers zvhose sum is 15 are in A.P. If 1,4,19 be added to them respectively, then
ooww
they are in G.P. Find the numbers.
SOLUTION Let th^ three numbers he a - d, a, a + d. Then,
Sum =15 => {a - d) + a + {a + d) =15 => a =5.
So, the numbers are 5 - d, 5,5 + fr. Adding 1,4,19 respectively to these numbers, we get
ee
6-d, 9, 24+ d. These numbers are in G.P.
9^=(6-d)(24 + d) => d^ + 18d-63=0=> (d + 21) (d-3) = 0 =>
r
d =-21 or, d = 3.
rFFl
ree
F
Hence, the numbers are 26,5, -16 or 2,5,8.
rF
Type II PROBLEMS BASED UPON PROPERTIES OF G.P.
EXAMPLE 4
If a, b, c, d are in G.P., show that:
fsfoor
ouur
(i) (b - c)2 -f (c - af +{d- bf =(a~d)^
kosk
(ii) (flb + be + cd)^ = (a^ +b^ + c^) (b^ + + d^) [NCERTl
Yo
c, d. Then,b = ar, c =ar^ and d=ar^.

oo
SOLUTION Let r be the common ratio of the G.P. a, b,

Y
BB
(i) LHS = {b-cf+ (c~a)^+{d-bf

rre
= {ar - ar^)^ + {ar^ - of' +{ar'^ - ar)^

= (1 - r)^ + a^ (r^ -1^) + (r^ -1)^
ouu
Y
ad
= fl^(r^-2r^+l) = a^(l-r^) = (a-ar 3x2) = (a-d)^ = RHS.

dY
(ii) LHS = {ab + bc + cd)^ = {ax ar + ar.x ar^ + ar^ x ar= a\^ (1 + + r^)^
innd
RHS = + b^ + c^) (b^ + + d^)

Re
= {a^ + aV -t- a^r^) (a^r^ + a^r^ + a^r^)

Fi
F
= a^{l+r^ + r^) a^r^ {1 + + r^) = aV^ (1 +

LHS = RHS.
EXAMPLE 5 Ifa,b,c,d are in G.P., prove that a + b,b + c, c + dare also in G.P.
SOLUTION Let r be the common ratio of the G.P. a, b, c, d. Then, b =ar, c=ar^ and d=ar^
a + b= a + ar = a{l+r),b + c = ar + ar^ = ar(1 + r)and c + d =ar'^ + ar^ =ar'^ {1 + r)
Now,
(b + c)^ = jar (1 + r)j = a^r^ (1 +r)^ =
|fl(l + r)||(!r^(l+r)|
= {a + b){c + d) [v a + b=a(l+r), and c + d=ar (1+r)]
Hence, a + b,b + c, c + d are in G.P.
EXAMPLE 6 If a, b, c, dare in G.P., prove that ^ + b”, b” + c”, c" + d” are also in G.P. [NCERTl
2 3
SOLUTION Let r be the common ratio of the G.P. a, b, c, d. Then, b =ar, c = ar and d = ar .
i" + c"=fl'’r" + /r^=/r"(l + r”),c + /=/r^ + /r^”=/r^'(l+r")

ti
Clearly, {&” + c”)^ ={o” + 6”) {c” + fr”).

Hence, + b”, b” + c”, c" + fr” are in G.P.
w
c-a a-b
EXAMPLE? If a, b, c are in A.P. and x, y, z are in G.P., then show that ^ .y .2 = 1.
(NCERT EXEMPLAR]
e
roow
re
a, &, c are in A.P. ^ '2b-a + c
2
X, y, 2 are in G.P. => y =xz 4 ...(ii)
reF
b-c c-a a-b b-c , I—\C-(I a-b
[Using (ii)l
uFFll y 2 UXZ) 2
e
c-a c-a
b-c 2 2 fl -
X X z z
sFr
c-a
2b-{a+c) {c+a)-2b
foro
b-c + c-a
2 a-b+
0 0
ofk
uor
2 = X 2 2
= X 2 2 = x z = 1 [Using (i)]
EXAMPLE 8
Ifmth,nth and pth terms of a G.P. form three consecutive terms of a G.P. Prove that
kos
m, n and pform three consecutive terms of an arithmetic sequence.
Y
Yo
SOLUTION Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio the G.P. Then,
reeBB
oo
m-l n - p-l
am ar ,On = ar ^ and Ojj - ar
uurY
It is given that Up are in GP.

ad
{ar P-l)
doo
X ar
nY
2 2n-2
a r
2h-2
= r”*'*’P“^=> 2n-2 = m + p- 2=>2n-m + p=>m,n, parein AP.
nid
Re
r
F
EXAMPLE 9 If a, b, c are in G.P. and x, y are the arithmetic means of a, b and b, c respectively, then prove
Fi
that:
a
-
- + —
c „ and.112
=2 - + - =—
X y X y b
2
fl, cf, c are in G.P. => h = ac
a +b
xis the A.M. of and x = ...(ii)
2
b + c
and. y is the A.M. of b and c ^ y = —— ...(iii)
a c 2a 2c 2a {b + c) + 2c {a + b) a + b b + c
Now, + X = — and V =
^ y a+b b+c {a + b){b + c) 2 ^ 2
<j c _ 2{ab + lac + hc) _ 2 {ah + lac + be) = 2 [Using (i)]

X y {ab-âc + h^ + bc) {(ih^lac + bc)
1 1 2 2 2 (fl + c + 2b) 2 (fl + c + 2b)
And, — + —
2 [Using (i)]
X y a +b b+c (flb + b + ac + bc) {ab + 2b^ + be)
=> 1^^ 1 ^ 2(fl + c + 2b) _ 2
^ y b{a + lb + c) b
EXAMPLE 10 Ifa, b, careinC.P.and a^^^ = b^^^ =c^^^, prove that x, y,zareinA.P. [NCERT]
SOLUTION We have,
a
=b^^^ = c^^^ = X{say) => a = )f,b =}^ and c =
ww
Now, a, b, c are in G.P.
b^ -ac => =X
x + z
=^> ly = x + z=> X, y, 2 are in A.P.
FF loo
EXAMPLE 11 Ifa^+ b^, ab + bc and b^ + c^ are in G.P., prove that a, b, c are also in G.P.
ree
a^ +b^, ab + bc,b^ + c^ are in G.P.
(ab + bc)^ = (/ + b^)(b^ + c^)
rF reFe
ah'^ + b V + 2flb^c = ah^ + a^c^ + b^c^ + b^
rur
fforo
b^ + a^c^ - lab^c = 0 => (b^ -ac)^ = 0 ^ b^ = ac => a,b, c are in G.P.
ks
EXERCISE 19.5
YYoou
okso
BBoo
BASIC
1. If a, b, c are in G.P., prove that log a, log b, log c are in A.P.

r ee
1 1
2. If a, b, c are in G.P., prove that —-— , , are in A.P.
log^m logi,m log^m
ouur
ad
Yo
3. Find k such that k + 9,k -6 and 4 form three consecutive terms of a G.P.
4. Three numbers are in A.P. and their sum is 15. If 1,3,9 be added to them respectively, they
form a G.P. Find the numbers.
d
idnY
Re
BASED ON LOTS
FFin
5. The sum of three numbers which are consecutive terms of an A.P. is 21. If the second
number is reduced by 1 and the third is increased by 1, we obtain three consecutive terms of
a G.P. Find the numbers.
6. The sum of three numbers a,b, c in A.P. is 18. If a and b are each increased by 4 and c is
increased by 36, the new numbers form a G.P. Find a, b, c.
7. The sum of three numbers in G.P. is 56. If we subtract 1, 7, 21 from these numbers in that
order, we obtain an A.P. Find the numbers.
8. If a, b, c are in G.P., prove that:
(i) fl(b^ + c^)=c(fl^ + b^) r-x 2.2 2( 1 1 1
(,,)abc _ + _ + _ = a
a b c
(hi)
(a + b + c)^ a +b + c 1 1
a^+b^+c^ a-b + c (iv) ^ -b^2

a
“2
b^ " b^-c^
(v) (fl + 2b + 2c) {<7 - 2b + 2c) = + 4c^.
9. If a, b, c, d are in G.P., prove that:

ab -cd
(i) ,2 2
b
(ii) (a + b + c + d)^ ={a + b)'^ +2{b + cf +{c + d)'^
b -c
w
(iii) {b + c) (b + d) = (c + a) (c + d)
10. If a, b, c are in G.P., prove that the following are also in G.P.:
(i) a^,b^, (ii) a^, (iii) ^ , ab + bc, b^ +
11. lia,b,c,d are in G.P., prove that:
wr
e
(i) (fl^ + b"^), + c^), (c^ + d^) are in G.P.
(ii) (fl^ - b^), {b^ - c^), (c^ - d^) are in G.P.
r
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
oo
1 1 1
F
llu
(iii) j are in G.P.
(iv) {a^ + + c^), {ab +bc + cd), (b^ + + d^) are in G.P.
FF
ees
12. If {a - b), (b - c), (c - a) are in G.P., then prove that (a + b + c)^ = 3 {ab +bc + ca)
rr
uro
Fk
-i- ab + b^ b + a
13. If b, c are in G.P. then prove that:
ro
be + ca + ab c + b
ofo
th
14. If the 4^^, 10* and 16 terms of a G.P. are x, y and z respectively. Prove that x, y, z
[NCERT]
Y
are in G.P.
sof
oY
BASED ON HOTS
Bok
15. If fl, b, c are in A.P. and a, b, d are in G.P., then prove that a, a - b, d -● c are in G.P.
Yo
16. Ifpfb,gt/i, rfb and sfb terms of an A.P. be in G.P., then prove that p -q, q-r,r -s are in G.P.
eBr
[NCERT]
rue
1 1
^— are three consecutive terms of an A.P., prove that a, b, c are the three
oud
17. If
fl + b ' 2b ^ b + c
o
consecutive terms of a G.P.

ad
iYn
18. If x^' = x^^'^ z^^^ =2^, then prove that -,

■
-,
b
ic are in A.P. a
111
are in A.P., prove that a, c, e are in G.P.
nd
19. If b, c are in A.P. b, c, d are in G.P. and -

Re
F
c d e
2 2 2
Fi
20. If a, b, c are in A.P. and a, x, b andb, y, c are in G.P., show that x ,b ,y are in A.P.
21. If a, b, c are in A.P. and a,b, d are inG.P., show that a, {a -b),{d-c) are in G.P.
22. If a, b, c are three distinct real numbers in G.P. and a + b + c = xb, then prove that either
X <-l or X > 3.
ANSWERS
3. 0 or 16 6. a = -2, b -6, c = 14 or a = 46, b = 6, c = - 34 7. 8,16,32

8. 15,5, -5 or 3,5,7 9. 12,7,2 or 3,7,11 14. 2046

2 2
1. a,b, care in G.P. => b =ac => logb =log ac=> 2 logb =loga + log c
2. a, b, c are in G.P.
.-. b^ = ac
= log,„ b^ =log m
ac
=> 2 log,„ b =log„, a + logm c

2 1 1 1 1 1
= + => , , are in A.P.
log^m log^m log^m logam logj, m log^ m
3. It is given that cf + 9, cf - 6,4 are in G.P. => (fc - 6)^ = (A: + 9) x 4 => cf = 0,16.
14. Let the first term and common ratio of the G.P. be a and r respectively. It is given that
3 9 15 2 2 18 2 18 2
x=ar ,y = ar and z=ar =>y=flr and xz=a r =^> y = xz ^ a:, y, 2 are in G.P.
16. Let the first term and the common difference of the AP be a and d respectively.
It is given that its p^, and terms are in G.P. Let A be the first term and R be the
common ratio of the G.P. Then,
a + {p -1) d = A ...(i)
a + (q-l)d=AR ...(ii)
looww
a + {r -1) d =AR^ ...{iii)
a + {s-l)d = AR^ ...(iv)

ree
|fl + (p - l)i| -|fl + (9 - l)d| = A-AR => ip-q)d = A{l-R) ...(V)
eeF
Subtracting (iii) from (ii), we get
r FF
jfl + (/7-l)d|-|fl + (r-l)rf|=AK-AK^ => (q-r)d = AR(1-R) roFrr ...(vi)
s fof
u
Subtracting (iv) from (iii), we get
jfl + (r-l)d|-|fl + (s-l)dj = AR^-AR^ (r-s)d = AR^{1-R)

k
...(vii)
kos o
YYouor
From (v), (vi) and (vii), we obtain that

BBoo
{q-rfd^ = ip-q)d(r~s)d
r ee
=> ={p-q){r-s) => (p-(?),((?-r),(r-s) are in G.P.

ad
1 1 ]_ 2 1
ouur
17. It is given that are in A.P. Therefore, — = -ac.

