RD Sharma

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CLASS XII (Code 041) VOLUME-1

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Based on the latest revised syllabus prescribed by CBSE for Class XII
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under 10+2 Pattern of Senior School Certificate Examination
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Dr. R.D. SHARMA

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B.Sc. (Hons) (GoldMedalist),M.Sc. (GoldMedalist), Ph.D.
Professor and Head of Department of Sciences and Humanities

Delhi SkillandEntrepreneurship University (DSEU)
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Aryabhatt DSEUAshok Vihar Campus, Delhi

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DHANPAT RAI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD.

22, ANSARI ROAD, DARYAGANJ, NEW DELHt-110002
E-Mail: ish.dhanpat(§gmaiLcom
MATHEMATICS-Xtl (Volume 1) CONTENTS
1. RELATIONS 1.1-1.28
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2. FUNCTIONS 2.1-2.64
3. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 3.1-3.97
4. ALGEBRA OF MATRICES 4.1-4.63
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5.
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DETERMINANTS 5.1-5.90
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6. ADJOINT AND INVERSE OF A MATRIX 6.1-6.36
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7. SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS 7.1-7.20
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8. CONTINUITY 8.1-8.40
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9. DIFFERENTIABILITY 9.1-9.16
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10. DIFFERENTIATION 10.1-10.107

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11. HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES 11.1-11.19

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12. DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURER 12.1-12.21

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13. DIFFERENTIALS, ERRORS AND APPROXIMATIONS 13.1-13.9

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14. MEAN VALUE THEOREMS 14.1-14.17
15. TANGENTS AND NORMALS 15.1-15.39
16. INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS 16.1-16.31
17. MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.1-17.66
18. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 18.1-18.180

MATHEMATICS-XII (Vol I) CONTENTS IN DETAIL
1. RELATIONS 1.1-1.28
1.1 Introduction 1.1
1.2 Recapitulation 1.1

1.2
1.3 Types of Relations
1.4 Some useful results on Relations 1.24
2. FUNCTIONS 2.1-2.64
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2.3 Kinds of Functions 2.11
2.4 Composition of Functions 2.27
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2.5 Composition of Real Functions 2.38
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2.6 Inverse of an Element 2.46
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2.7 Inverse of a Function 2.47
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3. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 3.1-97
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3.1 Introduction
3.2 Inverse of a Function orr 3.1
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3.3 Inverses of Trigonometric Functions 3.1
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3.4 Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 3.19

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4. ALGEBRA OF MATRICES 4.1-4.63

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4.1 Matrix 4.1
4.2 Types of Matrices 4.2

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4.3 Equality of Matrices 4.3

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4.4 Addition of Matrices 4.9

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4.5 Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar (Scalar Multiplication) 4.10

4.6 Subtraction of Matrices 4.11
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4.7 Multiplication of Matrices 4.18

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4.8 Ttranspose of a Matrix 4.46

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4.9 Symmetric and Skew-symmetric Matrices 4.51
5. DETERMINANTS 5.1-5.90
5.1 Determinants 5.1
5.2 Singular Matrix 5.5
5.3 Minors and Cofactors 5.5
5.4 Properties of Determinants 5.11
5.5 Evaluation of Determinants 5.16
5.6 Applications of Determinants to Coordinate Geometry 5.63
5.7 Applications of Determinants in Solving a System of Linear Equations 5.67

(vl) MATMEMATICS-XII
6. ADJOINT AND INVERSE OF A MATRIX 6.1-6.36
6.1 Adjoint of a square Matrix 6.1

6.2 Inverse of a Matrix 6.3
6.3 Some useful results on Invertible Matrices 6.4
6.4 Elementary transform.ations or Elementary Operations of a Matrix 6.27
7. SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS 7.1-7.20
7.2 Matrix method for the solution of a non-homogeneous system of linear equations 7.2
7.3 Solution of homogeneous system of linear equations 7.17
8. CONTINUITY 8.1-8.40
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8.1 Intutive notion of Continuity 8.1
8.2 Continuity at a point 8.2
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8.3 Algebra of continuous functions 8.3
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8.4 Continuity on an interval 8.20
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8.5 Properties of continuous functions 8.21
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9. DIFFERENTIABILITY 9.1-9.16
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9.1 Differentiability at a point
9.2 Differentiability in a set
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9.10
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10. DIFFERENTIATION 10.1-10.107
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10.3 Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric functions from First Principles 10.4

10.4 Differentiation of a Function of a Function 10.16
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10.5 Differentiation by using Trigonometrical Substitutions 10.36

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10.6 Rrelation between
dy and — 10.60
dx dy
Differentiation of Implicit Functions
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10.7 10.60
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10.8 Logarithmic Differentiation 10.68

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10.9 Differentiation of Infinite Series 10.85

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10.10 Differentiation of Parametric Functions 10.88

10.11 Differentiation of a function with respect to another function 10.94
10.12 Differentiation of Determinants 10.101
11. HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES 11.1-11.19
11.1 Definition and Notations 11.1
12, DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURER 12.1-12.21
12.1 Derivative as a rate measurer 12.1
12.2 Related rates 12.5

CONTENTS IN DETAIL (vii)
13. DIFFERENTIALS, ERRORS AND APPROXIMATIONS 13.1-13.9
13.1 Differentials 13.1
14. MEAN VALUE THEOREMS 14.1-14.17
14.1 Rolle's Theorem 14.1

14.9
14.2 Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem
15. TANGENTS AND NORMALS 15.1-15.39
15.1 Preliminaries 15.1

15.2
15.2 Slopes of Tangent and Normal
15.10
15.3 Equations of Tangent and Normal
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15.29
15.4 Angle of Intersection of two Curves
16. INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS 16.1-16.31
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16.1
16.2 Solution of rational algebraic Inequations
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16.3 Some Definitions 16.4
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16.8
16.4 Necessary and Sufficient conditions for Monotonicity
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17. MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.1-17.66
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17.1 Introduction
17.2 Maximum and Minimum values of a function in its domain 17.1

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17.3 Local Maxima and Local Minima 17.5
17.4 First Derivative test for Local maxima and minima 17.7
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17.15
17.5 Higher order Derivative test
17.6 Maximum and minimum values in a closed interval 17.26
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17.31
17.7 Applied problems on maxima and minima
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18. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 18.1-18.180
18.1 Primitive or Antiderivative 18.1

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18.1
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18.2 Indefinite Integral

18.1
18.3 Fimdamental Integration Formulas
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18.5
18.4 Some standard results on Integration
18.15
18.5 Geometrical interpretation of Indefinite Integral
18.16
18.6 Comparison between Differentiation and Integration
18.16
18.7 Methods of Integration
18.17
18.8 Integration by Substitution
18.66
18.9 Evaluation of integrals by using trigonometric substitutions
18.71
18.10 Some special Integrals
18.107
18.11 Integration by Parts
18.131
18.12 Some important Integrals
18.139
18.13 Integration of Rational algebraic functions by using Partial fractions
(viii) MATHEMATICS-XU
2 2
X +1 X 1 1
18.14 Integrals of the form J 4 2 2 2
dx, 18.158
X +7oc +1 X + Xjc +1 X + Xjc +1
where X e
18.15 Integration of Some Special Irrational Algebraic Functions 18.165
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CHAPTER 1
RELATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In Class XI, we have introduced the notion of a relation, its domain, co-domain and range. Let us
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recall that a relation from a set A to a set B is a subset of A x 6. If R is a relation from a set A to a set
B and {a, b) e R, then we say that a is related to b under relation R and we write as a R b. If
{a, b) g R, then we say that a is not related tob under R and we write as aRb. A relation can be
represented in roster form or tabular form. Sometimes, we also describe a relation by describing
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the common property between the elements of ordered pairs in it. For example, a relation R on
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the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4,5} defined by R = {{a,b) :b = a + 2} can also be expressed as: aRb if and
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only if & = <7 + 2. In this chapter, we will study different types of relations.
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1.2 RECAPITULATION
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In this section, we will recall some definitions learnt in the earlier class.
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CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF SETS Let A and B be two non-empty sets. The set of all ordered pairs (a, b)
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such that aeA and b e Bis called the cartesian product of set A with set B and is denoted by Ax B.
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Thus, A X B = {{a, b):a sA and b € B}. Note that B x A = {(&, a) :b eB and aeA}
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Also, AxB=4>, if A=4» orB = (})

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If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {j:, y), then

A X B = {(1, x), {1, y), (2, X), (2, y), (3, x), (3, y)}, Bx A = {{x,l], (x,2l {x, 3), (y,l), (y, 2), (y, 3)}
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A X A = {(1,1), (1,2), (1, 3), (2,1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3,1), (3, 2), (3, 3)}
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and, B X B = {{x, x), (x, y), (y, x), (y, y)}

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RELATION Let A and B be two sets. Then a relation R from set A to set B is a subset ofAxB.
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Thus, R is a relation from A to B<=>RcAxB.

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If R is a relation from a non-void set A to a non-void set B and if (a, b) e R, then we write aRb
which is read as "a is related to b by the relation R". If (a, b) g R, then we write aRb and we say
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that a is not related to b by the relation R.

If A and B are finite sets consisting of in and n elements respectively, then Ax B has mn ordered
pairs. Therefore, total number of relations from A to B is 2'"".
DOMAIN Let Rbea relation from a set A to a set B. Then the set of allfirst components or coordinates of
the ordered pairs belonging to R is called the domain ofR.
Thus, domain of R - {a: {a, b) eR}. Clearly, domain of R c A.
If A = {1, 3,5, 7}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8,10} and R = {(1, 8), (3, 6), (5, 2), (1, 4)} is a relation from A to B,
then Domain (R) = {1,3,5}.
RANGE Let Rbea relation from a set A to a set B. Then the set of all second components or coordinates of
the ordered pairs belonging to R is called the range of R.
Thus, Range of R = {b :{a,b) & R}. Clearly, range of R c B.
If A = {1,3,5, 7), B = {2, 4, 6, 8,10} and R = {(1, 8), (3, 6), (5, 2), (1, 4)} is a relation from A to B,
then Range (R) = {8, 6, 2,4}.
1.2 MATHEMATiCS-XII
RELATION ON A SET Let A be a non-void set. Then a relation from A to itself i.e. a subset of Ax A is
called a relation on set A.
INVERSE OF A RELATION Let A, B be two sets and let Rbea relation from a set A to a set B. Then, the
inverse of R, denoted bi/R~^, is a relation from B to A and isd^ned byR''^ = {{b, a):{a, b)€R).
Clearly, e R o (b,a) Also, Domain(R) = Range (R” and. Range(R) = Domain (R“^)
Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b, c, fr}be two sets and R = {(1, a), (1, c), (2, d), (2, c)}be a relation from A
to B. Then, R ^ = {{a, 1), (c, 1), {d, 2), (c, 2)} is
a relation from B to A.
1.3 TYPES OF RELATIONS
In this section, we intend to discuss various types of relations on a set A.
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1.3.1 VOID, UNIVERSAL AND IDENTITY RELATIONS
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VOID RELATION Let A be a set. Then, (|) c A x A and so it is a relation on A. This relation is called the
void or empty relation on set A.
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In other words, a relation R on a set A is called void or empty relation, if no element of A is
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related to any element of A.
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Consider the relation R on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4,5} defined by R = {{a, b):a-b =12}.
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We observe that a-b=^12for any two elements of A. for
{a, &) g R for any n, b e A.
R does not contain any element of A x A => R is empty set => R is the void relation on A.
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UNIVERSAL RELATION Let A be a set. Then, Ax Ac Ax A and so it is a relation on A. This relation is

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called the universal relation on A.

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In other words, a relation R on a set is called imiversal relation, if each element of A is related to
every element of A.
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Consider the relation R on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6} defined by R = {(«, b) e R : | | > 0}.
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We observe that
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I fl - b I >0 for all<?,b € A

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=> {a, b) e R for all (a, b) e A x A

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^ Each element of set A is related to every element of set A

=> R =A X A
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=> R is universal relation on set A

NOTE It is to note here that the void relation and
the universal relation on a set A are respectively the
smallest and the largest relations on set A. Both the empty (or void) relation and the universal relation are
sometimes called trivial relations.
ILLUSTRATION Let A be the set of all students of a boys school. Show that the relation R on A given by
R = {{a, b): a is sister ofb} is empty relation and R' = {(a, b): the difference between the heights of a and b
is less than 5 meters} is the universal relation.
SOLUTION Since the school is boys school. Therefore, no student of the school can be sister of
any student of the school. Thus, (a, b) ^R for any a,b eA.
Hence, R = 4>i.e. R is the empty or void relation on A.
It is obvious that the difference between the heights of any two students of the school has to be
less than 5 meters,
(fl, b) e R for all fl, b e A R = A x A =5> R is the universal relation on set A.
RELATIONS 1.3
IDENTITY RELATION Let A be a set. Then, the relation = {{a, a): a e A} on A is called the identity
relation on A.
In other words, a relation on ^ is called the identity relation if every element of A is related to
itself only.
If A = {1, 2, 3}, then the relation = {(1,1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} is the identity relation on set A. But,
relations = {{1,1), (2, 2)} and R2 = {(1,1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)} are not identity relations on A,
because (3, 3) g Ri and in R2 element 1 is related to two elements 1 and 3.
1.3.2 REFLEXIVE RELATION
DEFINITION A relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive, if every element of A is related to itself.

Thus, R is reflexive {a, a) sR for aU a € A.
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A relation K on a set A is not reflexive if there exists an element <? e A such that (a, a) g R.
ILLUSTRATION 1 let A = (1,2,3} be a set. Then R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,3), (2,1)} is a reflexive
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relation on A. But, R^ = {(1,1), (3,3), (2,1), (3, 2)) is not a reflexive relation on A, because 2 s Abut
(2, 2)gJ?i.
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ILLUSTRATION 2 The identity relation on a non-void set A is always reflexive relation on A. However,
a reflexive relation on A is not necessarily the identity relation on A. For example, the relation R = {(a, a),
(b, b), (c, c), (a, b)} is a reflexive relation on set A= [a, b, c] but it is not the identity relation on A.
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ILLUSTRATION 3 The universal relation on a non-void set A is reflexive.
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ILLUSTRATION4 A relation R on N defined by {x, y) sR x>y is a reflexive relation on N,
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because every natural number is greater tlwn or equal to itself
ILLUSTRATION 5 LetXbea non-void set and P(X) be the power set ofX. A relation R on P(X) defined
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by {A, B) sR Aq B is a reflexive relation since every set is subset of itself.

ILLUSTR.\TION 6 Let L be the set of all lines in a plane. Then relation R on L defined by
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{ll, I2) ^R li is parallel to I2 is reflexive, since every line is parallel to itself.

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1.3.3 SYMMETRIC RELATION

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DEFINITION A relation Ron a set A is said to be a symmetric relation iff

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(fl, cf)eR =>{b,a)eR forall a,b Â i.e. aRb =>bRa for all a, b e A.
ILLUSTRATION 1 The identity and the universal relations on a non-void set are symmetric relations.
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ILLUSTRATION 2 Let L be the set of all lines in a plane and let Rbea relation defined on L by the rule
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{x, y) eR o X is perpendicular to y. Then, R is a symmetric relation on L, because -L L2 => f-2 -L

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i.e. {Ll, L2) eR=> {L2, Ll) eR-

ILLUSTRATION 3 Let S be a non-void set and Rbea relation defined on power set P(S) by
{A,B)sR^ Ac Bfor all A, Be P(S). Then, R is not a symmetric relation.
NOTE A relation Ron a set A is not a symmetric relation if there are at least two elements a,b e A such
that {a, b) eR but (b, a) g R.
ILLUSTRATION 4 LetA = (1,2,3,4) and let Rj and R2 be relations on A given by Ri = |(1,3), (1,4),
(3, 1), (2, 2) (4,1)} and R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)}. Clearly, Ri is a symmetric relation on A.
However, R2 is not so, because (1,3) e R2 but (3,1) g R2-
note -d reflexive relation on a set A is not necessarily symmetric. For example, the relation R = {(1,1),
(2,2), (3,3), (1,3)) is a reflexive relation on set A = {1,2,3| but it is not symmetric.
ILLUSTRATIONS Prove that a relation Ron a set A is symmetric iffR = R
SOLUTION First, let R be a symmetric relation on set A. Then, we have to prove that R = R " .In
order to prove this we have to prove that R c R”^ and R~^ c R.
1.4 MATHEMATICS-Xn
Now, (a, b) eR
^ (b, a) eR [●.● R is symmetric]
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^ {a, b) eR [By definition of inverse relation]
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Thus, {a, b) eR => {a,b) eR for all a,b eA.
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So, R c K ...(i)
Now, let {x, y) be an arbitrary element of Then,

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{x, y)eR
=> iy, x)eR [By definition of inverse relation]
=> (x, y)eR
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[●.' R is symmetric]
Thus, (x, y) € R~^ => {x, y) eR for dW.x,y e A.
So, R“^c R ...(ii)
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From (i) and (ii), we obtain: R =R~^.
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Conversely, let K be a relation on set A such that R =R~^. Then we have to prove that K is a
symmetric relation on set A. Let {a, b) e R. Then,
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{a, b) eR
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^ (b, a) eR
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[by definition of inverse relation]
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=> {b, a) eR [vR=J?-']
Thus, (a, b) eR=> {b, a) eR for all a,b eA.
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So, R is a symmetric relation on A. Hence, R is symmetric iff R = R~^.

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1.3.4 TRANSITIVE RELATION
DEFINITION Let A be any set. A relation R on A is said to be a transitive relation iff

{a, b) eR and{b, c) e R => {a, c) eR for all a,b,c e A. i.e., aRb andbRc =i* aRcforalla,bc e A.
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ILLUSTRATION 1 The identity and the universal relations on a non-void set are transitive.
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ILLUSTRATION 2 The relation R on the set N of all natural numbers deifned by

(x,y) eR ^ X divides y, for all x,y eN is transitive.
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SOLUTION Let x,y,zeNhe such that (x, y) e R and (y, z) e R. Then,

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(x, y) eR and (y, 2) e R

X divides y and, y divides z
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=> There exist p,qeN such that y =xp and z=yq

=> z = {xp)q
=> z = x{pq)
=> X divides 2 [v pqeN]
=> (a:,2)eR
Thus, (x, y) e R, (y, 2) e R => (x, z) eR for all z, y, 2 € N. Hence, R is a transitive relation on N.
ILLUSTRATION 3 On the set N of natural numbers, the relation R defined by xRy => x is less than y is
transitive, because for any x,y,ze N, we find that
X <y and y <z => x<z i.e., xRyandyRz => xRz
ILLUSTRATION 4 Let S beanon-void set and R be a relation defined on power set P{S) by (A, B) eR
<=> ^ c Bfor all A, B e P{S). Then, R is a transitive relation on P{S),becausefor any A, B,C eP{S)
{/I, B) e R and (B, C) € R => >1 c B and Be C =>/I c C => (/I, C) e R
ILLUSTRATION 5 Let L be the set of all straight lines in a plane. Then the relation "is parallel to" on Lis
a transitive relation, because for any l^, I2, l^ eL, we find that: I1WI2 and /2IM3 => /ill^3-
RELATIONS 1.5
ILLUSTRATION 6 The relation "is congruent to" on the set T of all triangles in a plane is a transitive
relation.
1.3.5 ANTISYMMETRIC RELATION
DEFINITION A relation R on set A is said to be an antisymmetric relation iff

{a, b) gR and (b,a) eR=> a = b for all a,b &A
note It follows from this definition that if {a, b) eR but {b, a) e R, then also R is an antisymmetric
relation.
ILLUSTRATION 1 The identity relation on a set A is an antisymmetric relation.

ILLUSTRATION 2 The universal relation on a set A containing at least two elements is not
antisymmetric, because if a ^ b are in A, then a is related to b and b is related to a under the universal
relation will imply that a = b but a^r^^b.
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ILLUSTRATION 3 Let R be a relation on the set N of natural numbers defined by
xRy 'x divides y' for all x,y sN
This relation is an antisymmetric relation on N. Since for any two numbers a,b eN, we find that
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a I b and b\a => a = b i.e. aRb and bRa => a = b
It should be noted that this relation is not antisymmetric on the set Z of integers, because we find that for
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any non-zero integer a, aR {-a) and {-a) R a but a^-a.
ILLUSTRATION 4 Let S be a non-void set and Rbea relation on the power set P(S) defined by
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{A, B) e R A Q B for all A, B e R(S)
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Then, R is an antisymmetric relation on P{S), because
(A, B) eR and (B, A) e R ^ A^ B and Be A:=> A = B
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ILLUSTRATION 5 The relation <("less than or equal to") on the set Rof real numbers is antisymmetric,
because a a=bforalla,b eR.
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ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
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BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

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EXAMPLE 1 Three relations R^, R2 and R3 are defined on set A = {a,b, c] as follows:
(i) Rj ={{a, a), {a, b), {a, c), (b, b), {b, c), {c, a), {c, b), {c, c)),
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(ii) R2 = {(fl, b), (b, a), {a, c), {c, a))

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(iii) R2 = {{a,b),{b,c),{c,a)\.
Find whether each of R-[, R2 and R3 is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
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SOLUTION (i) Reflexive: Clearly {a, a), {b, b), {c, c) € Rj. So, Rj is reflexive on A.
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Symmetric: We observe that {a, b) e Rj but {b, a) « Rj. So, R;^ is not a symmetric relation on A.
Trarisitive: We find that {b,c)eRi and (c, fl)eRi but {b,a)sRi. So, Rj is not a transitive
relation on A.
(ii) Reflexive: Since {a, a), {b, b) and (c, c) are not in R2. So, it is not a reflexive relation on A.
Symmetric: We find that the ordered pairs obtained by interchanging the components of
ordered pairs in R2 are also in R2. So, R2 is a symmetric relation on A.
Transitive: Clearly {a, b) e R2 and {b, a) e R2 but {a, a) € R2- So, it is not a transitive relation oni4.
(iii) Reflexive: Since none of (fl, a),{b, b)and(c, c)is anelementof R3. So,R3 is not reflexive on >1.
Symmetric: Clearly, (!j, c) eR^ but(c,b) g R3. So, R3 is not a symmetric relation on .A.
Transitive: Clearly, {a, b) e R3 and (&, c) e R3 but {a, c) g R3. So, R3 is not a transitive relation
on A.
EXAMPLE 2 Show that the relation R on the set A = {1,2, 3} given byR = {(1,1), (2, 2), (3, 3),
(1, 2), (2, 3)} is reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive. [NCERTl
1.6 MATHEMATICS-XIl
SOLUTION Since 1, 2, 3 € and (1,1), (2, 2), (3, 3) e K i.e. for each aeA, {a, a) e R. So, R is
reflexive.
We observe that (1, 2) eR but (2,1) e R. So, R is not symmetric.

Also,(l, 2) eR and (2, 3) e R but(l, 3) ^R. So, R is not transitive.
EXAMPLES Show that the relation R on the set A = {1, 2, 3} given by R= {(1, 2), (2, l)}is symmetric
but neither reflexive nor transitive. INCERT]
SOLUTION We observe that (1,1), (2,2) and (3,3) do not belong to R. So, R is not reflexive.
Clearly, (1, 2) e R and (2,1) e R. So, R is symmetric.
As (1, 2) e R and (2,1) e R but (1,1) g R. So, R is not transitive.
EXAMPLE 4 Check the following relations R and Sfor reflexivity, symmetry and transitivity:
ww
(i) aRb iff b is divisible by a, where a, b eN
(ii) /j Sljiffli -L l2,'ivherel-ândl2arestraightlinesinaplane. INCERT]
SOLUTION (i) We have, aRb a\b for alia,b eN.
Reflexivity: For any aeN,\ve find that
Flo
| a => aRa. Thus, aRa for all a eN.
e
eree
So, R is reflexive on N.
Symmetry: R is not symmetric because ifa\b, then b may not divide a. For example, 2 ] 6 but 6 j' 2.
FFr
Transitivity: Let a,b,ceN such that aRb and bRc. Then,
oorr
uur r
aRb and bRc => a\b and b\c => a\c ^ aRc.
sf
So, R is a transitive relation on N.
sk
(ii) Let L be the set of all lines in a plane. We are given that /j S /2 <=> /j 1 I2 for all li,l2 ^ T.
Yoo
oook
Reflexivity: S is not reflexive because a line cannot be perpendicular to itself i.e. / ± Z is not true.
eBB
Symmetry: Let Z^, /2 e L such that Zj S Z2. Then, Z| S Z2 => Z-^ 1Z2 => Z2 1 Z| => Z2 S Zj.
So, S is symmetric on L.
uurr
Transitive: S is not transitive, because Zj ± I2 and I2 1 Z3 does not imply that Zj ± Z3.
ad
EXAMPLE 5 Let a relation Rj on the set R of real numbers be defined as {a, &) s Rj o 1 + aZ; > Ofor all
Yo
a,b eR. Show that Rj is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
dY
SOLUTION We observe the following properties of relation R^:

Re
Reflexivity: Let a be an arbitrary element of R. Then,

innd
aeR
FFi
=> 1+A.A=1 + A^>0 [■.■ A^ > 0 for all A g R]

^ (a, a) e Rj [By definition of R^]
Thus, (a, a) e Rj for all aeR. So, Rj is reflexive on R.
Symmetry: Let (a, b) e R^. Then,
(a, b) e Ri
=> 1 + A& > 0
=> 1 + ZlA > 0 [●.● A& =Z?A for all A, Zj e R]
=> (b, a) e Ri [By definition of Rj]
Thus, (a, b) eRi=> {b, a) e Rj for aUa,b e R. So, Rj is symmetric on R.
Tra?isitivity: We observe that (l,l/2)eRi and (1/2,-l)eRi but (1, -1) gR^ because
1 +1 X (-1) = 0. So, Rj is not transitive on R.
EXAMPLE 6 Determine whether each ofthefollowing relations are rfflexive, symmetric and transitive:
(i) Relation R on the set A = {1,2, 3,... ,13,14} defined as R = {{x,y):3x-y = 0}
RELATIONS 1.7
(ii) Relation R on the set N of all natural numbers deifned as R = {(a:, y):y = x + 5 and x < 4}
(iii) Relation R on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4:, 5, 6} defined as R = {(x, y) :y is divisible by x}
(iv) Relation R on the set Z of all integer defined asR = {(a:, y):x-yis an integer} [NCERT]
SOLUTION (i) We have, R = {(a:, y):3x-y = 0}, where x,y 3,..., 13,14}
i.e.. R={(1,3),(2, 6), (3, 9), (4,12)}
Reflexivity: Clearly, (1,1) g R. So, R is not a reflexive relation on A.
Symmetr.y We observe that (1, 3) e R but (3,1) g R. So, R is not a symmetric relation A.
Transitivit.y We observe that (1, 3) e R and (3, 9) e R but (1, 9) g R. So, R is not a transitive
relation A.
(ii) Wehave, R = {(a:, y): y = x + 5 and .y < 4, wherex,yeN} i.e. R = {{1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8)}
Reflexivity: Clearly, (1,1), (2, 2) etc. are not in R. So, R is not reflexive.
w
Symmetry: We find that (1, 6) e R but (6,1) g R. So, R is not symmetric.
Transitivity: Since(l, 6) e R and there is no order pair in R which has 6 as the first element. Same
Flo
is the case for (2, 7) and (3,8). So, R is transitive,
(iii) R = {(.Y, y): y is divisible by .y} , where y, y e .A = {1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6}.
reeee
Reflexivity: We know that
FFr
Y is divisible by x for all y e A => (y, y) e R for all y e A => R is reflexive on set A.
Symmetry: We observe that 6 is divisible by 2 but 2 is not divisible by 6. This means that
(2, 6) e R but (6, 2) g R. So, R is not symmetric on set A.
for
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Transitivity: Let (y, y) e R and (y, z) e R. Then,
kkss
(y, y) e R and (y, z) e R.
y is divisible by y and, z is divisible by y => z is divisible by y => (y, z) e R
Yo
oo
So, R is transitive relation on A.

(iv) We have, R = {(y, y): y - y is an integer, where y, y e Z}
eB
Reflexivity: We find that

Y - Y = 0, which is an integer for all y e Z => (y, y) e R for all y e Z => R is reflexive on Z.
r
ou
ad
Symmetry: Let (y, y) e R. Then,

(y, y) e R
YY
Y - y is an integer, say, k
y-Y = -A.
ndd
Re
y - Y is an integer [●-● A, e Z => - X e Z]

ly, y) e R
Fi
Thus, (y, y) e R => (y, y) e R for all y, y e Z. So, R is symmetric on Z.

Transivity: Let (y, y) e R and (y, z) € R. Then,
(y, y) e R and (y, z) s R
^ ^ “y y ~ 2 are integers
(Y - y) + (y - z) is an integer [●.● Sum of two integers is an integer]
^ Y -2 is an integer => (y, z) e R
So, R is transitive on Z.
BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)
EXAMPLE 7 Show that the relation RonR defined as R = {{a, b):a<b], is reflexive and transitive but
not symmetric. [NCERT, CBSE 20191
SOLUTION We have, R = {{a, b):a< b], where a, b e R.
Reflexivity: For any e R, we find that
a < a => (fl, (7) e R for all 6 R => R is reflexive.
1.8 MATHEMATICS-XII
Symmetry: We observe that (2, 3) 6i?but(3,2) g K. So, R is not symmetric.

Transitivity: Let (a, b) eR and {b, c) e R. Then,
(a, b) eR and {b, c) s R ^ a < b and b < c a < c {a, c) e R
So, R is transitive.
EXAMPLE 8 Let S be the set of all points in a plane and Rbea relation on S defined as
R = {(p, Q): Distance between P and Q is less than 2 units].
Show that R is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
SOLUTION We observe the following properties of relation R:
oww
Rejlexivity: For any point P in set S, we find that
Distance between P and itself is 0 which is less than 2 units => (P, P) e R
Thus, (P, P) e R for all P e S. So, R is reflexive on S.
Symmetry: Let P and Q be two points in S such that (P, Q) e R. Then,
e
FFrlo
(P,Q)eR
re
=> Distance between P and Q is less than 2 units.
ree
Distance between Q and P is less than 2 units => (Q, P) eR
F
So, R is symmetric on S.
rF
Transitivity: Consider points P, Q and R having coordinates (0, 0), (1.5, 0) and (3.2, 0). We
observe that the distance between P and Q is 1.5 units which is less than 2 units and the distance
oor
ouur
kffs
between Q and R is 1.7 units which is also less than 2 units. But, the distance between P and R is
3.2 which is not less than 2 units. This means that(P, Q) e R and (Q, R) g R but(P, R) g R. So,R
kos
is not transitive on S.
Yo
BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

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Y
BB
EXAMPLE9 LetX = {1,2,3,^,5,6,7,8,9}.LetRibearelationonXgivenbyRi = [{x,y):x-y

is divisible by 31 and R2 be another relation on X given by R2 = {(x, y): (x, y} c {1, 4,7} or
re
{x, y} .c {2,5, 8}or {x, y} <z [3, 6, 9}}. Show that R^ = R2.
uur
[NCERTl
oY
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SOLUTION Clearly, Rj andR2 are subsets of XxX. In order to prove that Rj =R2/ it is
dY
sufficient to show that Rj c R2 and R2 c Rj.

We observe that the difference between any two elements ofeachof thesets {1, 4,7}, {2,5, 8} and
innd
{3, 6, 9} is a multiple of 3.
Re
Let (x, y) be an arbitrary element of Rj. Then,

Fi
F
(x, y)gRi
X - y is divisible by 3.
X - y is a multiple of 3.
{x, y}c {1, 4,7} or {x, y)ci {2,5, 8} or {x, y}c {3, 6, 9} => (x, y) eR2
Thus, (x, y)GRi => (x, y)eR2- So, Rj c Rj ...(i)
Now, let (a, b) be an arbitrary element of R2- Then,
{a, b) e R2
{a, b) d {1, 4, 7} or {a, b} c {2,5, 8} or {a, b} c {3, 6, 9}
a - bis divisible by 3 => {a, b) e R^
Thus, (fl, &) e R2 => (fl, b) e R]. So, R2 c; R| ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get; R^ = R2
EXAMPLE 10 Shoxv that the relation R on the set R of all real numbers, defmed as R = {(a, b): a <b} is
neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive. [NCERT]
RELATIONS 1.9
SOLUTION Wehave, R - {{a,b): a <b^}, where a,b eR.

1 fl'\^ n u
Reflexiviti/: We observe that — < — is not true. Therefore, —2'2 g R. So, R is not reflexive.
2 \2J V1
Symmetry: We observe that-1 < 3^ but 3 ^ (-1)^ i.e.(-l, 3) sK but(3,-1) So,Risnot

symmetric.
Tratisivity: We observe that
2<i~sf and - 3 <1^ but 2^1^ i.e. (2, - 3) e R and (-3,-1) e R but(2,1) « R.
So, R is not transitive.
ww
EXAMPLE 11 Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Then, show that the number of relations containing (1, 2) and (2,3)
which are reflexive and transitive but not symmetric is three. [NCERTl
SOLUTION The smallest reflexive relation on set A containing (1, 2) and (2,3) is
R={(1,1),(2,2), (3, 3), (1,2), (2, 3)}
Flo
Since (1, 2) € R and (2, 3) e Rbut(l, 3) g R. So, R is not transitive. To make it transitive we have
e
ree
to include (1,3) in R. Including (1,3) in R, we get: Rj = {(1,1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)}.
Fr
This is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric as (1, 3) g Rj but (3,1) g Rj.
rF
Now, if we add the pair (2,1) to R^ to get: R2 = 1(1/ D/ (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3), (2,1)|.
uurr
The relation R2 is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric. Similarly, by adding (3,2) and (3,1)
for
respectively to Ry we get
R3 = {(1,1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3),(3, 2)},
s
kks
R3 = {(1,1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3), (3,1), (3, 2)}
Yo
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These relations are reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.

We observe that out of ordered pairs (2,1), (3,2) and (3,1) at a time if we add any two ordered
eB
pairs at a time to Ry then to maintain the transitivity we will be forced to add the remaining
third pair and in this process the relation will become symmetric also which is not required.
ur
Hence, the total number of reflexive, transitive but not symmetric relations containing (1,2) and
ad
(2,3) is three.
YYo
EXERCISE 1.1
dd
BASIC
Re
in
1. Let A be the set of all human beings in a town at a particular time. Determine whether each
of the following relations are reflexive, symmetric and transitive:
F
(i) R = {(x, y): x and y work at the same place}

(ii) R = {(x, y): x and y live in the same locality)
(iii) R = {(:c, y): A:is wife ofy} (iv) R = {{x, y) :x is father of y} [NCERTl
2. Relations R^, R2 , R3 and R4 are defined on a set A = {a, 1’, c}as follows:
Rl = {{a,a),{a,b),{a,c),{h,b),{b,c),{c,a),{c,h),{c,c)\, R2 = {{a, a)}, R3 = {(b,c)),
R4 = {(a,b),{b,c),{c,a)}.
Find whether or not each of the relations Ry R2, R^, R4 on A is (i) reflexive (ii)
symmetric (iii) transitive.
3. Test whether the following relations Rj, R2, and R3 are (i) reflexive (ii) symmetric and
(iii) transitive:
(i) Rj on Qo defined by (fl,i>) e R4 o =l/&
(ii) R2 on Z defined by (a, b) e R2 «● | | ^5
(iii) R3 on R defined by {a, b) e R3 c^> - 4 flb + 3b^ = 0.
1.10 MATHEMATICS-XI!
4. LetA = |l,2,3landletRi = {(l,l),(l,3),(34),(2,2),(2,l),(3,3)l ,K2 = {(2,2), (3,1), (1,3)},

R3 = 1(1, 3), (3, 3)}. Find whether or not each of the relations Rp R2, R^ on/1 is
(i) reflexive (ii) symmetric (iii) transitive.
BASED ON LOTS
5. Each of the following defines a relation on N:

(i) x>y, X,}/ eN (ii) AT + y =10, -r, y eN
(iii) xy is square of an integer X, y e N (iv) a:+4y =10, .r, y e N
Determine which of the above relations are reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
oww
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
6. The following relations are defined on the set of real numbers:
(i) aRb iff fl - fo >0 (ii) aRb iff 1 + rtb > 0 (iii) aRb iff | fl| <6.
Find whether these relations are reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
ee
7. Check whether the relation R defined on the set /I = {1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6} as K = {(«, b) :b =a + 1}
is reflexive, symmetric or transitive. INCERT]
FFrlo
r
■3
8. (i) Check whether the relation K on R defined by R = {(<7, b): a <b‘^)is reflexive, symmetric
rF
or transitive,
ee
[NCERT, CBSE2010]
(ii) Check if the relation R in the set of all real numbers defined as K = {(<7,1?): <7 <t} is
ouru
(i) symmetric (ii) transitive
rF
[CBSE 2020]
9. Prove that every identity relation on a set is reflexive, but the converse is not necessarily
true.
ffosor
10. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, define relations on A which have properties of being
os k
(i) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric,
(ii) symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive,
ook
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(iii) reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

Y
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
11. Let R be a relation defined on the set of natural numbers N as
Bo
reeB
R = {(x, y):x, y eN,2x + y = 41}

Find the domain and range of R. Also, verify whether R is (i) reflexive, (ii) symmetric
oouY
(iii) transitive. [CBSE 2014]

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12. An integer m is said to be related to another integer n if m is a multiple of n. Check if the

ad
relation is S5nnmetric, reflexive and transitive.

13. Show that the relation" >" on the set R of all real numbers is reflexive and transitive but not
dY
symmetric.
nidn
14. Give an example of a relation which is

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(i) reflexive and symmetric but not transitive,

F
(ii) reflexive and transitive but not symmetric,

Fi
(iii) symmetric and transitive but not reflexive,

(iv) symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive,
(v) transitive but neither reflexive nor symmetric. INCERT]
15. Let W denote the set of words in the English dictionary. Define the relation R by
R = {(x, y) e W X W such that x and y have at least one letter in common}. Show that this
relation R is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive. [CBSE 2020]
BASED ON HOTS
16. Is it true that every relation which is symmetric and transitive is also reflexive? Give
reasons.
17. Given the relation R = {(1, 2), (2, 3)} on the set A = {1, 2, 3], add a minimum number of
ordered pairs so that the enlarged relation is symmetric, transitive and reflexive.
18. Let A = (1,2,3} and R = {(1,2), (1,1), (2,3)} be a relation on A. What minimumnumberof
ordered pairs may be added to R so that it may become a transitive relation on A.
19. Let A = {a, b, c} and the relation R be defined on A as follows: R = {{a, a), (b, c), {a, b)}. Then,
write minimum number of ordered pairs to be added in R to make it reflexive and
transitive. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
RELATIONS 1.11
ANSWERS
1. (i) Reflexive, symmetric and transitive
(ii) Reflexive, symmetric and transitive
(iii) Neither reflexive, nor symmetric but transitive
(iv) neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive
2. Kj is reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive.
R2 is symmetric and transitive but not reflexive.
R3 is transitive but neither reflexive nor symmetric.
R4 is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
3. (i) Ri is symmetric but it is neither reflexive nor transitive
(ii) R2 is reflexive and symmetric but it is not transitive
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(iii) R3 is reflexive but it is neither symmetric nor transitive.
4. Rj is reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive
R2 is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
Flo
R3 is transitive but neither reflexive nor symmetric.
5. (i) transitive (ii) symmetric (iii) reflexive, symmetric and transitive (iv) transitive.
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6. (i) Transitive (ii) Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive (iii) Transitive neither
rere
reflexive nor symmetric.
r FF
7 Neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive
8. (i) Neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive, (ii) Transitive but not symmetric.
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10. (i) R = {(1,1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (1,2))
foor
(ii) R = {(1,2), (2,1)}
(iii) R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (1,2), (2,1)}
ks s
11. Domain R = |1,2,3,..., 19,20), Range R = {39,37,35,..., 7,5,3,11.
Yoo
R is neither reflexive nor symmetric and is not transitive.

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12. Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.

eBB
14. (i) R = !(1,1), (2, 2), (3,3), (1, 3), (3,1) (2, 3), (3,2)| on A = (1,2, 3)
(ii) R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,3)} on A = (1,2,3}
(iii) R = {(1, 3), (3,1), (1,1), (3, 3)1 on A = |1, 2,3)
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(iv) R = 1(1,1), (1, 3), (3,1), (2, 3), (3, 2)) on A = (1, 2, 3}
ad
(v) R = {(1,1)} on A = {1, 2, 3)

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16. No. Relation R =|(1,1), (1, 2), (2,1), (2, 2)) on A ={1, 2, 3} is symmetric and transitive but
not reflexive.
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17. (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,3), (2,1), (3,2), (3,1) 18. (1,3), One 19. (b, b), (c, c), {a, c)
Re
innd
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

FFi
1. (iv) The relation R on the set A of all human beings in a town is given by
{x, y) eR iff x is father of y.
Reflexivity: Since a person a: cannot be father of himself. So, (x, x) i A. Consequently, R is
not reflexive.
Symmetry: Let x, 1/ e A be such that (x, y) e R. Then,

(x, y) e R => X is father of y => y cannot be father of x => (y, x) sE R
So, R is not symmetric.
Transitivity: Let x, y, 2 e A be such that (x, y) eR and (y, 2) e R. Then,
(x, y) eR and(y,2) eR
^ X is father of y and y is father of 2 ^ x is grandfather of 2 ^ (x, z) g R
7. The relation R on set A = (1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6} is defined as {a, &) e R iff b = a + 1. Therefore,
R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4,5), (5, 6)}. Clearly, {a, a) ^R for any a eA. So, R is not reflective
on A. We observethat (1, 2) e R but(2,1) s R. So, R is not symmetric.
We also observe that (1, 2) s R and (2, 3) s R but (1, 3) € R. So, R is not transitive.
1.12 MATHEMATICS-XII
3 The relation R on R is defined by R = {(fl, b): fl We observe that (-2) e R is such that
(-2) < (-2) ^ is not true. So, R is not reflexive.
Since 1 <{3^'^^)^but 3^'^^ £1 i.e.(l, 6 Rbut (3^^^, 1) e R. So, R is not symmetric.
1/3 1/3
R is not transitivebecause(5, 2) e R and (2, 2 )ERbut(5,2 )€R.
9. Let I be the identity relation on a set A. Then, {a, a) e I for all a e A=> I is reflexive.
Converse: The relation {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1,3)} is areflexive relation onsetA = {1,2,3}
but it is not the identity relation on A.
16. A relation R on the set Z of integers defined by ((?,&) s R <=> a and b are both odd, is
symmetric and transitive but it is not reflexive. Because no even integer is related to itself.
17. For reflexivity, we must add (1,1), (2,2) and (3,3). For symmetry and transitivity we must
ww
add (2,1), (3,2), (1, 3), (3,1) in R.
1.3.5 EQUIVALENCE RELATION AND EQUIVALENCE CLASSES
DEFINITION A relation Ron a set A is said to be an equivalence relation on A iff it is

(i) reflexive i.e. {a, a) eR for all aeA.
Flo
ee
(ii) symmetric i.e. {a, b) sR^ {b, a) eRfor all a,b eA.
rere
and, (Hi) transitive i.e. (a, b) eR and (b, c) e R => (a, c) e R for all a,b, c e A.
rFF
Consider the relation R defined on the set Z of integers by the rule
(a:, y) s R <=> :r -y is divisible by 2.
uurr
This relation R has the following properties:
foor
Reflexivity: For any a: e Z, we find that
ks s
AT-x = 0=>A:-A: = 0x2=>.v-A:is divisible by 2 => (.t, x) eR
Yoo
Thus, (x, a:) e R for all x e Z. So, R is a reflexive relation on Z.

oook
Symmetry: For any x, y eZ, we find that

eBB
{x, y) eR => a: -y is divisible by 2

=> AT-y = 2Xfor some A. e Z => y-x = 2(-X) => y ~A:is divisible by 2 => (y, a:) s R
Thus, (a:, y) e R => (y, a:) e R for all Ar,y e Z. So, R is a symmetric relation on Z.
uurr
ad
Transitivity: For any x,y,ZE Z, we find that

Yo
{x, y) eR and (y, z) e R

A" - y is divisible by 2 and y -z is divisible by 2
dY
=>
x-y = 2p and y -z = 2q for somep, q eZ

Re
innd
{x-y)+iy-z) =2p + 2q=^ x-z = 2(p + q)=> A-zis divisible by 2 => (a,z) e R
FFi
Thus, (a y) e R and (y, z) e R =i> (a, z) e R for all a, y, z e Z.

So, R is a transitive relation on Z. Hence, R is an equivalence relation on Z.
Let us now find the sets of integers realted to various integers in Z. For any integer a, let [«]
denote the set of integers related to a under relation R i.e. [rt] = (a e Z : (a, a) e Rj. Then, we find
that
[0] = {a E Z :(a, 0) E Rj = {a E Z : A-Ois divisible 2} = {a e Z: Ais divisible by 2}

= |0, ± 2, ± 4, ± 6,...}
[1] = {a E Z : (a, 1) € R} = (a e Z : a -1 is divisible by 2} = {a e Z : a -1 = 2X, X s Z)
= |aeZ:a = 2X+1,XeZ} =|± 1, ± 3, ±5, ±5, ±7,.. j
[2] = jx E Z : (a, 2) E Rj = {a e Z : A - 2 is divisible by 2}
= {aeZ:a-2 = 2X, X e 2) = (a e Z : a = 2 + 2X, X e Z}
= {0,± 2, ± 4, ± 6,..j, which is same as the set [0]
[3] = {a E Z : (a, 3) E R} = {a e Z : A - 3 is divisible by 2}
= {ae2 :a-3 = 2X, XeZ)={aeZ:a=3 + 2X, X e Z}
RELATIONS 1.13
= {± 1, ± 3, ±5 ±7 which is sam as the set [1]

Continuing in this manner, we find that
[0]=[2] = [4] = [6]=...; [1]=[3]=[5]=[7]=... and, [0]n[1] = ([i Also, Z = [0]u[l].
Thus, R partitions the set Z into two pairwise disjoint sets known as equivalence classes.
Similarly, the relation K on Z given by
{x, y) € R <=> a: -y is divisible by 3
partitions Z into 3 pairwise disjoints sets i.e. equivalence classes given by
[0] =1-6,-3,0, 3,6,9,...}, [1] ={...,-8,-5,-2,1,4,7,10,.,.},[2] = {...,7,-4,-1,2,5,8,11,...}
such that Z = [0] u [1] u [2].
w
It is evident from the above discussion that an equivalence relation R defined on a set A
partitions the set A into pairwise disjoint subsets. These subsets are called equivalence classes
determined by relation R. The set of all elements of A related to an element <7 e A is denoted by [«]
Flo
i.e. [fl] = (x e A : {x, a) e R]. This is an equivalence class. Corresponding to every element in A
there is an equivalence class. Any two equivalence classes are either identical or disjoint. The
ee
collection of all equivalence classes forms a partition of set A.
Fr
ILLUSTRATION Let R be the equivalence relation in the set A ={0,1,2, 3, 4,5} given by
R =((«/ h): 2 divides (fl-&)}. Write the equivalence class [0]. [CBSE2014]
for
ur
SOLUTION Clearly, the equivalence class [0] is the set of those elements in A which are related
to 0 under the relation R. i.e. [0] = {{a, 0) s R : a e A).
Now, (a, 0) E R
ks
Yo
fl - 0 is divisible by 2 and aeA => a e A such that 2 divides a => a = 0, 2, 4

oo
Thus, [0] = {0,2,4}.

eB
r

ou
ad
EXAMPLE 1 Let R be a relation on the set of all lines in a plane defined by {Ij, I2) eR line /j is
Y
parallel to line l2- Show that R is an equivalence relation.

SOLUTION Let L be the given set of all lines in a plane. Then, we observe the following
nd
Re
properties.
Reflexive: For each line / s L, we find that
Fi
/}}/=> {1,1) eR for all / e L ^ R is reflexive

Symmetric: Let li, I2 eL such that (/^, I2) e R. Then,
{/j, 12) s R ^ /j II ^2 => ^2 11 ^ (^2' ^ R- R symmetric on L.
Transitive: Let 1^, I2, l^ eL such that(/;^, I2) eR and(?2,15) 6 R. Then,
(/j, I2) e R and (?2, l^) eR=> I1WI2 and /2 | j 13 ^ 1113 => (/j, l^) e R. So, R is transitive on L.
Hence, R being reflexive, symmetric and transitive is an equivalence relation on L.
EXAMPLE 2 Shozu that the relation ‘is congruent to' on the set of all triangles in a plane is an equivalence
relation.
SOLUTION Let S be the set of all triangles in a plane and let R be the relation on S defined by
(Aj, A2) e R o triangle Aj is congruent to triangle A2.
We observe the following properties of relation R:
Reflexivity: For each triangle A e S, we find that
A = A => (A, A) e R for all A e S ^ R is reflexive on S
Symmetr.y LetAj,A2€S such that (Aj, A2) e K. Then,

(Aj, A2) e K => Aj s A2 => A2 = A^ ^ (A2, A^) e R. So, R is symmetric on S
Transitivity: Let A^, A2, A3 e S such that (Aj, A2) e R and (A2, A3) e R. Then,
(Aj, A2) € R and (A2, A3) e R => Aj = A2 and A2 s A3 => Aj s A3 => (A^, A3) e R
So, R is transitive on S.
Hence, R being reflexive, symmetric and transitive, is an equivalence relation on S.

EXAMPLES Show that the relation R defined on the set A of all triangles in a plane asR = {{Tj, T2): Tj is
similar to T2} is an equivalence relation.
Consider three right angled trianglesTi with sides 3,4,5;T2 withsidesb, 12,13 andT^ with sides 6,8,10.
oww
Which tria7iglesajnong-T[, T2 andTj^ are related? [NCERT]
SOLUTION We observe the following properties of relation R.
Reflexivity: We know that every triangle is similar to itself.
(T, T) e R for all T e A => K is reflexive.
e
ree
Symmetry: Let T2 e A such that (T^, T2) e R. Then,
rFl
Fre
(Ti,T2) eR ^ Tj is similar to T2 => T2 is similar to Tj^
rr F
So, R is symmetric.
Transitivity: Let Ti, T2, T^ Â such that (T^, T2) 6 R and (T2, T3J e R. Then,
ouur
(Tl,T2)eR and {T2.T^)^R
sfoo
=> T| is similar to T2 and T2 is similar to T3 => Tj is similar to T3 => {Ti, T3) e R
kks
So, R is transitive. Hence, R is an equivalence relation on set A.

Yo
oooo
In triangles and T3, we observe that the corresponding angles are equal and the
3 4
eBB
corresponding sides are proportional i.e. —6 = —. Hence, Ti andTâ are related.

8 10 1 J
EXAMPLE 4 Let n be a positive integer. Prove that the relation R on the set Z of all integers defined by
uurr
{x,y) eR <??> x-yis divisible by n, is an equivalence relation on Z. [NCtRT EXEMPLAR!

ad

YYo
Reflexivity: For any a e Z

dd
a-a = 0 = 0xn=> <7-ais divisible by « => {a, a) eR

Re
iinn
Thus, {a, a) gR for all a eZ. So, R is reflexive on Z

Syinmetry: Let(fl, b) e R. Then,
F
{a, b) eR
=> {a-b) is divisible by n
^ (a-b) = tip for some p € Z
=> b ~a = n(-p)
^ b - ais divisible by n ['.● peZ^-peZ]
(b, a) eR
Thus, (a, b) eR=> {b, a) eR for all a,b eZ. So, R is symmetric on Z.
Transitivity: Let a,b,c eZ such that (a, b) e R and (b, c) e R. Then,
(a, b) eR => (a -b) is divisible by n => a - b =np for some p e Z
and. {b, c) eR => {b -c) is divisible by n => b - c =nqioi some q eZ
(a, b) eR and {b, c) e R => a- b = np and b - c = nq => (a - b) + (b - c) = np + nq
a-c = n{p -i- q) ^ a - c is divisible by n [●●● p,qeZ=>p + qeZ]
{a, c)eR
RELATIONS 1.15
Thus, {a, b) eR and {b, c) s R=> (a, c) e R for all a,b, c <= Z. So, R is transitive relation on Z.
Thus, R being reflexive, symmetric and transitive, is an equivalence relation on Z.
EXAMPLE 5 Show that the relation R on the set A of all the books in a library of a college given by
R = {(x, y): X and y have the same number of pages}, is an equivalence relation. [NCERTl
Reflexivity: For any book x in set A, we observe that x and x have the same number of pages.
(a:, ;t) e R
Thus, {x, x) sR for all x eA. So, R is reflexive.
oww
Symmetr.y Let (x, y) e R. Then,
(x, y) e R
=> X and y have the same number of pages ^ y and x have the same number of pages
=> {y, eR
e
FFrlo
Thus, (x, y) e R => (y, .v) € R. So, R is symmetric.
re
Transitivity: Let (x, y) e R and (y, z) e R. Then,
ree
F
(x,y) eR and (y,z) eR
=> (x and y have the same number of pages) and (y and z have the same number of pages)
rF
=> X and 2 have the same number of pages => (x, z) eR
oor
ouur
So, R is transitive.
kffs
Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
REMARK Let m bean arbitrary but fixed integer. Two integers a and b are said to be congruence modulo
kos
m if a -b is divisible by m and we write a =b (modm).

Yo
ooo
Y
Thus, ash (mod m) <;:> a -b is divisible by m.

BB
For example, 18 s 3 (mod 5) because 18 - 3 =15 zvhich is divisible by 5. Similarly, 3 =13 (mod 2)
re
because 3 -13 = -10, zvhich is divisible by 2. But, 25 ^ 2 (mod 4) because 4 is not a divisor of25 - 2 = 23.
uur
EXAMPLE 6 Prove that the relation 'congruence modulo m' on the set Z of all integers is an equivalence
oY
ad
relation.
dY
SOLUTION We observe the following properties of the given relation.

Reflexivity: Let a be an arbitrary integer. Then,
innd
Re
a-a = 0 = Oxm => A-îs divisible by m => asa (mod m)

Fi
F
Thus, asa (mod m) for all o e Z. So, "congruence modulo m" is reflexive.
Symmetry: Let a,b eZ such that asb (mod m). Then,
asb (mod m)
^ a - b is divisible by m
=i> a -b = Xm for X eZ
=> b ~a {-X)m
=> b-fl is divisible by m [●.● X.eZ^-X.€Z]
^ b=<7(modw)
So, "congruence modulo m" is symmetric on Z.
Transitivity: Let a,b,c .eZ such that ash (mod m) and b sc (mod m). Then,
a sb (mod m) ti -b is divisible by m => a-b=X-^m for some X| e Z
b sc (mod m) => b - c is divisible by m => b - c = ^2 m for some A-2 e Z
(a -b) + {b ~ c) = X.J m + ^2 w = (X.^ + ^2) zn
1.16 MATHEMATICS-XIl
=> (2 - c = X3 m, where X3 = + A.2 e Z => a = c (mod m)

Thus, (?=& (mod m) and b=c (mod m) => asc (mod m). So, "congruence modulo w" is
transitive on Z.
Hence, "congruence modulo m" is an equivalence relation on Z.

EXAMPLE 7 Given a non-empty set X, consider P (X) which is the set of all subsets of X. Define a
relation in P (X) as follows:
For subsets A, B in P (X), A R BifA c B.Is Ran equivalence relation on P (X)? Justify your answer.
[NCERTl
SOLUTION It is given that for any A, B in P (X): ARB <=> A c B
w
We observe the following properties of R.
Reflexivity: For any A in P (X), we find that: A c A ^ ARA. So, R is reflexive on P (X).
Flo
Symmetry: Let A, B in P (X) be such that ARB. Then, ARB => A c B.
reeee
This need not imply that B c A. In fact it is possible only when A - B.
Also, we know that {1, 2} c {1, 2, 3}, but {1, 2, 3} cz {1, 2}. So, R is not a symmetric relation on
FFr
P(X).
Transitiihty: Let A, B, C be in P (X) such that for
ur
ARB and B RC => A .c B and BcC ^ AcC ^ ARC
So, R is a transitive relation on P (X).
kkss
Thus, R is reflexive and transitive relation on P (X) but it is not symmetric.

Yo
oo
Hence, R is not an equivalence relation on P (X).

eB
.AMPLE 8 Show that the relation Ron the set A = {1,2,3, A,5}, given byR = {(fl,b):|fl-b| is even },is
an equivalence relation.
Show that all the elements 0/ {1,3,5} are related to each other and all the elements of (2,4) are related to
r
each other. But, no element o/(l, 3,5| is related to any element of [2,4).
ou
ad
SOLUTION We have, [NCERT, CBSE 20091

YY
R = {{rt, b): I - 61 is even}, where fl, i; e A = {1,2, 3,4,5}.

We observe the following properties of relation R.
ndd
Re
Reflexivity: For any e A, we find that: \a-a\ = 0, which is even

Fi
(a, a) eR for all aeA. So, R is reflexive.

Symmetry: Let {a, b) e R. Then,
(a,b) eR => \a-b\ is even => | b - fl| is even ^ (b, a) eR
Thus, {a,b)eR => (b, a) e R. So, R is symmetric.
Transitivity: Let {a, b) eR and (b, c) e R. Then,
(a, b) eR and (b, c) e R
=> I fl - b 1 is even and j b - c | is even
=> {a and b both are even or both are odd) and (b and c both are even or both are odd)
Now two cases arise:
Case I When b is even: In this case,

(a, b) eR and (b, c) e R
=> I fl - b I is even and [ b - c | is even
^ fl is even and c is even [●.● b is even]
I - c I is even => (a, c) eR
RELATIONS 1.17
Case II When b is odd: In this case,

{a, b) and {b, c) eR
=> I - b I is even and 11 - c | is even
=> is odd and c is odd [●.● b is odd]
=> I fl - c I is even => {a, c) e R
Thus, {a, b) eR and {b, c) e R => (a, c) e R. So, R is transitive.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
We know that the difference of any two odd (even) natural numbers is always an even natural
number. Therefore, all the elements of set {1, 3,5} are related to each other and all the elements
of {2,4} are related to each other.
oww
We know that the difference of an even natural number and an odd natural number is an odd
natural number. Therefore, no element of {1,3,5) is related to any element of {2,4}.
EXAMPLE9 Show that the relation R 071 the set A = {x eZ :0 < x <12},givenby R = [{a,b):\a-b\
is a multiple of i} is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to I i.e. equivalence
e
class [1]. [NCERT, CBSE 2010,2018,2019]
FFrlo
re
SOLUTION We have,
ree
R = {{a, i)) ;| /I I is a multiple of 4}, where fl, & e A = {x e Z : 0 < j: <12} = {0,1, 2,..., 12}.
F
rF
Reflexivity: For any a e v4, we find that
I <7 - [ = 0, which is a multiple of 4 => (a, a) eR
oor
ouur
kffs
Thus, (a, a) eR for all a eA. So, R is reflexive.
Syiiimetry: Let(fl, eR.Then,
kos
{a,b) eR => | a - & | is a multiple of 4 => | a | = 4X. for some XeN

Yo
^ \b - a\ = AX for some XeN

ooo
[V \a-b\ ^\b-a\]
Y
BB
^ {b, a) eR
So, R is symmetric.
re
Transitivity: Let {a, b) eR and {b, c) e R. Then,

uur
oY
{a, b) eR and {&, c) e R

ad
I A - ii I is a multiple of 4 and 11? - c | is a multiple of 4

dY
I A - b I = 4^ and 1 & - c | = 4p for some X,\xeN

a-b = ±AX and b-c = ± 4p
innd
Re
A-c = ±4X±4p => A-c is a multiple of 4 => | a - c | is a multiple of 4 =5> (a, c) e R

Thus, {a,b)eR and {b,c)eR => {a,c)eR
Fi
F
So, R is transitive. Hence, R is an equivalence relation.

Let X be an element of A such that (a:, 1) e R . Then,
I X -11 is a multiple of 4 ^ | a: -11 = 0, 4, 8,12 => x-1 = 0, 4, 8,12 => x =1,5, 9 [v 13 eA]
Hence, the set of all elements of A which are related to 1 is {1,5, 9} i.e. [1] = |1,5, 9).
EXAMPLE 10 Show that the relation R on the set A of points in a plane, given by
Distance of the point P from the origin is same as the distance of the point Qfrom
the origin},
is an equivalence relation. Further shozu that the set of all points related to a point P ^ (0, 0) is the circle
passing through P zuith origin as centre. [NCERTJ
SOLUTION Let O denote the origin in the given plane. Then, R = {(R, Q): OP =OQ}.
Reflexivity: For any point P in set A, we find that
OP =0P =i> (P, P)eR

Thus, {P, P) e K for all P e A. So, R is reflexive.
Symmetry: Let P and Q be two points in set A such that
(P,Q) eP => OP =OQ =>OQ =OP => (Q, P) eP
Thus, (P, Q) e P => (Q, P) 6 P for all P, Q e A. So, P is symmetric.
Transitivity: Let P, Q and S be three points in set A such that
(P,Q)€P and (Q, S)eP =>OP=OQ and OQ=OS => OP =OS ^{P, S) ^R
Thus, (P,Q) eP and(Q, S) e P => (P, S) eP for all P,Q, Se A. So, P is transitive.
Hence, P is an equivalence relation.
Let P be a fixed point in set A and Q be any point in set A such that (P, Q) e P. Then,
ww
^ OP =OQ
=> Q moves in the plane in such a way that its distance from the origin O (0, 0) is always
same and is equal to OP.
=> Locus of Q is a circle with centre at the origin and radius OP.
Flo
Hence, the set of all points related to P is the circle passing through P with origin O as centre.
ee
eer
EXAMPLE 11 Prove that the relation R on the set N x N defined by
FFr
{a,b) R {c, d) a + d = b + c for all (^?, b), {c,d)eNxN is an equivalence relation.
oorr
uur r
Also, find the equivalence classes {{1, 3)]and[{l, 3)].
[CBSE2010]
s ff
SOLUTION We observe the following properties of relation P.
Reflexivity: Let {a, b) be an arbitrary element of N x N. Then,
sk
YYoo
(i7, ft) G N X N
ooko
=> a,b
eBB
a + b = b + a [By commutativity of addition on N]

(a, b) R (a, b)
uurr
Thus, {a, b) R {a, b) for all {a, b) e N x M. So, P is reflexive on N x N.

ad
Symmetry: Let {a, b), (c, ^^) e N x N be such that {a, b) R (c, d). Then,
Yo
{a,b)R{c,d)
dY
a + d =b + c
Re
[By commutativity of addition on N]

innd
c +b =d + a
[By definition of P]
FFi
=> (c,d)R{a,b)
Thus, (fl, b) R{c,d}=> (c, d) R {a, b) for all (a, b), {c,d)eNxN. So, P is symmetric onNxN.
Transitivity: Let {a, b), (c, d), (e,f) eN x N such that {a, b) R {c, d) and (c, d) R (<?,/). Then,
(a,b) R {c, d)=> a + d = b + c
=> (a + d) + {c + f) ~ {b + c) + {d + e)
{c, d) R {e, f) ^ c + f = d + e
a + f= b + e=> {a,b)R{e,f)
Thus, (fl, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R{e, f)=> {a, b) P (e, /) for all {a, b), (c, d),{e,f)eNx N.
So, P is transitive on N x M.
Hence, P being reflexive, symmetric and transitive, is an equivalence relation on N x N.
1(2, 3)]=i{:c, y)eNxN:{x,y)R{2, 3)]={{x, y) ^NxN: x+3 =y + 2]
= {(x, y) eNx N : x-y =11 ={(x, y)eNxN:y=x + l}
= {(x,x + 1):x6N} =i(l,2),(2, 3), (3, 4), (4,5),..]
RELATIONS 1.19
[i7,3)] = {{x,y)eNxN:(x,y)R{7,3)] = {{x,y)eNxN-.x+3=y + 7\

= {(^/ y) sNxN :y =x-4]={{x, x-4) eNxN :x gN}
= {(5,1), (6, 2), (7, 3), (8,4), (9,5),.
EXAMI’LR I?.
Let A=|l,2, 3,..., 9} and R be the relation on Ax A defined by (a,b) R{c, d) if
a + d-b + c for all {a, b), {c, d) s Ax A. Prove that R is an equivalence relation and also obtain the
equivalence class [(2,5)]. [NCFRI .VfPLAR, CBSE 20141

Reflexivity: Let {a, b) be an arbitrary element of A x A. Then,
(a, b) e A X A => a,b e A ^ a+b = b +a [By commutativity of addition on N]
=> (a,b)R{a,b)
Thus, {a, b) R (a, b) for ail (a, b) e Ax A. So, R is reflexive on Ax A.
ww
Symmetry: Let {a, b), {c, d) sAx Abe such that {a, b) R (c, d). Then,
(a,b)R{c,d) => a + d-b + c => c + b = d + a [By commutativity of addition on N]
=> {c,d) R (a, b)
Floo
Thus, (a, b) R (c,d)=> (c, d) R (a, b) for all {a, b), {c, d) eAx A. So, R is symmetric on Ax A.
Transitivity: Let (a, b), (c, d),(e,f)eAxA such that {a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f). Then,
ree
(a, b) R (c, d) => a + d = b + c
=>{a + d) + {c + f)=(b + c) + {d + e)â+f=b + e=>{a,b)R(e,f)
rFee
(c, d) R{e, f)=:> c+f = d + e
F
Thus, (fl, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R{e,f)=> {a, b) R (e, f) for all {a, b), (c, d),{e,f)eAx A.
oor r
rur
So, R is a transitive relation on A x /I. Hence, R is an equivalence relation on Ax A.
s ff
Now,
osk
[(2, 5)] = {(j:, y) &AxA:{x,y) R (2,5)}={(j:, y) e A x A : x + 5 = y + 2} = |(x, y) eAxA:y = :c+31

YYoou
= {{x, x+3):xEAandx+3Â] = |(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4,7), (5, 8), (6, 9)1
oook
EXAMTU: 13 Let N be the set of all natural numbers and let Rbea relation on N x N, defined by
eBB
{a, h) R {c, d) o ad - be for all {a, b), (c, d) eN x N.

Show that R is an equivalence relation onN x N. Also, find the equivalence class [(2, 6)].
uur r

ad
Yo
Reflexivity: Let {a, b) be an arbitrary element oiNx N. Then,

{a,b) eN X N => a,b eN => ab =ba [By commutativity of multiplication on N]
dY
=> (a, b) R {a, b)

Re
idn
Thus, (fl, b) R {a, b) for all (a, b) eN x N. So, R is reflexive onN x N.

FFin
Symmetry: Let (a, b), (c, d) e N x N be such that {a, b) R (c, d). Then,
{a, b) R(c,d) => ad = be => cb = da [By commutativity of multiplication on N]
=> (c,d)R(a,b)
Thus, (a, b) K (c, d) => (c, d) R (a, b) for all (a, b), (c, d) eN x N. So, R is symmetric on N x N.
Transitivity: Let {a, b), (c, d), (a, /) e N x N such that (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f). Then,
(fl, b) R (c, d) ad = be
=> (ad) (cf) - (be) (de) => af = be (a, b) R (e, f)
(c, d) R {e, f)=> cf = de
Thus, (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R{e,f)=> {a, b) R (e, f) for all (a, b), (c, d),{e, f) eN x N.
So, R is transitive onN x N.
Hence, R being reflexive, symmetric and transitive, is an equivalence relation onN x N.

[(2, 6)] ={{x, y)ENxN:{x,y)R (2, 6)} = {(x, y) eN x N: 3x =y\ = {(x, 3x):xeN]
= {(1,3),(2, 6),(3, 9),(4,12),..l
EXAMPLE 14 Let N denote the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation onN^N defined by
(a, b) R(c,cf) <=> ad (b + c) = be {a + d). Check whether R is an equivalence relation onN xN.
[CBSE 2015]
Reflexivity: Let (a, b) be an arbitrary element of N x N. Then,
(fl, b) e N X N
=> a,b eN
ab (b + a) = ba {a + b) [By commutativity of addition and multiplication on N\
=> (a,b) R{a,b)
Thus, {a, b) R (a, b) for all (a, b)eNx N. So, R is reflexive on N x N.
Symmetry: Let (a, b), (c, d) eN x N be such that (a, b) R (c, d). Then,
ww
(a,b) R (c, d)
ad (b + c) = bc(a + d)
cb (d + a) = da(c + b) [By commutativity of addition and multiplication on N]
Flo
(c, d) R (a, b)
e
Thus, {a, b) R{c,d)^ (c, d) R {a, b) for all {a, b), (c, d)eNxN.
eree
So, R is symmetric on N x N.
FFr
Transitivity: Let {a, b), (c, <f), {e, /) e N x N such that {a, b) R {c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f). Then,
b + c
oorr
a + d 1 1 1 1
uur r
{a, b) R{c,d)=> ad{b + c) = bc{a + d) => — => - + - - + — ...(i)
be ad b e a d
sf
d + e c + f => -
= —^ 1 + -1 1 ^
and. {c,d)R{e,f)=>cf{d + e) = de{c+f)=> ...(ii)
Yoo
ks
de c/ d e c f
oook
Adding (i) and (ii), we get

eBB
fl-+-1^ + (1-+-1 1 1
_ + _ +
1 1
- + -
b c) \d ej Ka d /
uurr
11 11 bê a +f
af {b + e) =be(a + f)=^ (a,b) R (e,f)
ad
- + -
b e f be «/
Yo
Thus, (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R{e,f)=> (a, b) R (e, f) for all {a, b), (c, d),{e,f) e N x N.
dY
So, R is transitive on N x N.
Re
innd
Hence, R being reflexive, symmetric and transitive, is an equivalence relation onN x N.

FFi
EXAMPLE 15 Shozo that the number of equivalence relations on the set {L, 2, 3} containing {1,2) azid
(2,1) is two. [NCERT]
SOLUTION The smallest equivalence relation R^ containing (1,2) and (2,1) is
Rl={(l,l),{2, 2), (3, 3), (1,2), (2,1)}
Now, we are left with four ordered pairs namely (2,3), (3,2), (1,3) and (3,1). If we add any one,
say (2,3) to Ry then for symmetry we must add (3,2) and then for transitivity we are forced to
add (1,3) and (3,1). Thus, the only equivalence relation other than Rj is the universal relation.
Hence, the total number of equivalence relations containing (1,2) and (2,1) is two.
EXAMPLE 16 On the set N of all natural numbers, a relation R is defined as follows:
nRm o Each of the natural numbers n and m leaves the same remainder less than 5 when divided by 5.
Show that R is an equivalence relation. Also, obtain the pairwise disjoint subsets determined by R.
Reflexivity: Let a be an arbitrary element of N. Then, either a is less than 5 and if fl > 5, then on
dividing a by 5 we obtain a remainder as one of the numbers 0,1,2,3,4.
RELATIONS 1.21
Thus, aRa for all a eN. So, R is reflexive on N.

Si/mmetry: Let a,b sN such that aRb. Then,
aRb => Each of a and b leaves the same remainder less than 5 when divided by 5
=> Each of b and a leave the same remainder less than 5 when divided by 5 => bRa
Thus, aRb ^ bRa for all a,b eN. So, R is symmetric.
Transitivity: Let a,b, c eNhe such that aRb and bRc. Then,
aRb => Each of a and b leaves the same remainder less than 5 when divided by 5
bRc => Each of b and c leaves the same remainder less than 5 when divided by 5
Each of a and c leaves the same remainder less than 5 when divided by 5
=5> aRc
Thus, aRb and bRc => aRc for all a,b, c e N. So, Risa transitive relation on N.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation on N. Let us now find the equivalence classes.
w
[l] = {xeN-.xRl]
= {x eN :x and 1 leave the remainder less than 5 when divided by 5}
Flo
= l.r eN:x leaves the remainder 1 when divided by 5) ={1, 6,11,16, 21,..]
[2] = {xeN:xR7^
reeee
= {x eN: Each of and 2 leave the remainder less than 5 when divided by 5}
FFr
= {x eN :x leaves the remainder 2 when divided by 5) ={2,7,12,17, 22,..]
[3] = {xeN:xR3]
for
-\x eN: Each of x and 3 leave the remainder less than 5 when divided by 5)
ur
= {x eN :x leaves the remainder 3 when divided by 5} = {3, 8,13,18, 23,.. J
[4] = [xeN:xR4]
kkss
-{x eN: Each of x and 4 leave the remainder less than 5 when divided by 51
Yo
oo
= {x eN\x leaves the remainder 4 when divided by 5} = {4, 9,14,19,.. ]

[5] = {xeN:xR5l
eB
-{x eN \ Each of x and 5 leave the remainder less than 5 when divided by 5}
= {x eN :x leaves the remainder 0 when divided by 5} = {5,10,15,.. ]
r
Proceeding in this manner we find that

ou
ad
[1]=[6]=[11]...; [2]=[7]=[12]...; [3] =[8] = [13]...; [4] = [9] = [14]...and, [5] = [10] = [15] =...
YY
Thus, we obtain the disjoint equivalence classes: [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] such that
N = [l]u[2]u[3]u[4]u[5]
ndd
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EXERCISE 1.2
Fi
BASIC
1.
Show that the relation R defined by K ={(«,&): a-& is divisible by 3; a, 1? eZ} is an
equivalence relation. [CBSE 2008]
2.
Show that the relation R on the set Z of integers, given by R = {{a, b): 2 divides a - b}, is an
equivalence relation. [NCERT]
3.
Prove that the relation R on Z defined hy {a, b) e R o a-b is divisible by 5 is an
equivalence relation on Z. [CBSE 2010]
4.
Let« be a fixed positive integer. Define a relation R on Z as follows:
{a,b)eR <=> is divisible by «.
Show that R is an equivalence relation on Z.
5.
Let Z be the set of integers. Show that the relation R = {(«, b):a,b eZ and a+ b is even} is an
equivalence relation on Z.
6.
m is said to be related to n if m and n are integers and m - n is divisible by 13. Does this define
an equivalence relation?
BASED ON LOTS
7. Let i? be a relation on the set A of ordered pairs of non-zero integers defined by

(.Y, y) R (», v) iff XV = yu. Show that R is an equivalence relation. [NCERTJ
8. Show that the relation R on the set A = {y 6 Z ; 0 < x <12}, given by R = {(fl, b):a=b},isan
equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1.
9. Let L be the set of all lines in XY-plane and R be the relation in L defined asR = {{L^, Lj): L|
is parallel to L2}. Show that R is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all lines related to
the line y = 2a: + 4.
10. Show that the relation R, defined on the set A of all polygons as
R = {(Pj, P2); Pj and P2 have same number of sides),
is an equivalence relation. What is the set of all elements in A related to the right angle
triangleP with sides3,4 and 5? [NCERTj
n. Let R be the relation defined on the set A = {1,2, 3, 4,5, 6,7}by R = {{a, b): bothfl and b are
either odd or even}. Show that R is an equivalence relation. Further, show that all the
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elements of the subset {1, 3,5,7} are related to each other and all tlie elements of the subset
{2, 4, 6} are related to each other, but no element of the subset {1, 3,5,7} is related to any
element of the subset {2, 4, 6}. [NCERTl
FF loo
12. Check whether the relation R on the set N of natural numbers given by R = \{a, b):a\s
divisor of b\ is reflexive, symmetric or transitive. Also, determine whether R is an
ree
equivalence relation. [CBSE 20201
BASED ON HOTS
rFee
2 2
13. defined by S = {(fl, b)eRxR;fl +b =1}.
L«t Sbe a relation on the set R of all real numbers
F
Prove that S is not an equivalence relation on R. oor r
rur
14. Let Z be the set of all integers and Zg be the set of all non-zero integers. Let a relation R on
s ff
Z X Zq be defined as : {a, b) R(c,d) ad - be for all {a, b), {c, d) eZ x Zq
Prove that R is an equivalence relation on Z x Zg-
k
15. Let C be the set of all complex numbers and Cg be the set of all non-zero complex numbers.
YYoou
ookos
2l -^2
Let a relation R onCg be defined as Zj R Z2 <=> isrealforallz2,22 eCg. ShowthatRis
21+Z2
BBo
an equivalence relation.
re
ANSWERS
ouur
12. Equivalence
ad
8. {1} 9. {y = 2x + c:ceR} 10. Set of all triangles

Yo
2. The relation R on Z is given by R ^ {{a,b):2 divides a-b). We observe the foUovdng

dY
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properties of relation R.
idn
Reflexivity: For any aeZ, we find that

FFin
fl-rt=0=0x2=>2 divides a-a => (fl, ii) s R

So, R is a reflexive relation on Z.
Symmetry: Let a,b eZhe such that
{a, 6) e R
^ 2 divides a-b ^ a - b = 2^ for some X e Z ^ b - a = 2 (-7), where -XeZ
=> 2 divides b - a => (&, a) e R
Thus, (a,b) sR => (b, fl) e R. So, R is a symmetric relation on Z.
Transitivity: Let a,b, c eZbe such that {a, b) sR and (b, c) e R. Then,
(fl, b) e R => 2 dividesb - a => b - a = 2X.for someX^Z
and, (b,c)eR => 2 divides c-b => c-b = 2)i for some p e Z
b - a + c - b = 2{X + \x)=> c-a = 2(X + p), where X + p gZ
=> 2 divides c - a =>(<?, c) € R
Thus, (a, b)eR and (b, c) e R => {a, c) e R. So, R is a transitive relation on Z.
RELATIONS 1.23
Hence,is an equivalence relation on Z.

7. The relation R on Z x Z is defined by {x, y) R {u, v) xv= yu for all (x, y), {u,v)eZxZ
We observe the following properties of R on Z x Z.
Reflexivity: For any (x, y) e Z x Z
xy = yx^ {x, y) R (x, y) [●.' Multiplication is commutative on Z]
Thus, {x, y) R (x, y) for all (x, y) e Z x Z. So, R is a reflexive relation on Z x Z.
Symmetr.y Let (x, y), (m, z>) e Z x Z such that (x, y) R ((«, v). Then,
(x, y) R (w, v) => XV = yu => uy = vx => (w, u) R (x, y)
Thus, (x, y) R (m, i;) => (m, i;) R (x, y) for all (x, y), (w, u) e Z x Z.
So, R is a symmetric relation on Z.
Transitivity: Let (x, y), (m, u), {a,b)eZx Z be such that (x, y) R (m, u) and (m, i;) R (a, &). Then,
(x,y)R(M,i>) => xv=yu
w
and,{u,v) R{a,b) => ub==va => (xu) (ub) = {yv) (va) =>xb=ya=> (x,y) R (a,b)
So, R is a transitive relation on Z x Z.
Flo
Hence, R is an equivalence relation on Z x Z.
10. The relation R on the set of A of all polygons is defined as R = {{Pi, P2): Pj and ?2 have
ee
same niunber of sides}. We observe the following properties of R on A.
Fr
Reflexivity: Let P be any polygon in A. Then,
P and P have same number of sides => (P, P) e R
for
Thus, (P, P) e R for all P e A. So, R is a reflexive relation on A.
ur
Symmetry: Let Pj, P2 be two polygons in A such that (Pj, P2) e R. Then,
(Pi, P2) € R Pi and P2 have same number of sides
ks
Yo
=> P2 and Pi have same number of sides => (P2, Pi) e R

oo
So, R is symmetric on A.
eB
Transitivity: Let Pj, P2, P3 be three polygons in A such that (Pj, P2) e R and (P2, P3) e R.
Then,
(Pi, P2) e R => Pi and P2 have same number of sides
ur
ad
and, (P2, P3) e R => P2 and P3 have same number of sides

Yo
Pi and P3 have same number of sides => (Pi, P3) e R

Thus, (Pi, P2) s P and (P2, P3) e R (Pi, P3) € R. So, R is a transitive relation on A.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation on A.
nd
Re
Let P be a polygon in A such that (P, T) e R, where T is a right angled triangle with sides 3,
Fi
4 and 5. Then,
(P, T) e R => Polygon P and triangle T have same number of sides => P is any triangle in A
Hence, the set of all elements in A related to T is the set of all triangles in A.
11. The relation R on set A = {1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6,7} is defined by R = {{a, b): both a and b are either
odd or even}. We observe the following properties of R on A:
Reflexivity: Clearly, (1,1), (2,2), (3, 3), (4,4), (5,5), (6, 6), (7,7) e R. So, R is a reflexive
relation on A.
Symmetry: Let a, h e A be such that {a, b) e R. Then,
{a, b) eR => Both a and b are either odd or even
=> Both b and a are either odd or even => {b, a) eR
Thus, {a, &) e R => (b, a) e R for all a, b e A. So, R is a symmetric relation on A.
Transitivity: Let a, b, c e Z be such that (a, b) e R, (b, c) e R. Then,
(a, b) e R => Both a and b are either odd or even
1.24
MATHEMATICS-Xn
(ij,c)eK => Both and c are either odd or even

If both a and b are even, then {b, c) eR => Both b and c are even
Both a and c are even
If both a and b are odd, then (b, c) eR => Both b and c are odd
Both a and c are odd
Thus, both a and c are even or odd. Therefore, (a, c) € R.

So, (a, b) e R and (b, c) eR => (a, c) g R.
Consequently, R isa transitive relation on A. Hence, R is an equivalence relation on A.
We observe that two numbers in A are related if both are odd or both are even. Since
{L, 3,5,7} has all odd numbers of A. So, all the numbers of {1, 3,5,7} are related to each
ww
other. Similarly, all the numbers of {2, 4, 6} are related to each other as it contains all even
numbers of set A. An even odd number in A is related to an even (odd) number in A. So, no
number of the subset {1, 3,5,7} is related to any number of the subset {2,4,6}.
Flo
1.4 SOME USEFUL RESULTS ON RELATIONS
e
In this section, we shall discuss some useful results on relations as theorems.
rere
// R and S are two equivalence relations on a set A, then R r\S is also an equivalence
r FF
THEOREM 1
relation on A.
uurr
OR foor
[NCERTl
The intersection of two equivalence relations on a set is an equivalence relation on the set.
kss
PROOF It is given that R and S are relations on set A.
Yoo
Rc A X A and Sc AxA=> R nSc Ax A => RnSis also a relation on A.

ooook
Now, we shall show that it is an equivalence relation on A. We observe the following properties
eBB
of relation R nS.
Reflexivity: Let a be an arbitrary element of A. Then,

uurr
aeA => {a,a) eR and {a, a) eS R and S are reflexive]

ad
Yo
(fl, fl) € R n S
{a,a)eR nS for all a g A. So, R n S is a reflexive relation on A.
dY
Thus,
Symmetry: Let a,b e A such that {a, b) sR nS. Then,

Re
innd
(fl, b) GR nS
Fi
=> {a, b) eR and {a, b) sS

=> (6, fl) GR and (b, a) e S [●.● R and S are symmetric]
(b, a) eR nS
Tlius, (a, b)sRnS=>{b,a)eRnS for all (a, b)eRr\S. So, R n S is symmetric on A.
Transitivity: Let a, /?, c e A such that {a,b) s R n S and (b, c) e R n S. Then,
(a, cf) e R o S and (b, c) g R n S
{(a, b) e R and (a, b) g S)} and {{b, c) eR and (b, c) e S)}
{(a, b) eR, (b, c) e R}and {(a, b) e S, {b, c) e S}
■: R and S are transitive
(a, c) G R and (a, c) e S .-. (a, b) G R and {b, c) e R => {a, c) e R

(a, b) G S and (b, c) g S => (a, c) g S
(a, c) G R n S
RELATIONS 1.25
Thus, (fl, b) eR n Sand{b, c) eR n S=> {a, c) eR n S.

So, R n S is transitive on A.
Hence, R n S is an equivalence relation on A.

THEOREM 2 The unio7i of two equivalence relations on a set is not necessarily an equivalence relation
on the set.
PROOF Let A = {a, b, c} and let R and S be two relations on A, given by

R = {{a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (a, b), (b,«)} and, S = {(a, a), {b, b), (c, c), {&, c), (c, i?)}
It can be easily seen that each one of R and S is an equivalence relation on A. But, R u S is not
transitive, because (a, b) e R u S and (b, c) e R u S but (a, c) « R u S.
ww
Hence, R u S is not an equivalence relation on A.
THEOREM 3 IfR is an equivaleîce relation on a set A, then R~îs also an equivalence relation on A.
OR
Flo
The inverse of an equivalence relation is an equivalence relation.
e
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PROOF Since R is a relation on A.
RcAxi4=>R“^cAx/l =>R“îs also a relation on A.
Fr
rF
Now, we shall show that R"^ is an equivalence relation on A.
uurr
We observe the following properties of relation R”^.
for
Reflexivity: Let a be an arbitrary element of A. Then,
s
kks
a eA
Yo
oooo
{a, fl) € R [●.● R is reflexive]

-1
[By definition of R~^]
eB
=> {a, fl) e R
Thus, {a, a) e R “^ for all a e A. So, R~^ is reflexive on A.

ur
Symmetry: Let {a, b) e R ” ^ Then,

ad
YYo
(fl,b) eR"^
=> (b,fl)eR [By definition of R
dd
Re
in
=> (a, b) e R [●.● R is symmetric]

=> (b, fl)sR"^ [By definition of R”^]
F
Thus, (fl, b) eR“^=> (b, a) eR"^ for alio, b e A. So, R"^ is symmetric on A.
Transitivity: Let (a, b) e R “ ^ and (b, c) € R Then,
(fl, b) e R“^ and(b, c) eR^^
=> (b, fl) € R and (c, b) e R [By definition of R ^]
=> (c, b) € R and (b, fl) e R
(c, a) eR ['.● R is transitive]
=> {a, c) e R
-1
[By definition of R“^]
-1
Thus, (a, b) e R~^ and {b, c) e R”'*
-1
{a, c) e R
-1
for all fl, b, c e A. So, R is transitive on A.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation on A.

EXERCISE 1.3
BASIC
1. If J? and S are relations on a set A, then prove the following;

(i) R and S are symmetric => R nS and K u S are symmetric
(ii) R is reflexive and S is any relation => K u S is reflexive.
2. If R and S are transitive relations on a set A, then prove that K u S may not be a transitive
relation on A.
FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)

1. HR <A, x,y .€z\is?i relation in Z, then the domain of R is
2. Let R be a relation in N defined by J? ={(A;,y) :x + 2y = 8), thentherangeofRis
ww
3. The number of relations on a finite set having 5 elements is
4. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4) and R be the relation on A defined by {(a, b): a,b e A, axb is an even
number}, then the range of R is
Floo
5. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4,5|. The domain of the relation on A defined by R = [{x, y): y = 2a: -1}, is
ee
6. If R s a relation defined on set A ={1,2, 3} by the rule {a, b) e Ro \a^ - b^\<5, then R ^ =
eer
FFr
7. If R is a relation from A = {11,12,13} to B ={8,10,1^ defined by y = x-3, then R ^ =
oorr
uur r
● ;
s ff
8. The smallest equivalence relation on the set A = [a, b, c, d\ is
9. The largest equivalence relation on the set A = {1, 2, 3} is
sk
YYoo
10. Let R be the equivalence relation on the set Z of integers given by R ={{a,b): 3 divides
ooko
a-b). Then the equivalence class [0] is equal to

eBB
11. Let R be a relation on the set Z of all integers defined as {x, y) e R <=> a: -y is divisible by 2.
Then, the equivalence class [1] is
uurr
12. The relation R = j (1, 2), (1, 3)) on set A = {1, 2, 3) is only,
ad
13. A relation in a set A is called relation, if each element of A is related to itself.

Yo
[CBSE 20201
14. A relation R on a set A is called a relation, if (flj, ^2) ^ ^ implies (^2/ e ^ for all
dY
flj, ^2 e A. [CBSE 20201

Re
nind
FFi
ANSWERS
25
1. 1-2,-1,0,1,2} 2. {1, 2, 3} 3. 2 4. {2,4} 5. {1,2, 3}
6. ((1,1), (2,1), (1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (2, 3), (3, 3)} 7. 1(8,11), (10,13))
8. {(a, a),(b,b), {c, c),(d,d)} 9. Ax A 10. {0, + 3, ±6, ±9, .}
11. {±1,± 3,±5,±7, } 12. transitive 13. reflexive 14. symmetric
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAOs)
Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement of the
question:
1. Write the domain of the relation R defined on the set Z of integers as follows:
{a, &) e R <=> +b^ =25
2. If R = {(a:, y): A' + y < 4; a:, y e Z} is a relation on Z, write the domain of R.
RELATIONS 1.27
3. Write the identity relation on set A = {a, b, c}.

4. Write the smallest reflexive relation on set A = {I, 2, 3, 4}.
[CBSE 20141
5. If R ={(x, y):x + 2y = 8} is a relation on N, then write the range of R.
6. If R is a symmetric relation on a set A, then write a relation between R and R“^.
7. Let R = {{x, y); I I < 1} be a relation on set A = {1, 2, 3, 4,5}. Write R as a set of
ordered pairs.
8. l(A = {2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 3,7} and R = {{x, y): x eA, y eB and x < y} is a relation from A to B,
then write R“\
9. LetA = {3,5,7},B = {2, 6,10}and R be a relation from^4 to B defined by R ={(x, y) :x andy
are relatively prime}. Then, write R and R”^.
ww
10. Define a reflexive relation.
11. Define a symmetric relation.
Floo
12. Define a transitive relation.
13. Define an equivalence relation.
e
14. ltA= (3,5,7} and B = {2, 4, 9} and R is a relation given by "is less than", write R as a set
eere
ordered pairs.
FFr
15. A = {1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6,7, 8} and if R = {(x, y): y is one half of x; x, y Si4} is a relation on A, then
write R as a set of ordered pairs. oorr
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16. Let A = (2, 3, 4,5} and B = {1, 3, 4}. If R is the relation from A to B given hy a Rb iff "a is a
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divisor of h ". Write R as a set of ordered pairs.
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17. State the reason for the relation R on the set {1, 2, 3} given by R = {(1, 2), (2,1)} not to be
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transitive. [CBSE 2011]
18. Let R = {(fl, a^): <7 is a prime number less than 5} be a relation. Find the range of R.
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[CBSE 2014]
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19. Let R be the equivalence relation on the set Z of integers given by R = {{a, b):2 divides a - b).
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Write the equivalence class [0]. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

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20. For the set A = {1, 2, 3}, define a relation R on the set A as follows:
R={(1,1),(2, 2), (3, 3), (1,3)1
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Write the ordered pairs to be added to R to make the smallest equivalence relation.
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21. Let A = [0,1, 2, 3} and R be a relation on A defined as

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R =1(0, 0), (0,1), (0, 3), (1, 0), (1,1), (2, 2), (3, 0), (3, 3)|
Is R reflexive? symmetric" transitive?
22. Let the relation R be defined on the set A ={1, 2, 3, 4,5|by R = [(«, b):\a^ -b‘^\<8\. Write R
as a set of ordered pairs.
23. Let the relation R be defined on N hy aRb iif 2a + 3b = 30.Then write R as a set of ordered
pairs.
24. Write the smallest equivalence relation on the set A = [1, 2, 3|.
ANSWERS
1. {0,±3,±4,±5} 2. {0,±1,±2} 3. {{a. aUb,b), {€,€)}

4. {(1,1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)} 5. {1,2,3} 6. R=R"^
7. {(1,1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5)} 8. R-^ = {(3, 2), (7, 2), (7, 3), (7, 4)}
9- R = {(3, 2), (3,10), (5, 2), (5, 6), (7, 2), (7, 6), (7,10)}
R- ^ = {(2, 3), (10, 3), (2,5), (6,5), (2,7), (6,7), (10,7)}
14. R = {(3,4), (3, 9), (5, 9), (7, 9)} 15.
R=((2,l),(4, 2), (6, 3), (8, 4)}
16. 17.
{(2, 4), (4,4), (3, 3)} (1, 2) 6 R and (2,1) 6 R but (1,1) g R
18. 19. 20.
18, 27} [0]=10,±2,±4,±6,..J (3,1)
21.
Reflexive and symmetric
22.
R = 1(1,1), (1, 2), (2,1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (4, 3), (4,4), (5,5)}
23. R= 1(3, 8), (6, 6), (9, 4), (12, 2)1 24.
1(1,1), (2, 2), (3, 3)1
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17.
We observe that(l, 2) eR and (2,1) e R but(l, 1) gR. Hence, R is not transitive.
18. \Ye have.
R ={(fl, a^) is prime less than 5} = l(ii, a^) :a=2,
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3} = 1(2, 8), (3, 27))
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Range(R)=18,27)
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1^- Wehave, R ={(fl, b); 2 divides a-b)
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For any fl e Z, [a] = {x: (x, a) eR] ={x:2 divides x -a]
[0] = lx € Z : 2 divides x - 0} = {x e Z : 2 divides x) = {0, ± 2, ± 4, ± 6,..}
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CHAPTER 2
FUNCTIONS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The concept of function is of paramount importance in Mathematics and among other

disciplines as well. In earlier class we have introduced the notion of fimction and we have learnt
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about some special functions like identity function, constant function, polynomial function,
rational function, modulus function, greatest integer function, signum function etc. along with
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their graphs. Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of two real functions have also
been studied in the earlier class. In this chapter, we would like to extend our study about
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functions from where we finished in earlier class. We will study about various kinds of
functions, composition of functions and inverse of a function. Let us first recapitulate what we
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have learnt about functions in earlier class.
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2.2 RECAPITULATION
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FUNCTION AS A SET OF ORDERED PAIRS g non-empty sets. A relation/from AtoB
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i.e. a sub set of A x B is called a function (or a mapping or a map) from A to B, if
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(i) for each aeA there exists h eB such that (a, b) e /.