Yo
a + b' 2b' b + c 2b a +b b + c
19. We have,
d
Re
2b =a + c c^=bd ...(ii) ^=1 + 1

dinY
...(i) and. ...(iii)

d e e
FFin
We have to eliminate b and d from these relations. Substitute b and d obtained from (i)
2
and (iii) in (ii) to get c = ae.
2
22. Let r be the common ratio of the G.P. Then, 1? =flr and c =flr .
2 2
Now, a + b + c = xb=>a + ar + ar =xar => r + (1 - x) r +1 = 0.
2
But, r is real. Therefore, Disc ^ 0 => x -2x-3>0=> x<-lorx>3
19.7 INSERTION OF GEOMETRIC MEANS BETWEEN TWO GIVEN NUMBERS
GEOMETRIC MEANS Let a and b be two given numbers. If n numbers Gj,G2,.../ G„ are inserted
between a and b such that the sequence a, Gj, G2,..., G„, b is <? G.P. Then the numbers Gj, G2,..., are
known as n geometric means (G.M.'s) between a and b.
GEOMETRIC MEAN If a single geometric mean G is inserted between two given numbers a and h, then
G is known as the geometric mean between a and b.
Thus,
G is the G.M. between a and b. <=> a,G,b are in G.P. = ab G =
The geometric mean G between 4 and 9 is given by G = ^4x9 = 6.

The geometric mean G between -9 and -A is given by G = 9 x - 4 = - 6.
NOTE If a and b are two numbers of opposite signs, then geometric mean between them does not exist.
19.7.1 INSERTION OF GEOMETRIC MEANS BETWEEN TWO GIVEN NUMBERS
Let Gj, G2 ..., G„ be n geometric means between two given numbers a and b. Then,
a, G^, G2,..., G„, b is a G.P. consisting of (n + 2) terms. Let r be the common ratio of this G.P.
ww
Then,
1
n+ 1 n+ 1 b ^b\+l
b = {n + 2)th term - ar => r - => r
a a
\ j
Flo
1
^s2/(n+l)
e
2 n
Gj = ar a
,G2 = ar a ...,.Gn ar a
eree
a
FFr
THEOREM If n geometric means are inserted between two quantities, then the product of n geometric
uurr
means is the nth power of the single geometric mean between the two quantities.
PROOF Let Gj, G2, G3,..., G„ be n geometric means between two quantities a and b and let G be
orr
sfo
the single mean between <7 and cf. Then,
kks
Yoo
fl, Gj, G2,..., G„, b is a G.P. Let r be the common ratio of this G.P. Then,
oooo
and, Gi = flr, G2 = ar ,G^ = ar 3'

2
p
eBB
n
r = ar .
a
vv
/ \ / 2\/ 3\ / H\ tt 1+2 + 3+... + W

urr
Gj.G2.G3 G„ = {ar){ar ){ar )...{ar )=a r

ad
«{h+ 1)
YYo
1 2
h(h+ 1) /'i.\ H
b n+ 1
= ar
n
2 = a
n
<
n
= a nil ^n/2
dd
■
= a
a a
Re
y V,”/
inn
F
I =G [v G=yfab]
n
Q.E.D.
19.7.2 SOME IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRIC MEANS
THEOREM 1 If A and G are respectively arithmetic and geometric means between two positive numbers
a and b, then A>G.
PROOF We have. /4 = ^ ^ and G =

2
b-l4^ 1
^^~4ab =
a +
A-G =
2 2 ^{4a-^|bf>0 ^ A>G. Q.E.D.
THEOREM 2 If A and G are respectively arithmetic and geometric means between two positive
2 2
quantities a and b, then the quadratic equation having a, b as its roots is x - 2Ax + G =0.
PROOF We have, A = and G = The equation having a and b as its roots is
-X {a+ b) + ab = 0 or, x^ - 2Ax + =0

Q.E.D.
THEOREM 3 If A and G be the AM. and G.M. between two positive numbers, then the numbers are
A±^ G^. [NCERT]
PROOF The equation having its roots as the given numbers is
x^ -2Ax + G^ =0 => X = 2A±^4A^ -4G^ => X

= A±Â^-G^ Q.E.D.
ooww
2
I 2 2
Hence, the numbers are/I ± ~G .
e
ere
Type I
rFl
INSERTION OF GEOMETRIC MEANS BETWEEN TWO NUMBERS
Fre
EXAMPLE 1 Insert 5 geometric means between 576 and 9.
rrF
SOLUTION Let Gi,G2,G3,G4,C5 be 5 geometric means between a =576 andi7 = 9. Then,
576, Gi, G2, G3, G4, (^, 9 is a G.P. with common ratio r given by
sffoo
ouur
1 1
^ 1
9 V-' ^ 1
kosk
5+ 1 1 n+ 1
= _ 6 =
Usmg: r = -
r TT-
576 1,64 2 a
Yo
oo
Y
BB
Gi = ar =576 x - = 288,
2
G2 = ar^ =576 X i =144,
rre
G3 = =576x 18 =72, G4 = ar'^ =576 x —

16
= 36 and, = 5 =576x —
ar
32
= 18
ouu
Y
ad
Hence, 288,144,72,36,18 are the required geometric means between 576 and 9.
dY

innd
Type II PROBLEMS BASED UPON ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRIC MEANS

Re
.«+ 1 n+ 1
a + b
Fi
EXAMPLE 2 Fmd the value of n SO that may be the geometric mean between a and b.
F
a’'+b
n
(NCERT)
H+ 1 H+ 1
a + b
SOLUTION It is given that is the G.M. between a and b.
n
n+ 1 n+ 1
a + b
n
= 4^
a^'-tb
n +
H+ 1 »+ 1
a + b =
(n+1)
2 b 1/2 .1/2
n+ 1 n+ 1
<=> a - a a -b
("+h
«● a ^ («
(«+l) («+|)
a = & a ^/2_î/2^0, asa^b]
w
1
<7 1
<=> =1 <=>« + - = 0on = --
b b
V' / \
b■^ /
2 2
EXAMPLE 3 Find two numbers zohose arithmetic mean is 34 and the geometric mean is 16.
e
SOLUTION Let the two numbers be a and b such that a>b.lt is given that AM and GM of a and b
e
are 34 and 16 respectively.
wr
lloo
^— = 34 and 4^ =16 => a+b =68 and ab = 256 ...{i)
r
i.e.
2
F
{a-bf = {a + bf -4ab = (68)^ - 4x 256 = 3600 => = 60 [v a>b a-b >0]
u
r FF
Solving a + b =68 and fl -& = 60 simultaneously, we get a = 64 and b = 4. Hence, the required
numbers are 64 and 4.
e
ALITF-R Here, A = 34 and G =16. So, the numbers are
rrse
and A-^|A^ -G^ VS4^-16^ =64 and 34-^34^-16^ = 4.
uo A + i.e. 34 +
koF
EXAMPLE 4 If the A.M. and G.M. between two numbers are in the ratio m : n, then prove that the
numbers are in the ratio m + ^m^ -n^ : m - fo
ofr 2
-n . [NCERT]
kso
Y
SOLUTION Let the two numbers be a and b. Let A and G be respectively the arithmetic and
geometric means between a and b. Then,
B
Yo
eBrY
A= and G = 4^ => a + b = 2A and G^ = ab

oo
2
re
The equation having a and b as its roots is

uu
~{a + b)x + ab = 0 => x^-2Ax+ G^ =0 [Using (i)]

od
2A±JZi^ -4G^
Yo
ad
X = 2
X = A±Â^-G^
n
2
I 2 2
Thus the two numbers are a = A + JA -G and b=A
ndi
Re
It is given that: A :G =m:n=> A = Xm and G =Xn for some X

F
Substituting the values of A and G in a = A + Â^ -G^ and b=A -

Fi
-G^, we get
Xm + J?3 m^ -r? m + m
2
-n
2
^ a:b = \m + Jm^ -n^ : I m -Jm^ -n^

a a
’’ Xm- r~2 2
m -
4m -n
TlJpW Ul ON GEOMETRIC AND ARITHMETIC MEANS

EXAMPLE 5 Find two positive numbers whose difference is 12 and whose AM. exceeds the G.M. by 2.
SOLUTION Let the two numbers be a and b such that a>b.lt is given that
a-b =12
AM-GM=2
d +b r~r _
Vflb = 2 V AM =
2
and GM = yfab
2
a + b -2^fab = 4
(-Jfl --Jb)^ = 4 4^ -'Jb =2 ...(ii)
Now, fl -& = 12 => (Vfl + -s/^) (V^ --s/^) = 12 => (V^ + yjb) X (2) = 12=> ^ + yjb =6 ...(iii)
Solving (ii) and (iii), we get a = 16,b = 4. Hence, the required numbers are 16 and 4.
2 2
EXAMPLE 6 If a,b,c are in G.P and the equations ax + 2bx + c = 0 and dx + 2ex + / = 0 have a
d e f
common root, then show that—, -, —are inA.P. [NCERT]
a b c
oww
2
SOLUTION It is given that a, b, c are in G.P. Therefore, b ac.
c
Now, + 2bx + c = 0=> ax^ + 2 x + c = 0=>(V^x + ●fc)'^ =0=> -fax + Vc =0=> x =
\a
It is given that the equations ax + 2bx + c = 0 and dx +2ex + f -0 have a common root and the
e
ree
rFl
equation ax + 2bx + c = 0 has equal roots both equal to - ^ -
Fre
\a'
rr F
- ^1^ is a root of the equation dx^ + 2e:c + / = 0
a
ouur
sfoo
d--2e
a
5+/ = 0=>
^Ja a ac
+^ = 0
c
[Dividing through out by c]
okks
b^ = ac]
Yo
a b c
ooo
^ f d e f ■ „n
eBB
b a c a b c
EXAMPLE 7 Let X be the arithmetic mean and y, z be two geometric means between any two positive
uurr
3 3
y +2
ad
numbers. Then, prove that = 2.

YYo
xyz
SOLUTION Let a and b be two positive numbers. Then,

dd
a + b
X = A.M. of a and b=> x = ●●●(0
Re
iinn
It is given that y and z are two geometric means between a and b. Then, a, y, z,b is a G.P. with
F
common ratio r =
b) 2+ 1
1/3 .2/3 2 2/3 .1/3

=>y=b a and, z=ar => z = a =>z=b a
y = ar=> y = a
y^+z^ =(b'/3.2/3j3^^^2/3^1/3j3 =t,a^^bâ=ab(a^b)

and. yz = {b 1/3 a .2/3^ ^^2/3 .1/3 ) a = ab.
Now, y^ +z^ = ab(a + b) and yz = ab =>y^+z^ =yz(a + b)=>y^ +z^ - yz(2A:) [Using (i)]
3 3
y +z = 2.
xyz
EXAMPLE 8 If a is the AM. of b and c and the two geometric means are G;i and G2, then prove that
Gi + g| = 2 abc. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION It is given that a is the A.M. of b and c.
b + c
a b + c = 2a
2
SinceGj and G2 are twp^geometric

1/3
means between b and c. Therefore, b, Gj, G2, c is a G.P. with
common ratio r = -
n1/3 n2/3
=br = b - = G2=br^ =b ^^1/3 ^2/3
oww
b
cf = b^c and gJ* =bc^=>G;^ + G2 = b^c+ bc^ = be (b + c) = 2abc [Using (i)]

EXAMPLE 9 If one geometric mean G and two arithmetic means and A2 be inserted between two
given quantities, prove that G^ = {lA^ - Af) {2A2 - Af).
e
FFrlo
SOLUTION Let a and b be two given quantities. It is given that G is the geometric mean of a
re
and b
ree
G - ^ G^ = ab
F
-(i)
It is also given that A-^, A2 are two arithmetic means between a and b. Therefore,, a, A-[, A2,b is
rF
b -a
an A.P. with common difference d =
fsoor
3
ouur
b -a 2a+ b 2{b~a) a + 2b
skf
A-^ = a + d = a + , A2 — a + 2d = a +
3 3 ^ 3 3
ooko
\ r \ f
2a+ b a + 2h a + 2b 2a+ b
Yo
So, 2Aj-A2=2 = a and 2A2 -Ai = 2 =b

Y
3 I 3 3 3
Bo
{2Ai~A2){2A2-Ai) = ab => (2Aj - A2) (2^2 - Aj) = G^

reB
[Using (i)]
Type III PROBLEMS ON A.M. > G.M.
uur
EXAMPLE 10 Ifx, y,zare distinct positive numbers, then prove that{x + y) (y+ z) (z + x) > 8xyz.
oY
ad
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
dY
SOLUTION Using A.M. > G.M., we obtain

x+y I— y+z I— , z +x
' ^>yjy2 and ~
innd
Re
x + y>2.J^, y+2>2^^ and z + x>2fzx

Fi
F
{x + y){y+z){z + x)>2j^x2^x2fzx => (x + y) (y+ z) (2 +x) > 8xyz.

EXAMPLE 11 Ifxe R,find the minimum value of the expression 3^ + 3^”^.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Using A.M. > G.M., we obtain

1-x
3^+3
2
1-x
>^|3^x3 for all X E K
l-x
3"" + 3 l-x
> ^3 for all X e jR ^ 3^ + 3 S 2a/3 for all X e R
2
l-x
Hence, the minimum value of 3* + 3 for any x e R is 2y[3.
EXAMPLE 12 If a, b, c, d are four distinct positive numbers in A.P. then show that be > ad.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
19.50 MATHEMATICS-X!
SOLUTION It is given that a, b, c, d are in A.P. Therefore, a, b, c are in A.P. and hence & is the
A.M. of a and c. But, the G.M. of a and c is
A.M. of a and c > G.M. of a and c ^ b > ^ b^ >ac ...(i)
Again, c, are in A.P. => b, c, d are in A.P. => c is the A.M of & and fr. But, The G.M. of &
and d is
A.M. of b and d > G.M. of b and d => c> Vm => >bd ...(ii)
2 2
From (i) and (ii), we obtain: b c > (ac) (bd) => bc> ad.
EXAMPLE 13 If a, b, c, d are four distinct positive numbers in G.P. then show that a + d >b + c.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION It is given that a, b, c, d are in G.P. Therefore, a, b, c are in G.P. and hence, b is the
w
G.M of a and c But, A.M. of a and c is .
2
Flo
a + c
A.M. of a and c > G.M. of a and c => >b => a + c>2b ...(i)
2
ee
Again, a, b, c, d are in G.P. Therefore, b, c, d are in G.P. and hence, c is the G.M. of b and d.
Fr
But, A.M. of b and d is ^ ^2 .
for b +d
ur
A.M. of b and d > G.M. of b and d => >c => b + d>2c ...(ii)
2
Adding (i) and (ii), we obtain

ks
Yo
a + c + b + d>2b + 2c^ a + d>b + c

oo
eB
EXERCISE 19.6
BASIC
ur
1. Insert 6 geometric means between 27 and —.

ad
81
Yo
1
2. Insert 5 geometric means between 16 and —.
d
32 , 81
Re
3. Insert 5 geometric means between — and —.

in
2
F
4. If fl is the G.M. of 2 and —, find a.

4
5. Find the geometric means of the following pairs of numbers:

(i) 2 and 8 (ii) and ab^ (iii) - 8 and - 2
BASED ON LOTS
6. Find the two numbers whose A.M. is 25 and GM is 20.
7. Construct a quadratic in x such that A.M. of its roots is A and G.M. is G.

8. The sum of two numbers is 6 times their geometric means, show that the numbers are in the
ratio(3 + 2V2):(3-2V2). [NCERT]
9. If AM and GM of roots of a quadratic equation are 8 and 5 respectively, then obtain the
quadratic equation. [NCERT]
10. If AM and GM of two positive numbers a and b are 10 and 8 respectively, find the numbers
[NCERT]
ll
BASED ON HOTS
f
eu
11. Prove that the product of n geometric means between two quantities is equal to the «th
power of a geometric mean of those two quantities.
i
12. If the A.M. of two positive numbers a and b (a>b) is twice their geometric mean. Prove
that: a:b = (2 + ^3): (2 - a/3).
13. If one A.M., A and two geometric means and G2 inserted between any two positive
numbers, show that
G? . g| = 2A. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
G2 Gi
ANSWERS
1
1- 9, 3,1,- 1 j_
3' 9' 27
2. 8, 4, 2,1,-
2
3.—,8,12,18, 27
3 "'i
ow
F
5<i) 4 (ii) aV (ui) -4 6. 40, 7. -2Ax + g'^=0

9.x^-16;c + 25 = 0 10.4,16 or 16,4
re
e
Yo
rF
Fr
8. Let the numbers be a and b. Further, let A and G denote their arithmetic and geometric
means respectively. It is given that
a + b = 6G =>
a + b
2
for
= 3G=>A = 3G.
ou
Numbers a and b are roots of the quadratic equation
ks
x^ -X (a + b) + ab = 0 or, -2 Ax + = 0 or, - 6 Gx + G^ =0 [■.■ A = 3G]

oo
Y
6G± J36G^-4G^ ^ ^ ^
eB
=> a: = ^ = 3G±2V2G= 3G±2^/2G= (3±2V2)G

2
= (3 + 2^)GandiJ =(3-2V2)G
a
ou
ad
Hence, a: b =(3 + 2 ^2) :{3 - 2 V2)

9. The quadratic equation is -2Ax + G^ = 0i.e. x^ -16x + 25 = 0.
nd
2 2 2
Re
10. The quadratic equation having numbers as roots is a: - 2Ax + G = 0 or x - 20x + 64 = 0.

Now, -20x + 64 = 0 => (x-16)(x-4) = 0 ^ x = 16, 4.
Fi
Hence, the numbers 4 and 16.

13. Let a and b be two numbers. Then,
a +b
A = — ,Gi = a 1/3 ^2/3 [See Examples 7,8]
2 ^
G|^ ^2 _G^ + G2^ _ a^b + ab^ = a+ b =2A

G2 Gj G| + G2 ab
FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS(FBQs)

1. The third term of a G.P. is the square of its first term. If its third term is 8, then the common
ratio is
2. The sum of first two terms of a G.P. is 1 and every term is twice the previous term. The first
term of the G.P. is
3. In a geometric progression consisting of positive terms, each term equals the sum of the
next two terms. Then the common ratio of the progression is
4. If Aj, A2 are the two arithmetic means between two numbers a and b and Gj, G2 are two
Aj + A2
geometric means between same two numbers, then
Gi G2
5. If A and G are the arithmetic and geometric means, respectively, of the roots of a quadratic
equation. Then, the equation is
6. If three positive real numbers a, b, c are in A.P. and abc = 4, then the minimum possible
value of b is
7. The sum of infinity of the series 9 - 3+1--^+, ,,is
8. The value of the product (32) X (32)^'^^ X (32)^'^^^ x to 00, is
ww
2 45
9. If the sum of the series 3 + 3x + 3x + to 00 is , than X =
8
10. The product of n geometric means between a and b is

11. The minimum value of the expression 3* + 3^ ^, x ^R,is
Flo
e
a-b
eree
12. If a, b, c are in G.P. then the value of is equal to
h-c
FFr
13. The third term of a G.P. is 4, the product of the first five terms is
oorr
uur r
ANSWERS
sf
1. 2 2. 1/3 3.^
2
4. a +b
ab
5. x^-2Ax + G^ =0 7.^
4
sk
Yoo
oook
8. 64 9.1 10. (ab)

n/2
11. 2^/3 12. - or - 13. 4^
15 b c
eBB

uurr
ad
question:
Yo
1. If the fifth term of a G.P. is 2, then write the product of its 9 terms.
dY
2. If {p + q)^ and {p -q)^ terms of a G.P. are m and n respectively, then write its pth term.
Re
innd
y/0
3. If log;^ a, a and logf, x are in G.P., then write the value of x.
FFi
9
4. If the sum of an infinite decreasing G.P. is 3 and the sum of the squares of its term is — , then
write its first term and common difference.
5. If p^, q^ and terms of a G.P. are x,y,z respectively, then write the value of
6. If Aj, A2 be two AM's and Gj, G2 be two GM's between a andfe, then find the value of
A| + A2
Gj G2
7. If second, third and sixth terms of an A.P. are consecutive terms of a G.P., write the
8. Write the quadratic equation the arithmetic and geometric means of whose roots are A and
G respectively.
9. Write the product of n geometric means between two numbers a and b.

10. If a =l+b+b +b +... tooo, then write& in termsof rtgiven that| & I <1.
ANSWERS
a +b
1. 512 2. -Jitin 3. logfl (logj, a) 4. a 5. 1 6.
ab
nil a-I
7. 3 8. -2Ax + G^ = 0 9. (ab) 10.
a
w
1. If in an infinite G.P., first term is equal to 10 times the sum of all successive terms, then its
common ratio is
Flo
(a) 1/10 (b) 1/11 (c) 1/9 (d) 1/20.
2. If the first termof aG.P. ^2/ ^3/ ...isimity such that4 ^2 +5 <73 is least, then the common
eee
ratio of G.P. is
Fr
(a) -2/5 (b) -3/5 (c) 2/5 (d) none of these
b-c c-a a-b■
3, If a, b, c are in A.P. and x, y, z are in G.P., then the value of x y z IS
for
ur
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) xyz (d)
ks
4. The first three of four given numbers are in G.P. and their last three are in A.P. with
Yo
common difference 6. If first and fourth numbers are equal, then the first number is
oo
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8

eB
5. If c are inG.P. and then xyz are in

(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) none of these
ur
2
ad
6. If S be the sum, P the product and R be the sum of the reciprocals of n terms of a GP, then P
Yo
is equal to
n
(a) S/R (b) R/S (c) (R/S) (d) (S/R)'
d
Re
7. The fractional value of 2.357 is

in
(a) 2355/1001 (b) 2379/997 (d) 2355/999 (d) none of these

F
8. If pth, qth and rth terms of an A.P. are in G.P., then the common ratio of this G.P. is
p-q q-r
(a) (b) (c) pqr (d) none of these
q-r p-q
9. The value of 9^^^ ■9^''^-9^^^^ ... to 00, is

10. The sum of an infinite G.P. is 4 and the sum of the cubes of its terms is 92. The common ratio
of the original G.P. is
(a) 1/2 (b) 2/3 (c) 1/3 (d) -1/2
11. If the sum of first two terms of an infinite GP is 1 and every term is twice the sum of all the
successive terms, then its first term is
(a) 1/3 (b) 2/3 (c) 1/4 (d) 3/4
12. The «th term of a G.P. is 128 and the sum of its n terms is 225. If its common ratio is 2, then its
first term is

13. If second term of a G.P. is 2 and the sum of its infinite terms is 8, then its first term is
(a) 1/4 (b) 1/2 (c) 2 (d) 4

14. If a, b, c are in G.P. and x, y are AM's between a, b and b, c respectively, then
/.jx 1 1 2
(a) -
- + - =2 (b) - + (c) - + - = (d) - + -=r
^ y X y 2 ^ y a X y b
15. If A be one A.M. and p, q be two G.M.'s between two numbers, then 2 A is equal to
3 3 3 _3 2 2
P +?
(d)f
P
(b)^
w
(a) (c)
P^ 2
16. If p, g be two A.M.'s and G be one G.M. between two numbers, then G =
Flo
{a) {2p~q){p-2q) Qy) (2p-q){2q-p) {c) {2 p-q) {p + 2 q) (d) none of these
ee
1 -a: (l-:c)^ (l-;c)^
Fr
17. If X is positive, the sum to infinity of the series +...1S
(1+;c)^ ' {1 (1 + x)^

(a) 1/2 O') 3/4 for (c) 1 (d) none of these
ur
If (4^) (4^) (4^) (4^^).... (4^^) = (0.0625)
-54
18. , the value of x is
ks
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c)9 (d) 10
Yo
oo
00
X
yt-1
19. Given that a; > 0, the sum S equals
eB
« = l x + 1
x + l
(a) ;c (b) a: + 1 (c) (d)
ur
2a: +1 2;c + l
ad
Yo
20. In a G.P. of even number of terms, the sum of all terms is five times the sum of the odd
terms. The common ratio of the G.P. is
d
(a)-|
1
Re
(b)- (c) 4 (d) none of these

in
F
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
3 3
y +z .
21. Let x be the A.M. and y, z be two G.M.s between two positive numbers. Then, is
xyz
equal to
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c)i (d) none of these
1/6 1/36
22. The product {32), (32) (32) ...to 00 is equal to
(a) 64 (b) 16 (c) 32 (d) 0
23. The two geometric means between the numbers 1 and 64 are
th th th
24. In a G.P. if the (m + «)‘" term is p and {m - n)"' term is q, then its m"‘ term is
1
(a) 0 (b) pq (c) 7^ (d) -(p + q)
25. Let S be the sum, P be the product and R be the sum of the reciprocals of 3 terms of a G.P.
then P^R ^ is equal to
(a) 1:1 (b) (Common ratio)” : 1
2 2
(c) (First term) (Common ratio) (d) none of these [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
26. If X, y, z are positive integers then value of the expression (a: + y) (y + 2) (2 + x) is