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(ii) (a,b) ef and{a, c) ef ^ b=c.

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Thus, a non-void subset of A x B is a function from A to B if each element of A appears in some

ordered pair in / and no two ordered pairs in / have the same first element.
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If (a, b) e /, then b in called the image of a under /.

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FUNCTION AS A CORRESPONDENCE let A and B be tzvo non-empty sets. Then a function f'fromsetA
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to set B is a rule or method or correspondence which associates elements of set A to elements of set B such
that:
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(i) all elements of set A are associated to elements in set B.

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(ii) an element of set A is associated to a unique element in set B.

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In other words, a function f'from a set A toasetB associates each element of set A to a unique element of
set B.
Terms such as "map" (or "mapping"), "correspondence" are used as synonyms for "function".
/
If/is a function from a set A to a set B, then we write/: A -> B or A B, which is read as fis a
function from A toB oif maps A to B.
If an element a e A is associated to an element^ € B, then b is called "thef-image of a" or "image of a
under f" or" the value of the function fat a ". Also, a is called the pre-image of b under the function/.
We write it as b =f{a).
The set A is known as the domain of / and the set B is known as the co-domain of /. The set of aU
/-images of elements of A is known as the range of / or image set of A under / and is denoted by
/(A).
Thus, /(A) = \f{x): X e A] = Range of /.
A visual representation of a function is shown in Fig. 2.1.
2.2 MATHEMATICS-XII
Input vûe X
Domain
●Range/(x))
X
Output value y = 2x^ + 5

A B
Fig. 2.1 Visual representation of a function. Fig. 2.2 Function as a machine.
FUNCTION AS A MACHINE A function can also be regarded as a machine that gives unique output in set
B corresponding to each input from the set A just as the function 'machine' shown in Fig. 2.2 which
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generate an output y = 2x^ + 5for each input x.
Usually, real functions are described by using a mathematical formula. It is traditional to let :c
denote the input and y the corresponding output and to describe the function we write an
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equation relating x and y. In such an equation x and y are called variables. Because the value of
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the variable y is determined by that of the variable x, so we call y the dependent variable and x the
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independent variable.
If A and B are two sets having m and n elements respectively, then total number of functions
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from A to Bisn^.
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A function/: A ●-> B is called a real valued function if Bis a subset of B (set ofall real numbers).
If A and B both are subsets of R, then / is called a real function.
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In order to represent a real function y = f{x) geometrically as a graph, we use a cartesian
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coordinate system on which units for the independent variable x are marked on the horizontal
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axis i.e. x-axis and imits for the dependent variable y on the vertical axis i.e. y-axis.
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GRAPH OF A FUNCTION The graph of a real function f consists of points whose coordinates (x, y) satisfy
y =f (x)ffor all X e Domain (/).
In this section, we shall discuss graphs of some standard real functions.
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By the definition of a real function /, for a given x in its domain there is only one number y =f (x)
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in its range. Geometrically, this means that any vertical line x = a crosses the graph of / (x) at
most once only. This observation leads to the following useful criterion for checking whether a
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curve in a plane is the graph of a function or not.

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VERTICAL LINE TEST A curve in a plane represents the graph of a real function if and only if no vertical
line intersects it more than once.
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The curves shown in Fig. 2.3 (a) are the graphs of function whereas the curves shown in
Fig. 2.3 (b) are not the graphs of functions as there exist vertical lines which intersect them more
than once.
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■>
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X
V
V
Function Function Not a function Not a function
(a) (b)
Fig. 2.3 Vertical line test
FUNCTIONS 2.3
Following are some standard real functions which will occur very frequently in the study of
calculus.
CONSTANT FUNCTION Ifk is a fixed real number, then a function f (x) given byf{x)=k for all x&R is
called a constant function.
Sometimes we also call it the constant function k.
We observe that the domain of the constant function f(x)=k is the set R of all real numbers and
range of / is the singleton set [k].
The graph of a constant function/ (x) = cf is a straight line parallel to x-a)ds (see Fig. 2.4) which is
above or below :r-axis according as k is positive or negative. If cf = 0, then the straight line is
coincident to x-axis,
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Fig. 2.4 Constant function Fig. 2.5 Identity function Fig. 2.6 Modulus function
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IDENTITY FUNCTION The function that associates each real number to itself is called the identityfunction
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and is usually denoted by I.
Thus, the function I:R -> R defined by /(x) = x for allxeR is called the identity function.
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Clearly, the domain and range of the identity function are both equal to R.
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The graph of the identity function is a straight line passing through the origin and inclined at an
angle of 45° with X-axis as shown in Fig. 2.5.
X , when x > 0
is called the
MODULUS FUNCTION The function /(x) defined by f(x) = | x| =
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- X , when x < 0
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modulus function.
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It is also called the absolute value function.

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We observe that the domain of the modulus function is the set R of all real numbers and the
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range is the set of all non-negative real numbers i.e. R~^ = {x e R : x > 0).
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The graph of the modulus function is as shown in Fig. 2.6 for x > 0, the graph coincides with
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the graph of the identity function i.e. the line y = x and for x < 0, it is coincident to the line y = - x.
The modulus function has the following properties:
(a) For any real number x, we have: V? = X
n
cos X , 0<x<-
For example, -Jcos^ x = | cos x | = -cos X ,

n
2
— <X < 71
2
(b) If a, b are positive real numbers, then

(i) x^ <0^ o |x| < a -a<x<a (ii) x^>a^ o lx| > a x<-aor,x>a
(hi) <a^ o |x|<fl o -a<x <a (iv) x^ >a^ \ x\> a o x<-aor, x>fl
(v) a^ <x^ <b^ a <\x\ xe[-&,-fl] u [a,b]
2.4 MATHEMATICS-XII
(vi) <&^ <=> fl0 and y > 0) or, {a: < 0 and y < 0)
(ii) l^-yl =\x\-\y\M (x>0and|A:|>ly|) or, (a: < 0 , y ^ 0 andj >[y|)
(ui) |A:±y|<|A:|+|y| (iv) |T±y[>||x|-[y|
GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION (FLOOR FUNCTION) For any real number X, we use the symbol [x]
or, [xj to denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x. For example,
[2.75] = 2, [3] =3, [0.74] = 0,[-7.45] =-8etc.
The function f :R R defined by f (x) = [x] for all x eR is called the greatest integer function or the
floor function.
It is also called a step function.
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Clearly, domain of the greatest integer function is the set R of all real numbers and the range is
the set Z of all integers as it attains only integer values.
The graph of the greatest integer function is shown in Fig. 2.7.
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PROPERTIES OF GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION If n is an integer and X is a real number between n
e
and n + 1, then
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(i) [~n] = -N (ii) [x + A:] = [x] + k for any integer k.
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-1 , if a: s Z
(iii) [-X] =-M-l (iv) M + [-x] =
0 , if AT eZ
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(V) [x]~[-x] =
2 [a:] + 1, if a: € Z
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(vi) [x] >k => x>k, where cf e Z
2[x] , if a: e Z
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(vii) [x] < cf => a: < cf + 1, where cf e Z (viii) [.r] > cf => x>k + l, were k eZ
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(ix) [a:] <k => x<k, where A: eZ (x) [a: + y] = [a:] + [y + a: - [a:]] for all a:, y e R
1 2 n-1
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(xi) [.r]+ X + - + X + — +...+ a: + = [«at] ,neN.

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X" -3 -2 -1 O t 2 3 X X- ^ -3 -2 -1 O 1 2
,-l -1
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-2 -2
-3 -3
Fig. 2.7 Greatest integer function Fig. 2.8 Smallest integer function
SMALLEST INTEGER FUNCTION (CEILING FUNCTION) For any real number X, we use the symbol fA.*'|
to denote the smallest integer greater than or equal to a:.
For example, f4.7"| =5, [-7.21 =1 etc.
Thefunction f :R ^ R defined byf{x) = [x~\forall x eRis called the smallest integer function or the
ceiling function.
It is also a step function. We observe that the domain of the smallest integer function is the set R
of all real numbers and its range is the set Z of all integers. The graph of the smallest integer
function is as shown in Fig. 2.8.
FUNCTIONS 2.5
PROPERTIES OF SMALLEST INTEGER FUNCTION Following are some properties of smallest

integer function:
(i) f-n = whereneZ (ii) [-x~| = -fAr"! +1, wherea: eK-Z
(iii) + = [x1+n, wherex gR-Z andrt e Z (iv) r^l + f-'^"|=|
1 , i( X eZ
0 , ifîeZ
ifxgZ
(v) M + T-.t
■|2rxl , ifxeZ
FRACTIONAL PART FUNCTION For any real number x, we use the symbol (x) to denote the
fractional part or decimal part of x. For example, {3.45) = 0.45, {-275) = 0.25, [-055} = 0.45,
{31=0,1-7} =0 etc.
/ (x) = {^ for all x g R is called the fractional part function.
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The function f :R defined
We observe that the domain of the fractional part function is the set R of all real numbers and the
range is the set [0,1). It is evident from the definition that
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f (x) = {4 = X - [x] for all X € R
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The graph of the fractional part function is as shown in Fig. 2.9.
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2
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(0,1)
(0,l)t
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<■
X'-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 X
<■ ■> <^(0,-1)
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-1 O I 2 X
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-1
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Fig. 2.9 Fractionai part function Fig. 2.10 Signum function

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1 , X > 0
, X5t 0
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SIGNUM FUNCTION The function f defined by f{x) = \ x or, /(x) = 0 , x =0 is

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0 ,x = 0 -1 , x<0
called the signum fiinction.

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The domain of the signum function is the set R of all real numbers and the range is the set
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{-1, 0, l}The graph of the signum function is as shown in Fig. 2.10.

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EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION If a is a positive real number other than unity, then a function that associates
each xeRtoa^ is called the exponential function.
In other words, a function /: R R defined by / (x) = where q > 0 and fl 1 is called the
exponential function.
We observe that the domain of an exponential function is R the set of all real numbers and the
range is the set (0, oo) as it attains only positive values. As > 0 and a^l. So, we have the
following cases.
Case I When a>l: We observe that the values of y=f{x)=a^ increase as the values of x
increase.
<1 for X < 0
Also, f {x) = a^ ■ = 1 for X = 0
>1 for X > 0.
2.6 MATHEMATICS-Xil
Thus,the graph of/(A:)=fl*for fl > 1 as shown in Fig. 2.11.
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3
= 3*
^ II > 1 2*
(0,1)
4 y
X'^ -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 X
-1
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-2
-3
y Y' Y'V
Fig. 2.11 Exponential function Fig. 2.12 Exponential functions on same scale
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We also observe that:
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2^<3^<4^<...forall x>0; 2^ = 3^=4^ =... = 1 for X = 0; 2* > 3^ > 4* >.... for x < 0
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So, the graphs of / (x) = 2^, / (x) = 3^, / (x) = 4^ etc. are as shown in Fig. 2.12.
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Case n When 0 < fl < 1: In this case, the values of y =/ (x) = decrease with the increase in
i
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X and y > 0 for all X e R.
>1 for X < 0
Also, y = f{x) = ■ = 1
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for X = 0
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< 1 for X > 0
Thus, the graph of / (x) = a* for 0 < n < 1 is as shown in Fig. 2.13.
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y = a*, 0 < fl < 1
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4
2
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(o,i: ■>
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-1 <■
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Fig. 2.13 Exponential Function Fig. 2.14 Exponential functions on same scale
The graphs of / (x) = «*, 0 <a < 1 for different values of a are shown in Fig. 2.14.
REMARK We have, 2 < e < 3. Therefore, graph off (x) = is identical to that off (x) = a^for a>land
the graph off(x) =e~^ is identical to that of /(x) = a^for 0<a<l.
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION lfa>0anda ^ 1, then the function defined by f (x) = log^ x, x >0is called
the logarithmic function.
In earlier classes we have learnt that the logarithmic function and the exponential function are
inverse functions,
i.e.
logfl X = y x = a^
We observe that the domain of the logarithmic function is the set of all positive real numbers i.e.
i
(0, oo) and the range is the set R of all real numbers.
As fl > 0 and a ^1. So, we have the following cases.
2.7
FUNCTIONS
< 0 for 0 <x <1
Case I When a >1: In this case, we obtain: y = = 0 for a: = 1

> 0 for x>l
Also, the values of y increase with tlie increase in x. So, the graph of y = log^ a: is as shown in
Fig. 2.15.
ya Y/Nk
f(X) = lOSgX 3
3 > 1
2 2 f{x)=log^
0<a<1
1 1
(1.0)
-3 -2 -1 or\ Z 3 4 X--4 -3 -2 -1 O \ 2 3 4 X
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-1 -1
(1.0)
-2 -2
-3 -3
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Fig. 2.15 Logarithmic function f{x) = \o%a^,a>\ Fig. 2.16 Logarithmic function/(x)= logaX, 0<a<l
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>0 for 0 < X < 1
Case II When 0 < < 1: In this case, we obtain: y = log^ x = 0 forx=l
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< 0 forx>l
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Also, the values of y decrease with the increase in x. So, the graph of y = log^ x is as shown in
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Fig. 2.16.
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Following are some useful properties of logarithmic function:

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(i) logfll = 0, where fl > 0, a 9* 1 (ii) logfl fl = 1, where fl > 0, fl 9S: 1

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(iii) logfl (xy) = log^ 1 x| + log^ | y|, wherea>0,a^l andxy >0

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(iv) logaf-
X
= log(, 1 XI - logfl I y 1, where a>Q,a^\ and - > 0
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(V) logfl (x”) = n logfl I XI, where a>0,a^l and x” > 0

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log „ x^ = — logj(j| I x|, wherea>0, fl?tl andx"' >0, a” >0

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(Vi)
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(vii) y = where x>0, y>0, fl>0, A^^l

(viii) If A > 1, then the values of / (x) = log„ x increase with the increase in x.
f< 0 for 0 < X < 1
i.e. X < y o log„ x < log„ y. Also, log„ x .| = 0 for x = 1
[>0 forx>l.
(ix) If 0 < fl < 1, then the values of / (x) = log^ x decrease with the increase in x.
> 0 for 0 <x <1
i.e. x<y <=> logflX>logay. Also, log^ ■ = 0 forx=l

<0 for X > 1
(x) loga X = for A > 0, A 9* 1 and x > 0, x ^ 1.

logxfl
2.8
MATHEMATICS-XII
REMARK Piinctions f (x) = log^ A: and g (x) = are inverse of each other. So, their graphs are mirror
images of each other in the line mirror y = x.
RECIPROCAL FUNCTION Th® function that associates a real number x to its reciprocal - is called
AT
the reciprocal function. Since — is not defined for ar = 0. So, we define the reciprocal function as
follows:
DEFINITION The function f:R-{0]-^R defined by f{x) = - is called the reciprocal function.
Clearly, domain of the reciprocal function is K - {0} and its range is also R - {0}.
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We observe that the sign of 1/a: is same as that of x and 1/x decreases with the increase in x. So,
the graph of / (x) =-X is as shown in Fig. 2.17.
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. » y~jx
3 6
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2 4
1 2
X’-8 -6 -4-2
for
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<^.2
-1
4 6 8 t X'.g ^4-2
-2
2 4 6“~Tx
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-2 -4
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-3 -6
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Fig. 2.17 Reciprocal function Fig. 2.18 Square root function
SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION The function that associates a real number x to + Vx is called the
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square root function. Since Vx is real for x ^ 0. So, we defined the square root function as follows:
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DEFINITION The function /: R'*’ -4 R defined by f (x) = + Vx is called the square root function.
Clearly, domain of the square root function is R^ i.e [0, co) and its range is also [0, »).
d
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We observe that the values of / (x) = + Vx increase with the increase in x. So, the graph of
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/ (x) = + Vx is as shown in Fig. 2.18.

SQUARE FUNCTION The function that associates a real number x to its square i.e. x^ is called the
square function. Since x^ is defined for all x e K. So, we define the square function as follows:
DEFINITION The function f: R-*■ R defined by /(x) = x^ is called the square function.
Clearly, domain of the square function is R and its range is the set of all non-negative real
numbers i.e. [0, co). The graph of / (x) = x^ is parabola as shown in Fig. 2.19.
CUBE FUNCTION The function that associate a real number x to its cube is called the cube
function. We observe that x^ is meaningful for all x e R. So, we define the cube function as
follows:
2.9
FUNCTIONS
Va
8 6
6 4
4 2
ysi3
2
Y--8 4 4 -2/ ■o 2 4 6 8~x
X Li
X--« 4 4 -2 -2 0 2 4 6 n M
-4 -6
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Fig. 2.19 Square function Fig. 2.20 Cube function
DEFINITION Thefunction f:R->R defined byf{x) =x^ is called the cube function.
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We observe that the sign of a: ^ is same as that of x and the values of a: ^ increase with the increase
in a:. So, the graph of / (a:) = x^ is as shown in Fig. 2.20. Clearly, the graph is symmetrical in
opposite quadrants.
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CUBE ROOT FUNCTION The function that associates a real number x to its cube root x ' is called
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the cube root function. Clearly, ^ is defined for all xsR. So, we define the cube root function
eer
as follows:
1/3
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DEFINITION The function f:R->R defined by f{x) = x is called the cube root function.
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Clearly, domain and range of the cube root function are both equal to R.
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1/3;IS same as that of X and x^^ ^ increase with the increase in x.
Also, the sign of x So, the graph of
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/{x) = x is as shown in Fig. 2.21.

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1
3 4‘
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1/3
2 3
1 2
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-1 1 8 X
T, <<■ . . .
_8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 X
-2 -1
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innd
4,r
FFi
Fig. 2.21 Cube root function Fig. 2.22 Reciprocal squared function f{x) =
REMARK 1 A function f :R -^R is said to be a polynomial function if f (x) is a polynomial in x. For

example, f (x) = - x + A, g (x) = x^ + 3x^ + -Jl x ~l etc are polynomial functions.
P(x)
REMARK2 A function of the form f (x) = where p (x) and q (x) are polynomials and q (x) 0, is
q(x)'
pix)
called a rational function. The domain of a rational function f (x) = is the set of all real numbers,
q(x)
except points where q (x) = 0.
RECIPROCAL SQUARED FUNCTION The function that associates every non-zero real number x to
the reciprocal of its square x^ is called the reciprocal squared function. Clearly, is defined for
non-zero x. So, we define the reciprocal squared function as follows:
DEFINITION Thefimctionf: K - (O) -> R defined by f (x) is called the reciprocal squaredfunction.
Clearly, domain of R - {0} and range is (0, oo). The graph of f (x) is shown in Fig. 2.22.
SQUARE ROOT RECIPROCAL FUNCTION The function that associates every positive real number x
to the reciprocal of its square root -fx is called the square root reciprocal function. Clearly, i is
■Jx
real for all x > 0. So, we define the square root reciprocal function as follows:
1
DEFINITION The function /: (0, oo) R defined by f (.t) = is called the square root reciprocal
function.
Clearly, domain and range of/are both(0, co). The graph of/ (x)is shown in Fig. 2.23.
ww
YA
8
Floo
4
ee
2
eer
<
X'-S -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 X
-2
FFr
-4
oorr
uur r
s ff
Fig. 2.23 Square root reciprocal function
sk
2.2.1 OPERATIONS ON REAL FUNCTIONS

YYoo
In this section, we shall recall various operations, namely addition, subtraction, multiplication,
ooko
division etc. on real functions.

eBB
ADDITION Letf:Di Randg:D2 ^ be two real functiorts. Then, their sum f -h g is defined as that
function from Dj nD^to R which associates each x e n D2 fo the number f (x) + g (x).
uurr
In other words, if /: Dj ^ R and g: D2 —> R are two real functions, then their sum / + ^ is a
ad
function from n D2 to R such that

Yo
if + g)(x) = f (x) + g (x) for all X e Dj n D2

dY
PRODUCT Let /:Dj R and g:D2 R be two real functions. Then, their product (or pointwise
Re
ind
multiplication) f g is a function from n D2 fo R and is defined as

FFin
(fg)(x) =fix)g(x) foraIlxeDinD2

DIFFERENCE (SUBTRACTION) Let / > R andg:D2 ^ be two realfunctions. Then the difference
ofgfrom f is denoted byf-gand is defined as
(f-g){x) = f(x)-g{x) forallx^DinD2
QUOTIENT Let /: Dj ^ R and R: D2 R be two real functions. Then the quotient off by g is denoted
by f-8 and it is a function from Dj n D2 - |x: ^ (x) = 0) fo R defined by
r
^ {X) =
fix)
for all X nD2-{x:g (x) = 0}
MULTIPLICATION OF A FUNCTION BY A SCALAR Let f :D ~=^Rbaa realfunction and abea scalar (real
number). Then the product af is a function from D toR and is defined as
FUNCTIONS 2.11
{af){x) = af{x) forallxeD.

RECIPROCAL OF A FUNCTION I//: D -> R is a real function, then its reciprocalfunction /^ is a function
(l) 1
from D - [x: f (x) = 0] to R and is defined as - (;\:) =
f fix)
REMARK 1 The sum, difference product and quotient are defined for real functions only on their common
domain. These operations do not make any sense for general functions even if their domains are same,
because the sum, difference, product and quotient may or may not be meaningful for the elements in their
common domain.
REMARK 2 For any real function f :D R and n e N, we define
ww
{ff....f){x) = f{x)f{x)...f{x) = {f{x)f forallxsD
«-times H-times
Floo
2.3 KINDS OF FUNCTIONS
ee
\( f :A ^ B is a function, then/associates all elements of set A to elements in set B such that an
element of set A is associated to a unique element of set B. Following these two conditions we
eer
may associate different elements of set A to different elements of set B or more than one element
FFr
of set A may be associated to the same element of set B. Similarly, there may be some elements in
oorr
uur r
B which do not have their pre-images in .A or all elements in B may have their pre-images in A.
s ff
Corresponding to each of these possibilities we define a type of a function as given below.
sk
2.3.1 ONE-ONE FUNCTION (INJECTION)

YYoo
ooko
DEFINITION A function f: A Bis said to be a one-one function or an injection if different elements of A

eBB
have different images in B.

Thus, f -.A ^ Bis one-one
f{a) ^f{b) for aBa,b e A f{a) = f{h)a = b ioi a\\a,b bA
uurr
o
ad
ILLUSTRATION 1 A function which associates to each country in the world,' its capital, is one-one
Yo
because different countries have their different capitals.

Let f:A-^B and g:X-^Y be two functions represented by the following
dY
ILLUSTRATION 2
Re
diagrams:
nind
A B
/
FFi
02-
b3
b4
Fig. 2.24
Clearly, f'.A^Bisa one-one function. But, g: X Y is not one-one because two distinct
elements x^ and x^ have the same image under function g.
ILLUSTRATION 3 Let A={1,2, 3,4},B = {1,2, 3, 4,5,6} and f: A B be a function defined by
f{x) = x + 2forallx€ A.
We observe that/as a set of ordered pairs can be written as / =1(1, 3), (2, 4), (3,5), (4, 6)}
Clearly, different elements in A have different images under function ./ So, f: A B is an
injection.
ILLUSTRATION 4 LeM = {1, 2, 3), B = {4,5, 6,7} and let /={(!, 4), (2,5), (3, 6)} be a function from
/I to B. Then, f (1) = 4, / (2) = 5 andf (3) = 6. Clearly, different elements of A have different images in B.
So, f is a one-one function.
Let /: A ^ Bhe a function such that A is an infinite set and we wish to check the injectivity of/.
In such a case it is not possible to list the images of all elements of set A to see whether different
elements of A have different images or not. The following algorithm provides a systematic
procedure to check the injectivity of a function.
ALGORITHM
Step I Take tzvo arbitrary elements x, y (say) in the domain of.f

Step II Put fix) =fiy)
Step in Solve fix) =fiy). If it gives x-y only, thenf \A B is a one-one function (or an injection).
Otherwise not.
NQH Letf:A-^B and let x,y .e A. Then, x=y^ fix) = fiy) is always true from the definition. But,
/(^) = fiy) => x = y is true only when fis one-one.
ILLUSTRATION 5 find whether the following functions are one-one or not:
w
(i) fiR^R given by fix) =x^ + 2 for all xeR.
(ii) /: Z -+ Z given by fix) =x'^ +1 for all x&Z
SOLUTION
Flo(i) Let X, y be two arbitrary elements of R (domain off) such that/(:r) = fiy). Then,
reee
fix) =/(y)^ x^ +2-y^ +2=> x^ =y^ => x = y
FFr
Hence,/is a one-one function from R to itself,
(ii) Let X, y be two arbitrary elements of Z such that/(.r) =/(y). Then,
urr
fix) = fiy) =>x^ + l=y^ + l=i>x^=y^=>x=±y for
Here, fix) = fiy) does not provide the unique solution x = y but it provides x = ±y. So, fis not a
kkss
one-one function. Infact,/(2) =2^ + 1 =5and/(-2) =(-2)^ +1=5. So, 2 and-2 are two distinct
Yo
elements having the same image.

oooo
note If a and B are two sets having m and n elements respectively such that m < n, then total numbers
eB
of one-one functions from Ato B is x ml.

2.3.2 MANY-ONE FUNCTION
r
DEFINITION A function f: A ^ Bis said to be a many-onefunction if two or more elements of set A have
ou
ad
the same image in B.

YY
Thus, /: A -> Bis a many-one function if there exist x,y & A such that ^ y but/(x) =/(y).
In other words, f: A B is a many-one function if it is not a one-one function.
nndd
Re
ILLUSTRATION! Let f: A ^ B and g:X-^Y be two functions represented by the following

diagrams:
Fi
"r
"r A
Fig. 2.26
Clearly, a^ ^ a^ but /(fl2) = fi^<d ^nd Xi X2 but g (atj) =gix2). So, / and g are many-one
functions.
ILLUSTRATION 2 Let A = {-1,1, - 2, 2} and B = {1, 4, 9,16). Consider f: A B given by fix) =x^.
Then, /(-I) =1,/(1) =!,/(-2) =4 and /(2) =4. Thus, 1 and-1 Imve the same image. Similarly, 2 and
-2 also have the same image. So, fis a many-one function.
ILLUSTRATION 3 Consider a function f :Z ^ Z given by fix) =| | for all x eZ. Then, f is a
many-one function because for every aeZ,a^0,we find that
a^-a, but\a\=:\-a\ =>/(«)=/(-fl)
FUNCTIONS 2.13
ILLUSTRATION 4
SJww that the function f :Z -> Z defined by f{x) = x^ + x for all x eZ, is a
many-one function.
SOLUTION Let x, y eZ. Then,
fix) = fiy) +x = y^+ y => (x^-y^) + {x-y) = 0
(.t -y) (a: + y + 1) = 0 => x = y or, y - -.r -1.
Since f(x)=f{y) does not provide the unique solution a: =y but it also providesy =-a:-1.
This means that x ^y but f{x) = f{y) when y = - a: -1. For example, if we put a:=liny = -a:-l
we obtain y = - 2. This shows that 1 and -2 have the same image under f. Hence, f is a many-one
function.
2.3.3 ONTO FUNCTION (SURJECTION)

DEFINITION A function f: A —> Bis said to bean ontofunction or a surjection if every element ofB is the
ww
f-image of some element of A i.e., iff[A) = Bor range off is the co-domain off.
Thus, f: A -> Bis a surjection iff for each b eB, there exists a ^ A such that f{a) = b.
INTO FUNCTION A function f :A -> B is an into function if there exists an element in B having no
pre-image in A.
Flo
e
In other words, f :A -> Bisan into function if it is not an onto function.
e
ILLUSTRATION 1 Let f: A -> B and g:X ->Y be two functions represented by the following
rere
diagrams:
rFF
uur r
02-
foor
h
03
sks
04
^5
Yoo
ooko
Fig. 2.28
Clearly, b2 and b^ are two elements in B which do not have their pre-images in A. So, f: A -> B is an into
eBB
function.
Under function g every element in Y has its pre-image X.So,g\X-^Y is an onto function.
uurr
ILLUSTRATION 2
Let A ={-l, 1, 2, -2}, B = 11, 4) andf :A->B be a function defined byf(x) = x^.
ad
Yo
Then, fis onto, because f{A) = l/(-1), /(I), /(2), /(- 2)| = {1, 4} = B.
ILLUSTRATION 3
A function f :N N defined by f{x) = 2x is not an onto function, because
dY
f{N) ={2,4, 6,...} N (co-domain). In otherwords, range (/) co-domain off.

Re
innd
The following algorithm can be used to check the subjectivity of a real function.
FFi
ALGORITHM
Let f: A ^ Bbe the given function.

Step I Choose an arbitrary element y in B.
StepU Put f{x)=y
Step III Solve the equation f{x) =y for x and obtain x in terms of y. Let x = g{y)
Step rv Iffor all values ofyeB, the values of x obtained from x =g(y) are in A, then fis onto.
If there are some y e Bfor which x, given by x =g(y), is not in A. Then, fis not onto.
Following illustration will illustrate the above algorithm.
ILLUSTRATION 4
Discuss the surjectivity of the following functions:
(i) /: B -> R given by f(x) = a;^ + 2 for all x € R.
(ii) f :R given byf{x) =x^ + 2 for all x e R.
(Hi) f :Z -> Z given by f(x) = 3x + 2 for all x eZ.
SOLUTION (i) Lety be an arbitrary element of K. Then,/(x) = y=>x^ + 2= y=>x ={y-2)^'^^.

1/3
Clearly, for all y e R, {y - 2) is a real number. Thus, for all y e R (co-domain) there exists
1/3
:^=(y“2) in R (domain) such that/(x) = + 2 = y. Hence, /: R ^ R is an onto function,
(ii) Clearly, f{x) = + 2 > 2 for all a: e R. So, negative real numbers in R(co-domain) do not
have their pre-images in R(domain). Hence,/is not an onto function.
oww
y-2
(hi) Let y be an arbitrary element of Z(co-domain). Then, f{x) = y^ 3x + 2= y^x= —
Clearly, ify = 0,thenx = -2/3 «Z. Thus, y = 0 € Z does not have its pre-image in Z(domain).
Hence, / is not an onto function.
e
ILLUSTRATION 5 Show that the function f :N -¥N given by /(!)=/ (2) = 1 and f (x) = x-l for
re
every x 2:2, is onto but not one-one. [NCERT]
FFrllo
1 , when a: = 1, 2
reF
SOLUTION It is given that / (a:) = X -1, when a: 2 2
e
uoru
Clearly, / (1) =/ (2) = 1 i.e. 1 and 2 have the same image. So, /: N
N is a many-one function.
osFr
Let y be an arbitrary element in N (Co-domain). Then,/(a:) =y => A:-l=y=> A: = y + 1.
Clearly, y +1 eN (domain) for all y e N (Co-domain). Thus, for eachyeN (co-domain) there
fkfor
exists y -t-1 € N (domain) such that /(y-i-l)=y-f-l-l=y. So, f :N -*N is an onto function.
okso
1, if x>0
Show that the Signum function f-.R R, given by f {x) = ■ 0, if x = 0
Y
Yo
ILLUSTRATION 6
[-1, ifx<0
oo
BB
IS neither one-one nor onto. INCERTl

Y
SOLUTION Clearly, all positive real numbers have the same image equal to 1. So, / is a
r ree
many-one function. We observe that the range of / is {-1, 0,1} which is not equal to the
ouu
co-domain of/. So, / is not onto. Hence, / is neither one-one nor onto.
ad
Ydo
2.3.4 BIJECTION (ONE-ONE ONTO FUNCTION)

DEFINITION A function f: A Bis a bijection if it is one-one as well as onto.
nidn
Re
In other words, a function f: A Bis a bijection, if it is

F
(i) one-one i.e. f{x)=f{y) => x = yfor all x,yÂ.

Fi
(ii) onto i.e. for all y eB, there exists x e A such that f(x) = y.
ILLUSTRATION 1 Let f: A B be a function represented by the
diagram shown in Fig. 2.30. Clearly, f is a bijection since it is both
injective as well as surjective.
ILLUSTRATION 2 Prove that thefunctionf :Q Q given by f(x) =2x~ 3for all x sQ is a bijection.
SOLUTION We observe the following properties of /.
Injectivity: Let x, y be two arbitrary elements in Q. Then,
fix) - fiy) =5- 2.r - 3 - 2y -3=> 2x = 2y => a: = y
Thus, fix) = fiy)=>x = y for all a:, y eQ. So,/is an injective map.
Surjectivity : Let y be an arbitrary element of Q. Then, f(x) = y => 2x - 3 =y => x = —

FUNCTIONS 2.15
Clearly, for all y e Q the value of x given by ;c = e Q. Thus, for all y € Q (co-domain) there
y+ 3
exists X eQ (domain) given by x =
— such that/(;c) ^ =2 ^2 J
- 3 = y. That is
every element in the co-domain has its pre-image in x. So,/is a surjection.

Hence, /; Q ^ Q is a bijection.
ILLUSTRATION3 Show that the function f:R->R defined by f{x) = + 5 for all xsR is a
bijection.
SOLUTION We observe the following properties of/.
Injectivity: Let x, y be any two elements of K(domain). Then,
/W = /(y)=> 3x^+5 = 3y^+5=^x^ = y^ a:
llowow
= y
Thus, f{x) = /(y) => x = y for all x,y eR. So,/is an injective map.
Surjectivity: Let y be an arbitrary element of K{co-domain). Then,
^l/3
y-5
f{x) = y ^ 3x^ -h 5 = y => ^—- => x
ree
3 1 3 )
rF
r FF
Thus, we find that for all y € 1? (co-domain) there exists x = —
for fFreo e R (domain) such that
l/S'i
y-5
u
m = / + 5 = y-5-fS = y
I 3 3 J
s
ok
YYour o
This shows that every element in the co-domain has its pre-image in the domain. So, / is a
o
surjection. Hence,/is a bijection.

ILLUSTRATION4 Let A = }x e R : -1 < X < 1} = B. Shoiv that f: A B given by f{x) = x | x | is a
eeBo Bks
bijection.
r

our u
ad
Injectivity: Let x, y be any two elements in A. Then, x;*y=>x|x|;ty|y|=> /(x) ^f(y).

So, f: A ^ Bis an injective map.
Yo
x^ , if X > 0
Surjectivity: We have, / (x) = x | x
d
(L1)
Re
- x^ , if X < 0
in
If 0 < X ^ 1, then / (x) = x^ takes all values between 0 and 1

FFind Y
¥
-1 O 1
including these two points. Also, if -l<x<0, then X
/ (x) = - x^ takes all values between -1 and 0 including y=:-x2.

(-L-1) -1
-1. Therefore, / (x) takes every value between -1 and 1
including -landl. So, range of / is same as its
co-domain. Hence, f :A B is an onto function. Thus, Fig. 2.31 Graphof/(x) = x]x[
f: A -¥ Bis both one-one and onto. Hence, it is a bijection.
x^ , if X > 0
ALITER We have, / (x) = x | x | = ■
- x^ , if X < 0
For X > 0, / (x) = x^ represents a parabola opening upward and for x < 0, / (x) = - x^ represents
a parabola opening downward. So, the graph of / (x) is as shown in Fig. 2.31.
It is evident from the graph of / (a:) that / is one-one and onto.

REMARK It follows from the above discussion that if A and B are two finite sets and f:A-^Bisa
function, then
(i) f is an injection => n{A)<n{B) (ii) f is a surjection => n{B)<n{A)
(iii) f is a bijection => n{A) =n{B).
EXAMPLE 1 Let A be the set of all 50 students of class XII in a central school. Letf:A^Nbea function
defined by f (x) = Roll number of student x. Show that f is one-one but not onto.
SOLUTION Here, / associates each students to his (her) roll number. Since no two different
w
Therefore, / is one-one.
students of the class can have the same roll number.
We observe that/(A) =Rangeof / = {1, 2, 3, ...,50} N i.e. range of / is not same as its
Flo
co-domain. So, / is not onto.
EXAMPLE 2 Show that the function f:N^N, given by f (x) = 2x, is one-one but not
reeee
onto. [NCERT]
FFr
Injectivity: Let Xj, X2 e N such that/(xj) = f{x2)- Then, /(xj) = /(X2) 2xj = 2x2 x^ = X2-
So, / is one-one. for
Surjectivity: Clearly, / takes even values. Therefore, no odd natural number in N (co-domain)
ur
has its pre-image in domain. So, / is not onto.
kkss
EXAMPLES Prove thatf :R ->R, given byf (x) = 2x, is one-one and onto. [NCERT]
Yo

oo
Injectivity: Let Xj, X2 e R such that/(xj) =/(x2). Then,/(xi) =/(x2) => 2xj=2x2 => x^^Xi-
eB
So, /: R ^ R is one-one.
u
Surjectivity: Let y be any real number in R (co-domain). Then, /(x) =y=>2x = y=> x = ^.
r
ou
ad
V (y"
Clearly, ^ € R for any y e R such that / — — = y. Thus, for each y e R (co-domain)
YY
^ I ^,
^ e R (domain) such that/ (x) = y. This means that each element in co-domain
ndd
there exists X =
Re
has its pre-image in domain. So, /: R -> R is onto. Hence, /: R -> R is a bijection.
Fi
EXAMPLE 4 Show that the function /: R R, defined as f (x) = x^, is neither one-one nor onto.
[NCERT]
SOLUTION We observe that 1 and -1 e R such that A ^
/ (-1) = / (1) i.e. there are two distinct elements in R which 4
have the same image. So, / is not one-one. 3
2
Since /(x) assumes only non-negative values. So, no (-14) (U)
1
negative real number in R (co-domain) has its pre-image in 0
domain of / i.e. R. Consequently / is not onto. X'-4 -2 -1

-1
1 2 S %
These facts are evident from the graph of / (x) as shown in -2
Fig. 2.32. 4,r

Fig. 2.32
FUNCTIONS 2.17
EXAMPLES Show that/: R -4 R,definedas f{x)=x^,isabijection. [NCERT]

SOLUTION
We observe the following properties of /.
Injectivity: Let j:, :/e R such that/ (;c) = / (y). Then,/(x) =/(y) => X
= ¥■
So, /: R -> R is one-one.

Surjectivit.y Lety sR (co-domain). Then, f{x) = y => x^ = y => X =
1/3
Clearly, y e R (domain) for all y s R (co-domain).
Thus, for eachy e R (co-domain) there exists x = y^“^^ eR (domain) such that/ (x) =x^
oww
=y-
So, /: R ^ R is onto. Hence, /: R -> R is a bijection.

EXAMPLE 6 Show that the function /: Rq -> Rq , defined as / (x) = —
X
, is one-one onto, where Rn is
the set of all non-zero real numbers. Is the result true, if the domain Rq is replaced by N with co-domain
e
FFrlo
re
being same asRq? [NCERT]
SOLUTION We observe the following properties of/.
rFee
1 1
Injectivity: Let x, y g Rg such that / (x) = / (y). Then, / (x) = / (y) =5> - => X = y.
rF
X
y
So, /: Rq -> Rq is one-one.

fsoor
ouur
Surjectivity: Letybeanarbitrary element of Rg (co-domain) such that/(x) = y. Then,
skf
Va 1
/(x)=y=>-=y=>x=-
ooko
X 3
y
Yo
Y
Clearly, x = — e Rg (domain) for all y e Rg (co-domain),

Bo
1
reB
y X'
Thus, for each y e Rg (co-domain) there exits x = <-g U 2 4 6 8

-1
oY
uur
1 -2
ad
(domain) such that/(x) = - = y.So,/: Rg-»■ Rg is onto.

-3
dY
Hence, /: Rg -> Rg is one-one onto. This is also evident

from the graph of / (x) as shown in Fig. 2.33. Fig. 2,33
innd
Re
1
Let us now consider/: NRg given by/(x) = -.For any x, y e N, we find that
Fi
F
fix) =/(y) =» i = 1 X
X
= y. So, /: N -> Rg is one-one.
y
We find that— , — etc. in co-domain Rg do not have their pre-image in domain N. So,/: N Rg
3 5
is not onto. Thus, /: N -> Rg is one-one but not onto.

EXAMPLE? Provethat the greatest integer function f :R -> R, givenby f {x) =[x], is neither one-one
nor onto, where[x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x. [NCERT]
SOLUTION We observe that /(x) = 0 for all x e [0,1). So, /: R R is not one-one.
Also, f :R R does not attain non-integral values. Therefore, non-integer points in R
(co-domain) do not have their pre-images in the domain. So, /: R ^ R is not onto. Hence,
/: R -> R is neither one-one nor onto.
2.18 MATHEMATICS-Xli
This is also evident from tine graph of the greatest integer function shown in Fig. 2.34.
YA
3 ■o
2 o
1
O
w
3f,-4-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 Tx
-1
.o -2 .
●o -3
e
row
Fig. 2.34 Greatest integer function Fig. 2.35 Modulus function
re
KXAMPLE 8 Show that the modulus function /: K ->● R, given by f (a:) =| a: [ is neither one-one nor
onto. [NCERT]
FFllo
eeF
SOLUTION We observe that/(-2) = / (2). So,/is not one-one.
Also,/ (x) = I XI assumes only non-negative values. So, negative real numbers in R (co-domain)
u
do not have their pre-images in R (domain). Hence, / is neither one-one nor onto.
r
sFr
This is also evident horn the graph of f (x) = \x \ shown in Fig. 2.35.
kro
uor
offo
EXAMPLE 9 Let C and R denote the set of all complex numbers and all real numbers respectively. Then
show that f\C ->■ R given by f{z) =\z\ for allzeC is neither one-one nor onto.
kos
Y
(NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Yo
eerBB
oo
SOLUTION Injectivity: We find that Zj = 1 - i and 22 = 1 + i are two distinct complex numbers in
C such thatjzi I22I i.e. z-i 22 but /(zj) = /(Z2). Thus, different elements in C may have the
rY
same image. So,/is not an injection.

u
Surjectivity: f is not a surjection, because negative real numbers in R do not have their
pre-images in C. In other words, for every negative real number a there is no complex number
ou
ad
do
z eC such that/(z) =|zj =fl. So,/is not a surjection.

nY
EXAMPLE 10 Show that the function f:R-^R given by f{x) =ax + b, where a,b eR,aji^Q is a
bijection. [CBSE 20101

nid
Re
SOLUTION Injectivity : Let x, y be any two real numbers. Then,

F
Fi
f[x) = fiy) => ax+ b ~ ay + b=>ax = ay=> x = y

Thus, f(.x) = fiy) => X = y for all x, y e R(domain). So,/is an injection.
Surjectivity: Let y be an arbitrary element of R(co-domain). Then,
/(x)=y=> ax + b=y=> x = a
y-b
Clearly, x = e R (domain) for all y e R (co-domain). Thus, for all y e R (co-domain) there
a
y- y-b'] +b = y-
^—
exists X = — e R (domain) such that /(x) = / -—- a
a I a
This means that every element in co-domain has its pre-image in domain. So,/is a surjection.
Hence,/is a bijection. x-1
EXAMPLE ]1 LeM = R - {2} and B = R - (Ij. Iff: A Bis a mapping defined byf{x) = x-2 , show
thatf is bijective.
FUNCTIONS
2.19
SOLUTION Injectivity: Let a:, y be any two elements of A. Then,

fix) = fiy)
^ x-l _ y-1
x-2 y-2
=> (A:-l)(y-2) = (A:-2)(y-l) => A:y-y-2A- + 2 = xy-x-2y + 2^ x = y
Thus, f{x) =/(y) => a: =y for all a:, y <.sA. So,/is an injective map.
Surjectivity: Let y be an arbitrary element of B. Then,
x-l
m = y^ l-2y
x-2
= y => (a;-1) = y(x-2) => a: =
1-y
l-2y l-2y
w
Clearly, x = 1 -y
— is a real number for all v 1- Also, — * 2 for any y, for, if we take
1 -y
l-2y
2, then we get 1=2, which is wrong. Thus, every element y in B has its pre-image x in A
Flo
1-y
l-2y
given by X = . So,/is a surjective map. Hence,/is a bijective map.
ee
1-y
Fr
EXAMPLE 12 Let A and B be tioo sets. Show that fiAxB-^BxA defined by f (a, b) = (b, a) is a
bijection. (NCERTJ
or
ur
SOLUTION Injectivity: Let(fli, b{) and(fl2/^2) ^ Bsuch that
=/(fl2'^2) => bi=b2andai=a2 => (^1,^1) =(02/^2)
sf
Thus,/(a-y,bi) =f (fl2,&2)=> («i/=(^2'^2) all(fli,lfi), (fl2/^^2) e A x B.
ok
So, / is an injective map.

Yo
Surjectivity: Let (b, a) be an arbitrary element of B x A. Then, b eB and aeA => (a, b) e A x B.
Bo
Thus, for all (i), «) e B x A there exists (fl, b) e A x Bsuchthat / {a,b) =(b, a).SoJ:Ax B^BxA
re
is an onto function. Hence,/ is a bijection.

EXAMPLE 13 Let A be any non-empty set. Then, prove that the identityfunction on set A is a bijection.
ou
ad
SOLUTION The identity function : A ^ A is defined as 1^ (x) = x for all x e A.

Y
Injectivity: Let x, y be any two elements of A. Then,

U ix) = Âiy) => X = y [By definition of 7^ ]
nd
Re
So, is an injective map.

Fi
Surjectivity: Let ye A. Then, there exists x = yeA such that I^ (x) = x = y.

So, 7^ is a surjective map. Hence, I^:A->Aisa bijection.
EXAMPLE 14
Consider the identity function : N -> N defiiwd as, I^ (x) = xfor all xeN. Show that
although I^ is onto butl^ + I^^ -.N defined as (Ij^ + 1^) (x) = I^ (x) + (x) = x + x = 2x is
not onto. [NCERT]
SOLUTION We know that the identity function on a given set is always a bijection. Therefore,
: N -> iV is onto.
We find that, {1^ + 7^) (x) = 2x for all x eN. This means that under 7jy + 7;^, images of natural
numbers are even natural numbers. So, odd natural numbers in N (co-domain)do not have their
pre-images in domain N. For example, 1, 3, 5 etc. do not have their pre-images. So,
■ hi N is not onto.
EXAMPLE 15 Consider the function f: [0, n/2]^R given byf (x) = sin x and g: [0, ti/2] R given
byg(x) =cos X. Show thatfand garcone-one, but f + gis not one-one. INCERT]
MATHEMATICS-XII
2.20
SOLUTION We observe that for any two distinct elements and ^2 in [0 , ir/2]
sin X| ^ sin X2 and cos Xj cos X2 [See graphs of / (x) = sin a: & / (x) = cos x]
=> / (^l) ^ / (^2) S (^1) ^ S (^2) => / and g are one-one.
We find that
(f + g) (x) =/ (x) + g (x) = sin X + cos x

(/+g)(0)=sin 0 + cos0=land (/ + g) \2J
^ =sin-2 + cos-=l
2
Thus, O^^bul, (/ + «)(0)=(/ + S)ff ●

2
So,/ + g is not one-one.
EXAMPLE 16
Letf:X->Ybea function. Define a relation RonX given by {{a, b):f {a) =f (&)}.
w
[NCERT, CBSE2010]
Show that R is an equivalence relation on X.
Flo
Reflexivity. For any a e X, we find that
reeee
/ (fl) =/ (^) => (<i, fl) e R => R is reflexive.
Symmetr.y Let a,beXhe such that {a, b) e R. Then,
FFr
(fl, ij) e R => / (a) =f (b) => /(&)=/ (fl) => {b, a) e R. So, R is symmetric.
Transitivity: Let a,b,ceXhe such that (fl, ef) e R and {b, c) e R. Then,
for
ur
(fl, b) e R and (t>, c) e R => / (fl) =/ (b) and / (&) =/ (c) => / (fl) =/ (c) => {a, c) e R.
So, R is transitive. Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
kkss
Yo

oo
Show that the function f:R^R given by f{x) = cos x for all x e R, is neither one-one
eB
EXAMPLE 17
nor onto.
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Injectivity: We know that /{O) = cos 0=1 and /(27t) - cos 2tc -1.
r
ou
ad
So, different elements in R may have the same image. Hence,/is not an injection.
Surjectivity: We know that cosx takes all values between -1 and 1. Therefore, its range is [-1,1).
YY
Thus, the range of/(x) is not equal to its co-domain. So,/is not a surjection.
ndd
Letf:N-{l]^N be defined by, f{n) = the highest prime factor ofn. Show that f is
Re
EXAMPLE 18
neither one-one nor onto. Find the range off.

Fi
SOLUTION We find that

/ (6) = (the highest prime factor of 6) = 3,/ (9) = (the highest prime factor of 9) = 3
and. / (12) = (the highest prime factor of 12) = 3. Therefore,/(6) =/(9) =/(12).
So, / is a many-one function.
Clearly, image of any n e N - {1} is the largest prime number that divides n. So, the range of /
consists of prime numbers only. Consequently, range oi f (co-domain). So, / is not onto
function. Hence, / is neither one-one nor onto. The range of / is the set of all prime numbers.
EXAMPLE 19 LetA = {1, 2}. Find all one-to-one functions from A to A.
SOLUTION Let/: A -> Ahe a one-one function. Then,/ (1) has two choices, namely, 1 or 2.
So,/(1)=1 or,/(I) =2.
Case I When /(1)=1: As f:AÂ is one-one. Therefore, /(2)=2. Thus, we obtain:
/(1)=1 and /(2)=2.
Case n When / (1) = 2: Since f:AÂis one-one. Therefore, / (2) =1. Thus, in this case, we
obtain: /(I) =2 and /(2)=1.
FUNCTIONS 2.21
So, there are two one-one functions say / and g from A to ^ given by/ (1) = 1, / (2) = 2 and,
g(l)=2,g(2)=l.
ALITKR All one-to-one functions from A to itself can be expressed in the following two row
notation as follows:
n 2 fl 2^
f = 1 2 2 1
First row contains elements of the domain and second row contains the corresponding images.
Clearly, each arrangement of second row provides a one-to-one function from A to itself.
EXAMPLE 20 Show that the function f: R ->[x e R:-l <x <l] defined by f{x) = —~— ,xeR is
1 +1
oww
one-one on tofunction. [NCERT]
1+ X
SOLUTION We have, / (x) = ^
l+\x\ X
e
, if X < 0
l-x
FFrlo
re
So, following cases arise:
rFee
Case I When x > 0: In this case, we have / (x) = —
1 + x
rF
Injectivity: Let x,yeR such that x >0,y > 0. Then,
fix) =/(y)^ ^ =
y
=> fsoor X + xy = y + xy => X = y. So, / is an injective
ouur
map.
1+X 1+ y
skf
Surjectivity: When x > 0, we find that: / (x) = > 0 and / (.x) < 1. Let y g [0,1) be any real
ooko
Yo
Y
number. Then,/(x) = y ^ = y => X =

y
Bo
1 + x 1-y
reB
Clearly, X >0 for ally g[0, 1). Thus, for eachy g[0, 1) there exists x = 7-^ > 0 such that/(x) =y.
1 -
oY
uur
So, / is an onto function from [0,1) to [0,1)

ad
Case II When x < 0: In this case, we have / (x) = ^

dY
.
l-x
Injectivity: Let x, y e R such that x < 0, y < 0. Then,

innd
Re
fix) =f(y)^^ _ _y
=> X - xy = y - xy => x = y. So, / is an injective map.
Fi
F
l-x 1-y
X
Surjectivity: When x < 0, we find that: / (x) = 1 -X
<0.
X
Also, / (x) = - = -1 +
— > -1. Therefore, -1 </ (x) < 0.
-X 1 -X
Let y s (-1, 0) be an arbitrary real number such that / (x) = y. Then,

f(x)=y^ ^
1 -X
= y => X =
y
1+y
y
Clearly, x < 0 for y g (-1, 0). Thus, for each y g (-1, 0) there exists x = < 0 such that/(x) = y.
1+y
So, / is an onto function from (-1, 0) to (-1, 0).
Hence, /:R->{xGR:-l<x<l}isa one-one onto function.
2.22 MATHEMATICS-Xil
EXAMPLE 21 Show that the function f:R-^R given by f{x) = x^ + x is a bijection.

SOLUTION Injectivity: Let x,y sR such that
/W =/(y)
+ x = y^ +y
-y^ +{x-y) = 0
{x-y){x^ + xy + y^ +1) = 0
=> x-y = 0 [*.● x^ + xy + y^ 'to for all x, y e R + xy + i/^ +1 ^ 1 for all x,yeR]
oww
=> X = y
Thus, f{x) =/(y) => X = y for all x,y€R.So,/is an injective map.
Surjectivity: Let y be an arbitrary element of R. Then,
f{x) = y ■=> x^ + x = y => x^ + x-y = 0
e
We know that an odd degree equation has at least one real root. Therefore, for every real value
re
of y, the equation A:^ + A:-y = 0hasa real root a (say) such that
FFrllo
+ a -y = 0=> a^ + a = y=> / (a) = y
rF
3
a
ee
Thus, for every y € R there exists a e R such that / (a) = y. So, / is a surjective map.
ouru
sor rF
Hence, /: R R is a bijection.
, if n is odd
kffo
EXAMPLE 22 Show that f :N ->Ndefined by /(«) = ● n .
is many-one onto function.
— .ifnis even
[ 2
os
ook
Yo
Y
[NCERT, CBSE 2009]

Bo
SOLUTION We observe that / (1) = — = 1 and f (2) = - =1. Thus, 1, 2 e N such that
reeB
2 ^ 2
ouY
1 * 2but/(1) =/(2). So,/is a many-one function.

ur
Surjectivity Let n be an arbitrary element of N.

ad
Yo
If n is an odd natural number, then 2n -1 is also an odd natural number such that
d
2n-l + l
f{2n-l) = n
nidn
2
Re
If n is an even natural number, then 2n is also an even natural number such that
2n
F
Fi
f(2n) = y
= n.
Thus, for every nsN (whether even or odd) there exists its pre-image in N. So, / is a surjection.
Hence, / is a many-one onto function.
EXAMPLE 23 Show that the function f: N -> N given by,f (n) = - (- ifforalln e N isabijection.
SOLUTION We have,
H -1, if H is even
/(h) = n - (-1)" for all H e N => / (h) = n +1, if n is odd
Injectivity: Letn, mbe any two even natural numbers. Then,/(H) =f{ni) ^ n-1 = m-l^ n = m.
If H, m are any two odd natural numbers. Then, / (h) = /(hi) => n + l=m-i-l ^ n = m.
Thus in both the cases, / (h) =/ (m) => h = m.
If n is even and m is odd, then n ^ m. Also / (h) is odd and / (m) is even. So, f{n)^f (hi).
Thus, n It m / (n) / (m).So,/is an injective map.
FUNCTIONS 2.23
Surjectivih/: Let« be an arbitrary natural number. If n is an odd natural number, then there exists
an even natural number « +1 such that /(« + l)=« + l-l = n.
If « is an even natural number, then there exists an odd natural number («-l) such that
/(n-1) =n-l + 1 =M. Thus, every w g N has its pre-image in N.
So, f:N->Nisa surjection. Hence, /: N N is a bijection.
n + \ ,if nis even
EXAMPLE 24 Let f :N u {0} ^ N ^ (0) be defined by f{n) = . Show that f is a
n-1 , if n is odd
bijection.
oww
SOLUTION / is an injection : Let n, m e N u jO).
If « and mare even, then/(«) = f (m) « + l=m + l=>n = m.
If n and m are odd, then / (n) = / (m) => «-l=m-l=>« = 77L
Thus, in both case, we obtain: f (n) = f (m) => n = m.
ee
If «is odd andm is even, then f{n)=n-l is even and/ (m) = m +1 is odd. Therefore,/(«) /(m).
FFrlo
Thus, n * m => /(n) / (m).
r
Similarly, ifn is even and mis odd, then n ^ m ^ f (n) ^ f (m).
rF
ee
Hence, / is an injection.
fis a surjection : Let n be an arbitrary element of N u {0}.
rF
ouru
If «is an odd natural number, there exist an even natui-al number « -1 e N u {0} (domain) such
that/(n-1) =n-l+ 1 =n. ffosor
os k
If nis an even natural number, then there exists an odd natural number n +1 g N u {0} (domain)
such that/(n + l) =n + l-l = n. Also,/ (1) = 0.
ook
Thus, every element of N u {0} (co-domain) has its pre-imaee

Yo
in N u (0} (domain). So, f is an

Y
onto function.
Bo
EXAMPLE 25 Let Abe a finite set. If f: A Aisa one-one function, show that f is onto also.
reeB
SOLUTION Let A = {flj, a^, a^,...., 0,,}. In order to prove that/ is onto function, we will have to
show that every element in A (co-domain) has its pre-image in the domain A. In other words,
ooY
uur
range of/ = A.
ad
Since /: A —> A is a one-one function. Therefore, / (af), f (02),...., / (fl„) are distinct elements of
dY
set A. But, A has only n elements. Therefore, A={f (aj), f (nj) / ((?„)} i.e. Co-domain = Range.
Hence, /; A A is onto.
nind
Re
EXAMPLE 26 Let A be a finite set. Iff:A-Âisan onto function, show that f is one-one also.
SOLUTION Let A =\a-i, 02,..., In order to prove that/is a one-one function, we will have to
F
Fi
show that/(fl|), / (02)/ ●●● >f{(^ri) distinct elements of A.

Clearly, Rangeof/ = 1/(^î),/(^2)/■●■■//{%)!■ Since/; A-> A is an onto function. Therefore,
Rangeof/=A=> \f{a{),f{a2) ,f{On)\=A
But, A is a finite set consisting of h elements. Therefore,/ (ai), / (^2), / (^3),..., / (fi„) are distinct
elements of A. Hence, /; A A is one-one.
EXERCISE 2.1
BASIC
1. Give an example of a function

(i) which is one-one but not onto, (ii) which is not one-one but onto.
(iii) which is neither one-one nor onto. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
2. Which of the following functions from A to B are one-one and onto?
(i) /i = {(1, 3), (2,5), (3, 7)1; A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3,5,7)
(ii) /2 = {{2, a), (3, b), (4, c)); A = {2, 3, 4), B = {a, b, c]
MATHEMATICS-XII
2.24
(iii) /3 = \{a, x), (fc, X), (c, z), {d, z)\;A= {a, h, c,d\,B = [x, y, z}
3- LetA= 1-1, 0,11 and/ = {{x, x^):xe A). Show that/: A -> A is neither one-one nor onto.
Classify the following functions as injection, surjection or bijection:
(i) /: N -> N given by/{:c) = x^ (ii) /: Z -> Z given byf{x) - x^
(iii) /: N -> N given by f{x) =x^ (iv) /: Z -> Z given by f{x) -x^
(v) f:R~^R, defined by f(x) =] x\ (vi) /: Z Z, defined by f{x) =x^ + x
(vii) /: Z Z, defined by f{x) =x-5 (viii) f:R^R, defined by f{x) = sin ^
(ix) /: R -> R, defined by f(x) = +1 (x) /:R R, defined by f{x)=x^ -x
oww
2
(xi) /: R R, defined by /(x) = sin^ X + cos X
2x + 3
(xii) /:Q-(3}-^Q, defined by/(x) = x-3
(xiii) /: Q -> Q, defined by f(x) = x^ +1 (xiv) / ; R ->■ R, defined by/(x) =5x^ + 4
e
FrFlo
re
(xv) /: R R, defined by /(x) = 3 - 4x (xvi) /: R -> R, defined by /(x) = 1 + x^
ree
F
[CBSE 2018, NCERT EXEMPLAR]
(xvii) f:R->R, defined by/(x) = X
—
+1
rF
5- Let A = [-1,1]. Then, discuss whether the following functions from A to itself are one-one,
onto or bijective: fsfoor
ouur
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
(iii) h{x)=x^
(i) /W=f (ii) g(x)=|x|
kosk
6- Are the following set of ordered pairs functions? If so, examine whether the mapping is
injective or surjective:
Yo
oo
(ii) [(a, h): a is a person, b is an ancestor ofdi

Y
(i) {(x, y): Xis a person, y is the mother of x}

BB
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
BASED ON LOTS
rre
7. Prove that the function /: N N, defined by /(x) = x^ + x +1 is one-one but not onto.
oYuu
8- If/:A ^ Bisaninjectionsuchthatrangeof/ = la}.Determinethenumb erofelementsinA.

ad
Show that the function /: R -13} R -111 given by /(x) is a bijection.

dY
= x-3

innd
Re
10. Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Write all one-one functions from A to itself.
11. If /: R ^ R be the function defined by / (x) =4x^ + 7, show that / is a bijection.
Fi
F
[CBSE 2011]
12. Show that the exponential function /: R R, given by / (x) = e^, is one-one but not onto.
What happens if the co-domain is replaced by Rq (set of all positive real numebrs).
13* Show that the logarithmic function /: Rq ^ given by / (x) = log^ x , a > 0 is a bijection.
[NCERT]
14. If A = {1, 2, 3}, show that a one-one function /: A ^ A must be onto.
[NCERT]
15. IfA ={1,2, 3}, show that an onto function/: A ^ A must be one-one.
BASED ON HOTS
[NCERT]
16. FindthenumberofallontofunctionsfromthesetA ={1, 2, 3,..., to itself.
17. Give examples of two one-one functions fi and /j from R to R such that fi+ f2-^
defined by (/j + /2) (x) = /^ (x) -i- /j (x) is not one-one.
18. Give examples of two surjective function fi and /2 from Z to Z such that /j + /2 is not
surjective.
FUNCTIONS
2.25
19.
Show that if /j and /2 are one-one maps from R to R, then the product /i ^ /2 ● K ^ R
defined by (/j x /j) (x) = /j (a:) /2 (at) need not be one-one.
20.
Suppose/i and /2 are non-zero one-one functions from R to R. Is ^ necessarily one-one?
Justify your answer. Here,72^: R ^ R is given by fl^ (x) =
fl(x)
flix)
for all a: € R.
21.
Given A = {2, 3, 4}, B = {2,5, 6,7). Construct an example of each of the following:
(i) an injective map from AtoB
(ii) a mapping from A to B which is not injective
(iii) a mapping from A to B.
22.
w
Show that /: R -> R, given by / (a:) = a: - [a:] , is neither one-one nor onto,
23. n +1 , if «is odd
Let f :N ->N be defined by / (n) = « -1, if «is even . Show that / is a bijection.
Flo
[CBSE2012,NCERT]
ee
ANSWERS
Fr
fv fl
(i) one-one but not onto (ii) Neither one-one not onto
(iii) Injective but not surjective for (iv) Injective but not surjective.
ur
(v) Neither an injection nor a surjection (vi) Neither Injective nor Surjective
(vii) Bijective (viii) Neither injective nor surjective
ks
(ix) Bijective (x) Surjective but not injective
Yo
(xi) Neither injective nor surjective (xii) Injective but not surjective
oo
(xiii) Injective (xiv) Bijective

eB
(xv) Bijective (xvi) Neither injective nor surjective.

(xvii) Neither one-one nor onto
(i) one-one but not onto (ii) neither one-one nor onto
ur
(iii) neither one-one nor onto

ad
Yo
(i) represents a function which is surjective but not injective

(ii) does not represent a function 8.1
10.
(i)/(l)=l,/(2)=2,/(3) = 3 (ii) /(l)=l,/(2) = 3,/(3)=2
d
Re
(iii) /(l)=2,/(2) = 3,/(3)=l

in
(iv) /(l)=2,/(2)=l,/(3) = 3
(V) /(l) = 3,/(2)=2,/(3)=l (Vi) /(l) = 3,/(2)=l,/(3)=2
F
(i) /: Z -> 2 given by f(x) =3x + 2 (ii) /: Z ->■ 10} given by f(x) =\ x \
(iii) /: Z Z given by f{x) = 2x^ -h 1
We have, / (a:) =x^, a: e |-1, 0,1}. Clearly, /(-1)=/(1). So, / is not one-one. Range
(J) =\Q,1] * A.So,f: A A is not onto.
We have,/(a:) = a:^+a: + 1.
Injectivity: Let a:, y e N be such that
/(^) = /(y) =>a:^+ac + 1 = y^+y-i-l=>A;^-y2-i-A:-y=0
=> {x-y){x + y + l)-0=>x-y = 0=i>x=y [●.● x + y + 1 0 for any x,y eN]
So, / is a one-one function. Clearly, / (a:) = + a: +1 > 3 for all z e N.
So, / (a:) does not assume values 1 and 2. Therefore, /: N N is not an onto function.
MATHEMATICS-Xn
2.26
8. It is given that f :A Bisan injective map such that range of / is As / is an injective

map, therefore different elements of A have different images in B. So, A has just one
element.
x-2
9. /: R-{3}->R-{11 is givenby/(x) =-^ -3
Injectivity: Let x,y eR - (31 be such that
x-2 1
/W=/(y)=> x-3 = y-3=> x = y
x-3 y-3 x-3 y-3 x-3 y-3
So, / is a one-one function.
Surjectivity: Let y be an arbitrary element of R - (1). Then,
x-2 2-3y
ww
fix) = y ^ = y => ^ =
x-3 i-y
We find that, :r ;= 3 => 1 = 0 which is an absurd result. Therefore, x*3. Hence,
Floo
2-3y
X e R - {3} for all y € R - {!}. Thus, for each y e R - {1} there exists x = e R - {3} such
1-y
ee
that / (x) = y. So, / is an onto function.
eer
10. All one-one functions from A = |1, 2, 3} to itself are obtained by arranging elements of the
1 2 3'
FFr
second row in the two row notation
12 3/ oorr
uur r
12. For any X, y €R, we find that;/(x)=/(y) => e^=e^ => x = y. So,/: RR is one-one.
s ff
Clearly, range (/) {0, co) gt R. So,/ is not onto.
sk
YYoo
13. /:Rj ->Risgivenby/(x) = log„ x, a > 0. For any x, y e RJ , we find that

ooko
fix) = /(y) => logflX = log«y => X = y.So,/isone-one.

eBB
For each yeR, there exists X = eRJ' such that/(x) = log^ =y. So,/is onto. Hence,
uurr
/ is a bijection.
ad
14. We have, A = (1,2,3} and /: A A is a one-one function. Therefore, / (1), / (2), / (3) are
Yo
distinct elements of A. But, A has three elements only. Therefore, A = (/(1), / (2), / (3)}
i.e., range (/) = A. So, / is onto.
dY
15. Wehave,A = (1, 2, 3). It is given that/: A->■ A is an onto function. Therefore,
Re
ind
{/(I),/(2),/{3)1= A
FFin
=> / (1), / (2), / {3) are distinct elements of A => f:A-> A is one-one.
16. Since every onto function from A to itself is one-one (See example 22). Therefore, total
number of onto functions from A to itself is same as the number of bijections from A to itself.
which is equal to n!.
17. Let/i ;R R and /2 : R -^R be given by f^ (x) =xand/2 (x) =-x.
Clearly, ^ and /2 are one-one. But, (/j + /2) (x) = x - x = 0 for all x e R is not one-one.
18. Let /i: Z ^ Z and /2 : Z ^ Z be given by /j (x) = x and /j (x) = - x. Then, /^ and /2 are
surjections, but f^+ f^'.Z ^ Z is not surjection. Because, (/i + /2) (^) = 3: - x = 0 for all
xeZ.
19. Take/i(x)=x and /2(x)=x.

20. Take/i:R -> R given by/j (x) =x^ and /2 ; R -> R given/2 (x) = x.
22. We have, / (x) = x - [x]. Clearly, / (x) = 0 for all x e Z. So, /: R ^ R is a many-one
function. We find that, range (/) = [0,1) R. So, / is an into function.
FUNCTIONS 2.27
2.4 COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
Let A, B and C be three non-void sets and let /: A ^: B -> C be two functions. Since /is a
function from A to B, therefore for each x e A there exists a unique element/(at) e B. Again, since
^ is a function from B to C, therefore corresponding to f{x) e B there exists a unique element
iif (^)) e C. Thus, for each x e A there exists a unique element g (fix)) e C.
It follows from the above discussion that / and g when considered together define a new
function from A to C. This function is called the composition of/and g and is denoted by gof. We
define it formally as follows:
w
Flo
reeee
DEFINITION Let f :A B and g:B ~>Cbe two functions. Then a function gof: A C defined by
FFr
= gif (x)),for allx eA is called the composition offund g.
for
note 1 It is evident from the definition that gof is defined only iffor each xeA,f(x) is an element of
ur
domain ofg so that we can take its g-image. Hence, for the composition gof to exist, the range off must be a
kkss
subset of the domain ofg as shown in Fig. 2.37.

Yo
oo
eB
r
ou
ad
YY
Domain of /
Domain of j
ndd
Re
Fig. 2.37
NQIE2 It should be noted that gof exists iff the range off is a subset of domain ofg. Similarly, fog exists if
Fi
range ofg is a subset of domain of.f

note 3 In order to visualize how functional composition works, let us think gof in terms of an "assembly
line" in which f and g are arranged in series with output f {x) becoming the input of g as shown in
Fig. 2.38.
g
lachine
%
X
¥1 )Ut
gm
glfx))
/
machine gm)
Fig. 2.38
EXAMPLE 1 Let R be the set of real numbers. Iff :R -> R ; f{x) = and g:R -> R; g(x) ~2x + 1.
Then, find fog and gof. Also, show that fog ^ gof.
SOLUTION Clearly, range of/is a subset of domain of ^ and range ofg is a subset of domain of/.
So, fog and go/both exist.
Now, (gof)(x) = g(f{x)) = g(x^) = 2(a:=')+1 =21^ + 1
w
And, (/og)W = /(gW) = /(2^ + l) = +
Clearly, + 11 {2x + if for all x e R => gof(x) = fog(x) for all x e R gof ^ fog.
EXAMPLE 2 Let f:R->R; f{x) = sin x and g: R ^ R; g{x) =x'^ find fog and gof
e
roow
SOLUTION Clearly, fog and gof both exist such that
re
{gof){x) = g{f{x)) = g{sinx)={smxf=sm'^x and, (Jog) (x) =f{g{x)) =f{x^) = sin
EXAMPLE 3 Letf:{2, 3, 4,5} -4(3, 4,5, 9}flnd^:13, 4,5, 9} ^{7,11,15} be functions defined as
reF
uFFll
/(2) = 3,/(3)=4,/(4)=/(5)=5 and, g(3)=g{A)=7 and g {5) =g (9) =11. Find gof
e
[NCERT]
SOLUTION We find that Range of / = {3, 4,5). Clearly, it is a subset of domain of So,gof exists
sFr
and gof: (2, 3, 4,5}-> (7,11,15} such that
gof{2)=gif{2))=g{3)=7; go/(3)
foro(/(3)) =g (4) =7
ofk
uor
gof (4) = g (/ (4)) = g (5) = 11 and gof (5) = g (/ (5)) = g (5) = 11
Hence, gof ;{2, 3, 4,5] ^(7,11,15) such that go/= {{2,7), (3,7), (4,11), (5,11)1
kos
Y
EXAMPLE4 Letf:[l, 3, 4} ->(1, 2,5} flttd g:(1, 2,5} -> {1, 3| be given / ={(1, 2),(3,5),(4,1)}
Yo
reeBB
oo
[NCERT]
andg = 1(1, 3), (2, 3), (5,1)). Write down gof
SOLUTION Clearly, co-domain of / is same as the domain of g. So, gof exists and
uurY
gof: {1, 3, 4} ^ (1, 3) such that

go/(l)=g(/(l))=g(2) = 3; go/(3)=g(/(3))=g(5)=l; go/(4) =g(/(4)) =g(1) = 3
Hence, go/:{l, 3,4) ->{1, 3} such that go/=|(l, 3),(3,1),(4, 3)}.
ad
doo
EXAMPLES Findgofandfog,iff: R Randg: R -> Rare given byf (x) =| x\andg(^x) = | 5x -2|.
nY
[NCERT]
SOLUTION gof (x)= gif (x)) =g(lx|)=|5|x|-2|=|| -5x - 21 , if X < 0

15.x - 21, if .V > 0
nid
Re
F
Fi
and. /og(x)=/(g(x))=/(|5x-21)=||5x-2| =l5x-2|.

EXAMPLES If the functions f and g are given byf ={(1, 2), (3,5), (4,1)} andg = {(2, 3), (5,1), (1, 3)},
find range off and g. Also, write down fog and gof as sets of ordered pairs.
SOLUTION We find that: Range of/= Set of second components of ordered pairs in / ={2,5,1)
Similarly, Range of g = {3,1). We also find that: Domain/ = {1, 3, 4} and. Domain g = {2,5,1)
Clearly, Range / c Domain g and, Range g c Domain/. So, fog and go/both exist.
Now, /og(2) = fig (2)) =/(3) =5; fog (5) =/(g (5)) =/(l) = 2 and, fog (1) =/ (g (1)) =/(3) =5.
/og = {(2,5), (5, 2), (1,5)1
And, gof (1) = g (/(I)) = g (2) = 3; go/ (3) = g (/ (3)) = g (5) = 1 and, go/(4) = g(/(4)) = g(l) = 3
gof= 1(1, 3), (3,1), (4, 3)1
EXAMPLE 7 If the function /: R -4 R be given by fix) =x'^ + 2andg:R -11) -> R given by
. Findfogandgo.f [CBSE2014]
g{x) = x-1
FUNCTIONS 2.29
SOLUTION Clearly, rar\ge fa domain g and, range g a domain/. So,/o^ and gof both exist.
\2 .2
Now, (fog) (x) = fig (x)) = f + 2 =
x-l) ix-1)
x'^ + 2
and, (gof) (x) = gif ix)) = gix^ +2) =
(:r^ +2) -1 x^+1
x^ + 2
Hence, gof:R RandfogiR -{!)-> R are given by (ô/) (x) = and ifog) ix) = 2+2.
(x-l)
oww
EXAMPLE 8 If f,g:R ^R are defined respectively by fix) = x^ + 3x +1, ^(x) = 2x - 3, find
(i)fog (ii)gof (in) fof do) gog. [NCERT EXEMPLARl
SOLUTION Clearly, Range/= Domainând. Rangeg = Domain/. Therefore,/o^,go//o/and
e
gog all exist,
FFrlo
re
(i) For any x e R, we find that
ree
F
(Jog)(x) =/(g(x)) = /(2x-3) = (2x-3)^ + 3(2x-3) + l =4x2-6x + l
rF
So, /og: R -> R is defined by (fog) (x) = 4x^ - 6x +1 for all x e R.
oor
ouur
(ii) For any x e R, we find that
kffs
(gof)ix) = gifix)) = g(x^ + 3x + l) = 2{x^ + 3x + l) -3 = 2x^ + 6x-l
kos
So, go/: R -> R is defined by (gof) (x) = 2x^ + 6x -1 for all x e R

Yo
ooo
Y
(iii) For any x e R, we find that

BB
(fof) (x) = f if (x)) = / (x^ + 3x +1) = (x^ + 3x + 1)^ + 3 (x^ + 3x +1) +1

re
= x^ + 6x^ + 14x^ + 15x 4- 5

uur
oY
So, /o/: R R is defined by ifof) (x) = x^ + 6x^ + 14x^

ad
+ 15x + 5
dY
(iv) For any x e R, we find that

(gog) (x) = gig (x)) = g (2x - 3) = 2 (2x - 3) - 3
innd
= 4x - 9
Re
So, gog :R Ris defined by (gog) (x) = 4x - 9.

Fi
F
EXAMPLE9 Iff:R-^R is defined by fix) =x^ - 3x + 2, find f if(x)). [NCERTl
SOLUTION We have, /(x) = x^ - 3x + 2.

f{f(x))=fix^-3x + 2) = /(y),wherei/=x^-3x + 2.
= y2 - 3y + 2 [V f(x)=x^-3x + 2 ■ Z(y)=y2_3y + 2]
= {x2-3x+2)2-3(x^-3x + 2) + 2 = x'*-6x^ + lOx^ - 3x.
1^1 ^ R - j -^1 defined as fix) andg:R-|-^|->R-j—i be

3x + 4
EXAMPLE 10 Iff-R-
5x-7 5
7x + 4
defined as g (x) =
5x-3 . Show that gof = and fog = /g, where R = R - j and A = R -1
[NCERTl
MATHEMATICS-XII
2.30
SOLUTION It is given that /: A -> B and g:B^ A. Therefore, gof:A^ A and fog:B-> B.
J^ + 4'' + 4
3x + 4 5x-7 21x + 28 + 20:c-28 41a:
gof(x) = gif (x)) = g
= x
5a:-7 r 3:c + 4 15a:+ 20-15a:+ 21 41
-3
^ 5x-7 j
Therefore, go/: A A is such that gof (x) = x for all xeA. Hence, gof = .
j7x + 4 + 4
7a: + 4 ^ 5x-3 21a:+ 12 +20a:-12 41x
Now, fog(x) =fig{x))=f
= x
5a:-3 7a: + 4 35a: + 20 - 35a: + 21 41
5 -7
5a:-3
ww
fog:B-> Bsuch that/og(A:) =A:for all a: e B. Hence, fog = 1^.
l,x>0
EXAMPLE 11 Letf:R^Rbe the signiim function defined as f{x) = \ 0 , a: = 0 and g:R R be
Flo
,x<0
e
ree
the greatest integer function given by g(A:)=[A:] . Then, prove that fog and gof coincide i
in
INCERTl
Fr
1-1,0).
rF
SOLUTION For any a: e [-1, 0), we find that
uurr
fogix) =f igix)) =f i[x]) =f i-1) =-l and, go/(a:) =g (/(a:)) =g (-1) =[-l] =-1
for
go/(x) =/og (x) for all a: e [-1, 0)
s
Hence, gof and fog coincide on [-1, 0).
kks
EXAMPLE 12 Let f, g and h be functions from R to R. Show that:

Yo
oooo
(ii) ifg)oh=ifoh)igoh) [NCERT]

(i) if+ g) oh =foh + goh
SOLUTION (i) Since/, g and h are functions fron\ R to R. Therefore,
eB
if + g) oh: R ^R and foh + goh : R ^ R

For any x e R, we find that
ur
iif + g)oh)ix) = if + g)ihix))= fihix))+gih(x))=fohix) + gohix)=ifoh + goh)ix)

ad
if + g)oh=foh + goh
YYo
(ii) Clearly, ifg) oh:R R and ifoh) igoh): R —> R such that
{(/g)oM(x) =ifg)ihix)) = fihix))gih{x))=ifoh)ix)igoh){x)={ifoh). igoh)\ix)ioral\ xsR
dd
Re
ifg)oh = ifoh).igoh).
in
F
EXAMPLE 13 Iff :R^Rbe defined by fix) = Ixfor all xeR. Find g:R-^R such that gof = Ir.
SOLUTION It is given that
gof = h
gof (x) = Ir (x) for all X e R
gifix)) = X for all X e R
gi2x) = X for all X € R
8(y)=l for all y e R, where 2x = y
gW = f for all X G R.
Hence, g: R -> R given by, g (x) = - for all x g R, is the required function.
FUNCTIONS 2.31
EXAMPLE 14 Let A ={xsR:0 <x<l]. Iff-.AA is defined by f{x) = j x.ifxeQ then prove
x^Q
thatfof(x) = xforallxsA. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let xeA. Then, either x is rational or x is irrational. So following cases anse:
w
Case I When x e Q; In this case, we have f(x) = x.
fof{x) =/(/{x)) = /(x) = X [v fix) = x]
Case II When x g Q; In this case, we have / (x) = 1 - x.
fof ix) = / (/ (x)) = / (1 - x) [●.● X g Q / (x) = 1 - x]
= l-(l-x)=x xgQ=>l-xgQ=>/(l-x)=l-(l-x)]
e
wr
Thus, fof (x) = X whether x e Q or, x g Q. Hence, fof (x) = x for all x e A.
lloo
r
EXAMPLE 15 Let f\R->R and g:R-^R be two functions such that fog {x) = sin x ^ and
gof (x) = sin^ X. Then, find f (x) and g (x). ^
F
FFu
SOLUTION We have,
fog(x) = sin x^ and, gof (x) = sin^ x
f(g(x)) = sin(x^) and, g(f{x)) = (sin x)^ => /(x) = sin x and, g(x) = x^.
rese
uro
EXAMPLE 16 Iff:R->Rbe given by f (x) = sin^ x + sin^ (x + n/3) + cos x cos (x + :i:/3)/or all
k
Fr
o
X eR, andg: R R be such that g (5/4) = 1, then prove that gof :R R is a constant function.
SOLUTION
fix)
We have. foo
fr
sin^ X + sin^ (x + n/3) + cos x cos (x + k/3)
kso
Y
- J 2 sin^ X + 2 sin^ n n
Y
B
fix) X + — +2 cos X cos X + —

Yo
2 3J 3J
oo
271^^
eBr
71 7C
fix) = — 1 - cos 2x +1 - cos 2x + — + cos 2x + — + cos —
e
2 3 / 3J 3
uru
1 5 2tc
od
n
fix) — cos 2x - cos 2x + — + cos 2x + —
2 2 3J 3J
Yo
ad
n
1 5 27t'l 7t
fix) - — ( COS (2x) + cos 2x + — + cos 2x + —
2 2 I 3 3/
ndi
1 5 n n
Re
fix) — - 2 COS 2x + — cos — -f COS 2x + —

F
2 2 3/ 3 3J
Fi
1 5 n K
fix) - - cos 2x + ~ + cos 2x + — - for aU X G R.
2 2 3J 3J 4
f5
Therefore, for any X € R, we obtain: ô/(x) = gifix)) = = 1
Thus, gof (x) = 1 for all x g R. Hence, gof: R -> R is a constant function.
EXAMPLE 17 Let f :Z —>■ Z be defined by f («) = 3n for all n^Z andg: Z Z be defined by
It
—3 ,ifnis a multiple of 3
gin) = for all n eZ. Show that gof = and fog ^
0, if n /s not a multiple of 3
SOLUTION Since f :Z Z and g:Z Z. Therefore, gof: Z —> Z and fog: Z —> Z.
For any u g Z, we obtain
3n 3n
gof in) = gif in)) = gi3n)= -- ~n 3n is a multiple of 3 / (37i) = —
J 3
MATHEMATICS'XII
2.32
gof(n) = nforallweZ => gof = I^-

For any « e Z, we have
fog in) fig (n)) = ●

/f-1
UJ
, if n is a multiple of 3
[/(O) , if «is not a multiple of 3

ftt'\
3 — , if n is a multiple of 3 n, if «is a multiple of 3
fogiri) = \ 3/
0 , if n is not a multiple of 3
3x0 , if n is not a multiple of 3
Clearly, fog (n) n for all n € Z. In fact, fog («) = n only for multiple of 3. So, fog ^
EXAMPLE 18 Let f :R R be a function given by f{x)=ax + b for all xsR. Find the constants
w
a and b such that fof =
SOLUTION We have,
Flo
M = Ir
fof (x) = Ir {x) for all X e K
e
rree
/ (f (^)) = X for all X £ R [■.' Ir (x) = X for all x e R]
r FF
f(ax + b) = X for all e R
a{ax + b) + b =x for all x e R
uurr
{a^ -1) x + ab + b = 0 for all x e R
for
fl^-l=0 and ab+b=0 [●/ -1) X + + &) = 0 is an identity in x]
kss
ooook
=> a = ±1 and b{a + V) = 0

Yo
When fl=l;b(fl + l) = 0=^> 2b = 0=> b = 0. Therefore, a = 1 and & = 0.

eB
When = -1: b{a + l) = 0 for alUj e R. Therefore, a = -1 and b can take any real value.
Hence, either a = l and & = 0, or = -1 and b can take any real value.
urr
EXAMPLE19 Letf,g\R Rbeatwofunctiondefinedasf{x) =\x\ + xandg(x) =\x\-xforallxsR.

ad
Then, findfog and gof INCERT EXEMPLAR]

Yo
dY
SOLUTION We have.
x + x = 2x, ifx>0 x-x = 0, if x>0
and, g(x)=lxl-x = -x-x = -2x, ifx<0
Re
/(x)=]x|+x = -x + x = 0,
innd
ifx<0
Fi
The graphs of/(x) and g{x) are shown in Fig. 2.39 (i) and 2.39 (u) respectively. It is event from
these graphs that range (/) = [0, *») and range (g^) = (-oo, 0]. Thus, range (/) c= domain (g) and
range (g) c domain (/). So, fog and gof both exist.
1v
Ax)=7x
g{x)^
^ A^)=o o
<■
o X
X' X X'
Vy
Fig. 2.39 (i) Graph of f{x) Fig. 2.39 (ii) Graph of/(x)
FUNCTIONS
2.33
Now,
f/{0) ,ifx>0
fog(x) =f ig{x)) =
f{-2x), if X < 0
2x0 = 0, if x>0 v-2x>0ifx<0
fog(x) =
2 (- 2^:) = - 4ji:, if X < 0 /. / (- 2x) = 2 (- 2x) = - 4x, if X < 0
gof{x)=g{f{x))=î g(0)
and, g{2x) ,ifx>0_f0, ifx>0 = 0 for allx 6 R.
,ifx<0“1o, ifx<0
EXAMPLE 20
Let f: A -> A be afunction such that fof = f. Shoiu that f is onto if and only iff is one-one.
oww
Describe/in this case.
SOLUTION We have, fof = /.
Let /: A -> A be onto. Then, we have to prove that / is one-one. i
^6t X, y, e A. Then, as /: A -> A is onto there exist a, P e A such that
e
/(a) = X and /(p) = y
re
FFrllo
Now, fix) =/(y)
/(/(oc)) =/(/(P))
rF
[Using (i)]
ee
fof (a) = /o/(P)
/(a) =/(P)
ouru
[■fof = /]
sor rF
^ = y [Using (i)]
So, / is one-one. kffo
Thus, /: A -> A is onto ^ /: A -> A is one-one.
Conversely, let /: A A be one-one. Then, we have to prove that / is onto.
os
Let y be an arbitrary element in A. Then,
ook
Yo
Y
/o/ - / => fof (y) - / (y) => / (/ (y)) = f (y) / (y) = y f-.A->Ais one-one]
Bo
Thus, for all y e A, there exists y e A such that / (y) = y. Hence, / is onto.
reeB
Now, /o/ - f
ouY
fof(x) = f{x) for allx e A

ur
=>
fifix)) = fix) forallxeA
ad
Yo
/(a) = a for all a = /(x)eA

d
Thus,/(x) = X forallxeA
EXAMPLE 21
Let f :Z -^Zbe defined by / (x) = x + 2. Find g\Z^Z such that gof =
nidn
Re

F
Sof = h
Fi
=> gof (x) = (x) for all X € Z

=> gifix))=x for all X € Z
=> ^ (x + 2) = X for all X e Z
giy) = y-2 for all y € Z, where x + 2 = y
=> gix) = X-2 for all X e Z.
Hence, g:Z ^Z defined by ^ (x) = x - 2 for all x e Z, is the required function.
EXERCISE 2.2
BASIC
L Let / = ((3,1), (9, 3), (12, 4)1 and g ={(1, 3), (3, 3), (4, 9), (5, 9)). Show that gof and fog are
both defined. Also, find fog and gof.

2. Let/ = {(1, -1), (4, - 2), (9, - 3), (16, 4)} and g = |(-1, - 2), (- 2, - 4), (- 3, - 6), (4, 8)1- Show
that gof is defined while fog is not defined. Also, find gof.
2.34
MATHEMATICS-XII
3. Let A ~ la, b, c}, B = {uv, w\ and let/ and g be two functions from i4 to B and from B to A
respectively defined as: f ={{a,v),{b,u),{c,zo)],g = {{u,b),{v, a),(iv, c)}.
Show that/and g both are bijections and find fog and gof.
4. Find/og (2) and gof{l) when: f: R ^ R ; f (x) =x^ + 8 and g:R R;g{x) = 3x^ +1.
5. Let /: R -> R and g: R R be defined by / (x) = and g (x) = x +1. Show that /og ^ gof.
6. Let R"*" be the set of all non-negative real numbers. If /: R"^ -> R'*' and g: R"^ R~^ are
defined as / (x) = x^ and g (x) = + Vx. Find fog and gof Are they equal functions.
BASED ON LOTS
7. Find go/and/og when /: R ^ R and g: R R are defined by

(i)/(x)=2x+3 and g(x)=x^+5 (ii) /(x) = 2x + x^ and g(x)=x^
ww
(iii) /(x)=x^ + 8 and g(x) = 3x^+ 1 (iv)/(x) =x and gW=|^
1/3
(v) /{x)=x^ + 2x-3 and g(x) = 3x-4 {vi)/(x) = 8x^ and g(x)=x
8. Let/:R^-R and g:R^R be detined by /{x)=x + l and g(x)=x-l. Show that
Flo
fog gof =Ir-
e
9. Verify associativity for the following three mappings : f :N ~-*^Zq (the set of non-zero
ere
integers), g: Zq ^ Q and h:Q^R given by /(x) = 2x, g (x) = 1/x and h (x) = e^.
FFr
1-x
then find/o/(x). [CBSE 2020]
10. If/(x) =
uurr
1 + x'
orr
11. Consider /:N-^N,g:N->Nand/i:N->R defined as /(x) = 2x, g(y) = 3y + 4 and
sfo
h (z) = sin z for all x, y, z e N. Show that ho {gof) = (hog) of. [NCERT]
kks
Yoo
BASED ON HOTS
oooo
12. Give examples of two functions f :N N and g:N N such that gof is onto but / is not
onto. [NCERT]
eBB
13. Give examples of two functions f :N and g:Z Z such that gof is injective but g is
not injective. [NCERT]
14. If /: A B and g: B ^ C are one-one functions, show that gof is a one-one function.
urr
15. If /: A ^ B and g; B C are onto functions show that gof is an onto function.
ad
YYo
ANSWERS
1. go/={(3, 3),(9, 3), (12, 9)1 /og = {(l,l),(3,l),(4, 3)(5, 3))

dd
2. gof = ((1, - 2), (4, - 4), (9, -6), (16, 8)}

Re
inn
3. fog = {(w, u), {v, v), (w, K?)l gof = [{a, a), {b, b), (c, c)l 4. fog (2) = 633, gof (1) = 2188
F
6. /og(x)=x,go/(x)=x,Yes
7. (i) gof (x) = 4x^ + 12x + 14, fog (x) = 2x^ + 13
(ii) go/(x) =(x^ + 2x)^, /og(x) =2x^ + x^
(iii) gof (x) = 3 (x^ + 8)^ + 1, fog (x) = 9x^ + 6x^ + 9
(iv) go/(x) = [x|, /og(x) = |x| (v) gof (x) = 3x^ + 6x -13, fog (x) = 9x^ - 18x + 5
(vi) go/(x)=2x, /og(x)=8x 10. fof{x) = X
2. We have. Range g = {- 2, - 4, - 6, 8), Domain / = (1, 4, 9,16},

Range / = [-1, - 2, - 3, 4}, Domain g = {-1, - 2, - 3, 4|.
Clearly, Range / = Domain g but. Range g <r Domain /. So, fog is not defined but gof is
defined.
FUNCTIONS 2.35
11.
We have,/(at) = 2a:, ^(y) =3y + 4 and ft (2) = sin z for all a:, y,z eN
gof {x) = gif (:t)) = g (2a:) = 3 (2a:) + 4 = 6a: + 4
=> {hoigof)]{x) = h{{gof){x)) = ft (6a:+ 4) = sin (6a:+ 4) ...(i)
(hog){x) = h{g(x)) = ft(3a:+ 4) = sin (3a:+ 4)
{{hog) of} {x) = (hog) if (a:)) = (hog) {2x) = sin 2 ( 3a: + 4) = sin (6a: + 4) ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get: ho (gof) = {hog) of
12.
x-1, if x>l
11 fix) =a: + 1 and g(A:) - 1 , if a: =1 , then f :N ->Nis not onto because
Range (/) = N - {1} Co-domain of/.

Now, gof(x) = gifix)) = g{x + l) = X+ 1-1 = x [v x + l>l]
Clearly, gof, being identity function, is onto.
ww
4
13.
Let /: N —> N and g:Z Z he given by / (a:) = a: and g (a:) = | a: |. Then, g is not injective as
^(- 2) =g(2) =2. We observe thatgo/:N ^ Z is given by go/(a:) = gifix)) =g(x) =| a:| =a:
FF loo
Clearly, gof is injective but g is not injective.
*2.4.1 PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
ree
THEOREM 1 The composition offunctions is not commutative i.e. fog ^ gof.
rFee
PROOF Let f: A B and g: B —> C be two functions. Then, the function gof exists because the
F
range of/is a subset of the domain of g. But,/og cannot exist unless the range of g is a subset of
oor r
rur
domain of / i.e. unless C c /I. As such we find that/og does not exist if C cr A but fog will be a
s ff
function from B to itself if A = C. Thus, if A = C.
f: A ^ B and g:B A=> gof: A -4 A and fog :B ^ B
k
YYoou
Now, we find that both fog and go/exist but they cannot be equal if A and B are two distinct sets,
ookos
which are their domains. However if A = B = C, then both gof and fog exist and both are from A to
BBo
itself, even then they may not be equal as shown in Example 1 on page 2.35.
re
Hence, in general the composition of functions is not necessarily commutative.

THEOREM 2 The composition offunctions is associative i.e. iff, g, ft are three functions such that (fog)oh
ouur
ad
andfo(goh)exist, then{fog) oh =/o(goft). INCERTI

Yo
PROOF Let A, B, C, D be four non-void sets. Let h: A B, g: B ^ C and /: C ^ D be three

functions. Then,
dY
Re
h: A B, g: B -> C, f -.C ^ D => fog: B -> D and ft: A B => {fog) oft: A ^ D
idn
Again, h : A —> B, g: B -+C, f :C D => / :C->D and goft : A -> C =e> fo (goft): A -> D
FFin
Thus, (fog)oh and /o(goft) are functions from set A to set D.

Now, we shall show that {{fog)oh} (a:) = {fo (goft)} (a:) for all x e A.
Let X be an arbitrary element of A and let y e B, 2 6 C such that ft (x) = y and g(y) =z.Then,
K/og) oft) (x) = ifog) {ft (a:))
= ifog) (y) [v ft(x)=y]
= fig (y))
= /(2) [V giy)=z]
And, \fo (goft)) (x) = /l(goft)(x)l
= fig ih{x))]
= fig iy)) h(x)=y]
= /(2) [●●● giy)=z] ●●●(ii)
May be skipped. Not from examination point of view.

From (i) and (ii), we obtain: {(fog) oh} (a:) = [fo (goh)] (a:) for all x 6 v4.
Hence, (fog) oh = fo {goh).
THEOREM 3 The composition of two hijections is a bijection i.e. iff and g are two bijections, then gofis also
a bijection. [NCERTl
PROOF Letf:A^B and g: B -> C be two bijections. Then, gof exists such that gof: A^C.
We have to prove that gof is injective as well as surjective map.
Injectivity: Let x, y be two arbitrary elements of A. Then,
igof){x) = {gof){y)
=5> gifix)) = g{f{y))
fix) = fiy) [●.● g is an injective map]
[●.● /is an injective map]
w
=> X = y
Thus, {gof) {x) = {gof) iy) for all .x, ysA. So, gof is an injective map.
Surjectivity: In order to prove the surjectivity of gof, we have to show that every element in C
Flo
has its pre-image in A i.e. for all zeC, there exists xgA such that {gof) (x) = z.
e
Let z be an arbitrary element of C. Then,
reee
z eC there exists y eB such that g{y)=z [v g is a surjective map]
FFr
and, y eB=> there exists x e A such that / (x) = y [●.● / is a surjective map]
Thus, we find that for every z e C, there exists x e A such that
for
ur
{gof){x)=g{f{x))=g{y)=z.
i.e. every element of C is the gof-image of some element of A.
kss
So, gof is a surjective map.

Yo
Hence, gof being both injective as well as surjective, is a bijective map.

oo
THEOREM 4 Let f \ A ^ B. Then, fo I^=Igof =f i.e. the composition of any function with the
eB
identity function is the function itself.

PROOF Since : A-)■ A and f: A ^ B, therefore foIjîA^B. Now let x be an arbitrary
ur
element of A. Tlien,
ad
YYo
{folA){x) = f{lA (X)) -f{x) [■●’ IA ~^ X e A]

fold = f
Again, f: A B and Jg : 6 -> B ^ of \ A B.
d
Re
Now, let X be an arbitrary element of B. Let f{x) = y. Then, y eB.

in
(Igo/Hx) = 1b {fix))
F
(Ig0/)(x) = iBiy) [V f{x)=y]

(fg of){x) = y
(/go/)(x)=/(x) [●●■ fg(i/)=i/foralli/eB]
7go/=/
Hence, f o =^b^ f ~f
THEOREM 5 Let f :A^ B,g:BÂ be two functions such that gof = 1 a-Then, f is an injection and g
is a surjection.
PROOF / is an injection: Let x, y £ A be such that / (x) = / (y). Then,
fix) =/(y)
Sifix)) = gifiy))
gof (x) = gof iy)
(^) = U iy) [■■■ gof = U (Given)l
X = y [By definition of I a 1
FUNCTIONS 2.37
1
Thus, f{x) =/{}/) ^ a: = yfor all X, y € y4.
g is a surjection: Asg:B A therefore to prove that g is a surjection. It is sufficient to prove that
every element in A has its pre-image in B.
Let X be an arbitrary element of A. Then, asf: A -¥ Bisa function therefore / (x) e B. Let /(x) = y.
Then,
gi¥) = 5 (/
g (y) = gof ix)
giy) = /a W ['‘gof = âI
giy) = X
Thus, for every x e ^4 there exists y = / (-x) sB such that g (y) = x. So, g is a surjection.
ww
THEOREMS Letf :A Bandg:B Abe two function suchthat fog = l^.Then,f is a surjection and g
is an injection.
Flo
PROOF f is a surjection: In order to prove that/:A 6 is a surjection, it is sufficient to prove that
every element in B has its pre-image in A. Let & be an arbitrary element of B. Since g :B ^ A.
e
rere
Therefore, g {b) e A.
r FF
Let g{b) = a.
/(«) = fig m iv o=gm
uurr
/(«) = fog ib)
foor
/(«) = hii^) [●●● fog = lB]
f{a) = b
kss
Yoo
Thus, for every b eB there exists a e A such that / (a) = b. So, / is a surjection,
ooook
g is an injection: Let x, y be any two elements of B such that g (x) = g (y). Then,
eBB
= giy)
figix)) = figiy))
fog(x) = /og(y)
uurr
[V fog = lBJ
ad
hi^) = hiy)
Yo
=> X = 1/
dY
Thus, g(x) =g(y) => x=yforallx,y, eB.

So, g is an injection.
Re
innd
THEOREM?
Let / :A B and g: B ->C be two functions. Then,
Fi
(i) gof -.A^C is onto => g:B->Cisonto

(ii) gof: A -> C is one-one ^ f: A Bis one-one
(iii) gof: A -> C is onto and g:B -^C is one-one => /: A 6 /s onto
(iv) gof: A C is one-one and /; A B is onto ^ g:B ->C is one-one.
PROOF (i) order to prove that g: B -> C is onto whenever gof: A ^ C is onto, it is sufficient to
prove that for allz eC there exists y e B such thatg (y) =z.
Let z be an arbitrary element of C. Since gof: A -> C is onto. Therefore, there exists x e A such
that
gof (x) = z
=> gif ix)) = 2
giy) - Z/ wherey = /(x) eB.
Thus, for all z € C, there exists y = / (x) e B such that g (y) = z.
Hence, g: B -> C is onto.
(ii) In order to prove that f:A-^Bis one-one, it is sufficient to prove that

/ (^) =/ x = yfoT all X, y e A.
Let x,y e A such that f {x) = f (y). Then,
fix) =fCy)
=> gif ix)) = gif (y)) ['.■ g: B -> C is a function]
=> gof ix) = gof (y)
=> X = y [■.* gof: A ^ C is one-one]
Hence, f :A Bis one-one.
(iii) In order to prove that f: A Bis onto, it is sufficient to prove that for all y e B there exists
X eA such that / (x) = y. Let y be an arbitrary element of B. Then,
giy)eC [v g-.B^C]
ww
Since gof: A C is an onto function. Therefore, for any ^ (y) e C there exists a: e A such that
gofix) = giy)
=>
g if ix)) = g iy)
Floo
fix) = y [■.* g is one-one]
Thus, for all y € B there exists x eA such that/ (x) = y.
ee
Hence, /: A B is onto,
eer
(iv) Letyj, y2, e Bsuch thatg(yj) =g(y2). In order to prove that g is one-one, it is sufficient to
FFr
prove thatyj =y2.
oor r
Since/: A ^ B is onto and y^, y2 e B. So, there exist x^ X2 e A such that / (Arj) = yj and
ur r
/(^2)=i/2-
s ff
Now, giyi) = giy2)
=> gif (^1)) = gif {^2))
sk
YYoou
^ gof (3:1) = gof iX2)

oooko
^ = ^2 [■.● gof: A ^ C is one-one]

eBB
=> fiXl)=fiX2) [●.● /: A B is a function]

=> yi = y2
uurr
Hence, g: B -> C is one-one.

ad
Yo
*2.5 COMPOSITION OF REAL FUNCTIONS
In the previous section, we have learnt about the composition of general functions. We have
dY
learnt that if /: A -> B andgrC ->D, then

Re
gofiA ^ D is defined as go/(a:) (/(a:)), provided that Range (/) c Domain (g)
ind
FFin
and,
fog: C -> B is defined as fog (a:) =/ (gfx)), provided that Range (g) c Domain {/)
In case of real functions / and g, even if range of / is not contained in domain of g, then gof is
defined for those elements in domain of / which have their images in domain of g. Similarly, if
range of g is not a subset of domain of /, then fog is defined for those elements in domain of g
which have their images in the domain of /.
Thus, we may define the composition of two real functions as follows:
DEFINITION Let /: D| -> R and g:D2^Rbe two real functions. Then,
gof :X = {a: e Dj: / (x) e D2) R and, fog :Y = {x s D2 : g (x) € Dj] R are defined as
gofix) = gifix))forall xeXandfog{x) = f (g{x)) for all x eY.
REMARK 1 if Range (f) c Domain (g), then gof: R and if Range (g) c Domain (/), then
fog\D2^R.
May be skipped. Not from examinationpoint of view.
FUNCTIONS 2.39
REMARK 2 For any two real functions f and g, it may be possible that gof exists butfog does not. In some
cases, even if both exist, they may not be equal.
REMARK 3 If Range (f) n Domain (g) =^, then gof does not exist. In other words, gof exists if Range
(J) n Domain (g) <|i Similarly, fog exists if Range (g) n Domain (J)^^
REMARK 4 Iffand g are bijections, then fog and gof both are bijections.
REMARK 5 Iff:R->R and g:R -> Rare real functions, then fog and gof both exist.
w
EXAMPLE 1 Iff:R->R and g : R R be functions defined by / (x) = +1 and g (x) = sin x,
then find fog and gof.
SOLUTION We have,/(x) = x^ +1 and ^(x) = sin x.
Now,
Flo
x^ > 0 for all X e K
ee
x^ +1 > 1 for all X G R => / (x) > 1 for all x g R => Range (/) = [1, oo)
Fr
Also, -l<sinx<l forallxeR => Range(^) = [-1,1]
Clearly, Range (/) = [1, «>) c Domain (g) and. Range (g) = [-1,1] c Domain (/).
for
ur
So, gof \ R R and fog: R R aie îvenhy gof (x) = gif(x)) = ^(x^ + 1) = sin (x^ + l)and,
/o^(x) =/(g(x)) =/(sinx) = sin ^ X +1 respectively.
ks
EXAMPLE 2 Iff: [0, oo) R and g\R -> R be deifned as f{x)=fx and g{x) = -x^ ~ 1, then find gof
Yo
oo
and fog.
eB
SOLUTION Clearly, Domain (/) = [0, oo). Range (/) = [0, or:i). Domain (g) - R
and. Range (^) =(-CO,-1] [●.' - x^ < 0 for all X - x^ -1 < -1 for all x e R]
r
Computation of gof: We observe that: Range (J) = [0, oo) c Domain (g)
ou
ad
gof exists and Domain {gof) = Domain (/) = [0, oo)

Also, {gof){x) = g{f{x)) = giJx) = -(Vx)^ -1 = -x-1.
Y
Thus, gof: [0, co) ^ R is given by gof (x) .= -x-1.

nd
Re
Computation of fog: We have. Range (g) = [- oo, -1). Clearly, it is not a subset of domain of /. So,
Fi
fog does not exist.

[CBSE 2002]
EXAMPLE 3 Iff (x) = e^ and g (x) = log^ x (x > 0),findfog and gof. Is fog = gof?
SOLUTION We observe that
Domain (/) = R, Range (/) = (0, oo). Domain (^) = (0, co) and. Range (^) = R.
Computation of fog: We observe that: Range (g) = Domain (/)
fog exists and fog: Domain (^) -> R i.e. fog: (0, oo) -> R such that
fog{x) = f{g{x)) = /(loge x) = = X
Thus, fog: (0, oo) -> R is defined as fog (x) = x.
Computation of gof: We have. Range (/) = (0, co) = Domain (g)
gof exists and gof: Domain (/) -> R i.e. gof :R-^R such that
gof (x) = g {fix)) = g {e^) = log^ e^ = X log^ e = x.
Thus, gof: R -> R is defined as gof (x) = x.

We observe that Domain {gof) ^ Domain {fog). Therefore, gof ^ fog.
EXAMPLE 4 If f (x) = yfx {x > 0) and g{x) =x^ are two real functions, find fog and gof. Is
fog = gof 7 [CBSE 20021
SOLUTION We observe that: Domain (/) = [0, oo). Range (/) = [0, «), Domain (g) = R
and, Range (g) =[-l, oo) [●.● ^ 0 for all X e R -1'^ -1 for all x eR]
Computation of gof: We observe that: Range if) = [0, oo) c Domain (g). Therefore, gof exists
w
and gof: [0, oo) -> R such that gof (x) = g (f(x)) = g (Vx) = (Vx)^ -1 = x -1
Thus, gof: [0, oo) R is defined as gof (x) = x -1.
Compwtohon o//og: We observe that: Range(g) = [-1,00)2 Domain (/)
e
Domain (fog) = {x: x e Domain (g) and g (x) e Domain (/)} = {x: x e R and g (x) e [0, 00))
= (x: X e R and x^ -1 e [0, oo)l = {x: x e R and x^ -1
re
£ 0}
row
= {x:xeR and x <-l or, x >1) = {x: x <-1 or x >1} =(-00,-1] u [l,oo)
Also, fog (x) = fig (x)) = / (x^ -1) = ^x^-l
eeF
ullo
FF
Thus, fog: (- 00, ~ 1] u [1, 00) R is defined as fog (x) = -yjx^ -1.
We find that fog and gof have distinct domains. Also, their formulas are not same. Hence,
srr
roF
fog ^ gof-
EXAMPLE 5 ^// (^) = —
k
ond g (x) = 0 are two real functions, show that fog is not defined.
uor
X
ofof
SOLUTION We find that:
Domain (/) = R - fO), Range (/) = R -10), Domain (g) = R and, Range (g) = |0).
kos
Y
Yo
Clearly, Range (g) n Domain {f) = ^ Hence, fog is not defined.

eerBB
oo
Let f (x) = [x] and g (x) = | x |. Find

rY
EXAMPLE 6
-5"i
(i) (gof) V ~i^ (ii) (ô/)f|l-(/og)f| (iii) (/ + 2g)(-l)
u
\ j J \ oJ \ 0.
ou
SOLUTION We have,/(x) = [x] andg(x) =| x|. We find that Domain(/) =R and. Domain (g) =R.
d
o
ad
Therefore, each of fog, gof and / + 2g has domain R.

nY
-5\ f-5 -5 5
(i) (gof) \ “ = ^-j/ \ -f / ■ -f\g \ -r = ^ -/
3
nid
0 j \ J j J 3
Re
F
5
= |-2|- -
Fi
= 2-1 = 1
' .3
f5 f5 fS') f5
(ii) (gof) - -ifog) -
V -■'1*15
(S')
= g = g(l)-f V ^^ =|i -
3
=1-1=0
(iii) (/ + 2g)(-l)= /(-I) + (2g)(-l)=/(-l) + 2g(-l)=[-l]-f2|-l|= -1 + 2x1= 1.

EXAMPLE 7 / ‘^^d g be real functions defined &y / (x) = -— and ^g (x) = —^
X +1 x+3
- . Describe the
functions gof and fog (if they exist).

1
SOLUTION We have, /(x) = ^ ^ and g (x) = x+3

. We find that Domain (/) = R - 1} and.
Range (/) = R - {1}, Domain (g) = R - {- 3} and. Range (g) = R - {0}.

FUNCTIONS 2.41
Computation of gofiVJe observe that: Range(/)<z Domain (g) I
Domain {gof) = {a: : ;c s Domain (/) and/ (:«) e Domain (g)}
X; X e R - j-1} and a: ^+1 eR-(-3) =-lA:€R:X9i-l and —^ *-3

[ x+1
3
xeR:x^-l and x ^ — = R- 3,-1 X
= -3^. = -3
4 4' x + 1 4
1 x +l
And, gof (x) = gif (x)) = g
4x+ 3
-—- + 3
a: + 1
Hence, gof :R - ■ -l|->Ris defined as gof (x)
w
x + l
4x+ 3
Computation of fog: We observe that: Range (g) ct Domain (/).
Flo
Domain (fog) = {x: a: e Domain (g) and g (a:) e Domain (/)}
ee
1
x:x eR - [-3] and 6R-{-1U = X: X 56-3 and —^—
Fr
x + 3 x + 3
1
= [x:x ^ - 3 and a: - 4) for
ur
= -l =* a: = -4
a: + 3
= {a:€R:a:56-3,-41= R-{-3,-4}
ks
Yo
1
oo
1 a:+ 3 1
And, fog (x) = fig ix)) = f
eB
a: + 3 1 a: + 4
+ 1
a: + 3
ur
Hence, fog: R - {- 3, - 4} -> R is defined as fog (a:) = ——

ad
a: + 4
Yo
X
EXAMPLE 8 lîf (x) = . Then, show that ifofof) ix) =
^l + x^ + Sa:^
nd
Re
SOLUTION We have, / (a:) = =. Clearly, domain (/) = R. In order to find the range of /,
Vi + x^
Fi
we proceed as follows: Let / (a:) = y. Then,

X x^ 2
y
y = fix) ^ = y => = y => a: =
1 + a:^
Since X takes real values. Therefore, 1-y >0=> y -1<0=^ y€(-l,l).

Hence, Range(/) =(-l, 1)
Clearly, Range (/) c Domain /. Therefore,/o/: R ^ R and fofof: R -> R.
Now,
X X
ifofof) ix) = iifof) of) ix) = ifof) if ix)) = ifof) = / /
Vi^J
X X
= / = /
X )/l + 2x^ X
1+
2
1 +
Vl + 3?
u 1 + x^ V l + 2x^
EXAMPLE 9 Let f be a real function defined by f (x) =yjx-l. Find (fofof) (x). Also, show that
SOLUTION
We have, / (x) = -yjx -1. Clearly, Domain (/)=[!,<») and Range (/) = [0, <x>).
We observe that range (/) is not a subset of domain of /.
Domain (fof )= {x: x € Domain if) and / (x) e Domain {/)}
w
= {x;x ell, oo) and^x-1 e[l, co))
= {x: X e [1, oo) and ^x-1 > 1) = {x: x e [1, oo) and x > 2) = [2, oo)
Flo
Clearly, Range (/) = [0, oo) c2 Domain (fof).
e
Domain {{fof) of) = (x: x e Domain (/) and / (x) e Domain ifof)]
rree
= {x: X €[1, oo) and/(x) e[2, oo)) = {x:x e[1, oo) and Vx-l e[2, co))
r FF
= {x:x>l and ^jx-l >2}={x:x >1 andx-1 ^4}
= [x: > 1 and x > 5) = [5, oo)
uurr
for
Now, (.fof) (^) = / (/ (j:)) =/ (4^)=
kss
(Jofof)(x) = ((/o/)o/)(x)= (/0/)(/W)= (/o/)(7^)

ooook
Yo
Thus, /o/: [2, oo) -> R and /o/o/: [5, oo) R are defined as
eB
fof (x) = yj^x-1 -1 and (/b/o/) (x) =

urr
x2
Now, /2{x) = [/{x)]2 (v^ = x-1.
ad
Yo
/ ^ : [1, oo)R is given by/^ (x) = x-1. Clearly,/o// ^ .

dY
x-1
EXAMPLE 10 /// (x) = X -1, then show that f (f (x)) = - — provided that x 0, -1.
Re
innd
X +1 ' x-1
SOLUTION We have,/(x) = . Clearly,/ (x) is defined for allx e R except x +1 = Ox = -l.
Fi
x + 1
Therefore, Domain {/) - R - 1). Let us now find the range of /. Let y =/ (x). Then,
x-1
y = => X = 111
x + 1 ^ 1-y
As X takes all real values other than -1. Therefore, y also takes all real values other than 1.
Range (/) =-R-fll
We observe that Range (/) ct Domain (/).
Domain (fof) = {x: x 6 Domain (/) and / (x) e Domain (/))
x-1
= ^x:xsR -{-!) and x + 1
eR-l-l)
x-1
= ■^ X: X -1 and ?i-l>= {x: X -1 and X 0} =R-{-1, 0}
x + 1
FUNCTIONS 2.43
x-1
-1
x-1 x + 1 -2 1
And, fof(x) ^ f if {x))=f x + 1 x-1 2x x
+ 1
x + 1
Thus,/o/: R-{-1, 01-> K is defined as/o/(x) = X

or, f {f (x)) = --
X
Hence, f{f{x)) = for all x 0,-1.

X

3x-2
ww
EXAMPLE 11 If f (x) = prove that f {f (x)) =x for all x eR
2x-3'
3x-2
SOLUTION We have, / (x) = . Clearly, domain(f)=R “ y ~ f Then,
2x-3
Flo
3x-2 3y-2
e
y = => 2xy -3y=3x-2=>x =
eree
2x-3 2y-3
3 3
FFr
Clearly,x eR for ally eR, y .Therefore, Range(/) = R -
2
uurr
Since, Range (/)= Domain (/). Therefore, Domain (/q/) = Domain (/). Thus, for any
orr
sfo
X e Domain (fof) “ ^ | -1, we obtain
kks
Yoo
3 3x-2
oooo
-2
(fof){x) =f{f{x)) =/ 3x-2'|_ l,2x-3 9x - 6 - 4x + 6

X
eBB
2x-3 * J 3x-2 6x - 4 - 6x + 9
-3
[2x-3
urr
Hence, {fof){x) =f (/(x)) =x for all x g R - |y|

ad
YYo
1 2x +1 1 3
EXAMPLE 12 ///(x)=—^
2x + l
, X jt -
—, then show that f{f(x)) provided thatx^ ~'2'~~2
dd
Re
^Clearly, domainf/) = R-|-Let y = ^ ^

inn
SOLUTION Wehave,/(x) = .Then,

F
1 1
y = => 2x+ != -=> X - Izl
2x + l y 2y
1
Since x is a real number distinct from - —. Therefore, y can take any non-zero real value.
So, Range (/) =R - jO). We observe that Range (/) = R - {0} 2 Domain (/) = R -
Domain (Jof) = (x: x g Domain (/) and / (x) g Domain (/)}

X; X G R -
{-1} and/(x).R-{-l}}={ X: X 5* — and f (x) ^ —
2 ^ 2
1 1 1 1 j 3
■ x:x — and ^ — x: X - — and X 5* — = R- i -1
2 2x + l 2 2 2 2' 2
MATHEMATICS-Xii
2.44
1 1 2x + l
And, fof{x)=f(f{x)) =/ 1 2x+3
2 + 1
{2x + l)
2x + l
■jj R is defined by fof (:r) =

1
Thus, fof: R - j - 2 ' 2x+ 3
2x + l
for all X e R, -T 5* —1 _3
Hence, /(/(x)) = 2x+ 3 2 ' 2
EXERCISE 2.3
BASIC
Find fog and gof, if
w
(i) / (x) = , g (x) = log^ X (ii) / (x) = x^ , g (x) = cos X
(iii) / (x) = I XI, g (x) = sin X (iv) /(x) = X +1, gix) =
Flo
(v) fix) = sin“^x, g(x) = x^ (vi) / (x) = X +1, g (x) = sin X
(viii) /(x) = c, ceR, g(x) = sin x^
ee
(vii) / (x) = X +1 , 5 (x) = 2x + 3
1
Fr
(ix) /(X) = x^+2, gix) = 1- 1 -X
2. Let / (x) = x^ + X +1 and g (x) = sin x. Show that fog * gof.

or
ur
3- If/(x) =1 x|,prove that/o/=/.
sf
4- If / (x) = 2x + 5 and g (x) = x^ +1 be two real functions, then describe each of the following
ok
Yo
functions:
(i) fog (ii) gof (iii) fof (iv) f

Bo
●y
Also, show that fof * f .
re
BASED ON LOTS
5. If / ix) = sin X and g (x) = 2x be two real functions, then describe gof and fog. Are these
ou
ad
equal functions?
6. Let /, g, h be real functions given by / (x) = sin x, g (x) = 2x and h (x) = cos x. Prove that
Y
fog=goifh).
nd
7. Let / be any real function and let g be a function given by g (x) = 2x. Prove that gof =f + f-
Re
8. If fix)=fl-x and g (x) = log^ x are two real functions, then describe functions
Fi
fog and gof.

If / : (-7i:/2 , k/2) ->■ R and g: 1,1] ^ R be defined as fix) = tan x and g (x) = -Jl -x^
respectively. Describe fog and gof.
10* If / (x) = .fx + 3 and g (x) = x^ +1 be two real functions, then find fog and gof.
Tl- Let / be a real function given by fix) = yjx - 2 . Find each of the following:
(i) fof (ii) fofof (iii) ifofof) (38) (iv) /2
Also, show that fof ^ f^.
12. If /, g: R -> R be two functions defined as fix) = j x | + x and g(x) = | x | - x for all x e R.
Then, find/og and go/. Hence, find/og (-3), fog (5) and go/ (-2). [CBSE 2016]
BASED ON HOTS
13.
1 +x , 0<x^2
Let/(x) = 3-x, 2<x<3
. Find/o/.
FUNCTIONS 2.45
ANSWERS
1. (i) fog: (0, co) R given by fog(x) = x, gofiR^R given by gof (x) = x
(ii) fog:R^R given by fog (a:) = cos^ x,gof:R->R given by gof (at) = cos x^
(iii) fog:R -^R given by fog (.t) = | sin a: ], go/: R -> R given by gof (a:) = sin | a: 1
(iv) /og: R R given by fog (a:) = + 1, gof:R-->R given by gof (a:) = ^
(v) fog: [-1,1] R given by fog (a:) = sin” ^ {x^),
gof: [-1,1] -> R given by gof (a:) ={sin” ^ x)^
(vi) fog-.R^R given by fog (a:) = sin a: +1, go/: R -> R given by gof (x) = sin (a: +1)
(vii) fog-.R-^’R given by fog {x) = 2x + 4, gof:R-*^R given by gof (a:) =2x + 5
w
(viii) fog:R-^R given by fog (a:) gof iR'^R given by gof (a:) = sin
3x^ -4x + 2
Flo
(ix) fog:R~ {11 -)● R given by fog (x) =
{l-xf
ee
x^ + 2
gof \R-^R given by gof (a:) =
Fr
x^ +1
(i) fog: R -)■ R is given by fog (x) = 2x^ + 7for

ur
(ii) gof: R -> R is given by gof (x) = 4a:^ + 20a: + 26
ks
(iii) fof :R R\s given by fof (x) = 4a: +15
Yo
(iv) / ^ : R ->■ R is given by / ^ (a:) = 4x^ + 20a: +

oo
25
eB
5. (i) gof: R -> R is defined as gof (a:) = 2 sin a:

(ii) fog '.R->Ris defined as fog (x) = sin 2x. No.
8. fog: (0, el R is given by {fog) (x) = fl - log^
ur
x
ad
gof: (- CO, 1) ^ R is given by (go/) (x) = ^ log (1 - x)

Yo
/og: [-1,1]-> R is defined as/og (x) = tan -^1 - x^

d
Re
in
gof: [- k/4: , k/4] -> R is defined as gof (x) = ^1 - tan^ x

F
10. fog: R —> R is defined as fog (x) = -\jx^ + 4

gof: [- 3, oo) -> R is defined as gof (x) = x + 4
11. (i) fof: [6, oo) -> R is given by fof (x) = ^fx - 2
(ii) fofof: [38, co) R is given by (fofof) (x) = ^^^x-2-2-2
(iii) 0 (iv) /^ [2, co) -> R is given by /^ (x) = x - 2
0, x>0
12. /og(x) = -4x, X < 0 , gof (x) = 0, for all x and, /og(-3) = 12, /og(5) = 0, go/(-2) = 0
2 +X , if 0<x<l
13. fof(x)=\2-x , if 1 < X < 2

4-x , if 2 < X < 3
2.6 INVERSE OF AN ELEMENT

Let A and B be two sets and \etf: A -i- Bbe a mapping. As we have discussed earlier that if a e A
is associated to & e B under the function f, then 'b' is called the/image of 'a' and we write it as
b = /(fl). We also say that 'a' is the pre-image or inverse element of 'b' under/and we write
a
It should be noted that the inverse of an element under a function

may consist of a single element two or more elements or no
element depending on whether function is injective or many-one;
onto or into. If /: A B is a many-one and into function, then the
inverse of some elements of B may or may not exist or the inverse of
some element of B may consists of more than one element. If/is a
bijection, then for each b eB,f~^ (b) exists and it consists of a
ww
single element only.
If/is represented by Fig. 2.40 , then we find that: /“ ^ (b{) = ^, /” ^ (&2) = ^ (^3) =
FF loo
f ^ (1^6) =‘t* and, / =^
ree
rFee
F
EXAMPLEi Iff'.Q^Qisgivenbyf{x)=x^,thenfind:{i)f ^9) (ii) / ^(-5)(iii)/ ^ (0)
oor r
rur
SOLUTION (i) Let / ~ ^ (9) = x Then,/(:c) = 9 => = 9 => x = ± 3.
s ff
/-^9) = (-3,3}.
k
YYoou
(ii) Let / (-5) = X. Then,/ (x) =-5 => x =-5, which is not possible for any x eQ.
ookos
/"^(-5) = 4.
BBo
(iii) Let/"^(0) = x Then,/(x) = 0=> =0=> x = 0.So, / "^(0) = {0|.

re
EXAMPLE 2 If the function /: K -> K be defined bi/f{x) =x^ +5x + 9, find f ^ (8) andf “ ^ (9).
ouur
ad
-5±V21
SOLUTION Let/ ^ (8) = X. Then, / (.v) = 8 => + 5x + 9 = 8 =>
Yo
x= which are in R.
2
1 -5+Vn -5-Vn'
dY
/■M8) =
Re
2 2
idn
FFin
Now, let / ^(9) =x.Then,/(x) = 9.

x^ + 5x + 9 = 9 => x^ + 5x = 0 ^ X (x + 5) = 0 ^ x = 0,-5, which are in R
/-^9) = 10,-5}
EXAMPLES If the function f:C be definedby f {x) =x^ -I, find f (-5) and f
-1
(8).
SOLUTION Let/ (-5) =x. Then,

/(x) = -5=>x^-l=-5=> x^=-4 ^x = => X =±2i, which are in C.
/-^-5) = (2f,-2;l
Again, let/ “ ^ (8) = x. Then, /(x) =8=>x^-l=8=>x^=9=>x = ±3, which are in C.
/-^8)={-3,3j
FUNCTIONS 2.47
EXAMPLE 4 Let f :R ^ Rbe defined as f (x) = +1. Find:

(ii) f-\26)
1
(iii) / - ^ {10, 37}
SOLUTION (i) Let / “ ^ (- 5) = at. Then,
f {x) =-5=> +1 =-5=> =- 6=> x=± which is not in R.
So,/-i(-5)=<t>-
(ii) Let f~^{26) = x. Then,/ (x) = 26 => +1 = 26 ^ = 25 x = ± 5, which are real numbers
/-I (26) = 1-5,51
(iii) /“MlO, 37| = {xgR:/(x) = 10 or/(x) = 37},= |xeK :x^ +1 =10 or x^ +1 = 37}
ww
= |x e R : x^ =9 or x^ = 36} = {3, - 3, 6, - 6}
2.7 INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
FF loo
LetAandBbe two sets and \etf :A B be a function. If we follow a rule in which elements of B
are associated to their pre-images, then we find that under such a rule there may be some
ree
elements in B which are not associated to elements in A. This happens when/is not an onto map.
Therefore all elements in B will be associated to some elements in A if/is an onto map. Also, if it
reFe
is a many-one function then under the said rule an element in B may be associated to more than
oroFr
rur
one element in A. Therefore an element in B will be associated to a unique element in A if/is an
s ff
injective map.
It follows from the above discussion that if f: A B is a
k
YYouo
bijection, we can define a new function from B to A which

okso
associates each element y e B to its pre-image/ ~ ^ (y) e A. Such a

BBoo
function is known as the inverse of function / and is denoted by

r ee
DEFINITION Let/:A->Bbej’ bijection. Then a function g: B -> A which associates each element y e B
ad
ouur
to a unique element x ^ A such that f(x) =yis called the inverse off.
Yo
i.e.. / (x) = y o ^ (y) = X

The inverse of/is generally denoted by / ” ^.
d
idnY
Re
Thus, if/: A ^ B is a bijection, then/ ^: B-> A is such that/(x)=yo/ ^ (y) = x.

FFin
In order to find the inverse of a bijection, we may follow the following algorithm.
ALGORITHM
Let /: A -> B be a bijection. To find the inverse of / we follow the following steps:
Step I Put f (x) = y, where y e B and x e A.
Step n Solve f (x) = y to obtain x in terms ofy.
Step in In the relation obtained in step II replace x by f~^{y) to obtain the required inverse of ./
Following examples will illustrate the above algorithm.
EXAMPLE 1
If A ={1, 2, 3,4}, B = {2, 4, 6, S] and f: A ^ B is given by /(x) =2x, then write f and
f~^ as a set of ordered pairs.
SOLUTION Clearly, / (1) = 2 , / (2) = 4, / (3) = 6 and / (4) = 8.
/ = 1(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8)} which is clearly a bijection.
On interchanging the components of ordered pairs in f, we obtain
/-I = K2,l),(4,2),(6,3),(8,4)).
EXAMPLE 2 Let S- {1, 2, 3). Determine whether the function f:S-rS defined as below have inverse.
Find f~^, if it exists.
(i)/ = {(l,l),{2,2),(3, 3)1 (ii)/ = {{!, 2), (2,1), (3,1)1 (iii) / ={(1, 3), (3, 2), (2,1)1 [NCERT]
SOLUTION (i) Clearly, /: S -> S is a bijection. So, / is invertible and its inverse is given by
/-' = 1(1,1),(2,2),(3,3)1.
(ii) Clearly, / (2) =/ (3) = 1. Therefore, / is may-one and hence it is not invertible,
ww
(iii) Clearly, /: S ^ S is a bijection and hence invertible. The inverse of / is given by
-1
/ = ((3,1), (2, 3), (1,2)1.
EXAMPLES Consider f -.{I, 2, 3} {a, b, c]givenbyf (1) = a,/(2)-bandf{3) = c. Find the inverse
Flo
if-'^)-‘ôff~'^.Showthat{f~'^)
- 1
= /● [NCERT]
e
SOLUTION We have, / = ((1, a), (2, b), (3, c)l ...(i)
ree
Clearly, / is a bijection and hence invertible. The inverse of / is given by
Fr
rF
-1
/ = {(a, 1), (&, 2), (c, 3)1 => (/ -1) -1 = {(1, a), (2, &), (3, c)l ...(ii)
uurr
From (i) and (ii), we find that: (/ ^) ^ =/. for
EXAMPLE 4 If f:R R is defined by f (a:) = 2x + 7. Prove thatf is a bijection. Also, find the inverse
s
off
kks
Yo
SOLUTION Injectivity : Let x, y be any two elements of R. Then,

oooo
fix) = /(yj=>2x + 7 = 2y + 7=>A: = y

/is an injective map.
eB
Surjectivity: Let y be an arbitrary element of R(co-domain). Then,

y-7
y=/(x)=>y = 2x + 7=>x =
ur
2
ad
YYo
Clearly, x = — e R for all y £ R. Thus, for all y e R (co-domain)

there exists x = ^ ^ ^ R-
such that / (x) = y. In other words every element in R (co-domain) has its pre-image in R
dd
-1
Re
(domain). Therefore,/is a surjective map. Hence,/is a bijection. Consequently/ exists.

in
Inverse off: Let x sR (domain) and y e R (co-domain) such that / (x) = y. Then,
F
y-7
/(x)=y=>2x + 7= y=>x= ^ /■'(y) =
Thus, / “ ^: R -> R is defined as f (x) = ^ for all X e R.
EXAMPLES Iff:R-^Risa bijection given by f {x)-x^ + 3,findf~ ^ (x).

SOLUTION Let / (x) = y. Then,
/(x)=y=>x^ + 3= y=>x = (y-3)^/^ => /"’(y) = (y-3)^/^
Thus, / ~ ^ : R R is defined as /“ ^ (x) = (x - 3)^^ ^ for all x e R.
EXAMPLES Let f:R ^R be defined by f (x) = 3x -7. Show that f is invertibleand hence find f~^.
SOLUTION In order to prove that / is invertible, it is sufficient to prove that / is a bijection.
Injectivit.y Let x, y eR. Then,/(x) = /(y) => 3x-7 = 3y-7 ^ x = y.
FUNCTIONS 2.49
Thus, f (x) =/(y) ^ a: = y for all j:, y e R. So,/is an injection.

Surjectivity: Let y be an arbitrary element of R. Then,
fix) = y ^ 3a:-7 = y a: =
V +7 y+7
Clearly, e R for all y e R. Thus, for all y e R there exists x = e R such that
3 3
fv + 7\ fu + 7')
fix)=f ^ =3 l±L -7 = y
w
V 'A / V >5 y
So, / is a surjection. Hence, /: R -> R is a bijection. Consequently, it is invertible.

Let / (a:) = y. Then,
y +7 y+7
f(x)=y^3x-7=y=>x =
roow
e
re
Therefore,/ ^: R -> R is given by/ ^ (a:) = 3
reF
EXAMPLE 7
uFFll Show that /: R - {0} R -10} given by f (x) = —

3
is invertible and it is inverse of itself
e
X
SOLUTION In order to prove that / is invertible, it is sufficient to show that it is a bijection.
sFr
fis an injection: Let a:, y eR - {0} such that / (at) = /(y). Hien,
foro
uor
/W=/(y)^ - =
^ y
fkx = y
okso
Thus, f [x)=f iy) ^ x=y for all a:, y e R - {0). So, / is an injection.
Y
3 3
Yo
f is a surjection: Lety be an arbitrary element of R - {0}. Then,/(a:) =y => — =y=>^=-'.

oo
BB
X
y
3 (3
Thus, for each y eR - {0}, there exists a: = — eR - {0}such that/ (at) =/ — — = y. So, / is
yj 3/y
rYree
y
ouu
a surjection. Hence, / is a bijection. Consequently, it is invertible.

ad
Ydo
Let/(x) = y. Then,
/(x)=y^- = y=>x=-=>/ My)=-
nidn
X y y
Re
-1
Thus,/ is given by /“ ^ (a:) = — for all a: 6 R - {0}. Clearly, f (x)=f ^ (a:) for all a: g R - {0}.
F
X
Fi
Hence, / is inverse of itself.

n + 1 ,ifn is even
EXAMPLE 8 Let /: N u {0} N u {0} be defined by f{n) = . Show that f is
n-1 ,ifn is odd
invertible and f = f [CBSE2014,NCERT]
SOLUTION In Example 24 on page 2.23, we have proved that/ is a bijection. So, it is invertible.
In order to find /“ ^ let n, m e N u {0} such that
fin) = m
« +1 = m, if « is even
n-l = m, if « is odd
n _ Jm- l,ifmis odd If «is even, then k + 1 = nns odd

I m +1, if m is even If nis odd, then n-l =mis even
/ =j
?n -1, if m is odd
m + 1, if is even
n + 1, if n is even
Hence, / ^ (n) = n -1, if n is odd . Clearly, / - / ^
*2.7.1 PROPERTIES OF INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
THEOREM 1 The inverse of a bijection is unique. [NCERT]
i^ROOF Let f: A -> B be a bijection. If possible, let ^: B -> /I and h:B~Âhe tvô inverses of/.
We have to prove that g = h. In order to prove this it is sufficient to show that g{y)=h (y) for all
y e B. Let y be an arbitrary element of B.
ww
Let g (y) = Xi and h (y) = X2- Then,
siy) = -Yi=>/(X|) = y [v g is inverse of/]
and h (y) = X2=>f (.V2) = y [v is inverse of/]
Floo
/ (^1) = / (X2)
['.' / is one-one]
ee
xi = ^2
g(y) = ''(y)
eer
Thus, g (y) = h (y) for all y e B. Hence, g = h
FFr
THEOREM 2 The inverse of a bijection is also a bijection.
oor r
ur r
PRCXDF Let /: A 6 be a bijection and let g: B -> A be its inverse. We have to show that g is a
s ff
bijection.
Injectivity of g: Let y^, y2, eBsuch thatg(yi) = andg(y2) =X2-
sk
YYoou
oooko
Since g is the inverse of/.

g(yi) = î=>/(-fi) = yiandgfyj) = X2^f{x2) = y2-
eBB
Now, g (yi) = g (y2) x^ = X2 ^ f (3î) = / {X2) => yi = V2

.’. g is an injective map.
uurr
Surjectivity of g: In order to prove that g:B-> A is a surjection, we have to show that every
ad
element in A has its pre-image in B under funtion g. So, let a: be an arbitrary element of A. Then,
Yo
a: e A
=> there exists y e B such that f (x)=y [■.' / is a function from A to B]

dY
Re
^ there exists y e 6 such that g{y)=x [v g is inverse of/]

ind
FFin
Thus, for each x eA, there exists y e B such that g (y) = x. So, g is a surjective map.
Hence, g is a bijection.
THEOREM 3 If f: A B is a bijection and g:B ^ A is the inverse off, then fog = /g and gof =
ivhere and Ig are the identity functions on the sets A and B respectively.
PROOF In order to prove that gof = 7^ and fog = Ig, we have to prove that
igof) (at) = X for all a: e A and (fog) (y) = y for all y e B
Let a: be an element of A such that f(x) = y. Then,
g(y) = X [*.● g is inverse of/]
Now, igof)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(y) = a: => (gof)(x) = a: for all a: e A => gof = 7^.
We have.
ifog) (y) = / ig(y)) = fix) = y=> fog (y) = y for all y e B => fog = Ig.
Hence, gof = 7^ and fog = Ig.
May be skipped. Not from examination point of view.

FUNCTIONS 2.51
REMARK In the above property, if we have B = A. Then, we find that for every bijection f: A -> A there
exists a bijection giAÂ such that fog - gof = .
THEOREM 4 If f: A -> B and g:B ->C are two bijections, then gof :A->C is a bijection and
igof) ^=/ \ I ,CERTj
I^ROOF It is given that

/: A -> B is a bijection
^: B -> C is a bijection
=> gof: A C is a bijection => igof) ^: C -> A exists.
/: A B is a bijection => f~^: B -> A is a bijection
Now, f~ôg~^:CÂ
^: B -> C is a bijection => g~^: C -> B is a bijection
Let X € A, y € B and 2 eC such that/(x) =y and^y) =z. Then,
ww
igof){x) = g{f{x)) = g{y) = z => igofr'îz) = X
Now, fix) = y and g{y) = z => f~\y) = x and, ^"^(z) = y
FF loo
(/-Vb(2) = r\g-\z)) = r\y) = X ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we obtain; {gof) " ^ (z) = if~ôg~^) (z)
ree
for all z e C.
Hence, igof)~'^ = f~'ôg~^.
reFe
THEOREMS Letf:A^Bandg:B~Âbetwofunctionssiichthatgof = I^ and fog = Ig. Then, fand
oroFr
rur
g are bijections and g=f~^-
s ff
PROOF fis one-one: Let x, y g A such that/(x) = /(y). Then,
/W=/(y)
k
YYouo
=>
gifix)) = gifiy))
okso
(gof) ix) = igof) iy) => (x) = (y) => X = y [V gof = Ia]
BBoo
/is a one-one map.

fis onto : Let y e B and let g(y) = x. Then,
r ee
giy) =x
=> f (giy)) = fix)
ad
ouur
Yo
=> ifog) iy) = fix)

=> Ib iy) = fix) [●.' fog = Ib]
=> y = fix) [●.■ h iy) = y]
d
Re
idnY
Thus, for each y € B, there exists x g A such that fix) = y. So, fis onto. Hence,/is a bijection.
FFin
Similarly, it can be proved that ^ is a bijection. Now we shall show that g =f~^-
Since f: A -> Bis a bijection. Therefore, f~^ exists.
Now, fog = Ib
=> / ~ôifog) = /"ô/ B
=> if ~ôf)og = f~'^ oIb [By associativity]
=> Uog = f~ÔlB
g-f-^ Uog = g and/"^ oIb = f
Hence, g = f~^
THEOREMS Let f:A-¥-B be an invertible function. Show that the inverse of f îsf.
i.e.. {/-V'=/. INCERTJ
SOLUTION Since inverse of a bijection is also a bijection. Therefore, / ^: B —> A is a bijection
and hence invertible. As/“ ^: B ^ A is a bijection. Therefore, ^: A -> B is also a bijection.
MATHEMATICS-XII
2.52
Let a: be an arbitrary element of A such that / (x) = y. Then,

[●.' / ~ Ms the inverse of /]
(/"V^ (^)=y [■●■ (/ ~ is the inverse of / " ^]
(x)=/(x) [●●7W=y]
Since x is an arbitrary element of A. Therefore, (/ * (x) = / (x) for all x e A.

Hence, Q.E.D.
ALITER Since f: A ^ Bis invertible and f~^:BÂis inverse of /.

/ ' ôf = and /o/ “ ^ = 7g => / is inverse of/“^=> f = if ~ Q.E.D.
ww
RE^ÂRK 1 Sometimes f:A^Bis one-one but not onto. In such a case f is not invertible. But,
f: A ^ Range (f) is both one and onto. So, it is invertible and its inverse can be found.
2.7.2 RELATION BETWEEN GRAPHS OF A FUNCTION AND ITS INVERSE
FF loo
The graph of a bijection / and its inverse / “ Mre closely related. If (a, b) is a point on the graph of
ree
/, then b =f (a) and a=f~^ (b). Asb e Domain of / “ ^ therefore {b,f~^ (b)) is a point on the
graph of / “ ^.But, (i?,/ " ^ (&)) ={b, a). Therefore, (b, a) is on the graph of / “ ^Thus, if (a, b) is a
reFe
oroFr
r ur
point on the graph of /, then (b, a) is a point on the graph of
/ " ^. But, {a, b) and {b, a) are reflections of one another in the y =\
s ff
line y = X. Thus, the graph of / “ ^ may be obtained by
k
YYouo
koso
reflecting the graph of / in the line mirror y = x. That is the

y=f~Hx)
graphs of / and / ~ ^ are mirror images of each other in the
BBoo
r ee
line mirror y = x (see Fig. 2.42). It is also evident from the

>
above discussion that if the graphs of /(x) and f {x) ~~ 0 X
ad
ouur
intersect each other, their points of intersection lie on the line <-
Yo
y = X. Consequently, solutions of the equation / (x) = / “ ^(x) Fig. 2.42

d
/(x) =/ “ ^(x) are same as that of/(x) =xor,f~

Re
idnY
REMARK_2 Theorem 5 on page 2.51 suggests us an alternative method to prove the invertibility of a
FFin
function. It states that iff: A Ba?idg:B A are two functions such thatgof = 1^ and fog=Is, then
f and g are inverse of each other.
Theorem 5 on page 2.51 suggests the following algorithm to find the inverse of an invertible
function.
ALGORITHM
Step I Obtain the function and check its bijectivity.

StepU Iff is a bijection, then it is invertible.
-1
In order to find the inverse off, put fof (I) = /(r'w) = *
Step III Use theformula for f (x) and replace x byf ~ ^ (x) in it to obtain the LHS off {f~^ (x)) = x.
Solve this equation for f~^ (x) to get / “ ^ (x).
FUNCTIONS 2.53
EXAMPLE 1 Prove that the function f:R-^R defined as f {x) = 2.r - 3 is invertible. Also, find f
SOLUTION In order to prove that / is invertible, it is sufficient to show that / is a bijection.
fis one-one : Let x, y e R. Then,
fix) = / (y) => 2a: - 3 = 2y - 3 => x = y
Thus, f{x)=f{y) ^ :r =1/for all a:, y e ]?. So,/is one-one.
fis onto : Let y be an arbitrary element in R (co-domain of f). Then,
y + 3
/(x) = y => 2x-3 = y => X =
2
ww
Clearly, x = ^ ^ (domain) for all y e R (co-domain). Thus, for each y e K there exists x e R
such that / (x) = y. So, / is onto.
FF loo
Since /: R R is one-one and onto both. So, it is a bijection and hence invertible.
Now,
ree
fof-\x) = f(f-\x)) = x^ ir\x)-3 = X [V /(x) = 2x-31
rFee
=>
Thus, / “ ^ : R R is given by / ~ ^ (x) = ^ ^ for all x s R.

F
oor r
rur
s ff
EXAMPLE 2 Shozv that the function f :R ^ R is given by / (x) = x +1 is not invertible.
k
SOLUTION We have,/(x) = x^ + 1. Clearly, - 2 2 but,/(-2) = / (2) =5.

YYoou
ookos
So, / is not a one-one function. Hence, / is not invertible.

BBo
EXAMPLE 3 Showthat f R -{-1} -> R ~{1] givenby f (x) = ^ is invertible. Also, find f ~ ^.
re
X +1
SOLUTION In order to prove the invertibility of/ (x), it is sufficient to show that it is a bijection.
ouur
ad
fis one-one : For any x, y s R - {-1}

Yo
fix) =fiy)^^ V
^ xy X = xy + y^ x - y.
x+1 y+1
dY
Re
So,/is one-one.
idn
FFin
X
/ is onto: LetyeR- (I). Then, / (x) = y =>
x + 1 1-y
Clearly, x e R for all y e R - {1}. Also, x -1. Because,
y
X = -1 => = -l^y = -l+y, which is not possible.
1-y y
y l-y
Thus, for each y e R - {1} there exists x = E R - {-1) such that / (x) = x ^+ 1 =y-
i-y y-+i
i-y
So, / is onto. Thus, / is both one-one and onto. Consequently it is invertible.
Now, fof “ ^ (x) = X for all X E R - {!)
/(/■’W) = X r\x) = x=> /
-1
ix) = for all X E R - (I).
-1 1 -X
/ (x) + l
X
EXAMPLE 4 Show that /: [-1,1] R, given by f {x) = — is one-one. Find the inverse of the
x + 2
function /: [-1,1] -> Range (/). - INCERT]
SOLUTION Let x, y be any two elements of [-1,1]. Then,
/W=/(y) => -^ = -^ => xy+ 2x = xy + 2y => x = y
^ ^ ^ x+1 y+2
w
So, /: [-1,1] -> Range (/) is one-one.
Obviously, /: 1,1] ^ Range (/) is onto and hence invertible. Let / ~ ^ denote the inverse of/.
Then,
fof ^ (x) = X for all X e Range {/)
e
r'jx) 2x
f{f-\x))^x^ = x=> f-'îx)=xf-'^{x) + 2x^ /"^W = 1-x
e
o
f~Ux)-^2
wr
r
2x
Hence, / ^: Range (/):[-1,1] is given by / ^ (x) = l-x
F
ullo
r FF BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)
e
EXAMPLE 5 Let f:R —> R be defined as f (a:) = lOx + 7. Find the function g: R —> R such that
rsre
gof=fog = lR. [NCERT,CBSE2011]
oF
uo
k
SOLUTION We have, fog = 1r
fog (^) = fR (^) for all a: s R oofr a:-7
/ (^(x)) = X for all a: e R => 10 g(A;) + 7 = a: for all a: € R => g (a:) = for all a: 6 R
sf
ko
10
Y
ALITER We have, fog = gof = /^^ => g is the inverse of/. Let / (a:) = y.Then,
BB
Yo
y-7 y-7 x-7

Y
oo
lOx + 7 = y=> X =
10
=> r^(y) = 10
^/"'w = 10
er
X-7
re
Hence, g(x) =
uu
10
od

Yo
ad
EXAMPLE 6 If the function f: [1, co) [1, oo) defined by f{x) = 2*^^ “ is invertible, find / “ ^ (a:).
n
SOLUTION It is given that / is invertible with f~^ as its inverse.

ndi
(f^f~^)i^) = X for all a: e [1, oo)

Re
F
Fi
=>f(f-Hx)) = X =>
-1
=>/ (x) \f ^ (x) -11 = log2 X ^ \f ^ (x)P -/ ^ (x) -log2 X = 0
^f-\x) = 1 ± 71 +24 log2 X ^/-^(x) = l+.Jl +241og2X [V r\x)e[l,^).-.f-\x)>l]

EXAMPLE7 Find the value of parameter a for which the function f (x) = 1 + a x,a¥= 0 is the inverse
of itself.
SOLUTION Clearly, / (x) is a bijection from R to itself.
x-1
Now, fof ~^{x) = X =>/(/" ^ (x)) =x=>l + a/ “^(x)=x=>/"‘^(x) =
a
It is given that
f (x) = f ^ (x) for all X E R
x-1
1 + a X = for all X e R
a
FUNCTIONS 2.55
'V r-n
a a: +1 = x + for all a: e R
.a. a
1 1 2
a and 1 = ^ a =1 and a = 1 => a = -1.
a a
EXAMPLE 8
Let f :N ~>Y bea function defined as f (a:) = 4a: + 3, where
Y ={y eN:y = 4a: + 3 for some x eN\. Show thatfis invertible. Find its inverse. [NCERTl
/ is one-one: For any x,i/ eN, we find that
/ (a:) =/ (y) => 4a: + 3 = 4y + 3 => a: = y
So, /: N -> y is one-one.
fis onto: Let y be an arbitrary element of Y. Then, there exists x eld such that
y = 4a: + 3 [By definition of Y]
ww
=> y=f(x)
Thus, for each y eN there exists x eN such that / (a:) = y. So, /: N Y is onto.
Thus,/:N -> y is both one and onto. Consequently, it is invertible. Let/~^ be the inverse of/.
Then,
FF loo
ree
fof “^(x)=A:forallA:ey
=> /{/‘^(a:)) =A:forallA: eY
reFe
=> 4 / “ ^ (a:) + 3 = a: for all a: e Y [Using definition of / ]
oor rF
rur
=> / -^(x)=^^foraUxeY
s ff
x-3
Hence, / " ^: Y N is given by / for all X € Y.
k
YYoou
okso
EXAMPLE 9 LetY -{n^ :n eN\ N. Consider f :N ->Y given byf (n) = n^. Show thatf is invertible.
BBoo
Find the inverse off. [NCERTj

r ee

fis one-one: For any «, m e N, we find that
ouur
ad
/(«)=/(m) => ^ n = m [●.● M,m eN]

Yo
So, /: N -> Y is one-one.

fis onto: Let y be an arbitrary element of Y. Then there exists n eN such that
d
idnY
Re
[By definition of Yj
FFin
y=f{n)
Thus, for eachy e Y there existsneNsuch that y = /(n).So,/:N —> Y is onto.
Hence, /: W Y is a bijection. Consequently, it is invertible.
Let/“^ denote the inverse of/. Then,
fof “ ^ (x) = X for all X e Y
=> / {/ ~ ^ (^)) = x for all X e Y
=> (/" ^ {x)l^ =xfor allx eY [Using the definition of / ]
=> / * ^ (x) = Vx for all X e Y
Hence, / “ ^ : Y ^ N is given by / “ ^ (x) = Vx for all x e Y.
EXAMPLE 10 Let f\N R be a function defined as /(x) = 4x^ + 12x +15. Show that
/: N -> Range (/) is invertible. Find the inverse off. [CBSE2010]
SOLUTION In order to prove that / is invertible, it is sufficient to show that /: N -> Range (/)
is a bijection.
fis one-one: For any x,y eN, we find that
f{x)=f(y)
+ 12x + 15= + 12y +15
A{x^-y^) + 12ix-y) = 0
(x-y){Ax + 4y+3)=Q
x~y = 0 ['.● 4:r + 4y + 3 5* 0 for any a:, y e N]
x =y
ooww
So, f :N Range (/) is one-one.
Obviously,/: N -> Range (/) is onto. Hence,/: N -+ Range (/) is invertible. Let/ ” ^ denote the
inverse of /. Then,
fof {x) = x for all X € Range (/)
ee
/ (/ ^ (■^)) = X for all X e Range (/)
rFl
re
4 ^ +12 / " ^ (a;) +15 = a; for all X e Range (J)
Fre
-1
(x)]^ + 12f~'^{x) + 15~x = 0
rrF
4(/
f~'ix) =
12 ±^144-16 (15-x) -12±^16x-96 _-3±7^T^
sffoo
ouur
8 8 2
/"’W = 3 + 2Jx^ [V / ●/-lw>0]

kosk
Yo
EXERCISE 2.4
oo
Y
BB
BASIC
1* State with reasons whether following functions have inverse:

rre
(i) /: 11, 2 ,3,4) ^ {101 with/ = 1(1,10), (2,10), (3,10), (4,10)}

ouu
(ii) g: 15, 6,7, 8| 11, 2, 3, 4| with g = {{5, 4), (6, 3), (7, 4), (8, 2)}
Y
ad
(iii) h: {2, 3,4,51 ^ {7, 9,11,131 with h=l(2,7), (3, 9), (4,11), (5,13)1
dY
2. Find / “ ^ if it exists: f: A B where

(i) A = {0, -1, -3, 21; B = {-9, -3, 0, 6} and /(x) = 3 x.
innd
Re
(ii) A = U, 3,5,7,9); B = {0,1,9,25,49,81} and /(x) = x^.

Fi
F
3. Consider /:(1, 2, 3}-> {d, &, c} and g:{a,b, c][apple, ball, cat} defined as/(l)=fl,
f{2) =b,f{3) = c, ^(fl) =apple, g(ij)=ball and g(c) = cat. Show that f,g and gof are
invertible. Find/ ~ ând(ô/)‘“ ^ andshowthat(go/) “ ^ =/ ~ôg~ . [NCERTI
4. Let /I = 11, 2,3,41; B = 13,5, 7, 91; C = {7,23, 47, 79} and /: ^ ^ B, g: B -> C be defined as
/(x) = 2x +1 andg(x) = x^ -2. Express (go/)and f~ôg~^ as the sets of ordered pairs and
verify that (gof) ~ ^ =f~ ^ og~
5. Show that the function f :Q -^Q defined by /(x) = 3x + 5 is invertible. Also, find/ ~ ^.
6. Consider /: R -> R given by / (x) = 4x + 3. Show that / is invertible. Find the inverse of /.
[NCERTI
7. Consider/:R'*‘ -> [4, oo) givenby/(x) = x^ + 4. Show that/is invertible with inverse/~ ^
of / given by/“ ^ (x) =fx-A, where R'*’ is the set of all non-negative real numbers.
[NCERT,CBSE2013]
FUNCTIONS 2.57
4x+3 2 2
8- If/(x) = 6:c-4
, x^—, show that fof (x) = x for all Xit
3 3
What is the inverse of /?
[CBSE 2012,2013,2020, NCERT]
9- If /: R -> R be defined by f{x) =x^ -3, then prove that f exists and find a formula for
/ “ Hence, find /“^ (24) and / ~ ^ (5).
A function /: R R is defined as f(x) =x^ + 4. Is it a bijection or not? In case it is a
-1 [CBSE 2020]
bijection, find / (3).
H- If / :Q ->Q/^:Q ->Q are two functions defined hyf{x) = 2 a: and^(x) = x + 2, show that/
and ^ are bijective maps. Verify that {gof) =f~^ og~^.
x-2
12. Let A = R -13) and B = R - {1}. Consider the function f:A ->■ B defined by f(x) = x-3 .Show
w
that f is one-one and onto and hence find / “ V [CBSE 2012,2014]
13- Let/: N -> Nbe a function defined as/{x) = 9%^ + 6x-5.Showthat/:N -> S, where Sis the
Flo
range of /, is invertible. Find the inverse of / and hence find / “ ^43) and / “ ^(163).
ee
[CBSE 2016, 20171
Fr
4l 4x
14. Let/:R-
■— I -> R be a function defined as f{x) = 3:r + 4
. Show that
f 4l for -1 [CBSE 2017,2020]

/;R-' Rang (/) is one-one and onto. Hence, find/ .
ur
x-\
18- Let A =R -{2}andB =R -{l}.If f \ A Bis a function defined by/(:c) = ;c-2' show that/is
ks
Yo
one-one and onto. Find/”^. [CBSE 2019]

oo
eB
BASED ON LOTS
18. Consider f :R'^ [-5, oo) given by / (x) = 9x^ + 6x -5. Show that / is invertible with
r
^x + 6 -1
ou
/■'W = [NCERT]
ad
3
Y
17. Consider the function/: R'*’ -> [-9, oo) given by/(x) =5x^ + 6x-9.Provethat/is invertible
/54 + 5y - 3
with/ ^{y) =
nd
[CBSE 2015]
Re
5
Fi
18. Show that the function /: N -> N defined by /(x) = x^ + x +1 is one-one but not onto. Find
the inverse of /: N -> S, where S is range of/. [CBSE 2019]
19. Consider the bijective function/:R‘‘’ ->(7,co) given by/(x) =16x^+ 24x + 7, where R^ is
the set of positive real numbers. Find the inverse function of/. [CBSE 2020]
BASED ON HOTS
20. Let /: [-1, co) -4 [-1, oo) is given by/(x) =(x +1)^ -1. Show that /is invertible. Also, find
the set S = (x:/(x) =f~^ (x)j.
21. Let A ={xeR|-l<x<l} and let/ :A-Â,g:A^ A be two functions defined by /(x) = x^
and ^(x) = sin Show that exists but does not exist. Also, find g~^.
22. Let / be a function from R to R such that /(x) = cos (x + 2). Is / invertible? Justify your
answer.
23. li A = {1,2,3,4} and B = [a, b, c, d }. Define any four bijections from A to B. Also, give their
inverse functions.
24. Let A and B be two sets each with finite number of elements. Assume that there is an
injective map from A to 6 and that there is an injective map from B to A. Prove that there is a
bijection from A to B.
25. If /: A ^ A, g: A —> A are two bijections, then prove that
(i) fog is an injection (ii) fog is a surjection.
ANSWERS
1. (i) No,/ is many-one (ii) No, g is many-one (iii) Yes, h is a bijection

2. (i)/“ ^ = {(-9,-3), (-3,-1), (0, 0), (6, 2)} (ii) ^ does not exist as/is not surjective.
3. / -' = ((a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 3)1, = ((apple, a), (ball, b), (cat, c)|
ww
and, (goj) = {(apple, 1), (ball, 2) (cat, 3)
4- (««/)■'=/ 1(7,1), (23, 2), (47, 3), (79, 4)1 5. f~\x) =
6. /-l(i)=^^ 8, f~Hx) =
Flo
4x+ 3
9. /-l(x)=(3 + r)^/3 /-^(24)=3,/-^5)=2
e
4 6r-4
eree
3:c-2
13. /“^(43)=2,/“^(163)=4
1 1
10. Bijection,/ (3) = -l 12. f-\x)= —
FFr
x-1
4r 2x-l -l+Âx-3
14. f-\x) = 4-3r 15. / â:) = 18. f-\x)^
oorr
uur r
x-1 2
sf
-3 + y[x + 2
19. r\x)=- 4
20. S = {0,-1} 21. ^“^(:t)=f^ \n^
sin ^ X
Yoo
ks
oook
22. Not invertible
23. h = 1(1^ (2, bf (3, c), (4, d)l /^ - ^ = \{a, 1), {b, 2), (c, 3), (d, 4)}
eBB
/2 = Kl, a), (2, c), (3, b), (4, d)l, ff^ ={(fl, 1), (c, 2), {b, 3), {d, 4)}
/3 ={(1, d), (3, b), (2, a), (4, c)t, /g- ^ ={(d, 1), (&, 3), {a, 2), (c, 4)1 etc.
uurr
ad

Yo
3. f: {1,2, 3}-> {a,b, c} is given by f (!) =a, f {2] =b, f (3) =c. Clearly, it is a bijection.
dY
Similarly, g: {a, b, c} {apple, ball, cat} given by ^ (a) = apple,g (6) = ball, ^ (c) =cat is also
Re
a bijection. Since composition of two bijection is a bijection.

innd
So, gof: {1, 2, 3} (apple, ball, cat} is a bijection.

FFi
It is given that: / = {(1, a), (2,b), (3, c)} and g = {(<?, apple), (b, ball), (c,cat)}
gof = {(1, apple), (2, ball), (3, cat)}
Clearly, / “ ^ = {{a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 3)} and g~ ^ = {(apple, a), (ball, b), (cat, c)}
(gof)^ ^ = {(apple, 1), (ball, 2), (cat, 3)} ...(i)
and, f~ ôg~ ^ = {(apple, 1), (ball, 2), (cat, 3)} -(ii)

From (i) and (ii), we get {gof)~ ^ =f~ ôg~ V
6. It is given that /: R -> R such that / (a:) = 4x + 3.
/ is an injection: Let a:, y e R be such that / (a*) = / (y) => 4x + 3 = 4y + 3 => a: = y.
So, / is an injection.
fis a surjection: Let y be an arbitrary element of R (Co-domain) such that f{x) - y. Then,
FUNCTIONS 2.59
/{x)=y^ 4x+3 = y ^ x =
y —3
Thus, for any y e i? there exists x = — e R such that
/w=/(^ = 4 ^V3=y
4 J ^
-1
So, /: i? R is a bijection and hence invertible. Let / denote the inverse of /. Then,
fof~ ^ (:c) = X for all x e R
=> / (/“ ^ (x)) = ;c for all E R
a:-3
=> 4 f~ ^ (x) + 3 = j: for all X £ R => /“ ^ (x) = ^ for all a: € R
ww
7. We have, / : R'*' -> [4, oo) such that/(;c) + 4.
/is an injection: Let a:, y e R"*" such that
f(x)=fiy)^ +4=y^ +4
FF loo
x=y [V x,yeR^]
ree
f is onto: Lety e [4, oo).Then,/(x) = y=>x^ + 4= y=>x = yjy -4 [V xsR^]
reeF
+
And, y e [4, oo) => y - 4 > 0 => -Jy > 0 => a: = ^y -4 e R
oroFr
r ur
Thus, for each y e [4, oo) there exists a: = yjy -4 e R ^ such that
s ff
/W =(7Fi)2 + 4 = y.
k
YYouo
koso
So, /: R> [4, oo) is onto. Thus, /: R ^ ^ [4, oo) is a bijection and hence invertible.
Let / “ ^ denote the inverse of /. Then,
BBoo
r ee
/o/" ^ (a:) = X for all x e [4, co) => / {/” ^ (x)) = x for all x e [4, oo)
=> (/“ ^ (x))^ + 4 = X for all X e [4, co) => /“ ^ (x) = yjx-4 for all x e [4, co)
ad
ouur
4x+ 3 2
Yo
8. We have, /(x) =
6x-4 3
, r 4x + 3
d
Re
4 + 3
idnY
4x+ 3 6x-4 16x + 12 + 18x-12

●●● /o/W=/(/(x))=/ - X
FFin
67X-4I 4x+3 24x +18 - 24x +16

6 — -4
Ux-4J
2
^ for all a: ^ — => /o/ = / ^ / is inverse of itself
3
4x+ 3
Hence, /" ^ (x) = / (x) = 6x-4
16. Wehave,/:R'^-> [-5, co) givenby/(x) = 9x^ + 6x-5.

fis an injection: For any x, y e R'*’
fix) =/(y)
=> 9x^ +6X-5 = 9y^ +6y-5 9(x^ -y^) + 6(x-y) = 0
3{x-y){3(x + y) + 2} = 0
A:-y = 0^x = y [3 (x + y) + 2 ^ 0 as X, y E R'*’]
So, / is an injection.
/ is a surjection: Let y be an arbitrary element of [- 5, oo). Then,
-i + Vy + 6
/ (x) =y => 9x^ + 6:c -5 = y => (3x +1)^ = y + 6:^ 3x + l = Jy'+ 6 => x = 3
Now, ye[-5, oo)

1 + Vy + 6
=5> y^-5 =^y + 6^1=> /y + 6 ^ -1 + /y + 6 > 0 =s> 3
>0
+
=> x>0 =>a:eR
1 + Vy + 6
Thus, for each y e [- 5, oo) there exists x = eR such that / (x) = y.
3
ooww
So, f:R* -4^ [-5, oo) is onto.
Thus, /: R"*" -> [-5, oo) is a bijection and hence invertible. Let/“ ^ denote the inverse of/.
Then,
{/of ^)(x) = .X for allx e[-5, oo) => / / ^ (x) =x for all x s [-5, «)
e
re
^ 9|/-1 w| +6|/-' w| -5
rFFl
ree
= x for all X e[-5, oo)
F
2
rF
3/-1 W + 1 = 6 + X for all x e [- 5, oo)
fsfoor
ouur
^x+ 6 -1
=> 3/ ^(x) + l = V6 + X for all X e[-5, oo) => / ^(x) 3
for all X e [- 5, oo)
kosk
20. Let/(x)=y. Then,/(x)=y => x = .Jy+T-l=> /“V)=Vy + ^

Yo
oo
Now, /(x)=/"-‘(x)
Y
BB
(x + l)^-l=/x + l -1
rre
=> .JxTT {{x + lf^'^ -1) =0 =>x + l = 0or,(x + l)^/^ =i^x = 0,-l
oYuu
22. / is neither one-one nor onto. So, / is not a bijection. Hence, it is not invertible.
ad

dY
1, The total nmnber of functions from the set A ={1, 2, 3, 4) to the set B = {fl, b, c)is
innd
2. The total number of one-one functions from the set A = [a, b, c} to the set B = {x, y, z, f} is
Re
Fi
F
3, The total number of onto functions from the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4,5} to the set B = {x, y} is
4. The domain of the real function/(x) = -\/l6-x^ is
X
5. The domain of the real function/(x) =-p= is
\9-x^
6. The range of the function / : R R given by /(x) = x + is ...
x +2 .
7. The range of the function/: R - (-2} R given by/(x) =
x-h2
IS
8. If/:C -> C is defined by/(x) =8x^, then /“^(8) =

9. If/: R ^ R is defined by/(x) =8x^ then,/“^(8) =
10. If/: R-{0}-> R-{0} is defined as /(x) = —
3x
,then/“^(x) =
11, If/: R-> R is defined by/(x) =6-(x-9)^, then/“\x) = .

FUNCTIONS 2.61
-1
12. Let A = {1,2, 3, 4} and /: ^ ^ /I be given by / = {(1, 4), (2,3), (3, 2), (4,1)). Then/
13. If/ : R -> R be defined by/(,i:) , thenfof{x) =

10
14. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4,5,..., 10} and f :A Abe an invertible function. Then, ^ (/ ôf) (r)
r=l
-1
15. Leti4 ={1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6} and B ={2, 4, 6, 8,10,12). If/:/l -> Bis given by/(a:) = 2x, then/
as set of ordered pairs, is
16. Let / =1(0,-1), (-1, 3), (2, 3),(3,5)| be a function from Z to Z defined by f(x)=ax + b.
Then,(fl, b) =
17. Let/ : R -> R andg: R ^ R be functions defined by/(j:) =5-x^ andg(ar) = 3:r - 4. Then the
w
value of fog (-1) is
18. Let/be the greatest integer function defined as f{x)=[x] and g be the modules function
Flo
defined as g(i') = | :c |, then the value of gof IS
e
19. If fix) = cos [e] X + cos [-e] x, then f{n) =
rree
20. Let/I ={1, 2, 3} and B = {a, 1;} be two sets. Then the number of constant functions from A to 6
r FF
is
21. If/(3;) =cos [n^] j: + cos [-71^] j:, then/ \2)

- =
uurr
for
22. The number of onto functions from A ={a, b, c] to B ={1, 2, 3, 4) is.
kss
23. If/(O, oo) -> R is given by f{x) = logjQ x, then f~^{x) =
ooook
24. If /: R R is defined as f(x) = log 3 ,v, then f~^{x) =

Yo
25. If/:R->R, g: R-> Raredefinedby/(Ar) =5.\'-3, g(A:) = + 3,then(go/ ^)(3) =

eB
26. If /: R -> R is given by f(x) ~2x+\x\, then /(2:c) +f(-x) + 4x =

1-x
27. If fix) = , then /o/(cos20) =
urr
1+x
ad
Yo
28. Let/(AT) = =/(a^), then k =

x-1 fia + 1)
dY
29. If/(/(j:)) = x + l for all.r e R and if /(O) =^, then/(I) = ..

Re
innd
30. If fix) = 3x +10 and g(-.c) =x^ - I, then ifog)~^ is equal to

Fi
31. Let/= 1(1,2), (3,5), (4,1)} and g = {(2,3), (5,1), (1,3)}. Then,go/= and
/og =
ANSWERS
1. 81 2. 24 3. 30 4. [-4,4] 5. (-3, 3)
6. [0, go) 7. {-1,1} 8. fl, (D, 01^} 9. {1} 10. r\x)=^
3x
1 1/3
11. f-\x)=9+i6-x) 12. /-I = 1(4,1), (3, 2), (2, 3), (1, 4)} 13. x
14. 55 15. /-I = 1(2,1), (4,2), (6, 3), (8, 4), (10,5), (12, 6)| 16. (2, -1)
17. -44 18. 2 19. 0 20. 2 21. -1
22. 0 23. 10^ 24. 3^' 25. 3 26. 2 fix)
nV2
3 x-7
27. cos 20 28. 2 29. 30.
2 V 3
MATHEMATICS-XII
2.62
31. gof= 1(1,3), (3,1), (4,3)1/0^ = 1(2,5), (5,2), (1,5)}

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQs)
question:
1- Which one of the following graphs represent a function?
2. Which one of the following graphs represent a one-one function?
Ay
ww
<■
X' X
FF loo
ree
(b)
Fig. 2.43
reeF
y' ‘
oroFr
r ur
I
k s ff
<■
YYouo
<■ ■>
0 0
kos o
X' X X' X
BBoo
r ee
y r V y
(a) (b)
ad
Fig. 2.44
ouur
Yo
3. If A ={1,2, 3} andB = {fl,b}, write total number of functions from A to B.

4. If A = [a, b, c} and B = {- 2, -1, 0,1, 2}, write total number of one-one functions from A to B.
d
Re
5. Write total number of one-one functions from set A = (1, 2, 3, ^ to set B = [a, b, c}-
idnY
6. If /: R -> R is defined by / (x) = write / " ^ (25).

FFin
7. If /; C C is defined by / (x) = x^, write / ” ^ (- 4). Here, C denotes the set of all complex
numbers.
8. If /: R -> R is given by / (x) = x^, write / “ ^ (1).

9. Let C denote the set of all complex numbers. A function /: C -> C is defined by / (x) = x .
Write / " ^ (1).
10. Let / be a function from C (set of all complex numbers) to itself given by / (x) = x^. Write
/"^(-l).
11* Let /: R -> R be defined by / (x) = x^, write / “ ^ (1).
12. If /; C ^ C is defined by / (x) = x^, write / “ ^ (1).
13- If /: R -> R is defined by / (x) = x^, find / “ ^ (- 25).
FUNCTIONS 2.63
i-i. If/:C-»C is defmedby/(ar) =(a:-2)^, write/ ^(-1).

15. If /: R ^ R is defined by / (x) = 10;t -1, then write / “ ^ (x).
f 71 71^
16. Let/: ^ R be a function defined by /(x) = cos [x]. Write range (f).
17. If/: R -> R defined by / (x) = 3x - 4 is invertible then write / " ^ (x). [CBSE2010]
18. If/:R ^ R, g\R R are given by / (x) =(x + l)^ and^(x) =x^ + 1, then write the value
of/o^(-3).
19. Let /l={xeR:-4<x<4 and x 01 and f:A->R be defined by / (x) = —. Write the
oww
range of/. X
20. Let/: be defined by/(x) = sin x. If/is a bijection, write set A.
21. Let/: R ^ R^ be defined by / (x) a >0 and a 1. Write / -1 (X).
ee
22. Let/: R - 1} -> R - {1} be given by / (x) = X ^+1 . Write / “ ^ (x).
FFrlo
r
rF
23. Let /:R-|--^|->Rbea function defined as / (x) =
ee
2x
5x -f 3
rF
ouru
Write / ^ : Range of / -> R -1 - ffosor
24. Let / :R->R,^:R^Rbe two functions defined by / (x) = x^ + x + 1 and g (x) = 1 - x^.
os k
Write/og(-2).
ook
Yo
25. Let /: R -> R be defined as / (x) = Write /o/ ^ (1).

Y
Bo
26. Let/be an invertible real function. Write if of){!) + {/~^ of) (2)+ ... + {/~ ô/) (100).
reeB
27. Let A ={1, 2, 3, ^ and B=[a,b] be two sets. Write total number of onto functions from A
ooY
toB.
uur
28. Write the domain of the real function / (x) = - [x].

ad
29. Write the domain of the real function / (x) = .^[x]-x.

dY
1
30. Write the domain of the real function / (x) =
'f\~x\~x
nind
Re
F
Fi
2 ■
31. Write whether /: R -> R given by / (x) = x + X IS one-one, many-one, onto or mto.
32. If/(x)=x + 7 andg(x)=x-7,xe Rewrite fog (7).
33. What is the range of the function/ (x) = — ■ ? (CBSE20101
x-1
34. If/:R -> R be defined by/(x) = (3 then find/o/ (x). 1CBSE2010]
35. If/ : R R is defined by/ (x) = 3x + 2, find/ (f (x)). [CBSE2010]

36. Let A ={1, 2, 3), B = {4,5, 6,7) and let/ = ((1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)} be a function fromA toB.State
whether / is one-one or not. [CBSE2011]
37. If/:{5, 6} ->{2, 3) andg:{2, 3} -> {5, 6} are given by/= ((5, 2), (6, 3)} andg ={(2,5), (3, 6)1,
find fog. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
38. Let/: R R be the function defined by /(x) = 4x- 3 for all x € R.Then write f~^.
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
MATHEMATICS-XII
2.64
39. Which one the following relations on = {1, 2, 3} is a function?

INCERT EXEMPLAR]
/ = {(1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 2)1, g = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (3,1)}
40.
Write the domain of the real function / defined by f{x) = ■\j25-x^. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
41- Let A = {a, b, c, d} and/: A -> A be given by / = {(fl, b), {b, d), (c, a), {d, c)}, write/
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
42. Let/, g:R ^ Rhe defined hyf{x) = 2x + l and g(^:) = -2 for all x e R, respectively. Then,
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
find gof.
43. If mapping /: [1, 3, 4) [1, 2,5) and g:{l,2,5} ^{1,3}, given by
ww
the
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
/=((!, 2),(3,5),(4,l)land^ = [{2, 3),{5,1),(1, 3)l,write/o^.
44. If a function g = {(1,1), (2, 3), (3,5), (4,7)} is described by g(x) = ccc + p, find the values of a
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
and p.
Flo
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
45. lif{x) =^-{x-7f ,wiitef-\x).
e
eree
o ANSWERS
FFr
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. 8 4. 60 5. 0 6- 1-5,5}
uurr
7- [2i,-2(l ' 111 [hw,w^]
orr 10.
sfo
11- {-1,1} 12. {-l,-i,l,f| 13. c}> 14. [l,2-w,2-w^\
kks
Yoo
x +7
15. /-l(x) = 17.
oooo
16. [1, cos 1, cos 2}

10
eBB
21.
18. 121 19.1-1,1} 20. A =[-1,1]
3a:
22. /-l(x)=~^
1-a:
23.
2-5a:
24. 7 25. 1
urr
31.
30. {_ 00, 0)
ad
26. 5050 27. u 28. R 29. 4, Many one-into

YYo
35.
32. 7 33. 1-1,1} 34. /o/W=* /(/W) = 9:c + 9
dd
39.
36. Yes 37* /og = {{2,2),(3, 3)1 /
Re
inn
40. [-5,5] 41. /-l={(b,fl),(d,b),(«,c),(c,d)l 42.

gof{x)=4:x‘^+Ax-l
F
1/3
43. /og = {(2,5),(5, 2), (1,5)} 44.
a = 2, P = -1 45. /-V)=7 + (4-a:)
.V
CHAPTER 3
INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
ooww
In earlier chapters, we have learnt about functions, types of functions, composition of functions
and inverse of a function. In this chapter, we shall use these concepts to define the inverses of all
trigonometric functions and to study their properties. Let us first recall the definition of inverse
of a function.
e
ere
3.2 INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
rFl
In the previous chapter, we have learnt that corresponding to every bijection (one-one onto
Fre
function) /: A -> B there exists a bijection g: B ^ A defined by
rrF
giy) = X a and only / (a:) = y.
sffoo
ouur
The function g-.B-Âis called the inverse of function f:A^B and is denoted by /
Thus, we have
kosk
fix) = yof -^(y) = AT

Yo
oo
if-'ôf)ix) =f-\fix)
Y
Also, = / ^(y) = for all a: e A.

BB
rre
and. (/»/-')(!/) =/ r\y) = fix) = y, for all y e B.

ouu
Y
ad
3.3 INVERSES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

dY
We know that trigonometric functions are periodic functions, and hence, in general, all
trigonometric functions are not bijections. Consequently, their inverses do not exist. However, if
innd
Re
we restrict their domains and co-domains, they can be made bijections and we can obtain their
inverses. In the following sections, we shall do all these things to obtain the inverses of
Fi
F
trigonometric functions.
3.3.1 INVERSE OF SINE FUNCTION
Consider the fimction /: R —> R given by f (x) = sin x. The graph of this function is shown in
Fig. 3.1. Clearly, it is a many-one into function as it attains same value at infinitely many points
and its range [-1,1] is not same as its co-domain. We know that any function can be made an
onto function, if we replace its co-domain by its range. Therefore,/: R -» [-1,1] is a many-one
onto function. In order to make / a one-one function, we will have to restrict its domain in such a
way that in that domain there is no turn in the graph of the function and the function takes every
value between -1 and 1. It is evident from the graph of / (x) = sin x that if we take the domain as
(-n/2, n/2], then/(x) becomes one-one. Thus,/: [- tt/2, jt/2] -> [-1,1] given by/(0) =sin 0
is a bijection and hence invertible.
The inverse of the sine function is denoted by sin" ^ Thus, sin
-1
is a function with domain
[-1,1] and range [- ti/2, 7t/2] such that sin" ^ x = 0«»sin0 = X.
3.2 MATHEMATICS-XII
X
>
O (7t, 0) (2n,0)
(0,-1)
yy*
Fig. 3.1 Graph of i/=sin x,-2rt Sx<2n
Also, sin~ (sin 9) = 0 for all 0 e [- Ji / 2, n / 2] / ôf{x) =/ ^ {f{x)) = x for all x e D(/)]]
ww
and, sin (sin ^ x) = x for all x s [-1,1] [●●● fof ~^{y)=f{f~îy))=y for all y eD(/"^)]
FF loo
The graph of the function /:{-tc/2, 7c/2]-> [-1,1] given by /{x) = sin x is shown in
Fig. 3.2 and the graph of sin“ ^1,1] [- it/2, n/2] is shown in Fig. 3.3.
ee
ee r
:c
FrF
^Y
(0,1) (f'^) M)
oor r
(“■!)
rur
s ff
X' X X
<r > ^ (-1,0) O (1,0) ^
o
(f'»)
k
X'
YYoou
ookos
BBo
(0,-1)
Y'vk vr
re
Fig. 3.3 Graph of y = sin ^x,-l<x<l

7C n
Fig. 3.2 Graph of i/ = sinx,- —^x< —
ouur
ad
Yo
Rl-MARK 1 In the above discussion, we have restricted the domain of sine function to the interval
[-tc/2, 7i/2] to make it a bijection. In fact, if we restrict its domain to any one of the intervals
dY
[-K/2,K/2],[K/2,3n/2],[3n/2,5n/2],[-3n/2,-K/2], [-5 k/2, - 3 k/2] or, in general

Re
idn
[nn - n/2, nn + n/2], neZ, then also it becomes a bijection. We can, therefore, define the inverse of the
FFin
sine function in each of these intervals. Thus, sin” ^ x is a function with domain [-1,1] and range
[-7t/2, jt/2] or [-3n/2,-n/2]or [n/2, 3 n/2]and so on. Corresponding to each such interval, we get
a branch of the function sin” ^ x. The branch of the function sin” ^: [-1,1] [- n/2, n/2] called the
principal value branch as shown in fig. 3.3 and the value xfor given value of x e [-1, l]is called the
principal value.
REMARK 2 By considering sin” ^ x as a function with domain [-1,1] and range [~nl2, n/2] or
[n/2, 3n/2] or [3n/2,5 n/2] andsoon,weget different branches. If all thesebranchesareput together
and drawn on the same scale, we obtain the graph as shown in Fig. 3.4. Clearly, this graph can be obtained
from the graph of sine function by interchanging the coordinate axes. The branch of
sin”^: [-1,1] [-n/2, n/2]is the principal value branch and the value of sm~^ x lying in [-tc/2, n/2]
for a given value ofx e [-1,1] is called the principal value.
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 3.3
yA
(»●¥)
Xq,R)
I $
(-1,0; o ao)
(»-f)
ww
(O.-n)
(0,-f)
V Y-
Fig. 3.4 Different branches of y = sin“^ x on the same
Flo
scale
e
REMARK 3 In chapter 2, zue have learnt that the graphs of a function and its inverse (if it exists) are
eree
mirror images of each other in the line mirror y = x. In the above discussion, we have learnt that
FFr
sin
:[-l, 1] -> [-[tc/2, n/2]is the inverse offunction sin : [-n/2, ti/2] -> [-1, l].Their graphs that is
uurr
the curves y = sin X and y = sin“^x are mirror images of each other in the line mirror y = x as shown in
Fig. 3.5. orr
sfo
A Y
kks
Yoo
.■7y=x
oooo
y = sin ●'
H)
eBB
ao) y = smx
X' vO X
urr
<■ >
(-1.0) 0 ao)
ad
YYo
y = sm a: (0,-1)
dd
(»■-!)
L
y = sin
Re
inn
F
^ y.
Fig. 3.5 Graphs of y = sinx and y = sin"^ x as mirror images of each other In line mirror y = x
1
NOTE 1 sin“ ^ X is not equal to (sin x)“ ^ ,or- sin X
SOME OBSERVATIONS From Figures 3.2 and 3.3, we make the following observations :
(i) sin and sin“^ are increasing functions on [-n/2, tc/2] and [-1,1] respectively.
0j < 02 ^ sin 0j < sin 02 for aU 0j, ©2 € [-ti/2, tc/2]
and, <^2 =4» sin'^Xj <sin“^X2 for allxj, X2 e[-l, 1] z
(ii) The minimum and the maximum values of sin“^

X are - ^ and ~ respectively,
(iii) sin“^x attains the minimum value- —at x =-1 and the maximum value —at x =1.
2 2
3.4 MATHEMATICS-XII
EXAMPLE 1 Find the principal values of

n
.
(i) sm
-1 V.
— (ii) sin ^ - INCERT, CBSE2011I
2j
SOLUTION For a: 6 [-1,1], sin ^ ,y is an angle 0 in the interval [—k/2, n/2] whose sine is x
i.e. sin 9 = x. Therefore,
● -1 V3 n
(i) sm = An angle 0 s such that sin 0 =

2 ) ^ 22 2 3
w
● -1 n n n K
(ii) sm — = An angle 0 s — such that sin 0 = - —
2J 2' 2 2J 6
EXAMPLE 2
Flo Find the principal values of

1
ee
(i) sin
-1
(ii) sin ^
\2
Fr
-1
SOLUTION We know that sin a: denotes an angle in the interval 1- n / 2 , ti / 2] whose sine is
a: for a: s [-1,1 ]. Therefore, for
ur
=_-iri^ 1 1 71
A IQ ^ ^ such that sin 0 = —
(i) sm — = An angle 0 e — , —
2J [ ^ L 2 2j 2J 6
ks
Yo
oo
1
such that sin 0 = —\
71 71 n
:^-l
(ii) sm - An angle 0 e —2 ' 2 V2
V2 ^ \ 4
eB
f
:--l V3
EXAMPLE 3 Find the value of sin ^ cos < sm
r
2
ou
ad
● -1 ● -1 V3
YY
SOLUTION sm COS sm
2
nd
Re
● -1 7t ● -1 71 1 7T . -1 V3 7t
= sm COS = sm COS — = sm sm
3) 3J 2) 6 2 3
Fi
EXAMPLE 4 Find the domain of the function f(x) = sin (2a - 3).
SOLUTION The domain of sin“ ^ a is [-1,1]. Therefore, /(a) = sin(2a - 3) is defined for all a
satisfying
1<2a-3<1=>3-1<2a<3
+ 1 =>1<a<2=> Ae[l, 2]
-1
Hence, domain of /(a) = sin (2a-3) is [1,2].
—1 'y
EXAMPLES Find the domain off{x) = sin (-a ). [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION The domain of sin"^ a is [-1,1]. Therefore, /(a) = sin"^ (-a^) is defined for all a
satisfying
-1 <-A^ <1
=> 0<a:^<l ^ <l => -1 <0=> (a:-l) (;c + l) <0=>-1 <x<l

(-x^) is H,l].
-1
Hence, the donâin of /(x) = sin
EXAMPLES INCERT EXEMPLAR]
Fmd the domain off{x) = sin x + cos x.
SOLUTION The domain of sin“^x is [-1,1] and that of cosx is K. Therefore, domain of
/(x) =sin“^x+ cosxis [-1,1] n K =[-l, 1].
w
EXAMPLE? Find the domain of the function f{x) =sin“^Vx-l. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION The domain of sin"^x is [-1,1]. So, the domain of/(x) = sin“^Vx-l is the set of
values of x satisfying
-1 <7^^ ^1 => <l=>0<x-l<l=>l<x<2=> xe[l,2] [v V^>0]
roow
e
Hence, the domain of/(x) = sin~^-Jx-l is [1, 2].
re
reF
uFFll // x,y,2£[-l,l] such that sin“^x + sin“^y + sin^^z =-- —,
3 71
e
EXAMPLES
find the value of
2 2 2
sFr
X +1/ +z .
SOLUTION We know tliat the minimum value of sin

foro —1
xforxe[-l,l] is-—.
^
uor
7T . -1
fk
sin~^x>- V > - - and sin“^ z > - - for all x, y, z e [-1,1]
okso
, sm
2 if 2 2 ^
'i / N /
( n
Y
71 7T
Yo
=> sin"^x + sin"^y+sin^^2> + +

oo
BB
^ 2) \ 2J \ 2)
3k
^ sin ^x + sin ^y+sin
-1
2>-
2
rYree
37t 7U . -1 71 . -1 71 -
● -1 ● -1 ● -1
sin ^x = v = - -,sm z = — =?>x = y=z = -l
ouu
sm x + sm y + sm 2 =- -,sm
2 2 ^ 2 2
ad
Ydo
Hence, x^ + y^ +z^ = (-1)^ + (-1)^ + (-1)^ = 3.