(a) =8A:yz (b) >Sxyz (c) < 8A:y2 (d) =4txyz
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
ww
27. In a G.P. of positive terms, if any term is equal to the sum of the next two terms. Then the
FF loo
(a) sin 18° (b) 2 cos 18° (c) cos 18° (d) 2 sin 18°
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
ree
28. The lengths of three unequal edges of a rectangular solid block are in G.P. The volume of
the block is 216 cm^ and the total surface area is 252 cm^. The length of the longest edge is
reeF
(a) 12 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 18 cm (d) 3 cm
oroFr
r ur
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
29. The minimum value of 4^ + 4
s ff
, X eR, is
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 0

k
YYouo
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
kos o
30. If X, 2y, 3z are in A.P., where the distinct numbers x, y, 2 are in G.P., then the common ratio
BBoo
of the G.P. is
r ee
1 1
(a) 3 (b)- (c) 2 (d)-
ad
ouur
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
Yo
ANSWERS
d
Re
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b)

dinY
9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (b)
FFin
17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c) 21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (c)
25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (b)
ACTIVITY
OBJECTIVE To show that the arithmetic mean of two distinct positive numbers is always
greater than the geometric mean.
MATERIALS REQUIRED Cardboard, chart papers of different colours, coloured pencils,
thumbpins, adhesive etc.
Step I Cut four rectangles of dimensionayb,{a>b) from coloured chart papers of different
colours.
Step II Paste these four rectangles on the drawing board and name them as I, II, III and IV as
shown in Fig. 19.2.
<- I?
D
ra
Y R
A
a-b > A °
A
I I
a c
ww
a IV V :iL
A
P < a-b > Q
FF loo I
ree
V
A< ft X- a
reFe
Fig. 19.2
oroFr
r ur
s ff
Step I ABCD is a square each side of which is of length (a + b) units. So, its area is
k
YYouo
2
koso
(a + b) sq. units.
BBoo
We find that:
r ee
Area of rectangle l=ab sq. units

Area of rectangle II = ab sq. units
ad
ouur
Area of rectangle III = ab sq. units

Yo
Area of rectangle XW = ab sq. units

d
Clearly, PQRS is a square of side (a -b) units.

Re
idnY
Area of square PQRS = (a-b)^ sq. units.

FFin
Step II It is evident from Fig. 19.2 that

Area of square ABCD =Sum of the areas of four rectangles I, II, III, IV
+ Area of square PQRS
=> Area square ABCD > Sum of the areas of four rectangles I, II, III, and IV
=> (a + b)^ >4ab
(a + b)^ >ab
4
a +b
>ab => =>AM>GM.
2 ) 2
SUMMARY
1. A sequence of non-zero numbers is called a geometric progression if the ratio of a term, and
the term preceding to it is always a constant quantity. The constant ratio is called the
2. If «3/ ●●●/ ●●● is a G.P., then the expression + fi2 + ^3 + ^ is called a

geometric series.
H-1
3. The «th term of a G.P. with first term 'a' and common ratio Y is given by a„ = ar
Ih th
4. If a G.P. consists of m terms, then n term from the end is (m -n -f 1) term from the
beginning and is given by flr”'" ”.
ww
/i1 V'-l
If I is the last term of a G.P., then ?ith term from the end is given by I -
r
FF loo
5. In a G.P., the product of the terms equidistant from the beginning and the end is always
ree
same and is equal to the product of first and last term.
6. It is always convenient to select the terms of a G.P. in the following manner:
reeF
No. of terms Terms Common ratio
oroFr
r ur
a
3 - ,a,ar r
s ff
r
a a 3 2
4 -, ar, ar r
?'r
k
YYouo
kos o
a a 2
5 - , a, ar, ar r
BBoo
r ^
r ee
7. If sum of n terms of a G.P. with first term 'a' and common ratio is given by
n n
r -1 ^ 1-r
ad
S„ = a — or, ^ = ,ii r ^ 1
ouur
a
1 -r
Yo
^ = «, if r = 1
d
Ir-a
Re
idnY
Also, ^ = or, S,, = where 1 is the last term.

1 -r r-1 '
FFin
8. If all the terms of G.P. be multiplied or divided by the same non-zero constant, then it
remains a G.P. with the same common ratio.
9. The reciprocals of the terms of a given G.P. form a G.P.

in. If each term of a G.P. be raised to tlie same power the resulting sequence also forms a G.P.
11. Three numbers a, b, c are in G.P. iff b = ac. If a, b, c are in G.P., then b is known as the
geometric mean of a and c.

12. If the terms of a given G.P. are chosen at regular intervals, then the new sequence so formed
also forms a G.P.
13. Let a and b be two given numbers. If n numbers Gj, G2, G3,..., G„ are inserted between
aandb such that the sequence a, G^, G2,, G„,is a G.P-, then the numbers
Gj, G2, G3,..., G„ are known as n geometric means between a and b.
i-V''""'
The common ratio of tlie G.P. is given by r =
14. The geometric mean of a and b is given by

15. If n geometric means are inserted between two quantities, then the product of n geometric
th
means is n power of the single geometric mean between the two quantities.
16. If A and G are respectively arithmetic and geometric means between two positive numbers
a and b, then
(i) A >G
2 2
(ii) the quadratic equation having a, b as its roots is x - 2Ax + G =0
w
(iii) a:b = A +
/ V
A-Â^ -G^
Flo
17. If AM and GM between two numbers are in the ratio m: n, then the numbers are in the ratio
m+ -n^ :m~Jm
ee
Fr
for
ur
ks
Yo
oo
eB
ur
ad
Yo
d
Re
in
F
CHAPTER l2Q
SOME SPECIAL SERIES
w
20.1 SUM TO n TERMS OF SOME SPECIAL SERIES
e
roow
In this chapter, we intend to discuss the sum to n terms of some other special series viz. series of
re
natural numbers, series of square of natural numbers, series of cubes of natural numbers etc.
20.1.1 SUM OF FIRST n NATURAL NUMBERS
reF
THEOREM
uFFll
Provethat :l + 2+3 + ... + n
n{n + l)
e
2
sFr
PROOF Let =1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n 2 k
k = l
foro
fk
uor
Clearly, it is an arithmetic series with first term a = l, common difference d = l and last term / = n.
«(« + !)
okso
= |{l+«) = 2 Using: ^ =^(fl + 0
Y
Yo
«(« + !)
oo
reeBB
Hence, ^ k = 1 + 2+ 3 + ... + n 2
k = l
uurY
20.1.2 SUM OF THE SQUARES OF FIRST n NATURAL NUMBERS

«(n +1) {2n +1)
THEOREM Prove that + 2^ + 3^ + ...+
ad
6
doo
nY
PROOF Consider the identity (x +1) ^ -X ^ = 3x^ + 3x +1

Putting X =1, 2, 3,..., (n -1) and nsuccessively, we get
nid
Re
2^ -1^ = 3.1^ + 3.1 +1

F
Fi
3^ -2^ = 3.2^ + 3.2 + 1

4^-3^ = 3.3^ + 3.3 + 1
{n + lf -n ^ = 3.«^ + 3-n + l
Adding column wise, we obtain
(« + l)^ -1^ = 3{1^ + 2^ + ... + n^)+ 3(1 + 2+ 3 + ...+ W) +{1 +1 + ...+ 1)
«terms
n . n
(n + 1)^ -1^ 3 S ^ +3 Z + «
k = \ k=l
20.2 MATHEMATICS-XI
n
n {n +1) n (n +1)
+ 3n^ -1- 3h = 3 ^ +3 2
+ M V
2
fc=l ^c = l
3n (n +1)
3 + 3n^ + 3»-
2
k = l
2?i^ + 3«^ +« n (« +1) (2;i +1)

3 Zfc' 2 2
fc=l
n(« + l)(2?j + l)
k = l
6
2 « (m + 1) (2« + 1)
X/t2=l2 + 22+..
ww
Hence, .+ n
6
it = l
FF loo
20.1.3 SUM OF THE CUBES OF FIRST n NATURAL NUMBERS
THEOREM Prove + 2^ + 3^ + + n (n + 1)]^
ree
2
PROOF Consider the identity
rFee
(x + l)^-x'^ = 4x^+6x^+4x + l ...(i)
F
oor r
rur
Putting x = l,2,3,(n -1) and ri successively, we get
s ff
2^-1^ = 4.1^+6.1^ + 4.1+1
k
3*^-2^ = 4.2^+6.2^+ 4.2 + 1

YYoou
ookos
4^-3^ = 4.3^+6.3^+4.3 + 1
BBo
re
ouur
= 4(fj-l)^+6(tt-l)^ + 4(n-l)+l
ad
n
Yo
(n +1)^ - - 4n^ + 6n^ + 4n +1

dY
Adding column wise, we get

Re
idn
(n + l)^-l^= 4(l^ + 2^+... + n''^) + 6(l^+2^ + 3^ + ...+ «^)

FFin
+ 4(l + 2+ 3+ ... + n) + (l+l + ...+ l)

«terms
«
n 2
?T^ + 4v^ + 6«^ + 4« = 4 I k^ + 6 + 4 Z +n
k = l k = l fc = l
« ^ «(« + !) (2n +1) «(« + !)

+ 4ji^ + 6n^ + 4n = 4 Z k^ + 6 + 4 + n
fc = l 6 2
ft ,
4 Z k^
Jf = l
= + 4n^ + 6n^ + 4« -n(/i + 1) (2n + 1) -2«{n +1) -«
n ,
4 Z = + 2n^ + (« +1)^
l£- = l
SOME SPECIAL SERIES 20.3
n
S
,
{n +1)^
fc= 1 4
^2
n
S
,
n(« + l)l^ n
2 k
k = l 1 2 k = l
Hence,
n
Z
,
k^ n(n + l)]^ ti
Z k
w
it= 1 2 J k = l
REMARK 1 Sometimes for the sake of convenience the sum of a sequence is also denoted by putting the
Greek letter Z (Sigma) before its general term. For example,! + 2 + 3 +... + ncan be written as Z n,
roow
+ 2^ +... +n^ is denoted by Z n^ and +2^ + ...+n^ by Zn^.
e
re
Thus, we have
M(MJ^ n{n + l) (2m +1)

= 1^+2^+.. . 2
reF
In = 1 + 2 + ... + M + M
uFFll 2 6
e
Zm^ = +2^ +.. . + M
3 M{n + 1)]^ , and,la = a + a + + a = na
sFr
2 («terms)
REMARK 2 Proceeding as above, we also obtain

foro
fk
uor
4 m(m +1) (2m + 1) (3n^ + 3m-1)
okso
In^ =1^ + 2^ +.. . + n
30
Y
Yo
To find the sum to n terms of a given series of natural numbers, we may follow the following
oo
BB
algorithm:
ALGORITHM
rYree
ouu
Step I Write nth term of the given series.

ad
Ydo
3 2
Step II Simplify nth term and express it as a polynomial in n i.e. T„=an +bn + cn + d
Step III Take the summation from 1 to n.
nidn
'y f
Re
n n , n 2 n n
i.e. Z Tj^ = a Z k^ + b Z k^ + c Ik + I d.
F
k=l k=\ fc=l k=l k=l

Fi
ti
n 2 " 3
Step IV Use the formulae for Z k, Z k and Z k and obtain the sum.
k=l k=l k = !