3tc
EXAMPLE 9 let X, y,2 e[-1, 1] be such that sin^^x + sin”^y + sin“^ —. Find the values of
nidn
2 -
2
Re
9
(i) ;c2022^j/2023,.2024
+ 2 (ii) :,2020 ^ ^2022..2024 + 2
2022 . _2024
F
^2020
Fi
+y + 2
7T
-1
SOLUTION For any x e [-1,1], the maximum value of sin X is — and it attains this value at
2
x=l.
K
sin ^x< — , ●
sm
-1
y < —, SL
■
- for all X, y,2 e[-l, 1]
2 if 2'
=> sin”^x + sin“^Vif + sin"^z< —+ —+ — for all x, y,z
2 2 2 ^
e [-1,1]
3 71
^ sin ^x + sin ^y + sin ^2< — for all X, y, 2 6 [-1,1]
3ti 7t . -1 71 . -1 71 - . ^
sin~^x + sin“^y + sin“^ 2 = => sin ^x = ~,sm y = —,sm
- ‘■z = —=> x-l,y =1,2=1
^ 2 2 ^2 2
2022 2024
(i) ^2022^^2023 ^^2024 = (1) ^(1)2023 ^(1) = 3
9 9
(ii) ^2020 +, y..2022 +, 2_2024 2020 . ..2022 . .2024
=1+1+1- =3-3=0
X +2 1+1+1
3.6 MATHEMATICS-Xtl
EXERCISE 3.1
BASIC
1. Find the principal value of each of the following:

■ -if
(i) sin (ii) sin
-1
cos—
2n
(iii) sin ^ V3-n
I 2 3J ^ 2V2
V3+1 Stt' 5k
(iv) sin ^ (v) sin
-1
cos (vi) sin ^ tan —
^ 2V2 4; 4;
BASED ON LOTS
V3
2. (i) sin“î-2sin“^4
V2
(ii) sin
-1
cos sin
● -1
2
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
ww
3. Find the domain of each of the following functions:
(i) f(x) =sin“Â:^ (ii)/(x)=sin Âr + sinx
(iii) f(x) = sin ^ ●Jx^ -1 (iv) /(x) = sin“Â: + sin*^2A:
Flo
BASED ON HOTS
ee
-1
4. If sin A: + sin“^y+sin“^2+sin“^ f = 2;^ then find the value of +y^ +z^+f^.
eer
5. If(sin“^x)^ +(sin“^y)^ +(sin“^z)^ = —4 find the value of x^ + y^ + z^.
FFr
oorr
uur r
ANSWERS
5^
s ff
K
/●●N ^ K
t \ ^
1. W -3 (u)-- (iii)
12
(iv) ^
12
(V)--
sk
(Vi) f
YYoo
2. W -- 3. (i) [-1,1] (ii) [-1,1]

ooko
(iii) [-V2,-l]w[l,V2] (iv) [-1/2,172] 4. 4 5. 3

eBB
3.3.2 INVERSE OF COSINE FUNCTION

The graph of cosine function is shown in Fig. 3.6. It is evident from the graph of y = cosx (see
uurr
Fig. 3.6) that the function/:!? J? given by/(0) = cos0 is a many-one into function. However,
ad
/: [0,7t] [-1,1] is one-one onto i.e. a bijection and hence it is invertible. The inverse of cosine
Yo
function is denoted by cos”^.

dY
Re
innd
FFi
Fig. 3.6 Graph of y = cos* when-2n :S*£27t

Thus, if cos :[0,n][-1,1] is such that cos0 = x. Then, cos“^: [-1,1]-> [0, n] is defined as
cos“^X = 0. In other words: cos0 = x o cos"^x = 0 for all 0 s[0, Tcjandx 6[-l, 1].
The graphs of cos: [0, n] -> [-1,1] and its inverse cos"H-l, 1] -> [0, ti] are shown in Figures 3.7
and 3.8 respectively. The branch of cos“^ :[-l, 1] [0,7t] is called the principal value branch and
the value of cos“^ x lying in [0, tt] for a given value of x e [-1,1] is called the principal value.
aY
(-l.Jl) (0,7T)
X'
i
X' X
■>
(-1,0) o (1,0)
ir
Fig. 3.8 Graph of y * cos ^ x
ww
SOME OBSERVATIONS cosx and cos“^x that
It is evident from the graphs of
(i) the domain and range of cos~^x are [-1,1] and[0, tt] respectively,
(ii) both cos and cos"^ are decreasing functions in their respective domains.
Flo
e
Gj < 02 => cosGj > COS02 for all Gj, 02 e [0,7i]
ree
and, x^ <X2 =i> cos^^Xj > cos~^X2 for all x^, X2 e[-l, 1]
Fr
rF
(iii) The minimum and maximum values of cos'^x are 0 and n respectively v/hich are
uurr
attained ut 1 and -1 respectively i.e. cos”^(l) = 0 and cos“^ (-1) = n. for
s
kks
Yo
oooo
EXAMPLE; Find the domain of COS ^(2x-l).

eB
SOLUTION The domain of cos~^x is [-1,1]. So, the domain of cos”^ (2x-ljis the set of all values
ur
of X satisfying: -l£2x-l<l => 0<2x<2=>0<x<l. ●)j

ad
YYo
o
Hence, the domain of cos“^ (2x -1) is [0,1].
Vs 1
EXAMPLE 2 Find the principal values of (i) cos~ ^
dd
(ii) cos ^ [NCERTl

Re
2)
in
SOLUTION For any x e[-l, 1], cos” ^ x represents an angle in [0, ti] whose cosine is x.
F
Therefore,
(i)
-1 fVsl Vs 71
cos
= An angle 0 e [0,7c] such that cos 0 = —
2 ) 6
-1 1 1 2ti
(ii) cos - - An angle 0 e [0, ti] such that cos 0 = —
2/ V 2 S
-ll
EXAMPLES Find the principal value of COS sin cos
2j
SOLUTION We know that cos -11 _ 71
2 ” 3
cos
-1
sm cos
-ll
cos
-1 ●
sm— =cos cos
-ifVsl 7t
2) 3J 2 ) 6 I 2 6
3.8 MATHEMATICS-XII
EXAMPLE 4 Ifx,y,ze [-1,1] such that cos”^ x + cos"^ y + cos”^z = 0,find x + y+z.
SOLUTION We have,
y,ze[-l,l]
-l<x<l,-l<y<l, -1,<2<1=3> 0< cos”^ AT < 7t, 0 < cos”^ y < 7c, 0 < cos”^ z<n
cos“^x + cos'^^y + cos"^z = 0 => cos'^x = 0, cos~^y = 0 and cos”^z = 0 => x = y=z = l.
Hence, x + y +z = 3.
EXAMPLE 5 If x,y,z e [-1,1] such that cos ^x + cos ^y + cos ^z = 3k, then find the values of
(i) xy + yz+zx (ii) x(y + 2) + y(2 + x)+z(x + y) [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have,
w
X, y,ze[-l,l]
-l<x<l,-l<y<l,-l,<2<l=> 0 <cos"^ X <k,Q< cos“^ y 0 <cos“^z < n
Flo
cos"^x + cos“^y+ cos”^2 = 3?:
cos“^ X + cos~^ y + cos“^z = ti + n + ct => cos“^ x = k, cos“^ y = tI/ cos
ee
Fr
x = -l,y = -l,z = -l.
Therefore,
(i) xy + yz +ZX = (-1) x (-1) + (-1) x (-1) + (-1) x (-1) = 1 +1 +1 = 3.
for
ur
(ii) x(y+z) + y (z + x)+2(x + y) = 2 (xy + yz + zx) = 2x3=6
EXERCISE 3.2
ks
Yo
BASIC
oo
1. Find the principal value of each of the following:

eB
-1 V3 -if” 1 "l
(i) cos [NCERT] (ii) cos ^ - [NCERT]
2 I V2j
ur
-1 . 4;t^ -1 f 371
(iii) cos (iv) cos tan
ad
sin,—
■ 3 4 J
Yo
2. For the principal values, evaluate each of the following:

-11 -11 -1 n
(i) cos "-2 + 2sin [NCERT,CBSE2012] (ii) cos -
d
-2sin [CBSE 2012]

Re
2 v2y 2/
in
-1
_ll,2cos-lf-:^ V3 -irv3
F
(iii) sin (iv) sin ^ - + COS

2J 2 2 ) I 2 )
BASED ON HOTS
3. Find the domain of definition of /(x) = cos (x -4).

4. Find the domain of /(x) =2cos“^2x + sin“^x.
5. Find the domain of/(x) = cos'^x + cosx.
ANSWERS
5tc 371 5tc
1. (i) - (ii)- (iii) ^ (iv) 71
o
... 2ti 271 3tc

2. (1) y (ii)y (“0 Y (iv)
o
3, [-V5,-V3]u[V3,>/5] 4.1-1/2,1/21 5. [-1,1]

3.3.3 INVERSE OF TANGENT FUNCTION
Consider the function / :R-|(2n +l)-^:nGz| given by f{x) = tan x. The graph of this
function is shown in Fig. 3.9. It is evident from the graph that /(x) = tan a: is a many-one onto
f 7T ^
function and hence it is not invertible. However, the
function tan : ,2 ^ associating
7T
each X e —, — to tan a: e R is bijection and so it is invertible. The inverse of this fimction is
denoted by tan
AY
ww
n
FF loo
X! ,0 X
; 2
<■
[-n, 0) 0 K 0) (3n
f'O
ree
reeF
oroFr
r ur
s ff
Fig. 3.9 Graph of y= tanar
k
YYouo
7t TtA —1
koso
Clearly, tan ^: R —
2 2
is such that tan â: = 0 <=> tan0 =a:.
BBoo
Also, tan ^ (tan 0) = 0 for all 0 e and, tan (tan â:) = a: for aU x e R.
r ee
\ 2 2J
^ n Tz
The graphs of the functions tan : - 2'2 -> R and tan"^: R
ad
— are shown in Figures

ouur
V 2 2j
Yo
3.10 and 3.11 respectively. The branch of tan“^: R -> {-rc/2, tzI2) is called the principal value
branch and the value of tan“^x lying in (-tc/2, 7t/2) for a given value of'x e R is called the
d
Re
idnY
principal value.
FFin
AY Y A
(0, Jt/2)
<
>>
X' X
^ (-n/2,0) O
<
X'
IT
X
>
(0,-7i/2)
4,y- v'4,
Fig.3.10 Graph of i/ = tanx,-^<Ar<—

n
Fig. 3.11 Graph of y = tan ^ x
SOME USEFUL OBSERVATIONS It IS evident from the graphs of tan: and

V 2 2
—1 f ft 7t'\ _1
tan i.e. the curves u = tan x and y = tan xfhaf
{22 ^
(i) - —<tan~^j:<— for all xeR i.e.and — are minimum and maximum values of
2 2 2 2
tan~^ X but it not does not attain these values,

-1
(ii) both tan and tan are increasing functions in their respective domains.
01 < ©2 ^ tan 01 < tan 02 for all 0i, 02 e(-;i/2, ti/2)
ww
and, Xi<X2=> tan“^ ati < tan“^ X2 for all Xi, X2 e R.
Flo
e
eree
EXAMPLE 1 Find the principal values of each of the following:
FFr
(i) tan-^-V3) (ii) tan ^(1) INCERTI
uurr
\
3tc
orr
n
(iii) tan“^<^sin 2)
(NCEKT EXEMrLARl (iv) tan“^ \ cos
2
sfo
SOLUTION
We know that for any x eR, tan ^ x represents an angle in whose
kks
Yoo
2'2
oooo
tangent is x. Therefore,
eBB
-1 K
(i) tan (-V3) = An angle 0e - —2'2 such that tan 0 =-Vs —
3
urr
K
tan ^ (1) = An angle 0 e - —2'2
n
(ii) such that tan 0=1
ad
4
YYo
(iii) We know that sin “ Therefore, tan | sin ^

2J
=tan-'(-l)=-^
' ^ 4
dd
Re
inn
(iv)
tan”^ j cos-^ ■ = tan“^ (0) = 0
F
EX.AMPLF. 2 For the principal values, evaluate each of the following:
(i) tan“^
Ijj INCERT] (ii) cot sin“^jcos(tan“h)| (NCERT EXEMPLAR)
-1
2 cos 2 sin
SOLUTION (i) We know that sin ^ —

2 6
-1 -1 71 -1 Tc'\ l'\ 1 7T
.●. tan 2 cos 2 sin - tan 2 cos 2X - = tan 2cos— =tan ^ 2x— =tan H= —
2Jl 6J 3) 2) 4
—1 7t
(ii) We know that tan ^ 1 = —.
4
j cos (tan ^ 1)| = cot j sin ^ cos—

.'. cot sin
-1 7U -1 1 7C
= cot sin = cot — = 1
4J V2 4
EXAMPLES Which is greater, tanl or tan“^l? I

INCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We know that tan“H = — and 1 > —. Since tan 0 is an increasing function
4 4
71 71 7T
1 > — ^ tan 1 > tan — ^ tan !>!=:> tan 1 > 1 > — vl >-
4 4 4 4
— 1
tan 1 > — ^ tan 1 > tan ^ 1 V tan =—
4 4
Find the minimum value of nfor which tan ^ —7T eN.
ww
EXAMPLE 4 (NCERT EXEMPLAR]
4
SOLUTION We have,
^ -in 71
tan — >—
Flo
7t 4
e
.●^ = tan-h
eree
tan“^— > tan~^l
71 4
FFr
-1 n
tan tan > tan tan ^ 1 [■.● tan 0 is an increasing function]
uurr
Kj
n
orr [●.' tan (tan ^ x) = x]
->1
sfo
7C
kks
Yoo
n > 7t = 3.14 ^ n = 4,5, 6,...
oooo
Hence, the minimum value of n is 4.

eBB
EXERCISE 3.3
BASIC
urr
1 Find the principal value of each of the following:

ad
_i ( 2n
YYo
-1 1 -1 1
(i) tan (ii) tan (iii) tan~^ cos— (iv) tan ^ 2 cos—
V3j V3 2J 3 J
dd
2. For the principal values, evaluate each of the following:

Re
inn
1 ^ V3
(ii) tan ^
-1
(i) tan“^ (-1) + cos
●1
2 sin 4 cos
V2 2 )
F
3. Evaluate each of the following:

(i) tan”H + cos -1 + sm INCERT]
2) I 2)
w
1 7t
(ii) tan ^ tan ^ (-●>/3) + tan
I J3r
sm
I 2J)
5tc -1 '1371^
(iii) tan tan + cos cos INCERT EXEMPLAR]
6 , . 6
ANSWERS
7t 71 71 7T 71 3tc 37t
1. (i) T (ii) -T (iii) 0 (iv) 2. (i) T (ii) T 3. (i) (ii) - (iii) 0
6 6 4 2 3 4 4
3.3.4 INVERSE OF SECANT FUNCTION
In Class XI, we have leamt that sec0 is not defined at odd multiples of n/2. Therefore, a rule
associating .r e K - |(2m + 1) ^ :n e z| to secxis a function whose graph is shown in Fig. 3.12.

4 »
(0,1)
X’
H'“) (f'O) X
>
o
(f,o)
(«.0)
w
(-71,0)
(-71,-1) (»t,-l)
(0,-1)
Flo
reeee
FFr
^Y'
Fig. 3.12 Graph of j/ = secx
for
|(2» + 1)| : ft € Z R is neither one-one nor onto but.
ur
We observe that the function sec: R -
|(2« +1) ^ « e z| -> (-CO, -1] u[l, oo) is many-one onto. If we restrict the domain to
kkss
sec: R -
Yo
oo
/ \ (
then the function associating each X e 0, ^ u -^,71 tosecx e(-Qo,-1] u[l, oo)
71 7t
0,- U —, TT ,
L 2) U J
eB
/ V
is a bijection as is evident from the graph of y = secx shown in Fig. 3.13. the inverse of
sec: n0, — vj r -,7t ^(-co, 1] u[l, oo) is denoted by sec”^ such that sec"^6 = x
^ /
o x = sec0.
r
' 2
ou
ad
Also,sec“^(sec6) = 0 for all 0 e[0,7t/2) u(ti/2, tu] and, sec (sec^^x) =xforallx 6(-oo, -l]u[l, co)
YY
The graphs of functions sec: [0,7t/2) u(k/2, ti] —> (-co, -1] u[l, co) and sec -1] u[l, co)
ndd
Re
[0, 7i/2) u(7t/2,7u] are shown in Figures 3.13 and 3.14 respectively. The branch of sec"^ shown
principal value branch and the value of sec“^xin[0, k/2) u(ti/2, tt] for
Fi
in Fig. 3.14 is called the

given value of x e (-co, -1] u [1, oo) is called the principal value.
A Y
AY
(-1, R) (0,7t)
(0,1) < >
<■
X'
(!●») X
o (R,0) >
(0,-1) (rt,-l)
(»-I)
X' X
<■ >
(-1,0) o (1,0)
V Y- ^ y-
Fig. 3.13 Graph of y = seci:,0<.r £7r,.x?i n/2 Fig.3.14 Graph of j/= sec“Vv
SOME USEFUL OBSERVATION We make the following observations from the graphs of secx and
sec”^ a: :
(i) secA: is an increasing function on the intervals [0, k/2) and (tc/2, ct] but, it is neither
increasing nor decreasing on[0, n/2)u{n/2, tu].
(ii) sec“Â: is an increasing function the intervals (-co,-1] and [!,<») but, it is neither
increasing nor decreasing on(- oo, -1] u[l, oo).
(iii) The maximum value of sec“^ x is n which it attains at a: = -1.
(iv) The minimum value of sec~^ a: is 0 which it attains at x = 1.
ww
EXAMPLE 1 Find the principal values of each of the following:
-1 -2
(i) sec-’(2) (ii) sec
IVsj'
Floo
For any x e (-co,-1] u [1, oo), sec”^x is an angle 0 e [0, ti/2) u (tc/2, nj whose
SOLUTION
ee
secant is x i.e. sec 9 = x. Therefore,
\ /
n n
An angle 0 e 0, ^
eer
(i) sec“^(2)= u —. 1
2'
such that sec 0 = 2 = —
3
FFr
2 W 71 \ r 5ti
(ii) sec
-1
7= = An angle 0 g 0, — u —, 71 such that sec 0 = —^
oorr
uur r
I a/3 / V ^ 12) 2 J a/3 6
s ff
/ a/3
EXAMPLE 2 Find the set of values of sec~^ —
sk
YYoo
ooko
a/3
SOLUTION We know that sec ^x is defined for all x<-l or x>l and < 1. Therefore,
eBB
(■yfs']
— is not meaningful. Hence, the set of values of sec^^
-
sec — is the null set (b.

2
uurr
ad
-1 2
EXAMPLE 3 Find the principal values of sec and sec ^ (- 2).
Yo
a/3
-1
SOLUTION Since sec ^ : R - (-1,1) [0, tt] -
dY
is a bijection. Therefore, sec X represents

Re
ind
an angle in [0, ti] "I’Î

FFin
whose secant is x. Thus,
-1 f 2 \ 2 7T
(i) sec = An angle 0 G [0,7i] such that sec 0 = -f
V3 a/3J 6
(- 2) = An angle 9 g [0, n] - j
-1 2ti
(ii) sec such that sec 0 = -2
3
EXAMPLE 4 Find the domain of sec ^ (2x +1).

SOLUTION Thedomainofsec“^xis(-co, -1] u [1, oo). Therefore, sec“^ (2x + l) is meaningful, if
2x +1 > 1 or, 2x + 1 < -1
2x > 0 or, 2x < - 2 => X > 0 or, x < -1 => x g (-oo, -1] u [0, «)
Hence, the domain of sec”^ (2x +1) is (-oo, -1] u [0, co).
3.14 MATHEMATICS-XI[
EXERCISE 3.4
BASIC
1 Find the principal values of each of the following:

3n 3n
(i) sec ^ (-%/2) (ii) sec"^(2) (iii) sec 2 sin (iv) sec ^ 2 tan
4 J 4 J
7.. For the principal values, evaluate the following:
V3 _-y f TC
(i) tan”^-/3- sec ^(-2) fCBSE20l2l (ii) sin ^ - -2sec ^ 2tan —
. 2 6J
BASED ON HOTS
V Find the domain of (i) sec ^(3s:-l) (ii) sec ^x-tan
ww
ANSWERS
2n /●\ ^ 2ti
1. W-(U)- (m)-
(iv)y .. (I) -- (n) --
3. (i) (-O0, 0]l^[2/3, co)
Flo
(ii) (-CO, -1] u[l, oo)
e
eree
< 3.5 INVERSE OF COSECANT FUNCnON
FFr
In Class XI, we have learnt that the function/(x) = cosec x has domain R e Z} and range
R -(-1,1). The graph of this function is shown in Fig. 3.15. It is evident from the graph that
oorr
uur r
f: R-[tiKin eZ]R defined as /(:r) = cosec x is a many-one into function and
sf
f:R-{nn:neZ] -> R -(-1,1) is many-one onto.
sk
Yoo
AY
oook
eBB
uurr
\
ad
X' (-!-“) (f,o) X

Yo
'' : (-f
[7 ; ->
"O'
2' (¥■-')
dY
Re
: /
innd
■
FFi
4-
|Y'
Fig. 3.15 Graph of y= cosec X
If we consider/:[-tc/2, 0)vj(0, n/2]->(-oo,-1] u[l, oo), then its is a bijection and hence
invertible. The inverse of cosec is denoted by cosec~^ and is defined as
cosec“^x = 6 <=> cosec 0 = x for all 0 e [-n/2, 0) u (0, n/2] and x e (-oo, -1] u [1, oo)
Also, cosec“^ (cosec 0) = 0 for all 0e - — ,0 u 0,— and, cosec (cosec“^x)=x for all
L 2 J \ 2J
X e(-oo, oo). The graphs of cosec:[- k/2, 0) u(0, ;i/2] -»(-oo, -1] u[l, co)
and cosec"^:(-co-l]u[l,oo) -^[-7r/2, 0) u(0, tc/2] are shown in Fig. 3.16 and 3.17 respectively.
A Ar
n
,1 <
M) (‘●f)
(0,1)
: \2
< 1-2-1 o : 7t
■>
X'
0) O (1,0) X
2 '
Jt
-1 (0,-1) :
< >
V 4'V'
n
Fig. 3.16 Graph of y = cosec j:,- 2 '

xÔ Fig. 3.17 Graph of y = cosec"^ .t
ww
The branch of cosec~^x shown in Fig. 3.17 is called the principal value branch and the value of
cosec"^ X lying in [-t:/2, 0) u(0, tt/21 are the principal values.
Flo
-1
SOME OBSERVATIONS It is evident from the graphs of cosec x and cosec X that
e
(i) cosec 0 is a decreasing function on[-7i/2, 0) and (0, ji/2]. But, it is neither decreasing nor
ree
increasing on [-k/2, 0) u{0, ?i/2].
FFr
(ii) cosec'^x is decreasing on {-oo, -1] and [1, oo). But, it is neither increasing nor decreasing
uurr
on (-00, -1] u[l, oo).
orr
-1
sfo
(iii) The maximum value of cosec X is n/2 which it attains at x = 1.
(iv) The minimum value is cosec~^ x is -n/2 which it attains

kks
at x = -1.
Yo
oooo
eB

2
EXAMPLE 1 Find the principal values ofcosec~\2) and cosec"^
urr
^ /
ad
YYo
SOLUTION For X e(-oo, -1] u[l, oo), cosec“^ x is an angle 0 e[-;i/2, 0) u(0, tt/2] such that
cosec 0 = X.
dd
Re
inn
cosec ^(2)= An angle 0€ —,0 u 0,- such that cosec 0 = 2

71 71 n
L 2 J \ 2. 6
F
-if J. ( K f Tl 2 n
and. cosec
-j= - An angle 0€ l2
—,0 /v2,
u 0,— such that cosec 0 =- 73
vS/v 3
-ir n
EXAMPLE :● Find the set of values o/cosec
2J
-if
SOLUTION We know that cosec ^ X is defined for all X <-1 or X ^1. So, cosec — is not
I 2
f 1
meaningful. Hence, the set of values of cosec ^ — is the null set (b.
I 2J
EXAMPLE 3 For the principal values, evaluate each of the following:
(i) tan'^Ts-sec”^(-2)+ cosec“^ 1
(ii) 2sec"^(2)-2cosec“M-2)
1
73
3.16 MATHEMATICS-Xii
SOLUTION (i) tan ^V3-sec ^(-2) + cosec — —= 0

V 3 3 3 3
K
(ii) 2sec ^2-2cosec ^(-2) = 2x —3 - 2 X —6 = K
X + cosec”^ y + cosec”^ z = — ,find the value of— + ^ + —.

-1
EXAMPLE 4 If cosec
2 y z X
SOLUTION We know that the minimum value of cosec ^ x is - — which is attained at x = -1.
2
3tc
cosec ^ X + cosec ^ y + cosec ^ z = 2
> /
ww
TC 7t 7t
cos“^ X + cosec”^ + cosec”^ z = + +
I 2; V 2/ V 2;
7C -I K -1 ^ 1 1
cosec ^ X = z = —^ x = -l,y = -l,z -1
FF loo
- , cosec V = —, cosec
2 ^ 2 2
X- + ^
y + —z = i—'-
(-1) + !—L
(-1) + i—i
(-1) = 3.
ree
y z X (-1) (-1) (-1)
EXERCISE 3.5
rF reFe
BASIC
rur
fforo
Find the principal values of each of the following:
(i) cosec“^(-V2) [ncERT] (ii) cosec ^ (- 2)
ks
YYouo
-if 2
(iii) cosec (iv) cosec"^f2cos —3)
okso
V3
BBoo
-1 V3
2, Find the set of values of cosec
r ee
For the principal values, evaluate the following:

ad
ouur
( 43 2
Yo
(i) sin“^ - + cosec

-1
(u) sec ^ (7^ + 2 cosec
-1
(-V2)
K 2 43
d
idnY
Re
llTt')
(iii) sin ^ cos 2 cosec ^ (- 2) (iv) cosec”^ 2 tan
6 )
FFin
Af^S\NERS
r\ ^
1. (0 (ii) (iii) (iv) 2.
3. ,i) (ii) (iii) I (iv) -I
3.3.6 INVERSE OF COTANGENT FUNCTION
We have learnt in earlier classes that the function/(x) = cotx has domain = R-{nK'.neZ] and
range R. Therefore, /: R -{nn:« e Z} i? is a many-one onto function as is evident from the
curve y = cotx shown in Fig. 3.18.
If we consider cot: (0,7t) J?, then it is a bijection and hence invertible. The inverse of this
function is denoted by cot“^ and is defined as cot“^x = 0 o cot0 =x for all 0 e(0, n) and all
X € R. Also, cof^ (cot0) = 0 for all 6 6 (0, tt) and, cot (cot“^ x) = x for all x s R.
AY
X' fo) X
<■
(-2«,0)
7 \2n,0) ^
M
4y'
Fig. 3.18 Graph of y = cot x
ww
Graphs of y = cotx and y = cot”^ x are shown in Figtires 3.19 and 3.20 respectively.
FF loo
A
V A
ree
(0,rt)
< >
X' X
Jl
<■ ■>
0'2
reFe
o
(f'° (n,0)
X'
oor rF
rur
<■
o
s ff
X
yv
r 4, yy'
k
Fig, 3.19 Graph ofy=cotx,0<x<7t Fig. 3.20 Graph of y = cot

YYoou
okso
The branch of cot"^: R -> (0, tc) is called the principal value branch and the value of cof^x for
BBoo
given X is called the principal value.

r ee
SOME USEFUL OBSERVATION It is evident from the graphs of cotx and cot that
ouur
ad
(i) cotx is a decreasing function on (0, tt). i.e. < 02 => cot Gj > cot 02 for all 0^, 02 e (0, n)
Yo
(ii) cot“^ X is a decreasing function on R. i.e. x^ < X2 =3- cot ^Xj > cot ^X2 for all x^, X2 e R.
(iii) For all x s R, the values of cot ^ x lie between 0
d
and n.
idnY
Re
(iv) cot“^ X does not attain its minimum value zero and maximum value k at points in R.
FFin
EXAMPLE 1 Find the set of values of cot (1) and cot”^ (-1)
SOLUTION
For any X eR, cot"^ x is an angle 0 e(0, n) such that cot0 = x.
f \ n
cot (1) = An angle 0 6 (0, jr) such that cot 0=1 = —
I ; 4
i f ^ 3ti
and, cot (-1)= An angle 0 e(0,7c) whose cot angent is equal to-1 = —
V J 4
Hence, required set is

Find the principal values of coi~ ^ VS and cot ^ (-1).

SOLUTION We know that for any x^R, cot" ^ x denotes an angle in (0, n) whose cotangent
IS X.
cot ^ Vs = An angle in (0, tc) whose cotangent is^^3 = —

) 6
''
and. cot ^(-1) = An angle in (0, tc) whose cotangent is (-1) =—.
/ 4
ooww
For the principal values, evaluate the following:
2
(i) cot “ ^ (-1) + cosec"^ (- Jl) + sec"^ (2) (ii) cot ^ (—«/3) + tan ^(1) + sec ^ V3
Stc tc tc _5tc
e
SOLUTION (i) cot"^(- l) + cosec”^(-V2) + secs"^(2)= —
ree
4
rFl
Fre
-1 ( 2 _5tt tc tc_5tc
(ii) cot"^ (- -JS) + tan(1) + sec "T 4 6~T
V3
rrF
EXERCISE 3.6
ouur
sffoo
BASIC
okks
Find the principal values of each of the following:

Yo
oo
_i f 1 3tc'
Y
(i) cot-1 (-V3) (ii) cot 1 (-v/3) (iii) cot ^ - (iv) cot ^ tan
BB
V V3^, 4 J
rre
Find the domain of/(a:) = cot x +cot â:.

ouu
. Evaluate each of the following:

YY
ad
2 'I -1 -Js
(i) cot 1 -cosec ■1 {- 2) + sec"l (ii) cot 1 ■ 2 cos sin
dd
V3 2
Re
iinn
-1 2 A 1
(iii) cosec +2cot-l(-l)
V3
F
\\
f 1 'l TC
(iv) tan 1 —7 + cot
-1
+ tan 1 sin R'l iVl PLAR]
V3 ^f3) V 2
ANSWERS
3tc
(i) ^6 (ii) H6 (iii) ^3 (iv) ^4 s. R-{nn:n eZ]
2tc
(ii) ^ (iii) ^
TC
(iv)
● T 4 6 12
As a ready reference domains, ranges and principal value branches of all inverse trigonometric
functions are tabulated below.
Function Domain Range Principal value branch

-1 f TCV ( Tl
sm [-1,1] [-n/2,7i/2] y = sin a: from -1, - - to 1, -
\ 2) y 2.
-1
COS [-1,1] [0,71] y = cos“ ^ X from (-1, ti) to (1, 0)
71 f
y = tan ^ x from
7T
-1
tan R (-7C/2, 71/2) -CO,-- to
1) \ 2
w
cosec
-1
(-CO,-l]u[l,co) [-71/2,71/2]-{0} y = cosec“ ^ a:, from(-oo, 0) to -1, - —
V 2
(
and, from 1,— to (co, 0)
roow
V 2)
e
re
sec
-1
(- 00, -1] u[l, oo) y = sec“ ^ X, from -00,
■^1 to (-1,71),
reF
7C
uFFll and, from (1,0) to

V
'»,T
2)
e
cot ^ R (0, 7t) y = cot“ ^ X from (-co, tc) to (oo, 0)
sFr
foro
NOTEi If no branch of an inverse trigonometric function is mentioned, then it means the principal value
uor
branch of that function.
fk
okso
3.4 PROPERTIES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Y
In this section, we will learn about various properties of six inverse trigonometric functions
Yo
oo
BB
defined in the previous section. These properties are very useful in simplifying expressions and
solving equations involving inverse trigonometric functions.
rYree
3.4.1 PROPERTY-!
ouu
In chpater 2, we have learnt that if f:A-^ Bis & bijection, then f~^:B-^ A exists such that
ad
Ydo
/ ôf{x)=x or, /~^(/(^))=x for all xeA. In the previous section, we have learnt that
sin : [-71/2, tu/2] ^ [-1,1], cos: [0,7i] [-1,1], tan : (-ti/2, ti/2) ^ R, cot (0, n)^R
nidn
sec:[0, 7i/2)u(ti/2, ti] ->(-co, -1]u[1, co) and cosec:[-ti:/2, 0) u(0, ti/2] -> (-oo, -1] u[l, oo)
Re
are bijections. So, these fimctions and their inverses satisfy the following property.
F
PROPERTY-l (i) sin“^ (sin 6) = 6 for all 0 e [-7i/2,7t/2]

Fi
(li) cos“^ (cos0) = 0 for all 0 e [0, ti]

(Hi) tan~^(tan0) = 0 forallQe(~K/2,n/2)
(iv) cosec“^ (cosec 0) = 0 /or o//0 e [-t:/2, 0) u(0,7t/2]
(v) sec“^(sec0)=e forallQs[0, ti/2) u( ti/2, ti]
(vi) cot“^(cot0) = 0 /or fl//0 e(0,7i).
In the above property we observe that the relations between trigonometric functions and their
inverses hold true for specific values of 0. If 0 does not lie in the domain of a trigonometric
function in which it is not a bijection, then the above relations do not hold good. For example,
sin ^(sin0) = 0 holds true for 0 6[-tc/2, rc/2]. If 0 g[-Tt/2, tc/2], what is the value of
sin ^ (sin 0)? To answer this, we partition real line into sub-intervals so that the sine function
with domain any sub interval and co-domain [-1, l]is a bijection. Clearly, such sub-intervals are
MATHEMATICS-XII
3.20
5ti 3ti 3n K n n n 3n '3n 57t
T'"TJ' T' 2]' IT'TJ'

n 3n . 71 3tc 3n n 3n n n n
If0£ - i.e. — < 0 —, then - ^-0< — => 7C- <7r-0<rc — ^ — <7i-0< —
2'*2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
.in ^(sin0)=sin ^ sin (ti-0) =7t-0

3ti 5ti1 . 3tc Stt
If 0 6 i.e. < 0 < —, then
Y'.l 2 2
Sti 3ti 5n 3ti n Tl K n

<-0<- =>2n <27i-0<2tc =>--<2ti-0<-=> — <0-2ti<-
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
ww
in ^(sin0)=sin ^ -sin {2ti-0) =sin ^ sin(0-2;i) =0-27t
FF loo
371 71: 3rt 7C
If0e - i.e. < 0 < — . then
T'~2 2 2 '
ree
71 7t 71 71 71
- — + t:<7T + 0<71-— — <7i+0< — —
2 2 2 2 2 2
reFe
(sin0)=sin ^ -sin(7r + 0) = sin ^ sin (-71 - 0) = -7t - 0 oor rF
rur
sin
s ff
^ 5ti 3ti1 i.e.
. Stt 37c 5tc 371 7U 7C
If 0 6 , — <0<- then + 2ti< 271 + 0^- + 2ti ^ 2ti + 0 < —.
2 ' 2 2 2 2
k
2 2 2
YYoou
okso
sin ^(sin0)=sin ^ sin (2rc+0) =2ti+0

BBoo
r ee
Thus, we obtain
’ 2tu + 0 , if -5ti/2 < 0 < - 3n/2
ouur
ad
-7t-0 , if - 3n/2 < 0 < ~ 7c/2

Yo
0 , if-7c/2<0<7r/2
sm (sin 0) = ●
7t-0 , if 71/2 < 0 < 37t/2
d
0-271,if 37T/2<0<57t/2
idnY
Re
3ti-0, if57t/2<0<7Ti/2 and so on.

FFin
The graph of y = sin(sin x) is shown in Fig. 3.21. It is evident from the graph that the function
sin”^ (sin a:) is a periodic function with period 2tc.
ty
n
^=2
< >
jf' (-2n. QJ (-n. Q1 4

< Y
0 A
<●'
. + ' >
It
y=-2
>ky.
Fig. 3.21 Graph of/(x) =s sin ^ (sinx)
Similarly, we find that

-2rt-0,if-37t<e<-27r
2ii+0 , if - 2tc < 0 ^ - 7c
-0 , if - TC < 0 ^ 0
cos ^ (cos 0) = 0 , if 0 < 0 <7t
2ti-0 , if 71 < 0 < 2ti
0-271 , if 271 < 0 < Ste and so on.
A Y
(0,7t)
ww
<
●i'
%.<v
V-
X' X
<-
(-471,0) (-271,0) u
Flo
e
eree
I r
FFr
Fig. 3.22 Graph of y = cos“^ (cos j:)
2tc+0 , if-57i/2<0<-37t/2 oorr
uur r
7C+ 0 , if - 3n/2 < 0 < - k/2
sf
tan ^ (tan 0) = 0 ,if-7T/2<0< 7e/2
sk
Yoo
0-7C ,if 7r/2<0< 3tu/2

oook
0-271, if 3;t/2 < 0 < 57e/2 and so on

eBB
A T
uurr
71
!/=f
ad
>
Yo
X
■>
dY
Re
innd
>
71
y=-5
FFi
'i' y
Fig. 3.23 Graph of y = tan ^(tanjr)
37t' 371
271+0 , if 0 e - 2ti, - u -7t
2 J 2 '
-0 , if 0 € -7E, -
TE
\ U f r\0
2y 2
\
sec ^(sec 0) =
7E 7E
0 , if 0 e 0, - u — / 7E
2J 2
3te' 3te
2tE-0 , if 0 € 7E, , 2te
2 J V2
5k '5n
0-2te , if 0 e 2te, — u 3te and so on
2 J 2'
3.22 MATHEMATICS'XII
r'4'
Fig. 3.24 Graph of y= sec"^ (secAj)

5tc 3k
2n+Q , if 0 e ,-2k u -2k,-
2' 2
ww
3rc 7t
-7:-0,if0€ - ,-K U -K, —
2 J 2
TC \ / K
FF loo
cosec ^ (cosec 0) - 0 , if 0 e —, 0 u 0, —
'2
2 J
ree
7C 371
7C-0 , if 0 e — u n,—
L2 j V 2
reFe
0-2tc , if 0 € and so on
oroFr
r ur
k s ff
YYouo
okso
BBoo
r ee
ad
ouur
Yo
Fig. 3.25 Graph of y = cosec ^(cosecx)

d
27T + 0, if 0 e (-2ti, 7i)

Re
idnY
71+9 , if 0 e(-Ti:, 0)
FFin
cot ^(cot 0) = 0 ,if0e(O,7c)

0-7t , if 0 e(7c,27c)
0-271 , if 0 €(2ti, 3tc) and so on
y = n (0,11)
< >>>
<v<: <●
4
X X
X' X
>
(-2ft, 0) (-n,0) 0 (n,0) (2«, 0)
'i'r
Fig. 3.26 Graph of ys= cot ^ (cotar)

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC. 3.23
EXAMi . .
Evaluate each of the following:
... . -if . n 2 71^ n
(i) sin sin — cos(ii) cos“ ^ (iii) tan ^ tan —
3J 3 J 4J
. 2 71 7 71 3 71
(iv) sin ^ sin (v) cos ^ cos (vi) tan ^ tan
3 J 6 J 4 J
(vii) sin ^ sin (- 600*) :ci:ri
ww
(viii) cos ^ cos (- 680*)
Flo
K 7t
SOLUTION (i) We know that sin ^ (sin 0) = 6, if - —2 <
-1
9 < -. Therefore, sin Sin —
e
2 3J 3
eree
(ii) We know that cos ^ (cos 0) = 0 for 0 < 0 < tt. Therefore, cos ^
3 J" 3 ■
cos
FFr
uurr
K K
(iii) We know that tan'^ (tan 0) = 9 for --2 < 0 < 2 Therefore, tan" ^ tan —
orr 4) 4
sfo
. Ill] In In , ..i- 1. ^ 71 J 7c
(iv) Sin sin — 5* — as — does not he between — and —.
3 J 3 3 2 2
kks
Yoo
. 2 n')
oooo
n . 27t Tt')
Now, sin sin Sin sm 71 — sm = sm 71
3 J 3J 3 3J
eBB
n n
sm sm — [■.● sin (t: - 0) = sin 0]
3J 3
urr
3n
ALTTER From Fig. 3.21, we find that sin ^ (sin 0) = 7t - 6 for —2 < 9 <
ad
2
YYo
sm
. 271^
sm — =n
2ti n
3J 3 3
dd
-1 7n) 7 n 7 n
Re
inn
(V) cos cos , because does not lie between 0 and n.

6 J 6 6
F
-1 7tc^ 5 7t 7 71 5 7C
cos cos cos M cos 2 71 - — = 2tc-
6 J 6 J 6 6
-1 5 n 5n
cos cos [●.● cos (2 TC - 0) = cos 0]
6 J 6
ALn l-'K From Fig. 3.22, it is evident that cos~^ (cos 0) = 2tc - 0 for tc < 0 < 2tl
cos
-1
cos
7n) = 2tu
7n 5n
6 , 6 6
— 1 / 3tc 3tu 3tc TT 71
(Vi) tan tan because does not lie between — and —.
4 4 ' 4 2 2
3ti n 3n n
tan ^ tan = tan" ^ tan 7t — n —
4 J 4J 4 4
= tan ^ -tan—Is:tan Mtan n

[●.● tan (tu-0) =-tan 0]
4J I 4j 4
K Stt
ALlTIiR It is evident from Fig. 3.23 that tan“^ (tan0) = 0-7:for-|^<0<
2 2
_1 3k 3n K
tan tan -7t = -
4 J 4 4
n . f IOtc /
. IOti
sin (- 600°) = sin ^
● -1 ● -1
(vU) sm sin - 600 X = sm sin = sm -sm
180 j I 3 3 J
- sm -sin 3tc +
K
= sm
● -1 K
-sm — = sm
● -1 ( sm
● —
K
3JJ 3J 3J 3
ALITER From Fig. 3.21, we observe that sin ^ (sin 0) =-3^-0 for-^ < 0 <-^
ww
sin”^ I sin (-600°) . f lOn'i IOti K
= sm sm = —3ti +
3 J 3 3
3471^
Flo
71
cos ^ ●< cos {- 680°) ● = cos ^ (cos 680°) = cos
●1 -1
(viii) cos 680 X = cos cos
e
180 ; 9 ;
eree
-1 -1 271 2ti
= cos cos 471 = cos cos
FFr
9; 9 ; 9
uurr
3471
ALITER From Fig. 3.22, we find that cos ^ (cos 0) = 0 + 4ti, if - 4ti < 0 < - 3ti and - 680° = — ^
orr
sfo
34ti' 3471 2ti
^ \ cos (- 680°)
●1
cos = cos cos + 4n =
9 y 9 9
kks
Yoo
oooo

eBB
EXAMPLE 2 Express each of the followitig in the simplest form:

1 - cos X cos X
-1
(ii) tan “ ^ _lE<;t<-lCBSE2012]
urr
(i) tan ● , - 71< a: < 71 [NCERTI

■y 1 + cos X 1 + sinxj' 2 2
ad
YYo
cos x 71 71 cosx -sm X 71 71

(iii) tan ^ , <x <- [NCERT] (iv) tan“^ , — <x < —
4 4
1 - sin XJ 2 2 cos X + sm X ^
dd
Re
inn
SOLUTION (i) We have. [NCERT]

F
2
2 sin
1 - cos X 9 -1 X
tan ^ = tan ^ ■ — ^ = tan tan =tan-l tan —
y 1 + cos a: j
1
2 ^ 2 2
2 cos
2
-1 X
tan - tan — , if - 7i< X < 0 tan ^ tan -, if-7t<x <0
2J ■
2) 2
1 ( X -1 X X
tan tan — , if 0 < X < 71 tan tan — , if 0 <x <71
2) 2 2
(ii) We have.
2 X . 2 X
cos — sm
cos X
tan ^ - tan
-1 2 2
1 + sin X 2 X . 2 X - . X X
cos — + sm — + 2 sm - cos —
2 2 2 2
X ( X X
cos — sm — cos — + sin -
-1
2 1) \ 1 2)
= tan
X X ^2
cos — + sin —
2 2)
X X X
cos — sm “ 1 - tan —
= tan
-1 2 2 -1 2
.
= tan ■
X X X
cos — + sm - 1 + tan —
2 2 2J
ooww
-1 71 X 71 X 71 71 K X n ^ K X %
= tan tan — <x< => — < — <- =;>0< <-
4 2j\ 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 2
ALITER We have,
e
71
sin - + X
re
-1 cos X -1
^2
tan = tan
rFFl
ree
«
1 + sin a: ^
F
7T
1 - cos — + X
V2
rF
« . 7c a: t: X
2 sm — + - cos —' + —
fsfoor
ouur
-1 4 2 4 2 -1 , K X
= tan = tan cot — + —
4 2
2 sin ^(- + -
kosk
4 2
Yo
-1 -1 71 X' K X
oo
= tan tan
2~U'^2j.
= tan tan
Y
4 2 4 2
BB
(iii) We have,
rre
2 X . 2 X
cos — sm
oYuu
-1 cos X
-1 2 2
tan - tan
ad
1 - sin X 2 X . 2 X - . X X
cos — + sm — 2 sm — cos —
dY
2 2 2 2
\ /
X X AT A^'
innd
cos — + sin - COS — sin —

Re
= tan
-1 2 2A 2 2J
\2
Fi
F
X X
cos — sm -
2 2J
X . X X
cos - + sm — 1 + tan
= tan
^1
X
2 2
X
= tan
-1 -
—
X
^ = tan -1 L
tan
^
— + —
X
4 2
cos — sm - 1 - tan —
2 2J 2J
7t X 71 71 TC AT Tl _ 7I A: 7C
— H — <x< — => — < — < — => 0< —+ —< —
4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 2
ALITER We have.
. ^71
sm -X
-1 cos X -1 12
tan = tan
1 - sin a: 71 Tr
1 - COS X
\2
71 X'i K X
2 sin cos
-1 4 2 U 2j -1 t: j:'
= tan ● = tan cot
2 sin 2 [ X 4"2.
4 ~2
- 1 71 n X -1 - 1 X\ _ 71 X
tan tan = tan tan ^ -+ -
2 U 2 U 2j ”4 2
(iv) We have,
- 1 cos .T - sm X -1 1 - tan X -1 TZ
tan = tan tan tan —X
cos X + sin X ^ 1 + tan a: U
ww
71 71 n n 71 71 7C
—X — <a:< — => — <-a:< — =>0< — a:< —
4 4 4 4 4 4 2
EXAMPLE 3 Prove that:
Flo
e
+ cos X + cos X
-1 n X ^ n
(i) tan ^ =— + — ,0<a:< —
eree
●P + cos a: - - cos X 4 2 2
FFr
- 1 + sin X + - sin X X 7U
(ii) cot - , 0 <a: <- (NCFiRT, CBSE 2009,2014,2016J
uurr
+ sin a: - .JT - sm X 2 2
orr
sfo
SOLUTION (i) We have.
2 ^ 2 ^
2 cos +, 2 sin
kks
Yoo
-1
+ cos a: + - cos a:
-1 2 ^ 2
oooo
tan tan
[Vi + cos X - cos a:
2 cos
2 ^
2 sin
2 ^
2 V
eBB
X
cos — + sin -
-1 2 2
urr
= tan V 0<—<— cos — > 0, sin — >0

X X
2 4 2 2 ,
ad
cos — sm
2 2J
YYo
X
1 + tan --
71 X'l 7t 71 71 X 71
dd
= tan
1
— > = tan
-1
tan — + —
_ 71 X V 0<x<— < — + — <—
U 2 "i 1
Re
X
2 4 4 2 2.
inn
1 - tan
2
F
\2
0 X 2 X X X X X
(ii) We know that: 1 ± sin x = cos —+ sin"^ —±2sin —cos—= cos—±sin.—
2 2 2 2 I 2 -J
2
X X
x2 X X
n2
cos — + sm + cos — sm -
cot
-1 + sin X + .yi - sin X = cot
-1 2 2; 2 2J ►
+ sm X -
.yi - sin X X X^2 X X
n2
cos - + sm cos — sm —
2 2J 2 2)
X X X X
cos - + sin - cos — sm —
_ 1
2 2 2 2
= cot X
X X X X
cos - + sm cos — sm —
2 2 2 2
X X
COS — + sin — + cos — sm —
-1
2 2) 2 2
^ X n X . X
= cot ■
V 0 <— <— cos — > sin —
X ( X X Tr 2 4 1 2
cos — + sin — cos — sin -
2 1) 2 1)
-1 x\ X - X n
= cot cot — 0 <- <-
1) 2 2 4.
-1 + cos X + - cos X 71 X 3k
(i) tan — , if rc < X <
ww
+ cos X cos X 4 2 2
(ii) cot
-1 Vi + sin X + - sin X 7C X 71
— , if — <x <7t M llsi /fllil
Vi + sin X - - sin X 2 2 2
Flo
e
eree
+ cos X + cos X
FFr
-1
tan
Vi + cos X -
Vi -cosx
uurr
orr X X
sfo
2 cos
2 X
+ J2 sin
2 ^ V2 cos - + V2 sin
2 2
= tan
-1 i 2 2
= tan
1
kks
Yoo
X X
2 ^ 2 X
2 cos 2 sin V2 cos - -V2 sin
oooo
2 2 2 2
eBB
X X 3tc 71 X 3ti
- cos - + sin V 7I<X< => — <—<
-1 2 2 2 2 2 4
= tan
X X X X X X
urr
- cos — sin — cos — = - cos — sm — = sm —

2 2 2 2 ' 2 2
ad
YYo
X X X
cos — sm — 1 - tan -
-1 2 2 -1 2
= tan tan
dd
X X X
cos - + sm - 1 + tan
Re
2 2 2
inn
-1 n X K X 3tc 71 71 X 71
F
= tan tan 71<X = cot
-1 2 2; 2 2J
I Vi + sm X - - sin X
X
cos - + sm —
x^2 r cos —
X sm X
—
n2
2 2J 2 2J
X X X X
cos - + sm - + cos - sm -
2 2 2 2
-1
= cot ■
X X X X
cos — + sm - cos — sm
2 2 2 2
X x'' f cos —
^
cos - + sin - sm -
2 2J V 2 2) 71 71 a: A
= cot ^ 17 — < a: < 7c => — < - < — => lOS — < sin —
X
cos - + sin —
x^ + ( cos X
— sin -
2 4 2 2 2 2
2 2) 2 2J
x^ 71 X n X K - 7C A 7Z
= cot ^ tan — = cot ^ cot ●●● — <A<71=>0< <-
2) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4J
REMARK In order to simplify trigonometrical expressions involving inverse trigonometrical functions,

following substitutions are very useful:
Expression Substitution
2 2
ww
a + X X = tan 9 or, .t = fl cot 0
2 2
a -X A = fl sin 0 or, x=a cos 0
2 2
Flo
X -a x = flsec0 or, x = i? cosec 0
e
a~x a + X
or. X ~a cos 20
rere
a + X a - X
r FF
2 2
a^-x^ a + X
x^ = a^ cos 20
uurr
1 2 2
\a^ + X
2 foor
\| -X
EXAMPLE 5 Write the following functions in the sitnplest form:
kss
Yoo
ooook
X a-x
(i) tan ^ ,-a<x<a INCERT] (ii) tan ^ ■ },-a<x <a
2
■y^ + x j
eBB
-X
X -1 X
(iii) sin ^ (iv) cos
uurr
2 2 2
X + a
ad
+ a
Yo
SOLUTION (i) Putting x = fl sin 9, we obtain

dY
X fl sin 9 fl sin 0
tan ^ ■ ● = tan“^ > = tan ^ ●
Re
innd
.P
a cos 0
-X
2
-a ^ sin^ 0
Fi
-1 -1 X X -1 X
= tan (tan 0) = 0 = sin ●●● X = fl sin 0 => sin 0 = — =5> 0 = sin
a a fl
(ii) Putting X = fl cos 0, we obtain

2 sin
2 0
fl -X fl -rt cos 0 1 - cos 0 -1 2
tan ^ = tan
-1
= tan ^ = tan
2 9
fl + X
y fl + fl cos 0 ■\| 1 + cos 0 2 cos
2
0
= tan ^ tan —
2
0^ 0 7t e 0
= tan ^ tan — -fl<x<fl=5-O<0<7i=>O<—< — tan— = tan —
2) 2 2 2 2
-1 X -1 X
cos X = fl cos 0 => cos 0 = — ^ 0 = cos
2 ~ 2 fl fl fl
(iii) Putting x = atan 0, we obtain

a tan 0 a tan 0
sin sin sin Sin ^ (sin 0)
[^P + a
2
tan^ 0 + [ sec 0
-1 ■-t X — 1 ^
= 0 = tan X = a tan 0 ^ tan 0 = — => 0 = tan —
a a a
(iv) Putting X = a cot 0, we obtain
-1 X -1 a cot 0 - \ a cot 0
cos > = cos cos
yja^ cot^ 0 + a cosec 0

2
ww
+ n
-1 -\x . .● = ^7 cot 0 => cot 0 = — => cot - = 0

= cos (cos 0) = 0 = cot X
a n a
Flo
e
Vi
eree
-1
+ X - K 1 - 1
(i) tan cos ' X , 0 < X <1
+ X + 4 2
FFr
[NCERT, CBSE 2010,2011,2014,2017]
uurr
(ii) tan ^
n
= — + - cos ^
1
, -1 < J < 1 orr
* * >
sfo [NCERT EXEMPLAR!
4 2
kks
Yoo
SOLUTION (i) Putting x = cos 2 0, we obtain

oooo
+ cos 2 0 “ - cos 2 0 cos^ 0 Jl sin^ 0

eBB
-1 -1
tan tan ● *
Vi + cos 2 0+ - cos 2 0
^2 cos^ 0 + V2 sin^ 0
urr
cos 0 - sin 0 TC Tl
= tan ^ 0 < X <1 => 0 < cos 20 <1 ^ O<20< —Ô<0< —
ad
YYo
cos 0 + sin 0 2 4
1 - tan 0 71 TC 71 71 TC
dd
- tan ^ ● ● = tan ^ tan - -0 --0 '.●O<0<-=>O<--0<-

4 4 4
Re
1 + tan 0 U 4
inn
TC 1 1
-^x
-1
cos ^ X
F
COS *.● cos20=x .●.20 = COS x=> 0 =

4 2 2
(ii) Putting x^ = COS 20, we obtain
tan
-1 Vi 20 + ^1 - COS 20
+ cos
tan
j -Jl cos^ 0 + V2 sin^ 0
.yi + cos 20 --Jl- COS 20 V2 cos^ 0 --yjl sin^ 0
cos 0 + sin 0 1 + tan 0 TC
tan
1
tan
-1
= tan ^ tan - + 0
cos 0 - sin 0 [ 1 - tan 0 4
-l<x<l=Ô<x^<l=>O<20< — =>O<0<-
71
= - + 0
4 2 4
71 1
— + — cos
-1
x2 X ^ = cos 2 0 => 2 0 = cos ^ x^ => 0 = - cos ^ x^
4 2 2
EXAMPLE 7
Simplify each ofthefolloioing:
f3 4 71 37t
(i) cos ^ — cos X + — sin X , where —<x< [NCERT EXEMPLAR!
5 5 2 4
■»
f5 12 .
(ii) sin ^ — cos X + — sm X
13 13
3 4 .
SOLUTION (i) In order to simplify cos ^ — cos X + — sin X , we will have to express
5 5
3 4 3
~
5
cos X + -5 sin X in the form of cosine of some expression. For this, let —=r cos 0 and
5
ww
4
— = r sin 0. Then,
5
rsf 4f r sin 0 4
r = + = 1 and, tan 0 =
5J 5J r cos 0 3
Flo
e
-1 4 3 4 -1 4
r = 1 and, 0 = tan ^ — = cos 0 and — = sin 0, where 0 - tan
eree
3 5 5 3
(3 4 .
FFr
-1
cos — cos X + — sm X
5 5
cos ^ (cos 0 cos X + sin 0 sin x) = cos ^ {cos (x - 0)}
uurr
1 4
= X - Q- x - tan
3 orr
sfo
(5
(ii) In order to simplify sin — cos X + — sin X , we will have to express
kks
Yoo
13 13
oooo
5 12 5
—
13
cos X + — sin X in the form of sine of some expression. For this, let — = r sin 0 and
13 13
eBB
12
— = r cos 0. Then,
13
urr
f—
5^2 12 r sin 0 5
ad
^=■1 + = 1 and, tan 0 =

YYo
VU3 U3 r cos 0 12
-1 5 5 12
r = 1 and, 0 = tan => — = sin 0 and = cos 0, where 0 = tan ^ —
dd
12 13 13 12
Re
inn
● -1 (5 12 . -1
sm — cos X H
13 13
sm X sm (sin 0 cos X + cos 0 sin x) = sin {sin (x + 0)}
F
= X + 0 = X + tan
-1 5
12
EXAMPLE 8
Simplify each of the following:
-1 sin X + cos X 71 71 ^ sin X + cos X 7T 5tc
(i) sin r- , <X<- (ii) cos ^ — <x< —
V2 J 4 4 V2 ' 4 4
'' sin X + cos X

SOLUTION (i) sin ^
V2
1 1 1 n K
sm sm X + cos X sm sm X cos — + cos X sm —
IV2 V2 4 4J
7t 7C 7t 71 ,, 7t 7T
sm sm X + — X + — <X< — =5» 0<X + — < —
4) 4 4 4 4 2
-1 Sin X + cos X
(ii) cos
V2
f.
w
-1 1 . 1 -1 n n
cos sin x + cos X cos sm X sin — + cos x cos —
V2 V2 4 4J
-1 K K K 5k K
cos cos X — = x — — <x < — =>0cj: <7t
4J 4 4 4 4
REMARK This example can also be solved by using the procedure used in the earlier example.
wr
r
oo
EXAMPLE 9 Simplify each of the the following:
F
llu
-if Sinx+COSAT^ —K 5tc -if sinAT + cosa: — Sti 9k
(i) sin <x< — (ii) cos < a: < —
V2 '4 4 V2 ' 4 4
FF
-if sin AT + COSAT
ees
SOLUTION (i) sin
V2
rr
uro
Fk
sm
..-~lf 1 smA: +
1
cos a:
●
sm
-1 K .
cos—sm a: + sm — cosx
. n ●
sm
-1
< sm
●
a: + —
oo
V2 V2 4 4 4J
K 3ti n 5k K K 5k K K K
K- a: + — -X —<x< => — <x + — < => <71- X +— <—
4J 4
fofr
so
4 4 2 4 2 2 4J 2
Y
-I f sinx + cosAf
oY
(ii) cos
B
V2
ok
Yo
-ir 1 1 -1 K . 7l' -1 71
smx + cos cos a: cos— + smx sm — cos COS a: —
eBr
cos cos.v
V2 V2 4 4J 4J
rue
K 9k 5k 9k K K
oud
= 2ti- X — X < X < =>K<X <2tI=>0<27C- .V <7C

4J 4 4 4 4 4J
no
ad
EXAMPLE 10 Evaluate the following:

iY
-1
(i) sin” ^ (sin 10) (ii) sin ^ (sin 5) (iii) cos ^ (cos 10) (iv) tan {tan (-6))
nd
(i) We know that sin” ^ (sin 9) = 0,if--<0<-. Here, 0 = 10 radians which

Re
F
SOLUTION
2 2
Fi
K K K K
does not lie between — and —. But, 3ti-0 i.e. 3tc-10 lies between —and—. Also,
2 2 2 2
sin (3tc-10) =sin 10.

sm (sin 10) = sin ^ (sin (Sti-IO)) = 37t-10.
5ti 7k
ALITER We know that 37t <10*^ and sin”^ (sin 0) = 3ti-9 for ^
<0<—.
2
sin”^ (sinlO) = 3tc-10.
(ii) Here, 0 =5 radians. Clearly, it does not lie between - — and —. But, 2tc -5 and 5 - 27ibothlie
between-^ and ^such that sin (5 -2rc) = sin (-(2tt -5)) =- sin (2ti-5) =-(-sin 5) =sin 5.
sm ^ (sin 5) = sin” ^ (sin (5 - 27t)) =5 - 2tl
3ti 5;t
ALITER We know that
2
< 5*^ < — and sin ^ (sin 0) = 9 - 2ti for — < 0 < — (see Fig. 3.21)
2 2
sin (sin 5) =5 -27l
(iii) We know that cos ^ (cos 9) = 0, if 0 < 0 < ti. Here, 0 =10 radians. Clearly, it does not lie
between 0 and n. However, (47r -10) lies between 0 and k such that cos (4tc -10) = cos 10.
cos'^ (cos 10) = cos'^ (cos (4n-10)) = 47U-10
ALITER We know that 3k < 10^^ < 4rc and cos“^ (cos 9) = 4;i - 9 for 3jt < 0 < 4ti (see Fig. 3.22)
cos“^ (coslO) =4jt-10.
(iv) We know that tan ^ (tan 0) = 0, if-—<0<—. Here, 0 =-6 radians which does not lie
ww
2 2
between - - and —. However, 27t - 6 lies between - - and - such that tan (2k - 6) = - tan 6
2 2 2 2
= tan (- 6).
’ |tan(-6)l =
FF loo
-1
tan tan {tan {2k - 6)} = 2ti - 6
ree
ALITER We know that -27t<- 6^ <- —
2
and tan ^ (tan 0) = 0 + 2ti for - 2n < 0 < - —
2
(see
Fig. 3.23). Therefore, tan“^ (tan (- 6)) =2ti-6.
rFee
oor rF
rur
EXERCISE 3.7
s ff
BASIC

k
YYoou
-1 . 7k\ -1 . Srt
(ii) sin ^
ookos
(i) sin sin — sin — (iii) sin sin —

6J 6 ; 6 J
BBo
-1 . 13;: -if sm
■ 17ti^
(iv) sin sin (v) sin (vi) sin ^ sin -
re
7 ; 8 8
1
(vii) sin (sin 3) (viii) sin ^ (sin 4) (ix) sin ^ (sin 12)
ouur
ad
Yo
(x) sin (sin 2)

Yd
Re
-1 K 5n 4n
(i) cos (ii) cos ^ (iii) cos ^
idn
cos cos — cos

4j 4J 3 J
FFin
1371^
(iv) cos ^ cos (v) cos ^ (cos 3) (vi) cos'^ (cos 4)
6 ;
(vii) cos“^ (cos5) (viii) cos“^(cosl2)
(iii) tan ^ .tan —
771^1
-1 K
-1
(i) tan tan — (ii) tan tan — [NCERT]
3J 7 J 6 J
9k
(iv) tan ^ tan — (v) tan ^(tanl) (vi) tan
1
(tan 2)
V. 4 J
(vii) tan (tan 4) (viii) tan (tan 12)

-1 TC 2k' Sti'
(i) sec sec — (ii) sec ^ sec — (iii) sec ^ sec
3J 3 J 4 J
9ti
r \
(iv) sec
-1
sec — (v) sec
-1
sec— (vi) sec ^ sec
3 ) 5 ) 3 )
13k 25 k
(vii) sec ^ sec (viii) sec ^ sec
4 ) 6 )
3k^ 6k
(iii) cosec ^ cosec —
K
(i) cosec ^ cosec —4 (ii) cosec ^ cosec
4 ) 5 )
llK^ ISk'i
(iv) cosec"^ cosec (v) cosec ^ cosec (vi) cosec ^
. 4J
cosec
6 . 6 )
ww
K 4k^ -1 9k
(ii) cot ^
-1
(i) cot cot — cot — (iii) cot cot
3; 3; 4 )
19k^ 8k r2iK\
(iv) cot ^ cot (v) cot“^ (vi) cot ^
Flo
cot cot
6 . 2>) 14;
e
eree
BASED ON LOTS
FFr
7. Write each of the following in the simplest form:
uurr
(i) cot ^
a
(ii) tan
orr
-1
|x + -Jl + ?| , X eR
sfo
-a
kks
.1 + x^
Yoo
-1
(iii) tan ^ j-J l + x'^ (iv) tan ^
oooo
-X , x eR ■ ,Xj!=0
X
eBB
(v) tan
-1 ijl + x^ +J ■ ,x=^0 (vi) tan ^
a-x
-a<x <a
'â + X '
urr
X
ad
YYo
X + 1 1
(vii) tan ^ ■,- a <x <a (viii) sin
42
>,— <x <
2 V2
a +
dd
Re
inn
(ix) sin ^ + X + 4'^ ~x , 0 < a: <1 (x) sin ■{ 2 tan

2 ]ll + x
F
ANSWERS
K
(iii) ^
K
1. (i)^ D
(ii) -T
6 0
(iv) ~ (V) T
8
(vi)
8
(vii) K - 3 (viii) k-4 (ix) 12-4k (x) k-2

3k 2k
2. (i) j4 (U)- (ni) - (iv)^6 (V) 3 (vi) 2k-4
(vii) 2k -5 (viii) 4k-12
3. (i) f (11) 7 (iu) ^ D

(iv)^4 (v) 1 (vi) 2-k
(vii) 4 - K (viii) 12-4k

3k
4. (i) I (n)y (iii) ^4 (iv)f (V)f (Vi)f

(vu)-—
4 (viii) ^ D
K n n n 7C n
5. (i) T (ii) T (iii) -- (iv) -- (v) - (Vi)
4 4 5 6 6 4
7t 7t
(iii) I
7C n
6. (i) ^ (ii) T (iv)T (V) (Vi) T
3 3 6 3 4
1
^ X (iii) ^ cot“ ^ X (iv) tan“ ^ x

-1 ^ n
7. (i) sec (ii) cot
(7 2 2 2
/ \ ^ i .. - 1 1
(v)
2 2
tan X (vi) — cos
2
~\x
a
(vii)i sm
a
, n 1 -1
(viii) —4 + sin " ^ X (ix) — + — cos
4
X
2
(X) ^1^
oww
H/A/rS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
7. (ii) Putting x = cot 0, we obtain
^ |x + ^l + x^|
1 + cos 9
tan = tan ^ (cot 0 + cosec 0) = tan ^
e
sin 0
rFFlo
re
2 cos
20 1
ree
0 0'^ 0
F
= tan ^ 2 K
= tan ^ -1 7C
cot — - tan tan
0-0
2 sin — cos 0-
2 2 2 2
rF
2 2
7t
- - cot ^ X fsfoor
ouur
2 2
(ix) Putting X = sin 0, we obtain

kosk
_ 1 J sin 9 + cos 0
Yo
X + 7C 71
oo
sin sin = sin sin — + 0 = -+9

Y
2 V2 U 4
BB
t: . _i
rre
— + sin X
4
oYuu
REMARK Lef p and h denote respectively the base, perpendicular and hypotenuse of a right triangle
ad
PQR and let ZQPR = 0. Then,

p h
dY
P h h b
sin 0 = —, cos 0 = tan 0 = —, cosec 0 = — , sec 0 = — and cot 9 = —
h' h' b V b P
innd
Re
-l(P^
0 = sin
h)
, 9 = cos
-1
^h ,0 = tan Kb
,0 = cosec ^ -
P)
Fi
F
/1. ^
0 = sec ^ — and, 0 = cot -1 ^
b) PJ
/ ^
sm s=COS = tan -1(P'^ = cosec

-1 h
= sec -if/0
- =cot ^ -
Kh h b) KP .P)
It follows from the above result that any inverse trigonometric function can be expressed
interms of the remaining five inverse trigonometric functions. For example, if sin ^ — is to be
vl3 /
expressed interms of other five inverse trigonometric functions, then we construct a irght
triangle with perpendicular p = 5 and hypotenuse h = 13. The base b of this triangle isb= 12.
._-ir5 — = tan —
_in3^ _iri3^
sm = cos =cosec - sec = cot
13 13J U2 (.5 12; 5;
3.4.2 PROPERTY-II
In Chpater 2, we have learnt that if /: A B is a bijection, then / ^ A exists such that

fof~^{x) =x or, f if~'^{x)) = X for all xeB. Applying this property on various trigonometric
functions and their inverses, we obtain the following property.
w
PROPERTY
(i) sin (sin“ = a:, (ii) cos (cos '^x) =x, for all a: e [-1,1]
for all a: e[-l, 1]
(iii) tan (tan“ ^x)=x, for all x eR (iv) cot (cot" ^ x) =x, for all x eR.
e
(v) cosec (cosec" ^ .t) =x, for all €(co, -1] u[l, co)
e
wr
lloo
(vi) sec (sec“ = x, for all x e (- oo, -1] u [1, co)
r
This property and the above Remark help us in finding the values of expression of the form
eF
where/ and g are trigonometric functions. We may use the following algorithm for the
u
/
same.
ALGORITHM r FF
rrse
Obtain the expression and express it in the form f{g~^{x)), where f and g are trigonometric
uo
Step I
koF
functions.
Step II Express
oofr
in terms off~^ by using the following results:
sf
ko
Y
:_-l
sm
P = cos
-ifM = tan =cosec
-1 h = sec
-ifM = cot -1 ro
B
h) b)
Yo
h bj yp \P)
BY
oo
where p, b and h denote respectively the perpendicular, base and hypotenuse of a right triangle.
er
re
step III let g~ = / “ ^y). Replace g " ^(a:) by f~\y) in f{g~^(x)) and use property-ll to get
uu
ng-\x))^fif-\y))=y.
od
Yo
ad
Following example will illustrate the above algorithm.

n
ndi

Re
F
Fi
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate each of the following:

-1 5^ -1 4^ ll5^
(i) sin sin (ii) sin cos (iii) sin tan
13 5J 8
-1 41 -1 17^ -1 17']
(iv) sin cot (v) sin sec (vi) sin cosec
3) 15 8
SOLUTION (i) Using sin (sin ^ at) =a', a: e[-l, U we obtain; sin V sin
-1 5 ) =—
isj 13
(ii) In order to express cos"^ —5 in terms of sin let us construct a irght triangle with base
= 4 and hypotenuse h =5. The perpendicular of such triangle is p = 3.
-1 4 . -1 3 cos
-1 —
b = sm
P
cos — = sm —
5 5 h h
-l4l ...
Hence, sin cos - = sm sm
I 5 5J 5
3.36 MATHEMATICS-XN
(iii) The right triangle with base b =15 and perpendicular p = 8 has hypotenuse h = 17.
tan
-1 —
15 = sm
. -] 15
8 17
-ll5^ . -115^ 15
Hence, sin tan = sin sin
8 17 17
(iv) The hypotenuse of the right triangle with base b =4, perpendicular p = 3 is /j =5.
1 4 . _i 3
cot — = sin
3 5
3
1 4 3 3
Hence, sin cot = sin sm
3J 5j 5 4
w
(v) The right triangle with base b=15 and hypotenuse /i=17 has perpendicular p = 8 has
hypotenuse h =17.
Flo
-1 17 8
sec — = sin
15 17
eeee
-ll7 ● -1
Fr
Hence, sin sec
17 J 17
= sin sin
15
(vi) The right triangle with base t =15 and perpendicular p = 8 has hypotenuse/z =17.
for
ur
cosec
-1 17
= sm
8 ^
8 17
8
ks
T17 =„-l 8 8
Yo
Hence, sin cosec = sin sin 15

oo
8 ) 17) 17
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate each of the following:
eB
cos 1 51
:_-l 8 -1 3^
(i) cos (ii) cos sin (iii) cos tan
13) 17 4)
ur
-ll5\ -l5^ -1 13^

ad
(iv) cos cot (v) cos sec (vi) cos cosec

Yo
8 3) 12
SOLUTION (i) cos COS -1A1 = A

I3J 13
d
Re
(ii) Tire right triangle with perpendicular p = 8 and hypotenuse h = 17 has base b = 15.
in
_._-ir8
sin COS
-1 15
F
17 17
1 8 -1 15 15
Hence, cos sin = cos cos
17 17 17
(iii) The right triangle with perpendicular p = 3 and base b=4 has hypotenuse h =5.
-1 3^1 -1^4^
tan cos
u; 5;
-1 3 -1 4 4
Hence, cos tan = cos cos
4) 5) 5
(iv) The irght triangle with base b =15 and perpendicular p = 8 has hypotenuse h =17.
-1 ri5^ -1 fl5^
cot cos
I 8 17
4
Hence, cos cot il5^ = cos cos

- 1 15'i 15
8 17 17 3
(v) We findthatthe right triangle withhypotenuseh = 5andbasei) = 3 has perpendicular p - 4.

-1 5 -1 3 5
sec COS 4
3 5
-1 5^ -1 3 3
3
Hence, cos sec = cos cos
3) 5J 5
(vi) Clearly, the right triangle with hypotenuse h = 13 and perpendicular p-12 has base b =5.
ll3 -1 5
cosec cos
12 13 12
_ll3 -1
Hence, cos cosec
13 J 13
= cos cos
12 5
ww
EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate each of the folhiviug:
3A 5 -1 8
/.V - 1 "J
(i) tan tan - (ii) tan sin (iii) tan cos
V 4 13 17
13^ 13 8
Flo
-1 -1 -1
(iv) tan cosec (v) tan sec (vi) tan cot
5 ; 12 15
e
ree
-1
SOLUTION (i) tan tan
4, 4
Fr
rF
(ii) The right triangle with perpendicular p = 5 and hypotenuse h = 13 has base b = 12.
uurr
. -1 5 1 5 for
sin — = tan
13 12 5
5 5
s
Hence, tan sin = tan tan
kks
13 12 12 12
Yo
oooo
(iii) The right triangle with base 6=8, hypotenuse h = 17 has perpendicular p = 15.
-1 15
eB
~1
cos = tan
17 15
-1 8 -ll5^ 15
ur
Hence, tan cos = tan tan

17; 8 8
ad
YYo
(iv) We find that the right triangle with perpendicular p =5 and hypotenuse 6 = 13 has its base
6=12.
dd
I (13 -1 5
Re
cosec = tan
in
V 5 J 12 5
{ -113 5 ^ 5
F
-1
Hence, tan | cosec —

= tan tan
12 12 12
(v) The right triangle with base 6=12 and hypotenuse 6 = 13 has perpendicular p-5.
ll3 _l 5
sec = tan
12 12 5
-1 13^ - tan tan

_l 5 'i _ 5
Hence, tan sec
12; 12 12 12
(vi) Clearly, the right triangle with base 6=8 and perpendicular p = 15 has hypotenuse 6-17.
-. cor^fA
15
= tan
-ll5
8 8
-1 8 ^ _ll5^ 15
Hence, tan cot = tan tan
15
15 8 8
EXAMPLE 4 Evaluate: (i) sin (cot ^ x) (ii) cos (tan ^ a:)

1 ^ 1 X
SOLUTION
(i) We have to find the value of sin (cot = sin cot" — . The right triangle
-
1
with base b=x, perpendicular p = 1 has hypotenuse h-^f^ + X

2
.
cot" ^ X :_-l
= sin
1
Vi + x
2
1
1 1
Hence, sin (cot ^ x) = sin sin
X
Vi + x
2
(ii) cos (tan" ^ x) = cos tan -IX- . The right triangle with perpendicular p = x and base b = 1 has
ww
1
2
its hypotenuse h=\l + X .
tan"^ x -1 1 X
= cos
Flo
Vi + x 2
e
1
eree
1 1
Hence, cos (tan ^ a:) = cos cos
-1
Vi7?J Vi 2
FFr
+ X
uurr
Evaluate: cos sin ^- + sec -1 4^ orr

sfo
EXAMPLES [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
4 3J
kks
Yoo
SOLUTION cos sin . -11— -l31 -1 4 -1 3

oooo
—+ sec = cos sm + cos sec — = cos

4 3J 4 4j 3 4
eBB
= cos sin cos cos

-l3 -l3
-sm sm sm cos
4; 4; 4; 4;
urr
-iVis'
-lVl5 -l3^
sm — = cos
ad
- cos cos cos cos -sm sm sm sm

4 4
YYo
4 4j 4; 4 0 -13
&COS — = sm
4 4 J
dd
Vl5 3 1 # 3VI5-V7
Re
inn
= X X = — —
4 4 4 4 16
F
EXAMPLE 6 Evaluate: sin cos" —+ cosec -1 13^

5 5 J
-1 3 -1 13
SOLUTION sin cos — + cosec
5 5 J
-l3 _l 13 -l3V. -ll3^
= sm cos cos cosec + cos cos sm cosec
5j 5 J 5j 5 J
:_-l4 -1 12 -l3V..
= sm sm cos cos + cos cos sm
● -1
sm -11=1 11 1
5j 13) 5) 13J 5^13 s'" 13“^
EXAMPLE? Find the valueofthe expression sin cot"^ jcos (tan ^1)| [NCERT EXEMPLAR!
SOLUTION sin coti^ \ cos (tan ^ 1) = sin ■! cot ^

7i
cos—
L
tan
-li
1 =—
4; 4
3.39
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
-1 1 -1 1
= sin cot = sin sm cot ^ -r = sin
V2 V3j V2 V3

(i) sec^ {tan“ ^ 2) + cosec^ (cot” ^ 3) = 15
(ii) tan^(sec”^ 2) + cot^(cosec”^ 3) = 11 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION (i) We have,

sec ^ (tan” ^ 2) + cosec^ (cot* ^ 3)
oww
3^1^
■- (sec (tan” ^ 2)]~ + (cosec (cot” ^ 3)P = | sec tan
IJ
+ \ cosec cot ^ —
IJ
= {sec (sec” ^-s/5)}^ + (cosec (cosec” ^ VlO))^ = (VS)^ + (VlO)^ =15
ee
ALITER sec^ (tan”^ 2) + cosec^ (cot”^ 3) = 1 + tan^ (tan"^ 2) +1 + cot^ (cot ^ 3)
FFrlo
= 1 + (tan (tan”^ 2)1^ +1 + (cot (cot”^ 3)) ^ = 1 + 2^ +1 + 3^ = 15
r
rF
tan^ (sec”^ 2) + cot^ (cosec”^ 3) =sec ^(sec ^ 2) -1 + cosec^ (cosec ^ 3) -1
ee
(ii)
= {sec (sec”^2)}^ -1 + (cosec(cosec”^3)}^ -1 =2^ -1 + 3^ -1 =11
rF
ouru
ALITER tan^(sec"^2) + cot^(cosec"^3)
l2M^
ffosor ■l2V2^f
os k
tan sec' + ( cot cosec = < tan tan + cot cot
1 IJ 1 1
ook
= (V3)^+(2V2)^=3 + 8=11
Yo
Y
Bo
I cos (tan ^x)| . ~p^ + 2

+1
EXAMPLE 9 Prove that: (i) sin cot”^
reeB
ooY
(ii) cos tan ^ j sin (cot ^x) 1=

uur
[CBSE 2010]
p^- + 2
ad
dY
SOLUTION (i) We find that

1 1
cos (tan* ^ x) = cos < cos
-1
tan ^ x = cos
nind
Re
-JiT? 'l+x2
F
Fi
sin cot ^ - cos (tan ^ x)
-1 1 _1 Jl+x^ Jl + x^ +1
- sm ■< cot I
■^x^ + 2
● = sm
1
1
(ii) We find that sin (cot” ^ x) = sin ■ sin" ^ ■-
V^ + x^ -Jl + x^
cos tan
^ Isin (cot ^ x)|
-1 1 1 + x^ x^ +1
1 .
= cos < tan r— cos < cos
1 ^ 2 + x^ ^ x^ + 2
3.40
MATHEMATICS-XII
EXAMPLEio //sinjcot ^ (x + l)^=cos(tan~'^x), thenfindx. rCBSE 2015]
SOLUTION We have,
sin I cot~^ (x +1) i = cos (tan x)

1 -1 1
^ sin <! sin = cos cos
V?+2^+2. Vl + x^
1 1
=> ylx^-i-2x + 2 = yll + x^ => x^+ 2x + 2 =x^+ l=i^ 2x = -l=>x~-
1
'Jx^ + 2x + 2 Vl + x^
oww
2
Hence, x = - — is a root of the given equation.

EXAMPLE 11 Solve the following equation for x;
3^
(i) cos (tan ^ :c) = sin cot ^ —
ee
4
FFrlo
-1 f
r
(ii) tan (cos jr) = sin cot - [CBSE 2013,2014,2017, NCERT EXEMPLAR]
rF
2J
ee
rF
ouru
-1 f -T 3 -1 1 :_-l4
cos (tan x) = sin cot ^ — => COS cos = sin sm
V
ffosor 4
ViT? 5j
1 4
4Vl+?=5 => 16(1 + a:2)=25 => 16x'^ = 9 ±3
os k
=> x =
ViT? 5 4
ook
(ii) We have.
Yo
Y
-1 C -7 1 :_-l 2
Bo
tan (cos x) = sin cot ^ — => tan tan = sin sm

V 2)
reeB
x V5
^ll-x^ 2 1^ = i Vs
4>:^=5-5:c^ => 9:c^
ooY
= 5 => x = ±
uur
X ^/5 5 3
ad
■J5
But, for X = — ^ we find that LHS is negative where as RHS is positive. Hence, x=~3
dY

nind
Re
w\
F
Fi
-1
EXAMPLE 12 If x=^ cosec tan cos cot~ ^ sec sin ^
'■'A
and, y = sec cot-1 sm tan 1 cosec cos

-1
* a
'J)\
where a e [0,1]. Find the relationship between x and y in terms of a,
SOLUTION We have. '
-1
X = cosec tan ■ < cos cot 1 sec sin 1 a
■'JJ
1 -1 1
cosec tan 1 cos cot 1 sec sec
-1
sin
-1
fl = sec
//y
3.41
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
-1 1
cosec tan ^ cos cot
■^1 /j
M
-1 1 -1 1 -1 1
cosec tan ^ cos cos cot = cos
- a
2
'l-/
cosec tan ^ ^ 2
cosec cosec -<7
- a
-1 -1
and, y = sec cot ^ ■ sin tan cosec cos a
ww
-1
●: cos a
-1 1
sec cot ^ ■ sm tan“ ^ cosec cosec -1 1
=cosec
Flo
j)
e
eree
sec cot ^ sin tan ^ ^
FFr
oorr
uur r
1 -1 1 .^-1 1
cot ^ i sin tan = sin
sf
sec sm
sk
Yoo
oook
/
-1 1
= sec cot sec sec
eBB
Thus, we obtain: x=y- 2 = y2 = 3-fl2.

-fl
2
=> X
uurr
EXAMPLE 13 //sin"^x + sin“^y+ sin'^z = 71, prove that

ad
Yo
(i) arVl-x^ + y-y^ + 2V1 -z^ = 2xyz (ii) /+y^+2^+ 4xyz^ =2 (:s:^y2-fy^z^+2^x^)
dY
SOLUTION (i) Let sin

-1
X =2i, sin” y = B and sin” ^ 2 =C. Then, x = sin A, y = sin B
Re
innd
and 2 = sin C
Now,
FFi
sin ^x + sin ^y + sin ^z = ti =>A + B + C = ti

sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C
2 sin A cos A + 2 sin B cos B + 2 sin C cos C = 4 sin A sin 6 sin C
sin A -^1 - sin^ A + sin B -^1 -5^1^ + sin C -Jl-sin^C = 2 sin A sin B sin C
Xyjl-x^ +y^l-y^ +2-Jl^z^ = 2xyz
(ii) We have.
sm a: + sm ^ y + sin ^ 2 = 7t
sm
● -1
X + sm 7t -sin ^z
1
cos sin ^ X + sin cos 7: -sin ^ z

=> cos (sin 'at) cos (sin 'y)-sin (sin ' i) sin (sin ' y) = - cos (sin“ ' z)
cos cos cos cos -sm sin
X sin sin ^ y = - cos cos
-y^ ~xy = - ^l{^-x^) (l-y2) =

=>{l-x^) (l-y2) = xy- [On squaring both sides]
^ 1-x^ -y^ + x^ = x^ y'^ +1 -z^ -2zy -^1 -z^

=> + y^ -2^ = 2j:y yjl~z^
=> (x^ +y^ -2^)^ = 4.y^ y^ (1 -z^)
ww
=> + y^ + z^ - 2y^ z^ - 2y^ 2^ + 2y^ y = 4y^ y^ - 4y^ y^ 2^
=> x‘^ +y‘^ +z^ + 4y^ y^z^ =2 (x^ y^ + y^ 2^ + 2^ y^)
-1
_ -^1 4-Y^ -^l~X^
Floo
A
EXAMPLE 14 If tan f/je« proi?e that y = sin 2 a.
ee
= a,
^jl+X^ +yjl-x'^
eer
SOLUTION We have.
FFr
l|i + Y
^1 + x^ -.Jl -X
oorr 2
uur r
tan — ' V a => - tan a
^jlV^ + yji - Y
2
■^1 + Y^ + -Jl -Y^
s ff
\ /
Vl+Y^ - Vl-Y^ + Vl+Y^ +Vl-Y^
sk
tan a +1
YYoo
_/ V
ooko
Vl + Y^-Vl-Y^ - Vl + Y^ +Vl-Y^ tana-1

eBB
/ V
2^1+ x^ Vi
0
=>
tan a +1 - Y" 1 - tan a l-Y^ cos a - sm a
Vi
tan a -1 2 1 + tan a 2
uurr
+ Y + Y cos a + sm a
ad
n2
Yo
1-y2 cos a - sm a 1-y2 1 - sin 2 a

^ Y^ = sin 2a
1 + y2 cos a + sin a 1 + Y^ 1 + sin 2 a
dY
Re
EXAMPLE 15 Prove that: tan

7u 1 _\ a 71 1 _ 1 2^7
[CBSE2017]
ind
- + - cos + tan cos

4 2 b
FFin
4 2 b a
SOLUTION Let cos

-ifa^ a
= 0. Then, cos 0 = -
b) b
(k Q\ 71 0 1 + tan 0/2 1 - tan 0/2
LHS = tan — + — + tan
U 2 4 2 1 - tan 0/2 ■ 1 + tan 0/2
(1 + tan 0/2)^ +(1 - tan 0/2)^ = 2
1 + tan^ 0/2 2 2b
— = RHS.
l-tan^0/2 1 -tan^ 0/2 cos 0 a
EXERCISE 3.8
BASIC
1. Evaluate each of the following;

-1 7 ^ ,..x . -1 5 ^ /●●●X ● . -1 —
24^
(i) sin sin (11) sm cos — (ui) sm tan
25 13 7 /
_ll7^ -1 3
(vi) sec sin
-ll21
(iv) sin sec (v) cosec cos
8 5j 13
-1 8 -1 3 24 ^
(vii) tan cos (viii) cot cos (ix) cos tan ^ 7 J
17 5j
2. Prove the following results:
—1 4 -l2 17 . -13 . -1 3 6
(i) tan cos — + tan (ii) cos sm — + cot [CBSE 20121
5 3J 6 V 5 2J 5^/T3
-1 5 . -l3
(hi) tan sin — + cos (iv) sin cos — + sin
13 sj 16 5 13; 65
BASED ON LOTS
1
4. Solve: cos < 2sin ^ (~x) = 0
w
3. Solve: cos sin x =
6
ANSWERS
Flo
7 12 24 15
1. (i) ^ (ii) ^ (iii) ^
e
25 13 25 17
rree
5 13 15 3
(V) T (Vi) ^ (vii) ^ (vih)
r FF
4 5 8 4
(ix)
7
3. ± 4. ±4V2
uurr
25 6
for
kss
-l4 l2
ooook
2. (i) tan cos —+ tan

Yo
5 3)
/
-l44 + -l2 -1 3 + tan -l2l 3 2
eB
tan cos tan tan tan tan tan 1

4; 17
5J 3j 3 _ 4 3
-1 3 tan -l2 1-lx^ 6
/
-l4 -l2 1 - tan tan tan
1 - tan cos tan tan
urr
5j 3j 4; 3J 4 3
ad
-l34 = ;_-l 3 -1 3' =_-l3 -l3^

Yo
2
(ii) cos sin“^ —+
5
cot 2
cos sin
5)
cos cot
2)
-sin sin
5J
sin cot
2)
dY
-l44 -1 3 —
. -l34
—
. f sm
sin
. -1 2 ^
Re
= cos cos cos cos -sm sm

innd
5; Vl3j 5; Vl3
6
^4
Fi
5"" Vl3 5 ^ Vl3 5V13

3.3.3 PROPERTIES III & IV
PROPERTY-111 Prove that:

(i) sin"’(-:i:) = -sin“ ^ j: , for all a: e [-1,1] (ii) cos (-x) = 7C-COS ^x, for all x e[-l, 1]
1
(iii) tan" ^ (- a:) = - tan" ^ a:, for all a: e R (iv) cot" ^ (-x) = 7c - cot" ^ X, for all x e R
(v) cosec" ^ (- a:) = - cosec" ^ ar, for all a: €(-«),-1] u [1, co)
(vi) sec" ^ (- a:) = Tt - sec" ^ x, for all x e (- 00, -1] u (1, co)
PROOF (i) Clearly,-X €[-l, 1] forallx e[-l, 1].Let sin" ^ (-x) = 0
Then, -X = sin 0 => X = - sin 0 ^ X = sin (- 8)
- 0 = sin" ^ X [v X [-1,1] and-0e[-n/2,71/21 for aU0e(-71/2,7t/2]l
0 = - sin X
...(h)
- ]
From (i) and (ii), we get: sin (-x) = -sin X
(ii) Clearly,-xe[-1,1] for all x e [-1, Ij. Let cos ^(-x) = 0. ...(i)
Then, -x = cos0=>x = - cos 0 => X = cos {n - 0)
cos ■ ^X = TC - 0 X e [-1,1] and tc - 0 e [0,7t] for all 0 e [0, ti]]
0 = TC - cos" ^ X ●●●(ii)
- 1
From (i) and (ii), we get: cos (-X) = 7t - cos ^ X
Similarly, other results can be proved.
ww
PROPERTY IV Prove that:
(i) sin cosec ^ X, for all X e (- CO, -1] u [1, co)

\xj
-iri
Flo
(ii) cos sec ^ X, for all X e (- 00, -1] u [1, oo)
e
\x
eree
_i n cot ^ X , for X > 0
(iii) tan ^ -
FFr
KxJ
- n + cot" ^ X , for x<0
uurr
PROOF (i) Let cosec" ^ x = 0
orr ...(i)
sfo
Then,
V X e(-co, -1] u[l, Qo)=> 1/x [-1,1]-(0)’
kks
Yoo
X = cosec 0 => — = sin 0^0 = sin -.-(ii)
X
and cosec" V = 0 => Q e[~n/2,n/2]-\0}
oooo
1 1
From (i) and (ii), we get: sin cosec"^ X
eBB
Vx;
(ii) Let sec" ^ x = 0 -(i)

urr
Then, X G (-»,-!] u[l, co)and 0 g[0, Ti\-\n/2].

ad
1
sec" ^x = 0=>x = sec0=>
YYo
Now, - cos 0
X
-11
dd
0 = cos V X E (- CO, -1] u[l, oo) => — e[-l, l]-{0} and 0 g[0, ti] -(ii)
Re
X X
inn
From (i) and (ii), we get: cos -ifl sec ^ X

F
^ XJ
(iii) Let cot ^ x = 0. -(i)

Then, xeR,x ^ 0 and 0 e (0, n). Now, two cases arise:
Case I Whenx>0: In this case, 0e (0,^/2)
cot" ^ X = 0 => X = cot 0 => — - tan 0 => 0 = tan
-1
[v0e(O, n/2)] ...(ii)
X KxJ
-1
From (i) and (ii), we get: tan = cot ^ X, for all X > 0.
.X,
Casell When x < 0: In this case, 0E(7i/2,n) [●.● X = cot 0 < 0]

Now, — < 0 < TC
2
< 0-71 < 0=> 0-7t€(- n/2, 0)

2
1
cot ^ = 0 => .Y = cot 0 => — = tan 0 ^ = -tan(7r-0) [●.● tan (ti - 0) = - tan 0]
X X
1
= tan (0 - 7t) => 0-71 tan [V 0-716 (-71/2, 0)]
X xj
tan -ifi
\xj
= - 71+ 0 ...(iii)
n
From (i) and (iii), we get: tan"^ = - 71 + cot ^ Y , if .Y < 0.
'<Y/
-1 n'' cot ^ Y , for Y > 0

Hence, tan —
\xj -n + cot“ ^ Y , for Y <0
w
Flo
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate:
5 'l f 7
e
■ -1 -1 :--l 8
(i) cos sin (ii) cot < sin (iii) sec
rree
sin
13 25 17
r FF
SOLUTION We know that sin ^(-y) = - sm
.---I
Y for all X e [-1,1]. Therefore,
5 :_-l5 -ll2 12
uurr
(i) cos sm
13
= cos -sm
13/
- cos sm
13
for
= cos cos
13 13
7 ^ =_-l 7 1 7
kss
-1
(ii) cot sin - cot -sm = -cot sin = -cot cot
25 25 25 7 J“ 7
ooook
Yo
:_-l 8 :_-l 8 ^ = :_-l 8 _ll7^ 17

(iii) sec sm = sec -sm sec sm = sec sec
eB
17/ 17 17 15 15
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate:
urr
-1 3^ -1 '_12^ -1 12A
(i) sin (ii) tan \ cos (iii) cosec
ad
cos cos
5j . 13 13
Yo
SOLUTION We know that cos~^ (-y) = tc-cos~^ y for all y

dY
e [-1,1]. Therefore,
f S') -1 3 -l3
Re
innd
-1
(i) sin cos = sm 7T-COS = sm cos = sm sin
5) 5 5j 5)~5
Fi
-if 12^ -ll2 -ll2 -1 5 5

(ii) tan < cos = tan Tc - cos = - tan cos = -tan tan
13/ 13 13 12 12
-if 12'l -ll2 -ll2^ -ll3 13

(iii) cosec cos =cosec 71-cos =cosec cot = cosec cosec
13 13 13 5 / 5
EXAMPLES Evaluate:
^ 7 4'i
(i) sin \ tan ^ - 24 (ii) cos -i cot
-1
(iii) cosec < cot
-1
. 12 3/
SOLUTION We know that tan“^ (-y) =-tan"^Y and cof'^(-Y) = 7i-cot~^Y for all YeR.
Therefore,
(i) sin I tan"^ I - 247 ■) = sin -tan

-1 7 'I =
24/
- sin tan -1 7 ^ - - sm
24
:_-l 7
sm
25/
7
25
3.46 MATHEMATiCS-Xn
5^ -l5 -l5^ -l5 5

(ii) cos \ cot ^ 12
= cos 71 - cot
12
= - cos cot
12
= - cos cos
13 13
-l4 -l5 5
(iii) cosec < cot = cosec 71 - cot = cosec cot =cosec cosec
. 3. 3j 3) 3J 3
-1 4^ = .tan -U - 4^1 -1 3^
EXAMPLE 4 Prove that: sin — = cos -7C
5J SJ 5j
-1 4^1 = ● -ir4^ = - tan

-lT4 = tan
-l( 4^
sm -sm
\ 5J K5 3J 3J
-1 f 3 -1 3 -1 3 -1 r4^ = -1 4^\
and, cos -K= 7t - COS - 71 = - COS = - tan tan
w
5 5) 5 3) V 3^
-if 4 -1 3^1 -71

Hence, sin = tan - COS
I 3
Flo
5J 5J
e
rree
n/2 , if X > 0
r FF
-1 ll
EXAMPLE 5 Prove that tan X + tan
-7c/2 ,ifx<0
uurr
SOLUTION We have,
for
cot ^ X, for ;c>0
-ifi
kss
tan
^xj - 71 + cot" ^ ;c, for < 0
ooook
Yo
tan â: + cot ^x = 7t/2 , if x>0

tan ^ X + tan ^
eB
\xj tan" ^ :r + cot" ^ A:-7i = 7r/2-7i = -7t/2,if;j:<0

urr
EXERCISE 3.9
ad
BASIC
Yo
1. Evaluate:
dY
r f 7 ^ -1 5 ^ _*1 13
(i) cos < sin - (ii) sec < cot (iii) cot \ sec
Re
innd
25) 12 5 J
2. Evaluate:
Fi
r _.f 7 ^ 12 -if 3
(i) tan ■! cos - (ii) cosec ( cot - 5; (iii) cos < tan
k 25) 4j
-if 3^ 4- cot 5 ^
3. Evaluate : sin ( cos -
<< 5 12
ANSWERS
24 13 5 24 13 4 56
1. (i) — (ii) - — (iii) " r;r 2. (i) - — (ii) (iii) T 3. -
25 5 12 7 5 5 65
3.3.4 PROPERTY V
PROPERTY V Prove that:
(i) sin" Â' + cos” ^x = ^, for all x e[-l, 1] (ii) tan ^x + cot = —2 ,' for all x eR
n
(iii) sec" ^ x + cosec" ^ x = 2' for all :c E (- 00, -1] u [1, oo).
PRCX~)F (i) Let sin"^ X = 0

Then,
n n
Qe[~n/2,K/2]=> --< 0 <-=>--<-0 0< - 6 < 7T => — 0 e [0, Tc] ['.● a: e [-1,1]
2 2 2‘ 2 2 2
Now, sin”^x = 0
f K ^ TZ
a: = sin 9 => X = cos — 0 => cos” ^ x -0 [va: I-l,l]and(7c/2-9)6[0, ji]]
V2 2
7t
0 + cos ^ X = ●●●(ii)
2
-1 71
From (i) and (ii), we get: sin X + COS ^ X =
2
ww
(ii) Let tan ^ x = 0 ●●●(i)
Then,
0€(-7t/2,7u/2) =>--<0 <-=>--<-0<^=>O<--0 < 7l=>f- - 0
Flo
6 (0, k) [v X e R]
2 2 2 2 2
ee
Now, tan ^ x = 0 => x = tan 0 => x = cot - 0 => cot" ^ x = - 0 - 0 e (0 , tc)
rere
U 2 2
r FF
0 + cot” ^ X =
7t
2
●●●(ii)
uurr
From (i) and (ii), we get: tan
- 1
X + cot ^ X
7t
foor
2
(iii) Let sec ^ x = 0

ks s
...(i)
Yoo
Then, 0€[O,7c]-{x/2) [vxe(-co,

ooook
l]u[l,co)]
7t
O<0<71, 0 - 7C<-0<O,0 ^ --< --0<-, --0 ^ 0
eBB
2 2 2 2 2 2
7C 71 7t 7T
●^-0 e -- and — 0 ^ 0.
2'2 9
uurr
Now, sec ^ X = 0
ad
Yo
X = sec 0
dY
— -0 => cosec” ^ X = -0 fn 7C
X = cosec
- 0 e - — , — and, — - 9 0
^2 2 2 2 2 2
Re
innd
71
0 + cosec ^ X ...(ii)
FFi
2
-1 t:
From (i) and (ii), we get: sec X + cosec ^ X =
2
EXAMPLE 1 Find the value of cot (tan” ^ a + cot” ^ <?). [CBSE 2012, NCERT]
71
SOLUTION We know that tan a + cot”^ a = —
2
-1
cot (tan a + cot” ^ <7) = cot -^ = 0
2
EXAMPLE 2 lf-\ <x,y <\ such that sin”^x+ sin”^y =^,find the value o/cos”^x + cos“^y.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
SOLUTION We have,
K
sin“Â: + sin“î/=
2
\ ( n
sin ^ X + cos -1* X = —^ andj sin
● -1 -1
71 -1 71 n
cos 'X + -cos = y + cos y =
^2 2 L 2 2
7t
71
-(cos“^ X + cos"^ y) = -^ => cos"^ X + cos“^ y = 2
*1 1 4tc —1 —1
EXAMPLES //tan"^x + tan"^y = —,yindcot x + cot y. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have,
4ti
^x + tan“^V =
ww
tan
^ 5
n
— cot
_i X f 71
+ —cot
-1 y ') = 47t V tan ^x + cot ^x=—,tan
-1
y + cot
i.-!
y=—
^
^2 5 2 2
4tc 4tc 71
cot“^x + cot"^y = 5
Flo
cot x + cot ^y =
-1
71
-(cot ^x + cot ^y)=—^=> n
e
5 5
eree
EXAMPLE4 ^ tan"^x-cot”^x=tan“^ >/3^ ,find the value of X. (NCERT EXEMPLAR]
FFr
SOLUTION We have,
uurr
X - cot“^ X = tan -1 1
-1 -1 ^
tan => tan X - cot X =—
6
orr -(i)
sfo
We know that: tan“^x + cot“^x = - ...(ii)
kks
2
Yoo
oooo
Adding (i) and (ii), we obtain

-1 2tI , _1 7t u fo
2 tan X = — => tan x = — => x = tan — = V 3
eBB
3 3 3
EXAMPLES If sin V cos"^ —+ sin“^x =l,find the value of x.

urr
13
SOLUTION We have,
ad
YYo
Sin
■ ( cos -l5 ● -1
.„-l
— + sin x =1
1
13
dd
-1 5 . -1 X K
Re
cos — + sin = —
inn
13 2
-1 —
5 . -1 :_-l5 5 . -1 5 _1 5 _7C
F
. -1 n — =?> X = — V sm — + COS
sin X = — cos =^> sin X = sm
2 13 13 13 13 13 "2
r/ ● r ● -1 -1 -1
X = 1, then find the value of x. (NCERT, CBSE 2014]
EXAMPLES If sm sm + cos
-1
SOLUTION We have, sin sin"^ 3-+cos“^x =1
-1 1 -1 71
sm ^ - + cos x =
5 2
-1 K -11
cos X = — sm
2 5
1 . _ 1*-1 _ 1 -1 71
cos ^ X = cos - ^ X = - —
sm + cos =—
5 5 5 5 2j
-l2 -1
(NCERT EXEMPLAR]
EXAMPLE? If COS sin — + cos X = 0,find the value ofx.
5
f 1 2 1 ^
SOLUTION We have, cos sin ^ — + cos ^ x = 0
5
. -12 _i 7t -1 71 :.-l2
sm — + cos X = — => cos ‘x = — sm
5 2 2 5
cos“â: -1 2 2 ● -l2 _l2

= cos -=>:)(:= — sm — + cos
5 5 5 5 2
EXAMPLE 8 Evaluate: cos (2 cos” ^ x + sin x) at x=-.