2 2 2
EXAMPLE 1 Find the sum to n terms of the series 1 +3 +5 +... to n terms.
SOLUTION Let Trt be the Mth term of this series and S^ denote the sum of its n terms. Then,
T„ = [1+(M-I)x2f = (2m-1)^ = 4m^-4m + 1
20.4 MATHEMATICS-XI
and. I Tfc = k S= 1 {4k^~4k + l)

^c = l
^njn + 1) {In +1) 4 H!L±i)

n
n j ;i
4 I k^ -4 2 A: + 2 1 = + n
ic = l fc=l ic = l 6 2
"{2(«
3
+ l){2« + l)-6(n + l)+3}= -{4«^
3
+ 6n + 2-67t-6+3| = -(4n^-l)
3
w
EXAMPLE 2 Find the sum of the series 2^ + 4^ + 6^ + ... + (2n)^
SOLUTION Let T„ be the nth term of this series and 5^ denote the sum of its n terms. Then,
T;, = (2n)^ = 4n^
e
roow
Sn= = 2 4fc^ = 4 2 ^2 ^ J»(n^l)(2«^l) -n(n + l) (2n +1)
re
A: = l 1 k=l 6 3
EXAMPLES Find the sum ton terms of the series 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.45 + ... INCERTl
reF
uFFll
SOLUTION Let T„ the 7ith term of the given series. Then,
e
Tfj = (7Jth term of the sequence formed by first digits in each term)
X (jith term of the sequence of second digits in each term)
sFr
foro
X («th term of the sequence of third digits in each term)
fk
uor
=> T„ = (nth term of 1, 2,3,...) x (nth term of 2,3,4,...) x (nth term of 3,4,5,...)
okso
=> T„ = {l+(n-l)xl}x{2 + (n-l)xl|x{3 + (n-l)xl}
T„ = n (n +1) (n + 2)
Y
=>
Yo
oo
reeBB
Let S„ denote the sum to n terms of the given series. Then,

n
Sn = 2 = 2 k{k + l){k + 2) = fc 2= l {k^ + 3k^ + 2k)

rY
fe = l k=l
ouu
ti n
S,: = 2 k^ + 3 2 k^ + 2 2 k
ad
Ydo
fc= 1 jt = l fc=l
n(n + l)l^ 3n (n +1) (2n +1) 2n(n + l)

nidn
=> = +
2 6 2
Re
n(n + l) jn(n + l) n (n +1) n^ + n + 4n + 2 + 4

F
^ = + (2n + 1) + 2
Fi
2 I 2 4
n(n + l) . 2 c n (n +1) (n + 2) (n + 3)
^ = —- {n + 5n + 6) =
4
EXAMPLE 4 Find the sum of n terms of the series 1.2^ + 2.3^ + 3.4^ +...
SOLUTION Let T„ be the Jith term of the given series. Then,
T„ = (nth term of the sequence formed by first digits in each term)
X (nth term of the sequence formed by second digits in each term)
,Ti = (nth term of 1,2,3,...) X (nth term of 2^, 3^, 4^ ...)
= n (n +1)^ = n^ + 2n^ + n
Let S„ denote the sum to n terms of the given series. Then,
n H o , “ i n n
Sn = 2 T^ = L (k^+2k^ + k) = 2 Ar-^ + 2 k 2= l cf^^+ k=l
2 A:
/c=l k = l it=l
n (h + 1)1^ n{n 4-1) (2n +1) n {n +1)

^ = + 2 +
2 6 2
n {n +1) 3n^ + 3n + 8n + 4 + 6
S,. =
2 2 3 2 6
=
n{n + \) 3n^ + Un + 10 n {n +1) (n + 2) (3n + 5)
2 6 12
EXAMPLES Sum theseries3.8 +6.11 +9.14 + ... ton terms. [NCERTJ
SOLUTION Let T„ be the nth term of the given series. Then,
ww
= (nth term of 3, 6, 9,...) x (nth term of 8,11,14,...)
Tfj = [3 + (n -1) X 3] X [8 + (n -1) X 3] = 3n (3n + 5) = 9n^ + 15n
Let ^ denote the sum to n terms of the given series. Then,
Flo
I {9k^ + 15k) = 9 i k^+15 k i= l k
n
e
Sn = T,, =
eree
k=l k = \ k=l
, n(n + l)(2n + l) n (n + 1)
FFr
4. = + 15 n (n +1) [2n +1 + 5] = 3n (n +1) (n + 3)
6 2
uurr
Find the sum ofn terms of the series whose nth term is
orr
EXAMPLE 6
(i) 2n^ - 3n + 5 (ii) n^ + 2

n
sfo [NCERT]
SOLUTION (i) We have, T„ = 2n^ - 3n + 5.

kks
Yoo
oooo
Let Sfi denote the sum of n terms of the series whose nth term is 7^. Then,
n n n
Z {2k^ -3fc+5)=2Z cf^-3Z k+ k Z= l 5

eBB
Sn = = k=l
k = l k = l k = l
, n(n + l)(2n + l) g »(» + !)

urr
^ = + 5n
1 6 2
ad
YYo
- f 4n^ + 6n + 2 - 9n - 9 + 30
S,, = ||2(n + l)(2n + l)-9(n + l)+3o| 6
dd
S,, = -6 (4n^ - 3n + 23)

Re
inn
(ii) We have, TJj =n^ + 2

n
F
Let denote the sum of n terms of the series having T„ as its nth term. Then,
n H o t. n j ^ k
Sn = .2, T„ = Z (k^ + 2^) = Z + Z 2^
k=l k = l k=l
n(n + l)(2n + l)
=
6
+ (2^2^+ 2^+... + 2")
^ = n(n + l)(2n + l) ^ ^f 2^-11 _n(n + 1) (2n + 1) + 2(2"-l)

6 2-1 6
EXAMPLE 7 Find the sum of the following series to n terms:

1^
— +
1^ + 2^ +
l^+2^ + 3^ +... [NCERT]
1 1 + 3 1+3 + 5
20.6 MATHEMATICS-XI

n(n + l)\^
l^ + 2^ + 3^+...+n^ 2 (w + l)2
Xn = i4 („2 + 2» +1)
1 + 3+5 + ... + {2n-l)
|l+(2n -1)|
4
2
Let Sft denote the sum of n terms of the given series. Then,
n n
1 9 1 f ” 7 ” ”
% = I Ti. = *=1
S -(fe^
4^
+ 2fc + l)=- S k^ + 2 .I k+ -Z n
;t = i 4 Ic = l fc = i ;t = i
1 n(n + l)(2n + l) n{n + l)

^ =
4 6
+ 2
2
+ n —
24
(2n^ + 9n +13)
ww
EXAMPLES Shozvthat:
lx2^ + 2x 3^+...+nx(« + l)^ 3n + 5
[NCERT]
l^x2 + 2^x 3 + ... X (n + 1) 3n + l
FF loo
SOLUTION Let T„ and T„’ be the ?ith terms of the series in numerator and denominatorof LHS.
ree
Then,
T„ = nth term of the series 1 x 2^ + 2 x 3^ +... + n x (n +1)^
rFee
T„ = n{n + l)^ =n^ + 2n^ + n
F
oor r
rur
and. T„' = nth term of the series x 2 + 2^ x 3 +... + n^ x (n +1)
s ff
T„' = n^ (n +1) = n^ + n^
k
YYoou
n
n ^ n ^ n
2 (k^+2k^+k) I k^ +2 Z k
ookos
Z^ Tf,
k = l k = l k = l k = l k = l
LHS =
BBo
n
n '5 9 n -3 n r,
Z^ Tf,' z (fc^ + r) Z k^ + Z k^
re
fc*l it = l k = l k=l
n(n + l)l^ + 2
ouur
n (n +1) (2n + 1) n (n +1)

ad
1 2 J
Yo
6 2
n(n + l)l ^ +
n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
dY
Re
2 6
idn
FFin
n (n +1) n (n +1) 2 (2n +1)

+ + 1
2 2 3 I
n (n +1) n (n +1) +
(2n +1)
2 2 3
3n^ + 3n + 8n + 4 + 6
6 3n^ + lln + 10 _ {3n + 5) (n + 2) 3n + 5
= RHS
3n^ + 3n + 4n + 2 3n^ + 7n + 2 (3n + l)(n + 2) 3n + l
6
EXAMPLE 9 /fSp $2, S;^ are the sums offirst n natural numbers, their squares, their cubes respectively,
show that 9S^ = S3 (1 + SSj). [NCERT]
SOLUTION We have,
M
n (n +1)
Sj= 2; cf=l + 2 + ... + n = 2
it = l
2 n (n + 1) (2n +1)
. +n
6
k=l
and. S3 = t k=l
. + n
3 n(« + l)
2
f7i(n + l) (2n + l)f

9S2^ 6 I = ^|n(tt + l) (2fi+l)|
= 1/
4 I n(n+l)(2fi +1)| -(i)
n (?7 +1) 1 ^
n{n +l)]^ I
n {n +1) 4«
2
+ 4« +1
and, S3 (1 + 8S1) = 1 +8x
2
<>
(« + l)^ (2n + l)^ If 1^

S3 (1 + 8S1) = 4 i|«(H + l)(2«+l)| ...(ii)
w
From (i) and (ii), we obtain 9S2^ = S3 (1 + SSj).
Find the sum to n terms of the series:!^ + (1^ + 2^) + (1“ + 2^ + 3^) +... [NCERTl
Flo
EXAMPLE 10
reee
2 n (n +1) (2n + 1)
T„ = 1^+2^+ 3^+.. . + n
6
-(2n^
6
+ 3n^+n)
FFr
Let be the sum to n terms of the given series. Then,
”3 r, 1 n
+ 3 y ^2 ^ 1 y
^ = /c E= l = kZ= l^l(2k^ + 3k^ + k) =1^ kX= l
urr
for
6 t=1 6 .“1
kkss
1 ”
^, = I: 4^ Jt2= i 4 2: ^
Yo
ooo
fc = i
eB
1 fn(n + l)l^ 1 fn(n + l)(2n + l) 1 n (n +1)

^' = i
+ — + —
2 2 6 6 2
r
n (n +1)
|n(M + l) + (2n + l)+lj
ou
” (n^ + 3n + 2) = — (n +1)^ (n + 2).

ad
^ = 12
12 12
YY

nndd
Re
EXAMPLE 11 The sequence N of natural mmbers is divided into classes as follows:

1 2
Fi
3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12
2
Show that the sum of the numbers in nth row is n (2n + 1).
SOLUTION Since the first row consists of 2 natural numbers, second row 4 natural numbers,
third row 6 natural numbers and so on. So, the total number of natural numbers in nth row is 2n.
Now,
Total number of natural numbers upto the end of nth row
2n (n +1)
= 2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 2n = 2(1 + 2 + ...+n) = = n (n +1).
2
Total number of natural numbers upto the end of (n -l)throw =(n-l) (n-1 +1) =n(n-l).
Let Sn denote the sum of first n natural numbers. Then,
20.8 MATHEMATICS-XI
Sum of the natural numbers in «th row
= Sum of the natural niimbers upto the end of nth row

- Sum of the natural numbers upto the end of (n - l)th row
= wherem=n{n + l), p=n(n-l).
_ m (m +1) pip + l) n(n + l)'
Using: —-
2 2
n (n +1) [n (n +1) +1} n (n -1) {n (n -1) +1}

2 2
Y (n + l)(n^+n + l)-(n-l)(n^ n + 1
I (4n^ + 2) = n (2n^ +1).
w
1+2 + ... + cf
EXAMPLE 12 //Sjt = k
,find the value of
Flo
SOLUTION We have,
e
ree
1 + 2 + ... + cf k(k + l) fc + 1
% = k
FFr
2k 2
n n /, - nZ
fc + 1
S ^ +S ^ ... + ^' = i;
urr
+
fc = l fork=lK. 2
1
kkss
4
■ 2^ + 3^+... + (n + l)^ ■= l^ + 2^+...+(n + l)^-l^
Yo
ooo
1
(n + l)(n + l+l)(2(n + l) + ll ^
eB
4 6
1 f(n+l)(n + 2)(2n+3) — {2n^ + 9n +13)

ur
4 24
ad
YYo
EXAMPLE 13
Sum to n terms of the series: 1^ - 2^ + 3^ - 4^ + 5^ - 6^ +...
SOLUTION Clearly, nth term of the given series is negative or positive according as n is even or
d
Re
odd respectively. So, the following cases arise:

in
Case I When n is even : In this case the given series is

F
1^-2^+ 3'^-4^+5'^-6^+... +in-if -n^

= if -2^)+ {2f - f) + (5^ _ 6^) +... + ((„ _ 1)2 _ „2j
= (1 - 2) (1 + 2) + (3-4) (3 + 4) + (5 - 6) (5 + 6)
+... + |(n -1) - (n)| (n -1 +n)
n (n +1)
= -(l + 2+3 + 4 + ... + (n-l) + n) = -
2
Case II When n is odd : In this case the given series is

(1^ -2^) + (3^-4^)+... + l(n-2)^-(n-l)^)
= (l-2)(l + 2) + {3-4)(3 + 4) + ... + |(«-2)-(«-l)||(«-2)+(«-l)| +n^
'4t
(w -1) (n -1 +1) 2 n{n + l)