SOLUTION We have,
cos (2 cos” ^ X + sm X)
= cos (cos” ^ X + cos -1 X - 1 K 7t

+ sm x) = cos cos X + — COS ^ X + sin ^ X =
ww
2J 2
- sin (cos” ^ x) = - sin sm

V
1 r -1 _i 1 24
Putting X =-, we obtain: cos 2cos ^x+sin -^x '1
Flo
5' 25 25
e
eree
FFr
57:^
EXAMPLE9 J/(tan”^x)^+(cot”^x)^ = then find x.
uurr
[CBSE 20151
8 '
SOLUTION We have,
orr
sfo
57t^
(tan”^x)^ +(cot“^x)^ =
8
kks
Yoo
oooo
571^
=> (tan ^x)^+(cot ^x)^+2tan ^xcot ^x-2tan ^xcot”^ X =
8
eBB
5 71^
=> (tan“^x + cot”^x)^-2tan"^xcot~^ X =
8
urr
2
5 71^
^-2 tan-1 X ^-tan”^xl V tan”lx + cot ^ X
7t
ad
= —
4 ^2
YYo
8 2
2
37.2
-^-Titan lx + 2(tan ix)^ = => 2 (tan lx)2 -71 tan ^ X- = 0
dd
4 8 8
Re
inn
=j> 16(tan lx)2-87i(tan 1x)-3ti2=0=> 16 (tan Ix)^-12ti tan”lx + 4n tan”lx-Sti^ = 0

=> 4 tan“lx(4 tan -1 x-37i) + 7i(4tan 1x-3tc) =0 => (4 tan lx-37t)(4tan lx+7.)=0
F
f _i 3n \ /
=>16 tan ^ X-
4 /V
tan ”1X + ^4;1 = 0 => tan ”1X + -4 = 0 2
< tan ”1 x < -2 tan ”1 X-
3t[
4
;^0
=> tan“lx = -—=> x = tan

71
=> X = -l.
4 4:J
EXAMPLE 10 Prove that tan (cot ^ x) = cot {tan~^x). State with the reason weather the equality is valid
for all values ofx. [NCERTEXEMPLARI
SOLUTION We know that tan ”lx+cot”1 X =
^
— or, cot
i.-l
X = — -tan”lx for all x e R.
2 2
tan (cot”1 x) = tan 's.2^-tan"lx J =cot (tan'^x) forallx

Clearly, the equality holds for all x e i? as tan"l x + cot”l x = - hold for all x e R.
2
3.50 MATHEMATICS-Xll

—1 2 —1 2
EXAMPLE 11 Find the greatest and least values of {sin a:) +(cos x) . [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION +(cos"^x)^
n2 /●
w
1 —1 —1
= < sin
-1
* a: + cos ^ a: + 2 sin ^ a: cos x> - 2 Sin X cos X
x2
sin ^ a: + cos ^ x - 2 sin ^ .V cos ^ a:
e
2
e
n
_
-2sm
. _1
X
n
—sin ‘x
. -1 sin ^ X + cos -1 X = —
wr
lloo
4 >.2 2
r
2 \2 2
Tl
eF
K . -1
—71 sin ^x + 2 sin ‘x = 2 ■] sin ^ X — Sin x +— ^
u
4 2 8
r FF
= 2< sin ^ X
<2
-2
/
u
71 ._-l
sm x+
71
16
2 J2
n
16
+ —^ =2
J2
71
8
-
Sin
. -1
X —
71
4;
f+—>
16
rrse
uo
koF
Now,
<sin ^x <—for all X € [-1,1] ^ sin ^x-—^ —2 for all x e [-1,1]
2 2 oofr 2 4 4
n2
4
9ti2
sf
(
ko
3ti 71 71 71
Y
< sin ^ X — < —
forallx e[-l,l] => 0< sin X — <
4 4J 4 \ 16
B
Yo
n2 2 Sti^
BY
n2
71^ 971^ 71^ 2 /
oo
71 71 -1 71 71
X — + < + => - < sin X — H ^
16 4J 16 16 16 16 4; 16 8
er
re
2 \2 2
5tc^ 2
5ti^
— <(sin“^x)^+(cos“^x)^ <
71
uu
71 . -1 71
— <2 sm X — <
8 4J 16 4 8 4
od
Yo
ad
1 2 “1, ^ 5ti^ 71^

the greatest and the least values of (sin ^x) +(cos and — respectively.
Hence, x) are ^
n
EXAMPLE 12 Find the maximum and minimuyn values of {sm ^x)^ + {cos ^x)^,7y/iere-l <x <1.
ndi
Re
F
SOLUTION Lety = (sin

-1
x)^ + (cos“ ^ x)^. Then,
Fi
y ~ (sin“ ^ x + cos’ ^x)^-3sin

-1
X cos ^ X (sin ^ X + cos' ^x)
(nf 3ti . _ 1 {rc . -1 -1 71
— sm X — sm X ●●● sm X + cos X = —
y= X 2
V2 2 U
3
3ti^ . 371
(sin ^ x)^
71 - 1
sm X +
y =
8 4 2
3ti 371^ ^ 3
2 (n^
= 0=>(sin ^x)^-5(sin ^x) + 3ti 8 -y
71
(sin'^x)^ - 4
(sin ^ x) + 8
-y
2
=0
2
x2
71 71
sin ^ X - = 0
4; 16 12 371
^2
sm X —
71
H 71“ 2y2- -
= 0=> r sm
● -1 X —
71
-.(i)
4j 48 371 4; 3ti 48
We know that
-^^sin
2
^ a: 2
for all X e[-l, 1]
^2
3k
<
:_-l
sm
TC
<
9n^
4 ●●●(ii)
4 4 Aj 16
From (i) and (ii), we find that
2y ^ 9k^
2 2 3
0 < =>
K
— <
K K 7k^
+ — ^ ^ V ^
3k 48 “1^ 48 3k 16 48 32 8
3
7n^
Hence, the maximum and minimum values of (sin" ^ a:) ^ + (cos“ ^ a:) ^ are — and
ww
32 8
ALITER (sin“Â:)^+(cos”^;c)^
= (sin“Â: + cos"^x) |(sm"Â:)^ +(cos“â:)^ -sin ^ a: cos 'a:

Flo
-1
e
eree
71
— ●< sin ^ a: ' ( + cos -1 X
a2
-sin ^x cos -1■ X> sin ^ a: + cos ^ a: =
K
FFr
2 2
oorr
uur r
n2 ^2
^ o ● -1 X -1
— < 2 sm + 2 cos 'X -2 sin ^ X cos
-1
* a: !●
sf
4
sk
Yoo
^2 \2 a2
oook
K
2 sin
-1
* X + 2 cos ^ X 1 -1 f f
-●( sm x + cos *x sin a: + cos *at
4
eBB
x2 n2
7C -1 7C
2 / ^2
+ 2 cos ^x -1
uurr
2 sin * X — ●
sm ‘X COS X
4 4 I
ad
Yo
^2 n2 _2
sin ^ X f + f cos if
3
71 3ti
— O sin ^ X + 3 cos -1* X
71 71
dY
^X -(i)
4 4 4 16
Re
innd
From Example 11, we obtain

FFi
— < <( sm■ -1 X ^2 +

/
cos -1 X f ^5k^
<
3ti^ - 3ti
— ^— < sm
. -1 X n2 + / cos ^x \2l 1571^
8 4 32 4 16
3ti^ 71^ ^ 37t ■ sin ^x ^2 + cos ^x \2l 71 3 <.157:3 n

3
32 16 " 4 16 16 16
3 / \3 / \3
K 7k^
< sin“^x + cos'^x ^
32 8
^3 7k^ 3
Hence, the maximum and minimum values of sm + cos ^x are and
t:
8 32
respectively.
MATHEMATICS-XII
3.52
EXERCISE 3.10
BASIC
1- Evaluate:
. _1 3 -1 4 -1 -in for a: < 0
(i) cot sin — + sec - (ii) sin tan .v + tan
4 3) X)
-1 -ll -1 -1
ICBSE2012]
(iii) sin tan x + tan for X > 0 (iv) cot tan "a + cot ‘a
xj
1 1
(v) cos sec“‘x +cosec* j ,|x|>l
ww
2. Ifcos“^x + cos n = ^ ^x + sin ^y.
BASED ON LOTS
Flo
3_- _ cos*^ y = -6 / firid the values of x and y.
1 7X -1
3. Ifsin"^x+sin i/=—andcos
e
3
ree
/ - 3 _i ^
4. If cot cos" —+sin ^x = 0, find the values of x.
Fr
5
rF
17ti^
uurr
5. If(sin*^x)^+{cos ^ x)'^ = 36
, find X. for
-ll- + cos -1 X 1^ = 11 [CBSE2014,NCERT1
s
6. Solve: sin \ sin
kks
5
Yo
oooo
7. Solve the following equations:

. -1 7T -1
(ii) 4sin ^x = tc-cos ^x
eB
(i) Sin x=- + cos X

6
2;u
(iii) tan n + 2cot ^x= — (iv) 5tan*n+3cot"^x = 27t
ur
3
ad
YYo
ANSWERS
1. (i) 0 (ii) -1 (iii) 1 (iv) 0 (V) 0

dd
1
V3-1 1
4. x=- 5. x =
Re
2 3. x = rV =
2V2 4i 2
in
4 5
43
F
1 1
6. X = 7. (i) X = (ii) ^ = r (iii) x = 43 (iv) 1
5 2 2
HI ITS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
6- We have, sin sin

-ll- + COS -1 X 1 =11
5
n . -11 -1 1
-1 -1
=> sin - +COS ‘ X = — => cos X =— sin - => cos X = cos -=> x = -
5 2 2 5 5 5
7. (i) We have, sin -n = -6 + cos ^x

Tl
. -1 _1 71 . -1 7t 71 -1 -1
in X - cos X =— Sin x - — sm sm X + cos X = —
6 U 6 2
^ . _1 2k . -1 71 _ 43
=i- ,2sm x = —=> sm x = —=>x =
3 3 2
3.3.6 PROPERTY-VI
PROPERTY VI Prove that:
- 1 X + 1/
tan
ifxy<l
l-.vy
-1 -1 -1 -^ + y
(i) tan * X + tan
y = i n + tan
if X > 0, y > 0 and xy > 1
[\~xy) '
1 x +y
-n + tan
if X < 0, y < 0 and xy >1
1 - xy
-1 y-y
tan
, if -.vy > -1
_l + xy
w
(ii) tan ^ X - tan 71 + tan ^ X-]/
, if X > 0, y < 0 and xy < -1
+
Flo -n+ tan

-1 x-y
, if X < 0, y > 0 and xy < -1
ee
1 + xy
Fr
-1
PROOF (i) Let tan x = A and tan \ = B. Then, x = tan A andy = tan Band A, B e(-jt/2, n/2).
tan A + tan B x+y
tan {A + B) = for ●●●(i)
ur
1 - tan A tan B 1 - xy
Now, the following cases arise.
ks
Case I When x > 0, y > 0 ami xy <1: In this case, we have

Yo
oo
x+ y
X > 0, y > 0 and .ry < 1 => > 0 ^ tan {A + B) > 0 [Using (i)]
1 - xy
eB
A + B lies either in 1 quadrant or in 111 quadrant

71
71 ●.● X > 0 => 0 < A < -
r
=> 0 + 6 <-
2 ^=>0</l + B<7r
ou
2
ad
y>0=> 0<B<7t/2
Y
X +y
tan {A + B) = [From (i)]
1 -xy
nd
Re
=> A + B = tan
-1 x +y 7t
0 < A + B<-
1 - xy
Fi
=> tan ^ X + tan ^ y= tan -1 x+ y

1 - xy
Case II When x < 0, y < 0 and xy < 1; In this case, we have
X<0,y <0 and xy < 1 => < 0 => tan (A + B) < 0 [From (i)]
1 - xy
A + B lies in II quadrant or in IV quadrant.
●.●x< 0^-7i/2<A<0
A + B lies in IV quadrant ^ -7C<A + B<0
y< 0 =>-7i/2<B<0
jt
— <A + S < 0
2
x + y
tan (A + B) = [From (i)]
1 - xy
MATHEMATICS-XII
3.54
x +y -1 x + y
A + B != tan ^ =>tan ^:^ + tan ^y = tan
[l-xy) ^-xy
Case m When :x: > 0 and y < 0 or x<0 and y > 0: In this case, we have
jc> 0 and y < 0 => A e (0 , n/2) and B e (- n/2, 0) => A + B e{-n/2, n/2)
x +y [From (i)]
tan (A + B) =
1 -xy
\
-1 x +y -1 x +y
A + B = tan =>tan ^jc + tan ^y = tan
^-xy) {^-xy)
-1 x + y
ww
Similarly, if X < 0 and y > 0, we obtain: tan
-1
X + tan ^ y = tan
^-xy)
-1 x + y
It followsfrom the above threecases that tan
-1
X + tan ^ y = tan if xy<l.
l^l-xyj'
Flo
e
Case IV Whenx>0,y>0andxy>l: In this case, we have
ere
x + y x + y
< 0 => tan (A + B) < 0 From (i), tan (A + B) =
FFr
x>0,y>0 andxy>l=i> 1-xy
1 -xy
uurr
A + B lies either in II quadrant or in IV quadrant
orr
sfo
A + B lies in II quadrant [●.● X > 0, y > 0 => A, B e {-n/2, 0) A + B e (- 0, n)]
-2 < A + B <7t=>--7c<(A + B)-7i<0=>-^2 <(A + B)-7i<0
kks
Yoo
2
oooo
x +y [From (i)]
tan (A + B) =
eBB
1-xy
x +y
- tan {ti - (A + B)} = [v tan {tc-(A + B)1 = -tan (A + B)]
1 -xy
urr
ad
x +y -1 x +y
=> A + B-n = tan
YYo
tan {(A + B)-k) =

l-xy
/
X+y
=>tan ^x + tan ^y = 7c + tan ^
dd
-1 x+y
A + B = n+ tan
Re
1-^J
inn
CaseV When X <0, y<0 and xy>l: In this case, we have

F
x+y x + y
X < 0, y < 0 and xy > 1 => > 0 => tan (A + B) > 0 From (i), tan (A + B) =
1-xy 1-xy
A + B lies either in I quadremt or HI quadrant

A + B lies in III quadrant [v X < 0, y < 0 ^ A, B € (- n/2,0) => A + B e (- ti, 0)]
-n < n + {A + B) <n-^=> 0<n + (A + B)<^
A n "X
-n<A + B<— => n
2
x + y [From (i)]
Now, tan (A + B) =
1-xy
x +y [*.● tan (ji + 0) = tan 0]
tan (tc+A + B) =
1-xy
/
-1 x + y
n + A + B = Ian
/ \
A + B = -7c+tan"M^^ => tan ^x + tan ^y = -7i+tan 1 x +y

\}-xy)
(ii) Lettan"^x = A and tan"^y = B. Then,= tan A, y = tan B and A, B g(-jt/2, tc/2)
tan A -tan B x-y
tan(A-B) = => tan (A - B) = .(i)
1 + tan A tan B \-\rxy
Casel Wimxy>-l:'iix>0 and y>0,then
Ag(0,7i/2),Bg(0, 7t/2) => A-Be(--,~
\ 2 2j
ooww
x-y
tan (A - B) = [From (i)]
l + xy
tan ^ - tan ^ y = tan -\(x-y^

A-B = tan ^ x-y
[1 + xy
e
re e
tan ^x-tan ^y = tan -1 x-y
for all X, y with acy > -1.
rFl [^ + xyj
Fre
Case n When x>0,y <0 and Jty < -1: In this case, we have
rrF
x>0,y<0 =>AG(0,7r/2),B6(-7t/2,0) => A g (0, tc/2), - B g (0, tc/2) => A-BG(0,Jt)
sffoo
ouur
Again, ^>0,y<0 and xy < -1 => :c>0,-y>0andl + :cy<0 => A:-y>0andl + :ty<0
x-y
<0=>tan (A-B) <0=>A - B g(jc/2, n) [vA-Bg(0,7c)]
oksk
1 + xy
Yo
oo
A-B < n=> < (A-B)-7t < 0

Y
BB
x-y
tan (A-B) = [From (i)]
rre
1 + xy
x-y x-y
ouu
-1 x-y
-tan {jc-(A-B)} = => tan {(A-B) -jc) = => (A-B)-71 = tan
Y
ad
1 + xy 1 + xy 1 + xy
dY
/ \
A-B = 71+ tan~ ^ x-y

=> tan ^x-tan ^y = 7t+tan -1 x-y
J + xy
innd
Re
Case in When x < 0, y > 0 and xy < — 1: In this case, we have

Fi
F
x-y
X < 0, y > 0 and xy<-l=>x-y<0 and 1 + xy < 0 > 0
1 + xy
tan (A-B) > 0 [From (i)]
(A - B) lies either in I quadrant or in in quadrant
-7i<A -B<- —
2
[v X < 0, y > 0=> A g(- 7c/2, 0), B e(0, n/2) =>-7t<A-B<0]
0<7c + (A-B) < ^

x-y x-y -1 x-y
tan (A-B) = => tan |7t + (A - B)1 = ^ 7C + A -B = tan
1 + xy 1 + xy l^l + xy
A-B = -7C + tan ^ ——— =>tan ^x-tan ^y = -71 + tan
-1 x-y
l^l + xyj
3.56
MATHEMATICS-XIl
KiiMAKK I/xi,X2,x^,...,Xf,eR,then
tan ^ + tan" ^ :t2
-1
Xfj = tan
-if - ^3 + % - ^ + ...
1 — S2 + S4 — Sg +...
●where Sj^ denotes the sum of the products ofx-^, X2,x^ taken kata time.
-1 1
EXAMPLE 1 Prove that: tan"^ —+tan"^ — = tan
ww
11 24 2
-1 2
— + tan
-1 7
SOLUTION tan
11 24
2 7
Flo
— + —
x + y
= tan ^ 11 24
^ X + tan ^ y = tan ^ Mxy<l
e
■: tan
2 7 l-xy
eree
1 X
11 24
FFr
= tan ^ 48 + 77] -1 fl25^ -1
uurr
= tan = tan
264-14 250 2j
orr
sfo
371
EXAMPLE 2 Prove that: tan ^ 2 + tan ^ 3 =
4
kks
Yoo
SOLUTION tan ^ 2 + tan ^3

oooo
2+3 -1 X +y
= t: + tan ^ ● tan ^ X + tan ^ y = t: + tan if xy >1
eBB
l-2x 3
7C 3ti
= 71 + tan ^ (-1) =
urr
71 —
4 4
ad
EXAMPLES Prove tliat: tan" ^ 1 + tan" ^ 2 + tan" ^ 3 = 71 [CBSE 2010]

YYo
SOLUTION tan ~H + tan"^ 2 + tan"^ 3 =tan"^ l+(tan"^ 2+tan"^ 3)

dd
_ 7t 3k = 71 [See Example 2]
Re
inn
“4 T
12 -1 —
4 _l 63
F
EXAMPLE 4 Prove that: sin — + cos + tan

16
=77
13 5
SOLUTION We have,
-1 —
12 -1 -4 _ 1 63
sm + cos + tan
13 5 16
12 -l4 -1 3
= tan" ^ — + tan -1 —3 + tan
-1 63 =-"^12=tan -1
sm ■—&COS — = tan
5 4 16 13 5 5 4
12
— + —
3
tan ^ X + tan ^ y
5 4 _1 63
= 77 + tan ^ ● + tan x + y
1- —X
12 3 16 = 71 + tan" ^ , if xy > 1
5 4 1 -xy
= 77 + tan
-1 f 63 + tan ^ ^63
-16 16
-1^ —
63 + tan
, 1 63
77 - tan = 77 [●.● tan ;c) = - tan ^ x]
16 16
EXAMPLES ^ tan ^2 +tan~^ 3 +Q = K,find the value of Q.

SOLUTION We have,
tan ^2+tan ^3 + 6 = tc^ tan~^2 + tan~^3 = tt-G

-if 2+3
71 +tan
l-2x 3
= 7t“0=> 71+tan \-l)=7c-0=> 7t-- = ;r-0=> 0=-
4 4
-ll
(i) tan — + tan ^ — = tan -l2 -ll -ll
+ tan _ 1 1 _ 7T
ww
(ii) tan — + tan
7 13 9 2 5 8 "4
(CBSE20n, 20131
-ll -ll -1 1
(iii) tan 1 — + tan 1 — - tan
71
-1
(iv) tan - + tan — + tan + tan
Flo
4 5 19 4 5 7 3 8 4
e
eree
[NCERT, CBSE 2008,2010,2016]
(v) cot ^7 + cot ^8 + cot H8 = cot ^3
FFr
[NCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2014]
-1 1 -1 1
uurr
SOLUTION (i) LHS = tan — + tan
7 13
orr
sfo
1 1
- +
= tan ^ 7 13 .. -1 .
●/tan ^ X + tan ^ y = tan ^
-1 _ 1 X + V
^ , if xy < 1
kks
Yoo
1
1 --X — 1-xy
oooo
7 13 J
eBB
= tan
* -1 —
20 = tan
, -l2
- = R.H.S.
90 9
LHS = tan ^ — + tan -ll- -ll i.tan -ll— . -ll- -ll

urr
(ii) + tan + tan + tan

2 5 8 2 5 8
ad
YYo
■ 1 1
/ \
● + tan
^V tan ^x+tan ^y = tan 1 x+y
ifxy <1
dd
1 X - 8
1-xyJ'
Re
inn
2 5
7 1
F
- + —
rj
tan“^ — + tan ^ — = tan 1 9 8 = tan = tan"h =-=R.H.S.
9 8 7 1 65 4
1 X —
9 8j
(iii) LHS = tan ^ — + tan ^ - tan -1 8 tan ^ — + tan ^ — - tan
-1 8
4 5 19 4 5 19
3 3
— + — ■ ^__8
= tan ^ ■ 4 5
-tan ^ — = tan -l27 - tan
3 f
1-3 — X —
19 11
1 + — X -
4 5j I 11 19J
-1 425
- tan = tan'h = - = R.H.S.
425 4
^ *1 1
(iv) LHS = tan“^ - + tan" ^ — + tan" ^ — + tan -ll

5 7 3 8
MATHEMATICS-XII
3.58
tan - + tan
5 7J 3 8
^ 1 1 f 1 1 ^
- +
= tan ^ 5 Z + tan ^ 3 8 = tan ^ — + tan -ill

1 1 17 23
1 ---X -
I 5 7J 3 SJ
6 11 ^
+ -
= tan ^ 17 23 = tan -if 325^ = tan“h = - = R.H.S.

6 11 325 4
1 X
17 23
ooww
(V) LHS = cos"^7 + cot"^ 8 + cof^ 18
-ll
= tan ^ — + tan ^ - + tan -1 1
1
cot = tan —, if >:>0
7 8 18 X
1 1
- + -
e
-ll = tan-' 1 1 .1
tan ^ —+ tan -ll 7 8 + tan V XI/ = ~X — <1
ree
+ tan
8 18 1 1 18 ●^7 8
rFl 7 1--X
Fre
7 8
A ^
rrF
—1 3 11 18 XU =
3 X
1 <1
,
= tan — + tan
11 18 3 1 ^ 11 18
ouur
sffoo 1-
11
X
18
= tan
_1 65 = tan -li = cot-'3.
okks
195 3
Yo
ooo
EXAMPLE 7 Simplify each of the following:

BB
-1 a + bx b
(i) tan ,x<-
rr e
b - ax a
ouu
a cos x-b sin x n 71 fl , -

(ii) tan ^ — <x < — tan X > -1 [NCERTl
ad
YY
b cos x + a sin x ' 2 2'b
^3fl^ x-x^ 1 X 1
dd
(iii) tan ^ < — <

V3
INCERT]
a 3 - 3flx^ ' V3 a
Re
iinn
( a
- + X
F
a + bx
SOLUTION (i) tan ^ = tan ^ b = tan 1 - + tan ^ X
b-ax a b
1 --X
b ;
a
- tan X
_1 fl
-tan ^ (tan x) = tan ^ ~~x
a cos X - sin X b
(ii) tan ^ = tan ^ = tan
b
b cos X + rt sin X a b
1 + tan X
b
fx\ X
3 - 'I \
3fl^x-x^ \a J yfl/ -IX -1 3x-x^ -1

(iii) tan ^ = tan ^ ● = 3 tan tan = 3 tan *X
3-3flx2 fx ^2 a l-3x^
1-3
\aj
y-x
EXAMPLE 8 Prove that: tan
-1 1 -X
- tan -1 i-y ^ sm
1 + x l +y -^1 + x^ -^1 +
SOLUTION We have,
_1 1 -X -ii-y
LHS = tan
1 + x
- tan
1+y
= (tan ^ 1 - tan ^ x) - (tan M - tan ^ y)
y-x
= tan ^ y - tan ^ .r = tan
-1
l + \/x
y-x y-x
sm sm
[ = RHS.
^J(i+yxf + (y-xf ^(l+x^) (l+y2)
EXAMPLE 9 -1 ab + 1 - 1 be + 1 _ 1 ca + 1
If a >b >c>0, prove that: cot + cot + cot = 7t
ww
a-b c~a
SOLUTION We know that
-1 1
cot ^ a: tan , for X > 0
Flo
tan -iri , for X > 0
=> cot ^ a: x
e
\xj - 7t + cot" ^ a: , for a: < 0 n + tan ^ , for a: < 0
ree
X
Fr
It is given that >c>0. Therefore, > Q,b-c>0 and c-a <0.
rF
ab + 1 ' a-b
-1
= tan ^
be + 1
-if ^ “C
uurr
-1
cot , cot = tan
I ,1 + ab b -c for 1 +bc
-1 Cfl + 1^ -1 c-a
and, cot
s
-n + tan
kks
c-a 1 + flC
Yo
oooo
1 ab + 1 -1 be + 1 _ 1 ca + 1
cot + cot + cot
a-b b -c
^c-a
eB
-1 a-b -1 b -c c-a
= tan + tan + 7t+ tan~^
1 + ab 1+bc 1 + ca
ur
-1 -1
b + tan ^b-tan ^c + ;i+tan ^c-tan ^
ad
= tan * - tan a = TL
YYo
EXAMPLE 10 Solve the following equations:

_l AT-1 1 a: +1
dd
K
(i) tan + tan [NCERT,CBSE2010J
Re
A--2 at+2 4
in
(ii) tan ^ 2a: + tan' ^ 3a: = -

F
I NCERT, CBSE 2009,20121

4
_1 x-1 -1 2a:-1 1 23
(iii) tan + tan = tan
x + 1 2x + l 36

1 ^-1 -1 a: + 1 n _ 1 A- - 1 1 A + 1 = tan
tan + tan = — ^ tan + tan ^ 1
a-2 a + 2 4 a-2 a + 2
A + 1 'l
1 -
A-1
tan = tan ^ 1 - tan _ 1 A + 1 tan
_1 A-1
tan
-1 a + 2
a-2 a + 2 a-2 A +1
1 +
7+2
tan
_1 A-1 -1 A+2-A-1 _1 A-1
= tan ^ tan = tan
a-2 a-2 2a + 3
MATHEMATICS-XIl
3.60
x-\ 1
x-2 2x+3
1
{2x+3){x-l)=x-2^ 2x2+x-3 = :v-2=> 2a:^-l = 0 => X = ±
'V2
(ii) We have.
2x+ 3x
tan ^ 2a: + tan ^ 3a: = — => tan ^ ^ = tan
-1
1, if6x^ <1
4 1 - 2Af X 3a:
5a:
=5> = 1, if 6a:“ <1 => 6x^ +5a:-1 = 0 and x^ 6
1 - 6a:^
ooww
1 1 1 1 1
and - —r= < a: <-?=
(6a:-1) (a: +1) = 0 and - <x <
V6 V6
=> X
76 76 6 6
(iii) We have,
-1 a:-1 -1 2-t-l -1 23
+ tan tan
e
tan
a: +1 2a:+ 1 36
ree
rFl x-1 2a:-1
Fre
— +
a: +1 2.V +1 1 23 (a:-1) (2a:-1)
tan ^ < 1
rrF
● = tan —, if
a:-1 2a:-1 36 (a- + 1)(2a: + 1)
1 -
a: +1 2a: + 1
ouur
sffoo
2at^ -1 -1 23 (.t-1) (2.V-1)
tan ^ = tan and -1 <0
{x + \){2x + l)
okks
3a: 36
Yo
2a:^-1 23
ooo
-6.r
=> and < 0
eBB
3a: 36 (a: + 1) (2a:+ 1)

X
24a:^-23a:-12 = 0 and >0
uurr
(a: + 1) (2a: +1)

4
ad
(3a:-4)(8a: + 3) = 0 and ae(-1,-1/2) u(0,co) ^ x =

YYo
EXAMPLE 11 Ifa,b,c >0such thata + b + c=abc,find the value of tan~^ a + tan~^b + c.

dd
Re
iinn

abc a b ^ a
i a +b
a + b+ c = abc ^ — = - + - + 1-=^ ab =1+ - + - => ab-i =
F
c c c cj c
a+b
ab-1>0 z=> ab > I a,b, c>0 >0
c
Now,
a +b
tan ^rt+tan ^b + tan ^c = 7i+tan ^ + tan [●.● ab > 1]
1-ab,
abc-c
= 7c+tan ^ + tan ^ c [v a + b + c -=abc^ a + b =abc-c]
1-ab )
-c (1 -ab)
= Tt+tan ^ + tan =71 +tan ^(-c) + tan ^c = 7i-tan ^c+tan ^c = n
1 -ab
EXAMPLE12 Solve the equation: tan^^^[^

n
+ A + sin
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION This equation holds, if + .r > 0 and 0<x^+a + 1<1

Now, +- a: > 0 and 0<a:^ + a: + 1<1
+ x>0 and + a: + 1 < 1 x^ + X + 1 > 0 for all x]
a:^ + a: > 0 and + a: < 0 => + x = 0 => x = 0,-1
Clearly, these two values satisfy the given equation.

Hence, x = 0, -1 are the solutions of the given equation.
EXAMPLE 13 Ifa^, a-i, a-i,,.... a„ are in arithmetic progression with common differenced, then evaluate
the folloiuing expression:
ww
d d d d
tan \ tan + tan
-1
+ tan
-1
+...+ tan
-1
1 + fl-j ^2 1 +<12^3 1 + ^3 <74
Flo
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
e
SOLUTION It is given that a-^, 02, a^,...,a„ are in arithmetic progression with common
eree
differencerf.Therefore, d=a2-a^ =a^-a2 =0^-0^ =...= <7,,
+ tan ^ r d
FFr
-1 d -1 d d
tan ( tan + tan +...+ tan ^
1 + £?●] <72 1 + i?2 a-^ 1 +<73<?4 oorr
uur r
-1 ^2 -1 f %
sf
= tan tan + tan
1 ^3 ~^2 -1 ^4 ~^3
+ tan +...+ tan
1 + <72 <7j 1+773/72 1 + <74<73 l + (7„
sk
Yoo
oook
tan ~^/72 - tan /7j J + V tan“^3-tan <72

-1
= tan
+...+ tan“^<7„-tan ■\-l
J
eBB
- tan tan
-1
" /?.,n - tan = tan i tan
-1 <7,«
~^1 11 ^ [v <7,, +(«-!) d\
l+<7„<7i I+<^,<7-1 l+OiO,,
uurr
ad
« 2
-1 2m n + n
= tan ^
Yo
EXAMPLE 14 Prove that: S tan

JH= 1 + 2 + 77 + 2 ^
dY
II
2m n
2m
SOLUTION L.H.S. = I tan"^
Re
S tan ^ ■
innd
m = l 777^ +777^ + 2 ;ii= 1

1+ + 777^ + 1)
FFi
II
-1 2m n
-1 2m
I tan S tan
m = 1
1 + (777^ + if 777 171 = 1
1 +(777^ + 777 + 1) {nf -777 + 1)
n
2 tan
-1 (777^ + 777 + 1) - (?77^ - 777 + 1)
m = l
1 + (777^ + 777 + 1) (777^ - 777 + 1)
II
i» = l
tan ^ (777^ + 777 + 1) - tan ^777^-777 + !)
= (tan“ ^ 3 - tan" ^ 1) + (tan“ ^ 7 - tan" ^ 3) + (tan" ^3 - tan" ^ 7)
+
+ ] tan" ^ (77^ + 7 +1) - tan " ^ - 7 +1)
f ..2
77^+77 + 1-1
= tan \t7^+77 + 1)-tan -1 1 = tan -1
77 +77
● - tan ^ = RHS
l+(77^+77 + l) 77^ +77 + 2
MATHEMATICS-XII
3.62
EXAMPLE 15 Sum the following series to infinity:

1 -1 1
tan" ^ + tan" ^ j + tan
1 + 1 + 1^ 1 + 2 + 2 1 + 3 + 3^
SOLUTION Let T„ be the nth term of the given series and S be the sum to infinity. Then,
T„n = tan
-1 ■
1
= tan 1 \ {n + l)-n ] ^ tan ^ {n + 1) - tan ^ «
1 + n + 1 +(« + l)n\
n
and. S = S .Tn lim I Tr = lim (Ti + T2 + + T„)

Ji=l n-*cc r = 1 H -> ®
2) + . . + (tan ^(n +l)-tan ^fi)|

-1
= n-+
limCO - I (tan ^ 2 - tan H) + (tan ^ 3 - tan
ww
n n n
lim tan ^ (ft +1) - tan ^ 1 = tan ^ 00 - tan ^ 1
« —> CO
2 4 4
EXAMPLE 16 Ifq>0fori=l,2,...,n,provethat
Flo - if ^2 ~ - 1 -<^2 - 1 1 -1 X
-1 ^1^-y + tan + tan + + tan = tan
tan
ee
ciy+ x 1 + C2 Cl 1 + C3 C2 y
rere
SOLUTION We have.
r FF
1 1 ^
( X 1 l-i-'
y Cl ^1 ^2 ‘-fl -1 -11
+ tan ^
uurr
LHS= tan"^ + tan ^ + tan
1
+
foor 1
1 + ^.1 1 + 1 + C„
y Cl Cl C2 C« - 1 C,I ^
ks s
\ r
1 1 + tan ^
Yoo
-1 ^ -1 1
+ tan ^ - tan -1 - tan 1 1
ooook
tan — tan +
y Cl Cl C2 C2 C3
eBB
-1 1 -1 1 -1 1
+ tan - tan + tan
c«-i c«j
uurr
ad
-\x
= tan - = R.H.S.
Yo
. f
y
dY
EXAMPLE 17 Prove that tan ^ ^ + tan ^ — + tan' ^ ^

xr zr 2'
, where x, y, 2 > 0 such that
Re
innd
2 2 2 2
X +y +2 =r^
FFi
SOLUTION We have, x^ + y^ + 2} -r
2.Therefore, xr yr
=^ x^-^y‘^.+z
, 2<1.
xz
yz + —
ML -1 xy
— + tan "1 ^ = tan
_ 1 V2 , _ 1 X2 ^ -1 xr
tan ^ ^ + tan ● + tan
xr
y^ zr 11 -^x
yz —
zx zr
xr yr
2(x2+y2)
= tan ^ xyr + tan
-l(^ = tan -1 \z{x^ + y^)^. r^
^ ^ + tan -i(£y
1 -
V2r xyr x^+y .zr J
r2
- tan -1 ^ + tan -1( ^ = cot

-iTxy + tan -\[Ly.
71
.^y \zr ) .zr ) .zr) 2

EXAMPLE 18 lfa,b,c>0ands =
a + b+c -1 2ns -1 l2bs + tan ^ 2cs
, prove that tan + tan = 7C
2 be ca ab
2as
X .
l2bs Uabs^ _ 2s a +b + c 2as
X
2bs
= 1 +
a +b
>1
a +b
>0
be ^ ca V abc^ c c be ca c c
2as 2bs
+
-1 2as -1 2cs be -1 2cs
tan + tan + tan ^ = 7c + tan ^ ca
+ tan
be V ca ab
1-
2as 2hs V ab
be ^ ca
ww
2s 2s
2cs ia + b)
abc 2cs
= 7C+ tan
-1
+ tan ^ = ;c+tan“Nl^ + tan ^
1-^ ab
^ a+b+c ab
Flo
c c
e
2cs
eree
2cs _1 2cs
= 71+tan ^ - + tan ^ = 71-tan + tan
-1
= 7U
ab ab ab
FFr
3 sin 2 a
-ifl tan a , where —7t < a < —.
uurr
EXAMPLE 19 Evaluate: tan ^ + tan
n
5 + 3 cos 2 a u
orr 2 2
sfo
1 - tan^ a 2 tan a
SOLUTION Using cos 2a = and, sin 2a = , we obtain
1 + tan^ a 1 + tan^
kks
Yoo
a
oooo
-1 3 sin 2a -1 ri— 6 tan a -in—

tan + tan tan a = tan ^ + tan tan a
5+3 cos 2a 8 + 2 tan^ a
eBB
3 tan a 1
- + - tan a
urr
= tan ^
3 tan a -1 n— 4+ tan^ a 4
+ tan tan a = tan ^ -
ad
4 + tan^ a U 3 tan^ a
YYo
1 -
16 + 4 tan^ a
dd
1 j (16 + tan a) tan a -1

Re
= tan (tan a) = a [●.' - n/2 < a < 7i/2]

inn
● = tan
16 + tan^ a
F
7t 71
-in 0, if - </l < —

EXAMPLE 20 Prove that: tan — \2
tan2/l +tan ^(cot>4) + tan \cot^-A) =■ 4 2
7C, if 0 </4 < 7i/4
-1 x + y
tan , if Ary <1
-1 -1
1 - Ary
SOLUTION We know that tan AT + tan
y = i
-1 x + y
71 + tan , if Ary > 1
1 -xy
n 7t
Also, cot/4 > 1, ifO<A<- and, 0<coty4<l, if -<A<-
4 4 2
3.64
MATHEMATICS-XII
tan [^cot /I + cot^ A n

, if — < A < —
n
1 - cot^ A 4 2
tan ^ (cot A) + tan ^ (cot^ A) =
71+ tan
I cotA + cotÂ , if 0 < A <-
7C
1 - cot^ A 4
cot A n 7t
tan ^ , if - < A <-
1 - cot^ A ^ 4 2
cot A n
n + tan ^ ,ifO<A<-
ww
1 - cot^ A 4
n 7C
tan ^ — tan 2 A , if — < A < —
^ 2 4 2
Flo
e
71
71 + tan tan 2A ,ifO<A< —
eree
^ 2 4
-iri—
FFr
7t 71
- tan tan 2A , if- <A <-
u 4 4
uurr
71 - tan
(I
— tan 2A orr , if 0 < A < -
7C
sfo
K1 4
n
kks
Adding tan ^
Yoo
- tan 2A on both sides, we get
2 J
oooo
0, if 7t/4 < A < 7i/2

“ ^ - tan 2A + tan" ^ (cot A) + tan" ^ (cot^ A) = ■
eBB
tan
U 7i,ifO<A<7t/4
EXERCISE 3.11
urr
BASIC
ad
YYo

-l2 . _il2 -i4 , _163
(i) tan "^ —7 + tan = tan (u) sin — + cos — + tan
dd
=71
13 9 13 5 16
Re
inn
1 :_-l 2 1
(iii) tan"^ —+ tan"^—=sin [NCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2020]
F
4 9 V5
-1 ^ -1 3:-y ICBSE2011J
2. Find the value of tan -tan
y x +y
BASED ON LOTS
3. Solve the following equations for x:

3ti
(i) tan" ^ 2a: + tan” ^ 3x = tik+ ^
-1 8
(ii) tan"^ (a: + 1) + tan" ^ (ar-l) = tan 31
(hi) tan ^ (a: -1) + tan ^ a: + tan ^ (a: +1) = tan ^ 3a:
fl-x - —tan"â: = 0, where a: >0
(iv) tan ^ 1 +a: 2
[NCERT, CBSE 2008, 2010,2011]
(v) cot" ^ X- cot” ^ (x + 2) =

K
where x > 0
12 '
(vi) tan” ^ (x + 2) + tan” ^ (x - 2) = tan” ^ f ~

79/
x>0 [CBSE2010J
(vii) tan ^ - + tan -1 = -,0<x<V6 ICBSE 2010CJ

2 3 4
x-2 -if x + 2
(viii) tan”^
n
+ tan ICBSE 20141
^x-4J x +4 4
(ix) tan ^(2 + x) + tan ^(2-x) = tan”^—,

3'
wherex <- Vs or, x > Vs
ww
-1X-2 -1 X + 2 _ 7t
(x) tan + tan fCBSE2016]
x-1 x + 1 "i
(xi) tan ^ 4x + tan ^ 6x = -
FF loo
1CBSE2019]
4
BASED ON HOTS
ree
4. Sum the series : tan
-1 2 _i 4 -1 2«-l
+ tan —+ tan —+...+tan
3 9 33 2«-l
reFe
1 + 2
ororF
rur
ANSWERS
s ff
1
(ii) 44
1 1
3. (i) -- (iii) 0, ± - (iv) r- (v) V3 (vi)
6 2 V3 4
k
YYouo
'7
okso
1
(viii) ± V2 (ix) ± 3
71
(vii) 1 (X) ± (xi) 4. tan”^2"--
2 12 4
BBoo
r ee
2. tan ^--tan -1 fzy -1 ^ -1 iri —1 ^

ad
ouur
= tan + tan = tan — + tan

y ix + y y y+x 1 + x/y
Yo
= tan +tan ^1-tan = tan H= —

d
y y 4
idnY
Re
_i z' 1 - X ^ 1 1 ●
3. (iv) We have, tan —tan ^x = 0, x>0
FFin
1 + xj 2
-1 1
1 -tan"^x-- tan" ^x = 0=>---tan"^x = 0 => tan"^ X
n n
^ tan = — => X = tan — = -==
2 4 2 6 6 VI
1 1
-1 —
1 71 -1 X x + 2 n
(v) tan tan = — tan
X x + 2 12 1 12
1 +
X (X + 2)
2 2
tan ^ 7t
- tan —
71
x^ + 2x + 1 12 x^ + 2x +1 12
2 VI-i 2 2
x^ + 2x +1 VI+ 1
(x + l)2=(VI + l)^ => X = VI
x^ + 2x + l (VI+ 1)^
3.3.7 PROPERTY VII
PROPERTY VII Prove that:
in , if-l<x,y<l and <1

or
(i) sin ^ X + sin y = if xy < 0 and + y^ > 1

K - sin"^ jx-Jl ~y^ + y , if 0 < x, y <1 and x^ + y^ > 1
- CT - sm
^ |x +y ,if-l5x, y<0 and x^ + y^ > 1
ww
in'^ ■ X -^1 - y^ - y -\/l - x^ I , if -1 5 x, y <1 and x^ + y^ < 1
or
Flo
(ii) sin ^x -sm y = if xy > 0 and x^ + y^ > 1
e
y - x^ |, ifO<xSl, - l^y<0 and x^ + y^ > 1
ree
7t - sm
Fr
-y - x^ i if-l<x<0, 0<y<l and x^ + y^ > 1
rF
● -1
- n ~ sm
uurr
for
PROOF Let sin" ^ x = A and sin" ^ y = B. Then, x = sin i4, y = sin B and A,Be[-n/2, n/2]
s
^1-x^ , cos B=^l-y^ [v A, B € [- n/2, n/2] cos A, cos B > 0]
kks
cos A =
Yo
oooo
sin + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B = .(i)

eB
sin (A - B) = X -^1 -y^ - y ^1 -x^ ...(ii)
cos (A + B) = ^1 -x^ ...(iii)

ur
ad
cos (A - B) = -Jl-x^ + xy
YYo
and. ...(iv)
Case I Wien -1 < x, y < 1 and x^ + y^ < 1: In this case, we have

dd
Re
x^+y^<l => l-x^>y^ and l-y^>x^ => (1-x^) (1-y^) >x^ y^

in
■^1 -x^ -y^ ^xy ^ -x^ -y^ - xy £ 0 => cos (A + 6) > 0

F
[Using (iii)]
A + B lies either in I quadrant or in IV quadrant
A + B e [- n/2,7t/2] [vA, Be[-7T/2,Tc/2] => -rt<A+B<Tt]
sin (A + B) = X -Jl -y^ + y ~ x^ [From (i)]

7C 71
A + B = sin + .'--<A + B<-
2 2
sm X + sin ^ y = sin 1 |x^/l-y2 +y^l-x2|

Case II When xy <0 and x^ +y^ > 1: In this case, we have
xy < 0 => X > 0 and y < 0 or x < 0 and y > 0
{Ae(0,7t/2] and Be[-7c/2,0)) or|Aer-^,ol
2 )
and Be(o,^
V 2
71 K
—<A+B<-
2 2 (V)
and^ x^+y^ > 1=> 1-x^ <y2 and 1 -y^ => (1 -x^) (1 -y^) < y^
(^JT-X^ -y2)2 < (|A:y|)2 [vxy<0]
-I^l<>/l^>/l^<|:ty| => xy<^l-x^ y/T-y^ <-xy [: xy 0
cos (A + B) >0
A + B lies either in I quadrant or in IV quadrant
A + Be[-n/2, n/2] [Using (v)]
sin (A + B) = X yjl -y^ + y -^1 -:?■
w
A + B =
sin ^ X yjl -y^ + y -:c^| [vA + Be[-7c/2,7c/2]]
Flo x^l-y^ +yyjl-x^'^

-1
sin :r + sin ^ y = sin
e
reee
Case in When 0 < a:, y ^ 1 and x^ + y^ > 1; In this case, we have
FFr
0<x,y<l=>Ae(0,7t/2] and B e(0, tc/2] => A + B e(0, ti] (vi)
and, x^ + y^ >1 for
ur
l-x^<y^ and 1-y^ <x^ => (1 -jc^) (1 -y^) < x^ y"^
kkss
< xy [v ay>0]
Yo
oo
- ay < 0
eB
cos (A + B) < 0 [Using (iii)]

A + B lies either in II quadrant or in HI quadrant
ur
-Â + B<7C
[●●●A + B (0,7c, from (vi)]
ad
2
YYo
-7i<-(A + B)^-| => 0<7t-(A + B)^|

d
sin (A + B) = X -y^ + y ^1-x^

Re
[From (i)]
in
sin (tc-(A + B)) = x^1 -y^ + y -^1 -a:^

F
[*.* sin (ti - 0) = sin 0]

n-(A + B) = sin"
^ ■ xyjl-y^ +y^l-a:2|
A + B = 7c - sin
-1
a: yjl-y^ + y
|af^l-y2+y^l-^2|
-1
sin 7c + sin ^y = 7c-sin
CaselV Wl7en-1 ^ a:, y<0anda:^+y^ >1; Indus case, wehave

-l<a:,y<0 => A6[-;t/2,0) and Be[-7i/2,0) => A + Be[-7c,0) (vii)
and. x^+y^ >l=>l-a:2<y2 and 1 -y^ cc^ => (1 -;c^) (1 -y2) <;c2 ^2
^1-x^ ^1-y^ <xy [vay>0]
>/l -y^ -xy<0

cos + B) < 0 [Using (iii)]
A + B lies either in II quadrant or in III quadrant
~n<A+B<- [Using (vii)]
2
-<-{A + B)<n=> ~-<-n-{A + B)<0

2 2
sin (A + B) = X yjl +
- sin Iti + + B)1 = X yjl-y^ + y -x^

-(>1 + B)1 = Xyji-/ yjl^
w
=> sin n +
-1
- jr - (A + B) = sin
Flo
A + B = -7u-sin
ee
sin ^ a: + sin ^ y = - rt - sin
Fr
(ii) Do yourself.
for
ur

ks
S 3 ..-1 —
77 -lf77
EXAMPLE 1 Prove that: sin~^ — + sin" - = sm
Yo
= tan
oo
17 5 85 U6
[CBSE 2012, NCERT]
eB
-1 8 -1 8 8
1 -
r 8 f
SOLUTION sin — + sm sm + —
5 V
ur
17 5 17 5J 17
ad
_lf77
Yo
;_-l „ 4 3 15' f77 = tan

sm — X — + — X — sm
17 5 5 17 85 I 36
-1 12 ● -1 3 56
nd
EXAMPLE 2 Prove that: cos [NCERT, CBSE 2010, 2012]

Re
— + sin — =: sm
13 5 65
Fi
SOLUTION We have,
_l —
12 ● -1 3 5 -1 3 cos
ll2 = sm
1 51
cos + sm sm — + sm
13 5 13 5 13 13
●
sm
-1 5
● — X 11
3
+ — X . 1 -
5f' sm
-1 5 4
X — + — X
3 121
= sm
. -1 56
13 ^ 5J 5 y V13 13 5 5 13 65
EXAMPLES Prove that:
... . _ 1 3 . _ 1 8 1^-1 77 l4 . -1 5 ,__ll6 n
(i) sm — + sm — sm (ii) sin - + sm — + sm

5 17 85 5 13 65 2
[NCERT EXEMPLAR] [CBSE 2009]
-1 3 -1 8 _ 1 36 , ● - 1 3 -1 12 _ 1 33 . _ 1 56
(iii) sin — + sm cos (iv) sm — + cos — = cos — = sm
5 17 85 5 13 65 65
[CBSE 2010] (CBSE 2010]

SOLUTION Using sin ^ ± sin

-1 2
y = sin -y ±y we obtain
/●\ . - 1 3 . _ 1 8
(i) sm — + sm —
5 17
1-f—f
2
:_-l
sm
3 H
8
, 1 — ● = sm
3
— X
15 1
8 X —
4] ._-l77
sm
5 17 17 V 5) 5 17 17 5j 85
_ 1 4 . _ 1 5
(ii) sm — + sm — + sm
5 13 65
:_-l4 .^-1 16 5_ , J4f ● -ll6
ww
""isr U,
sm + sm + sm sm + sm
5 13 65 5V U3j 65
4 12 5 3 16 . _ 1 63 1 16
sm — X 1 X — + sm sm — + sm
5 13 13 5 65 65 65
Flo
e
-1 16 . _i 16 . _ 1 63 f63)^ _ll6
eree
cos — + sm — sm cos cos
65 65 65 65 65
FFr
71 n
V sin ^ + cos -1' x
uurr
2 2
orr
sfo
- 1 ~3 . -1 8
(iii) sin + sm
5 17
kks
Yoo
:_-l 3 r 8)^ 8 rs
^2
-1 i —3■ 15 8 4
oooo
sm 1 - + -J1- ● = sm X ! X —
5l| 17 17 5j 5 17 17 5
eBB
,__i77
sm cos -1 , 11 - T77^2
— cos
_ 1 36
[●.● sin ^ X = cos -X
85 II 85 85
urr
● -1 3 ll2
ad
(iv) sm — + cos
YYo
5 13
. _ 1 —I-sm
sm
3 . _ 1 ~5 cos
-1
.r = sm -X
dd
5 13
Re
inn
sm
1 3
— X 1 f 5 .
5 V 13) 15
F
3 12 5 4 . -1 56 1 rs6f -1 33
f
sm — X — + X sm cos cos
5 13 13 5 65 65 65
EXAMPLE 4 Solve the following equations:

_ 1 3x . -1 4x . _1
(i) sin — + sm — =sm X
5 5
t:
(ii) sin ^ 6x + sin ^ 6V3x = - (NCERT EXEMPLAR]
2

. _ 1 3x . _ 1 4x
sm — + sm — = sin ^ X
5 5
_l 3x \6x^ 9x^
sm H A 1 ■ = sm
5 r 25 5 V 25
3x 16x^ Ax 9x^
1 - + 1- = x
5 "y 25 5 25
3x yjis - 16x'^ + 4x ^25 - 9x^ = 25x => :r = 0 or. 3 -JlS-iex^ + 4 ^25 - 9x'^ = 25
Now, 3 -^25-16x^ + 4 ^25 - 9x^ = 25
4 -,/25 - 9x^ = 25 - 3 -^25 -
ooww
16(25-9:c^) = 625-f 9 (25-16x^)-150 725^^1^
150 -^25 -16? = 450 => 25-16x^ = 9 => a: = ±1
Hence, x = 0,1, -1 are roots of the given equation,
e
ree
(ii) We have,
rFl
sin“^6:r + sin“^6V3^x = -— => sin"^6A: =- —-sin“^6V3A:
Fre
2 2
rrF
— sin ^6V3x ^ 6x = -sin —+ sin ^6'[3x
7C
sin (sin ^ 6x) = sin
2 u
ouur
sffoo
6x = -cos sin“^6V3a: => 6a: = - cos |cos“^ ^1-(6V3x)^| *
.* sin = cos ^-\/l -X
okks
6x = -Vi-108a:^ => 36x^ =l-108:r^ => 144x^ =1 => ;r = ±—

Yo
12
oo
Y
^ does not satisfy the given equation. Hence, x = - ^ is the only root of
BB
We observe that x ~
rre
the given equation.

ouu
EXERCISE 3.12
YY
ad
BASIC
I -13 .--l5
1. Evaluate: cos sin —+ sin
dd
5 13
Re
iinn
2. Prove the following results :

● -1 r 5 ^ + COS -ir3^
-1 ( 63 = sm -ifs -13 , -163
F
(i) sin (ii) sin + cos — = tan

65 U3 5j 13; 5 16
[CBSE2012] INCERT EXEMPLAR]
(m)
9n 9 sm
. -i( —I'] =—sm
9 . _if2V2 [NCERT]
8 4 l3j 4 3 )
BASED ON LOTS
3. Solve the following :

-1 . ~ix K
(i) sin“Â: + sin"^2>: = — (ii) cos x + sm - - =0 [CBSE2010]
^ 3 2 6
,.... . _i5 ,__ll2 71
(m) sm — + sm = -,x>0 (CBSE2020)
X X 2
ANSWERS
33 1 fJ
65 3- W 5^7 (ii) 1 (in) 13
3.3.8 PROPERTY-VIII
PROPERTY VIII Prove that:
cos
, if-l<A:,y<l and x + y>0
(i) cos ^+ cos -
1
2tc - cos if-1 <x ,y <1 and;c +1/ ^0
cos
, \i- \ <x ,y < \ and x<y
(ii) cos "^x- cos ^ y = ●
-cos
if-1 <y<0,0ct<l andx>y
PROOF Let cos ^ x = A and cos“ ^ y = B. Then, x = cos >1, y = cos B and A, B^[0 ,tc\
ww
sin >1 = -^1 -x^ and sin B = ^1-y^ [.●. sin A , sin B >0 for A,B e[0, tc]]
and so, cos (A + B) = xy - -Jl-v? -y^
FF loo
...(i)
cos (A - B) = xy-i- -x^ -^/l - y^
ree
...(h)
Case I When -1 < a: , y < 1 and x + y>0: In this case, we have
reFe
-!<>:, y<l=> A, Bg[0,7u]=> 0<A + B<2t: ...(hi)
and. x + yÔ
rF
rur
fforo
cos A + cos B > 0 => cos A>- cos B => cos A > cos (n - B)
A ^ 7c - B
[●.● cos 6 is decreasing on [0, k]]
ks
A + B < 7C ...(iv)
YYoou
okso
From (hi) and (iv), we get

0Â + B<7u
BBoo
cos (A + B) = xy- -x^ ^1 -y^

r ee
l^xy-,jl-x‘^ ^l-y2 j
-1
A + B = cos
ad
ouur
X + cos ^ y = cos ^{xy-f^^]

Yo
-1
cos
Case n When -I <x , y <0 and x + y ^0\ In this case, we have

d
idnY
Re
-l^x ,y < 1 => A ,Be[Q,n]^ 0 <A + B <2n ...(V)

and, x + y < 0 => cos A + cos B < 0 => cos A < cos B ^ cos A < cos (ti - B)
FFin
A > 7t - B ['.■ cos 0 is decreasing on [0 , n]]

A + B > TT ...(vi)
From (v) and (vi), we get
kÂ + B<2k=> -k>-{A + B)>-2k=> tc>2ti-(A + B)£0=^ 0<2ti-(A + B)<7i
cos (A + B) = xy- -^1 -y^

cos |2jt -(A + B)) = xy --Jl -x^ -Jl -y^
1
2tc - (A + B) - cos”
A + B = 2tc - cos” ^
cos" ^ a: + cos” ^ y = 2tc - cos {xy-^1 -x^ ^1 -■/).

-1
(ii) Do yourself.

-1 4 _1 12 _i 33
EXAMPLE! Prove that: cos — + cos — = cos — INCERT, CBSE 2010, 2012J
5 13 65
-1 4 -1 12
SOLUTION COS — + cos
5 13
. ri2^^
w
_l 4 12
cos 1 - 1 1 “ — ^
5 13 ^ 5j 11 U3
-1 4 12 _ 3 _l |48__^ _1 33
1 65 65
cos — X = cos = cos
5 13 5 13 65
roow
e
8 -1 84
EXAMPLE 2 Prove that: sin [NCERT]
re
sin — = cos
5 17 85
● -1 3 1 8
SOLUTION sin sm
reF
5 17
uFFll -1 4 -1 15 ._l3 -i4 ._i8 -ll5l
e
cos — cos sin — = cos —, sm — - cos
5 17 5 5 17 17
sFr
^2
-1 4 15 15
- X + -1 1 - 1
foro
cos — X .
5 17 V 5) ] 17
uor
fk
_1 [4 15 3 8 -11^+24 _1 84
okso
cos cos cos
15 17 5 17 1 85 85 85
Y
Yo
oo
BB
-ly _ . 2xy cos a + ^ = sm

● 2
EXAMPLES 7/cos ^ - + COS ^ (X/

prove that -y ab
a.
rYree
a a
ouu
SOLUTION We have, ICBSE 2016]

-1 X -1 y _
ad
Ydo
cos — + cos a
a b
2 2
1-^2 ji-4(-
2
-1 xy X xy 1 -^ =
nidn
cos a => 1- cos a
ab \ Va b^ ab r an
Re
F
2 ^2 2>
y^
Fi
xy X ^y X
y
- cos a = -=L - cos a 1
ab 1 b^ ab a' b^
2 ,.2 2 ..2
^ y 2xy cos a + cos 2 a = -1I —r - ^
—2. y^ ^ y
a^b^ ab a^ b^ a^b^
x^ 2xy
cosa=l -cos'" a => ^2 + Kr- —
2 ●2
cos a = sm a
“2
a ^2 ab a
^ y + cos” ^ 2 =s Tc, prove that x^ + y^ +z^ + 2xyz -1.

-1
EXAMPLE 4 7/cos X + cos
SOLUTION We have,
cos” ^ X + cos” ^ y + cos” ^ z K
-1
cos X + cos =
n - cos ^ z
cos" ^ x + cos" ^ y = cos" ^ (-z) cos ^(-2) = 71 - cos ^2]
^-y2|
-1
cos cos ^-2)
-yjl-x^ ^l-y2 -z
(xy+z)^ = -y^)
y^ + z^ + 2^:yz = 1 - - y^ + y^ => + y^ + z^ + 2xyz = 1
EXERCISE 3.13
ww
BASED ON LOTS
-ix -1 y
1. If cos — + cos
2 ^ = a, then prove that 9x^ - 12xy cos a + 4y^ = 36 sin ^ a.
Flo
2. Solve the equation: cos"^ — - cos"^ —X = cos"^ b- - cos -lla
e
eree
X
3. Solve: cos ^VSx + cos ^x =

n
FFr
2
uurr
4. Prove that:
... -i4 _il2
(i) cos — + cos — = cos
-1 33
orr [CBSE 2012]
sfo
5 13 65
.... _il2 . _i3 . _i 56
(n) cos —+sm — = sm
kks
ICBSE2019]
Yoo
13 5 65
oooo
ANSWERS
eBB
1
2. x=âb 3. x=-
2
urr
3.3.9 PROPERTY-IX
ad
PROPERTY IX Prove that:

YYo
1 1
sin ^{2x <x<
V2 V2
dd
1
(i) 2 sin ^ X = ● \2x,jl-x^) / if
Re
K ~ Sin <x<l [NCERT]

inn
J2~
^{2x^l-x^)
F
- 71 - Sin ,ii-l<X<--r
V2
1 1
sm ^(3x-4x^) ,if--<x<-
2 2 (CBSE 2018]
(ii)3sin"^x = ● 71-sin
^(3x-4x^) ,if| <x<l
- 71 - sm "^(3x-4x3),if-l<x<-i2
PROOF (i) Let sin ^ x = 0. Then,
X = sin 0 => cos 8 = -Jl -x^ [●.● cos 0 > 0 for 0 6 [- 7c/2 , ti/2]
sin 2 0 = 2 sin 0 cos 0 => sin 20 = 2x yjl -X

2
●●●(i)
1 1 71 71 71 71
Case I When ~ <x< : In this case, - <x < => --<0^ => --<20<-
V2 V2 V2 V2 4 4 2 2
-1^2x^l-x^ <1
1 1
Also, <x<
v^2 V2
sin 20 = 2x^-x^ [From (i)]

2^
20 = sin
V
Ixyjl -Jp- / => 2sin“^x = sin ^ 2Xy/l-X
\ y
Casell Wfien -4=â:<1: In this case.

V2
^<sin0<l=>-^0^^=>^<20<7r=> -jc^-2 0^-^ => O£ji-20^^

1
^x<l =>
V2 V2 4
w
Also, -^^x<l=>0^2xJl-x^ <1
V2 ]
sin 2 0 = 2a: -Jl -x^ [From (i)l
Flo
sin(n-2 0) = 2x^Jl -x^ => n-2 0 = sin
e
reee
=> Ji-2sin”â: = sin“^ 2x^Jl~-?^ => 2 sin ^ jc = 71 - sin ^ 2x -Jl -x^
FFr
\
1
Casein When -l$a:<- : In this case, for
ur
V2
-1 â: <--i -1 <sin 0^--i 71 7C 7t TC
=> -^<0<--=> -71^20<--=> O<7c+20<-
kss
V2 V2 2 4 2 2
Yo
Also, -l<2a:^Jl^^^0
oo
V2
eB
sin 2 0= 2xyjl-x'^ [From (i)]
-sin(7t+2 0) = 2x^1 -x^ => sin (- 71 - 2 0) = 2a: -Jl -x^

ur
-^(2x-^l-x^]=> 20 = ~^(2x^l-x^^
ad
=> -71-20 = sin -7u-sin

YYo
V /
=> 2 sin" ^ a: = -7c-sin"^ V 2a:-JT-? /

d
Re
(ii) Letsin"^ x = 0.Then,a: = sin 0 and, sin 3 0 = 3sin0-4sin^0 = 3a:-4a:^

in
F
1 1
Case I When —â:<—: In this case
2 2
1 1
— â:^- =>
2 2 -—<sin0^—=>
2 2 6 <0<-?=^ -^^30^^
6 2
-â:<-=>-1^3a:-4a:^ <1
Also,-2 2
sin 30 = 3x-4a:^ => 30 = sin"^ (3x-4a:^)=> 3sin"â: = sin"^(3a:-4a:^)
CaseH When l/2<x^l: In this case,
3n 3n 7t 7t 7C
—2 <a:^l=> —<sin0<l=>^<0^-^=>^<30<
2 6 2 2 2 2
:S-30<— => — ^7c-30< —
2 2 2
Also, -<x<l=>-1^3x-4x^ <1

2
sin 3 0 = 3jc-4:c3 ^ sin(7t-30) = (3x-4jc^) => tc-30 = sin"^(3a:-4a:^)

=>7T-3sm Â: = sm ^ {3x-4x^) => 3 sin ^ x 7t-sin ^ (3x-4x^).

1
Case III Wiwn -1 <x < :In this case, -1<x<~- 1 < sin 0 < - —
2 2 2
TC 71 3n
--<0<-- => <30<--=> --<7t+30<0=> O<-TC-0<-
2 6 2 2 2 2
Also, <--=> -1 < 3x-4a:^ <1

2 2
sin 3 0 = 3x -
-sin(Tc+3 0) = 3;ii:-4A:^ [sin {n + 30) = - sin 30]

sin (-TU- 3 0) = 3x-4x^ -71-30 = sin”^ {3x-4x^)
ww
— n - 3 sin” X = sm
(3at -.Ax^) => 3 sin ^ X = -K-sm {3x-4x^)
Flo
e
eree
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate: (i) sin (2 sin ^ 0.6) (ii) sin (2 sin
-1
0.8)
FFr
SOLUTION (i) sin (2 sin” ^ 0.6)
uurr
sin ^ J 2 X 0.6 X 2 sin ^ X = sin ^ 2x yjl -x^ , if - ~T=<X<-!=
1 1
sm
L‘ orr V2 V2
sfo
= sin (sin ^ 0.96) = 0.96
kks
Yoo
-1
(ii) sin (2 sin 0.8)
oooo
-sin ^ J 2X 0.8 X .● 2 sin ^ x = 7c-sm 2x -yjl -x^ , if, V2

1
eBB
sm K
<X<1
= sin (rc-sin ^0.96) = sin jsin”^ (0.96)| = 0.96

urr
[●.● sin (7t - 0) = sin 0]

ad
YYo
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate: sin (3sin”^ 0.4)

SOLUTION Using 3 sin ” ^ x = sin ” ^ (3:t: - 4a: ^), we obtain
dd
Re
inn
0.4) = sin sin” ^ | 3 x 0.4 - 4 x (0.4) ^

-1
sin (3 sin
F
sm
|sin”^(1.2-0.256)|= sin | sin”^ (0.944) = 0.944
3.3.10 PROPERTIES X-XII
PROPERTY X Prove that
(i) 2 cos” ^ X =
cos ^{2x‘^ -1) ,if 0<a:<1
2ti - cos” ^ (2a:^ -l),if-l<x<0
cos” ^ (4a:^ - 3x) '4 1
<X<1
1
(ii) 3 cos ^ X 2ti - cos” ^ (4x^ -3a:),if — <a:< —
2 2
2ti+ cos” ^ (4at^ -3A;),if-l<A:<--

2
3.76
MATHEMATICS-XII
PRCX3F (i) Let cos" ^ a: = ©.Then, a: = cos 0

cos 2 0 = 2 cos^ 0 -1 cos 20 = 2x^ -1
Case I WJjen 0 < a; < 1: In this case,
=> O<20<7iA1so,O<x<1=>-1<2a:^-1<1
71
0<a:<1=> O<cos0<1=> O<0<
2
cos 2 0 = 2a:^ -1 =s> 2 0 = cos -1 (2a:^ -1) => 2 cos ^ X cos ^2a-2-1).
Case II When 1 < a: < 0 : In this case,
-1<AT<0 =>-l<cos0<O =>~<0 <7T=> t:<2 0<2ti=> - 2 7c<-2 0 <-7T => O<2t:-20<k
2
ww
Also, -1<a:<0=>-1<2x^-1<1
cos 2 0 = (2a:^-1)
Flo
=> cos (277-2 0) = (2x^-1)
e
(2x^-1) => 20=27T-cos ^ (2x^-1) => 2cos â- = 2tC“C0S ^2x^-1).
ree
-1
=> 2ti - 2 0 = cos
Fr
(ii) Let cos" ^ x = 0. Then, x = cos 0
rF
uurr
cos 3 0 = 4 cos^ 0-3 cos 0 => cos 30 = 4x^ - 3x for
Casel When — < X < 1: In this case.
s
2
kks
1 1 1
-l<4x^-3x<l
Yo
7t
-<x<l=> - <COS0<1=> O<0<-=> O<30<7l Also, -
oooo
2 2 3 2
cos 3 0 = 4x^ - 3x => 3 0 = cos

-1
(4x^ - 3x) => 3 cos ^ X ^ (4x^ - 3x)
eB
cos
Case II When - i < X < ^2 ; In this case,

ur
2
ad
1 1 1 1 7t 2t7
YYo
--<x<-=>- - < cos 0 < — => -<0< => 71 < 3 0 < 2 7T=> -2tU < - 30 < -77^ 0 < 2t7 — 30 < 77
2 2 2 2 3 3
cos 3 0= 4x^ - 3x
dd
Re
=> cos (2 77 - 3 0) = 4x^ - 3x

in
F
=> 2t7-30 = cos“ ^x^-3x) ^ 30 = 2t7-cos"^4x^-3x) => 3cos“ ^x = 2t7-cos" \4x^ - 3x)
Case III When -1 < X < - —: In this case.
2
1 1
-1<X< — => -1< cos 0 < —
2 2
2t7
<0<77=>2t7<30< 377 => - 377 <-30<-2t7=> - 77<277-30<O=> O<30-2t7<77
3
cos 3 0 = 4x^ - 3x
=> cos (2t7 - 30) = 4x^ - 3x

=> cos (3 0 - 2t7) = 4x^ - 3x => 3 0 - 2 77 = cos" ^ (4x^ - 3x)
=> 3 0 = 277+ cos" ^ (4x^ - 3x) => 3 cos" ^ x = 2t7 + cos" ^ (4x^ - 3x).
PROPERTY XI Prove that:
2x
tan ^ , if -1 ct < 1
2x
(i) 2 tan
-1
* n + tan ^ , if -t > 1
l-x^
2x
-n + tan ^ , if X <-l
1-x^
tan
i[ 3x-a:^ , if-
1
<a: <
1
loow w
V3 43
3^
(ii) 3 tan ^ x n + tan
_1 3a: - a:
, if a: > -i
43
1 - 3a:^
ee
3^1 1
_ 1 3a: - a:
- 71 + tan , if a: < - -j=
43
Fr
1 - 3a:^ ^
PROOF m Let tan“Â: = 0. Then, a: = tan 0.
r FF
2 tan 0 2x
rre
fofr oF
tan 2 0 = => tan 2 0 =
u
1 - tan^ 0 l-.x2
ks
Case I W/ie« -1 < a: < 1 : In this case,

YYouro
soo
71 7t 7C
-1<a:-1 => -l<tan0<l =^> --?<0< => ——<20< —
2
2 4 2
BBook
2a: 2a: 2a:

-1
=^> 2 tan ^ X = tan ^
r ee
tan 20 =
^ => 20 = tan
1 - x^ l-x^J l-x2
ouru
ad
Case II When x > 1: In this case,

Yo
X > 1 =i> tan 0 > 1

7t
->0> — => 7C>20> — => -7t<-20<-^=> O<7i-20<^=^ — <-7t+20<O
d
2 4 2 22 2
Re
iYn
2x 2x 2x
tan 2 0 = - tan (tc - 2 0) = 2 => tan (- 71 + 2 0) = l-x2
FFind
l-x2 1-x
2x ^ 2x ' -1 2x
=> 2tan ^x = 7c+tan
- 71 + 20 = tan ^
1 -X
^ =i>20 = 7t+tan ^ a-x^. l-x2
Casein Whenx < -1: In this case,
71 71 71
X < -1 => tan 0<-l=>-^<0<- 4
=> - 7t < 20 <
2
=5> 0 < 71+20 < —
2
2
2x
tan 2 0 =
l-x^
2x
=> tan (jT + 2 0) = [v tan (7t+ a) =tan a]
l-x2
2x
71 + 2 0 = tan ^
l-x2
/
lx lx
n + 1 tan ^ x = tan ^ =>2tan ^:c=-7i+tan ^
1^1-^2 [l-x2
(ii) Let tan“ ^ X = 0. Then, x = tan 0.
3 tan 0 - tan ^ 0 3x-x^
tan 30 = ^ tan 3 0 =
1 - 3 tan^ 0 1 - 3x^
1 1
Case I Wien - <x < : In this case
V3 V3
1 1 1 . n 1 n n n n
< X < —^ < tan 0 < -? => — <0 <—=> — <30 < —
V3 V3 V3 V3 6 6 2 2
3x-x^ 3x-x
3>
ww
tan 3 0 = — =>30 = tan ^ => 3 tan“ ^ X = tan ^
l-3x
U-3*"J .1-3*"/
1
Case n When x > : In this case,
Flo
V3
J= => tan 0 > i 71 7t
e
X > => - >0 > -
V3 V3
reree
2 6
7C 371 37t 7C
r FF
7t 7C 71
- < 30 < <_30 < — <7c-30 <-=>-::1<30-71<-
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3x-x^
uurr
tan 3 0 =
foor
1-3x2
ks s
3x-x^
-tan (71-3 0) =
Yoo
[v tan(71-3 0) = -tan 3 0)]

ooook
1-3x2
3x-x^
eBB
=> tan(3 0-7i) =

1-3x2
uurr
3>
3 0-7t = tan
_1 3x-x
ad
Yo
3^
dY
3x-x^ '
3 tan” ^ X - 7c = tan” ^ = =i> 3 tan ^ x = 7i + tan _ 1 3x - X
1 1 - 3x2
Re
innd
\ /
Casein When x<- ^ : In this case

FFi
V3
1 1 71 7t 371 71 K n
X < ^ tan 0 < - --<0< <30<— —<7c + 30< —
V3 V3 2 6 2 2 2 2
3x-x^
tan 3 0 =
1-3x2
3x-x^
tan (ti + 3 0) = [●●● tan (ti + x) = tan x]
1-3x2
7t+ 3 0 = tan
_l 3x-x^
^1-3x2
3 ^
=>3tan ^x = -7c + tan _1 (3x-x^^
3x x^
71+3 tan ^ X = tan ^
^1-3x2 1 - 3x2 ^
INVERSETRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 3.79
PROPERTY XII Prove that:
.●_-l 2x
sin , if-1 <a:<1
1 + x^
lx
(i) 2tan"^ X n - sm , if a: > 1
1 + x'^
● -1 lx
- Tt - sin
2
, if a: <-l
2>
_1 \-X
cos , if 0 < a: < 00
(ii) 2 tan ^ a:
w
-cos , if-oo <a: <0
Flo
PROOF (i) Let tan“ ^ a: = 0. Then, x = tan 0
reee
2 tan 0 2a:
sin 2 0 = ^ sin 2 0 =
1 + tan^ 0
FFr
Case I Vihen In this case,
uurr
-1<a:<1 => -1<tan 0<1=>
71
<0< — ^ --r^20< —
TC
for 71
4 4 2 2
kkss
lx lx lx
-1
=> 2 tan ^ X
sin 2 0 =
^=>20 = sin
sin
1 + a:^
Yo
l + :c2
oooo
1 + a:
Case II When a: > 1: In this case,

eB
K 71
X > 1 => tan 0>1 => —<0<—=> —<20 <71 => 7T<-20<— => O<t:-20<--
4 2 2 2 2
rr
2x 2x -1 2x
ou
ad
sin 2 6 =
y => sin (tj - 2 6) = y=> 71-26 = sin
1 + x 1 + x^
YY
2x 2x
tc-2 tan ^ x sm =4> 2 tan ^ X = TT - sin
nndd
1 + x^ 1 + x^
Re
Casein Whenx<-1: In this case,

Fi
x<-l => tan0<-l => 2 <0<-—=>-tc<20<—^=>0<ti:+26<-^^--^<-7c-26<0

4 2
2x
sin 2 6 =
1 + x^
2x 2x ● -1 2x
-sin (ti+ 2 0) = sin (- 71 - 2 0) = => -7t-26 = sm
1 + x^ 1 + x^
2x 2x
- 71 - 2 tan ^ X sm => 2 tan ^ X -7i-sm
1 + x^ l^x"
(ii) Lettan“^x = 0. Then, x = tan 6.

1 -tan^ 0 l-x2
cos 2 6 = => COS 2 0 =
1 + tan^ 0 1 + x^
Case I When 0 < < oo: In this case,

0<:e<co^ 0^ tan 0<co^ O<0<—=> O<20<ii
2
2 2 ^ 2^
COS 2 6 = -
-X -1
=> 2 tan ^ X 1 1-^
1 + x
^=^20 = cos l + x^
cos
1
Case II When -co <x <0: In this case,

-oo<a:<0=> -oo< tan 0<O=> <0<O=> -7i<20<O=> O<-20<ti
2
l-x2 1-x^ _1 1-x
2\
cos 2 0 = =^> cos (-2 9) = ^-20 = cos
1 + x^ l + x^ 1 + x^
ooww
2>
-2 tan ^ X _l 1 -a: 1-:^^
cos => 2 tan ^ X - cos
-1
\+x^ 1 + x^
e
re
rFFl
ree
EXAMPLE Prove that:
F
2x 3x-;c3 1
tan“ ^ ar+ tan" ^ = tan ^
rF
/I ^1 < (NCERT,CBSE2010]
l-a:^ 1-3x2 V3
fsfoor
ouur
-1 -1 2x
SOLUTION tan X + tan
l-x2
kosk
2x
Yo
x + -
l-x2
oo
= tan ^
Y
x +y
■: tan ^ x + tan ^ y = tan ^ if xy < 1
BB
2x2
1 -
l-x2_
rre
X -x^ + 2x' 3^
oYuu
3x-x
= tan ^ - tan
-1
ad
1-x2-2x2 1-3x2
dY
2x 1 1
ALITER LHS = tan ^x+tan ^ = tan ^ X + 2 tan ^ x —i=<X<—!=
U-x2 V3 Vs
innd
Re
= 3 tan
-1
^ X = tan
-if 3x-x^ = RHS
Fi
F
1-3x2
3fl2 x-x 3^ 1 x 1
EXAMPLE! Simplify: tan ^ < — < INCERT]
/ 9
,7^2 y V3 a V3
SOLUTION tan
_1 3fl x-x 3^
- 3ax^
3
fx^ (x ^3l
\aj \aj 3^
= tan ^ ■ -1 _1 3x - X
^2
= 3 tan tan = 3 tan ^ X
1-3
(x a
1-3x2
\aj
-1 1 -1 1 -1 31
EXAMPLES Prove that: 2 tan — + tan — = tan
2 7 17
SOLUTION 2 tan
-1 —
1 + tan
-1 1
2 7
1
2x -
= tan ^ 2 -1 1 *.● 2 tan ^ X = tan ^
2x
+ tan , if -1 <x <1
1
n2 7 1-^2
1- -
\2)
4 1
= tan
-1 4 + tan ^ — = tan ^ 3
^ I = tan -1 31
3 7 11 —4 X 1
—
17
3 7
ww
I 1
EXAMPLE 4 Evaluate: tan 2 tan“ ^ - [CBSE2013]
5J
2x
1 ^
SOLUTION tan 2 tan ^
1
= tan \ tan ^ 5 ^ = .tan f.tan -1 —
5 "l = —5
Flo
^
5J 1 12 12
e
1 -—
25
ere
Prove that: 2sin“^ — tan _ll7
K
EXAMPLES [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
FFr
5 31 4
uurr
SOLUTION 2sin“^ tan -1 17
5 31
orr
sfo
= 2 tan“^—tan -1 17 ;_-l —3 -1 3
#5
sin = tan
4 31 5 4
kks
Yo
oooo
3
2x
-1 4 -1 17 2 tan = tan ^ for I X1 < 1
eBB
= tan ● - tan
31 l-x2
1- -
urr
24 17
ad
= .tan -124 ,tan -^l^ = tan-^ = tan-h=^

7 31
YYo
7 13 24 17 4
1 + — X —
7 31
dd
Re
inn

F
EXAMPLE 6 Prove that: tan — < sin

-1 2x
+ cos
-ii-y^ _ X +y
if \ x\ <1, y >0 and
2 1 +x2 i + y^ 1 -xy '
xy<l. [NCERT, CBSE 2013]
cos
-ii-y^ = 2 tan ^ y for all y > 0 and, sin ^ 2x = 2 tan ^ X for ail X e [-1,1]
1 + y2 l + x2
LHS = tan — ●! sin

1 -1 2x
+ cos
-ii-y^ = tan —
1
2 tcin ^ X + 2 tan ^ y
2
2 1 +x2 1 + y-J 2
-1 x +y x + y
= tan tan ^ X + tan ^ y = tan ■[ tan ^ ^ ^ = RHS [●●● xy < 1]
1" -xy 1 -xy
EXAMPLE?
Find the value of: sin < 2 cot
-1
--1^
12 Jj'
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
I -if 5
SOLUTION sin 2 cot ^ - =s sin ■! 2 n- cot“^ 5 ^ [v cot ^(-X)=7l-COt
12 12
-1 5 -l5
= sin 2ji-2cot = - sin 2 cot [●.* sin {2n - 0) = - sin 9]
12 12
= - sin 2 tan _ll2^ V cot ^x = tan forx>0

5 J X
12
2x -
ooww
● -1 5 2x
= - sm < Tt-sm ■
2 tan ^ X = 7t - sin
● -1
for X > 1
1 +
12^^ vl +x^
5J J
= -sm 71-sm
. -il20^ = - sm
. -il20^
sm
120
e
169 169 169
ree
EXAMPLES
rFlShow that: 2 tan ^ (-3) = - -2 + tan ^ - INCERT EXEMPLAR]
Fre
3
rrF
SOLUTION LHS = 2 tan~^(-3) = -2 tan“^ 3 [v tan”^(-x) =-tan“^x]
2x ^ ,
ouur
^x_3
71+ tan
sffoo
-1
2 tan ^ X = 7t + tan ^ if X > 1
U-3^ U-x2
-if 3^ =
okks
-1 3
= -7i-tan - 7t + tan V tan"^(-x) =-tan“^x
Yo
4; 4
ooo
7t -l3^ 7C
eBB
= - 71+ cot tan ^ X = — -cot ^x

V2 4j 2
71 -1 3 71 -1 4 —1 -1 f —
1
for X > 0
uurr
— cot — tan ●: cot X = tan

2 4 2 3
ad
7T , -if 4^
YYo
= — + tan = RHS
2 3)
dd
4 tan -iM
EXAMPLE 9 Show that: cos 2 tan
-ll tNCERT EXEMPLAR]
= sin
Re
iinn
7) 3)
SOLUTION We have.
F
1
1- 2^
ll
LHS - cos 2 tan = cos cos
-1 49
2 tan ^ X = cos _1 1-X for 0 < X < X
7) 1
1 + 1 +X^
49
= cos cos -if 24' 24

-(i)
.25, 25
and.
I')
= sin ] 2 2 tan -in
-1
RHS = sin 4 tan
3) 3)
1
2x-
-1 3 2x
= sm 2 tan 2 tan n = tan -1 for -1 < X < 1
1
1- .1 -x^
9J
3 ^
2x
= sin 2 tan -l3^ = sm
●
sm
-1 4
2 tan ^ .T = sin
● -1 lx
, if -1 < a: <1
4) 9 \ + x^
1+ —
16
, -124^ 24
= sin sm ●●●(ii)
25 25
From (i) and (ii), we obtain

cos 2 tan = sin 4 tan
7j 3j
EXAMPLE 10 Prove that: tan ^ Vx=- cos , -t e [0,1] INCERT, CBSE 2010]
2 1 + x
loow w
SOLUTION We have,
1 cos
_i ri-x\ _ 1 cos 1 [1 = — X 2 tan ^ -Jx = tan ^ -Jx .
2 ■ 1+ 2
ALITER Putting x = tan^ 0, we obtain
ree
1 -1 1-^ 1 -1 1 -tan^ 6 1 -1
RHS = — cos (cos 20) = 0 = tan“ ^ -Jx = LHS
rree F
cos cos
2 1 + x 2
r FF
1 + tan^ 0 I 2 J
/
-ll
EXAMPLE 11 Find the value of the expression: sin 2tan tan”^ 2V2 .
fofroF
+ cos
3J
u
{NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ks
SOLUTION sin 2 tan in + cos tan“^ 2V2

soo
3)
YYouor
n
BBook
2x-
3 -ii 2:c
V 2 tan “n = sin ^ , if -1 < a: <1
r ee
= sm < sm + cos cos

1 3j
1 +-
9,
ouru
ad
■ -l3^ -ll = - i = li
Yo
= sm sm — +COS cos
5) 3j~5 3~15
EXAMPLE 12 Prove the following:
d
Re
-ll -1 1 -1 1 7C -ll -l5^/2 -ll TC

(i) 4 tan — tan — + tan (ii) 2 tan + 2 tan
inY
- + sec
5 70 99 4 5 7 8 4
FFind
[CBSE 2014]
4 tan" ^ — tan" ^ — + tan -1 1
5 70 99
-ll
= 2 2 tan -tan ^ — + tan ^ —
5 70 99
-1 2x1/5 lx
= 2 tan -tan ^ — + tan ^ — 2 tan n = tan ^ ■y / if|x| <1
1-(1/5)2 70 99 1 - .V
-1 5 -1 1 -1 1
= 2 tan tan tan
12 70 99
2 X 5/12 _1 120 -1 29
= tan ^ ● - tan ^ 70 99 = tan - tan
1 1
1-(5/12)2 1 + X
119 6931
70 99 J
^ _ 1
_1 120 -1 1 -1 119 239
= tan =
71
= tan - tan = tan
119 239 1 + 1^ 1 4
119 239
-1 5V2
(ii) 2 tan - + sec + 2 tan
5 7 8
= 2 tan
-ll
- + tan
-ll
+ sec
_l5V2
5 8 7
r 1 1
f5V2f
- + ●
= 2 tan ^ \ — 1 8 + tan
-1
-1 sec
1
X = tan
-1
-1
1
1 -- X - 11 7
5 8j
ww
*13 -ll
= 2 tan “ ^ — + tan = 2 tan ^ — + tan ^ -
39 7 3 7
Floo
-1 2x1/3 -1 1 -1 _l 2x
= tan 4- tan 2 tan X - tan
1-{1/3)2 ' 7 1 - .V
ree
3 1
— + -
rFee
— 1 3 4 7 n
= tan — + tan ^ — = tan ^ - tan h =
4 7 3 1 4
F
1 - -- X -
oor r
rur
4 7
EXAMPLE 13 Evaluate:
s ff
V5
(i) tan 12 tan” ^ 5-
71 1 - 1
(ii) tan cos
osk
[2
YYoou
4 3
oook
- 1 1 71
SOLUTION (i) tan 2 tan
eBB
5 4
2x
1 ^
-1 5 2x
- tan ^ 1 2 tan ^ x = tan ^
uur r
- tan < tan

1
,if|x|<l
l-x2
ad
1 -
25/
Yo
f 5 -1
r-7^ -7
dY
-1 12 -1
= tan tan — - tan ^ 1 = tan tan
-1
■= tan tan
Re
12 5 U7 17
idn
1 +
12
FFin
V5 V5
(ii) Let cos ^ - 0. Then, cos 0 =
3 3
1-#- 3-V5
tan fl — cos -1 V5 — tan
0 1 - cos 0 3 _
1 + cos 0 ^"■((3 + ^5
1
2 3; 2
1 +
3
(3-V5)2 _ (3-V5)2 3-V5

1(3 + ^/5)(3-V5) ^ 9-5 2
EXAMPLE 14 Solve for x: 2 tan” ^ (cos x) = tan” ^ (2 cosec x).

(NCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2009, 2010 C, 2014, 2016]
SOLUTION We have,
2 tan” ^ (cos x) = tan
-1
(2 cosec x)
2 cos X
tan ^ 2
= tan ^ (2 cosec x)
1 - COS X
2 cos a: ■K %
●2
= 2 cosec X ^ cos x - sin x ^ tan .r = 1 ^ tan x = tan — ^ x=nn + — ,neZ
sm a: 4 4
EXAMPLE 15 Solve the follozving equations:

7t
(i) sin” ^ (1 - x) - 2 sin
- 1
-1
X = - {CBSE 2020] (ii) sin 2 cos cot (2 tan ^ x) = 0
w
2
(iii) sin”^x + sin”^(l-x) =cos *x

-1
(NCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2016]

7t
^ (1 -x) -2 sin” ^ X =
roow
e
sm
2
re
sin ^ (1 -x) = —2 + 2 sin” ^ X
reF
. f ^rc
sin
uFFll sin = sin -+2sm

● -1
X
e
-1
1 - X = cos (2 sin X)
sFr
|cos”^(l-2x^)| (1-2x2)]
-1 - 1
1 - X = cos [●.● 2 sin X = cos
foro
uor
fk
1 -X = (1 -2x2)=> X = 2a'2=> x(2x-1) = 0 => X = 0 '2
1
okso
1
For, X = — , we obtain
Y
Yo
2 '
oo
BB
K
LHS = sin ^ (1 - x) - 2 sin ^ x = sm — 2 sin
2 2
= - sm
2
--
6
R.H.S.
So, X = 1/2 is not a root of the given equation.

rYree
ouu
Clearly, x = 0 satisfies the given equation. Hence, x = 0 is a root of the given equation,
ad
(ii) We have.
Ydo
sin 2 cos
^ I cot (2 tan ^ x)| = 0
nidn
Re
\\
2x 2x
2 cos ^ ■< cot -1
2 tan ^ X = tan ^
F
sm tan = 0
Fi
l-x2 l-x2
2^^
^ -1 _i 1-X ll
sm 2 cos < cot cot = 0 cot ^ X = tan
2x X
/y
l-x2
sm 2 cos ^ = 0
2x
-x2 1 -X
2^2
sm sm M2 -
2x 2x
= 0 2 cos ^ X = sin (2x -^1-x^)
l-x2 1 -X
2^2 l-x2 1 -X
2^2
1 - = 0 => = 0 or 1 - = 0
X
1 2x X
'1 2x
1 -X
l-x^ =0 or. = 1 => a: = ± 1 or, (1 - = 4x^
2x
Now, (l-x^f=4x^ => {l-x^)^-{2x)'^=0 => {l-x^-2x){l-x^ + 2x)=0

l-x^-2x = OoT,l-x^ + 2x = 0 => x^ + 2x-l = 0 or, - 2:t -1 = 0
X = -l±V2or, AT =1± V2
Hence, a: = ± 1, -1 ± V2,1 ± V2 are the roots of the given equation.
(iii) We have.
sin ^ X + sin ^ (1 - x) = cos ^ x
ooww
● -1 . _1 ,, , K . 7C . _i
sin x + sin (l-x)= — sin x cos -^x = — sm X
2 2
sin ^(1-x) = —-2 sin ^ X

2
e
sin \ sin~^(l -x)
● -1
—2sin X
re
= sin
V2
rFFl
ree
1
F
l-x=cos(2sin x)
rF
1 -X = cos \ cos“^(l-2x^) 2sin ^x = cos ^(l-2x^)
fsfoor
ouur
1 -X =1 -2x^ => 2x^ -X = 0 => x(2x-l) = 0=> x = 0or, x=^
kosk
Clearly, these values satisfy the given equation. Hence,

x = 0, ^ are the roots of the given
Yo
oo
Y
equation.
BB
-1 2x -1 n
EXAMPLE16 So/ue/orx: tan -1<x<l
rre
2 + cot [CBSE 20111

1 -X 2x 3'
oYuu

ad
-im
dY
tan ,ifx>0
cot ^ X
tan -ifi ,ifx>0
i.e. cot ^ X \xj
.xj -n+ cot“ ^ X, if X < 0 -irn
innd
7t 4- tan — , if X <0
Re
Fi
F
So, following cases arise:

Case I When 0 < x < 1: In this case, we have
-1 2x
cot = tan ...(i)
2x l-x2
Given equation is
2>
tan“ ^
2x
+ cot
_l 1-x 7T
l-x2 2x 3
2x 7t
2 tan ^ [Using (i)]
1 -x^ 3
77 .. -1 7t VI-1
4 tan ^ X = — => tan X = — ^ X = tan — = tan 15 =
3 12 12 VI + 1
Case II When -1 < x < 0: In this case, we have

2
-1 1 a: -1 2x
cot - = 7u + tan -(ii)
2x 1-x^
Given equation is
/ _ \ 2>
2x 1 -:c n . _ 1 2x 2x n
tan” ^ + cot ^ = — => tan + n + tan ^ [Using (i)]
1-x^ 2x 3 1-x^ l-:.2 3
2x 2tc . , _1 2n . -I K , n 1
2 tan ^ = - -— => 4 tan x = - — =>tan x= — => x = tan
1-^2 3 3 6 6J ^/3
Case III When a: = 0: In this case, we have

2>
2x _1 l-x
LHS = tan“^ = tan ^ (0) + cot ^ (oo) =—2 and, RHS = —3
w
+ cot
l-x^ 2x
So, X = 0 is not a solution of the given equation.

Hence, x =
Flo
V3-1
and X =
1
are solutions of the given equation.
reee
V3+1 V3
FFr
EXAMPLE 17 Solve: cos
-if + tan ^
2x 2n
urr
x^+1, 1x2-1 3
for
SOLUTION The given equation is
kkss
-if x^-1 + tan -1 2x 271

Yo
cos
ooo
x'^+Xj ^x 2-1 3
-ifl-y 2 ^ -tan ^ 2x 2\
eB
2n 1-x 2x 71
7C-COS = => cos
-1
+ tan ^
l + x2 .l-x2 3 l+x2 l-x2 3
r
We know that
ou
ad
7t+ 2tan”^ X, x<-l

YY
2tan ^x, x>0 -1 2x 'I

2tan“^ X,
cos and, tan 1<X<1
l+x2^ -2tan”^x, x<0 l-x2
nndd
-K + 2 tan X, X >1
Re
So, we have the following cases:

Fi
Case I When x < -1: In this case, we have
cos
-if l-x2 = -2 tan ^ X and tan ^
2x
= 71+2 tan
-1
*x
l + x2 l-x2
cos
-if + tan
●1 2x 7t
1 + x2 J l-x2 3
71 7t
-2 tan X + 71+2 tan X = ^ 7c = —,which is absurd.
3 3
So, the equation (i) has no solution for x < -1.

Case II When -1 < x < 0: In this case, we have
cos
■1 1-x2] = -2tan”^x and, tan -1 2x 'I = 71 + 2 tan
-1
*X
^l + x2 ll-x2
2^
cos
_1 1-X + tan ^
2x K
l + x^ ^ l-x^ 3
-2tan Â: + 2tan ^x = —=> 0 =—, which is also an absurd result.

3 3
So, the equation (i) has no solution for 1 < a: < 0.

Case III When 0 < a; < 1: In this case, we have
/'i
cos
1 1-x^ = 2 tan ^ a: and tan ^
2a:
= 2tan â:
1+x^^
cos
_1 1-a:^ + tan ^ 2a: K
l + :c^ 1-^2 3
ww
V3-1
2tan ^x + 2tan ^ X = — =>4tan *x = — => tan x = — => x = tan — = = 2-V3
3 3 12 12 V3+1
Flo
Clearly, x = 2 - V3 satisfies the condition 0 < x < 1. Hence, x = 2 - Vs is a solution of equation (i).
Case IV When x > 1. In this case, we have
ee
1\
_1 1-x
rere
2x
cos = 2tan”^x and tan“^ = - 71 + 2 tan ^ X
rFF
^1+x^ l-X^J
w
uurr
-1 2x 71
+ tan ^
cos
foor
1 + x^ K.\~x^) 3
ks s
2tan"^x-Tt + 2tan"^x = —=> 4tan“^x = —=s> tan“^x = —=> x = tan —= V3'.

Yoo
3 3 3‘ 3■
oook
Hence, x = 2~-yf3, V3 are solutions of the given equation.

eBB
EXAMPLE 18 If y = cor ^ (^COS X - tan

^ ^cos X j, prove that sin y = tan
2 a:
2
SOLUTION We have,
uurr
ad
1 f Jcosx
I N
y = cot“^ yjcos X tan' ^ ^cos x
n
— tan
^ ^cos x - tan
Yo
2 V J
dY
« -\C I
y = --2 tan |^.^cosx
Re
innd
^2l
1 -f\yJcos X
FFi
2 V
7T
1 2 tan' ^ _i r-x
y = —cos n2
x = cos
2
1 + cos X
y )
_ 1 1 - cos X
y = — cos
7t
2
=> y
71
— cos ftan^^
1 + cos X 2 2;
-1 2 ^ 71 2 ^ 71 . 2 ■X
tan — y => tan
cos
cos — y => tan — = sin y.
2J 2 2 2 2
-1 cos a + cos P a P .
EXAMPLE 19 Prove that: cos - 2 tan ^ tan — tan —
1 + cos a cos P 2 2)
SOLUTION We have.
RHS = 2 tan -if tan — tan —

P a
2 2)
2 V
cos
I 1 - tan^ a/2 tan^ p/ 2 2 tan = cos
-1 1-x
1 + tan"^ a/2 tan'^ p/2 1 + x^ )
cos
-1 cos^ a/2 cos^ p/2 - sin^ a / 2 sin^ p/2
cos^ a/2 cos^ p/2 + sin^ a / 2 sin^ p/2
cos
-1 [(2cos^g/2) (2cos^p/2)-(2sin^g/2)(2sin^P/2)
(2cos^ a/2) (2cos^ p/2) + (2sin^ a/2) (2sin^ P/2)
(1 + cos a) (1 + cos P) -(1 - cos a) (1 - cos P) _ 1 f cos a + cos P
oww
-1
cos = cos = LHS.
(1 + cos a) (1 + cos P) + (1 - cos a) (1 - cos p) 1 + cos a cos p
EXAMPLE 20 Show that: 2 tan ^

a
tan — tan = tan’^ sin a cosp
2 U 2 cos a + sin p ^
e
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
FFrlo
re
SOLUTION LHS = 2tan
-1 a
tan — tan fu_p"|
2 4 2
ree
F
P^
rF
1 - tan -
a
2
2tan —
a 2 P
2 tan —tan fsoor 1 + tan -
ouur
= tan ^ 2 ^4 21 [ = tan ^ ■ 2>
skf
2 CC
1 -tan —tan 1 - tan -
ooko
2 4 2 2a 2
1 - tan
Yo
2 P
Y
1 + tan
2j
Bo
reB
2 tan —
a
1 - tan — py 1 + tan-P^
-1 2 1. 2)[ 2J
uur
oY
= tan
Pf -tan 2« Pf
ad
1 + tan- 1 - tan —
2J 2^ 2)
dY
2 tan —
a
1 - tan
2P
innd
Re
- tan
-1 2 1. 2)
1 + 2 tan —+ tan^ ^ 2 ct
1 -2 tan- +tan^ ^
Fi
F
-tan
2 2) 2\ 2 2}
2 tan
a
1 - tan
2P
= tan ^ 2'. 2)
l + 2tan2 + tan^^ -tan
2a
1 - 2 tan - + tan ^ ^
2 2) 2\ 2 2)
2 tan
a
1 - tan
2P
2^ 2j
= tan ^ ● j 2 a B ( 2tt 2P 2 a
1 - tan + 2 tan - 1 + tan + tan 1 - tan
2) 2^ 2) 2\ 2)
2 tan —
a
1 - tan
2P
= tan
-1 2K 2)
1 - tan
2 a
\ f
1 + tan 2P1 + 2 tan
P 1 + tan
2tt
2A 2j 2^ 2)
2 tan
a
1 - tan
2PI
2-x 2
1 + tan
2a
1 + tan
2P
-1 2 9 _i f sinacosB
LHS = tan — S* = tan ^ = RHS
1 - tan
2a
2tan^ cos a + sin p
2 + 2
1 + tan
2a
1 + tan
2 P
2 2j
p^ 2ri. -iP— = (a + p)(a2 + p2).

3
a 2 1 -1 a
EXAMPLE 21 Prove that: cosec — tan + — sec — tan
2 .2 PJ 2 2 a;
ooww
3
SOLUTION LHS =
a
cosec
2^1— tan
-1 a p^
+ — sec
2ri.
- tan
-iP—
2 .2 P 2 u ay
3
a p3 , where 0 = — tan ^ — and (b = i tan
1 -1 P
2 sin^ 0 2 cos^ (j) 2 P 2
e
a
re
3
p3
3
a p3 a
rFFl
ree
1 - cos 2 0 1 + cos 2^ 1 - cos (tan ^ a/p) 1 + cos (tan ^ p/ a)
F
3
p3
rF
a
fsfoor -1 P -1 a
ouur
1 - cos cos 1 + cos cos
^/a^+P^
kosk
3
p3
3
a a p3
Yo
oo
P
7a^+P^ -P â^ + p^+a
a
Y
1 - 1 +
BB
+P^
rre
a
ouu
Y
ad
a2+p2-p2 a^ + p^ - a^
dY
|a|^ +p^ +pj + p(^ +p2 -a | a2+p2

innd
Re
Fi
= a (a2 + p2) + p (a^ + p^) = (a + p) (a^ + p2) = RHS

F
^ jtan^ (a + P) tan^ (a -p)| + tan

tan _ 1 [ cos 2 a sec 2 P + cos 2 p sec 2 a = tan
-1
1
2
SOLUTION We have,
-1 tan^ (a + P) tan^ (a -P) +1
RHS =tan tan2(a + P) tan2(a-p) + tan ^l = tan ^ ●
1 - tan^ (a + P) tan^ (a ~P)
- tan
1 sin^ (a + P) sin^ (a -p) + cos^ (a + p) cos^ (a -P)
cos^ (a +P) cos^ (a -P) -sin^ (a + p) sin^ (a -p)
= tan
-1 {2 sin (a + p) sin (a - P)}^ + {2 cos (a + P) cos (a - P)}^
|2 cos (a + p) cos (a -P)}^ -{2 sin (a + P) sin (a -P)}^|
= tan
I (cos 2 P - cos 2 a)^ + (cos 2 a + cos 2 P)^
(cos 2 a + cos 2 P)^ - (cos 2 p - cos 2 a)^
= tan
-1 cos^ 2 a + cos^ 2 p > = tan -1 cos 2 a sec 2 P + cos 2 p sec 2 a = LHS.
2 cos 2 a cos 2 p 2
EXERCISE 3.14
BASIC
!■ Evaluate the following:

K 1 . _l3>
(i) tan \ 2 tan (ii) tan —
— sm
l2
—
4J
ww
5 4
(I
(iii) sin -
U
cos
-l4
5)
(iv) sinf2tan-^-l+cosftan-^VsllNCERT
I 3
EXEMPLAR]
Flo
(i) 2 sin I
-1 24 -1 1
e
- tan (ii) 4 tan ^ - tan = ^ [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
eree
o 7 5 239 4
-1 2 1 _il2 -1 1 ji:
(iv) tan ” ^ + 2 tan [CBSE 2010]
FFr
(iii) tan - — tan
3 2 5 7 3 4
uurr
— 1 4 -ll 7T ll7 K
(vi) 2 sin" ^ tan
(v) sin - + 2 tan
5 3 2 5
orr31 4
sfo
(vii) 2 tan" ^ - + tan" ^ — = tan" ^ — [NCERT]
5 8 7
kks
Yoo
oooo
1 3 _ll7 n
[CBSE 2011]
(viii) 2 tan "'--tan
4 31 4
eBB
1 31
(ix) 2 tan" ^ — + tan" ^ — = tan [CBSE 2011,2020]
2 7 17
urr
1 ^ 1 _i3 1 . _i4—
(x) tan" ^ —4 + tan" ^ - — cos — = — sin [CBSE 2010 Cl
ad
9 2 5 2 5
YYo
3. Find the values of each of the following:

-1 -1 1> 1
'^x),\x\>l
dd
(i) tan 2 cos 2 sin (ii) cos (sec .V + cosec

2)
Re
inn
la lx a-b
4. If sin" ^ = tan ^
F
1+.2
-cos
1+b^ l~x
y , then prove that x = 1 + ab
BASED ON LOTS
5. Prove that:
2^ 2^
1 -:r 1 -;c TC l-x^
(i) tan"^ (ii) sin \ tan ^
- 1
+ cot + cos =1
lx lx 1 lx 1 + X^
1
(iii) lx^f^^^ = 2cos ^x,
V2
<X<1 (CBSE 2020]
la . _i 2b a + b
6. If sin ^ + sin = 2 tan ^ X, prove that x = 1
l + «2 1+^2 - ab
7. Show that 2 tan

1 ..-1 2x
X + sin
1 + x
y is constant for x>l, find that constant.
8. Solve the following equations for x:

-1 —
1 -ll 1 1 -1 1 n
(i) tan + 2 tan - + tan — + tan
4 5 6 X 4
-1 2x - 1 1-x^ -1 2x n
(ii) 3 sin -4 cos
^ + 2 tan
1 + a:2 1+x l-:r2 ■ 3
2^
-1 2x 1 -X 2n
(iii) tan + cot'^ — , a: > 0 [CBSE 20101
l-;c2 2x 3
(iv) 2 tan ^(sin.t) = tan ^ (2 sec.t), x^-2 [CBSE2012]
+ -tan ^ ( 2x
-1 2Tt
(v) cos
w
.r^+l 2 l-x^ 3
-1 x-2 -1 A* + 2 ^ 7T
(vi) tan -f tan ICBSE2016]
Flo
x-1 AT + 1 4
e
BASED ON HOTS
rree
-1 a~b -1 a cos Q + b
r FF
9. Prove that: 2 tan tan — cos
p+b 2 (I + b cos 0
uurr
10. Prove that;
for
-1 2(ib -1 2xy _1 2gp
tan
2 + tan = tan where a = ax-by and ^ = ay + bx.
2_p2'
2 2
-b
kss
x-r a
ooook
11. For any a, b, x, y > 0, prove that:

Yo
o \
2 tan -1 3ab^ - a 2 , 1 ( 3xy^ -x^ = tan ^ 2ap

eB
H— tan
3 b^ -3ah 3
y^-3x^y a 2-p2'
where a.=-ax+by,^ = bx + ay.
urr
ad
ANSWERS
Yo
7 4-V7
(iii) 4
37 n
dY
1- (i) (ii) (iv) 3. (i) T (ii) 0 7. K

17 3 VIo 26 4
Re
innd
461 1 7C
8. (i) - (iv) x = nK + ~, neZ {v).r=V3 (vi) ±
9 73 73 4 2
Fi

●y >y i
1. The value of sec (tan 2) + cosec (cot 3) is
-1 ^ ..I
2. If sin ^ X - cos x= — , then x =
6
-1
3. The range of sin a: + cos X + tan ' a: is
4- If sin AT = — for some x e (-1,1), then the value of cos X IS

5
●ll
5. If a: < 0, then tan Â:+tan is equal to
X
6. The value of tan“^2+tan”^ 3 is..

-1 1
7. If tan + cot'^ x = —. then x =
>/3 2'
8. If tan ^:c-tan = —,
4'
then a: - y - .ry =
9. The value of cot (tan Â:+cot ^ at) for all a: e i?, is.
n
10. If cos“Â: + cos“^y = 3'
then sin ^ x + sin ^ y =
11- If a: > 0, y > 0, Ary >1, then tan Âr + tan ^y= ..
12. If 3sin“ÂT = t:-cos"â:, then a: =
13. If tan X + tan y = ^, then cot“^ x + cot“^ y =

14. If tanX -cot"^ x = tan -Js, then x =
-1 3tc
x + sin“^y + sin“^
ww
15. If sin z = -
then -vyz =
2 '
-1
16. The value of cos sm cos is
2)
17. The value of tan cos ^jsin cot'"^ 1

FF loo
IS
ree
18. The value of tan ^ (sec~^ 3) + cot^ (cosec“^4) is
rFee
19. If tan“^(cot0) =20, then 9 =
oor rF
rur
-1 3371 A.
20. The value of sin cos IS
s ff
5 ;
21. Iftan ^x+tan ^y = —,tiiencot ^ x + cot ^y =
k
5
YYoou
ookos
22. If 3 tan ^ x + cot“^ x = n, then x =

BBo
23. If tan ^2, tan ^3 are measures of two angles of a triangle, then the measure of its third
re
angle is
24. Iftan
-la -lb K
—+ tan = —,then x =
ouur
ad
X X 2
Yo
25. If cos (2sin''^x) = —, then the value of xis

9
26. If 0 <x then sin~^ (cos x) + cos“^ (sinx) =

dY
Re
idn
27. If tan"^x = --tan”^ —, then x =

FFin
4 3'
71
28. Iftan ^x + tan = —, then X =
2 4
71
29. cot --2cot“'3 is equal to

. 4 J
30. tan
-1 . 27cV ,
tan — is equal to ....
3 J
2x
31. Ify = 2tan ^x + sin ^ for all X, then y lies in the interval. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
1 + x^
32. The result tan
-1
x-tan“^y = tan“^ ^ is true when value of xy is
1+xy
[NCERT EXENMPLAR]
33. The value of cot V-x) for aUx e R in termsofcot ^xis. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
MATHEMATICS-Xll
3.94
-if 1\ [CBSE2020]
34. The principal value of cos —^
IS
[CBSE 20201
35. The range of the principal value branch of y = sec ^xis
_ANSWERS
'n Sn’ 4. ^ 5. -
K
1. 15 2. 3.
2 4'T 10 2
6. 7.
1
8. 1 9. 0 10. ^
4 V3 3
1 7T 5;i
11- 71 +tan -1 x-^y 12. 13. 14. tan —
1-xy V2 6 12
n 7t
18. 23 19. “
w
15. -1 16. 17. 1
6 6
jt
20. -
n
21.
n
22. 1 23. 24. 4^
4
Flo
10 5
25. +_
2
26. n-2x 27.
1
28. i 29. 7
3 2 3
ee
30. -
n
31. (-271, 2tt) 32.
xy>-l 33. 71-cot ^x 34. ^
Fr
3 3
35. (- oo, -1] 1.J [1, Qo)

for VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQs)
ur
question:
ks
43 -1
1. Write the value of sin -
Yo
+ cos
2J
oo
2
-1
2. Write the difference between maximum and minimum values of sin X for a: e[-l, 1].
eB
3t:
3. If sin" ^ X + sm y+ sin""^ z = —, then write the value of a: + y + z.
2 ^
r
ou
2a:
ad
4. If a: >1, then write the value of sin

-1
in terms of tan" ^ x.
1 + A-^
Y
1
5. If X < 0, then write the value of cos
-1
in terms of tan ^ x.
nd
l + x2
Re
1 n A
Fi
6. Write the value of tan ^ .v + tan ^ - forx>0.

\xj
1 /'I ^
7. Write the value of tan ^ x + tan - forx<0.
\x
271
8. What is the value of cos ^ cos — + sm sm — ?
3 3J
2x
9. If -1 < X < 0, then write the value of sin ^ + cos
l + x2 l + x2 ■
10. Write the value of sin (cot" ^ x).
11. Write the value of cos -ifll + 2 sin -ifl
UJ 2)
12. Write the range of tan " ^ x.

13. Write the value of cos" ^ (cos 1540°).
- 1
14. Write the value of sin (sin (- 600®)).
I'l
15. Write the value of cos [ 2 sin ^
3j
16. Write the value of sin ^ (sin 1550°).

1 -1
17. Evaluate: sin — cos
5j
-1 3
18. Evaluate: sin tan
4j
3n'
ww
19. Write the value of cos tan
4 J
-1 1
20. Write tire value of cos 2 sin
2j
Flo
Write the value of cos ^ (cos 350°) - sin -1
e
21. (sin 350°)
ree
2 -1 3
Write the value of cos
Fr
22. — cos
{2 5J
rF
uurr
23.
If tan ^ + tan ' ^ y = ^ , then write the value of x + y + xy. for ICBSE2014]
24. Write the value of cos” ^ (cos 6).

s
kks
-1 TC
Yo
Write the value of sin

oooo
25. cos — .
9J
eB
7C . _ 1 n
26. Write the value of sin — sm
3
[CBSE 20111
V 2J
ur
-1 riSK)
27. Write the value of tan tan
ad
4 J
YYo
28. Write the value of 2 sin ^ — + cos ICBSE2014]

2 I 2
dd
Re
-if a-b
in
-1
29. Write the value of tan tan
b a + b
F
5n
30. Write the value of cos ^ cos
4 J
31. Show thatsin”^(2x -^1 -x^) = 2sin“^x

3n)
32. Evaluate: sin ^ sin
ICBSE2009]
5 J
If tan ^(-/3) + cot ^x = 2

71
33. find X. [CBSE 2010]
'
-1 1> K
34. If sin' + cos ^ X = then find x. [CBSE 20101
u 2'
35. Write the value of sin

— 1/1
^ — - cos
-if 1
[3j 3j
3.96
MATHEMATICS-XIl
36. If 4 sin ^ a: + cos" ^ x = 7i, then what is the value of a:?

-1 -1
37. If < 0, y < 0 such that xy=l, then write the value of tan X + tan y-
38. What is the principal value of sin ^ [CBSE2010]
w
I 2 y
-\( 1 [CBSE2011]
39. Write the principal value of sin
2ti^
40. Write the principal value of cos" ^ cos — + sm sin —
3;
.
e
3;
wr
lloo
r
41. Write the value of tan 2tan . [CBSE2013]
V 0)
F
-1 -1 ( 1
u
42. Write the principal value of tan (1) + cos [CBSE2013]
2)
r FF
43. Write the value of tan ^<^2sin 2cos [CBSE 20131
e
rrse
2
uo
koF
44. Write the principal value of tan ^ + cot ^ 4^. [CBSE 21013]
45. Write the principal value of cos"^ (cos 680°).

fo
ofr [CBSE 2014]
. SttA
kso
46. Write the value of sin ^ [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Y
sm
5 )
B
Yo
eBrY
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
oo
47. Write the value of sec —

2)
14tc^
re
48. Write the value of cos ^ cos [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

uu
3 )
od
—1 —1
49. Write the value of cos sin x + cos x ,|x|<l. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Yo
ad
n
( ■ -1
sm x + cos V3
50. Write the value of the expression tan , when ^
ndi
2
Re
F
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Fi
-1
51. Write the principal value of sin cos sm [NCERT EXEMPLAR)
2)
52. The set of values of cosec ^ rv3^

2
-1 fl'\ -1
53. Write the value of tan ^ — for X < 0 in terms of cot (x).
54. Write the value of cot'^ (-x) for all x e R in terms of cot"^ x.
tan"^x+ cot"^x
55. Write the value of cos , when X = —7
3 43'
56. Ifcos(tan ^x+cot =0, find the value of x. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
57. Find the value of 2 sec ^2+ sin -ifl

u
-l2
58. If cos sin —+ COS =0, find the value of X.
5
59. Find the value of cos ^ 13tc"i -1 9%^

cos 60. Find the value of tan tan— .
6 J 8;
61. Find the value of tan ^^/3-cot ^(-Vs). [CBSE2018]
-1 . '-V7n'
62. Find the value of sin sin (CBSE20201
. 8 .
63. Two angles of a triangle are cot"^ 2 and cot”^ 3. The third angle of the triangle i is
ww
ICBSE2020]
ANSWERS
K
1. 2. n 3. 3 4. Ji - 2 tan ^ x -1 5.-2 tan” ^ x
Flo
3
e
TC n 1 2n
eree
6. - 7. - 8. K 9. 0 10. 11. —
2 2 2 3
+ X
FFr
K K 7 1
uurr
12. 13. 100° 14. 60° 15. - 16. 70 17.
2'2 VlO
9
orr
3
sfo
1 4
18. 19. n 20. - 21. 20° 22. - 23. 1
5 2 5
kks
Yoo
7k K K
24. 2ti-6 25. — 26. 1
oooo
27. - 28. n 29. -

18 4 4
3ir 2k
eBB
1 71 1
30. 32. — 33. V3 34. - 35. - 36. -
4 5 3 2 2
K 7C - 7t 5 llTT
urr
37. - 38. - 39. 40. 71 41. — 42.

2 3 6 12 12
ad
YYo
71 n 27C 27t
43. - 44. - 45. 40° 46. — 47. (j) 48. —
3 2 5 3
dd
K
49. 0 50. 1 51. - 52. (j) 53. -7t+cot 54. 7t-cot ^x
Re
inn
>/3 5k 2
F
71
56. V3
7t
55. 57. — 58. - 59. 60. -
2 6 5 6 8
K n 3tc
61. 62. - 63.
2 8 4
CHAPTER 4
ALGEBRA OF MATRICES
4.1 MATRIX
DEFINITION A set ofmn numbers (real or imaginary) arranged in the form of a rectangular array of m
rows and n columns is called anmxn matrix (to be read as ‘m by n' matrix).
w
An mx n matrix is usually written as
Flo
^11 %2 ^13 ■■■
fl2i ^22 ^23 ●●● ‘^2; ... fl2n
ee
A =
^’1 ^2 '^3 ●●● ●●●
Fr
îl ^2 ^3 ●●● Oj„j ■■■ (hnn
for
ur
In compact form the above matrix is represented by A = [ojj]^ or, A = [Ojj].
The:lhnumbers aû are known as the elements of the matrix A. The element fly belongs
ks
to 1 row and j column and is called the (/, element of the matrix A = [Ojj]. Thus, in the
Yo
oo
element Ojj the first subscript i always denotes the number of row and the second subscript j,
number of column in which the element occurs.
eB
Following are some examples of matrices:

2 1 -11
(i) A = 2 is a matrix having 2 rows and 3 columns and so it is a matrix of order 2x3
r
1 3
ou
ad
such that flu =2, fli2 =T «i3 =-1/ fl2i =l,fl22 = 3, fl23 =2.
YY
sin X cos X
(ii) B = cos X - sin :r is a matrix having 2 rows and 2 columns and so it is a matrix of order
nd
Re
2x2 such that j = sin x, bi2 = cos x, b^y = cos x, bî - ~ sin x.
Fi
NOTE It is to note here that to define a matrix we must define its order and its elements either by a general
formula (See illustration given below) or separately.
ILLUSTRATION
Construct a 3 x 4 matrix A = [oij]whose elements are given by
(i) Ojj=i + j (ii) Oij=i-i
^11 *^12 <^13 ^^14
A =
fl2i fl22 <^23 ^24 ' where Ojj = / + j.
^31 ^32 ^33 ^34 J
fljj =1+1=2, flj2 =1+2=3, flj3 =1 + 3=4, flj4 =1 +4—5.
Similarly, fl2i = 3, «22=4, ^23 =3, fl24=6and ^31 = 4, 032=5, 033 = 6, 034=7.
'2 345'
Hence, A = 3 4 5 6
4 5 6 7
4.2 MATHEMATICS-XII
(ii) Proceeding as above, we obtain

0 -1 -2 -3■
A = 1 0 -1 -2 .
2 1 0 -1
4.2 TYPES OF MATRICES
ROW MATRIX A matrix having onhj one row is called a row-matrix or a row-vector.
For example, A=[\ 2 -1 - 2] is a row matrix of order 1x4.
COLUMN MATRIX A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix or a column-vector.
3
1
2
ww
For example, A = 2 and B = 3
are column-matrices of orders 3x1 and 4x1 respectively.
-1
4
FF loo
SQUARE MATRIX A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns, say n, is
called a square matrix of order n.
ree
A square matrix of order n is also called a n-rowed square matrix. The elements aq of a square
matrix A are called the diagonal
for which i = j i.e. the elements flu, fl22/ ●● ■ > a
”mi
elements and the line along which they lie is called the principal diagonal or leading diagonal of
reFe
the matrix. oroFr
rur
2 1 -1
s ff
For example, the matrix 3-2 5 is square matrix of order 3 in which the diagonal
1 5-3
k
YYouo
okso
elements are 2,-2 and - 3.

is called a diagonal matrix if all the elements, except
BBoo
DIAGONAL MATRIX A square matrix A - [Ojj] « x«

r ee
those in the leading diagonal, are zero i.e. Ojj = 0 for all i * j.
A diagonal matrix of order nxn having dj, d2, dfj as diagonal elements is denoted by
ad
ouur
diag [di, d2,...,djj\.

Yo
10 0
For example, the matrix A = 0 2 0 is a diagonal matrix, to be denoted by A = diag [1, 2, 31-
d
0 0 3
idnY
Re
:jinx n is called a scalar matrix if

SCALAR MATRIX A square matrix A = [^^;]
FFin
(i) Oij = 0 for all i ^ j and, (ii) Oij = c for all i, where c^Q.
In other words, a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are equal is called the scalar
matrix.
1-2/ 0 0
[2 01 0 1 - 21 0 are scalar matrices of orders
For example, the matrices A = 0 2
, B=
0 0 1 - 2/
2 and 3 respectively.
IDENTITY OR UNIT MATRIX A square matrix A is called an identity or unit matrix if
(i) Ojj - 0 for all i ^ j (ii) Ojj = 1 for all i

and,
In other words, a square matrix each of whose diagonal element is unity and each of whose
non-diagonal elements is equal to zero is called an identity or unit matrix.
The identity matrix of order n is denoted by /„.
ALGEBRA OF MATRICES 4.3
10 0
1 0
For example, the matrices I2 = 0 1 ,Is= 0 1 0 are identity matrices of orders 2 and 3
0 0 1
respectively.
NULL MATRIX A matrix whose all elements are zero is called a null matrix or a zero matrix.
0 0 0 0 0
For example, 0 0
and
0 0 0 are null matrices of orders 2x2 and 2x3 respectively.
UPPER TRIANGULAR MATRIX A square matrix A = [aq] is called an upper triangular matrix ifaq = Ofor
all i > j.
Thus, in an upper triangular matrix, all elements below the main diagonal are zero.
ww
'1 2 4 3 '
0 5 1 3
For example, A - 0 0 2 9 is an upper triangular matrix.
Flo
0 0 0 5
e
LOWER TRIANGULAR MATRIX
A square matrix A = [aq] is called a lower triangular matrix ifaq = Ofor
eree
all i < j.
Thus, in a lower triangular matrix, all elements above the main diagonal are zero.
FFr
'2 0 0 ■
oorr
uur r
For example, A= 3 2 0 is a lower triangular matrix of order 3.
sf
4 5 3
sk
Yoo
A triangular matrix A =[ajj] oforderwx n is called a strictly triangular iff =0forallf = l,2,...,n.
ooko
4.3 EQUALITY OF MATRICES

eBB
DEFINITION Tivo matrices A =

andB = ]bq]r,,s are equal if
(i) m=r i.e. the number of rows in A equals the number ofroxvs in B
uurr
ad
(ii) n = s i.e. the number of columns in A equals the number of columns in B

Yo
(iii) Oij = bqfori = l, l,...,mandj= 1, 2,..., n.

dY
If two matrices A and B are equal, we write A = B, otherwise we write A ^ B.

Re
3 2 1 3 2 1
innd
The matrices A = x y 5 and B = -1 0 5 are equal if x =-1,1/= 0 andz = 4.

FFi
1 -1 4 1 ~1 z
0 0 ■ 0 0 0
Matrices and are not equal, because their orders are not same.
0 0 0 0 0
.T - y 2X +z -1
ILLUSTRATION! \f
2x-y 3z+w 0 ^ , find x, y, z, w.
13
[CBSE 2002 C, 2013]
SOLUTION Since the corresponding elements of two equal matrices are equal. Therefore,
x-y 2X + z' -1 5 ■
=> x-y = -l, 2x+z=5, 2x-y = 0, 32 + w=13.
2x-y 3z+w 0 13
Solving the equations x - y = -1 and 2 x - y = 0 as simultaneous linear equations, we get

x=l,y = 2.
Now putting X =1 in 2x + z=5, we obtain z = 3. Substituting z = 3 in 3z + w =13, we obtain
w =4.
Thus, x=l, y = 2. z = 3 and w = 4.

4.4 MATHEMATICS-XII
ILLUSTRATION 2 Find the values ofx, y, z and a which satisjy the matrix equation
' x+3 2y + x~\ ro -7'
2-1 4fl-6 3 2a
SOLUTION The coiresponding elements of two equal matrices are equal.

'x+3 2y + x' 0 -7
2-1 4fl-6 3 2a
=> X + 3 = 0, 2y + x = -7, 2-1 = 3 and - 6 = 2a.
Solving these equations, we obtain: a = 3, x = -3, y=-2, 2 = 4.

ww
EXAMPLE 1 A matrix has 12 elements. What are the possible orders it can have?
SOLUTION We know that if a matrix is of order m.xn, then it hasmn elements. Therefore, to
find all possible orders of a matrix with 12 elements, we will have to find all ordered pairs {a, b)
Flo
such that a and b are factors of 12. Clearly, all possible ordered pairs of this type are :
ee
(1,12), (12,1), (3, 4), (4, 3), (2, 6), (6, 2)
eer
Hence, possible orders of the matrix are: 1 x 12,12 x 1, 3 x 4, 4 x 3, 2 x 6 and 6x2.
FFr
'4-2 1 3’
EXAMPLE 2 IfA=[aij]isamatrixgivenbyA=[ofj]= 5 7 oorr 9 6 , write the order of A and
uur r
21 15 18 -25
s ff
find the elements ^24/ ^34 .Also, show that a^2 ~^23 ^24 ●
sk
YYoo
SOLUTION We observe that there are 3 rows and 4 columns in matrix A. Therefore, it is of order
ooko
3 X 4. The element lying at the intersection of2nd row and fourth colunm is 6. Therefore, 1224 = 6.
eBB
Similarly, the element lying at the intersection of third row and fourth column is - 25. Therefore,
J7J4 =-25. Similarly, ^32 =15, fl23~^ fl24“^-
uurr
Clearly, ^32 = 15 = 9 + 6 = <?23 + ^24 ●

ad
EXAMPLES Construct a 2x 2 matrix A =[Ojj] whose elements are given byoij =^—
Yo
dY
^^'^yf.,l<i<2 and l<y<2.

Re
SOLUTION Here INCERT]

2 ^
innd
(1 + ^x1)^ _ (1 + 2f _ 9 (1 + 2x2)^
FFi
25
«11 = ^12 -
2 2 ~ 2' 2 2
(2+ 2x1)2 (2 + 2 X 2f
^21 -
2
= 8 and ^22 ~ 2
= 18
r 9 25 1
Hence, A = = 2 2
fl21 «22 8 18
EXAMPLE 4 Consfrwcf fl 2 X 3 matrix A = [a^j] whose elements are given by a^j = \^.
SOLUTION We have, Ojj = ^» + ;:, 1 < i < 2 and 1 <j <3. Therefore,
1
«11 = 0, fli2=--J' <^13-“2' ^21- —, ^22 — ® and — — ”■
1 1
0 --
^=^32
0-1
L3 5
Construct a 3x2 matrix A = [^^y] whose elements are given by

EXAMPI.E5
(i) Ojj =e‘^smjx (ii) Ojj■' =e~'^ cos K2~i+Jx J

SOLUTION (i) It is given that A =^-] is a 3x 2 matrix such that Ojj =e^^smjx, l<i<3 and
1 </^2.Therefore,flii =£?^sinA:, fli2=^^sin2x, % =e^^sinx, a-22 = e^^sm2x,a-î=e^^smx
and (?32 = sin 2x.
ooww
flu fll2 e^ sinx e^sin 2x
lx ■
Hence, A = fi2i ^22 sm X e^^ sin 2x
«31 ^32. e^^sinx e^Xg^2x
e
(n
(ii) ItisgiventhatA = ^]isa3x2matrixsuchthat^^y =e
-}X
re
cos
—i+;'x , 1 </< 3andl <2.
rFFl
ree
—X ● ~X f^ II
F
K
aî =e '^cos —+ x = ~e smx,a^') =e cos —+ 2x = -e“^sin 2x
U U
rF
-2x
fl2i=e cos (TC + X) =-e"2^COSX, <722 =^”^^COS(7C + 2x) = -C“2^COS2x
3n fsfoor
3n
ouur
<731 =e ^^cos I 2 + x =e '^●'smx, <732 =e + 2x I sirj 2x
cos
I 2
kosk
<7ii ai2 -e ^sinx -c“'^sin 2x
_,-2.
Yo
Hence, A = ^21 ‘^22 cosx -e cos2x

oo
Y
.^31 ‘^32. e~ sinx e~ sin 2x

BB
EXAMPLES FindX,y, zand wsuch that ^ ^ -.c ■

rre
^ \2x-y 2x + 7i?J [12 15

oYuu
SOLUTION We know that the corresponding elements of two equal matrices are equal.
ad
'‘x-y 2z + w'][5 31
2x-y 2x + u; ” 12 15 => X-y =5, 2z + zy = 3, 2x-y=12 and 2x + zy = 15
dY
Solving x-y =5 and 2x -1/ = 12 as simultaneous linear equations, we get x = 7, y = 2.

innd
Re
Putting X =7 inequation 2x + uj =15, we get zy =1. Putting ly =1 in 2z + ly = 3, we getz =1.

Hence,x=7,y = 2,z=l andzy = 1.
Fi
F
EXAMPLE 7 Consider the folhzving information regarding the number of men and zuomen workers in
three factories I, II and III
Men workers Women workers
I 30 25
n 25 31
m 27 26
Represent the above information in the form of 3x2 matrix. What does the entry in the third row and
second column represent?
SOLUTION The given information can be represented in the form of a 3 x 2 matrix as follows:
Men workers Women workers
I 30 25
II 25 31
III 27 26
4.6 MATHEMATICS-Xlt
The entry in third row and second column represents the number of women workers in
factory HI.
a +b 2 6 2
EXAMPLE 8 If 5 ab 5 8 ,find the values of a and b.
SOLUTION The corresponding elements of two equal matrices are equal,

'a + b 2 [6 21 => a + b = 6 and ab = 8 ^ a + —
g
=6 [●.' ab = 8=i>b = 8/a]
5 ab 5 8 a
+ 8 = 6a => a^ -6a + 8 = 0 => (fl - 4) (<7 - 2) = 0 = 2, 4.
ooww
Now, a = 2 and ab = 8 => b = 4 and, a = 4 and ab =8 =:> b = 2.
Hence, a = 2 and b = 4, or fl = 4 and b = 2.
EXAMPLE 9 For what values of x and y are the following matrices equal?
e
3y x+ 3
y'^+2
ree
2x + l
A = ,B =
rFl 0
y^-5y 0 -6
Fre
SOLUTION The corresponding elements of two equal matrices are equal. Therefore,
3y I^Tx+3 y^ + 2
rrF
r2x+i
-5yJ 0 -6
ouur
0
sffoo
2x + 1=a:+3, 3y = y^ + 2 and y^-5y = -6
okks
Yo
x = 2, y^-3y + 2 = 0 and y^-5y + 6=0

ooo
BB
=>
X = 2,{y-l) (y-2) = 0 and (y -2) {y = 3) =0 => x = 2, y = 1, 2 and y = 2, 3
x = 2,y = 2 [vy = l,2andy = 2, 3 => y = 2]
rr e
=>
EXERCISE 4.1
ouu
ad
YY
BASIC
1. If a matrix has 8 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What if it has 5
dd
elements? [NCERT]
Re
iinn
2 3 -5 2 -1
2. UA =[0jj]= 14 9 andB=[bjy]= -3 4 thenfind:(i) ti22'^^21 ^11 *^22 ^22

F
0 7-2 1 2
3. Let A be a matrix of order 3 x 4. If Rj denotes the first row of A and C2 denotes its second
column, then determine the orders of matrices Rj and C2.
4. Construct a 2 x 3 matrix A = [i^y] whose elements ^^y are given by:
(i) Oij = ixj (ii) fl,y = 2i-j (iii) fl,y =(■ + ;■ m , -
5. Construct a 2 x 2 matrix A = [<^y] whose elements Ojj are given by:
a-if
(i)
2
INCERTI (ii) (hj 2
(2i + )f [CBSE2002]
ICBSE 2002, NCERT EXEMPLARl (iv) Oij 2
_ |2/-3;| _= —
l-3^+;|
(V) fl,y 2
[NCERT EXEMPLAR] (Vi) [NCERT]
(vii) Oij sin xj [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

6. Construct a 3 x 4 matrix A = [^^y] whose elements Ojj are given by:
(i) Oil = i + j (ii) = i-j (iii) Oij = 2i
(iv) Oil = j (v) Oil = i I-3I+/I [NCERT]
7. Construct a 4 x 3 matrix A = [a^j] whose elements are given by:
oww
i-J
(i) fl,y = 2/ + }- (u) %=-.—r (iii)
^ i+;
8. Find x, y, a and h, if ■ 3xa ++ b4y 2 x-2y 2 2 4 ■
2a-b -1 5 -5 -1 ●
e
FFrlo
re
2x-3y a-b 3 1-2 3 '
9. Find x, y, a and b, if 1
X + 4y 3a + 4b [1 6 29 ●
rFee
2a+ b a-2b '4 -3'
10. Find the values off?, cf, c and fr, if [NCERT]
rF
5c -d 4c + 3d 11 24 ●
x-2 3 22 y 2 6 ’
11. Find X, y and 2 so that A = B, where A = fsoor
ouur
. B =
182 y + 2 62 6y X 2y_-
skf
12. If
X
3x-y' 3 2
, find X, y, 2, 0.
ooko
2x + 2 3y-o) 4 7
Yo
Y
x-y 2 r-1 41
Bo
13. If ,findx, y, 2, 0. [CBSE 2014]

reB
2x-y 0 0 5
X + 3 2+4 2y-7 0 6 3y-2

ooY
uur
14. If 4x + 6 a-1 0 2x -3 2c+ 2 [NCERT]

ad
b-3 3b z + 2c 2h + 4 -21 0
dY
Obtain the values of a, b, c, x, y and 2.

2x + l 5x
innd
x+3 10'
Re
15. If
, find the value of (x + y). [CBSE 2012]
0 y^ + lj“. 0 26
Fi
F
16. If
'xy 4 _r8 V)
2 + 6 x + y\~ 0 6 ' then find the values of x, y, 2 and w.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR)
17. Give an example of: (i) a row matrix which is also a column matrix
(ii) a diagonal matrix which is not scalar (iii) a triangular matrix.
BASED ON LOTS
18. The sales figure of two car dealers during January 2013 showed that dealer A sold 5 deluxe,
3 premium and 4 standard cars, while dealer B sold 7 deluxe, 2 premium and 3 standard
cars. Total sales over the 2 month period of January-February revealed that dealer A sold 8
deluxe 7 premium and 6 standard cars. In the same 2 month period, dealer B sold 10 deluxe,
5 premium and 7 standard cars. Write 2x3 matrices summarizing sales data for January
and 2-month period for each dealer.
MATHEMATICS-Xn
4.8
19. For what values of x and y are the following matrices equal?
A = B = x +3 y2 + 2
2;c +1 2y
0
-5y. ' 0
-6
3x + 4 3
20. Find the values of x and y if
X +10 y^ + 2y
0 -4 0 y^-5yj
fl + 4 3b 2fl + 2 iJ^ + 2
21. Find the values of a and bit A =B, where A = ,B =
8 -6 8 &2-10
(NCERT EXEMPLAR]
oww
ANSWERS
1. (i) lx 8, 8x1, 2x4, 4x2 (ii) 1 X 5,5 X 1

2. (i) 1 (ii) 20 3. 1 X 4, 3 X 1
e
rFFlo
'1 2 3' '10-1 2 3 4' 2 9/2 8 ■
re
4- (i) 2 4 6
(ii) 3 2 1
(iii) 3 4 5
(iv)
9/2 8 25/2
ree
F
2 9/2 0 1/2' ‘1/2 9/2' '9/2 8'
5- (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
rF
9/2 8 1/2 0 0 2 25/2 18
’1/2 2' 1 fsfoor 1/2'

ouur
(V) 1/2 1
(Vi) 5/2 2
kosk
2 3 4 5 0 -1 -2 -3 '2 2 2 2 12 3 4
Yo
6-(i) 3 4 5 6 (u) 1 0 -1 -2 (iii) 4 4 4 4 (iv) 12 3 4

oo
Y
4 5 6 7 2 1 0-1 6 6 6 6 12 3 4
BB
1 1/2 0 1/2
rre
(V) 5/2 2 3/2 1

oYuu
4 7/2 3 5/2
ad
■ 3 5/2 7/3 ■ 0 -1/3 -1/2' 1 1 1

dY
6 5 14/3 1/3 0 -1/5 2 2 2

(i) (ii) (iii) 3 3 3
9 15/2 7 1/2 1/5 0
innd
Re
12 10 28/3 3/5 1/3 1/7 4 4 4

Fi
F
8. 9.
a: = 2, y = -l,fl = 0,&=5 x = 2,y = l,a = 3,b=5
11.
10. a=l,b=2,c = 3,d = .4 X = 11, y = 9,2 = 3
12. X = 3,y = 7,z = -2, (0 = 14 13. = 1, y = 2, z = 4, 0) = 5
14. fl = -2,£>=-7,c=-l,x = -3,y=-5,z = 2 15. 7,-3
16. X = 2, y = 4, z = -6, zy = 4 or x = 4, y = 2,z = -6, w = 4
2 0 0 4 3 5
17-(i) [5] (ii) 0 3 0 (iii) 0 7 1

0 0 -1 0 0 2
Deluxe Premium Standard Deluxe Premium Standard
Dealer A 5 3 4 Dealer A 8 7 6
18.
Dealer B 7 2 3 ' Dealer B 10 5 7
19. A and B cannot be equal for any value of y. 20.

X = 3, y=l 21. a = 2,b = 2
4.4 ADDITION OF MATRICES
DEFINITION Let A, B be two matrices, each of order m x n. Then their sum A + Bis a matrix of order
mxn and is obtained by adding the corresponding elements of A and B.
Thus, if A =[Ojj]my„ and 6 =
defined to be the matrix of order m x « such that
xn two matrices of the same order, their sum A + B is
{A + B)jj = Oij + bjj for / = 1,2,..., m and ; = 1,2,..., «
NOTE The sum of two matrices is defined only when they are of the same order.
If A =
'12 3 1 6 5 4 '1+6 2+5 3+4' '7 7 7'
, B = , then A + B =
4 5 6 3 2 1 4+3 5 + 2 6 + 1 7 7 7
-1 2 1
1 2 3
lfA = ,B = 3 2 1 , then A + B is not defined, because A and B are not of the
w
4 5 6
2 5 -2
same order.
Flo
For the following pairs of matrices /I + 6 is not defined because they are of different orders:
e
“1 2 ■
-1 1 0 0 5 '
ree
(i) 0 (ii) ,B = 3 -1
- -1 0
FFr
4 5
urr
4.4.1 PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION
or
THEOREM 1 (Commutativity) If A and B are two m x n matrices, then A + B-B + A. i.e. matrix
sf
addition is commutative.
kks
PROOF Let/I = [a^j], B = \bjj]hefwom x « matrices. Then,/I + Band S +/I both aremx n matrices
Yo
ooo
such that
(A + B)ij = Ojj + bij [By definition of addition]

eB
= bij + Ojj [By commutativity of addition of numbers]

= (B + A)ij [By definition of addition]
ur
= (B + A)ij for i = 1,2,..., m and; = 1,2,..., n

ad
Thus, A + B and B + A are two matrices such that their orders are same and the corresponding
YYo
elements are equal. Hence, A + B = B + A.

Q.E.D.
d
NOTE To prove that two matrices are equal it is required to prove that their orders are same and the
Re
in
corresponding elements are equal.

F
THEOREM 2(Associativity) If A, B, C are three matrices of the same order, then =

(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) i.e. matrix addition is associative.
PROOF Let A = [a^j], B = \bij] and C = [c,y] be three mxn matrices. Then, {A + B) + C and
A + (B + C) are mxn matrices such that
((A + B) + Oij = (A + B)jj + iOij [By definition of addition]
= (‘Hj + lîj) + Cjj [By definition of addition]
= + ihj + C,;) [By associativity of addition of numbers]
= {A)ij+(B + C)ij [By definition of addition]
= (A + (B + C))ij [By definition of addition]
= (A + (B + C))ij for i = 1,2,..., m and ; = 1,2,..., n
Thus, (A + B) + C and A + (B + C) are two matrices such that their orders are same and the
corresponding elements are equal. Hence, (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
Q.E.D.
4.10
MATHEMATICS-XII
THEOREM 3 (Existence of Identity) The null matrix is the identity element for matrix addition,
i.e. A + 0=A = 0 + A.
PROOF Let A = [ajj] be any matrix of order m x n and O be a null matrix of order m x n. Then,
A + 0 and O + .4 are m x « matrices such that
{A+0)ij = Oil+0 = Oij = (A)ij and, (O + A),y = 0 + = (A)^ for alii,/

Hence, A + O = A = 0 + A. Q.E.D.
THEOREM 4 (Existence of Inverse) For every matrix A = [Ojj] m xH there exists a matrix [- a^j] mxn '
denoted by - A, such that A+ {-A) =0 = (-A)+A.
oww
PROOF We have,
(A + (- A)),y = + (- and, ((- A) + A),y = (- Ojj) + = - Ufj + = 0 for all i, j.

Hence, A + (-A) = O = (-A) + A.
Q.E.D.
e
The matrix - A-[- Ojj] is called the additive inverse of the matrix A=[0jj],„
rFFlo
m XII
re
n -2 4 -1 2 -4 -3]
IfA= 2 ^ , then (- A) =
ree
5 7-4 -2 -5 -7 4 ●
F
THEOREM 5 (Cancellation laws) If A, B, C are matrices of the same order, then
rF
A + B = A + C=> B = C [ Left cancellation law]
fsfoor [Right cancellation law]
ouur
and, B + A = C + A=> B = C
PROOF We have,
kosk
A + B = A +C
Yo
(-A)+(A + B) = (-A)+(A+C) [Adding (-A) on both sides]

oo
Y
(-A + A) + B = (-A+A)+C [By associativity of addition]

BB
=>
0+B =0+C [v -A + A=0]

rre
B = C [●.* O is the additive identity]

Similarly, we can prove that :6 + A= C+ A=> B = C.
oYuu
Q.E.D.
ad
dY
4.5 MULTIPLICATION OF A MATRIX BY A SCALAR (SCALAR MULTIPLICATION)
DEFINITION Lef A = [0jj] be an mxn matrix and k be any nwnber called a scalar. Then the matrix
innd
Re
obtained by multiplying every element of A by k is called the scalar multiple ofAbyk and is denoted by kA.
Fi
F
Thus, kA = [k Ojj] m xn
1 5
1
3 6 15 2 2
1 2 5
1 3
, then 3 A = -6 9 12 and — A = -1 2
For example, if A = -2 3 4
2 2
1 2 -1 3 6-3 1 -1
1
2 2
4.5.1 PROPERTIES OF SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
Various properties of scalar multiplication are stated and proved in the following theorem.
THEOREM IfA=[aij],„^„, R xn are two matrices and k, I are scalars, then
(i) k{A + B) = kA + kB (ii) (fc + /)A = kA + IA

(iii) (kDA=k{lA)=l{kA) (iv) (~k)A = - (k A) = k{-A)
(v) 1 A = A (Vi) (-l)A = - A
4.11
ALGEBRA OF MATRICES
PROP): (i) Since A and B are matrices of the same order t?t x n, A + B is also a matrix of order
m X n.Therefore, k(A + B) is also of order m x n. Further, kA and kB are of order m x n. Therefore,
kA + kB is also of order m x n. Thus, k{A + B) and kA + kB are matrices of the same order such
that
(fc(A + B)),y = k{A + B\i [By definition of scalar multiplication]

[By definition of addition of matrices]
= cf + /c bjj [By distributivity of multiplication over addition]
= ikA)ij+{kB)ij [By definition of scalar multiplication]
= {kA + kB)ij [By definition of matrix addition]
for)=l,2,...,m and
= (kA + kB)jj
[By definition of equality of two matrices]
w
Hence, k{A + B) = kA + kB
(ii) Since k and I are scalars, cf + / is also a scalar. Therefore, (k + I) A is a matrix of order m x n.
Also, kA and lA are m x n matrices. Therefore, kA lA is also an m x n matrix.
Flo
Thus, (k + l)A and kA + lA are two matrices of the same order m x n such that
ee
{(fe + 0 A)ij = (k + l) Oij [By definition of scalar multiplication]
Fr
^ kOii + loij [By distributivity of multiplication over addition]
= {kA)i^+{lA)ij for [By definition of scalar multiplication]
ur
= {kA + lA)ij [By definition of addition of matrices]
for/=l,2,...,m and / = 1,2,...,«
ks
= {kA + lA)ij
Yo
Hence, (k + l) A = kA + lA. [By definition of equality of two matrices]

oo
(iii) Since k and I are scalars, kl is also a scalar. Therefore, (kl) A is ani7i x n matrix. Also, note that
eB
lA and kA are matrices of order m x n. Tlierefore, k (lA) and / (kA) are matrices of order m x n.
Thus, {kl) A and k {lA) are two matrices of the same order m x n such that
ur
{{kl)A)ij = {kDoij [By definition of scalar multiplication]

ad
Yo
= k{loij) [By association of multiplication]

= k{IA)ij [By definition of scalar multiplication]
d
Re
[By definition of scalar multiplication]

in
= (k{IA))ij
for/=1, 2,..., and
F
= {k{IA))ij
Hence, {kt)A = k {lA). [By definition of equality of two matrices]
Similarly, it can be proved that {kl) A = I (/rA). Hence,(fc/) A = k {lA) = I {kA).
(iv) Putting / = -1 in (iii), we obtain: {-k)A = k{-A) = ~{kA)
(V) Putting cf = -1 in (iv), we obtain: lA = A.
(Vi) Putting /c = 1 in (iv), we obtain: (-1) A = - A. Q.E.D.
4.6 SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES

DEFINITION For two matrices A and B of the same order, the subtraction of matrix Bfrom matrix A is
denoted byA-B and is deifned as A-B = A + (-B).
' - 3 2 1 ■35-2
For example, if A - and B - , then
1 -4 7 -1 4 -2
-3 2 1 ■-3 -5 2 ■-6 -3 3
A-B=A+{-B) = 1 -4 7
+
1 -4 2 2-8 9
2 3 4 3 0 5
ILLUSTRATION //A=04 6,B=5 32 ,find3A-2B.
5 8 9 0 4 7
w
SOLUTION We find that 3A-2B = 3A + (- 2) B
■ 6 9 12 ■ -6 0 -10 0 9 2
3/1-2B = 0 12 18 + -10 -6 -4 -10 6 14
15 24 27 0 -8 -14 15 16 13
e
re
row
eeF
ullo
2 3 -51 0 5 1'
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION
FF =
1 2 ^ and B - -2
Clearly, A and B both are matrices of the same order 2 x 3. SoM + B and A-B
7 3 , find A + B and A-B.
srr
both are defined.
roF
k
Now,
uor
A + B =
2 3 -5
ofof +
0 5 1 '2 + 0 3+5 -5 + 1' '2 8 -4
1 2 -1 -2 7 3 1 -2 2 +7 -1 + 3 -19 2
Y
kos
'2 3 -5 '051' 2 3 -5 '0 -5 -1'
and, A-B = A + i-B) = + (-l)
Yo
+
B
1 2 -1 -2 7 3 1 2 -1 2 -7 -3
oo
rY
'2 + 0 3-5 -5-r 2 -2 -6

eerB
1 + 2 2-7 -1-3 3 -5 -4
u
'2 -1 ■ n 41
EXAMPLE 2 = and B = ,find 3A-2B.
3 1 7 2
ou
d
o
ad
SOLUTION Clearly,
nY
‘6 -3 -2 -8'
3/1 = and, (- 2) B =
9 3 -14 -4
nid
Re
6 -3
■-2 -8]^r6 + (-2) -3 + (-8)1_r 4 -11
F
3A-2B = 3A+i-2)B = +
-14 -4j [9 + (-14) 3 + (-4)J“[-5 -1

Fi
9 3
EXAMPLES IfA^diagil -1 2) and B = diag {2 3 -l),find A + B, 3A + 4B.

SOLUTION We have,
'1 0 0' 2 0 0
A = 0-10 and, B = 0 3 0
0 0 2 0 0 -1
1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 O'
A + B = 0-10 0 3 0
+
0 2 0 = diag (3 2 1)
0 0 2 0 0 -1 0 0 1
3 0 0 8 0 0 11 0 0
and. 3A + 4B = 0 -3 0 + 0 12 0
0 9 0 = diag (11 9 2)
0 0 6 0 0-4 0 0 2
REMARK It is evident from the above example that if A = diag(iii ^2 ^3 ●●● %)

B = diag(bj ^3 ●●● ^n) Then, A +B = dia^{ai+b-^ ^^3+^3
cos 0 sin 0 ’ sin 0 - cos 0
EXAMPLE 4 Simplify: cos 0 + sin 0
- sin 0 cos 0 cos 0 sin 0
SOLUTION We have. ICBSE 2012, NCERT]

cos 0 sin 0 sin 0 - cos 0
cos 0 + sin 0
- sin 0 cos 0 cos 0 sin 0
sin 0 cos 0 sin^ 0 - sin 0 cos 0 ’

cos^ 0 +
- sin 0 cos 0 cos^ 0 sin 0 cos 0 sin^ 0
^ 0 + sin^ 0 sin 0 cos 0 - sin 0 cos 0 1 0
ww
cos
- sin 0 cos 0 + sin 0 cos 0 cos^ 0 + sin^ 0 0 1 ■
-1 2 '3 -2'
EXAMPLE 5 Find a matrix X such that 2A + B + X = 0, where A = and, B =^ 1 5 ■
3 4
Flo [CBSE 2000]
e
ree
SOLUTION We have,
Fr
2A + B + X =0
rF
X = -2A-B
uurr
X = -2
r-1 21 3-2 '2-4
+
-3 2' ‘2-3 -4 + 2‘ _
for -1 -2
3 4 1 5 -6 -8 -1 -5 -6-1 -8-5j"[-7 -13

-2 2 O'
s
EXAMPLES Find a matrix A such that 2A-3B + 5C-0, lohere B = and
kks
3 14
Yo
oooo
'2 0 -2‘ [CBSE 20191

C =
7 1 6 ■
eB
SOLUTION We have,
2A - 3B + 5C =0
ur
2A = 3B-5C
ad
-2 2 O’ '2 0 -2 ■-6 6 0 -10 0 10

YYo
2A = 3 -5 +
3 1 4 7 1 6 9 3 12 -35 -5 -30
■-6-10 6 + 0 0 + 10' -16 6 10

dd
2A =
Re
9-35 3-5 12-30 -26 -2 -18

in
A=i -16 6 10 _ -8 3 5’
F
2 -26 -2 -18 " -13 -1 -9 ●
7 O' 3 0
EXAMPLE? FindXandY,ifX + Y = andX-Y =
2 5 0 3 ■
SOLUTION We have, [NCERTl

[7 0 1 [30'
x + y = and, X-y = 0 3
2 5
(x + y) + (x-y) = f7 01 rs o]_r7 + 3 0 + 0'

“ [2 + 0 5 + 3
+
2 5 0 3
2X =
rio O'
=> X = - 1 rio 01 _ [5 0"
2 8 2 2 8 1 4
7 0 3 0 7 0 -3 0 '7-3 0+0'
and, (X + Y)-(X-y) = +
2 5 0 3 2 5 0 -3 2+0 5-3
4 0 1 4 0 2 0
2Y = => Y = -
2 2 2 2 2 1 1
[5 01 2 0
Hence, X = and Y -
1 4 1 1
2 3 '3-6'
EXAMPLE 8 Find a matrix A, if A + -1 4 -3 8 ●
■ 2 3‘ 3 -6 ■
SOLUTION Let B - and C =
-1 4 -3 8 . Then, the given matrix equation is
ww
A + B = C.
Now, A + B = C
(A + B) + {-B) = C + i-B) [Adding -B on both sides]
Flo
A + (B + (-B)) = C + (-B)
A + 0 = C-B
[Using associativity of matrix addition on LHS]
e
=>
rere
A = C-B.
r FF
■ 3 -6 -2 -3 3-2 -6-31 1 -9
A = +
-3 8 1 -4 -3 + 1 8-4 -2 4
uurr
for
X z 1 5'
EXAMPLE9 Fmdx,y,z,tif 2 + 3
y i 0 2 J ~ “^[4 6 ■
kss
SOLUTION The given matrix equation can be written as [NCERT]

ooook
Yo
'2x 2z1 r 3 -3 1_r 9 15'

eBB
_2y 2f 0 6 ~ 12 18
■2x+3 2z-3l [9 15'
urr
2y 2t + 6 12 18
ad
Yo
2x+ 3 - 9, 2z - 3 = 15, 2y = 12 and 2f + 6 = 18 [By definition of equality of addition]

dY
x = 3,z = 9, y = 6 and t = 6.
EXAMPLE 10 Find non-zero values ofx satisfying the matrix equation:
Re
innd
[2x 21
+2
rs 5x1
=2
x^ + 8 24*
Fi
X
3 X 4 4x 10 6x
SOLUTION We have, [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

T2x 21 T8 5x x^ + 8 24
X + 2 = 2
3 X 4 4x 10 6x
2x^ 2x 16 lOx 2x^+16 48

+
3x x^ 8 8x 20 12x
2x^ + 16 2x + 10x 2x^+16 48

3x + 8 x^ + 8x 20 12x
=> 2x^ +16 = 2x^ +16, 2x + lOx = 48, 3x + 8 = 20 and x^ + 8x = 12x

=> 12x=48, 3x=12andx^ -4x = 0 => x = 4 and, x(x -4) = 0 => x =4 and x = 0,4 =>x =4
- 2'
EXAMPLE n Solve the matrix equation , - 9 ●
SOLUTION We have,
r- 21 3x -2 - 3x r-21
3
/ [2y. 9 ^ 6y 9 ^
/-6y
9
- 3x - - 2 and y^ - 6y = 9 => - 3x + 2 = 0 and -6y -9 = 0

(x -1) (x - 2) = 0 and y =
6 ± ^36 + 36 = 1,2 andy = 3±3V2
=> X
2
oww
EXAMPLE 12 If A, B and C are three matrices of the same order, then prove that
A=B=>A + C= B + C.
SOLUTION Letyl = [0ij]mxn' S=P’y]mxn and C =[Cy]^xn be three matrices of the same order
m X n. Then, A + C and B + C are also of the same order mxn.
e
Now, A = B
FFrlo
re
= hj for all I = 1, 2,m; ; = 1,2,
for alli =1, 2, ;=l,2,...,n [Adding qj on both sides]
ree
F
(A+C)jj ={B + C)jj foralli=l,2,...,m; ';=l,2,...,n
rF
A+C = B + C.
EXAMPLE 13 Two farmers Ram Kishan and Gurcharan Singh cultivate only three varities of rice namely
fsoor
ouur
Basmati, Permal and Naura. The sale (in V of these varities of rice by both the farmers in the month of
skf
September and October are given by the following matrices A and B
ooko
September sales (in

Yo
Y
Basmati Permal Naura

Bo
'10,000 20,000 30,000' Ram Kishan

reB
A =
50,000 30,000 10,000 Gurcharan Singh
October sales (in V
uur
oY

ad
'5,000 10,000 6,000 ' Rajn Kishan

dY
B =
20,000 10,000 10,000 Gurcharan Singh
innd
Re
Find:
(i) What were the combined sales in September and October for each farmer in each variety.
Fi
F
(ii) What was the change in sales from September to October?

(iii) If both farmers receive 2% profit on gross rupees sales, compute the profit for each farmer and for
each variety sold in October.
SOLUTION (i) The combined sales in September and October is given by A + B.
Clearly,
'10,000 + 5000 20,000+10,000 30,000+6000 Ram Kishan

A +B =
50,000+20,000 30,000+10,000 10,000+10,000 Gurcharan Singh
'15,000 30,000 36,000 Ram Kishan
A +B =
70,000 40,000 20,000 Gurcharan Singh
(ii) The change in sales from September to October is given by A - B.
Clearly,
10,000 -5,000 20,000-10,000 30,000-6000 Ram Kishan
A-B =
50,000-20,000 30,000-10,000 10,000-10,000 Gurcharan Singh
'5,000 10,000 24,000 Ram Kishan
A-B =
30,000 20,000 0 Gurcharan Singh
(iii) The profit for each farmer and for each variety sold in October at the rate of 2% of gross sale
is given by
ww
2 '5,000 10,000 6,000 Ram Kishan
2% of B = X B = 0.02 B = 0.02
100 20,000 10,000 10,000 Gurcharan Singh
Flo
100 200 120 Ram Kishan
e
400 200 200 Gurcharan Singh
ree
Thus, in October Ram Kishan receives ? 100, ? 200 and ^ 120 as profit in the sale of each variety of
Fr
rF
rice respectively, and Gurcharan Singh receives profit of f 400, ? 200 and ? 200 in each variety of
uurr
rice respectively. for EXERCISE 4.2
BASIC
s
kks
Compute the following sums:

Yo
oooo
2 13 1 -2 3
... f3 -21 r-2 41 (ii)
W 1 4 + 1 3
0 3 5 + 2 6 1
eB
-1 2 5 0 -3 1
2 4 1 3 -2 5
2- Let A = ,B = and C = . Find each of the following:
ur
3 2 -2 5 3 4
ad
YYo
(i) Z4 - 3B (ii) B-4C (iii) BA-C (iv) 3A-2B+3C

2 3 -10 2 ■-1 2 3"
3. If^ = ,B = ,C = , find
dd
5 7 3 4 1 2 1 0
Re
in
(i) A + B and B + C (u) 2B + 3/1 and 3C - 4B.

F
■-1 0 2' r 0 -2 5 '1 -5 2'

4. LetA =
3 1 4 'S= 1- -3 1
and C =
6 0-4 . Compute 2A-3B + 4C.
5. If/l = diag(2 -5 9),B = diag(l 1 - 4) and C = diag {-6 3 4), find

(i) A-2B (ii) B + C-2A (iii) 2/1 + 3B-5C
6. Given the matrices
2 1 1 9 7 -1 2-4 3
A = 3-10 , B = 3 5 4 and C = 1 -1 0
0 2 4 2 1 6 9 4 5
Verify that (A-t B) + C =A + (B+ C).

BASED ON LOTS
5 2 ■ 3 6
'7- FindmatricesX andY,ifX + y = andX-y =
(NCERT]
0 9 0 -1
3 2 ■ 1 O'
8. FindX,ify = and 2X + y =
INX .RT]
1 4 -3 2 ●
6-6 0 3 2 5
9. Find matrices X and y, if 2X - y = andX + 2y =
-4 2 1 -2 1 -7
1 1 1 3 5 1
10. ifx-y = 1 1 0 and X + y = -1 1 4 , find X and y.
10 0 11 8 0
'1 2 -1 9-14'
11. Find matrix A, if 0 4 9
+ A =
-2 1 3 ■
ooww
9 1 1 5
12. UA =
7 8
,B =
7 12
, find matrix C such that 5A + 3B + 2C is a null matrix.
2 -2 8 0
e
13. If A = 4 2 ,B = 4 -2 , find matrix X such that 2A + 3X=5S.
re
-5 1 3 6
rFFl
ree
'1 -3 2' 2 -1
} , find the matrix C such that A + B + C is zero
F
14. IfA =
2 0 2 and, B = ^ 0 -1
rF
matrix.
15. Find x, y satisfying the matrix equations fsfoor

ouur
x-y 2 -2 3-2 2 6 0 O'
(i) +
kosk
4 X 6 1 0 -1 5 2x + y 5
Yo
(ii) [a: y + 2 z - 3] + [y 4 5] = [4 9 12]

oo
Y
3'
BB
(hi) x^ +y ^
-8
+ =0 INCERT EXEMPLAR]
-11
rre
3 4 1 y 7 0
16. If 2 , find X and y.
oYuu
+
5 X 0 1 10 5
ad
1 0 2 ■ 1 2 3' '4 4 10'

dY
17. Find the value of X, a non-zero scalar, if \ 3 4 5

+ 2
-1 -3 2 4 2 14 ●
innd
r-1 21 B - P -2'5
Re
18. (i) Find a matrix X such that 2A + B + X = O, where A = 3 4 ' ® - 1

Fi
F
(CBSE20001
8 0 2 -2
(ii) IfA = 4 -2 andB = 4 2 , then find the matrix X of order 3x2 such that
[3 6 -5 1
2A + 3X=5B. [NCERT]
19. Find x, y, z and t, if
^ y _ X 6 4 x+y
(i) 3 + [NCERT]
2 t -1 2f z + t 3
^ X 5 3 4 ' 7 14 ‘
(11) 2 + INCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2002,2012]
7 y-3 1 2 15 14
20. If X and y are 2 x 2 matrices, then solve the following matrix equations for X and y.
'2 3' -2 21
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
2X+3y =
4 0 , 3X + 2y= ^ -5
21. In a certain city there are 30 colleges. Each college has 15 peons, 6 clerks, 1 typist and 1
section officer. Express the given information as a column matrix. Using scalar
multiplication, find the total number of posts of each kind in all the colleges.
● The monthly incomes of Aryan and Babban are in the ratio 3 : 4 and their monthly
expenditures are in the ratio 5 : 7. If each saves ? 15000 per month, find their monthly
incomes using matrix method. This problem reflects which value? [CBSE 20161
ANSWERS
3 -16
1 2
1. (i) 2 7
(ii) 2 9 6
-1 -1 6
-1 9 -17 [8 7 1 -2 21
(ii) (iii) (iv)
w
-11 14 -11 6 2 22 8
-2 2 5 '
3. (i) A + B does not exist, B + C = 5 5 1'
FF llowo
1 6 1 2 -14 -3
ree
(ii) 2B -t- 3A does not exit, 3C - 4B = -6 -13 -4
4.
27 11 -11
rF
5. (i) diag (0 -7 17) (ii) diag (-9 14 -18) (iii) diag (37 - 22 - 14)
r 4 4 1 1 -2' -1 -1 1
7. X = = 8.
0 4 0 5 -2 -1
ur
for fFreo
2 3 1 1 2 0
3 -2 1 0 2 2
s
9. X = ,y = 10. X = 0 1 2 ,y = -10 2
ok
-2 1 -1 0 0-3
YYour o
6 4 0 5 4 0
o
12 4/3
8-3 5 -24 -10
11. 12. 13. 4 -14/3
eeBo Bks
-2 -3 -6 -28 -38
25/3 28/3
r
-3 4 -1
our u
14. 15. (i) ^ = T (ii) X =1, y = 3,2 =10 (iii)x=l,y = 2

ad
-3 0 -1 2'^ = -
Yo
-2 -10/3
16. .r = 2,y = -8 17. ^ = 2 18. (i) o
-13
(ii) 4 14/3
d
Re
-31/3 -7/3
in
r-2 0 2 1
19. (i) x = 2,y = 4,f = 3,2 = l (ii) x = 2,y = 9 20. X =
FFind Y
-1 3 = 2 2
ri5i [4501
?1 ,30 A =
180
21. A = 22. ? 90,000, ? 120,000
30
1 30
4.7 MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
Let us first define the product of a row matrix and a column matrix.
Let A = [dj ^2 ■ ■ ■ ^ row matrix and B= be a column matrix. Then, we define
bn
AB = a-^b-i + 02 b2 + ... + an .
r 5*
-4
For example, if /I = [1 - 2 3 4] and B = 1
. Then,
-2
AB=[l -2 3 4] ^ = lx5+(-2)(-4) + 3x1 + 4x(-2)=5 + 8+ 3-8 = 8

-2
Using the product of a row matrix and a colunm matrix, let us now define the multiplication
of any two matrices.
ww
DEFINITION Tzvo matrices A and B are conformable for the product AB if the number of columns in A
(pre-multiplier) is same as the number of rozvs in B (post-multiplier).
Thus, ifA = [Oij]„j andB = [bij]„y,p are two matrices of orders ni x n and nx p respectively, then their
Flo
product AB is of orders m x p and is defined as
(AB)jj = (i^ row of >1) (;'* column of B) forall / =1, 2,..., and/ =1, 2,p.
e
ree
b
Fr
1;
rF
hj
{AB)jj [^'1 '^2 ●●●
uurr
b.,;
s for
kks
n
(AB)ij = Oi^by + Oi2hj+ - + airKj+-+

Yo
oooo
note If a and B are tzvo matrices such that AB exists, then BA may or may not exist.
eB
■ 2 13’ 1 -2
ILLUSTRATION! IfA= 3-2 1 andB= 2 1 , then AisaSx 3 matrix and BisaSx 2

ur
-1 0 1 4 -3
ad
YYo
matrix. Therefore, A and B are conformable for the product AB and it is of order 3x2 such that
1
dd
(i4B) = (First row of A) (First column ofB) = [213] 2 =2x1 + 1x2+3x4=16

Re
4
in
F
-2
(AB)i2 = (First row of A) (Second column of B) = [21 3] 1 = 2 x -2 +1 x 1 + 3 x -3 = -12

-3
(/1B)2i = (Second row of A) (First column of B) =[3-21] 2 = 3 x 1 + (-2) x 2 +1 x 4 = 3

4
Similarly, we obtain: (/4B)22 =~H/(■^6)31 = 3 and (^6)32=-!.

16 -12’
AB = 3 -11
3 -1
NOTE In this case BA does not exist, because the number of columns in B is not same as the number of
rows in A.
4.20 MATHEMATICS-XH
1 -2 31 2 3
2 . Find AB and BA and show that AB ^ BA.
ILLUSTRATION 2 Let A = ^ 2 andB= -14 -5
SOLUTION Here, A is a 2 x 3 matrix and B is a 3 x 2 matrix. So, AB exists and it is of order 2x2.
1 -2 31 r ^
■^-12
'2+2 + 12 3-4-15 16 -16
AB= 3 2 -1 6-2-4 9+4+5 0 18
4 -5
Again, B is a 3 x 2 matrix and A is a 2 x 3 matrix. So, BA exists and it is or order 3x3.

2 3 2 + 9 -4 + 6 6-3 11 2 3
.1-2 3
BA = -1 -1 + 6 2+4 -3-2 5 6-5
_ 3 2-1
w
4 -5 4-15 -8-10 12+5 -11 -18 17
Clearly, AB BA.
Flo
4.7.1 PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
THEOREM 1 Matrix multiplication is not commutative in general.
e
reee
PROOF Let A and B be two matrices such that AB exists. Then it is quite possible that BA may not
FFr
exist. For example, if A is a 3 x 3 matrix and B is a 3 x 2 matrix, then AB exists but BA does not
exist. Similarly, if BA exists, then AB may not exist. Further, if AB and BA both exist, then they
for
may not be equal as shown in illustration 2 (given above). Hence, in general, AB ^ BA.
ur
Q.E.D.
kkss
THEOREM 2 Matrix multiplication is associative i.e. (AB) C = A (BC), whenever both sides are defined.
Yo
oo
PROOF Let A , B -P’yJnxp andC =[qy]px^ . Then AB is an m x p matrix and so (AB) C is

a mX matrix. Clearly, BC is of order n^ q and so A (BC) is of order mx q. Thus, (AB)C and
eB
A (BC) are of the same order.

P
Now, ((A6)C)y●' = r S= 1 {AB)iriC)rj'

ur
ad
YYo
P H P U
S S Oiskr c„ = I
s=l J ' r=ls=l
P «
d
Re
Z= 1 s =Z 1 flj's (bsr c^,-)●' [By associativity of multiplication of numbers]

in
f P
F
n ri
=
s = 1 r
Z= 1 (b,, c,j) = s =Z 1 ^●5(BC),;=(A(BC)).
' ’
for alii,;
Thus, (AB) C and A (BC) are matrices of the same order such that their corresponding elements
are equal. Hence, (AB) C = A (BC).
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 3 Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix addition.

i.e. (i) A(B + C) = AB + AC (ii) (A + B)C=AC + BC
whenever both sides of equality are defined.
PROOF LetA=[fl,y],„^„ , B - xp and C — ^p be three matrices. Then, B + C is of order
nx p and so A (B + C) is of order mx p. Since AB and AC both are of the same order mx p.
Therefore, AB + AC is of order mx p. Thus, A (B + C) and AB + AC are of the same order mx p
such that
M fl n li
{A{B + C))ij‘ = r I= l Oi,{B + C)rj' = r I= l Oi^{b^j+Crj)

‘ ‘
= r S= 1 % '
+ r I= 1 c^j’
= {AB)^j + {AC)ij = {AB + AC)ij

for all i, j
Thus, A{B + C) and AB + AC are two matrices of the same order such that their corresponding
elements are equal. Hence, A{B + C) =ÂB + AC.
Similarly, (/I + B) C = AC + BC.
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 4 If A is anm.yn matrix, then A=A= A 1„.
PROOF Let A =[Oij]„, . Then, A and Al„ are of the same order m x n such that
m m
ww
(htt ~ ^ îhn)ir (^)rj ~ ^ ^ ^1/ ^2j
+
0 for r i
FF loo
= Oij for all i, j (fnhr ~ 1 for r= i
ree
I„,A=A.
H
Now, {A (^«)iy +^'2 (^n)2j ‘^j
reFe
= Ojj for all 2, j [v = 1
oroFr and = 0 for r*j]
r ur
Thus, AIjj and A are matrices of the same order such that their corresponding elements are
s ff
equal. So,/!/„=/I. Hence, I„A = A - Afj. Q.E.D.
k
REMARK 1 The product of two matrices can be the null matrix while neither of them is the null matrix.
YYouo
koso
0 2 1 0 ro O'
For example, if A = andB = , then AB = while neither A nor B is the null matrix.
0 0 0 0 0 0J
BBoo
L
r ee
THEOREM 5 If A is mxn matrix and Oisa null matrix, then

(i) A^y„0nxp = O
mxp (ii) Op y p, Affj y fj = o
p xn
ad
ouur
i.e. the product of the matrix with a null matrix is always a null matrix.
Yo
PROOF (i) Let A = [Oij]„ y„ andO nxp - P’ylwxp , where bjj = 0 for all i, j. Then, Amxn x p
IS an
mxpmatrix such that

d
Re
idnY
{A,m xn On X ph‘ = r ^= 1 Oir ^ri’ = 0 hj [bjj = Ofor all 2,;]

FFin
Thus,i4„ X n O X p and O mxp are two matrices of the same order such that their corresponding
elemente are equal. Hence, Af„ xn .0nxp = o nxp'
(ii) Proceedas in (i). Q.E.D.
RF.MARK 2 Ihe case of matrix multiplication if AB = 0, then it does not necessarily imply that
BA=0.
For example, if A =
0 1
and B =
n 01
. Thai, AB = O. But, BA = '1 0] ro 1 0 1
^ o.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Thus,AB = 0 while BAÔ.
4.7.2 POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX
For any square matrix, we define

(i) a'^ = A and, (ii) = A” ■ A, where n 6 N.
It is evident from this definition that a"^ =AA,A^ =A^ A = {AA) A. etc.
4.22 MATHEMATICS-XH
It can be easily shown that

m + n
and, (ii) {A'^f=A
tnn
(i) A”* A”=A for all m,n€N.
MATRIX POLYNOMIAL Ldf{x)=aQ x" + +^2 x + 0,^ be a polynomial and let

A be a square matrix of order n. Then,
«-l n-2
f (A) = aoA^ + A + ^2 A + .. + A + an In
is called a matrix polynomial.
For example, if /(x)=x -3x + 2 is a polynomial and A is a square matrix, then
/(A) =A-3A + 2Jisa matrix polynomial.
ww
Flo
Type I ON MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
a h g X
e
IfA, B, Care three matrices such that A =[x yz], B = h b f , C= y , find ABC.
ree
EXAMPLE 1
S f c Z
Fr
rF
SOLUTION Since the product of matrices is associative. Therefore, we can find ABC either by
uurr
computing (AB) C or by computing A (BC). Let us compute A (BC). for
Since B is a 3 x 3 matrix and C is 3 x 1 matrix. Therefore, BC is of order 3x1 and is given by
a h Îfx ax+ hy + gz
s
kks
BC = h b f y = hx +by+ fz
g f c\[z
Yo
oooo
gx + fy + cz
Clearly, A is of order 1x3 and BC is of order 3x1. Therefore, A (BC) is of order 1x1 and is
eB
given by
ax + hy + gz
ur
A{BC) = [xyz] hx + by + fz =x{ax + hy + gz)+ y{hx+ by + fz) + z{gx + fy + cz)

ad
gx + fy + cz_
YYo
= ax^ + Ihxy + by^ + cz^ + 2fyz + 2gzx

dd
UA -11 ,B 2 1
EXAMPLE 2 //A = 2 3 = , prove that (A + B)^ 9^ A^ + 2AB + B^.
Re
1 0
in
SOLUTION We have,
F
2 1
A
: 2 = 1 0
1 -1 -1 -4’
a2
2 3 8 7 '
^^=[2 1
2 1 1 1 2 2
=5» 2AB =
1 0 7 2 14 4
2 1 2 1 rs 2
and. B^ = BB =
1 0 1 0 2 1
-1 -4 2 2 rs 21 6 0
A^ + 2AB + B^ = + + ...(i)
8 7 14 4 2 1 24 12
Now, A + B = ^ ^
2 1 3 0
+
1 0 3 3
■3 0 ir 3 0 9 0
{A + B)^ ={A-¥B){A + B) = 3 3 3 3 18 9
...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we obtain that (A + B)^ ^ A^ + 2AB + B^.

'1 -1 ■ a 1
EXAMPLES JfA = 2 -1
,B =
-1 and {A + B)^ =A^ + B^,find a and b.
SOLUTION We have, [CBSE 2015]
{A + Bf = A^ + b'^
(A + B) (A + B) = A^ +
(A + B) A + (A + B) B = A^ + B^ [By distributive law]
oww
A^ + BA + AB-i-B^ = A^ + B^ [By distributive law]
BA + AB =0
■fl 1 ]ri -1 +
1 -1Iffl 1 ro 01
b -1 2-1 2-1 b -1 0 0
e
eree
rFl
a+2
b~2
-a-1
-b+1
+
2a-b
a-b 2
3
ro
0
01
0
FFr
'2a-b + 2 -fl + 1] _ ro O'
2fl-2 -&+4 “00
orr
ouur
sfo
2fl-& + 2 = 0, -fl + l=0, 2fl- 2 = 0and-& + 4 = 0=> fl=l,iJ=4
kks
■ 0 r
EXAMPLE 4 If A = find X and y such that {xl + yA)^ = A.
Yo
oooo
-1 0 '
0 1
eBB
SOLUTION We have, A =
-1 0
1 0 0 1 r^ 01 0 y1_r X y
xJ + yA = X 0 1 + y
urr
+
-1 0 0 X -y 0 -y
ad
Given that (xZ + yA)^ = A

YYo
^ y ^ y ■ 0 1'
dd
-1 0
-y XJ L-y a;
Re
inn
x2-y2 2xy 0 1
_-2xy x^-y2
F
-1 0
x^-y^ = 0, 2xy = 1,-2xy = -landx^-y^ = 0

x^ - y^ = 0 and 2xy = 1 => x = ± y and 2xy - 1
Now two cases arise.
2 1
Case I V^hen x = y and 2xy = 1: In this case, we have x = y and 2xy = 1 => 2x = 1 x =±
V2‘
1 1 1
X =
V2
and y -
V2
or, X \= and y = -
V2 V2
i
CaseII W/ienx = -y and 2xy =1: Intiiiscase,wehavex = -y and 2xy =1 => -2x^ =1=^ x = ± V2‘
; \
1 i i t; \
X
and y = - or, X and y =
V2 V2J V2 V2
a 0 1 0
EXAMPLES IfA- 1 1
and B =
5 1 Jind the values of a for which A =B.
SOLUTION Given that
= B
fa 01 a 0 ri 01 a ^ + 0 0 +0 n 01 a 2 0 n 01
1 1 1 1 5 1 a+1 0+1 5 1 a +1 1 5 1
a ^ = 1 and a + l= 5=>a=±l and a = 4, which is not possible.

Hence, there is no value of a for which A = 6 is true.
'2 -1 ‘5 2 2 5
EXAMPLE 6 LetA = ,B = ,C = . Find a matrix D such that CD - AB = O.
.3 4 7 4 3 8
ww
[NCERT, CBSE 20171
a b
SOLUTION Let D = . Then,
^ y
Flo
CD-AB = O
ee
CD = AB
rere
'2 5' a b 2 -lirs 2‘
r FF
3 S X
y. 3 4j|_7 4
uurr
2a + 5x 2&+5y] _ [ 10-7 4-4' 2a + 5x 2h + 5y _ f 3 0
foor
3a + 8a: 3b + 8y 15 + 28 6 + 16 3a + 8x 3b + 8y 43 22
ks s
2a +5x = 3, 3fl + 8x = 43,2b +5y = 0 and 3b + 8y = 22

Yoo
ooook
Solving 2fl + 5a: = 3 and 3<7 + 8a: = 43, we get: a = -191 and x = 77.
Solving 2b + 5y = 0 and 3b + 8y = 22, we get: b = -110 and y = 4A.
eBB
a b 191 -110’
D =
X y 77 44
uurr
ad
1 3 2 1
Yo
EXAMPLE 7 Find the value of X such that [1 x 1] 2 5 1 2 = 0.

15 3 2 X
dY
Re
SOLUTION We have, [CBSE 2006, NCERT EXEMPLAR]

innd
■ 1 3 2' 1 7 +2a:
FFi
[1 a: 1] 2 5 1 2 = 0 => [1 X 1] 12+ X = 0
15 3 2 X 21+2X
=> 7 + 2x + 12x + x^+21+2x = 0 =>x^+16x + 28 = 0 => (x + 14)(x + 2)=0=> x=-2or-14.

1 0 n 01
EXAMPLES If A = -1 7
and I =
0 1 , thenfindkso thatA^ =8A + W.
1 0
SOLUTION We have, A = [CBSE 2005]
-1 7
1 0 1 0 1 0 ■
= AA =
-1 7 -1 7 -8 49
1 0 1 0 ‘ 8 0 k 0 8 +k 0
and. 8A + kl = 8 + k
-1 7 0 1 -8 56 0 k -8 56 + Jc
1 0 8 +k O '
A^ = 8A + kI ^ 1 =8+ and 56 + k - ^9 ^ k ~ - 7.
-8 49 -8 56 +it
2 -1 -1 -8 -10
EXAMPLE 9 If I 0 1-2 -5 .findA, [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

[-3 4 9 22 15
SOLUTION Since the product matrix is a 3 x 3 matrix and the premultiplier of is a 3 x 2

X u z
matrix. Therefore, /I is 2 x 3 matrix. Let A -
^ ^ ● Then, the given equation becomes
2 -1 -1 -8 -10'
X y z
1 0 1 -2 -5
-3 4 a b c 9 22 15
lx-a 2y~h Iz-c -1 -8 -10

X y z 1 -2 -5
w
-3x+4a -3y+4b -3z+4c 9 22 15
2x-a = ~l, x=l. -3x + 4a = 9, 2y-b=-S, y =-2,~ 3y + 4b =22, 2z-c = -0,
Flo
2 =-5, -3z + 4c=15
x = l,i? = 3, y = -2,& =4,z = -5 andc = 0
e
=>
rree
-2 -5'
Hence, A =
r FF
4 0
Type II ON MATRIX POLYNOMIALS AND MATRIX POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS

uurr
for
2 0 1
EXAMPLE 10
Let f (x) = x^ -5x + 6. Find f (A), if A = 2 1 3
kss
1 -1 0
ooook
Yo
SOLUTION First, we note that by/(A) we mean the matrix polynomial/!^ -5A + 6/3. Thatis, to
eB
obtain/(/I), x is replaced by A and the constant term is multiplied by the identity matrix of order
same as that of A.
urr
2 0 1 2 0 1 ■4 + 0 + 1 0 + 0-1 2+0 + 0 5-1 2

ad
Now, A^=AA= 2 1 3 2 1 3 4 + 2+ 3 0 + 1-3 2+ 3 + 0 9-2 5

Yo
1 -1 0 1 -1 0 2-2 + 0 0-1 + 0 1-3 + 0 0 -1 -2

dY
(-5)x2 (-5)x0 (-5)xl -10 0 -5 1 0 0 6 0 0

Re
innd
-5A= (-5)x2 (-5)xl (-5)x 3 -10 -5 -15 and,6/3 =6010 0 6 0
(-5)xl (-5)x(-l) (-5)x0 -5 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 6

Fi
5 -1 2 -10 0 -5 6 0 0 1-1 -3
f{A)=A^-5A + 6I^= 9-2 5 + -10 -5 -15 + 0 6 0 -1 -1 -10

0 -1 -2 -5 5 0 0 0 6 -5 4 4
3 1 ■
EXAMPLE 11
IfA = -1 2 , show that A^ -5A + 712 =0.
3 1
-1 2
3 1 3 1 ■ 9-1 3+2 ■ 8 5'

/l2 =
-1 2 -1 2 -3-2 -1+4 -5 3
-5A =
■(-5)x 3 (-5)xl ] -15 -5‘ n 01 7 0
(-5)x(-l) (-5)x2 5 -10 and, 7/2=7 0 1 0 7

8 5 -15 -5 7 0 8-15 + 7 5-5 + 0]_ro O'

A^-5A+7l2 = -5 3
+
5 -10
+
0 7" -5 + 5 + 0 5 10 j
0 0
Type III ON PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

The Principle of Mathematical Induction:
Let P («) be a statement involving positive integer n such that
(i) P (1) is true i.e. the statement is true for « = 1, and
(ii) P(w +1) is true whenever P (;«) is true i.e. the truthof P (m) implies the truthof P (m +1).
Then, P (m) is true for all positive integer n.
EXAMPLE 12
Prove the folloiving by the principle of mathematical induction:
ww
r 3 -4 1+2/1 - 4«
, thmA^ = for every positive integer n. [NCERT]
I/A= ^ -1 n 1-2/1
SOLUTION We shall prove the result by mathematical induction on n.
Flo
Step 1 When n = 1, by the definition of integral powers of a matrix, we have
ee
A^ =A =
3 -4 [1 + 2(1) -4(1)-
rere
1 -1 1 1-2(1)
r FF
So, the result is true for n = l.
uurr
Step 2 Let the result be true for n = m. Then,
foor
1 + 2m -4m
A'"
l-2m
ks s
m
Yoo
'1 + 2 (m +1) -4{m + iy

ooook
m+l
Now, we will show that the result is true for n = m + l i.e. A m + l l-2(/n + l)
eBB
By the definition of integral powers of a square matrix, we obtain

m + 1
A = A'" A
uurr
'1 + 2m - 4m~\ [3 -4
ad
m + 1
=> A [By supposition (i)]
Yo
m 1-2//J 1 -1
dY
=> A
m + 1 3 + 6m - 4m - 4 - 8m + 4m' '3+2m - 4 - 4///] _ [1 + 2 (/// +1) -4(m + l)
3m + l - 2m -4tn -1 + 2m //j +1 -1 - 2m m +1 1-2 (/// +1)
Re
innd
This shows that the result is true for n = m +1, whenever it is true for n = m.
FFi
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the result is valid for any positive integer n.
cos a sin a
EXAMPLE 13
- sin a cos a , then prove that
cosn a smn a
(i) Aq Ap = A„ + p (ii) (â)" = -smn a cosn a

for every positive integer n.
INCERT, CBSE 2004]

SOLUTION (i) We find that
cos a sm a COS [3 sin P
- sm a cos a - sin p cos P
COS a cos p - sin a sin p sin a cos p + cos a sin p cos(a + P) sin (a + P)
- sin a cos p - cos a sin p cos a cos P - sin a sin P - sin (a + P) cos (a + P)
= A
a + p-
(ii) We shall prove the result by mathematical mduction on n.
Step 1 When n - 1, by the definition of integral powers of a matrix, we obtain

= Aa
cos a sin a cos (1. a) sin (1. a) ’
“
- sm a cos a
- sin (1. a) cos (1. a)
So, the result is true for n = 1.
Step 2 Let the result be true for n = m. Then,

m cosma sinma’
(K) - sin ma cos ma ...{i)
Now, we will show that the resultis true font =?» +1 i.e.(A„)
m + 1 cos(»j + l)a sin(m + l)a*
- sin (m +1) a cos {m +1) a
ww
By the definition of integral powers of a square matrix, we have
m + 1
(Aa) = (â)"' A a
«i+ 1 COS m a sin m a cos a sm a
Flo
(Aa) - sm m a cos m a - sm a cos a
[By assumption (i)]
e
ree
m + 1 cos m a cos a - sm m a sm a cos m a sm a + sm m a cos a
(Aa) - sm m a cos a - cos m a sm a - sm ma sm a + cos m a cos a
Fr
rF
in + 1 cos (m a + a) sin {m a + a) " cos (m +1) a sin (m + 1) a ’
(Aa)
uurr
- sin (m a + a) cos (m a + a) - sin (m +1) a
for cos (m +1) a
This shows that the result is true for n = m + 1, whenever it is true for n = m.
s
kks
Yo
oooo
EXAMPLE 14 If a is a non-zero real or complex number. Use the principle of mathe7natical induction to
prove that:
eB
n- 1
a 1 na
IfA = 0 a
, then = for every positive integer n.
0 a"
ur
ad
a 1
YYo
0 a

dd
Re
1-1
a 1 1(« )
in
. So, the result is true for n = 1.

0 a 0 1
F
in -1
m fl"' ma
Step 2 Let the result be true for n = m. Then, A
0 a^
Now we will show that the result is true for n=m +1. i.e. A”''^^ =
0 ^n-M
By using the definition of integral powers of a square matrix, we obtain

a"' \a \ (f^xa + 0xma'“ ^ ^xa^
^m+1
0 0 a ax 0 + 0xa"' 0x1 +a"'x fl
m + 1 in m
in + 1
a a"’ + ma a {m +1) o'"
0 + 1
cT 0
w
4.28
MATHEMATICS-XII
This shows that the result is true forn = m + 1, whenever it is true for n = m.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the result is true for any positive integer n.
111
3«-l 3«-l 3«-l'
EXAMPLE 15 If A = 1 1 1 , then prove that A
n
3H-I 3«-l 3” ^ for every positive
1 1 1 3«-l 3^1-1 3«-l
u
[NCERTl
integer n.
F
o
SOLUTION We shall prove the result by the principle of mathematical induction on n.
Step 1 When « = 1, by the definition of integral powers of a matrix, we obtain
^3^-^ 3^-1 3^-1'
s
1 1 1
A^ = A = ^>1 1 1 3I-I 3I-I 3I-I . So, the result is true for « = 1.
llow
FF
o
3I-I 31-1 3I-I
k
1 1 1
r
3W -1 3*" -1 3^” “ 1
ro
Step 2 Let the result be true for n-m. Then, A
m
301-1 3"* -1 3^^* “ t
o
foY
ee
301-1 3"* “ 1 3«i -1
ro
Y
fF
3” 3 3m
m
m + 1
Now we shall show that the result is true for « = m + 1 i.e. A 3m 301 3««
ur oB
m
S'” 3 301
or
ks
By using the definition of integral powers of a matrix, we obtain

eBd
Yo
ô,+ l = A'" A
ru
e
3m -1 30! - 1 3m -1 1 1 1
301-1 3'” “ 1 3"* “ ^
oun
^01+1 1 1 1 [Using (i)]

1 1 1
301 -1 3"* “ 1 3” “ ^
Yio
ad
301-1^301-1^301-1 3 m-l + 3«-l4.3^-l 3«-1 + 3'”'U3'”"^

ô,f 1 301-1^301-1^310-1 3^-1 + 301-1^301-1 301-I + 301-I +30,-1
F
301-I + 301-I + 310-I 301-I + 301-1 + 30,-1 30,-1 + 301-1+30,-1

nd
Re
3x3'"~^ 3x3 0,-1

Fi
301 30, 3
01
3x 3
01-
^ 3x3'"”^ SxS"*"^ 30, 30, 30,
01-1
3x3'”"^ 3x3"*“^
01
3x 3 30, 301 3
This shows that the result is true for « = m + 1, whenever it is true for n = m.
Type IV MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS
EXAMPLE 16 Under what conditions is the matrix equation A^ = (A- B) (A + B) is true'!
SOLUTION We have,
A^-B^={A-B)(A + B)
'By disributivity of matrix muliplication’
o a'^ -B^ ={A-B)A-¥{A-B)B over matrix addition
A^-B^=A^-BA + AB-B^ By disributivity of matrix muliplication'

over matrix addition
OÂ^-BA + AB-B^-A^+B^ O= BA + AB AB = BA
Thus the‘;iven matrix equation is true if the matrices A and B commute with each other.
EXAMPLE 17 If A is <i«y m X n matrix such that AB ami BA are both deifned show that B is an n x m
w
matrix.
SOLUTION Since A is an m x n matrix such that AB exists. Therefore, the number of rows in B
should be equal to the number of columns in A. Thus, B has n rows. Further, BA exists, therefore
the number of columns in B should be equal to the number of rows in /i. So B has m
e
columns.Hence, B is an « x m matrix.
e
o
EXAMPLE 18 A, B are two matrices such that AB and A + B are both defined; show that A, B are square
rw
r
matrices of the same order.
SOLUTION Let A be an m x n matrix. Since A + B is defined, therefore B is also an m x n matrix.
F
ullo
Further since AB exists, therefore the number of columns in /Us same as the number of rows in B
FF
i.e. n = m. Hence, A and B are square matrices of the same order.
e
EXAMPLE 19 If A and B are square matrices of order n, then prove that A and B will commute iff A-XI
srre
ami B-XI commute for every scalar X.
koF
SOLUTION A - XI and B-XI commute
«tx>
(A-XI)iB~~XI) = iB-XI){A-Xl) fofr
uor
o
o AB-XIA-XIB + )? l'^ ^ BA-XBl-XlA+>?l'^
Y
AB ~X A — X B + )? I = Bi4 ~XB — XA + )? 1 AB = BA
kos
<=> A and B commute.
Yo
rBB
EXAMPLE 20 IfAB = A and BA = B, then show that A^ =Â, B^ = B.

oo
eY
a^l.UTION We have, AB = A and BA == B

re
Now, AB = A
u
(AB) /I = /i/1 [Multiplying both sides on right by /I]

A (BA) = A^
d
ou
=>
[By associativity of matrix multiplication!
o
ad
=> AB = A^ [●.● BA = B]
nY
A = A^ AB = A\
nid
Re
Similarly, it can be proved that B^ = 6.

F
Fi
EXAMPLE 2''. Give an example of two matrices A and B such that

(i) AO, B ^ O, AB = O and BA O [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
(ii) Ao, B O, AB = BA = O.
ri 01 ro 01
SOLUTION (i) UA = 0 0 and B = 3 0
, then A * O, B ^ O.
T Giro 01 ro 01 '0 oiri 01 [0 01

But, AB = = O and, BA =
0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0
n n ■ 1 -1
(ii) if A = and B - ,then/i * O, B * O.
1 1 -1 1
But, AB = T iir 1 -ii_ri-i -i+ii_ro o'

1 lj[-l 0
=0
and. BA== ' 1 -iiri ii_r 1-1 1-1 ]_ro o' =o

-1 1 1 1 - -1+1 -1 + 1 0 0
MATHEMATICS-Xtl
4.30
EXAMPLE 22 Give an example of three matrices A, B, C such that AB = ACbutB:^C.

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
'1 o' ■ 0 o' '0 0‘
SOLUTION Let A =
0 0
,B = -1 0
and C =
0 1 ●
Then, it can be easily verified that
AB=AC=0. ButB^C.
Type V ON APPLICATIONS OF MATRICES

EXAMPLE 23 There are tzuo families A and B. There are 4 men, 6 women and 2 children in family A and 2
men, 2 women and 4 children in family B. The recommended daily allowance for calories is: Man : 2400,
woman: 1900, child: 1800 and for proteins is : Man : 55 gm, woman : 45 gm and child: 33 gm.
Represent the above information by matrices. Using matrix multiplication, calculate the total
ww
requirement of calories and proteins for each of the two families.
SOLUTION The members of the two families can be represented by a 2 x 3 matrix f given
below.
M W C
Flo A \4 6 2'
e
F =
B [2 2 4
ree
and the recommended daily allowance of calories and proteins for each member can be
Fr
rF
represented by 3 x 2 matrix R as given below.
uurr
Calories Proteins
M r 2400 55
for
K = W 1900 45
s
C 1800 33
kks
Yo
The total requirement of calories and proteins for each of the two families is given by the matrix
oooo
multiplication FR as given below.

eB
2400 55
FR =
■4 6 2'
1900 45 _ A r 24600 556 '
2 2 4 ■ B 15800 332
1800 33
ur
Hence, family A requires 24600 calories and 556 gm proteins and family B requires 15,800
ad
YYo
calories and 332 gm proteins.

EXAMPLE 24 Use matrix multiplication to divide ^ 30,000 in two parts such that the total annual
dd
interest at 9% on the first part and 11% on the second part amounts ? 3060.
Re
in
SOLUTION Let the two parts be ? x and ? (30000 - x) respectively. Let A be the 1 x 2 matrix
representing these two parts
F
Parti Partn
i.e. A =[x 30000 - x]
Let R denote the 2x1 matrix representing the annual interest rates of interest on two parts i.e.
Parti r 0.09’
^ " Part II [0.11
The total annual interest on the two parts is given by the matrix multiplication AR.
AR = 3060
0.09
[x 30000-x] 0.11
= 3060
0.09 x +0.11 (30000-x) = 3060

9 11
X + (30000-x) = 3060 => 9x+ 330000-11 x = 306000 => x=12,000
100 100
Hence two parts of ? 30,000 are ? 12,000 and ? 18,000 respectively.

ALGEBRA OF MATRICES
4.31
EXAMPLE 25 Three schools A, B and C organised a mela for collecting funds for helping the
rehabilitation offlood victims. They sold hand made fans, mats and plates from recyled material at a cost of
? 25, ? 200 and ? 50 each. The number of articles sold are given below:
<chool
A B C
Article
Hand-fans 40 25 35
Mats 50 40 50
Plates 20 30 40
Find the funds collected by each school separately by sailing the above articles. Also, find the total funds
collected for the purpose. (CBSE 2015]
ww
SOLUTION Three items sold by three schools are represented b)- the following 3x3 matrix Q
as given below. '
Hand-fans Mats Plates
Floo
A 40 50 20
Q = B 25 40 30
ree
C 35 50 40
rFee
The price matrix representing price of of three articles in ? is a 3 x 1 matrbc given by
F
Hand-fan 25 oor r
rur
P= Mat 100
s ff
Plate 50
The funds collected by schools A, B and C separately by selling three articles are given by the
osk
YYoou
product matrix QP.

oook
Hand-fans Mats Plates

eBB
A 40 50 20 25
QP = B 25 40 30 100
uur r
C 35 50 40 50
ad
Yo
A 40x 25+50x100 + 20x50 AT^yOOG

QP = B 25 X 25 + 40 X 100 + 30 x 50 = S ?6125
C [35X 25 + 50 X 100 + 40 X 50
dY
C ?7875
Re
idn
Hence, the funds collected by schools A, B and C are ? 7000, ? 6125 and ? 7875 respectively.
FFin
The total funds collected = ? (7000+ 6125 + 7875) =?21000.

Type I ON MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
EXAMPLE 26 Prove that the product of matrices
cos^ 0 cos 0 sin 0 " 5
cos (j) sin (j)'
and cos cj)
cos 0 sin 0 sin^ 0 cos ij) sin (}) sin (j)
is the null matrix, when 0 and ^dijfer by an odd multiple of~.

SOLUTION We have,
cos^ 0 cos 0 sin 0
cos^ cos (j) sin (|)
cos 0 sin 0 sin^ 0 cos (|> sin 4> sin^ (j) I ..
cos“ 0 cos^ (|) + cos 0 ays (}) sin 0 sin ^ cos^ 0 cos ( > sin <1> + cos 0 sin 0 sin ^ ^
“ 2 2
cos^ (t>cos 0 sin 0 + sin^ 0 cos <j>sin 4> cos 0 sin 0 cos <j)sin (|> + sin 0 sin
cos 0 cos (|) cos (0 - <!)) cos 0 sin <j> cos (0 - <{))
sin 0 cos<j)cos(0-<i») sin Osin (j)Cos(6-<{>)
_ P ^ ●●● 0 - <j) = (2 « +1) —, M e Z cos (0 - <j)) = cos (2 h +1) ^2 = 0
“00 2'
0 - tan (a / 2)
EXAMPLE 27 Let A ~ mtd I be the identity matrix of order 2. Show that
tan (a / 2) 0
cos a - sm a
I + A=0-A) . INCERT]
sin a cos a
w
SOLUTION We have,
0 a 1 a
1 0 - tan — - tan
l+A ^ + a 2 a 2
0 1 tan — tan
FF llowo
0 2 1
2
0 a 1 a
ree
1 0 tan — tan
and. / - A =
0 1
+ a 2 a 2
- tan - tan — ^
2 0 2 ^
rF
1 a
cos tt sin a tan — cos a - sin a
(f-A) a 2
ur
sin a cos a -tan — sin a cos a
for fFreo
2 ^
2 a a
1 - tan 2 tan
s
1 2
ok
YYour o
2 a 2 a
1 a 1 + tan 1 + tan
cos a -sin a tan 2 2
o
0-A) sin a cos a - tan

a 2 a 2 Cl
2 1 2 tan 1 - tan
eeBo Bks
2 2
2 a 2 a
1 + tan 1 + tan
r
2 2
our u
ad
1-t^ - 2^ 1
Yo
1 f
1 +f"
cos a -Sin a ] +f^ a
(I-A) , where f = tan —.

d
sm a cos a 2t 2
Re
-t \
in
1 +t^ 1 + f^
FFind Y
l-f^ + 2t^ -2t + t~t^

cos a -sin a 1+t^ i+t^
il-A) sm a cos a
-t + t^ + 2t 2t^+1~t^
1 ^ +t^
1 +f^ rimfl
COS a -sin a 1 +f^ l+t^ 1 ~t
U-A) f 1
sm a cos a
LiL+i!) 1 +f^
1 Tlt^
1 a
COS a -sm a tan
U-A) sm
I; a cos a tan —
a 2 =I + A
2 “I
cos j: - sin X 0
EXAMPLE28Lef f (x) = sin X cosx 0 .Show that F (x) F {y)= F{x + i/).
0 0 1
SOLUTION We have, [NCERT]

cos X - sin X 0 cos y - sin y 0
f (x) ● F (y) = sin X cos x 0 sin y cos y 0
0 0 lj[ 0 01
cos X cos y - sin X sin y - sin y cos x - sin x cos y 0
F (x) ● f (y) = sin X cos y + cos x sin y - sin x sin y + cos x cos y 0
0 0 1
cos (x + y) - sin (x + y) 0’
F (x) ● F (y) = sin (x + y) cos (x + y) 0 = F (x + y) /
w
0 0 1
Type II ON MATRIX POLYNOMIALS AND MATRIX POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
Flo
2 3
EXAMPLE 29letA =
-1 2 andf(x) = x^~4x + 7. Show thatf(A) = O. Use this result tofind A^.
e
rree
[NCERT EXEMPI.AR]
r FF
SOLUTION We have, /(x) = x^ -4x + 7. Therefore, f (A) =A~^ -4A+ 7 I2.
2 3ir 23 4-3 6 + 6 ■ 1 12
uurr
Now, =
-1 2 -1 2 -2-2 3 + 4
for
-4 1
kss
-8 -12 \7 01
-4A =
4 -8 and, 7I2 = 0 7
ooook
Yo
f{A) =
eB
f{A) = 1 12] r-8 -12 ■7 O' ■ 1-8 + 7 12-12 + 0 0 0

=0
-4 1 4 -8 ■^0 7 -4+4+0 1-8 + 7 0 0
urr
ad
Now, f(A)=0
Yo
A^ -4A+7l2=0
dY
=4/1-7/2
Re
innd
A^=AÂ =(4/1 -7/2) /I =4A^ -7/2 A

Fi
A^=4(4A-7f2)-7A [Using : A^ = 4A - 7/3]

A^=9A-28/2
A^=AÂ={9A-2Sl2)A
A^ = 9A^ - 28A = 9 (4A -7/2) - 28A [Using: A^ = 4A - 7/3]
A"* = 36A - 63/2 - 28A = 8A - 63/2
A^ =A^ A = (8A - 63/2) A = 8A^ - 63/3 A
A^ = 8 (4A - 7/2) - 63A = - 31A -56/3 [Using :A^ = 4A-7/3]
=5> A^ =-31
2 3
-56
ri 01 -62 -93 ■-56 0
■^r-118 -93'
+
-1 2 0 1 31 -62 0 -56 31 -118 ●
Type III ON PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

0 1
EXAMPLE 30 If A = 0 0
, prove that (al + bAf = a” / + ~^bA
xvhere I is a unit matrix of order 2 and n is a positive integer. [NCERT]
SOLUTION We shall prove the result by mathematical induction on n.

1-1
(al + bA)^ =al +bA=a^ 1 +la^bA=ah +la bA
So, the result is true for n = 1.

m
Step 2 Let the result be true for « = w. Then, (al + bA)
Now we shall show that the result is true for n = m + 1.
m + 1 + 1
i.e. (al + bA) = y” I + {m + l) cd' bA
w
m + 1
(al + bA) = (al + (al + bA)
Flo = (d” l + ma'^~'^bA)(aI + bA) [Using (i)l
e
= (d” I) (al) + (fl"' /) (M) + ^ bA) (al) + (mo"'" ^ bA) (bA)
rree
r FF
= (o'" a) (l.l) + d^b (lA) + md^ b (Al) + md^ “ ^ b^ (AA)
= ^ 7 + fl”' M + md^ bA + md^ [■■ IA=Al=A,I.I = l]
uurr
for
= d^
+1
I + (md'’ b + a"' b) A + md^ "'
kss
= cT
+1
I + (m +1) o'" bA + md^ [V a2=0]
ooook
Yo
m + 1
= a 7 + (m +1) o'" bA
This shows that the result is true for 7i = w + 1, whenever it is true for n=m.
eB
urr
EXAMPLE 31 Let A, B be two matrices such that they commute. Show that for any positive integer n
ad
(i) AB” = 6"A (U) (AB)" = A" B"' [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

Yo
SOLUTION (i) We shall prove the result by the principle of mathematical induction on ti.
dY
Step 1 When « = 1, by the definition of integral powers of a matrix, we have

Re
innd
AB^ = AB = BA [■●■ AB = BA (given)l

Fi
= BÂ [V 6^=B]
So, that result is true for w = 1.
Step2 Let the resultbe true for « = m. Then, AB"* = B"'A. ...(i)
+1 m+ 1
We shall now show that the result is true for « = »n +1 i.e. AB”* = B A.
By the definition of integral powers of a matrix, we obtain

?n+ 1
AB = A(B^B) = A(BB”)
m
= (AB) B [By associativity of matrix multiplication]
= (BA) B"" [■.* AB = BA (given)]
= B(AB'") [By associativity of matrix multiplication]
= 6(B'”A) [Using induction assumption (i)]
= (BB'”) A [By associativity of matrix multiplication]

= 6 m+l^ [By definition of integral powers]
This shows that the result is true for n = m + l, whenever it is true for n = w.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the result is true for any positive integer n.
(ii) We shall prove this result also by the principle of mathematical induction on n.
Step 1 When « = 1, by the definition of integral powers of a matrix, we have
{AB)^ = AB = A^ B^ [v A^=A,B^=B]
So, the result is true for « = 1.
m
Step 2 Let the result be true for n = m. Then, {AB) = B"' ●●●(i)
w
m + 1
Now we shall show that the result is true for ?i = m + 1 i.e. (AB)
m + 1
= A gm4-l_
Flo
ni+ 1
(AB) = (AB)'" (AB)
= (A'” B"')(AB)
ee
[By induction assumption (i)]
Fr
= A^ (B^ (AB)) [By associativity of matrix multiplication]
= A"' (B"'(BA)) [*.■ AB = BA (given)]
= A”’ {{B^B) A)
for
ur
[By associativity of matrix multiplication]
= A"'(B“^^ A) [By definition of integral powers]
ks
= A'" [●.* AB'’ = B" A for all n 6 N (proved in (i))]

Yo
oo
nt + 1
= (A'" A) B [By associativity of matrix multiplication]
eB
m+ I + 1
=A gn
This shows that the result is true for n = m + 1, whenever it is true for n-m.
r
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the result is true for every positive integer n.
ou
ad
EXAMPLE 32 If A is a square matrix such that A^ = A, show that (/ + A)^ =7A + /.

Y
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Using matrix multiplication, we obtain
nd
Re
(J + A)2 = (/ + A)(/ + A)
Fi
= I il+A)+A{l+A) [By distributivity of multiplication over addition]

= I^ + IA + Al+A^
=1+A+A+A^ [v 7A=A7=A]
= I + 2A + A^=I + 2A + A = 1 + 3A [.■A^=A]
(I + A)^ ={I + A)^{I + A)
= (/ + 3A) (7+A)
= 7 (7 + A) + 3A (7 + A) = 7^ + 7A + 3(A7) + 3 (AA)
= 7+A + 3A+3A^ l-.-IA=AI=A]
= 7 + A + 3A + 3A=7+7A t-A^=A]
EXAMPLE 33 If A is a square matrix such that A^ =7, then find the simplified value of
(A-7)^+(A + 7)^-7A. [CBSE 2016]
4.36
MATHEMATICS-XII
SOLUTION Wehave,
=AÂ=IA=A
We know that
{A + Bf=A^ + 3A^B+3AB^ + B^ and, {A-B)^=A^~ 3A^B+3AB^ -B^

provided that AB = BA.
Since AI =IA=A.
{A + lf + 3AÎ + 3AI^ + /^ and(^ -/)^ - 3AÎ + 3AI^-I^

(^ + 1)^ =A^ + 3A'^ + 3A + I and{A-I)^ =A^ -3A^ ■¥ 3A-I
{A + I)^+(A-I)^ =2(A^ + 3A) =2{A + 3A) = 8A [Using (i)]
ww
Hence,{A-I)^+{A + lf -7A = 8A -7A = A.
EXAMPLE 34 IfA=[3 5], B-[7 3], then find a non-zero matrix C such that AC =BC.
Flo [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ee
SOLUTION Clearly, A and B are 1 x 2 matrix. Therefore, products AC and BC exist if C is of
rere
order 2 x n, where n e N.
r FF
Now, following cases arise.
a
uurr
Case I When « = 1; In this case, matrix C is a 2 x
1 matrix. So, let C = ^ . Then,
foor
AC=BC
ks s
a a
Yoo
[3 5] ^ =[7 3] ^ => 3a + 5b =7a+ 3b => 4a = 2b => 2a =b

ooook
eBB
a
C =
2a
, where a eR.
a X
uurr
Case n When n-2\ In this case, matrix C is a 2 x 2 matrix. So, let C = . Then,
b y
ad
Yo
AC=BC
dY
a X a X
[3 5] = [7 3]
Re
b y_ P y.
innd
[3a + 5b 3x + 5y] = {7a + 3b 7x + 3y] => 3a + 5b=7a+3band3x+5y=7 x+3y

FFi
b = 2a and y = 2x.
a X
C = , where a, x eR.
2a 2x
Similarly, if n = 3
a X y
C = where a, x,y eR and so on.
2a 2x 2y
EXERCISE 4.3
BASIC
J,. Compute the indicated products:

2 3 4 1 -3 5
<“> [2 3
a b a -b -2 1 2 3
(i) -b a b a -3 2 -1
(iii) 3 4 5 0 2 4
4 5 6 3 0 5
2. Show that AB ^ BA in each of the following cases:

1 1 0 1 2 3
(i) /I = ^ ^ and B =
2 1
3 4
(ii) A = 0 -1 1 and B = 0 1 0
2 3 4 1 1 0
1 3 0 0 1 0
(iii) 4=11 0 and B = 10 0
4 1 0 0 5 1
3. Compute the products AB and BA whichever exists in each of the following cases:
3 2
1 -2 1 2 3' '4 5 .6'
(i) = 2 3
and B =
2 3 1
(ii) 4 = -1 0 and B - 0 1 2
-1 1
ww
0 n
1 c b
(iii) 4=[1 ^1 2 3] and B = (iv) [.Jl;]
3 d + [n b c li] ^
Flo
2 d
e
4. Show that 46 64 in each of the following cases:
eree
1 3 -1 -2 3 -1 10 -4 -1 1 2 2
(i) 4 = 2 -1 -1 and 6= -1 2 -1 (ii)4=-n 5 0 and 8 = 3 4 1
FFr
3 0 -1 -6 9 -4 9 -5 1 1 3 2
oorr
uur r
5. Evaluate the following:
1 0 2
sf
/ r 2
(i) 1 3ir3-~2l'jri35' (u) [1 2 3] 2 0 1 4
-1 -4 -1 1 2 4 6
sk
Yoo
V. L
0 1 2 6
oook
1 -1
^ ri 0 2’ ’0 1 21 '
eBB
(iii) 0 2 2 0 1 1 0 2
2 3 V L
1 0
I0
0 1
uurr
6. If4 = and C = , then show that 4^ = 6^ =C^ = l2-

ad
0 1 ~1 1 0
Yo
2 -1 ■ 0 4
7. [f4 = and 6 = , find 342-26 + /. ICBSE 2005]
dY
3 2 -1 7
Re
4 2
innd
8. If4 = , prove that (4 - 2/) (4 - 3/) = O.

-1 1
FFi
1 1 1 2 1 3
9. If4 =
0 1
, show that 4^ = 0 1
and 4^ =
0 1 ■
ab b^
10. If 4 = , show that 4^ =0. y
-a^ -ab
cos 2 0 sin 2 0
11. If4 =
- sin 2 0 cos 2 0
,find4^. [CBSE2000C]
2 -3 -5 -1 3 5
12. If 4 = -1 4 5 and 6 = 1 -3 -5 , show that 46 = 64 =03 X 3.
1 -3 -4
-1 3 5J
0 c -b a 2 ab ac
13. If 4 = -c 0 a and 6 = ab b^ he , show that 46 = 64 =03 X 3.
b ~a 0 ac be c2
4.3a MATHEMATICS-Xli
2 -3 -5 2 -2 -4
14. If A = -1 4 5 and B = -1 3 4 , show that AB = i4 and B/l = B.
1 -3 -4 1 -2 -3
-1 1 -1 0 4 3
15. LetA = 3-3 3 and B = 1 -3 -3 , compute A^ - B^.
5 5 5 -1 4 4
16. For the following matrices verify the associativity of matrix multiplication i.e.
(AB)C=A(BC).
1 0
'12 0' 1
(i) A = , B= -1 2 and C =
ooww
-1 0 1 -1
0 3
'4 2 3 1 -1 1 1 2 -1
(ii) A = 1 1 2 , B= 0 1 2 and C = 3 0 1
e
3 0 1 2 -1 1 0 0 1
ree
17. For the following matrices verify the distributivity of matrix multiplication over matrix
rFl
Fre
addition i.e. A (B + C) = AB + AC.
rrF
'0 1
(i)^=['o 2
-1 -1 0
, B= and C =
2 1 1 -1
sffoo
ouur
2 -1
0 1 1 -1 ■
(u) A = 1 1 , B= and C=
oksk
1 1 0 1 ■
-1 2
Yo
oo
1 0 -2 0 5 -4 1 5 2
Y
BB
18. If A = 3-1 0 ,B = -2 1 3 and C = -1 1 0 , verify that

-2 1 1 -10 2 0 -1 1
rre
A(B-C)=AB-AC.
ouu
19. Compute the elements ^43 and ^22 of matrix;

Y
ad
ro 1 0"
2 -1
dY
2 0 2 0 1-1 2 -2'
A = -3 2
0 3 2 3-3 4-4 0
4 3
innd
Re
4 0 4
0 1 0
Fi
F
20. IfA = 0 0 1 and/is the identity matrix of order 3, show that A^ + tjA+rA^.
P ? r
21. If zy is a complex cube root of unity, show that

/ r
2
1 IV
V)
w
vp- 1 1 0
w vP \ + vP 1 w w 0
2 1 w 2 1 2 0
w w w w
\ L
2 -3 -5
22. IfA = -14 5 ,showthat A^ =A.
1 -3 -4
4 -1 -4l
23. IfA = 3 0-4 , show that A^ = 73.
3 -1 -3
1 0 2 1
24. (i) If [1 1 :c] 0 2 1 1 - 0, find a:.
2 1 0 1
'2 3ir 1 -31 r-4 61

(ii) If 5 7
,find X. [CBSE2012]
-2 4 -9 a:
2 1 2 ■ X
25. If [x 4 1] 1 0 2 4 = 0,findx.
0 2-4 -1
‘0 1 -1 0
26. If [1 -1 x] 2 1 3 1 = 0, find X.
ww
1 1 1 1
3 -2 1 0
27. IfA = and I = , then prove that -A +21 =0.
4 -2 0 1
Flo
'31' 1 0
e
28. If A =
-1 2
and / -
0 1
, then find Xso that ^4^ = 5A + XL
rere
r FF
3 1
29. If A =
-1 2 ,show that A^-5A + 7i2 =0. ICBSE 2003,20071
uurr
foor
30. If A is a square matrix such that = A, then find(2 + A)^ -19A. ICBSE 2020]
[2 31
kss
31. Show that the matrix A =

1 2 satisfies the equation A ^ -4A^ + A = 0. ICBSE2005]
Yoo
ooook
5 3
32. Show that the matrix A = is a root of the equation A^ - 12A -1=0.
eBB
12 7
3 -5
33. IfA = ,findA^ -5A -141. ICBSE 2004]
uurr
-4 2
ad
Yo
BASED ON LOTS
dY
■ 3 r
34. IfA =
-1 2
, showthatA^ -5A + 7/ =0. Use this to find A^. [NCERT]
Re
innd
3 -2’
, find cf such that A^ =kA -212-
Fi
35. IfA = INCERT,CBSE2003]

4 -2
1 0
36. If A =
-1 7
, findfc such that A^-8A + W =0. ICBSE 2005]
ri 21
37. IfA =
2 1 and / (x) = x^ - 2x - 3, show that/ (A) = O. [CBSE 2005]
38. IfA =
2 3
and I =
n 01
1 2 0 1 , then find X, so that A =X A +p. I
2 0 7 -X 14 X 7x
39.
Find itle value of x for which the matrix product 0 1 0 0 1 0 equal to
1 -2 1 X - 4x - 2x
an identity matrix.
MATHEMATICS-XI!
4.40
40. Solve the matrix equations:

'12 0 0
(i)[Ar 1] ^
-2-3
M
5
=0 (ii) [12 1] 2 0 1 2 =0 [NCERT]
1 0 2 X
1 0 2 X
(iii) [a:-5-1] 0 2 1 4=0 [NCERT] (iv) [2x 3] -3 0 8

= 0
2 0 3 1
1 2 0
41. If/4 = 3-4 5 ,compute -4/4 + 3/3.
0 -13
w
0 12
42. If/{,r) -2x, find/(/4), where/4 = 4 5 0

0 2 3
Flo
43. If / (.r) = + 4a:^ - x, find f(A), where A =
0 1 2
ee
2 -3 0
1 -1 0
Fr
1 0 2
q 'y
44. l(A = 0 2 1 , then show that A is a root of the polynomial f {x)-x - 6x + 7x + 2.
for
ur
2 0 3
[NCERT]
ks
1 2 2
Yo
45. If A = 2 12 ,thenprovethatA^-4A-5/=0. [CBSE 2008]

oo
2 2 1J
eB
■3 2 0]
46. If A =14 0 , show that A^-7A+10/3 =0.
ur
0 0 5
ad
Yo
■●f i/ such that

47. Without using the concept of inverse of a matrix, find the matrix ^ u
■ 5 -7' -16 -6*

^ =
nd
Re
-2 3 z u 7 2 ●
Fi
48. Find the matrix A such that
1 1 '3 3 5" 1 2 3 --7 _8 -9

(i) A = (ii) A [NCERT]
0 1 1 0 1 4 5 6 2 4 6
4 ■-4 8^4’ -1 0 -1 1
(iii) 1 A = -1 2 1 (iv) [2 1 3] -1 1 0 0 = A
3 -3 6 3 0 1 1 -1
[NCERT EXEMPLAR] [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

2 -1 -1 -8 -10 -7 -8 -9
T 2 3
(V) 1 0 A = 1 -2 -5 (Vi) A 2 4 6
4 5 6
-3 4 9 22 15 11 10 9
[CBSE 2017] [CBSE 2017]

-21
49. Find a 2 X 2 matrix A such that A 1} 4 = 6/2-
-3 2l 1 0
50. UA =
1 ^ and I = 0 1
, find scalar k so that A +I = kA. [CBSE2020]
0 -X 0 1
51. lfA =
X 0
,B =
1 0
and = -1, then show that (/4 + B)^ =A^ +
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
10-3
3 , then verify that A^ + A=A(A + I), where I is the identity matrix.
ooww
52. IfA = 2 1
0 1 1
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
■ 3 -5‘
53. IfA = , thenfindA^-5A-14/.Hence,obtainA^. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
e
-4 2
ere
cosx smx
54.
rFl
(i) IfP(x) =
-sinx cosx , then show that P(x) P(y) = P(x + y) = P(y) P(x).
Fre
X 0 0 fl 0 0 xfl 0 0
rrF
(ii) IfP = 0 y 0 andQ = 0 b 0 , prove that PQ = 0 yb 0 =QP
sffoo
ouur
0 0 z 0 0 c 0 0 zc
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
kosk
2 0 1
Yo
55. If A = 2 1 3 , find A -5A+ 4/ and hence find a matrix X such that

oo
Y
1 -1 0
BB
A^-5A + 4/+X=0. [CBSE 2015]

rre
1 1 1 n
56. If A =
0 1 , prove that A” = 0 1 for all positive integers n.
ouu
Y
ad
a b a" b
dY
57. IfA =
0 1 , prove that A" = a-1 for every positive integer n.
0 1
innd
Re
cos 0 I sin 9'

58. If A = , then prove by principle of mathematical induction that
Fi
F
i sin 0 cos 0
A
n _ cos nQ i sin n 0’ for all n e N. [CBSE 2005]
i sin n 0 cos n 0
cos a + sin a V2 sin a
59. If A =
cos na + sm n a -I2 sin n a
- V2 sin a cos a - sin a
, prove thatA” = - V2 sin n a cos na- sin n a
for all n 6 N.
1 1 1’
60. If A = 0 1 1 , then use the principle of mathematical induction to show that
0 0 1
1 n n(n + l)/2
A" 0 1 n
for every positive integer n.
0 0 1
61. If B, C are n rowed square matrices and if A = 6 + C, BC = CB, =0, then show that for
«+l
every neN, A = B" (B + (n +1) C).
62. IfA = diag(fl& c), show that/I" = diag (fl'* c") for all positive integer n.
63. Ifv4 is a square matrix, usingmathematical induction prove that (A^)" =(A”)^ for all n e N.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
64. A matrix X has a + b rows and a + 2 columns while the matrix Y has b + \ rows and a + 3
columns. Both matrices XY and YX exist. Find a and b. Can you say XV and YX are of the
same type? Are they equal.
65. Give examples of matrices
(i) A and S such that AB BA.
(ii) A and B such that AB = O but A Ô, B Ô.
(iii) A and B such that AB = O but BA ^ O.
ww
(iv) A, B and C such that AB = AC but B ¥^C,A Ô.
66. Let A and B be square matrices of the same order. Does (A + B)^ = A^ + 2AB + B^ hold?
FF loo
If not, why?
67. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, explain, why in general
ree
(i) (A + B)^Â^+2AB+B^ (ii) (A -BfÂ^-2AB-¥
(iii) (A + B){A-B)Â^-B^.
rFee
68. Let A and B be square matrices of the other 3 x 3. Is (AB)^ = A^ B^? Give reasons.
F
oor r
rur
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
s ff
69. If A and B are square matrices of the same order such that AB = BA, then show that
{A + Bf =A^ + 2AB+B^. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
k
YYoou
3 1 4 2
ookos
‘Ill’
70. LetA = ,6 = 5 2 and C = -3 5
3 3 3
BBo
-2 4 5 0
re
Verify that AB = AC though B^C,A¥^0.

71. Three shopkeepers A, B and C go to a store to buy stationary. A purchases 12 dozen
ouur
ad
notebooks, 5 dozen pens and 6 dozen pencils. B purchases 10 dozen notebooks, 6 dozen
Yo
pens and 7 dozen pencils. C purchases 11 dozen notebooks, 13 dozen pens and 8 dozen
pencils. A notebook costs 40 paise, a pen costs ? 1.25 and a pencil costs 35 paise. Use matrix
dY
multiplication to calculate each individual's bill.

Re
idn
72. The cooperative stores of a particular school has 10 dozen physics books, 8 dozen chemistry
FFin
books and 5 dozen mathematics books. Their selling prices are ? 8.30, ? 3.45 and ? 4.50 each
respectively. Find the total amount the store will receive from selling all the items.
73. In a legislative assembly election, a political group hired a public relations firm to promote
its candidates in three ways: telephone, house calls and letters. The cost per contact (in
paise) is given matrix A as
Cost per contact
40 Telephone
A = 100 House call
50 Letter
The number of contacts of each type made in two cities X and Y is given in matrix B as
Telephone House call Letter
riooo 500 50001
B =
3000 1000 10000 -> Y
Find the total amount spent by the group in the two cities X and Y.
74. A trust fund has ? 30000 that must be invested in two different types of bonds. The first
bond pays 5% interest per year, and the second bond pays 7% interest per year. Using
matrix multiplication, determine how to divide ? 30000 among the two types of bonds. If
the trust fund must obtain an annual total interest of (i) ?1800 (ii) ?“2000. (NCERTJ
75. To promote making of toilets for women, an organisation tried to generate awamess
through (i) house calls (ii) letters, and (iii) announcements. The cost for each mode per
attempt is given below:
(i) ?50 (ii) ?20 (iii) ?40
The number of attempts made in three villages X, Y and Z are given below:
(i) (ii) (iii)
X 400 300 100
ww
y 300 250 75
Z 500 400 150
Find the total cost incurred by the organisation for three villages separately, using matrices.
FF loo
[CBSE 2015]
76. There are 2 families A and B. There are 4 men, 6 women and 2 children in family A, and 2
ree
men, 2 women and 4 children in family B. The recommend daily amount of calories is 2400
for men, 1900 for women, 1800 for children and 45 grams of proteins for men, 55 grams for
reeF
women and 33 grams for children. Represent the above information using matrix. Using
oroFr
matrix multiplication, calculate the total requirement of calories and proteins for each of
r ur
the two families. What awareness can you create among people about the planned diet
s ff
from this question? (CBSE 2015]
k
77. In a parliament election, a political party hired a public relations firm to promote its
YYouo
kos o
candidates in three ways — telephone, house calls and letters. The cost per contact (in
paisa) is given in matrix A as
BBoo
[140 Telephone
r ee
A = 200 House calls

150 Letters
ad
ouur
Yo
The number of contacts of each type made in two cities X and Y is given in the matrix B as
Telephone House call Letters
5000 1 City X
d
r 1000 500
Re
B =
idnY
3000 1000 lOOOOj City Y

FFin
Find the total amount spent by the party in the two cities.
What should one consider before casting his/her vote — party’s promotional activity or
their social activities? ICBSE2015]
78. The monthly incomes of Aryan and Babbar are in the ratio 3 : 4 and their monthly
expenditures are in the ratio 5 : 7. If each saves ? 15000 per month, find their monthly
incomes using matrix method. This problem reflects which value? 1CBSE2016]
79. A trust invested some money in two type of bonds. The first bond pays 10% interest and
second bond pays 12% interest. The trust received ? 2800 as interest. However, if trust had
interchanged money in bonds, they would have got ? 100 less as interest. Using matrix
method, find the amoimt invested by the trust. ICBSE2016]
ANSWERS
■ 14 0 42
0 '7-25
1. (i) (ii) (iii) 18 -1 56
0 a^+b^ -7 10 3
22 -2 70
12 17 22
-3 -4 1 ■ 1 14
3. (i) AB = , BA does not exist (ii)AB= -4 -5 -6 , BA =
8 13 9 -3 2
-4 -4 -4
ro 0 0 0'
1 12 3
(iu) AB = [11], BA =
3-369 (iv) [a^ +b^ + c^ +d^ + ac + bd]
2 -246
0 -1 1
6 16 26 4-20
5. (i) -8 -18 -28 (ii) [82] (iii) 2 0-2 7.
38 -10
5 -2 -3
ww
-2 -9 -1
cos 4 0 sin 4 6 '
11. 15. 3 26 3
- sin 4 0 cos 4 0 19. <?43 - 8, <122 = 0
35 15 34
24. (i) x=-2 (ii) a: = 13 25. :c=-2,-l 2
Flo
26.
0 0 39 55'
28. -7 30. 8/ 33.
e
0 0 34. (ii) -55 -16
35. k=l
ree
1
36. k^7
Fr
38. X = 4, (i=-l 39.
rF
5
23
uurr
40. (i) a: = - 3,5 (ii)A: = -l (iii) ar=4V3 for (iv) x=Q,
2
6 -14 10 4 7 2 6-2 6
s
41. -21 36 -25 42. 12 19 8 43. 0 4 4
kks
-3 5 -5 8 12 3 1 1 4
Yo
oooo
1 -4’ 2 3 4 1-2
(iii) 1-1 2 1] (iv) [-4] (v) 3I
-2 -5
47.
3 -2 48. (i) 1 0 2 (ii) 2 0
eB
4 0
1 ~2
4 2' ■ 187 -195
(vi) 2 0 49. 50. -4
ur
-1 1 53.
-156 148
ad
-5 4
YYo
■-1 -1 -3] ri 1 3'

55. -1 -3 -10 , 1 3 10 64. a = 2,b = 3, No 68. True when AB = BA
dd
-5 4 2J [5 -4 -2
Re
in
71. ? 157.80,? 167.40, ^281.40 72. ?1597.20 73. ? 3400, ? 7200

F
74. (i) ? 15000 each (ii) ? 5000, ? 25000

75. X: ? 30,000 Calories Proteins
y:?23,000 77. X: ? 9900
76. Family A : 24600 576
Y: ? 21200
Z : ? 29,000 Family B: 15800 332
78. ? 90,000, ? 120,000 79. ? 10,000, ? 15,000

34. We have.
■ 3 1'
A =
-1 2
■ 3 r
= AA = ^ =r 3 + 2] _ rs 5'
-1 2
-1 2j”[-3-2 -l+4j"[-5 3
A^-5A + 7/ =
8
-5
5
3
+ r-15 -5] r7 0]_r8-15+7 5-5 + 0]_r0 0] = 0
5 -10 0 7 " -5+5 + 0 3-10 + 7 "00
=> = 5A -71
A^ = AÂ^ = (5A-7l)(5A~7n = 5A (5A-71)-71 (5A-71)

= 25 A^~ 35AI - 351A + 4911 = 25A^ - 35A - 35A + 491
= 25A^-70A + 491 = 25 (5A-71)-70A + 491
= 125/1-175/-70^+49/= 55/1-126/
'3 r n 01 ri65 551 r-126 0 r 39 55 1
= 55 -126 +
-1 2 0 1 -55 110 0 -126 -55 -16
'3 -2'
35. We have, A = 4 -2
w
\ -2'
2 _ rs -21 [3 -21 _ [9-8 -6 + 41
■■■ ^ “ [4 -2j [4 -2j“[l2~,8 -8 + 4j 4 -4
It is given that A^ = kA - 2/2
Flo
T -2 3 -2' 1 0 1 -2‘ 3k-2 -2k
e
= k -2
reee
4 -4 4 -2 0 1 4 -4 4k -2k-2
FFr
=> Sit - 2 = 1, 4A- = 4, - 2fc = - 2 and - 2fc - 2 = - 4 => A: = 1
1 2 0 0 4
for
ur
40. (ii) [1 2 1] 2 0 1 2 = 0 =5* [1 2 1] .T =0 => 4 + 2.t + 2.v = 0 => a: = -1
1 0 2 X 2x
kss
10 2
0 2 1 and/(.t) -6x^+7:r + 2.Therefore,/(A) =/l^-6/l^+7/l+2/3.

Yo
44. We have, A -
oo
2 0 3
eB
10 2 10 2 ‘5 0 8
Now, a'^ = AA = 0 2 1 0 2 1 2 4 5
2 »0 3 2 0 3 8 0 13
ur
ad
'21 0 34
[5 0 8 1 0 2
YYo
/\^ = /l^ /I = 2 4 5 0 2 1 12 8 23
8 0 13 2 0 3 34 0 55
d
f(A) = A^-6A^+7A + 2l2

Re
in
'21 0 34 ‘5 0 8 ■7 0 14 2 0 0 0 0 0
F
+ 0 2 0 0 0 0 =0
/(/!)= 12 8 23 -6 2 4 5 + 0 14 7
34 0 55 8 0 13 14 0 21 0 0 2 0 0 0
Hence, A is a root of the polynomial f{x)=x^- 6x^ + 7x+ 2.

1 2 3‘ r-7 -8 -9‘
48. (ii) We have to find a matrix A satisfying the equation A 4 5 6 2 4 6 ●
Clearly, the product of A with a 2 x 3 matrix is a 2 x 3 matrix. Therefore, /I is a 2 x 2 matrix.

a b
Let /I = . Then,
c d
T 2 3' -7 -8 -9‘ a 1 fl 2 3' ■-7 -8 -9

A
4 5 6j 2 4 6 c d 4 5 6 2 4 6
‘a + 4b 2a + 5b 3a + 6b -7 -8 -9'
c + 4d 2c + 5d 3c + 6d 2 4 6
a + 4b = -7, 2a + 5b = -8, 3a + 6h - -9,c + Ad = 2, 2c+5d = 4, 3c + 6rf = 6

(7 = 1, & = - 2, c = 2, d = 0
^^ -P
■ 2 -^1
0
5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
65. (ii) A = 0 0
,B =
-1 0
(iii) A = ,B =
0 0 2 1
w
[2 01 3 0 r-1 01
(iv) /I = 0 0
,B =
0 0
, C =
0 0
74. Let ? a: be invested in first bond and ? y be invested in second bond. Let A be the investment
matrix and B be the interest per rupee matrix. Then,
e
row
5
re
5
100 100 5x 7y
A = [x y] and B = . Total annual interest =AB = [x y]
eeF
FFllo
7 7
100 100
LlOOj LlOOj
u
Also, a: + y = 30000
sFrr
(i) If total interest is ? 1800. Then Bx 7y
' Too Too = 1800 => 5a: + 7y = 180000 ●●●(ii)
kro
Solving (i) and (ii), we get: x = y = 15000.
uor
offo
(ii) If total interest is f 2000. Then, 5x 7^ = 2000 => 5a: + 7y = 200000 ...(iii)
100 100
kos
Y
Yo
Solving (i) and (iii), we get: x = 5000 and y = 25000

eerBB
oo
76. Let F be the family matrix and R be the requirement matrix. Then,
rY
Calories Proteins
Men Women Children
Men 2400 45
^ Family A ' 4
u
6 2
Family B 2 2 ^ and, R = Women 1900 55

ou
ad
do
Children 1800 33
nY
Total requirement of calories and proteins of each of the two families is given by the matrix
product
nid
Men Women Children

Re
Calories Proteins
F
Men 2400 45
Fi
FR = Family A [ 4 6 21
Women 1900 55
Family B 2 2 4
Children 1800 33
Calories Proteins
FR =
Family A '24600 576
Family B 15800 332
4.8 TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
DEFINITION Let A = [ojj] beanmx n matrix. Then, the transpose of A, denoted by A^ or A' ,isann^ m
matrix such that
(A'^)ij = aji for all i = 1,2,.. .,n;j = 1,2,...,m.

Thus, A is obtained from A by changing its rows into columns and columns into rows.
'1 2 3'
1 2 3 4
2 3 2
For example, if A = 2 3 4 1 ,then A^ = 3 4 1'
3 2 1 4
4 1 4
The first row ofA^ is the first column of/I. The second row of is the second column of A and
so on.
4.8.1 PROPERTIES OF TRANSPOSE
We shall now state and prove some properties of transpose of a matrix as theorems given below.
THEOREM 1 For any matrix A, = A.
T' T'
PROOF
Let A = [Ojj] be an m X n matrix. Then, A is an « x m matrix and so (A ) is● an m X n
w
matrix. Thus, the matrices A and (A^)^ are of the same order such that
T \
(a’) .. = [By the definition of transpose]
Flo
'●)
( T T >
eeee
(A’) = (A),^ forall f = l,2,...,m and j = l,2,...,n
Fr
Hence, by the definition of equality of two matrices, we obtain
(A'^f = A. for Q.E.D.
ur
rp T 7*
THEOREM2 For any two matrices A and B of the same Order, {A + B) -A +B .
PROOF Let A = [Oij]„ x„ and B = x« . Then, A + B will be a matrix of the order m x m and
so
ks
(A + B)^ will be a matrix of order n x m. Since A^ and B^ are both n x m matrices. Therefore,
Yo
oo
A^ + B^ will be a matrix of the order « x m. Thus, the matrices (A + B)^ and A^ + B^ are of the
eB
same order such that
((A + = (A + B)ji [By the definition of transpose]

ur
= “ji + [By the definition of addition]

ad
Yo
= (A^+B^);y for all i, j [By the definition of addition]

d
Re
T T T
Hence, by the definition of equality of two matrices, we obtain: (A + B) =A + B . Q.E.D.
in
THEOREMS If A is a matrix and k is a scalar, then (kA)^ = cf(A^).

F
PROOF Let A = [a-; ] be an m x n matrix. Then, for any scalar k, kA is also an w x n matrix and so
(fcA)^ is ann X m matrix. Again A ^ is ann x m matrix and so cfA^ is ann x m matrix. Thus, the two
matrices (AA)^ and cfA^ are of the same order such that
(ikAf)ij = (kA)ji [By the definition of transpose]
= k Uji [By the definition of scalar multiplication]

=
[By die definition of transpose]
= (kA'^)ii [By the definition of scalar multiplication]

T' T'
Hence, by the definition of equality of two matrices, we obtain : (kA) = kA . Q.E.D.
THEOREM 4 If A and B are two matrices such that AB is defined, then (AB = B^ A^.
PROOF Let >1 ^ J and B = [&,/]„xp

/ ● rri
be tworp matrices. Then i4B is an m x p matrix andrj^
therefore (/IB) ‘ is a p x w matrix. Since ^ andB^ are« x/wand p x ;j matrices, therefore B^
is a p X w matrix. Thus, the two matrices (AB)^ and B^ are of the same order such that
(iABf)ij = (AB)y, [By the definition of transpose]
n
r = l
S aj,b,i [By the definition of matrix multiplication]
n
’’riy■' [By commutativity of multiplication of numbere]
oww
r = 1
=
r = 1
£
’
[By definition of transpose]
= Ai\ [By definition of multiplication of matrices]
e
Hence, by the definition of equality of two matrices, we obtain {AB)^ = A^.
re
FFrlo Q.E.D.
rF
ee
GENERALISATION I/A,B,C are three matrices confirmable for the products (AB) C and A (BC), then
(ABC)'^ = B^ a'^.
rF
ouru
REMARK The above law is called the reversal law for transposes i.e. the transpose of the product is the
product of the transposes taken in the reverse order. fosor
skf
ooko

Yo
Y
-1
Bo
EXAMPLE 1 If A - 2 andB = [-2 -1 -4],verifythat {ABf = b'^ a'^.

reeB
3
ooY
SOLUTION We have. [CBSE 2002, 2005]

uur
-1
ad
A = 2 and B = [- 2 -1 - 4]
dY
3
nind
-1 2 1 4 2 -4 -6
Re
AB = 2 [-2 ^1 -4] = -4 ~2 -8 => (AB)'^ =1-2 -3 ...(i)

F
Fi
3 -6 -3 -12 4 -8 -12
-2 2 -4 -6
Also, = [-2 -1 -4]^ 2 -1 [-1 2 3] = 1 -2 -3 ...(ii)
3 -4 4 -8 -12
From (i) and (ii), we observe that (/4B)^ = B^ A^.

cos 0 - sin 9’
EXAMPLE 2 If A = sin 0 cos 0 ' then find the values of 9 satisfying the equation A ^ + A =/2-
SOLUTION We have,
cos 0 - sin 0 cos 0 sin 0
A = ^ A^ =
sin 0 cos 0 - sin 0 cos 0
Now, A^ -f A = I2
cos 0 sin 01 rcos 0 - sin 0 1 0 2 cos 0 0 n 01

- sin 0 cos 0 sin 0 cos 0 0 1 0 2 COS0 0 1
n n
2 cos 0 = 1 cos 0 = - => cos 0 = cos — => 0 = 2nn± n gZ
2 3 3'
12 2
EXAMPLES
If A = 2 1 -2 is a matrix satisfying AA = 9/ 3, then find the values of a and b.
a 2 b
SOLUTION We have,
1 2 2 1 2 a
ww
A = 2 1-2 => a’^ 2 12
a 2 b 2 -2 b
aa'^ = 9/3
Flo
e
1 2 2 1 2 a 1 0 0
ree
2 1 -2 2 1 2 = 9 0 1 0
FFr
a 2 b 2 -2 b 0 0 1
uurr
9 0 fl + 2b + 4
orr
9 0 0
sfo
0 9 2fl + 2 - 2b 0 9 0
0 0 9
fl + 2b + 4 2fl + 2- 2b fl^ + 4 + b^
kks
Yo
fl + 2b + 4 = 0, 2fl + 2 - 2b = 0 and + 4 + b^ =9
oooo
=>
fl + 2b + 4 = 0, fl-b + 1 = 0 and +b^ =5

eB
Solving fl + 2b + 4 = 0 and a-b + 1 = 0, we get: a = -2 and b = -1.

urr
0 2y 2
ad
EXAMPLE 4
Find the values of x,y,z if the matrix A = x y -2 satisfy the equation
YYo
X -y 2_
A^ A=ly [NCERT]
dd
Re
inn
SOLUTION We have.
F
0 2y 2 0 X X
A = X y -z => A^ 2y y -y
X -y 2 2 -2 2
It is given that
a'â = I3
0 X X 0 2y 2 1 0 0
2y y -y X y -2 0 1 0
2 -2 2
X -y 2 0 0 1
0
2x^ 0 10 0
0 6y^ 0 0 1 0
0
0 32^ 0 0 1
1 ^ 1
2x^ =1, 6y^ =1, 32^ =1 => x = ± V2 73
EXERCISE 4.4
BASIC
2-3' 01
; Let A =
-7 5
and B= 2.} -4 , verify that
(i) (2Af =2A'^ (ii) {A + b/ (iii) (A-B)'^ (iv) (ABf =b'â'^

3
2. If= 5 and6 = [l 0 4],verifythat(TlB)^ = ICBSE2002]

2
1 -10 1 2 3
w
3. LetA = 2 1 3 andB= 2 13 . Find B^ and verify that
1 2 1
0 1 1 J
Flo
(i) (A + b/ =a'^ +b'^ (ii) {ABf =b'^ a'^ (iii) {2Af =2A'^
[-21
ee
4. IfA = 4 ,B = [13 -6], verifythat(ylB)^=B^/l^.
Fr
5
3 4
'24-1
5. If^ = ,B= -1 2 ,find(AB)^. for
ur
-10 2
2 1
s
1 -1
'21 3 ■
ok
0 2 verify that(.AB)^ = B^ 71^.

Yo
6. (i) For two matrices A and B, A = 4 10

,B =
5 0
Bo
31
= ^
1 4
(ii) ForthematricesândB,verify that(/lB)^ =B^ /l^,whereA ,B =
re
4 2 5
3 4
ou
-1 2 1
ad
7. Ifyl^ -1 2 andB = ,find7l^-B^. [CBSE2012]

1 2 3
Y
0 1
BASED ON LOTS
nd
Re
cos a sin a
8. IfA = , then verify that = l2- INCERT]
Fi
- sin a cos a
sin a cos a
9. lfA =
- cos a sin a , verifythat/4^ A =I2- [NCERT]
BASED ON HOTS
10- If Ij, trij ftij; i = 1, 2, 3 denote the direction cosines of three mutually perpendicular vectors
rî "1
in space, prove that AA ^ =/,whereA = I2 m2 ri2 .
L^3 "3.
ANSWERS
4 3
■ 0 1
5. 7. -3 0
15 -2
-1 -2
4.9 SYMMETRIC AND SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRICES
SYMMETRIC MATRIX A square matrix A = is called a symmetric matrix, if Ojj = aji for all i, j.
■3-1 1 ■
For example, the matrix A = -1 2 5 is symmetric, because a^2 = -1 = ^21' ^13 = ^
1 5 -2
^23 = 5 = a22 i-e- for all i, j.

It follows from the definition of a symmetric matrix that A is symmetric, iff
Ojj = ajj for alii,; « = {A^)jj for all i, j <=> A =
oww
Thus, a square matrix A is a symmetric matrix iff A ‘ = A.
'a h g 2 +i 1 3
T
Matrices A = h b f , B = 1 2 3 + 2 i are symmetric matrices, because A = A
g f c 3 3 + 2i 4
e
FFrlo
re
and = B.
SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX A square matrix A = [aij] is a skeiv-symmetric matrix ifojj = jiforalli,j.
rFee
-a
0 2-3
rF
For example, the matrix A = - 2 0 5 is skew-symmetric, because
3-5 fsoor 0
ouur
a-12 = 2, a2i=-2 => a-[2=- ^13 - - 3, - 3 => flj3 - - i?3i;
skf
and, (I23 =5/ «32 = -5 => «23 = "^^32
ooko
Yo
It follows from the defirution of a skew-symmetric matrix that A is skew-symmetric iff

Y
-Uji for all i,j <» (A)y = - (A^),y foralli,;« A=- A^-» a'^ --A.
Bo
reB
T
Thus, a square matrix A is a skew-symmetric matrix iff A = -A.
ooY
uur
0 2/3 0 -3 5'
ad
T
Matrices A = - 2 / 0 4 ,B = 3 0 2 are skew-symmetric matrices because A' =-A
dY
-3 -4 0 -5 -2 0
and = - B.
innd
Re
Fi
F
EXAMPLE 1 Show that the elements on the main diagonal of a skew-symmetric matrix are all zero.
[CBSE 2017]
SOLUTION Let A = be a skew-symmetric matrix. Then,
=
- ajj for all /, j [By definition]

Ojj — — Ojj for all values of i
2 Ojj =0 rtjj = 0 for all values of / ^ = ^22 ~ *^33 “ ●●●

a
mi
= 0.
0 fl 3
EXAMPLE2 If the matrix A = 2 b -1 is skew-symmetric, find the values of a, b and c.

c 1 0
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION For a skew-symmetric A = [Ojj], we have Ojj = - ajj for all i ^ j and Oji = 0 for all i.
0 a 3]
Thus, iiA = 2 b -1 is skew-symmetric, then
c 1 0
<722 = 0/ ^12 “ “ **21 ^31 “ ^ b = 0, a--2 and c = - 3

0 a 3'
AIJTER/^/4 = 2 b -1 is skew-symmetric, then

c 1 0
a"^ =-A
oww
0 a 3]’^ fO rt 3' 0 2 c 0 -a -3
2 f; -1 2 -1 a b 1 -2 -b 1
c 1 0
c 1 Oj [3-10 -c -1 0
ee
rFFlo
2 = -a, c = -3 and b =-b ^ a = -2, c = -3 and 2b = 0 a = -2, b = 0 and c = - 3
r
EXAMPLE 3 Let A be a square matrix. Then,
ree
F
T T
(i) A + A is a symmetric matrix [NCERT] (ii) A-A is a skew-symmetric matrix. [NCERT]
rF
T* T'
(iii) AA and A A are symmetric matrices.
SOLUTION (i) Let P = ^ + AThen,
fsfoor
ouur
P^ = (A + A'^f = + (A'^f Iv {A + b/ =a'^ + b'^\
kosk
P'^ = a'^ + A [V (A'^f=A]

Yo
oo
P'^ = A + A'^ = P
Y
[By commutativity of matrix addition]

BB
P is a symmetric matrix,
(ii) Let Q = A - /l^.Then,
rre
= (yl - A'^f = a'^ ~ {A'^f [v (^ + B)^=>\^ + B^]

oYuu
ad
qT' a'^ - A =-{A-A'^) = -Q [V {A'^f^Â]

dY
Q is skew-symmetric
(iii) We find that
innd
Re
(AA'^/ = {A'^f a'^ [By reversal law]

Fi
F
(A>1^)^ = AA~^ [●.● (aV = A]

AA ^ is symmetric
Similarly, it can be proved that A^ A is symmetric.
EXAMPLE 4Pmi;e that every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of asymmetric matrix
and a skew-symmetric matrix. [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let /I be a square matrix. Then,
A =
hA+A'^) + îA-A'^) = P + Q (say),where P=-(A + A'^) and Q=-{A-A'^).
2 2 2 2
(\ T \T
Now, P^ = -(A + A^) [v {kAf =kA'^]
V2^ ’
=
[v {A + Bf =a'^ + b'^]
=> P^ =
^{A'^+A) [V (A'^f -Â]
P^ = + = P [By commutativity of matrix addition]
2
P is a symmetric matrix.
T
' 7*
And, Ua-A^^)
\ ^ =1(a-aV=|(a^-(^V) = |(^"-a)=-1(a-a^) = -Q
Q is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Thus, A = P + Q, where P is a symmetric matrix and Q is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Hence, A is expressible as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.
ww
Uniqueness: If possible, let A = R + S, where R is symmetric and S is skew-symmetric. Then,
A^ = (R + S)^=R^+S'^= R-S [v r”^ =R andS^ =-S]
Now, A = R + S and A^=R-S=> R
Flo(A + A^) = P, S = ~ (A - A^) =Q.
ee
Hence, A is imiquely expressible as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.
reer
rFF
EXAMPLE 5 If A and B are symmetric matrices, then show that AB is symmetric iffAB = BA i.e. A and
B commute. [NCERTl
uur r
SOLUTION AB is symmetric
ffoor
(ABf = AB
sks
B^ a’’' = AB [v {ABf a'^1

YYoo
o
ooko
T T
o BA = AB [v A and B are symmetric matrices A =A,B =B]
eBB
EXAMPLE 6 Show that the matrix B^ AB is symmetric or skew-symmetric according as A is symmetric

or skeiv-symmetric. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
uurr
ad
T
SOLUTION Case I Let A be a symmetric matrix. Then, A = A.
Yo
Now, {B'^ ABf = b"^ A^(B^)^ [By reversal law]

dY
= A^ B [●●■ (b’’)’' =B]

Re
innd
= B^ AB [V a’’ =A]
FFi
'T
B AB is a symmetric matrix.
T
Case II Let A be a skew-symmetric matrix. Then, A --A.
Now,
(B"^ AB)
T
= B^ A^ [By reversal law]
= b'^' A^ b [V (B^)^=B]
= b'^(-A) B =-6”^ AB [V A^=-A]
bT AB is a skew-symmetric matrix.
EXAMPLE 7 Let A and B be symmetric matrices of the same order. Then, show that
(i) A + B is a symmetric matrix. (ii) AB - BA is a skew-symmetric matrix. [NCERT]
(iii) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
SOLUTION Since A and B are symmetric matrices. Therefore, a'^ = A and = B.

(i) We find that: (A-¥ sf = a'^ + b'^ = A + B [v A^=A,B^=B]
A + B is symmetric
(ii) We find that
{AB-BAf = {ABf - {BAf = a'^ - a'^ B^ [By reversal law]

= BA - AB= - {AB- BA) [v B^=B, A^=A]
oww
AB - BA is skew-symmetric,
(iii) We find that
(AB + Bv4)^={^B)^+(BA)^
e
(By reversal law]
re
=BA+AB=AB+BA [vA^=A,B^=B]
FFrllo
i4B + BA is symmetric matrix.
reF
e
3 2 3
uoru
EXAMPLE 8 Express the matrix A = 4 5 3 as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric
2 4 5
osFr
matrix. fkfor
SOLUTION We have,
okso
3 2 3 3 4 2
A = 4 5 3 => A^ = 2 5 4
Y
Yo
2 4 5 3 3 5
oo
BB
3 2 3 3 4 2 6 6 5
A + A^ = 4 5 3 + 2 5 4 6 10 7
Y
r ree
2 4 5 3 3 5
_5 7 10_
ouu
3 2 3' 3 4 2 0 -2 1
ad
Ydo
and. A-A^ = 4 5 3- ■2 5 4 = 2 0-1

2 4 5 3 3 5 -1 1 0
nidn
3 3 5/2 0 -1 1/2'
Re
Let P = -(A
2
+ A^) = 3 5 7/2 and, Q=-(A-A^) = 1 0 -1/2
2 5 2
F
5/2 7/2 -1/2 1/2 0

Fi
-\T
3 3 5/2 3 3 5/2
Then, = 3 5 7/2 3 5 7/2 = P
5/2 7/2 5 5/2 7/2 5
0 -1 1/2]^ [ 0 1 -1/2' 0 -1 1/2’

and, = 1 0 -1/2 -1 0 1/2 1 0 -1/2 =-Q
-1/2 1/2 0
1/2 -1/2 Oj |_-l/2 1/2 0
Thus, P is symmetric and Q is skew-symmetric.
■ 3 3 5/2 0 -1 5/2 3 2 3
Also, P+Q = 3 5 5/2 1 0 5/2 4 5 3 = A
5/2 7/2 5 -1/2 5/2 0 2 4 5
Thus, A is expressible as the sum of a symmetric matrix P and a skew-symmetric matrix Q.

2 31
EXAMPLE 9 If A is a symmetric matrix and B is skew-symmetric matrix such that A + B = o -1 '
then find AB.

SOLUTION It is given that A is a symmetric matrix and B is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Therefore, a"^ - A and = -B.
2 3'
Now A +B=
5 -1
T [2 P2 51 F2 51
(A + B)^= 5 -1 => a'^ + b'^ = ^ -1 =>A-B= 3 -1
...(ii)
ww
Adding (i) and (ii), we obtain
2 3 2 5 '2 + 2 3+5 4 8^
_lU 8l_r2 4'
Flo
...(iii)
_2 => ^"2 8 -2 ■ 4 -1
2A = +
5 -1 3 -1 5+3 -1-1 8
e
rere
From (i) and (iii), we obtain
r FF
'2 41 [2 31 2 3
'2 4i_ro -r
4 -1 5 -1 -1 4 -1 " 1 0
uurr
for
AB = '2 4iro -ii_ro+4 -2+oi_r 4 -i'
4-11 0 " 0-1 -4 + 0 ■ -1 -4
kss
ooook
Yo

eBB
EXAMPLE 10 Show that all positive integral powers of a symmetric matrix are symmetric.
urr
SOLUTION Let A be a symmetric matrix and « e N. Then,

ad
(A”) ^ = (AAA... A upto n-times) ^

Yo
dY
= (AÂ^ A^...A^ upton-times) [By reversal law]

Re
[V A^=A]
innd
= (A^)” = A
n
Fi
Hence, A” is also a symmetric matrix.

EXAMPLE 11 Show that positive odd integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are skew-symmetric
and positive even integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are symmetric.
T
SOLUTION Let A be a skew-symmetric matrix. Then, A = - A.
We have, (A”)^ = (A^)” for all n 6 N. [See Example 9]
(A^f = (-A)
n
[V a'^=-A]
A”, if n is even
n
= (“D" ^
-A”, if «is odd
Hence, A” is symmetric if n is even and skew-symmetric if n is odd.

EXAMPLE 12 A matrix which is both symmetric as well as skew-symmetric is a mtll matrix.

INCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2020]
SOLUTION
Let A = [Ojj] a matrix which is both symmetric and skew-symmetric.
Now
A =[^y] is a symmetric matrix ajj = ajj for all/,/
Also,
A = [<^yj is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Oij - - ajj for all /, j =3> ay = -a^j for all i, j -(U)
Ojj = - Ojj for all /, j => 2ojj = 0 for all /, j = 0 for all /, j=> A = [ojj ] is a null matrix.
EXERCISE 4.5
BASIC
ww
[2 31
1. If A = , prove that A - A is a skew-symmetric matrix. [CBSE 20011
4 5
2. For the matrix A =

f2 3]
5 7 , find A + A and verify that it is a symmetric matrix.
Flo
e
[CBSE 20191
eree
3. Ifl" 2x~3
t x + 2'
x+ 1 is a symmetric matrix, then find the value of at. ICBSE 20201
FFr
5 2
uurr
X
4. If the matrix A = y z -3 is a symmetric matrix, find x, y, z and t.

A t -7 orr
sfo
BASED ON LOTS
kks
Yoo
[3 -4 1
5. Express the matrix A = ^ asthesumofasymmetricandaskew-symmetr icmatrix.
oooo
■ 3 2 7 1
eBB
6. LetA= 14 3 . Find matrices X and Y such thatX + Y = A, where X is a syirimetric

-2 5 8 J
urr
and Y is a skew-symmetric matrix,

ad
r 3 -2 -4'
YYo
7. Express the matrix 3 -2 -5 as the sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix

-1 1 2
dd
Re
and verify your result. ICBSE 20101

inn
_ANSWERS
F
'4 8 ■
2. A = 3.5 4. X = 4, y = 2, z e C, / “ - 3
8 14
'3 - 3/2 ■ '0 -5/2'

5. Symmetric matrix = -3/2 -1 , Skew-symmetric matrix = 5/2 0
3 3/2 5/2 0 1/2 9/2

6. X = 3/2 4 4 , Y = -1/2 0 -1
5/2 4 8 -9/2 1 0
3 1/2 -5/2' 0 -5/2 -3/2

7. Symmetric matrix = 1/2 2 -2 , Skew-symmetric matrix = 5/2 0 -3
-5/2 -2 2 3/2 3 0
FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBOs)

llf A and B are two matrices of orders a x 3 and 3xb respectively such that AB exists and is of
order 2x4. Then, {a, b) =
2If P and Q are two matrices of orders 3 x « and nxp respectively then the order of the matrix
PQ is
-1 2 3x
3lf A= ly 4 -1 is a symmetric matrix, then the value of 2a: + y is

6 5 0
4jf a, b are positive integers such that a<b and \a ^ -25, then (a, b) =
ww
1
3 6
5«A= 3 ^ B =
0 -1
and AB =/, then x =
0 2a:-3
Flo
a: 11
euA = satisfies the equation A^ = O, then a: =
e
-1
ree
7UA is an m X « matrix and B is a matrix such that both AB and BA are defined, then the order
Fr
rF
of B is
uurr
0 2 0 1 2 3
&UA= 0 0 3 andB = 3 4 5, then (AB) 33 =

for
-2 2 0 5 -4 0
s
kks
'3 0 O'
Yo
oooo
9If^= 0 3 0, thenA^=
eB
0 0 3
lOIf A =diag(2, -1, 3), B =diag(-l, 3, 2), then A^B =

ur
1
ad
YYo
11 -1 [2 1 -lj =
2
dd
[x 11
Re
12IfA = and A is the identity matrix, then x =

in
1 0
F
1 1
13Ue , then X = ■>y =
ey e\ 1 1
ro 2 0 3a
14IfA = and kA = , then(fc, a,b) =
3 -4 2b 24
cos 0 sin 0
15If A =
-sin 0 cos 0
,thenAA'^ =
16If A is 3 X 4 matrix and B is a matrix such that A ^B and BA^ are both defined. Then the order
of B is
1
17lf A= 2 ,thenAA^ =
3
COS -Y sin Y
18. and/(Y)/(y) =f{z), thenz =
-sin X cos Y
19. If A, BandC aremx pandpx g matrices respectively such that(BC) A is defined, then
m -
2 0 0
20. IfA = 0 2 0 such that then X.=
0 0 2
a b 1 1
21. If the matrices A - and B = commute with each other, then C =
c d 0 1
■ 4 y+2
oww
22. lfA = is a symmetric matrix, then x =
2y-3 y+ 1
23.
If A and B are two skew-symmetric matrices of same order, then AB is symmetric
if. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
T
e
24. If A and B are matrices of the same order, then (3A - 2B) is equal to
ree
rFl
25. Addition of matrices is defined if order of the matrices is
Fre
26.
If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then AB is symmetric iff.
rr F
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
T
27.
IfAis symmetric matrix, thenBABis [NCERT EXEMPLAR!
ouur
sfoo
28.
If A is a skew-synimetric matrix, then A ^ is a .... matrix, [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
29.
If A is a symmetric matrix, then A is a matrix. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
kks
oooo
Yo
30.
If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then cfA is a ,.(fcis any scalar).
[NCERT EXEMPLAR)
eBB
31.
If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then
(i) AB - BA is a
uurr
(ii) BA -2ABis a [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

ad
32.
In applying one or more row operations while finding A by elementary row operations,
YYo
-1
we obtain all zeroes in one or more row, then A
dd
33.
The product of any matrix by the scalar is the null matrix.
Re
iinn
34.
A matrix which is not a square matrix is called matrix.
35.
The sum of two skew-symmetric matrices is always matrix.
F
36.
A and B are square matrices of the same order, then
(i) (ABf = (ii) {kAf =. (iii) (k(A-B)f = where k is any scalar.
37.
matrix is both symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix, [CBSE2020]
38.
Matrix multiplication is over matrix addition.
39.
The negative of a matrix is obtained by multiplying it by
T —1
40.
If A is a non-singular matrix, then (A )
n 0 -1 1
41. IfA + B = and A-2B = , then A = [CBSE 20201
1 1 0 -1
0 a 1
42.
Given a skew-symmetric matrix A = -1 & 1 the value of (a+ & + c) is . (CBSE 2020]
-1 c 0
2'
43. If[3 -2 0] k =0, then the value of cf is [CBSE2020]
-5
ANSWERS
1. (2,4) 2. 3xp 3. 5 4. (3 4) 5. 1
6. ±1 7. nxm 8. 4 9. 3“/3
'2 1 -1
10. diag(-4, 3,18) 11. -2 -1 1 12. 0 13. .Y = -l,y = -l

4 2 -2
1 2 3
14. (-6,-4,-9) 15. I 16. 3x4 17. 2 4 6
3 6 9
w
20. 16 21. 0 22. 5
18. x + y 19. q
23. AB = BA 24. 3A'^-2B'^ 25. same 26. AB = BA
Flo
27. symmetric 28. symmetric 29. symmetric 30. skew-symmetric
31. (i) skew-symmetric (ii) neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric
e
rree
32. does not exist 33. zero 34. rectangular 35. skew-symmetric
36. (i) b'â'^ (iii) it(A'^-B^)
r FF
(ii) k 37. null matrix
IvT fl/3 1/3"

38. distributive 39. -1 40. {A~^) 41. A =
uurr
for 2/3 1/3
42. 0 43. 3
kss

ooook
Yo
question:
eB
1. It A is anmx 71 matrix and Bisnx p matrix does AB exist? If yes, write its order.
3 -1
urr
‘2 1 4'
2. IfA = and B = 2 2 . Write the orders of AB and BA.
ad
4 1 5
Yo
1 3
dY
'4 3 41
3. IfA =
1 2
and 6 =
2 , write AB.
Re
innd
1
4. If A = 2 , write AA^.
Fi
[CBSE2009]
3
5. Give an example of two non-zero 2x2 matrices A and B such that AB - O.

2 3'
6. IfA =
5 7
, find A + A^.
i 0' ■
7. IfA = . , write A .
0 /
find X satisfying 0 < x < —- when A + A^ = J

cos X sin a;
8. IfA =
- sin X cos X '
cos X - sm X
9. ifA=
sm X
:
cos a:
, find AA'^
1 0 0
10. If + 2 ?1 2=1, where J is 2 x 2 unit matrix. Find x and y.
1 -11
A 0
11. If A =
-1 ^ , satisfies the matrix equation A - kA, write the value of k.
’1 1
12. IfA =
1 1
satisfies A^ = XA, then write the value of X.
-1 0 0
13. IfA = 0-10 ,findA^.
0 0 -1
-1 0 0
14. If A = 0-1 0 ,findA^.
oww
0 0-1
-3
15. If A =
^ , find A^.
0
16. li[x 2] ^ =2, find a:
e
FFrlo
re
17. If A = [0ij]isa2x. 2 matrix such that =i + 2j, write A. [CBSE2008]
ree
18. Write matrix A satisfying A + r 2 3]_r 3 -6’
F
-1 4 ‘ -3 8 ●
rF
;2
19. If A = [Ojj] is a square matrix such that =i -j , then write whether A is symmetric or
skew-symmetric. fsoor
ouur
20. For any square matrix write whether AA^ is symmetric or skew-symmetric.
skf
21. If A = [^^y] is a skew-symmetric matrix, then write the value of Z Ojj .
ooko
t
Yo
22. If A = [%] is a skew-symmetric matrix, then write the value of 2 Z Oj: .

Y
i j ^
Bo
23. If A and B are symmetric matrices, then write the condition for which AB is also symmetric.
reB
24. If B is a skew-symmetric matrix, write whether the matrix AB A ^ is symmetric or skew-

symmetric.
uur
AB A^ is symmetric or skew-
oY
25. If B is a symmetric matrix, write whether the matrix

ad
symmetric.
dY
26. If A is a skew-symmetric and n e N such that (A”)^ = X A", write the value of X.
27. If A is a symmetric matrix and neN, write whether A” is symmetric or skew-symmetric
innd
Re
or neither of these two.

Fi
F
28. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and n is an even natural number, write whether A" is
symmetric or skew-symmetric or neither of these two.
29. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and n is an odd natural number, write whether A" is
symmetric or skew-symmetric or neither of the two.
30. If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, write whether AB - BA is symmetric
or skew-symmetric or neither of the two.
31. Write a square matrix which is both symmetric as well as skew-symmetric,
32. Find the values of x and y, if 2 n0 31 Ty 0] f5 61
+ [CBSE 2008,20191
X 1 2 “ 1 8 ■
X + 3 4 5 4
33. If
y-4 x + yj “ [3 9 , find X and y.
[CBSE 20081
6 5 ■
34. Find the valueofxfrom the following: V y^ 3 -2 ●
[CBSE 2009]
x-y 2]_f2 2' ICBSE2009]

35. Find the value of y, if ^ 5 3 5 ●
3x + y -y 1 2
36. Find the value of x, if [CBSE2009]
ly-x 3 -5 3 ■
37. IfmatrixA=[l 2 3],writeAA^. [CBSE2009]
38. If 2x + y 3y ’ _ '6 0 , then find x. ICBSE2010]

0 4 6 4
1 1
39. Ifi4 =
3 4
, find/1 +A'^. [CBSE 20101
ww
’a + b 21 f6 5"
, then find a.
40. If 5 b 2 2
41. If A is a matrix of order 3x4 and B is a matrix of order 4x3, find the order of the matrix of
Flo
AB. ICBSE 20101
e
cos a - sm a
is identity matrix, then write the value of a. [CBSE 2010]
eree
42. IfA = ..
sm a cos a
FFr
7 11'
43. If '1 21 [3 1' , then write the value of k. [CBSE 2010]
3 4j[2 5 k 23
uurr
44, If / is the identity matrix and A is a square matrix such that A = A, then what is the value of orr
sfo
{I+Af-3A7
n 21
kks
Yoo
45. Ifv4 =
0 3
is written as B + C, where B is a symmetric matrix and C is a skew-symmetric
oooo
matrix, then find B.

eBB
46. If A is 2 X 3 matrix and B is a matrix such that A B and BA'^ both are defined, then what is
the order of B?
urr
47. What is the total number of 2 x 2 matrices with each entry 0 or 1?

ad
^-yl_r3 ^ , then find the value of y.

YYo
X
48. If [CBSE 2011)
2x + y ■ 8 7
7
dd
49. If a matrix has 5 elements, write all possible orders it can have. ICBSE 2011]
Re
inn
50. Fora2x 2matrixA whose elements are given by =,- ,write the value of fl|2*
F
[CBSE 2011]
T2
+ ●^V / find ittle value of x. [CBSE 2012]
51. If^ 3 1 5
'9 -14 1 2 -1
52. If = A + , then find matrix A. [CBSE 2013]
-2 1 3 0 4 9
a-b 2a+ c -1 5
53. If , find the value offj. [CBSE 2013]
2a-b 3c+ d 0 13
0 1-2
54. Forwhatvalueofx,isthematrixA = -10 3 a skew-symmetric matrix? [CBSE 2013)

X -3 0
4.62 MATHEMATICS-Xn
2 -1 2
55. Ifmatrix^ = andA =pA, then write the value of p. [CBSE2013J
-2 2
56. If A is a square matrix such that A ^ = A, then write the value of 7 A-{I + A) where/is the
identity matrix. [CBSE2014]
'3 4' 1 y 7 0
57. If 2 +
, find x-y. [CBSE2014]
5 X 0 1 10 5
1 0
58. \{[x 1] r =0, find X. [CBSE 2014]
oww
-2 0
fl + 4 3b 2a + 2 b +2
59. If , write the value of a-2b. [CBSE2014]
8 -6 8 a-8b
60. Write a 2 x 2 matrix which is both symmetric and skew-symmetric,
e
[CBSE 2014]
re
FFrlo
4 1 '8 w
61. If
' write the value of (x + y + z). [CBSE 2014]
2+6 x+y 0 6
rF
ee
62. Construct a 2 x 2 matrix A = [a^j ] whose elements a^j are given by =
rF
2
ouru
63. If x + y '2 1] ■ -
fosor , then write the value of (x, y).
skf
x-y 4 3-2
ooko
0 2b -2
Yo
Y
64. Matrix A = 3 1 3 is given to be symmetric, find the values of <? and b. [CBSE 2016]
Bo
3a 3 -1
reeB
65. Write the number of all possible matrices of order 2x2 with each entry 1,2 or 3.
ooY
[CBSE 2016]
uur
-1 0 -1
ad
1
66. If [2 1 3] -1 1 0 0 = A, then write the order of matrix A. [CBSE 2016]
dY
0 1 1 -1
nind
3 5
Re
67. If A = is written as A = P + Q, where as A = P + Q, where P is symmetric and Q is

7 9
F
Fi
skew-symmetric matrix, then write the matrix P. [CBSE 2016]

68. Let A and B be matrices of orders 3x2 and 2x4 respectively. Write the order of matrix AS.
(CBSE 2017]
0 fl -3
69. If the matrix A = 2 0-1 is skew-symmetric, find the values of'fl'and'b'. [CBSE 2018]
b 1 0
ANSWERS
1 2 3
-7
1- Yes, m X p 2. 2 X 2 and 3x3 3.
2
4. 2 4 6
3 6 9
2 0 0 0 -1 0
5. A =
3 0 ,S=2 -1 ■ 8 14
7.
0 -1
7t 1 0
8. - 9. 10. x = 0,y = -2 11. 2
3 0 1
'81 0
12. 8 13. 14. A 15.
-A or, ^3 0 81
[3 51 1-9'
16. -2 17.
4 6
18.
-2 4 19. skew-symmetric
20. symmetric 21. 0 22. 0 23. AB = BA

n
24. skew-symmetric 25. symmetric 26. (-1) 27. symmetric
28. symmetric 29. skew-symmetric 30- skew-symmetric 31- null matrix
ww
32. X = 3, y = 3 33. x = 2,y=7 34. x = 2 35. y=l
'2 5
39.
36. x=l 37. 14 38. = 3, y = 0 5 8
Flo
40. 4 41. 3x3 42. a = 0 43. 17
e
ree
1 1
44. I 45. 46. 2 X 3 47. 16
1 3
Fr
rF
48. 2 49. 1 X 5,5 X 1 50. 1/2 51. ;c = 3
uurr
’8-3 5' for
52. 53. b=2 54. x=2 55. 4 56. -I
-2 -3 -6
ro 01
s
61. 0
kks
58. x=2 59. 0 60.
57. x = 2,y = -S 0 0
Yo
oooo
■ 4 1/2’ 2 3
62. 63. (-1,1) 64. a = —, b ~ — 65. 3^=81 66.1x1
eB
5/2 16 3 2
67.
'3 61 68. 3x4 69. a = -2,b=3
6 9
ur
ad
YYo
dd
Re
in
F
CHAPTER 5
DETERMINANTS
5.1 DETERMINANTS
DEFINITION Every square matrix can he associated to an expression or a number which is known as its
determinant. IfA= [cq:] is a square matrix of order n, then the determinant of A is denoted by det A or,
ww
1A| or.
flu fl|2 ●●● ●●● flirt
fl21 ^22 ●●● ‘^2/ ... fl2ji
Flo
ee
fljl 0j2 ●●● (>ij ●●● flf'H
eer
^2 ●●● Art; ●●●
FFr
oorr
uur r
5.1.1 DETERMINANT OF A SQUARE MATRIX OF ORDER 1
If A = [flij] is a square matrix of order 1, then the determinant of A is defined as
s ff
I Aj = a-ii or,
sk
YYoo

ooko
flu fli2
IfA = is a square matrix of order 2, then the expression flu fl22 - fll2 A21 is defined as
eBB
fl21 *^22
the determinant of A.
uurr
flu fll2
i.e. = flu fl22 " fll2 fl21
ad
fl2i fl22
Yo
Thus, the determinant of a square matrix of order 2 is equal to the product of the diagonal
elements minus the product of off-diagonal elements.
dY
ILLUSTRATION Evaluate:
Re
1
innd
5 4 sin 0 cos 0 x-1

(i) (ii) - cos 0 (iii)
-2 3 sin 0
3
x"^ +X + 1
FFi
2 2
x+xy + y x +y 1 logi, fl
(iv) (V)
X
2
-xy + y
2
x-y loga b 1
SOLUTION By definition, we obtain
5 4
.1. =5x 3-4x -2=15 + 8=23
-2 3
(ii)
-COS0 sm0|
® ®! = sin^ 0 -(- cos" 0) = six," —
0 + cos" 0 =1.
x-1 1
(iii) = + x + l)-x^ =(x^ =-l.
x^ X^ + X + 1
2 2
(iv)
x+xy + y x + y
= (x^ +xy + y^) {x-y)-{x^-xy + y^) (x + y)
x'^-xy + y^ x-y
5.2 MATHEMATICS-XIl
= {x^ + \/)=-2y^
1
(v)
log> =l-logftflxlog^b =1-1=0 ●●● iog|,fl =
^11 *^12 *^13

\iA = fl2i (*22 ^23 ^ square matrix of order 3, then the expression
. ‘^Sl ^32 "33 .
"n "22 "33 "12 "23 "31 + "l3 "32 "21 " "ll "23 "32 " "22 "l3 "31 " "l2 "21 "33
is defined as the determinant of A
w
"n "12 "13
i.e. A
"21 "22 "23
"31 "32 "33
Flo - "11 "22 "33 + "12 "23 "31 + "l3 "32 "21 “ "ll "23 "32 “ "22 "31 "l3 “ "33 "l2 "21 -(î)
ee
"ll "12 "13
or. I ^ I = "21 "22 "23
Fr
I "31 "32 "33
I A I =^11 (^22 "33 “ "23 "32) “ "12 ("33 "21 “ "23 "3l) + "l3 ("32 "21 “ "22 "3l)
for
ur
A "22 "23 "21 "23 "21 "22
= flu
"32 "33
“"12
"31 "33
+ "13
"31 "32
[Using notation given in 5.1.2]
ks
"22 "23
Yo
1+ 1 "21 "23
Ml =(-i) "11 + (-l)
1+ 2
"12 + (-l)
1+ 3
"13
"21 "221
oo
"32 "33 "31 "33 "31 "321

eB
Thus the determinant of a square matrix of order 3 is the sum of the product of elements ay in ifrst row
with {-1)^ i times the determinant of a 2x2 sub-matrix obtained by leaving the first row and column
r
passing through the element.

ou
ad
The above expansion of | A | is known as the expansion along first row. For example if
[3-2 4 1
Y
A = 1 2 1 is a square matrix of order 3, then

nd
0 1 -1
Re
3 -2 4|
Fi
1 1 1 1 2
I Al = 1 2 1| ={-1)1+lx 3 . lj+(-l)
1+ 2
(-2) + (-l)
1+ 3
0 1 -1| ^
0 -1 ^|0 1
= 3(-2-l) + 2(-l - 0) + 4(l - 0)=-9-2 + 4 = -7
There are three rows and three columns in a square ma trix of order 3. The expression (ii) for the
determinant of a square matrix of order 3 can be arranged in various forms to obtain the
expansion of | A [ along any of its rows or columns. Infact, to expand | A [ about a row or a
■●th
column we multiply each element fly in j row with (-1)' + ^ times tlie determinant of the
sub-matrix obtained by leaving the row and column passing through the element.
For example,
"11 "12 "13
2+1 "12 "13 2+2 "11 "13 "11 "12
I A I = "21 «22 <123 =(“1) "21 + (-l) "22 + (-l)
2+ 3
"23
"32 "33 "31 "33 "31 "32
I"31 "32 "33
is the expansion of | A | about second row.
DETERMINANTS 5.3
The expansion of [ A | about 2nd column is given as

1+2 (721 ^231 + (-l) 2+2 ^11
+ (-l)
3+2
^|=(-1) ^12 ^22 ^32
^31 ^331 ^31 ^33 fl2i «23
2 3 -2
ILLUSTRATION 1 Evaluate A = 1 2 3 by expanding it along the second row.
-2 1 -3
SOLUTION By using the definition, of expansion along second row, we obtain

2 3-2 2 3
(1) j _3 +(-l)'+"(2) _l _3 +(-l)

2+ 1 2 + 3
A = 1 2 3 =(-l) (3) -2 1
-2 1 -3
oww
-?!.2 2 -2| 3 3
= -(-9 + 2) + 2(-6-4)-3(2 + 6)=-37.
il -31 2 -3j -2 1
2 3-2
3 by expanding it along first column.
e
ILLUSTRATION 2 Evaluate the determinant D = 1 2
eree
rFl -21
By using the definition, of expansion along first column, we obtain

-3
FFr
SOLUTION
2 3-2 3 -2
(2)|? 3+(-l)^"\l)!f[1
3+ 1
D = 1 2 3 =(-l)
1+ 1
orr -31 (-2)2 3

ouur
sfo
-2 1 -3
3 -2 -2
-2^ 3 _ ^ = 2(-6-3)-(-9 + 2)-2(9 + 4) =
-37.
kks
^1 -3 1 -3
Yo
oooo
NOTE!
Only square matrices have their determinants. The matrices zvhich are not square do not have
eBB
determinants.
NOTE 2 The determinant of a square matrix of order 3 can he expanded along any row or column.
urr
NOTES If a row or a colwnn of a determinant consists of all zeros, then the value of the determmant is
ad
YYo
zero.
5.1.4 DETERMINANT OF A SQUARE MATRIX OF ORDER 3 BY USING SARRUS DIAGRAM
The determinant of a square matrix of order 3 can be evaluated by the following procedure:
dd
Re
inn
^12 <^13 (7|1 (7|2 fll3

Consider the determinant (?2i ^22 ^^23 square matrix A = aj\ aî
F
^^31 ^32 ^33 ^32 ^33.
In order to find the value of the determinant, we first enlarge the determinant by adjoining the
first two columns on the right and draw broken lines parallel and perpendicular to the diagonal
as shown below.
All «12
(721 (722
fl31 ^ «32 ^ '^33 ^ «31 ^ «32

The value of the determinant is the sum of the products of elements in lines parallel to the
diagonal minus the sum of the product of elements in lines perpendicular to the diagonal.
ail ^12 ^13
i.e.
(?2i ^22 <^23 (7ii (?22 «33 + ^^12 ^23 ^^31 *^13 ^21 ^32 " ^13 ^^22 <^31 “^11 ^23 ^32 ^^12 ^21 ^^33
®31 *^32 ®33
5.4 MATHEMATICS-XIl
NOTE This method does not work for determinants of order more than 3.
2-13
ILLUSTRATION 1 Evaluate A = 4 1 2 by using Sarrus diagram.