= -|l + 2+3 + 4 + ...+(n-2)+0i~l)|+n^= - 2
+ n
2
EXAMPLE 14 Find the sum of all possible products of the first n natural numbers taken two by two.
2 2 2 2
(a:i + ^2 +... + A^) = {^1 + ^2 + ● ● ● + ) + 2 (Sum of all possible products taken two at a
time)
n
\2 n n tt
or. = +2 E E X:I X;
}
1=1 M=l
^2
ww
n n i n
Z
f=l„-<y ) = 1
Z 2^ ^
|^/=1
Z
U =' J
Let S denote the required sum. Then,
Floo
ree
^2
1 ” 1 n(« + l)l^ 71 (« +1) (2« + 1)
s=i Z ^ z
rFee
2 2 6
^ U=i )t=l
F
oor r
rur
1 77 (tI + 1) Jti(« + 1) 2tt + l| _77{n+l) 377^ + 377 -477 -2
s ff
2 2 j 2 3 4 ” 6
osk
YYoou
77(77 + 1)(3T7^ -77 - 2) 77 (t1 + 1) (t1 -1) (3T7 + 2)

oook
eBB
24 24
EXAMPLE 15 Find the sum of the series: I.77 + 2.(t7-1) + 3 .(77 -2) +... + (77 -1). 2 + 77.I.
uur r
SOLUTION Let 7J. be the rth term of the given series and S be its sum. Then,
ad
Tr = r|77-(r-l)l = r(77-r + l)== r((77 + l)-r}= (77 + l)r-r^

Yo
\ /
dY
And, S= Z 2"r= Z + =(« + !) Z >● - Z

Re
idn
r = l r = l r = l r = l
y \
FFin
_ 77 (77 + 1) 72 (77 + 1) (2t7 + 1) _ 77 (77 + 1) (77 + 2)

- (W + ) -
6 6
EXAMPLE 16 Find the sum of the series {3^ -2^) + (5^ -4^) + (7^ -6^) + to 77 terms
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let S be the sum of the given series. Then,

S=(3^-2^) + (5^-4^) + (7^-6^) + to 77 terms.
S= Z^|(2t' + 1)^-(2r)^|= Z^|(2r + 1)-(2r)| |(2r + l)^+(2r + l)(2r)+(2r)^

n ^ , »7 n
S= S (12r^+6r + l)=12 2 7-^+6 Z r+ I 1
r = l r = l r = 1 r = 1
«(w + l) (2«+l)
=> S=12x
6
—+ 6x ” +n = 2n{n + l) (2n + l) + 3n (?i +1) + n
S = H (4«^ + 6m + 2+3«+3 + 1)=« (4«^ + 9n + 6)
EXERCISE 20.1
BASIC
the sum of the following series to n terms: (1-7)

1. 1^ + 3^+5^ +7^ +... 2. 2^ + 4^ + 6^ +8^ +...
3. 1.25+ 2.3.6+3.4.7+... 4. 1.2.4+ 2.3.7+ 3.4.10+...
BASED ON LOTS
5. 1 + (1 + 2) + (1 + 2 + 3) + (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) + ...
w
6. Ix2+2x3+3x4 + 4x5+... [NCERT] 7. 3x1^ +5x 2^ +7x 3^ +... [NCERT]
8. Find the sum of the series whose «th term is:
Flo
(i) 2n^ + 3h^ -1 (ii) - 3" (iu) n(n + !)(« + 4) [NCERT] (iv) {2h -1)^ [NCERT]
ee
9. Find the 20^ term and the sum of 20 terms of the series:
Fr
2x4 + 4x6+6x8 + ... [NCERT]
ANSWERS
for
ur
1. n^(2n^-l)
n
2. 2 («(« + !)}- 3.
12
(n +1) (3n^ + 23« + 34)
s
4. ~ {n + 1) (9ii^ + 25ji + 14) ^ n(n +1) (n + 2)
ok
Yo
6
Bo
6.
3
(n + !)(« + 2) " -(m
/.
6
+ 1)(3j2^+5« + l)
re
«(n + l)l^
8. (i) ^l(n^+4n^+ 4n-l) (ii)
2 |(3"-1)
ou
ad
n {n +1)
{3n^ + 23n+ 34)
(iv) ^(2« + l) (271-1)
Y
(iii) 9.1680,12320
12
nd

Re
1. Clearly, T„ =(272-1)^
Fi
n « o » -1 71 n 71 71
S, = I Tu= k=l
1 {2k-ir=8 k=^
Z k-^-12 k=l
1 k^ + 6 k=l
.I k- k=l
1 1
2. Clearly,?;, =(2t7)^
M 71 o « -
n (77 +1) 1 ^ = 2n^ (71 +1)^
S,,= ;c Z= i Tk= fc Z= i {2ky=8 jt Z= i k"^=8 2
th
6. Let?;, be the r term of the given series and denote the sum of its n terms. Then,
% =r(r + l), r = l,2,3,...

ti n « - H - n
■■ E i; = I; r(r + l)= I; (r^ + r)= 2 r^+I,'

r = l r = l r = 1 r = l r = l
«(n + l)(2« + l) n(n + l) «(n + l)(2n + 4) n(n + l){n + 2)

=> ^ =
6 2 6 3
th
7. LetTJ. be the r term of the series and 5j, be the sum of its n terms. Then,
Tr =(2r + l) r^,r=l,2, 3,...n

n H ” o 1 JL JL ■>
%='ZTr='Z (2r + l)r^=E (2r^+r^)=2|; ^
r = 1 r = 1 r = l r = l r = 1
w
«(« +1) 1 ^ n (n +1) (2« +1) n{n +1) (3n^ + 5n +1)
^ =2
2 6 6
Flo
8. (iii) We have, T„ - n{n + 1) {n + 4) = n^ + 5n^ + 4«
ee
Let 5,1 be the sum of n terms. Then,
Fr
r = 1 r = l
(r’+5r^ + 4r)= r= 1
+5 E r = 1
+ 4 f] r
r = 1
for
ur
=> ^, =
«(« + l)]^ 5n(n +1) (271 + 1) + 4 71(71 + 1) 71(71 + 1) (371^ + 2371 + 34)
2 6 2 12
ks
Yo
2
oo
(iv) We have, T„ = (2n-l) . Let S^, be the sum of ti terms of the given series. Then,
eB
4,= E ^r= E E (4r^-4r + l) = 4 t .'●"-4 E

71
r +
E 1
r = l r = l r = l r = l r=l r=l
r
_ ^ n (71 + 1) (2n + 1) ^ 71 (71 + 1) 71 (271 -1) (271 + 1)

ou
ad
+ 71 =
^ 6 2 3
Y
9. Let 7J. be the r'h term of the given series. Then, 7^ = 2r(2r + 2) = 4r^ + 4r, r =1, 2, 3,...
nd
Re
T20 =4X 20^ + 4X 20 =1600 + 80 =1680

Fi
Let ^0 sum of 20 terms. Then,

20 20 . f20- 20
S20= Z ^r= Z (4r^+4r) =4 £ +

E ^
7 = 1 7 = 1 r = l r = l
20 (20 +1) (40 +1) 20 (20 +1)

^0 X
6
+ 4x
2
= 12320
20.2 METHOD OF DIFFERENCE
Sometimes the nth term of a series can not be determined by the methods discussed so far. If a
series is such that the difference between successive terms are either in A.P. or in G.P., then we
determine its nth term by the method of difference and then find the sum of the series by using
the formulas for En, Zti and Zn . The method of difference is illustrated in the following
examples.
EXAMPLE 1 Find the Slim to n terms of the series: 3 +15 + 35 + 63 +...

SOLUTION The difference between the successive terms are 15 - 3 = 12, 35 - 15 = 20,
63 - 35 = 28,.... Clearly, these differences are in A.P.

LetTJj be the nth term and ^ denote the sum to n terms of the given series. Then,
5^ = 3 + 15 + 35 + 63 + ... + ^
Also, 3+ 15+ 35 + ... + T11 - 1 + ...(ii)
ww
0 = 3 + n2 + 20 + 28 + ...+ (T„-7;,_i)^-T„
FF loo
^"^|2xl2 + (n~l-l)x8| = 3 + («-l) (12 + 4/1-8)
T,n = 3 +
ree
T„ = 3 + (»-l)(4n + 4) = 4h^-1
rFee
'Tfc = k.2, (4/c2-1)
= l
oor rF
rur
= 4 i {n + 1) (2n +1) I
n
s ff
n
=5-
k = l
2
k = l
1=4
6
-n (4n^ + 6« -1)
k
YYoou
REMARK Instead of determining the nth term of a series by the method of difference as discussed in the
ookos
above example, we can use the following steps to obtain the same.
BBo
Step I ObtainthetermsoftheseriesandcomputethedifferencesbetweenT2 -^1,73 -T2,T^

re
etc. If these are in A.P., then take the nth term as T„ = an +bn + c, where a, b, c are
constants. Determine constants a, b, c by putting n = l,2, 3 and equating them with the
ouur
ad
values of corresponding terms of the given series.

Yo
Step II If the differencesT2 - T^, T3 -T2, T4 - T^,....are in G.P. zoith common ratio r, then take
^ + bn + c and determine constants by putting w = 1, 2,
n -
dY
7„ ar
3 in 7J,.
Re
idn
Step III If the differences of the differences computed in step I are in A.P., then take
FFin
T„ = an +bn +cn + dandfindthevaluesofa,b,c,dbyputtingn = \,2,3,4:.

Step IV If the differences of the differences computed in step I are in G.P. with common ratior, then take
n - 1
In ar
+ bn + cn + dand find the values of a, b, c, d byputtingn = l, 2, 3, 4.
EXAMPLE 2 Find the sum to n terms of the series: 1 + 5 +12 + 22 + 35 +...
SOLUTION The sequence of differences between successive terms is 4, 7, 10, 13, ..., which is
clearly an A.P. Let T„ be the nth term of the sequence and be the sum of its n terms. Then,
Sji = 1 + 5 + 12 + 22 + 35 + ● ● ■ + *!« — 1 ^ ”^1
Also, Sn ~ 1 + 5+ 12 + 22+ ... + 1tt-l + .T11 ...(ii)
0 =1+4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + ...
+ (T„-T„_-1)^-,7
T„ =1 +
^”^{2x4 + (n-l-l) X 3| = 1 + ^ (3n + 2) = i(3n^ -n)
K ^ J ^
n
n n
n 2 I
=
2 ;Tc = fc=l
.2: ~{3k^~k) = -2 cf = l 2
Z
k = l
k
jt = l 2
3 [ n (« +1) (2h +1) 1 fn(« + l) {n +1)

2 6 2 2 2
ALITER The given series is : 1 + 5 +12 + 22 + 35 + ...

The sequence of differences between successive terms is: 4,7,10,13,... Clearly, it is an A.P. So,
let the nth term ,Tj of the given series be
2
T„ = an +bn + c -(i)
w
Putting n =1,2, 3 successively we obtain
Ti - a + b + c => a + b + c = I [V = 1]
Flo
T2 = 4a + 2b + c => 4a + 2b + c = 5 [■●■ ^2 = 5]
Tg = ga + 3b + c => 9a + 3b + c = 12 [●●● T3 = 12]
ee
3 , 1
Solving these equations, we get: a = —,u = --— and
— c = 0.
Fr
3 .2 1
Substituting the values of a, b, c in (i), we get: T„ = -^ n
— n
2
for
ur
n « 1 _ ■3 n - 1 n
Sum of the given series = E 7; = S ^ (3^ -^) ^ r=l ^ r=l

ks
■ = 1 r = l
Yo
3 [ n (n +1) (2n +1) 1 fn(n + l) n^ {n +1)

oo
2 6 2 2 2
eB
EXAMPLE 3 Fmd the sum ofifrst n terms of the following series:

(i) 3+7+13 +21 + 31+-..-INCERT1 (ii) 5 + 11 + 19 + 29 + 41 + ... [NCERT]
ur
SOLUTION (i) The given series is: 3 + 7 + 13 + 21 + 31 + ...

ad
Yo
The sequence of the differences between the successive terms of this series is 4, 6, 8,10,...
Clearly, it is an A.P. with common difference 2. So, let the nth term of the given series be
= <?n^ +bn + c ...(i)
d
Re
in
Putting n=l, 2, 3, we get

Ti = a + b + c ^ a +b +c = 3 [V Ti = 3]
F
T2 = 4a + 2b+ c => 4a + 2h + c = 7 [V T2 =7]

T3 = 9a + 3b + c => 9a + 3b + c =13 [V r3=13]
Solving these equations, we get: a =b =c =1
7]j = n + n +1
The sum of terms of the given series is given by
n
S= Z r, = 2 (r^+r + l)= Z »● + r=l

Z r +
r=l
Z 1
r = l1 r = 1 r = 1
n(n +1) (2n + 1) n(n +1)

+ + n -3 (n^ + 3n + 5)
6 2
(ii) The given series is: 5 +11 +19 + 29 + 41 + .... The sequence of the differences between the
successive terms is: 6,8,10,12,.... Clearly, it is an A.P. So, nth term of the given series is given
by
2
T„ - an +bn + c
Putting « =1, 2, 3, we get
T| = a + b + c => a + b + c =5
[vTi=5]
T2 = + 2& + c => 4a + 2b + c =11 [vT2=11]
T3 = 9a + 3b + c => 9a + 3b + c =19 [●■■^3=19]
Solving these three equations, we get: a=l,b = 3 and c = 1.
T„ = + 3n + l
Let She the sum of w terms of the given series. Then,
n
S= Z 5;= £ (r^ + 3r + D= £ r^ + 3 £ r +
Z 1
ww
r = 1 r = l r = 1 r=l r=l
n{n + l)(2n +1) 3n {n +1) n{n + 2)(n+ 4)

+ w =
6 2 3
Flo
e
eree
EXAMPLE 4 Sum the following series to n terms: 5 + 7 +13 + 31 + 85 +...
SOLUTION The sequence of differences between successive terms is 2,6,18,54,...
FFr
Clearly, it is a G.P. Let 7J, be the nth term of the given series and be the sum of its n terms. Then,
uurr
S,, = 5 + 7+13+31 + 85+...+ 7;j_i+r„
orr
sfo
Also, = 5+ 7 + 13+31 + ... +T„_i+Z n -(ii)
kks
Yoo
oooo
0 = 5 + )2 + 6 + 18+54 + ...+ (7;,-r„_i)l-T„

eBB
n-1
0=5 +
2(3 -1) n-1 n-1
T„ ^ Tfj - 5 + (3 -1) =4+3
urr
(3-1)
ad
n n
YYo
n n
k-1 k-1
Z 4+ Z 3
k=l k=l it = l k = l
dd
Sii = 4« + (l + 3 + 3^ + ...+ 3"'b

Re
inn
/
n n
. +11 3 -1 , 3 -1
= -f3” + 8n-l
F
=
4n X — = 4n+ —
3-1 2 2
ALITER The given series is: 5 + 7 +13 + 31 + 85 + .. .The sequence of the differences between
successive terms is 2, 6,18,54,.. .Clearly, it is a G.P. with common ratio 3. So, let the «th term of
the given series be
n-1
T„n = a. 3 + bn + c -(i)
Putting n = 1,2, 3, we get
Tj = a + b + c ^ a + b + c = 5 [●●● = 5]
T2 = 3a + 2b + c => 3a + 2h + c = 7 [vT2 = 7]
T3 = 9a + 3b + c => 9a + 3b + c = 13 [●.●T3 = 13]
Solving these equations, we get: a=l,b=0 and c = 4.Substituting the values of a,b,cm (i),
we get
n-1
Tn = 3 + 4
ti n n H
- 1 -1
^. = Z O' +
4) = Z S’- +
Z 4
r = l r*l r = 1 r = 1
. 3"
n
H-1 -1 1
= (1 + 3 +3^ + ...+3
n
) + 4n= - + 4n = — — + 4n = -l + 8«)
3-1 2
20.3 SUM OF SOME SPECIAL SERIES
In this section, we shall discuss some problems for finding the sum of some series of the form
1 1 1 1
+ + + ... + ... +
a{a + d) {a + d){a + 2d) (fl + 2d) {a + 3d) {a + {n-2)d){a + {n -1) d)
ooww
In such kind of series the successive terms are reciprocals of two consecutive terms of an A.P. in
succession. In order to find the sum of a finite number of terms of such series, we write its each
term as the difference of reciprocals of two successive terms as given below:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
e
a{a + d) d a a + d ' {a + d) (a + 2d) d a+d a + 2d
ree
rFl
1 1 1 1
Fre
and so on.
(a + 2if) (j3 + 3d) d a + 2d a + 3d
rrF
1 1 1 1
+ + +...+
+ (« - 2) + {n “ 1) d^
ouur
a(a + d) (a + d){a + 2d)
sffoo
(fl + 2d) {a + 3d)
\ ( \ f
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
okks
+ + +...+
a + 2d a + 3d a + {n-2)d n+{n-l)d
Yo
d a a + d a + d fl + 2d
/ V
oo
Y
BB
1 1 1 -1
d a + (n-l) d a{a + {n -1) d]

rre
Following examples will illustrate the above procedure.

ouu
YY
ad

dd
Re
iinn
1
EXAMPLE 1 Find the sum to n terms of the series: — + L J_ +... + [NCEUTl
1.2 2.3 3.4 n.{n +1)
F
SOLUTION Let %. be the rth term of the given series. Then,

1 1 1
Tr = ^ T, = r=l, 2,...,n
r(r + l) r r +1
The sum S of the given series is given by

n » 1 1
S=Z
r=l
= r=l
Z V; r + 1
\ / \ /
1 1 1 1 1
4i-i +
1 1
+ + ...+
n 77 + 1
= 1 -
71 + 1
2; 2 3/ V 3 4
1 1
EXAMPLE 2 Find the sum to n terms of the series: —
1.3 35
+
57
+ ...
SOLUTION Let Tr be the rth term of the given series and S be the sum of its n terms. Then,
1 1 1 1
Tr = r=\, 2, 3, ...n
(2r-l)(2r + l) 2 2r-l 2r + l '
\ /
n 1
ri_i'
I r. = ^^
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + ... +
r =l U 3 / V 3 5/ V 5 7, 2«-l 2n + l
1 1 n
1 -
2 2n + l 2n + l
n
1
EXAMPLES
Find the sum: ^
r = l (flr + b){ar + a + b)
w
SOLUTION We have,
n n
1 1 1 1 1 "
1 1
z = z - Z
r = 1 {ar + b){ar + a + b) ^ ar +b ar + a + b
Flo
= 1
a
« r =l ar + b ar + a + b
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ree
+ +... +
b a +b 2a+ b 2a+ b 3a+ b na + h (n + l)a + b
\ y
rF
1 1 1 n
a +b {n + \)a + b
(fl + fj) |(n +1) 0 + &|
a
ur
fo
s
ok
Yo
3 5 7
EXAMPLE 4 Find the sum to n terms of the series: + ...
1^.2^ 2^.3^ 3^.4^
Bo
SOLUTION Let Tf be the rth term of the given series. Then,

re
Tr =
{2r + l) _(r + l)2-r2 [1 l , r = 1,2, 3,...
r^(r + l)^ r^(r + l)^ r^ {r +1)^
ou
ad
Let £h be the sum to n terms of the given series. Then,

Y
n n
1 1 1
Z I = 1 -
nd
Re
r = l r = l {r + lf (n + lf ■ (n + l)2
Fi
1 2 3
EXAMPLE 5
Find the sum to n terms of the series: + ...
1 ++1^ ' 1 + 2^ -f- 2^ ’ 1 + 3^ + 3“*
SOLUTION Let Tf be the rth term of the given series. Then,
r
Tr = ,r = 1,2,3,...,«
1 + r^ +
Tr =
r 1 2r _1 |(r^+r + l)-(r^-r + l)
(r^+r + l)(r^-r + l) 2 {r^+r+ 1) (r^ ~r+ 1) 2 + 1) (r^-r+ 1)
1 1 1
,r=l,2,...,«
r^-r + 1 r^ + r + 1
Let 5,1 be the sum to n terms of the given series. Then,
11 ti
1 1 1
Z z
r = l
2
r = l r^-r + l + r +1
1
1-- + l_il fl_Z +...+
1 1
2 3j I 3 7j[7 13 n ^ -n + 1 +n + l
2
1 1 n +}j
1-
2 + n + l 2 (n^ + K +1)
EXERCISE 20.2
ww
BASIC
Sum the following series to n terms:

1. 3 + 5 + 9 + 15 + 23 + ... 2. 2 + 5 + 10 + 17 + 26 + ... 3. 1 + 3 + 7 + 13 + 21 + ...
4. 3 + 7 + 14 + 24 + 37 + ...
Flo
5. 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + 15 + ... 6. 1 + 4 +13 + 40 + 121 +...
ee
9. 1 1 1
rere
7. 4 + 6 + 9 +13 +18 + ... 8. 2 + 4 + 7+11+ 16 + ... +...
1.4 47 7.10
r FF
1 1 1 1 1
10. +... +
(5«-4)(5n + l)
uurr
1.6 6.11 11.16 16.21 foor
ANSWERS
ks s
^ n{n^ + 2)
Yoo
-6 (2n^ + 3m + 7)
oook
1.
f(n^.8) 2.
3
eBB
^(« + l){n+2) 6. i(3 n+ 1

4.
|(n^+n + 4) 5.
6 4
-2n-3)
uurr
n n
7. -6 (n^ + 3n + 20) 8. -6 (n^ + 3« + 8) 9. 10.
ad
3« + l 5n + l
Yo
dY
F/LL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)

Re
If Sj and ^ denote respectively the sum of first 100 natural numbers and the sum of their
innd
1.
cubes, then the relation between Sj and $2 is

FFi
2. Let 5^ and S'4 denote respectively the sum and the sum of the squares of first n natural
numbers. If - forms an with
n 6 N.Thenflj, 02, a^,
3. The sum of first 25 odd natural numbers is

n ( 1 ]
4.
The value of r=l
^ ● I (2r-l)+ —|-is
2 J
2 2 2
5. The sum of n terms of the series 2 +4 +6 + / IS
4
6. 1^+2*^ + 3^+ + n
IffirstS2 and S4 denote respectively the= sum of the squares and the sum of the fourth powers of
7.
n natural numbers, then

S2
l^ + 2^ + 3^ + + 10^
8. The value of
1+2+3+ + 10
9. If the sum of the squares of first n natural numbers exceeds their sum by 330, then n =
3 5 7
10. The sum of « terms of the series-;r is
r 12 + 2^ l^ + 2^ + 3^
ANSWERS
2
1. S2=Si" 2. A.P. with common difference —
3
3. 625
4. ti^+i-1. _ 2«0i + l)(2« + l) ^ «(» + l)(2« + l)(3«^ + 3n-l)
ww
3. 6,
2" 3 30
7 3k^ +5 3»-1 8. 55 9. 10 10.

6n
n +1
Flo
e
eree
FFr
question:
uurr
Write the sum of the series: 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + ... + 2n.
orr
1. sfo
2. Write the sum of the series: 1 ^ - 2^ + 3^ - 4^ + 5^ - 6^ +... + (2n -1)^ - (2n)^.
kks
term is: r + 2^.
Yoo
3. Write the sum to n terms of a series whose
oooo
n H ,
4. If S r = 55, find t r^.
eBB
r = 1 r = l
5.
If the sum of first n even natural numbers is equal to k times the sum of first n odd natural
urr
numbers, then write the value of k.

ad
6. Write the sum of 20 terms of the series: 1 + ~ (1 + 2) + — (1 + 2 + 3) + ....

YYo
2 3
7. Write the 50th term of the series 2+3 + 6 + 11+18+....
dd
8. Let S„ denote the sum of the cubes of first n natural numbers and s„ denote the sum of first n
Re
inn
H Sr
natural numbers. Then, write the value of S —
F
r = 1
ANSWERS
1. n (n + 1) 2. -n(2n + l) 3 »(» + !) + 2
n+ 1
-2 4. 3025
2
_ n+1 n (?i + l) (n + 2)
3. 6. 115 7. 49^ + 2 8.
n 6

1 1 1
I. The sum to n terms of the series is
VT + V3 V3 + >/5 ^/5 + ^/7
(a) ^2n +1 (b) (c) ^2^-1 '2n + l -1

1 1 1 1
2. The sum of the series : + + ....+ IS
log2 4 Iog4 4 logs 4

n{n + l) n (n +1) (2n +1) n (« +1)
2 12 4
n 2
3. The value of ^ ■ (2r -1) a + — - is equal to
r=1 I ^
n-1 n
-1 7 b -1
(a) at?' + (b) an + —
I b” {b-1)
ww
n-l
b -1
(c) +- (d) none of these
(b-i)
Flo
4. If Z « = 210, then S
e
eree
2
1+2 + 2 +... Sum to r terms
FFr
5. If£i, = .Y , then % is equal to
uurr
r = l
(a) 2"-n-l (b)l--T

1
(C) M-1 + —
1
orr (d) 2” -1
sfo
2 2
kks
1+2 1+2+3
Yoo
6. If 1 + + .... to« terms is S. Then, S is equal to
oooo
2 3
«(n + 3) «(n + 2) n{n + !)(« + 2)

(d) n^
eBB
(a) (b) (c)

4 4 6
7. Sum of n terms of the series -J2 + -Js + -JlS + +.... is

urr
n{n + l) n (n +1)
(a) (b) 2n(tt + l) (c) (d) 1
ad
V2
YYo
8. The sum of 10 terms of the series ^2 + V6 + -JTS +.... is

dd
121
(d) 242(V3-1)
Re
(a) 121 (V6 + V2) (b) 243 (^3 +1) (c)

inn
V3-1
F
9. The sum of the series 1^ + 3^ +5^ +... ton terms is

n(« + l)(2n + l) n(2n-l)(2n + l) in-if i2n + l) id)
{2n + lf
(a) (b) (c)
2 3 6 3
2 8 26 80 ,to ,
10. The sum of the series — + — + — + — + n terms is
3 9 27 81
1
(a) «-i(3 -n
-1) (b) «-i(l-3“") (c)H + i(3"-l) (d) n-^(3'‘-l)
11. Let denote the sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers and s„ denote the sum of
n c
[NCERTEXEMPLARl
the first natural numbers. Then ^ — equals
r=l
n(n + l) (« + 2) n(ti + l) n^ + 3n +2
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
6 2 2
ANSWERS
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a)

9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (a)
ACTIVITIES
ACTlVITY-1
2 « 2
OBJECTIVE To show that the sum of firsts odd natural numbers is i.e. ^ (2r-l)=n'^.
r = l
MATERIALS REQUIRED Thermocol sheet, thermocol balls, pins, pencil, scale, adhesive, chart
ooww
paper etc.
Step I Take a square sheet of thermocol and some thermocol balls.

Step n Fix a chart paper on the thermocol sheet.
e
re e
Step III Draw horizontal vertical lines with pencil on the chart paper to make squares as
rFl
shown in Fig 20.1.
Fre
Step IV Take a pin, fix a thermocol ball in it and fix it in the corner of first square in the top
rrF
right most corner of the thermocol sheet as shown in Fig. 20.1.
sffoo
ouur
0 o 0 0 o o o o o o
oksk
0 o 0 0 o o 0 o o o
0 o o o o o o o o o
Yo
oo
0 o o o 0 o o o o o o
Y
BB
o o 0 o o o o o 6~o
0 0 0 o O 0 0 0 0 0
rre
o o 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0
ouu
o 0 o oo o o oo o
Y
ad
0 o o oo o o oo o
dY
0 O O OO O O 00 0
Fig. 20.1
innd
Re
Fi
F
Step I Forn = l:
n 1
Y (2r-l)= 2; (2r-l)=2xl-l=2-l=l
r = l r = l
2
And, the number of balls in first square =1=1 .
Z (2r-l)=l^
r = l
Step II Forn = 2:
n 2
X (2r-l)= X (2r-l)=(2xl-l)+(2x2-l)=l + 3=4

r = l r = l
And, the number of balls in the second square =4=2.

Z (2r-l) = 2\
r = l
Stepin For?t = 3:
3
X (2r-l)= .Y (2r-l) =(2x1-1)+(2x2-1)+ (2x3-1) =1 + 3+ 5 =9

r=l r=l
2
And, the number of balls in the third square =9 = 3
Z (2r-l) = 3^
r = l
Continuing in this manner, we obtain
w
H th 2
Y (2f-l) = Number of balls in square=n .
r = l
Flo
ACTIVITY-2
n (n + 1) (2n + l)
ee
OBJECTIVE To show that the sum of the squares of first n natural numbers is 6
Fr
2 77(n + l)(2n + l)
i.e. l^ + 2^ + 3^+. + n
6
or
ur
MATERIALS REQUIRED Wooden cubes of size 1x1x1 cubic unit, adhesive, nails etc.
sf
Take one wooden cube of size (1x1x1) cubic unit as shown in Fig. 20.2
ok
Step I
Yo
The volume of this cube is = 1 = 1 cubic unit.

Bo
re
ou
ad
Y
Fig. 20.2
nd
Re
Step II Take four wooden cubes of size (1x1x1) cubic unit and fix them together as shown in
Fig. 20.3. The volume of this structure is = 2x2x1= 2^ cubic units.
Fi
Fig. 20.3
Step III Take nine wooden cubes of size (1x1x1) cubic units and fix them together as shown
in Fig 20.4.
Fig. 20.4
2
The volume of this structure is = 3x3xl = 3 cubic units.
Step IV Take 16 wooden cubes of size (1x1x1) cubic units and fix them together as shown in
Fig. 20.5.
Fig. 20.5
2
The volume of this structure =4x4xl=4 cubic units.
w
Step V Arrange the blocks formed in the above steps to form an echelon type of structure as
shown in Fig. 20.6.
Flo
e
ree
FFr
for
ur
kkss
Fig. 20.6
Yo
oo
The volume of this structure is = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) cubic units.

eB
Step VI Make six such echelon type of pieces.

PM 9 7 9 7
The total volume of six echelon type of pieces = 6 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) cubic units.
ur
ad
YYo
Step VII Arrange six echelon type of pieces to form a bigger cuboidal structure of dimension
4x5x9 units as shown in Fig. 20.7.
d
Re
in
F
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
Fig. 20.7
The volume of the cuboidal block so formed = 4 x 5 x 9 cubic units.

2 2 2 2
Step 1 The total volume of six echelon type of pieces is6(l +2 +3 +4) cubic units.
Step II The volume of the bigger cuboidal block = 4x5x9 cubic units.
Since 6 echelon type of pieces and the bigger cuboidal block are made of same number
of unit cubes.
6(l^ + 2^ + 3^ + 4^)=4x5x9
^ 6 {1^ + 2^ + 3^ + 4^) = 4 (4 +1) (4 X 2 +1)
ww
=> 1^ + 2^ + 3^ + 4^ = - 4 (4 +1) (2 X 4 +1)
6
Continuing in this manner it can be shown that

1^ + 2^+ 3^+ 4^+5^ =-5(5 + 1) (2x5 + 1)
Flo
ee
6
rere
12 + 22 + 32+42+52 + ^2^16 6(6 + 1) (2x6 + 1)
rFF
uurr
and so on. foor
In general
ks s
l^ + 2^ + 3^ + 4^ + ^=-n{n + \) (2« + l)
Yoo
+ n
oook
6
eBB
ACTlVITY-3
OBJECTIVE To show that l^+2^ + 3^+ ,+ n

3 (ii(tJ + l)|^
uurr
2
ad
Yo
MATERIALS REQUIRED Chart papers of different colours, themocol sheet, thermocol balls,
thumpins, cutter, scissors, adhesive etc.
dY
Re
innd
FFi
Step I Take a square sheet of thermocol of dimension 15 x 15 cm and paste a chart paper on it.
Step II Draw horizontal and vertical lines to form 15 x 15 = 225 squares of dimension 1x1 cm
as shown in Fig. 20.8.
Step III Put a thermocol ball at the square on the upper most left comer as shown in Fig. 20.8.
Step IV Fix 2=8 thermocol balls in the shell as shown in Fig. 20.8.
Step V Fix 3 ^ = 27 thermocol balls in the shell as shown in Fig. 20.8.
Step VI Fix 4"'' = 64 thermocol balls in the shell 4 as shown in Fig. 20.8
Step VII Fix 5^ =125 thermocol balls in the shell 5 as shown in Fig. 20.8
(Square) Shell 1 ●
(Square) Shell 2
(Square) Shell 3
(Square) Shell 4
ww
(Square) Shell 5
Flo
Fig. 20.8
e
eree
FFr
Number of thermocol balls in shell 1=1=1^ 1(1+1)2
uurr
Step I
orr
sfo 2
Step in Number of thermocol balls in shell II = 9= l^ + 2^.

kks
Yoo
2(2 + 1)]^ = 9
oooo
Also,
2
eBB
1^ + 2^ = 2(2 + 1)!^
2
urr
STEP III Number of thermocol balls in Shell 111 = 36=1^ + 2^ + 3^

ad
3(3 + 1)]^
YYo
Also, = 36
2
dd
, 13,23^33 J3£^l^
Re
inn
2
F
Step IV Number of thermocol balls in shell IV = 100 = l^ + 2^ + 3^+4^
Also, 4(4 + 1)]^ = 100

2
'. l^+2^ + 3^+4^ = 4{4 + l)l^

2
StepV Number of thermocol balls in shell V = 225 = l^ + 2^ + 3^+4^+5^
Also, 5(5 + 1)]^ = 225

2
.-. l^ + 2^ + 3^+4^+5^ = 5(5 + 1)!^

2
3 3 3 3 3 fn(n + l)l^
Continuing in this manner, we obtain 1 +2 +3 +4 + + n
2
SUMMARY
1, For any n e N, we have

n
n (n +1)
(i) 2: k =1 + 2+ 3 + ... + «
-t = 1 2
n
2 n{n + l) {2n +1)
(u) Z
k = 1
= 1^ +2^ + 3^ +... + n 6
>]
(iii) Z
fc = 1
= l^+2^ + 3^+... + «^ 2
ww
4 n (« +1) (2n +1) (3n^ + 3« -1)
(iv) k Z= \ = l^ + 2^ + 3^+.. . + n 30
Floo
2. In a series ai + 02 + + (I4.+... + On + ■■■'
(i) if the differences «2 “<^1/ ~^2> H ...arein A.P.,thenthe?ith termisgivenby
ree
a„ = an^ +bn + c, where a, b, c are constants,
(ii) if the differences fl2 “‘’i/ ^3 ~^2' ^4 - ^3/●● ● are in G.P. with common ratio r, then
rFee
n-l
fl„ = ar + bn + c, where a, b, c are constants.
F
oor r
rur
To determine constants a, b, c we put n = 1, 2, 3 and equate them with the values of
corresponding terms of the given series.
k s ff
YYoou
ookos
BBo
re
ouur
ad
Yo
dY
Re
idn
FFin

RD Sharma Maths Class 11 Volume 1 2023-2024

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n IIA'H 4

As per the latest revised syllabus prescribed by CBSEfor

B.Sc. (Hons) (Gold Medalist), M.Sc. (GoldMedalist), Ph.D.

Professor and Head of Department of Sciences and Hiwianities

Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University (DSEU)

DHANPAT RAI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD.

5. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.1-5.42

8. TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE 8.1-8.20

9. VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT MULTIPLES AND

SUBMULTIPLES OF AN ANGLE 9.1-9.44

10. TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS

11. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION 11.1-11.28

12. COMPLEX NUMBERS 12.1-12.62

13. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 13.1-13.18

14. LINEAR INEQUATIONS 14.1-14.32

15. PERMUTATIONS 15.1-15.48

16. COMBINATIONS 16.1-16.30

17. BINOMIAL THEOREM 17.1-17.51

18. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 18.1-18.54

19. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS 19.1-19.58

20. SOME SPECIAL SERIES 20.1-20.25

1.1 Sets 1.1

1.3 Types of sets 1.8

2.2 Ordered pairs 2.1

2.3 Cartesian product of sets 2.1

2.4 Some useful results 2.7

3.1 Introduction 3.1

3.2 Function as a special kind of relation 3.1

3.3 Function as a correspondence 3.2

3.4 Equal functions 3.4

3.5 Real functions 3.9

3.6 Domain and range of a real a function 3.12

3.7 Some standard real fimctions and their graphs 3.18

3.8 Operations on real functions 3.25

4. MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES 4.1-4.16

4.1 Introduction 4.1

4.2 Angles 4.1

4.3 Some useful terms 4.1

4.4 Systems of measurement of angles 4.2

4.5 Relation between degrees and radians 4.4

4.6 Relation between radians and real numbers 4.5

4.7 Relation between three systems of measurement of an angle 4.6

5. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.1-5.42

5.1 Introduction 5.1

5.2 Trigonometric functions of a real number 5.1

5.3 Values of Trigonometric Functions 5.3

5.5 Signs of Trigonometric Functions 5.18

5.6 Variations in values of trigonometric functions in different quadrants 5.20

5.9 Even and Odd functions 5.28

6.1 Introduction 6.1

6.2 Graph of sine function 6.1

6.3 Graph of cosine function 6.5

7. VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT SUM OR

7.1 Introduction 7.1

7.2 Values of Trigonometric Functions at the sum or difference 7.1

7.3 More useful results 7.3

7.4 Maximum and Minimum values of Trigonometrical Expressions 7.23

7.5 To express a cos x b sin x in the form r sin(x ± a) or r cos {x ± a) 7.25

8. TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE 8.1-8.20

8.1 Introduction 8.1

8.2 Formulae to transform the product into sum or difference 8.1

8.3 Formulae to transform the sum or difference into product 8.6

VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT MULTIPLES AND