1 -1 5
SOLUTION First we enlarge the determinant by adjoining the first two columns on the right
and then draw the broken lines parallel and perpendicular to the diagonal as shown below.
1 -1
To find the value of A, we find the sum of the products of elements in lines parallel to the
diagonal and subtract from it the sum of the products of elements in lines perpendicular to them
ww
as given below.
A = [2xlx5 + (-l)x2xl + 3x4x(-l)]-[3xlxl + 2x2x(-l) + (-l)x4x5]
= [10-2-12]-[3-4-20]=(-4)-(-21)=17.
Flo -1 6 -2
e
ILLUSTRATION 2 Evaluate A = 2 1 1 by two methods.
rere
4 1 -3
r FF
SOLUTION We have,
2 1
uurr
A =
1-3 ^4 3 +( 2) 4 1
for [Expanding along first row]
= -(-3-l)-6{-6-4)-2(2-4)= 4 + 60 + 4 = 68
kss
To find A by a Sarrus diagram, first enlarge the determinant by adjoining the first two columns
ooook
the right and then draw the broken lines parallel and perpendicular to the diagonal as shown
Yo
on
below.
eBB
4 ^1^3^4^^ 1
urr
ad
Now, we find the sum of the products of elements in lines parallel to the diagonal and subtract
Yo
from it the sum of the products of elements in lines perpendicular to them as given below.
dY
A = [-lxlx-3 + 6xlx4 + -2x2xl]-[-2xlx4 + -lxlxl + 6x2x-3]

Re
innd
= {3 + 24 - 4) - (- 8 -1 - 36) = 68.
Fi
5.1.5 DETERMINANT OF A SQUARE MATRIX OF ORDER 4 OR MORE

To evaluate the determinant of a square matrix of order 4 or more we follow the same procedure
as discussed in evaluating the determinant of a square matrix of order 3.
For example.
1 2-13
2 1-2 3
A =
3 1 2 1
1-1 0 2
1 -2 3 2-2 3 2 1 3
1+ 1 1+2
A = (-1) (1) 1 2 1 +(-l) (2) 3 2 1 +(-l)
1+ 3
(-1) 3 1 1
-1 0 2 1 0 2 1 -1 2
2 1-2
+ {-l)^-"^(3) 3 1 2
1 -1 0
A = 1(16)-2 (12)+ (-!)(-11)-3 (14)= -39.
DETERMINANTS 5.5
REMARK It is evident from the above discussion tiuit every square matrix A = [Ojj] of order n can be
associated to a number (real or complex) or an expression which is called determinant of the square matrix
A. Thus, determinant may be thought as a function from the set M of all square matrices to the set of all
numbers (real or complex).
5.2 SINGULAR MATRIX
DEFINITION A square matrix is a singular matrix if its determinant is zero. Otherwise, it is a

non-singular matrix.
w
1 2 3
ILLUSTR ATION 1 For what value ofx the matrix A= 1 2 1 is singular?

x 1 -3
SOLUTION The matrix A is singular, if
e
roow
1^1=0
re
1 -2 3j
1 2 1=0
X 2-3
reF
uFFll i| 1 2
e
+ 2 = 0
-3 X 2
(_6_2) + 2(-3-x) + 3(2-2.t) =0 => -8-6-2x+6-6x =0 => -8x-8 =0 => x = -l.
sFr
fx + l -3 4
foro
ofk -5 x +2 2 is
ILLUSTRATION 2 Determine the values of x for which the matrix A =
uor
4 1 x-6
singular.
kos
Y
SOLUTION Given matrix A is a singular matrix, if

Yo
reeBB
oo
A| = 0
x+1 -3 4
uurY
=> -5 x+2 2 = 0
4 1 x-6
x + 2 2 . .s -5 2 -5 x + 2
ad
= 0
(x + 1) ^
doo
x-6 4 ;c-6 4 1
nY
(x + 1) ((x + 2)(x-6)-2i + 3{-5x+30-81+4!-5-4x-8}=0

nid
(X +1) (x“ -4x -14) + 3{-5x + 22) + 4(-4x -13) = 0

Re
x(x^ - 3x-49) =0 ^ x = 0, x = -^(3±V205)

F
Fi
5.3 MINORS AND COFACTOR
MINOR Let A =[Ojj] be a square matrix of order n. The minor Mq ofaq in A is the determinant of the
square sub-matrix of order (n -1) obtained by leaving i^^ row and column of A.
r 4 -7
For example, if A = -3 2 / then
Mn=Minorof =2, Mj2 = Minoroffli2 = "3/ M21 =Minoroffl2i = -7,M22 =Minoroffl22 =4
r 1 2 31
If A= -3 2-1 ,then
2-4 3
Mji = Minor of
= Determinant of the 2 x 2 square sub-matrix obtained by leaving first row and
first column of A
5.6
MATHEMATICS-XII
2 -1
-4 3
Similarly, we obtain
-3 -1 -3
Mj2 “ Minor of = 2 3 = -7, Mj3 = Minor of = 2
^ =8
-4
2 3 1 3
M21 = Minor of ^21 = -4 3
= 18, M22 = Minor of ^22 = 2 3
= - 3 etc.
COFACTOR LetA= [Ojj] be a square matrix of order n. The cofactor ofaq in A is equal to (-1)' i
times the determinant of the sub-matrix of order (n-1) obtained by leaving i;th row and column of A.
It follows from this definition that
ww
Cjj = Cofactor of a^j in A= (~ 1)* i A^y, where M^y is minor of fly- in A.
Mjj, if I + / is even
Thus, we have C,y = ● - A4,y, if z + ;■ is odd
Flo
r 4-71.
For example, if A =
e
-3 2 / then
eree
1+ 1 1+ 2
Cn={-1) Mil =^11 =2, C12 =(-l) M12 = - Mi2 = - (- 3) = 3,
FFr
2+1 2+2
C2i=(-1) ^21 =“-^21 =-(-2) =7, and C22=(-l) M22 — 4
uurr
1 2 3
If A = -3 2-1 , then orr
sfo
2-4 3
kks
Yoo
1+ 1 2 -1
^11 = (-1) Mil — ^11 ~
oooo
-4 3
U 2 -3 -1
eBB
Ci2=(-1) M 12 = -M 12
2 3 = -(-9-f 2) = 7
-3
I =8x:23=(-i) |2 _ 4] = 8 etc.
1+ 3 2+ 3
^13 -(-1) ^13 = ^13 = M23 - - M23 =
urr
2
ad
REMARK In some books the minors and cofactors are defined for the elements of a determinant. Infact,
YYo
minors and cofactors are definedfor the elements of a square matrix.

dd
Re
inn

F
1 3'
EXAMPLE 1 If A = 2 1 ,find the determinant of the matrix A^ - 2A.
1 3
2 1
A^-2A = ri 31 n 3'
2p2 ^11
2 1 2 1
1+6 3+3 '2 6 ■7 6 2 6 7-2 6-6*

A^-2A = rs 01
2+2 6+1 4 2 4 7 4 2 4-4 7-2 0 5
5 0
|a2-2A| = 0 5
= 25-0 = 25.
'1 21
EXAMPLE 2 // A = 4 2 , then show that\2A\ = 4|A|.
5.7
DETERMINANTS
SOLUTION We have. INCERT]

1 2 [2 41
A = => lA =
4 2 8 4
1 2 2 4
|A1 = = 2 - 8 = - 6 and | 2/11 = = 8 - 32=-24 = 4x(-'6)
4 2 8 4
Clearly,|2/1| =4|A|.
X-1 -3
EXAMPLES // 3.x 2x = 3, find the values of X.
SOLUTION We have,
x-2 -3
ooww
= 3
3x 2.T
{x-2)x2x-(-3)x 3x = 3 => 2x{x-2) + 9x = 3 => 2x^-4.r + 9x = 3

2x^+5x-3 = 0=> (2x-l) (x+3) = 0=>2x-l=0 or, X + 3 =0 => X = ^, -3.
e
ree
rFl
Fre
EXAMPLE 4 Let
3 y _|3 2 Find possible values ofx and yifx,y are natural numbers.
rrF
X 1 4 1'
SOLUTION We have,
ouur
sffoo
3 y| _ 3 2|
X 1 4 1
okks
3-xy = 3-8=> xy = 8=> x = 1, y = 8;x = 2, i/ = 4;x=4,i/=2;x = 8, i/=l

Yo
ooo
log 3 512 log4 3

EXAMPLES Evaluate the determinant A =
eBB
logs 8 log4 9 ●
SOLUTION We have,
logâ 3
uurr
^ ^ logs 512 3 logs 2^

log^2 3^
ad
'logs 8 log4 9 logs 2'

YYo
9 logs 2
\ log2 3
dd
n
n
A =
■■■ log^p m = - logfl m
Re
flog2 3
iinn
P
3 logs 2
F
A =
9 logs 2
3 logs 2
I log2 3 n
= (9 logs 2) X (log2 3) - \.2. log2 3 J (3 logs 2)
log2 3
A = 9 (logs 2x log2 3)-|(log2 3 X logs [●.' logt a X logs b = 1]

-2
EXAMPLE 6 Find the minors and cofactors of eletnents of the matrix /!=[%]= 4 -5 6
'3 5 2
SOLUTION
Let Mjj and denote respectively the minor and cofactor of element fly in A. Then,
Mn= 5 ^ =-10- 30=-40 => C44 = Mn = -40
M 12 _ 4 6| = 8-18=-10 => C 12 = -Mi2 =10
" 3 2]
5.8 MATHEMATICS-XII
4 -5
M
13 = 3 g =20 + 15 = 35 => C 13 Mi3 =35
“21 =|s
-2
2 =6 + 10 =16 ^ C21 — ~A^21
1 -2
M22 =
2|=2+6
= 8 ^ C99 — ^22 “ ®
3
^1=5-9 = -4
1
M23
3 5 => ^23 - “-^23 “ ^
oww
3 -2
M31 = . =18-10 = 8 => C 31 = M 31 = 8
■|“5 o|
1 -2
M = 6 + 8 = 14
32 = 4 6 => ^32 =“ ^32 =-14
ee
1 3
FFrlo
M 33 = -5-12 = -17 => C 33 = M 33 = -17
r
4 -5
rF
ee
ouru
rF
1 sin 9 1
EXAMPLE 7 Evaluate the determinant A = - sin 0 1 sin 0 . Also, prove that 2 < A < 4
ffosor
-1 - sin 0 1
os k
SOLUTION We have,
1 sin 0 1
ook
Yo
A = - sin 0 1 sin 0
Y
-1 -sin 0 1
Bo
reeB
On expanding along first row, we obtain

1 sin 0 - sin 0 sin 0 - sin 0 1
oouY
A = 1 X - sin 0 + lx
- sin 0 1 -1 1 -1 -sin 0
ur
ad
= 1 X (1 + sin^ 0) - sin 0 ( - sin 0 + sin 0) + 1 X (sin^ 0 + 1)

dY
= (l + sin^0)-O + (sin^0 + l)= 2 + 2 sin^ 9 = 2(l+sin^0)

nidn
We know that
Re
-1 <sin 0<1 for all 0

F
Fi
Oisin^0<l for all 0
1 + 0 1 + sin^ 0^1+1 for all 0

l<l + sin^0<2forall0=> 2 < 2(1 + sin^ 0) <4 for aU 0 => 2<A<4. for aU 0
EXAMPLE 8
If [●] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to the real number under consideration,
and — 1 <x <0,0<j/<l, 1 <z<2, then find the value of the following determinant:
M+1 [y] [z]
A =
M [y] +1 [2]
W [yl [2] +1
SOLUTION Wehave, -l<x<0, 0^y<l and l<z<2=> [x] = -1, [y] = Oand [z] = 1.
M+1 [y] [2] 0 0 1
A = [x] [y] +1 [2] -1 1 1
[x] [y] ^1 + 1 -10 2
DETERMINANTS 5.9
1 1 -1 1 -1 1
A = 0 X
0 2
-Ox
-1 2
+ lx
-1 0
[Expanding along first row]
A = 0 (2 - 0) - 0 ( - 2 + 1) + 1 X (0 + 1) = 1.
X sin 0 cos 0|
EXAMPLE 9 Prove that the determinant -sin0 -x 1 is independent of 9.
1 cos 0 1 X
w
SOLUTION We have. [NCERT]
X sin 0 cos 0
A = - sin 0 - X 1
I cos 0 1 X
e
-X 1 - sin 0 1 - sin 0
A = X - sin 0 + cos 0
^ [Expanding along first row]
re
cos 0 X cos 0
row
1 X
A = X (- x^ -1) - sin 0 ( - X sin 0 - COS 0) + cos 0 (- sin 0 + X cos 0)

in^ 9- + _sin 0 cos 9 - sin 0 cos 0 + x cos^ 0
eeF
A = -x^-x + xsin
ullo
FF
A = -x^-x + x(sin^ 0 + cos^ 0) = -X
3
-X + X = -x ^, which is independent of 0.
EXERCISE 5.1
srr
BASIC
roF
k
1. Write the minors and cofactors of each element of the first column of the following matrices
and hence evaluate the determinant in each case:
uor
ofof
1 -3 2 ■ 1 a be
5 20 1 b ca
(i) ^ = (ii) = 4 -1 2 (iii) 21 =
Y
kos
0 -1
3 5 2 1 c ab
Yo
B oo
2-1 0 1 ■
rY
a
^ g -3 0 1-2
eerB
(iv) A = h b f (V) A = 1 1-1 1

g f c
u
2-1 5 0
ou
d
o
2. Evaluate the following determinants:

ad
-7 cos 0 - sin 0 cos 15® sin 15® a + ib c + id

nY
(i) X! 5x +1
(ii) sin 0 cos 0
(iii) sin 75® cos 75®
(iv) -c + id a -ib
nid
[CBSE 20081
Re
F
2 3 7 ^
Fi
sin 10° - cos 10®

4. Show that = 1
3. Evaluate: 13 17 5 . sin 80° cos 80°
15 20 12
2 3 -5
5. Evaluate 7 1 - 2 by two methods.
-3 4 1
BASED ON LOTS
0 sm a - cos a
6. Evaluate: A = - sm a 0 sin p [NCERT]

cos a - sin p 0
cos a cos P cos a sin p sm a
7. Evaluate: A = - sin P cos p 0 [NCERT]

sin a cos P sin a sin P cos a
2 5 4 -3
8. UA =
2 1 and B = ^ ^ , verify that | /4B | = [ A | j 61.
1 0 1
9. If A = 0 1 2 , then show that | 3 | = 27 | ^ |.

0 0 4J
10. Find the values of x, if
w
2 4 2x 4 3 X 3 2
(i) 5 1 6
[NCERTl (ii) [NCERTl
;c 1 4 1
(iii) |;c + l x-1 4 -1

(iv)
2x 5 6 5
\x-3 x + 2\ " 1 3 [CBSE 2013] 8 X 8 3 INCERT EXEMPLAR]
e
re
X 1
row
11. Find the integral value of jr, if 0 2 1 = 28.
3 1 4
eeF
ullo
FF
12. For what value of x the matrix A is singular?
x-1 1 1
1 + x 7
ii) A = [CBSE 2012] (ii) A = 1 x-1 1
srr
3-x 8
roF
1 1 x-1
k
ANSV7ERS
uor
1. Minors
ofof
Cofactors
(i) Mil =-1,M2i =20 Cii=-1,C2i=-20
Y
kos
(u) Mii=-12,M2i=-16,M3i=-4,
Yo
Cji = -12, C21 = 16, C31 = - 4

B oo
(iii) M^j=â(l7^~c\M2i=b(a^-c\ = a{b^~ c\ C21 = - b (fl^ - c\

rY
Cn
eerB
M3i=c(fl^-[j^) C 31 = c(a^ - b^)

u
(iv) Mii=bc-f^,M2i=hc-fg,M^l=hf-bg C 11 = bc-f^, C21 = /5 - c/i, C31 = hf - bg

ou
d
o
ad
(v) Mii=-9,M2i=9,M3i=-9,M4i=0 Cii=-9,C2i=-9, C3i=-9,C4i=0

nY
2. (i) 5x^ + 8x (ii) 1 (iii) 0 (iv) +b^ + d'^ 3. 0 5. -140

nid
13
Re
6.0
7. 1 10. (i) ± VI (ii) ± 2V2 (iii) 2 (iv) ± 3 11. 2 12. (i) (ii) -1,2
F
15
Fi

0 sm a - cos a
6. We have, A = -sm a 0 sin P

cos a sin p 0
On expanding along first row, we get

0 sin P - sin a sin p -sm a 0
A =0 - sm a - cos a
- sin P 0 cos a 0 cos a
sin p
=> A = - sina(0-sin p cos a) -cosa (sin a sin P) = sin a cos a sin p - sin a cos a sin p = 0
A =0
0 sin PI - sin a sin p - sm a 0
-cos a
-sinp 0 I cos a 0 cos a -sin p
DETERMINANTS 5.11
=> A = sin a (0 - sin p cos a) - cos a (sin a sin p) = siii a cos a sin p - sin a cos a sin p = 0
cos a cos P cos a sin p - sm a
7. We have, A = -sin p cos p 0
sin a cos p sin a sin p cos a

cos P 0 -sin p 0
A = cos a cos p - cos a sin p
sin a sin p cos a sin a cos p cos a j
- sin a
- sin p cos p I
sin a cos P sin a sin pj
=> A = cos a cos p (cos a cos P - 0) - cos a sin p (- cos a sin p - 0)
w
- sin a (- sin a sin^ p - sin a cos^ P)
=> A = cos^ a cos^ p + cos^ a sin ^ p + sin^ a
Flo
=> A = cos^ a (cos^ p + sin^ P) + sin^ a = cos^ a + sin^ a = 1
2 4 2x 4
eeee
10. (i) 5 1 6 X
=> 2 -20 = 2.t^ -24 => 2x'^ = 6 => X = ±y[3
Fr
3 a; 3 2
(ii) a: 1 4 1
=> 3 = 3-8 => -x2 = 8 => a: = ± 2V2
for
ur
5.4 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
In section 5.1, we have defined the determinant of a square matrix of order 4 or less. Infact, these
ks
definitions are consequences of the general definition of the determinant of a square matrix of
Yo
any order which needs so many advanced concepts. These concepts are beyond the scope of this
oo
book. Using the said definition and some other advanced concepts we can prove the following
eB
properties. But, the concepts used in the definition itself are very advanced. Therefore we
mention these properties and verify them for a determinant of a square matrix of order 3.
Let A= [Ojj] be a square matrix of order n, then the sum of the product of elements of any row
ur
PROPERTY 1
ad
(column) with their cofactors is always equal to \A \ or, det (A).

Yo
n n
t.e.
^ ~ I and.
; = 1
d
Re
flu fl|2 ^13

in
VERIFICATION Let A = fl2i fl22 ^23 be a square matrix of order 3. Then, by definition, we
F
^3\ ^32 ^33 .

obtain
^12 ^\3
fl2i <122 ^23
^32 ^33
1+ 1 fl22 ^23 1+2 ^^21 '^23 1+ 3 '*21 **22
Ml = (-1) All + (-l) **12 + (-l) **13
^32 ^33 ^31 ^^33 **31 '*32

Ml - **11 ^11 + **12 Q2 + "13 ^13 [By using the definition of cofactorsl
Ml = **21 ^21 + '*22 ^22 '*23 ^23' I ^ - '*31 ^31 '*32 ^32 + **33 ^33'
Ml = '*11 ^11 + **21 *^21 + **31 ^31 etc.
PROPERTY 2
Let A = [oij] be a square matrix of order n, then the sum of the product of elements of any
row (column) with the cofactors of the corresponding elements of some other row (column) is zero.
i.e.
Z Oj:Ckj=0
;=1 '
and, S ay
1 = 1-^
= 0.
^12 ^13
VERIFICATION Let A = ^21 ^^22 ‘^23 be a square matrix of order 3. Then, the sum of the
. ^31 ‘^32 ‘^33
product of elements of first row with the cofactors of elements in second row is given by
^21 + '^12 ^22 <^13 ^23
2+11 "12 "13 + ai2 (-1) 2+2 ^11 "13 + ^13 (-1) 2+3 ail "12
I "32 "33 "31 "33 "31 "32
w
= -"ll ("12 "33 ~"l3 "32) "12 ("11 "33 ~"l3 "31) ~"13 ("11 "32 ~"l2 "3l)
= 0
Flo
ee
"11 L^31 "12 ^32 "13 ^33 = "21 L^ll + "22 ^12 + "23 ^13
T'
Fr
PROPERTY 3 Let A = [a^j] be a square matrix of order n, then [ /41 = | A |.
By the abuse of language this property is also stated as follows:
for
ur
The value of a determinant remains unchanged if its rows and columns are interchanged.
ai bi Cl "1 "2 "3
VERIFICATION Let/I = 02 i?2 ‘^2 be a square matrix of order 3. Then, ^ ^ = bj i>2 .
s
ok
Yo
<73 bg C3 Cl C2 C3
Bo
"1 ^1 Cl
Now, I ” "2 ^2 ^2
re
"3 ^3 ^3
"2 ^2
ou
b2 C2
ad
1+1 1+ 3
<^1
h C3 "3 "3 "3 h
Y

nd
●^1 ="l (i’2 *^3 “^3 ^2) “^1 ("2 ^^3 “"3 ^2) ‘^l ("2 ^3 “"3 ^2)
Re
=>
"1 "2 "3

Fi
and. a'^ \= bi b2 b^
C\ C2 C3
7^2 7<^3
r 1+1 1+ 2 "2 "3 1+3. "2 "3
1^^ l=(-i) h + (-i)
"1
C2 <^3 ^ b2 b3
[Expanding along first column]
A'^ I =fli (b2 C3 -b3 C2) -i^l '("2 ^3 “"3 ^2) ^1 ("2 ^3 “"3 ^2) ...(ii)
T"
From (i) and (ii), we obtain | A | = | A^ |.

PROPERTY 4 LetA=[oij]bea square matrix of order n (> 2) and let Bbea matrix obtainedfrom A by
intercltanging any two rows (columns) of A, then | B | = - | A |.
Conventionally this property is also stated as:
If any two rows (columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then the value of the determinant changes by
minus sign only.
DETERMINANTS 5.13
&i Cl
VERIFICATION Let = U2 ^2 <=2 be a square matrix of order 3 and let B be the matrix
. ^3 ^3 ^3
^3 ^3 (^3
obtained from A by interchanging first and third row i.e. B= ^^2 ●
_ «1 bi Cl
1^1 &i Cl I &2 C2
Then, \A\=a2 &2 ^2 =("1)
1+ 1 1+ 3 fl2 ^2
^3 ^^3 ^*3 ^3
i‘^3 ^3 *^3 I
1 /I I = fll (l?2 C3 - &3 C2) - &1 (^2 ^^3 “ ^3 *^2) (^2 ^3 ~ ^3 ^2) ...(i)
ww
fl3 1^3 C3
and. I B| = ^2 ^2 ^2 =(~1)
3+ 1
«1 I ^2 ^2
+(-l)"-^26j“3 "3 +(-l)
\^2 ^2
3+ 3
Cl
®3 ^3
fl2 ij2
Floo
&i Cl
ee
=>
SI - ~ (^2 ^^3 “ ^3 C2) ~ h (^2 C3 - <^3 C2) + Cl (^2 i^3 - ^^2)] -(ii)
eer
From (i) and (ii), we obtain: [ 61 = -\ A \.
FFr
PROPERTY 5 Ifani/ two rozvs (columns) of a square matrix A = [ Ojj] of order n {> 2) are identical, then
oorr
uur r
its determinant is zero i.e. \A \ =0.
s ff
Conventionally this property is stated as;
If any two rows or columns of a determinant are identical, then its value is zero.
sk
YYoo
ooko
«i Cl
VERIFICATION Let/I = ^2 h ^2 be a matrix having first and third rows identical and let B
eBB
«1 fî Cl
be the matrix obtained from/I by interchanging the first and third rows. Then, by property 4, we
uurr
obtain
ad
|B| =-MI -(i)

Yo
^1 h Cl 1
But, B = ^2 l»2 C2 =A. Therefore, I BI = I A ...(ii)
dY
Re
fll bi Cl
ind
FFin

A| = -|A| => 2|/1| = 0 => [/l| = 0.
PROPERTY 6 Let A =[Ojj]be a square matrix of order n, and let B be the matrix obtained from A by
multiplying each element of a row (column) of A by a scalar k, then | B | =k \A\.
If each element of a row (column) of a determinant is multiplied by a constant k, then the value of the new
determinant is k times the value of the original determinant.
r «i h Cl 1
VERIFICATION LetA= ^2 ^2 C2 be a square matrix order 3, and let B be a matrix obtained
03 63 C3
from A by multiplying each element of second row by the same constant k, then
r h C1I
B = A^2 kb2 kc2 .
«3 &3 C3
Now,
flj Cj
A\ = fl2 ^2 ^2 = ‘*1 (^2 ^3 “^3 ^^2) “^1 (*^2 ^3 “^^3 *^2) + (®2 ^3 ^2) ...{i)
«3 ^3 ^3
«1 h
and, B\= ka2 kb2 kc2
fl3 &3 C3
B\-a-^ (kb2 C3 -kbj C2) -b-^ {ka2 C3 -ka^ C2) + (fa?2 ^3 “^^2 ^3)
[On expanding along first row]
=> I B ] = A: [ dj {&2 C3 - &3 C2) - (il2 C3 - ^3 C2) + Cl (fl2 ^3 " ‘^3 ^2)] ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we obtain\B\ = /c | /I |.
ww
REMARK 1 It follows from the above properti/ that we can take out any common factorfrom any one row
or any one column of a given determinant.
Floo
Let A = [Ojj] be a square matrix of order n, then \kA\=k'^\A\, because k is common from
REMARK 2
each row ofkA.
e
eere
PROPERTY 7 Let A be a square matrix such that each element of a row (column) of A is expressed as the
sum of two or more terms. Then, the determinant of A can be expressed as the sum of the determinants of
FFr
two or more matrices of the same order.
oorr
uur r
s ff
If each element of a row (column) of a determinant is expressed as a sum of two or more terms, then the
determinant can be expressed as the sum of two or more determinants.
sk
YYoo
&1 + Pi Cl + Yi
ooko
VERIFICATION Letv4 = fl2 h C2 be a square matrix such that each element in

eBB
^3 ^3 ^3
first row of A is the sum of two elements. Then,
+ cti + Pi Cl + Yi
uurr
ad
1A[ = d2 ^2 ^2
Yo
^3 ^3 ^3
&2 C2 fl2 C2 ^2 ^2 Expanding along'

dY
=> |A|=(fli + ai) -(bl + Pl) + (Cl + Yi) first row

<^3 ^3 ^3 d3 i)3
Re
nind
=. ''2 "2 -b
ai C2 i-2L, &2 C2
-Pi
«2 C2
+ Yi
^2 ^2
FFi
=> A «l + Cl
i'3 ^^3 ^ ^3 (=3 "3 ^3 J 1 ^3 ^3 ^3 d3 &3
ai hi Cl ai Pi Yl
A1 = fl2 ^2 ^2 ^2 ^2 ^2
d3 &3 C3 fl3 b^ C2
=> |A|=|B1+1C|, where B = «2

[ ^1^2 ^2 and C = (?2
«1 Pi
^2
Yl
^2 ■
<73 &3 C3 «3 b^ C2
PROPERTY 8 Let A be a square matrix and Bbea matrix obtained from A by adding to a row (column) of
A a scalar multiple of another row (column) of A, then | B | = | A [.
'fhis property is conventionally stated as:
If each element of a row (column) of a determinant is midtiplied by the same constant and then added to the
corresponding elements of some other row (column), then the value of the determinant remains same.
DETERMINANTS 5.15
Cl ^1 ^^1 ^1 ^2
VERIFICATION Let A= ^2 ^2 ^2 ^ matrix and let B = a2 + kb2 1^2 <^2 matrix
. ^3 *^3 fl3 + cf&3 &3 C3 ^
obtained from A by multiplying the elements of second column by k and then adding them to
the corresponding elements of first column. Then,
t?l + /cî h c-i
B I = CI2 kb2 &2 *"2
il3 + 1^3 C3
i?! &i Cl I khi foi Cl
I BI = <?2 &2 *"2 ^^2 ^2 ^2 [Using property 7]
«3 &3 ^^31 kb^ &3 C3
ww
bj Cl Cl
I B [ = ^^2 &2 ^2 + cf &2 ^2 *"2 [Using property 6]
03 b^ C3 ^3 ^3 ^3
|B|=|A| + itO = |Al
FF loo [Using property 5]
ree
PROPERTY 9 Let Abe a square matrix order n (> 2) such that each element in a row (column) of A is
zero, then | A | = 0.
reFe
If each element of a roxv (column) of a determinant is zero, then its value is zero. oroFr
rur
'o 0 0 ■
s ff
VERIFICATION Let A = ^2 ^2 ^2 ^ square matrix. Then,
k
_«3 ^3j
YYouo
okso
0 0 0
^2 ^2 ai C2 ^2 ^2 'Expanding along’
BBoo
I A I = ^2 f*2 <^2=0 -0 + 0 = 0.
1^3 ^3 C3
^3 ^3| ‘^3 ^3 «3 h first row
r ee
PROPERTY 10 //A = [Ojj] is a diagonal matrix of order n (> 2), then | A | = flu x ^122 x ^33 x.. .x a„„.
ad
ouur
PROPERTY11 If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then |AB|=|A| |B|.
Yo
PROPERTY 12 Let A = [Ojj] be a square matrix of order n and let qy cofactor of Ojj in A for
d
idnY
Re
i, j = l, 2,...,n.IfC = [cij]is the matrix of cofactors of elements in A, then \ C |=| A

n-1
FFin
All fli2 fli3 ^^12 Ci3

VERIFICATION Let A= i?2i ^^22 ^23 andC= C21 C22 C23 , where C,y = cofactor of in
_fl31 <?32 «33j [●^31 «^32 ^^33]
A. Then,
T
<^11 ^^12 ^13 ^11 % ^31
CA
= C21 C22 C23 ^12 «22 ^^32
.^31 ^^32 ^^33] L®13 ^23 ^33.
flu Cii + fli2 Cj2 + fli3 Cj3 fl2i Cii + fl22 Cj2 + «23 ^^13 '^31 ^11 + *^32 <^12 + ^13 <^33
CA^ = flu C21 + fli2 C22 + fli3 C23 ®21 <^21 +<^22^^22+ ^23 <^23 ®31 <^21 + <^32 <=22 + *^33 ^^23
All C31 + fli2 C32 + fli3 C33 fl2i C31 + fl22 C32 + «23 C33 fl3i C31 + 033 C32 + 033 C33
r|A| 0 0
=> CA^ = 0 |A| 0 [Using Properties 1 and 2]
0 0 |A|
MATHEMATICS-X!!
5.16
l^l 0 0
|CA^l= 0 |A| 0 =1A!^
0 0 |Al
1C||A^| = |A|3=> |C||A1 = |A|3=>|C1 = |A|2 [V |A^|=|A|1
5.5 EVALUATION OF DETERMINANTS
If A is a square matrix of order 2, then its determinant can be easily found. But, to evaluate
determinants of square matrices of higher orders, we should always try to introduce zeros at
maximum number of places in a particular row (column) by using the properties given in
section 5.4 and then we should expand the determinant along that row (column).
ww
We shall be using the following notations to evaluate a determinant:
(i) Rj to denote i* row.
;th
(ii) Rj Rj to denote the interchange of i* and j rows.
Flo
;th
row to the
(iii) Ri Ri +X Rj to denote the addition of X times the elements of j
e
corresponding elements of row.
eree
(iv) R,- (X) to denote the multiplication of all elements of row by
FFr
Similar notations are used to denote column operations if R is replaced by C.
uurr
orr
sfo
kks
Yoo
oooo
Txjpe I DETERMINANTS IN WHICH TWO ROWS (COLUMNS) BECOME IDENTICAL BY APPLYING THE
eBB
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
41 1 5
EXAMPLE 1 Without expanding evaluate the determinant 79 7 9 .

urr
29 5 3
ad
YYo
41 1 5
SOLUTION Let A = 79 7 9 . ApplyingC;i-> + (-8) C3, we get
dd
29 5 3
Re
inn
1 1 5
A = 7 7 9 = 0 [*.● Cl and C2 are identical]
F
5 5 3
2
1 w
EXAMPLE 2
Ifwisa complex cube root of unity. Show that W vp- 1 = 0.
2 1 W
w
2
1 w
SOLUTION Let A = w w ^ 1 . ApplyingCi Cj + C2 + C3 , we get

2 1 w
w
1 + w + w'^ w w
2
0
w
w
2
A = w + w
2
+l w
2
1 0 ly^ 1 ['.● 1 + zy + = 0)
2 1 w 0 1 w
W +1+W ^
A =0 [*.● Cj consists of all zeros]

DETERMINANTS
5.17
1 a b + c
EXAMPLES Show that 1 b c + a = 0.
1 c a +b
1 (I b + c
SOLUTION Let A= 1 b c + a. ApplyingC2 —> C2 + C3, we get

1 c a +b
1 a +b + c b +c
A = 1 b + c + a c + a
1 c +a +b a+b
1 1 b + c
w
A = {a + b + c) 1 1 c +a [Taking out a + b + c common from C2]
1 1 a+b
Flo
A = (fl + b + c)x0=0 [●.● Cj and C2 are identical]
b-c c-a a-b
reeee
EXAMPLE4 Show that c-a a-b b-c
FFr
a-b b-c c-a INCERT,CBSE2009]
b -c c-a a-b
SOLUTION Let A =
c-a a-b b-c. Applying Cj->Cj+C2+C3, we get
for
ur
a-b b-c c-a
kkss
10 c-a a-b\
Yo
A=0 a-b b-c =0

[v Cj consists of all zeros]
oo
I 0 b-c c -fl[
eB
1 be a(b + c)
EXAMPLES Show that 1 ca b{c + a) =0. INCERT]
r
1 ab c{a + b)
ou
ad
YY
1 be a{b + c)
SOLUTION Let A= 1 ca ef (c + fl) . ApplyingC3C2 + C3, we get
ndd
1 ab c(a + b)
Re
1 be ab + be + ca
Fi
A = 1 ca ab + be + ca
1 ab ab + be + ca
I be \
A - {ab + be + ca) \ ca \ [Taking out ab + be + ca common from C3]
1 ab 1
A={ab +bc + ca) X 0 = 0. [●.● Cj and C3 are identical]

x+y y+z z+x
EXAMPLES 'Without expanding prove that: 2 X
y = 0.
1 1 1 [NCERT]
x+y y+z z+x

SOLUTION Let A = 2 X
y . Applying Kj -> R-^ + R2/ we get
1 1 1
MATHEMATICS-XII
5.18
X + 1/ + 2 .T + y + 2 x + y +z
2 X y
1 1 1
1 1 1
A=(A: + y+2)2 X y [Taking out (x + y + 2) common from R^]

1 1 1
A =(:c + y+ 2)x 0 = 0 [: Ri and R3 are identical]

cosec 0 cot 0
liXAMPLE?
Without expanding show that: A = cot^ 0 cosec^ 0 -1 = 0.
42 40 2
w
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Applying Cj -C2, we obtain
cosecÔ - cot^ 0 cot^ 0 1 cot^ 0 1
Flo
A = cot^0-cosec^ 0 cosec^ 0 -1 -1 cosec^ 0 -1 =0 [v Cl and C3 are identical]
ee
42-40 40 2 2 40 2
Fr
2 3 4l
6 8 . [CBSE2009]
EXAMPLE 8
Find the value of the determinant A = for 5
ur
6x 9x 12x\
SOLUTION Taking 3x common from R3 , we get
ks
2 3 4
Yo
[●.● Ri and R3 are identical]

oo
A = 3x 5 6 8 = 3xx0=0
2 3 4
eB
be b + c
EXAMPLE 9 Without expandingshow that a^ ca c + fl = 0.

ur
a^ b^ ab a + b
ad
Yo
[NCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2001 Cl
b^ c2 be b + c
d
Re
e^ a^ ea e + a . Applying i?i Rl {a), R2 -> Ri Q>) and R3 R3 (c).

in
SOLUTION LetA =
a^b'^ ab a + b
F
we get
ab^ e^ abe ab + ac
A =
1
bc^ a^ abe be + ba
jRi, ]?2 -^3 are multiplied by a, b and c
abe
abe ac + be
respectively, tlierefore we divide by abe
ca^ b^
be 1 ab + ac
A = — (abc)'^ ca 1 be + ba [Taking out abe common from Ci and C2]
abe
ab 1 ac + be
be 1 ab + be + ca
A = abc ca 1 ab + bc + ca [Applying C3 +Ci]
ab 1 ab + be + ca
DETERMINANTS 5.19
be 1 1
A = abc{ab + bc + ca) ca 1 I [Taking out ab + be + ca common from C3]
ab 1 1
A = abc {ab + bc + ca) .x0 = 0 ['.● C2 and C3 are identical]

sin a cos a sin (a + 5)
EXAMPLE 10 Without expanding evaluate the determinant sin p cosp sin(p + 8) .
sin y cos y sin (y + 5)
sin a cos a sin (a + S)
SOLUTION Let A = sin P cos p sin (P + 5) .
sin y cos y sin (y + 5)
ww
sin a cos a sin a cos 6 + cos a sin 6|
A = sin p cos p sin p cos 5 + cos P sin 6 [v sin {A + B) ~ sin A cos B + cos/I sin B]
sin y cos y sin y cos 5 + cos y sin 6
sin a cos a 0
FF loo
ree
A = sin p cos p 0 [ApplyingC3 -^C3 - (cos 5) Cj -(sin 5) C2]
sin y cos y 0
rFee
A = 0
[v C3 consists of all zeros]
oor rF
rur
s ff
EXAMPLE 11 Without expanding evaluate the determinant , where
{c^ + a~^)^ ^
k
YYoou
ookos
a,>0 andx,y,Z€R.
SOLUTION Let A be the given determinant. Applying Cj -> Cj - C2 , we get
BBo
(rt^ + a~ -{a^ - a~ {a^ ~a r 1

re
A = (a^ +a"^)^-(ali ~a~^)^ (a^ - a

ouur
ad
(a^ + a~^)^-(cA-a~^) (-d - a

Yo
x\2
- a
4 1
Yd
Re
A = 4 (a^ 1 [Using:(a + b)^ - {a-b)^ = 4ab]

idn
4 {(f-a-^)'^ 1
FFin
1 1
A= 4 1 (fiI/-fl-I/)2 1 [Taking out 4 common from C^]

1 (fl^-fl-^)2 1
A = 4x 0 =0
[●.● Cl and C3 are identical]
12i/ + 4 5y + 7 By + a
EXAMPLE 12 If a, b, care in A.P., find the value of 3y + 5 6y + 8 9y + b. [NCERT]
|4y + 6 7y + 9 lOy + c
SOLUTION Applying R2 R2 (2), we get
. 2y + 4 5y + 7 By + a
A =
- 6y + 10 12y + 16 18y + 2fe
^ 4y + 6 7y + 9 lOy + c
MATHEMATICS-Xn
5.20
2y + 4 5y + 7 8y + fl
A = -■ 0 0 21) - {a+ c) Applying R2 R2 ~(^1 ^3)
^ 4y + 6 7y + 9 lOy + c
2y + 4 5y + 7 8y + a
A = ^
- 0 0 0 ['.■ fl,c are in A.P. :.2b = a + c]
^ 4y + 6 7y + 9 lOy + c
A = 0 [■.' R2 consists of zeros only]
REMARK The transformation -> Rj + R3 - 2R2 can also be used to get the value of A.
265 240 219
240 225 198 .
EXAMPLE 13 Without expanding evaluate the determinant A =
w
219 198 181
SOLUTION ApplyingCj -C3 andC2 ->C2 -C3, weget
Flo
46 21 219
A = 42 27 198
ee
38 17 181
Fr
I 4 21 9
A=|-12 27 -72 [ApplyingCi ->0^ -2C2 andC3 -IOC2I
I 4 17 11 for
ur
10 4 -2
A = jo 78 -39 [Applying Rj ^ R^ - R3 and R2 —> R2 +
ks
14 17 11
Yo
oo
0 2-1
[Taking 2 common from R^ and 39 common from R2]
B
A =2(39) 0 2 -1
4 17 11
re
A =78 X 0 [●.● Rj and R2 are identical]

ou
ad
EVALUATING DETERMINANTS BY USING THE PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS AND

Type II
Y
PROVING IDENTITIES
1 1 1
11 1 1
nd
Re
EXAMPLE 14 f/Ai= andA2=\y^ xy ,without expanding prove that = A2.

Fi
X
y z X y 2
SOLUTION Applying Cj Cj (x), C2 -> C2 (y) and C3 ^ C3 (2), we get

X
y z X y z
1 _ xyz
^2 - xyz xyz xyz 1 1 1 [Taking xyz common from R2I
xyz xyz 2 2
y^ z2 X y z2
1 1 1
A2 = - X y z [Applying R2 <->■ Ril

x^ y^ z2
2 2
1 1 1
A2 = z2 = Ai [Applying R2 R3]
x y z
DETERMINANTS 5.21
Ax 1
A B C
EXAMPLE 15 Utlx-'Qy \ and Aj = X y z , then show that Aj = A.
Cz z^ 1 yz zx xy
SOLUTION We have,
A B C
X y z
yz zx xy
Ax By Cz
1
Ai = x^ z2
xyz
[Applying -> Cj a: , C2 -> C2 y, C3 C3 2]
xyz xyz xyz
ww
Ax By Cz
_ xyz z2
Ai = [Taking xyz common from R3]
xyz 1 1 1
Flo
Ax By Cz
ee
=>
Aj= y2 z2
rere
1 1 1
r FF
Ax ^ 1
uurr
Aj = By 1 = A.
foor
[Interchanging rows and columns]
Cz z^ 1
ks s
Yoo
a b c q -b y
ooook
EXAMPLE 16 If Ai = X y z and A2= -p a

- X , without expanding or evaluating
eBB
V <? r r -c z
A^ and A2, show that A-^ +A2 = 0.

SOLUTION Taking -1 common from second row, we obtain
uurr
ad
q -b y
Yo
A2 = - p ~a X
dY
r -c z
Re
q b y
innd
A2 = p a X [Taking (-1) common from C2]

FFi
r c z
q p r
A2= b a c [Interchanging row and columns]
y X z
p q r
A2=- a b c [Applying C2 <->Ci]
xyz
a b c
Ai= P q r [Applying <-> R2]
xyz
a b c\
=>
Ai - xyz [Applying R2 ^ R3]
P q r\
MATHEMATICS-XII
5.22
=i> A2 = - Ai => Ai + A2 =0
EXAMPLE 17 // A is a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order n, then | A | = O.
SOLUTION Since A is a skew-symmetric matrix. Therefore,
A^ = -A
A^l =|-A1
!A^| = (-1)"|A [v \kA\=k^\A\]
AI = (-1)” |A [V |A^| =[A|]
j^l = -1A| => 2|A1=0 =?. 1A|=0 [●.● n is odd]
Hence, the determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is zero.
ww
0 a ~b
EXAMPLE 18 Prove that: -a 0 -c = 0.
0
Flo
b c
e
On b\
ree
SOLUTION Let A = 0 -c|. Then,
Fr
i? c 0]
rF
uurr
0 -a b
A = (-1)^ a 0 c
for
[Taking {-1) common from each row]
-b -c 0
s
kks
0 a ~b
Yo
[Interchanging rows and columns]

oooo
A = - -a 0 -c
b c 0
eB
A = -A=>2A = 0=>A = 0.
0 a -b
ur
ALITER Clearly, A = -a 0 - c IS a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order. Therefore,

ad
YYo
b c 0
A|=0.
dd
0 b-a c-a
Re
in
0 c-b = 0.
EXAMPLE19 Without expanding or evaluatmg show that a~b
F
a-c b-c 0
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
0 b-a c-a
SOLUTION LetA = a-b 0 c-b . Then,
a-c b-c 0
0 -{a-b) -{a-c) 0 ~{a-b) -{a-c)

A = {a-b) 0 -{b-c) {a-b) 0 -{b-c)
{a-c) {b-c) 0 {a-c) {b-c) 0
0 {a-b) {a-c)
A=(-1)3 -(fl-b) 0 {b-c) [Taking -1 common from each row]
-{a-c) -{b-c) 0
DETERMINANTS
5.23
0 -(a-b) -(a-c)
A =- (a-b) 0 -ib-c) [Interchanging rows and columns]
(a-c) (b-c) 0
A = -A=> 2A = 0=> A = 0
ALITER
Clearly, given determinant is the determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd
order. So, its value is zero.
a + bx c + dx p + qx a c p
EXAMPLE 20 Without expanding, prove that ax + b cx + d px + q ={l-x^) b d q.
u V zv U V w
(NCERTj
w
SOLUTION Applying Ri ^ - x R2 to A, we get
a(l-x^) c{l-x^) p(l-x'^) a c
P
= (1 - x^) ax+ b cx + d px + q
Flo
A = ax + b cx + d px + q
u V w u V w
e
reee
a
c p
FFr
A = (1-a:2) b d q [Applying K2 ^ -^2 “
U V w
for
ur
-a 2 ab ac
EXAMPLE 21 Prove that: ba -6^ be = b^ c^. [NCERT,CBSE2011I

kkss
ac be
Yo
2 ab
oo
- a ac
SOLUTION Let A = ba -b^ be . Then,

eB
ac
be _c2
-a b c
ur
ad
A = abc a c
[Taking a, b and c common from Rj, R2 and R3 respectively]
YYo
a b -c
-1 1 1
d
A = .2^2 ^2 Taking a, b and c common fromCi,C2 andC0

Re
1 -1 1
in
1 1 -1 respectively
F
-10 0
A =.2 ^2 ^2 10 2
[Applying C2 C2 + Cj, €3^03+ Cj]
1 2 0
0 2
A =fl2 ef2 ^2 ^ ^
2 0 [Expanding along RÎ
A = a^b^cî-l){0-4) = 4fl2fo2j,2
1 1 1
EXAMPLE 22 Prove that: 1 1 + ;:c 1 = xy. [NCERTj
1 1 1+y
1 1 1
SOLUTION Let A = 1 1+x
1 . ApplyingC2 ^C2-Cl and C3^C3-Ci, we get
1 1 1 +y
MATHEMATICS-Xn
5.24
1 0 0| X 0 1 0 1 X
A = 1 :e 0| = 1 X -Ox + 0 X [On expanding along Ril
0 y 1 y 1 0|
1 0 y|
2
\ a a
EXAMPLE 23 Evaluate: 1 h iP- [NCERT]

1 c
w
SOLUTION Let Abe the given determinant. Applying i?2 R2 ^3~ lî/Weget
2
1 a a
A = 0 b-a b^-(P
roow
0 c-a (P-(P
e
re
2
1 a a
^ {b-a) (c-a) 0 1 b + a [Taking out (b - a) common from R2&(c- a) from R3]
reF
uFFll 0 1 c + a
e
2
1 a a
sFr
A = (b - a) (c-a) 0 1 b + a [Applying R3 ->^3 -R2]
foro
0 0 c-b
uor
fk
2
okso
1 a a
A = (b-a) (c-a) (c-b) 0 1 b+a [Taking out (c - b) common from R3]

Y
Yo
0 0 1
oo
BB
1 b + a
A = (b-a)(c-a)(c-b)xlx 0 1
[Expanding along CJ
rYree
ouu
=> A = (b - a) (c - a) (c -b) X ! = (a-b)(b c) (c - a)

ad
Ydo
REMARK The reader is advised to remember the value of this determinant as a standard result.
X y 2
nidn
EXAMPLE 24 Show that: y^ =xyz(x-y) (y-2) (z-x). [CBSE 2000,2010 C, 20111

Re
y^ 2^
F
Fi
X y 2
SOLUTION LetA= x^ y^ 2^ . Taking x, y andz common fromC|, C2 and C3 respectively.

x3 y3 z3
we get
1 1 1
A= xyz X y 2
x^ y
2 2
2^
1 0 0
A = xyz X
y-x 2 -X [Applying C2~+C2-~Ci and C3->C3-C-i]
x^ ~x^ z2-x2
DETERMINANTS
5.25
1 0 0
A= xyz{y-x){z~x) X 1 1 Taking (y - a^) and (2 - x) common from
y +x z +x
C2 from C3 respectively.
1 1
A = xyz{y-x){z-x)x\x [Expanding along R^]
y+x z+x
A =xyz{y-x){z-x){z + x~y-x) = xyz{x-y) {y-z) (z~ x)

a P y
2
EXAMPLE 25 Prove that: a P^ = (a - p) (P - y) (y - a) (a + p + y).
P+y y+a a+p
ww
[NCERT, CBSE 2007C, 2008,2010 C]
a P y
2
SOLUTION Let A = a P^ y^ .ApplyingRj ^Rj + K3,weget
Floo
P+y y+a a+p
e
a P y
eere
2
A = a
P^
a+p + y a+p + y a+p+y
FFr
oorr
uur r
a P y
2 p2 y2
s ff
A= (a + p + y) a
[Taking out (a+p + y) common from K3]
1 1 1
sk
YYoo
ooko
a P-a y-a
A= (a + p + y) 2 p2 2
y
2
-a^
2
[ApplyingCj->C2-Cj and C3->C3-Ci]
eBB
a -a
1 0 0
uurr
a
1 1
Taking (p - a) common from ’
^ P + a y+a
ad
A=(a +P + y)(p-a) (y-a) a
C2 and (y - a) from C3
Yo
1 0 0
dY
1 1
A = (a + p + y) (P - a) (y - a) X 1 X [Expanding along R3]
Re
P+ a y+a
nind
A= (a + p + y)(p-a)(y-a)(y+a-p-a)=(a-p)(p-y){y-a)(a + p + y).
FFi
1 1 1
EXAMPLE 26 In a AABC, if 1 + sin A 1 +sinB 1 + sinC = 0, then prove that

sin A + sin2A sinB + sin2B sinC + sin C
AABC is an isosceles triangle. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
1 1 1
SOLUTION Let A = 1 + sin A l + sinB 1 + sinC . Then,
sinA + sinÂ sinB + sin2B sinC + sin2c
1 1 1
A = sin A sin B sinC
[Applying R2 -> R2 - Rj]
sin A + sin2 A sin B + sin 2 B sinC + sin2c
MATHEMATICS-XII
5.26
1 1 1
A = sin A sinB sinC [Applying ^3 - ^2^

sinÂ sin^B sin^C
1 0 0
A = sin A sin B-sin A sinC-sinA [ApplyingC2 -^€2 ~Ci,Cs -^^3-01]

sinÂ sin^B-sinÂ sin^C-sinÂ
1 0 0
1 1
A = (sin B - sin A) (sin C-sin A) sinA
sinÂ sin B+sin A sin C +sin A
[Taking sin B - sin A common from C2 and sin C - sin A from C 3I
w
A = (sin B ~ sin A) (sin C - sin A) {(sin C + sin A) -(sin B + sin A)} [Expanding along R^]
A = (sin B-sin A) (sinC - sin A) (sinC - sin B)
Flo
Now, A = 0
(sin B - sin A) (sin C - sin A) (sin C - sin B) = 0
e
either sin B - sin A = 0 or, sin C - sin A = 0 or, sin C - sin 6 = 0
rree
=>
either sin A — sin B = 0 or, sin C = sin A = 0 or, sin C — sin 6 = 0
r FF
=>
A = B or C=A or B = C => BC =CA or, AB = BC ov CA = AB ^ AABC is isosceles

uurr
1 1
for 1
EXAMPLE 27 Ifjfl AABC, 1/ 1 + cosA 1 + cos B 1 + cosC = 0, show that AABC is

kss
cosÂ + cosA cos^B + cosB cos^C + cosC

ooook
Yo
an isosceles. [NCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2016)

SOLUTION Proceed as in Example 26.
eB
I a
1 b ={a-b){b-c){c-a){a + b + c)
urr
EXAMPLE 2B Prove that:

ad
1 c
Yo
dY
[NCERT, CBSE 2011,2012,2013]

Re
I a
innd
SOLUTION LetA= 1 b b^ Applying 63 —> R2 “ ^1 ^3 ^3 ” ^1' obtain

Fi
1 C
3
1 a a
A = 0 b-a b^-a^
3
0 c-a -a
3
1 a a
A =: {b-a){c-a) 0 1 b'^+a'^+ab [Taking out (1j-fl) from R2 and (c-fl) from R3]
0 1 + a^ + ac
3
a
1 a
A =(i>-fl)(c-fl) 0 0 {b'^ ~ c'^) + {ab - ac) [Applying R2 62-^3]

1 2
0 1 c + a + ac
DETERMINANTS 5.27
3
1 a a
A ={b - a) {c ~ a) 0 0 {b ~c){b + c + a)
2 2
0 1 c + a +■ ac
3
1 a a
A ={b~a){c-a){b-c) 0 0 a +b +c [Taking out {b - c) common from R2]

0 1 + flc
0 a+b+c
A ={b - a) {c - a) {b - c) X I X 2 2 [Expanding along C|]
1 c + a + ac
ooww
A ={b -fl) {c - fl) (i) - c) 10 -(fl + + c)l = {a ~b){b ~c){c -a){a + b + c).
a b c I l l
EXAMPLE 29 Shoiv that (,2 c2 b^ c^ ={a-b) {b-c) (c-a) (ab+bc + ca).

be ca ab a 3 ^3 c^
e
[NCERT, CBSE 2007, 2011, 2013, 2014]
re
a b c
rFFl
ree
F
SOLUTION LetA = a b c . Multiplying Cj, C2 and C3 by & and c respectively, we get
rF
be ca ab
2 b^ c2 fsfoor «2 i,2 c2
ouur
a
1 abc
A = a 3 p a 3 ^3 [Taking abc common from K3]
kosk
abc abc
abc abc abc 1 1 1
Yo
oo
«2 ^2
Y
BB
A =- 1 1 1 [Applying R2 ++ R3]
3 ^3
rre
1 1 1
ouu
Y
ad
A = «2 c2 [Applying ++R2]
dY
a 3 f,3 ^3
1 0 0
innd
Re
A = «2 t2-«2 ,2_^2 [Applying C2 -^<^2 -Cj andC3 ->C3 -Cj]

Fi
F
a 3 b^~a^
1 0 0
A = fl2 (b-a) (b + a) (c-fl) (c + a)

a ^ {b-a){b^ +ba + a^) (c - a) (c^ + ca + a^)
1 0 0
=> A =(b -/?) (c -fl) fl2 b + a c + a
Taking (b - a) and (c - a) common
from C2 andC3 respectively
a ^ b^ + a‘^ + ab c^ +ac +
b + a c + a
A = (b -fl) (c -fl) X 1 X
b"^ +0^ + ab c2 + fl2 + [Expanding along R^]
b ~c c + a
A={b-a){c-a) b^
.22.
-c^ + abac c
2
+ a
2
+ ac
[ApplyingCi ->Ci -C2]
5.28
MATHEMATiCS-Xil
b -c c + a
A = {b -a){c -a)
I -c^) + a{b- c) +0^ + ac
1 c + a
A = {b -a){c -a){b - c) & + C + <7 + flC

[Taking {h - c) common from Cj]
=> A = (& - fl) (c - fl) {fe - c) (c^ + ->rac-he-- ac-ah-ac- a^)

=> A = {i> - fl) (c - fl) (fc - c) {- hc-ab - ac) -(a-b){b - c) (c - a) (ab + bc + ca).
X 1+jr^
EXAMPLE30 Ifx^y^zand y y^ 1 + y^ = Q,thenprovethatxyz = -\.
z z^ 1+z^
ww
1 [NCERT, CBSE 2011,2020]
SOLUTION We have.
X x^ 1 +x^
A = y y^ 1+y^
Flo
e
z z^ 14-23
e
rere
X X^ 1 X :c2 :c3
rFF
Since each element of third’
A = y yM + y y^ column is sum of two elements
uur r
2 2^ 1 2 2^ Z3
ffoor
X x^ 1 1 X x'^
sks
Taking x, y and z common from Cj,

A = y y^ 1 +xyz 1 y y^
Yoo
C2, and C3 in second determinant

ooko
z z2 1 1 2 2^
eBB
X 1 1 X X^
A =- y 1 +XT/2 1 y y^ [Interchanging C2 and C3 in first determinant]
uurr
2 1 2^ 1 2 2^
ad
Yo
1 X x^ 1 X x^
A = 1 y y^ +xyz 1 y y^
dY
[Interchanging Cj and C2 in first determinant]

Re
1 2 2^ 1 2 2^
innd
1 X X^
FFi
A = 1 y y^ (1 + xyz)
1 2 2^
1 x"
A = 0 y-x y^-x^ (l-f-xy2) [Applying R2 ^ ^2 “ ^1 ^3 ^ ^3 “ ^1]
2 2
0 2-X 2^-X^
1 X x2
Taking (y - x) and (2 - x)
A =(y-x)(2-x) 0 1 y+x (1 + xyz)
0 1 2 -I- X
common R2 and K3 resp.
A = (y - x) (2 - x) X 1 X
|1 y + x {1 + xyz) [Expanding along Cj]
|1 z + x
DETERMINANTS 5.29
^ = {y-x){z-x){z-¥x-y-x){\ -\-xyz)
A ={y-x){z-x){z-y) (1 + xyz) ={x-y) {y -z)(z- x) (1 + xyz)
A = 0
(x - y) (y -z) (z - x) (1 + xyz) = 0
1 + xyz = 0 [●.● y-Z9iO and z-x^G\
xyz= -1.
X x^ 1+px^
EXAMPLE 31 For any scalar p prove that A = y y^ 1 + py^ = (1 + pon/z) (:c-y) (y-z) (z-x).
z z^ 1+pz^
ww
[NCERT, CBSE2010]
SOLUTION We have,
X 1 + px^
A = y y^ 1 + py^
Flo
e
z 1 + pz^
eree
2 3
X x^ 1
FFr
X x^ px^
y y^ 1
2 3
A = + y y py ['.● Each element in III column is sum of two elements]
oorr
uur r
z z2 1 z pz^
sf
1 x^ XI 1 X x^
sk
Interchanging C-^ and C3 in first det.

Yoo
oook
A = - 1 y^ y +pxyz 1 y y2 Taking x, y, z common from Rj, R2 R3

1 z2 z 1 z z2 respectively and p from C3 in 2nd det.
eBB
1 X x^ 1 X x^
uurr
A = 1 y y^ + pxyz 1 y y^ [Interchanging C2 and C3 in first determinant]

ad
Yo
1 z z2 1 Z z2
dY
1 X x^
Re
y y^
innd
=> A = (1 + pxyz) 1
2 2^
FFi
.2
1 X
2 2
=s> A = (1 + pxyz) 0 y-x y -X [Applying R2 R2 - R\ and R3 -> R3 - R;[]
2 2
0 2-X z -X
x2 1 X
'Taking (y - x) and (2 - x) common'
A = {l + pxyz)(y-x)(z-x) 0 1 y + x
0 1 z + x from R2 andR3 respectively
^ A = ,(l + pxyz)(y-x){z--x)\ [Expanding along C^]
=> A = (l + pxyz)(y-x)(2-x){z + x-y-x) = (1 + pxyz) (x - y) (y-2) (z-x)

5.30
MATHEMATICS-XH
1 a a -be
[CBSE2002]
EXAMPLE 32
Using properties of determinants, show that I b b -ca = 0.
1 c -ab
1 a -be
SOLUTION Let A = 1 b b^-ca . Then,

1 c -ab
\ a cp- 1 a -be
A = 1 b b^ + 1 b -ea [Each element of third column is sum of two elements]
ww
1 c ‘c^ 1 e -ab
1 a 1 a be
1 b b^ 1 b ca [Taking (-1) common from C3 of second determinant]
Flo
A =
e
1 e e^ 1 c ab
eree
2
1 or abc
FFr
a a a
=> A = 1 b b^
1
b b^ abc 'Multiplying Ri, R2 and R3 of second '
uurr
abc determinant by a, b and c respectively
c c^
1 c abc
orr
sfo
1 a a
2
a a^ I
abc
kks
b b^ b b^ 1
Yoo
A = 1
abc
[Taking abc common from C3 of second determinant]
oooo
1 c c^ c 1
eBB
2
1 a a a 1
A = 1 b b^ + b 1 b^ [Applying C2 <->● C3 in second determinant]

urr
1 c c^ c 1 c2
ad
YYo
2
1 a a 1 a
A = 1 b b^ 1 b b^ [Applying Cj C2 in second determinant]

dd
=>
c c^ 1 c c^
Re
1
inn
F
A =0.
a^+2a 2a + l 1
EXAMPLE 33 Prove that: 2a + l a +2 1 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
3 3 1
a^ + 2a 2a+ 1 1
SOLUTION Let A = 2fl + l a +2 1 . Then,
3 3 1
fl^+2fl-3 2fl-2 0
A = 2a-j2 a-1 0 [Applying -> R^ -R3, R2 -+ R2 -^3]
3 3 1
DETERMINANTS 5.31
(fl+3)(fl-l) 2{a-l) 0
A = 2(fl-l) (fl-1) 0
3 3 1
fl+3 2 0
A = (fl-1)2 2 1 0 [Taking (fl-1) common from R2 and R3]

3 3 1
+ 3 2 T ^
A=(o-1)2 2 j =(<!-l)^ (0+3-4) =(»-l)3 [Expanding along C3]
lab
EXAMPLE 34 Let a, b and c denote the sides BC, CA and AB respectively of AABC ■ If 1 c a = 0,
ww
1 b c
then find the value o/sin^ A + sin^ B + sin^C.

SOLUTION We have,
lab
Flo
ee
1 c fl =0
rere
1 b c
r FF
l a b
uurr
0 c-a a-b = 0
foor
[Applying R2 -> ^2 “^1/ ^3
0 b-a c-b
ks s
c-a a-b
Yoo
[Expanding along Cj]

ooook
b-a c-b
eBB
ic-a){c-b)-{a-b) (b-a) = 0
a^ +b^ + c'^ -ab -be -ca = 0
uurr
2a^ + 2b^ + 2c^ -2ab -2bc-2ca = 0 [Multiplying both sides by 2]

ad
(a-b)^ +{b -a)^ + {c-a)'^ =0

Yo
dY
a-b = Q,b-c = 0 and c-fl = 0=> a=b =c => AABC is equilateral => A = B =C
Re
innd
sinÂ + sin^B+ sin^C = 3sin^— = 3x (^f 9

FFi
3 I 2 4
a -1 0
EXAMPLE35 Iff{x) = ax a
-1 , using proper ties of determinants, find the value off{2x)-f{x).
2
ax~ ax a
[CBSE 2015]
SOLUTION We have.
a -1 0 a -1 0
/w = ax a -1 0 a +x -1 [Applying i^3 ~+ R^ -XR2, R2 ^2

2
ax ax a 0 0 a +x
a + x -1
f(x)=a 0 a +x
I
fix) =a{a + x)'^ => f{2x) =a(a + 2x)^ [Replacing x by 2x]

f{2x)-fix) = fl (fl + 2x)^-a (fl + :c)^ = fl {(fl + 2x + fl + x) (fl + 2x -a-
x)} = flx(2fl+ 3x)
X p q
EXAMPLE36 Show that: p x q =ix-p)ix^ +px-2q\ [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
q q X
X p q
SOLUTION Let A = p X q . Then,
q q X
x-p p q
A= p-x x^ q [Applying ClCl-C2]
w
0 q X
1 p q
Flo
A = (x-p) -I X q [Taking(x-p) common fromCi]
=>
reee
0 q X
1 p q
FFr
A = (x-p) 0 x + p 2q [Applying R2^ R2 + RJ
uurr
0 q X
for
x + p 2q
kkss
=(x-p)(x^+px-2q'^) [Expanding along CiJ

A = (x-p) ^
Yo
oooo
1 1 1
eB
m m + 1 m+ 2
EXAMPLE 37 Ifm e N and m > 2, prove that: Cl Cl Cl = 1.
m m + 1 m + 2
Cl Cl Cl
rr
ou
ad
1 1 1
YY
m m+ I m + 1
SOLUTION Let A = Cl Cl Cl . Then,
m m+1 m+2
Cl Cl Cl
nndd
Re
1 1 1
Fi
m m + 1 m+1 m + ● ● ”r j- ”r - tt+ 1
A = Cl Cl Cn + 1 ● Lr + L-r _ 1 - Cr
m m+1 m+1 m+1
C2 C2 Cl + C2
1 1 0
m + 1 HI + 1
A = Cl Cl Co [ApplyingC3 ->Cs -C2]
m m+1 m+1
C2 C2 Cl
1 1 0
m + 1
[Applying: % + % _ 1 = ” ^ in C2]
m m
A = Cl Co+"'Ci Co
m m m+1
C2 Cl + "’C2 Cl
1 0 0
m m m+1
A = Cl Co Co [Applying C2 ^ C’2 -Cj]
m m m+1
C2 Cl Cl
DETERMINANTS 5.33
m w + 1
A = Co Co 1 1
m m+1 m m +1
= (m + 1 -m) = 1 [Expanding along Rj ]
Cl c1
|10! 11! 12!

EXAMPLE38 Evaluate: A = jll! 12! 13!
112! 13! 14!
SOLUTION We have,
|10! 11! 12! 10! 11x10! 12xllxl0!|
A = jll! 12! 13! 11! 12x11! 13x12x11!
112! 13! 14! 12! 13x12! 14xl3xl2!|
1 11 132
A = 10!xll!xl2! 1 12 156
Taking 10!, 11! and 12! common
w
1 13 182
from Ri, /?2 ^3 respectively
|1 11 132|
A = 10!xll!xl2! jo 1 24
Flo
[Applying i?2 —^ ~ ^1'' ^3 ^ ^3 ~ ■^ll
|0 2 50 I
reeee
1 24
A = 10!xll!xl2!x
2 50
= (10!xll!xl2!)x2 [Expanding along C^]
FFr
x +y X X
EXAMPLE39 Provethat: 5x + 4y Ax 2x =x^. for [CBSE 2002 C, 2009,2014]

ur
lOx + Sy 8x 3x
kkss
x + y X X
SOLUTION Let A = 5x + 4y Ax 2x .
Yo
oo
lOx + 8y 8a: 3x
eB
Since each element in the first column of A is the sum of two elements. Therefore, A can be
expressed as the sum of two determinants given by
X X X ^ y X X 1 1 1 1 1 1
r
A= 5x Ax 2x -V Ay Ax 2x = x^ 5 4 2 4 4 2
ou
ad
lOx 8x 3x 8y 8x 3x 10 8 3 8 8 3
YY
j 1 1 1
^1 5 4 2 +yx^x0
ndd
A =x [●.■ Cj and C2 are identical in the second determinant]

Re
110 8 3
Fi
0 0 1
A 3 2 2 [Applying Cj ->Ci - C;^,C2 ->^2 -C3]
7 5 3
3 2
A = x^ X 1 X = (15-14)=a:^ [Expanding along K|]
7 5
1 1+p 1+p+q
EXAMPLE 40 Show that: 2 3 + 2p l + 3p + 2q =1. [CBSE 2009]
3 6 + 3p 1 + 6p + 3^
1 1+p 1 + p+q
SOLUTION Let A = 2 3 + 2p 1 + 3p + 2q . Applying C2 -> C2 - pC-[ and C3 —> C3 - qCy
3 6+ 3p 1 + 6p + 3q
we get
I 1 1 1 +p 1 1 1
A = 2 3 l + 3p = 2 3 1 [ApplyingCj -^€2]
3 6 l + 6p 3 6 1
0 0 1
A = 1 2 1 [ApplyingCj ->Cj-C^,C2 ->€2 -C3]
2 5 1
=> A = 5-4 = 1 [Expanding along R|]

a a + b a +b + c
3
EXAMPLE 41 Show that: 2a 3a + 2b Aa+ 3b + 2c = a .
[NCERT, CBSE 2012]
ooww
3a + 3b lOfl + 6& + 3c
a a + b a +b + c
SOLUTION LetA = 2a 3a + 2b 4a+ 3b + 2c
3a 6a + 3b lOfl + 6& + 3c
e
Since each element of the second column is sum of two elements. Therefore, A can be written as
ere
the sum of two determinants as follows:
rFl
Fre
a a a +b + c a b a +b + c
rrF
A= 2a 3a 4a + 3b + 2c + 2a 2b 4a+ 3b + 2c
I 3a 6a lOfl + 6& + 3c
sffoo 3a 3b lOfl + 6b + 3c
ouur
a a a+b + c 1 1 a +b + c Taking a and b common
kosk
A = 2a 3a 4a + 3b + 2c + ab 2 2 4a + 3b + 2c from Cl and C2 of second
3a 6a lOa + 6b + 3c 3 3 I0a + 6b+ 3c determinant
Yo
oo
Y
a+b+c I
BB
a a
A = 2a 3a 4a + 3b + 2c + abxO [*.● C2 & C3 are identical in second determinant]

rre
I 3<J 6a 10a + 6b + 3c\

ouu
b\ a a c
Y
a a a a a
ad
A = 2a 3a 4a + 2a 3a 3b + 2a 3a 2c
dY
3fl 6a 10fl| 3a 6a 6b\ 3a 6a 3c

innd
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Re
A= 2 3 4 + ah 2 3 3 +fl^c 2 3 2
Fi
F
3 6 10 3 6 6 3 6 3
1 1 1
A = a^ 2 3 4 + a'^ b X 0 + cX 0 C2 and C3 are identical in second det.
3 6 10
and Cj and C3 are identical in third det.
1 0 0
A=fl^ 212 [ApplyingC2 -+C2 -Ci^C^^C^ -Ci]
3 3 7
1 2
A =<7^ X 1 X
3 7
= a^(7-6)=a^ [Expanding along Rj]
a a +b a+b + c
ALITER Let A= 2a 3a+2b 4a + 3b + 2c . Taking'a'common from Q, we obtain

I 3a 6a+3b 10a + 6& + 3c
DETERMINANTS 5.35
1 a +b a +b + c
A=a 2 3a+2b 4a + 3b + 2c
3 6a+3b I0a+6b+3c
I 1 a a+b
A = fl 2 3a 4a + 3b [ApplyingC2 ->C2-bCi,Cs ^Cs-cCj]
j 3 6a lOfl + 6b
1 1 a +b
A = 2 3 4a + 3b [Taking a common from C2]
3 6 lOfl + 6b
1 1 a
A = a^ 2 3 4a [Applying 03-^03-^02]
ww
3 6 lOfl
1 1 1
=> A=a^ 2 3 4 [Taking a common from O3]
Flo
3 6 10
e
1 0 0
rere
A = a^ 2 1 2 [Applying02 ->^C2-C^rC^ -^C^-Ci]
r FF
3 3 7
A = fl^xl =a^ [Expanding along Ri\

uurr
b + c c + a a + b\ a b c\
for
EXAMPLE42 Skow that: c} + r r + p p + q =2 p q r . [CBSE 2004, 2006, 2010, 2012,2014]
kss
y+z z + x x + y\ X y 2
Yoo
ooook
b + c c + a a + b
SOLUTION LetA= q+r r + p pg . ApplyingOj-> Oj-1-O2 + O3, we get

eBB
y+2 2-i-x X + y
a +b + c c + a a +b
uurr
2{a + b + c) c+a a +b
[Taking 2 common from 0^]
ad
A=2{p + q + r) r + p p + q=2p+q + r r + p p + q
Yo
2 (x + y + 2) 2 -I- X X -i- y x +y + z z + x X + y
dY
a + b + c -b - c
A = 2 p+ q + r -q [Applying02 ^02 -Cj,03 -Ôg -Oj]

Re
-r
innd
x+y+z -y -2
Fi
a ~b -c
A =2 p -q -r [Applying Oj ^ Oi -f-O2 + O3]

X -y -2
a b c a b c
=;> A- 2(-l)^ p q r =2 p q r [Taking (-1) common from both O2 and O3]
X y z X y 2
1
EXAMPLE 43 Prove that
1 -I- <7
1 1+b
^1 =abc
^11
1 + - -I- - + - =abc + bc + ca + ab.
1 1 1 + c
a b c)
[NCERT, CBSE 2004, 2009, 2012, 20141
1 + a 1 1
SOLUTION LetA = 1 1+b 1 . Taking a,bandc common from C^,C2 and C3
1 1 l-t-c
respectively, we obtain
5.36 MATHEMATtCS<XII
K cY
A = flbc %
K Y
1+%+%+% Y Y
A = abc [Applying Cj -> Cl + C2 + C3]
1 +%+%+% Y
I Y Y r
A = abc(l + -a 1
+ - + -
b
n
cj 1
1 l+%
( 11.1
%■ Taking V 1 + —a + -b + -' common from Ci
K 1 + %^
1 K K
w
*
A = abc
1. (.1 + -
1 1 I'l
+ - + - 0 1 0 [Applying R2 1^2 “ -^1' ^3 ^3 ~
abc) 0 0 1
Flo
A = abc
1
1 +● - + -
1 lA
Xlx Q ^
, il 0
[Expanding along Ci]
reeee
abc)
f 1 1 1\
FFr
A = abc 1 + - + - + - .
abc)
EXAMPLE 44 b, c are the roots of the equation

for
+px + q~0, then find the value of the determinant
ur
1 + a 1 1
1 1+b 1
kkss
1 1 1 + c
Yo
oo
SOLUTION From Example 43, we obtain : A = abc + ab ■¥ be + ca.

eB
It is given that a, b, c are roots of the equation x^ +px + q = 0.

a + b + c = 0ab-hbc + ca = p and abc = -q
r
Hence, A = p ~q
ou
ad
(b + cf a
2
a
2
YY
EXAMPLE 45 Prove that: b^ {c + af b^ = labc (a + b + c)^ [CBSE 2006 C, 2010]

c2 {a + bf
ndd
Re
(b + cf
2 2
Fi
a a
SOLUTION Let A = b^ {c + a)^ . Applying Ci —^Ci ~Cg and C2 —^^2

c2 c2 (« + b)2
we get
2
{b + c)^ -a^ 0 a
A = 0 {c + af-b^ b^
c^-{a + b)^ c^~(a + b)^ (a + b)^
2
a
b + c-a 0
A = {a + b + c)^ 0 c + a-b b^ [Taking [a + b + c) common from Ci & C2]
c -a -b c~a-b
(a + bf
DETERMINANTS 5.37
2
a
b + c-a 0
A = {a + b + c)^ 0 c + a-b b^ [Applying R3 ^ R3 -(R| + R2)]

-2b - 2a 2ab
2
0 a
ab + ac -
^_(fl + iab? + c)^ 0 bc-^ba-b'^ b^ [Applying C-^ -> Ci (a), C2 C2 (b)]
-2ab - 2ab 2ab
2
2 ab + ac
2 a
a
^ _ (fl + & 4- c) b^ bc + ba b^ [Applying Cj -> Cj + C3, C2 C2 + C3]
ww
ab
0 0 2ab
b + c a a
{a + b + c)^ Taking a, b and 2ab common
Flo
A = X abx 2ab b c + a b
ah from Ri, R2 and R3 respectively
e
0 0 1
ree
. « . / . ^2 , b+c a
[Expanding along R3]
Fr
A = 2ab (a + b + c) xlx
' ' b c+a
rF
uurr
A = 2ab (a + b + c)^ {(i; + c) (c + a) - ab] =2abc {a + b + c)^ for
(b + cf ba ca
s
EXAMPLE 46 Showthat: ab .(c + a)^ cb = 2abc (a + b + c)^ [NCERT, CBSE 2006,10]
kks
Yo
ac be
(a + bf
oooo
(b + cf ba
eB
ca
SOLUTION Let A = ab (c + a)^ cb . Multiplying Rj, R2 and R3 by a, b and c

ac be
ur
respectively, we get
ad
YYo
fl(b + c)^
2
ba" ca
1
A = ab^ (c + a)^ b cb^
dd
abc
Re
2
bc^ {a + b)^ c
in
ac
F
(b + cf 2 2
a a
b^ Taking a, b and c common

=> A = — abc {c + af
abc
c2 {a+bf from Cj, C2 jand C3 respectively
A = 2abc (a + b + c)^ [Proceed as in Example 45]

1 + a'^-b^ 2ab -2h
EXAMPLE 47 SHOXV that 2ab l-a^ ■>rb'^ 2a = (l + fl2+i,2)3
2h -2a l-a^-b^
[NCERT, CBSE 2009, 2010 C, 2020]
1+a^-b^ 2ab -2h

SOLUTION Let A = 2ab l-a^^b^ 2a
-2a
2b 1-a^-b^
We shall try to introduce zeros at as many places as possible keeping in mind that we have to
introduce the factor 1 + + b^.
Applying Cj -^Ci-bC^ andC2 ->C2 + aC-^ , we get
0
1 + a^ +b^ -2b
A = 0 1 + a^ + b^ 2a
bil+a^+b^) -a{l + a^+b^) 1-a^-h^

1 0 -2b
A = (14-a^+b^)^ 0 1 2a [Taking (1 + a^+ b^) common from both C^& C2]
b -a 1-a^-b^
ww
1 0 -2b
A = (1 + + b^f 0 1 2a
[Applying -> R3 -bRi + aR2\
0 0 1 + a^+b^
Flo
e
2a
= (1 + (3^ +b^)^ X 1 X ^0
eree
A
i + a^+b^
= {1 + a^ + b^f [Expanding along Cj]
FFr
b^ + (P~ ab ac
oorr
uur r
EXAMPLE 48 Show that: ba + a^ be = 4fl^ b^ c^.
sf
ca cb
sk
Yoo
ab ac
oook
SOLUTION Let A = ba + a^ be . Multiplying ■^2 ^3 ^7 ii>bandc

eBB
ca cb
respectively, we get
uurr
a{b^ + c^) ah 2
ad
a c
Yo
1
A = bh b (c^ + ah bh
abc 2
dY
c a ch c(a^+bh
Re
innd
2 2
a a
FFi
abc 2 2 Taking a, b and c common from

A = c + a b^
abc Cj,C2 andC3 respectively
c^
2(b^ + ch 2{a^ + ch 2{a^+bh

A = b^ c^+a^ [Applying Ri ^ Rj + R2 + R3]
c2 a^ +b^
b^ + c^ a^ + c^ a^+b^
A =2 b^ b^ [Taking 2 common from Ri\
c^ c^ a^+b^
DETERMINANTS 5.39
+ c^ j,2 ^2 +b^
A =2 -c^ 0 -a
2
[Applying R2~> R2- and R3 R3 - Rj]
-b^ -a
2 0
0
c2 b^
=> A =2 -c2 0 -a
2
[Applying R^ R^ + R2 + R3]
-b^ -a
2 0
-.2 -c2 0
A = 2 J - c2 - a
2 [Expanding along R;j^]
-b^ 0 -fc2 -a
oww
A = 2 (fl2 ij2 c2 + ^2 ^2^ _ ^^2 ^2 ^2
a b ax + by
EXAMPLE 49 Prove that: b c bx + cy = (&2 - flc) + 2bxy + cy^).
e
ax + by bx + cy 0
ree
rFl ax + by
Fre
a b
SOLUTION Let A = b c
bx + cy . Applying C3 ^ C3 - xCj - 1/C2 , we get
rr F
ax + by bx + cy 0
ouur
a b 0
sfoo
A = b c 0
ax + by bx + cy -x{ax + by) - y (fcx + cy) j

kks
oooo
Yo
a b 0
b
eBB
A = c 0
ax + by bx + cy -{ax^+ 2hxy + cy'^)

uurr
a b
A = - {ax^ + Ihxy + cy^) b c [Expanding along C3]
ad
YYo
A = - (flx2 + Ihxy + cy2) {ac - b^) = {b^ - ac) {ax'^ + Ibxy + cy^).
dd
EXAMPLE 50 Without expanding the determinant, show that (a + b + c) is a factor of the determinant
Re
iinn
a b c
b c a .
F
cab
a b c
SOLUTION Let A = b c a . Applying 0;^ -> + C2 + C3 , we get

cab
a +b + c b c 1 b c
A = b + c + a c a = {a + b + c) lea [Taking {a + b + c) common from CJ
c + a +b a b lab
1 b c
A-{a + b + c) 0 c-b a-c [Applying R2 -> R2 - and R3 -> R3 - Rj]

0 a-b b-c
c-b a-c
A=(fl + cf + c)xlx
a-b b-c
[Expanding along C^]
MATHEMATICS-XII
5.40
A = (fl + if + c) |- ((7 - c)^ - (fl - c) {a - b)]

A = -(a + b + c)[{b - c)^ + {a-c){a-b)] = -{a + b + c) {a^ + b^ + c‘^ -ab-bc-ca)
0 'y 0
Clearly (fl + + c) is a factor ot-{a + b + c){a +b + c -ab - be -ca).

Hence, {<? + & + c) is a factor of A
a b c
EXAMPLE 51
Ifa,b,c are roots of the equation + px + q = 0, prove that b c a =0.
cab
SOLUTION It is given that a, b, c are roots of the equation x'^ + px + q - 0.

a + b + c = 0, ab + bc + ca =p and abc = -q
From example 50, we have
ww
abc
b c a -{a + b + c){a^ + b^ + c^ - ab - bc-ca)
cab
abc,
FF loo
ree
b c a = 0 X (fl^+tr^+c^-flb-ijc-cii) =0 a + b + c = 0]
cab
reFe
abc
EXAMPLE 52 oroFr
If a,b,c are positive and unequal, show that the value of the determinant b
r ur
c a is
cab
s ff
always negative. [NCERT,CBSE2010]
k
a b c\
YYouo
koso
SOLUTION Let A = b c a . Applying Cj + C2 + C3, we get

c a
BBoo
a +b +c b c
r ee
A = b + c + a c a
c + a+b a b
ad
ouur
1 b c\
Yo
A = (fl + b+c)l c a [Taking {a + b + c) common from C^]

1 b\
d
Re
idnY
ii b c
FFin
A = {a + b + c) 0 c-b a- c [Applying R2 ^2 ~ ^3 ^3 "

|0 a-b b -c
c-b a-c
A = {a + b + c) a-b b-c [Expanding along Cj]
A = {a + b + c) [-{c -b)^ -{a-b){a -c)\ ={a + b + c) {-a^ -b^ -c^ + ab + be + ca)

A = -
^{a + b + c) {2a^ + 2h^ + 2c^ - lab - Ihc - lea)
A = -
^{a + b + c) ((fl + {b -c)^ + (c
A < 0 [v a + b + c>0, {a -b)^ >0, {b -c)^ > 0,{c -a)^ > 0]
a b c\
EXAMPLE 53 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Ifa + b + ci‘^0a7id b c a =0,thenprovethata=b=c.
c a
b\
DETERMINANTS 5.41
SOLUTION We have,
\a b c
b
\c
c
a
a
b
^(a +b + c) {(a-b)^ +(b-cf' +{c-a)^\ [See example 52]
a b c
b
cab
c =0 => -
^(fl+b +c) ■ (a-b)^ +{b-c)^ +{c-a)^ | = 0
(a-b)^ +{b-c)^ +{c-a)^ =0 [v a + b + cÔ]
ooww
a-b = 0,b-c = 0andc-fl = 0=> a=b = c.
EXAMPLE 54 If a, b, care real numbers, prove that
a b c
b c a = -{a b + c) {a + bw + cw^) (a + bw^ + cw), wherew is a complex cube root of unity,
e
cab
ere
a b c
rFl
Fre
SOLUTION Let A = b c a . ApplyingCj +C2+C3, weget
cab
rrF
a + b +c b c sffoo
ouur
A = b + c + a c a
c + a +b a b
kosk
1 b c
Yo
A = (<? + + c) lea [Taking {a + b + c) common from Cj]

oo
Y
lab
BB
1 b c
rre
A = {a + b + c) 0 c -b a-c
[Applying R2 R2 ~ and R3 R3 - R^]
0 a -b b -c
ouu
Y
ad
c-b a-c
A = {a + b + c) [Expanding along C^]
dY
a-b b-c
A = (a + b + c){-(b-c)^ -{a-c){a-b)}
innd
Re
A - -{a + b -i- c) {a^ +b^ + c^ -ab - be -ca)

Fi
F
a^ + b"^ + c^ - ab - be - ca
A =~{a + b + c){a + biu + cw^) (a + bvp- + cw)
= {a + bw + cw^) {a + bw^ + cw)
+
a b-c c+b
EXAMPLE 55 Show that: a + c b c-a = {a + b + c) {a^ +b^ + c^).
a-b b +a c
a b-c c+b
SOLUTION Let A = a +c b c-a . Multiplying first column by a, we get
a-b b + a c
2
a
b-c c+b
1
A = - a^ + ac b c-a
a
a'^-ab b + ^ c
+b'^ + <p- b-c c+b

1
=> A= - b c-a [Applying -> + bC2 + cC^]
a
a^+b^ + c^ b +a c
1 b-c c+b
A=i{a^+b^ + c^) 1
a
b c-a [Taking a'^ +b'^ + c^ common from C|]
I b + a c
1 b -c c + b
A= -{a^ +b'^ + c^) 0 c -a-b [Applying R2 ~+ R2 ~^l' ^3 ^3
oww
a
0 a + c -b
-a-b
A = -{a^
' a
+ b^ + c^)xlx
’
^
a+c ~b [Expanding along C-^]
e
A = -(fl^ + b^ + c^) (-be + a^ + ac + ba + bc) =(a^ +b^ + c^)(a + b + c)
re
FFrlo
a
3a -a + b -a + c
rF
ee
EXAMPLE 56 Show that: -b + a 3b -b + c = 3(a+ b + c) (ab + be + ca).
-c + a -c + b 3c
rF
ouru
[NCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2006 C, 20131
3a -a + b fosor -a + c
-b + a 3b -b + c . ApplyingCj->Ci+C2 + C3 , we get
skf
SOLUTION Let A
-c + a -c + b 3c
ooko
Yo
Y
a +b + c -a + b -a + c
Bo
A = a + b + c 3b -b + c
reeB
a + b + c -c + b 3c
1 -a+b -a+c
ooY
uur
A = (a + b + c) 1 3b -b + c [Applying ^ Cj + C2 + C3]
ad
1 -c + b 3c
dY
1 -a+b -a+c
=> A = (a + b + c) 0 2b + fl -b + a [Applying K2 ^2 “ ^1' -^3 ^3 ” ^ll
nind
Re
0 -c + a 2c + a
F
Fi
2b + a -b + a
A = (a + b + c) -c + a 2c + a
A = (a + b + c) {(2b + a) (2c + a)-(-b + a) (-c + a)}

=> A = (a + b + c) {(4bc + 2ab + 2ca + a^) - (be -ab -ac + a^)}
A = (a + b + c) (3bc + 3ab + 3ca) = 3(a + b + c) (ab + be + ca).
Type III SOLUTION OF DETERMINANTEQUATIONS
a + X a-x a-x\
EXAMPLE57 Solve: a-x a + x a-x =0. [CBSE 2004, 2005, 2011]
a~x a-x a + x\
a + X a-x a-x
SOLUTION Let A = a-x a + X a-x . Applying Cj C-j + C2 + C3 , we get

a-x a-x a + x
DETERMINANTS 5.43
3a-X a-x a-x

A = 3a-X a + x a-x
3a ~x a-x fl + x
1 a-x a-x
A = (3a - x) 1 a +x a-x [Taking (3a - .r) common from Cj]

1 a-x a+x
1 a-x a-x
A =(3(7-^:) 0 2x 0 [Applying R2R2 ~ ^1 arid R3 ^ R3 - K^]

0 0 2x
oww
2x 0
A =(3fl - j:) X 1 X 0 2x
= (377-.t) 4x^ [Expanding along C|]
A = 0 => (3a-x)4iX^ = 0 => x = 0, 3a.

x-2 2x-3 3X-4:
e
EXAMPLE 58 Solve: x-4 2x-9 3X-16 = 0. [CBSE 20111
re
FFrlo
x-8 2x-27 3x-64
rF
ee
x-2 2x-3 3.T-4
SOLUTION Let A = x-.A 2x-9 3x -16 . Applying C2 -+ C2 - 2Ci and C3 -> C3 - 3Ci,
rF
x-S 2x-27 3x- 64
ouru
we get
x-2 1 2 .r-2
fosor 1 2
skf
A = x-4 -1 -4 -2 -2 - 6 [Applying i^2 -^2 “ R3 R3 - Kj]
ooko
x-8 -11 -40 -6 -12 -42

Yo
Y
.T - 2 1 2
Bo
=>A={-2){-6) 1 1 3 [Taking (- 2) & (- 6) common from R2 & R3 respectively]

reeB
1 2 7
ooY
.r-2 1 2
uur
=> A = 12 1 1 3 [ApplyingR3 ^«3 -R2I

ad
0 14
dY
■1:511
1 3
=> A = 12Ur-2) 1 4
[Expanding along CJ
nind
Re
A=12{(r-2)(4-3)-(4-2)l =12(r-4)
F
Fi
A = 0 =?> 12(r-4) = 0 => r = 4.

Type I EVALUATING DETERMINANTS BY USING THE PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS AND

PROVING IDENTITIES
a a 3 /-I
EXAMPLE 59 If a, b, c are all distinct and b b^^-1 =0.Showthatabc(ab + bc + ca) = a + b + c.
c c^-1
3
a a
SOLUTION Let A = b b^ b^-1 . Then,

c c3 c^-l
3
a a a a 3 -1 1 a a 3 1
A = b b^ b^-1 + b -1 = abc 1 b^ b^ b b^ 1
c c3 c^-1 c -1 1 c2 c c 3 1
2 3
1 a a a
A =abc 0 b^-a^ cf3_fl3 b-a ^3 -a 3 0 Applying ]?2 ^2 “ ^1

3nd i?3 —^ i?3 ~
0 c2-«2 c3-a3 c-a c3 -a 3 0
1 .2 a
3
a a
3
1
A = abc (b-a) {c-a) 0 b + a b^ + a^ + ab -(b-a) (c-a) 1 b'^ + a^+ab 0

0 c +a + a^ + ac 1 + a'^ +ac 0
w
b + a 1 b^ + 0^ + ab
A = abc(h - a) (c-a) -(b-a) (c-a)
c + a c^ + a^ + ac 1 c'^ + + ac
Flo
A = abc(b - a) (c - a)
b + a b'^ + ^ + ab
-(b-a) (c-a)
1 + ab
ee
c-b c^-b^ + a(c-h) 0 ~b^ + a(c -b)
Fr
[Applying ^2 ^
b + a b^ + a^ + ab
for 1 b^+a^ + ab
A = abc (b -a)(c ~ a) (c - b) -(b-a) (c-a) (c -b)
ur
1 a +b + c 0 a + b + c
A = abc (b -a)(c - a) (c - b) P + a) (a+ b + c) -(b^ + a^ + ab)]

ks
Yo
-(b -a)(c -a)(c - b)(a + b + c - 0)

oo
=> A = abc (a-b) (b-c) (c-a) (be + ca + ab) - (a -b)(b -c)(c - a)(a + b + c)
eB
A = (a -b) (b - c) (c - a) [abc (ab + bc + ca) - (a+ b + c)}

Now, A=0
ur
=> (a-b)(b - c) (c - a) {abc (ab + bc + ca) - (a+ b + c)\ =0

ad
Yo
=> abc (ab + bc + ca) - (a+ b + c) = 0 [■.● a^b ^c a - b ^ 0,b -c c -aÔ]

=> abc (ab + bc + ca) = a+ b + c
EXAMPLE 60 b, c are all positive and are pth, qth and rth terms of a G.P., then show that
nd
Re
log fl p 1
Fi
A = log ft q 1 =0 [CBSE 2020]

log c r 1
SOLUTION Let A be the first term and R be the common ratio of the G.P. Then, we have
a = AR^ log a = log A + (p -1) log R

b = AR^ log b = log A + (^ -1) log R
c - AR'^ log c = log A + (r -1) log R
log A + (p -1) log R p 1
A = log A + (g-1) log K q 1
log A + (r -1) log R r 1
log A+(p-1) log p-l 1
=> A = log A + (g-1) log R q-l 1 [Applying C2 -+C2 -C3]
log A + (r-1) log R r-1 1
DETERMINANTS 5.45
0 p-1 1
A = 0 1 = 0. [Applying -)● - (log A) C3 - (log R) C2]
0 r-1 1
xa yb zc a b c
EXAMPLE 61
^x + y+2 = 0, prcrve that yc za xb = xyz cab INCERT EXEMPLAR]
zb xc ya b c a
SOLUTION We have.
xa yb zc
oww
za xb yc xb yc za
LHS = yc za xb = xa
-yb +zc
zb xc
xc ya zb ya
zb xc ya
= xa (yza^-x^bc)-yb {yâc-zx b'^) +zc {xyc^ -zâb)
e
FFrlo
= xyz {a^ + b^ + c^)-abc {x^ + y^ +2^)
re
= xyz{a^ +b^ + c^)~ 3abc xyz [v x + y+z = 3 x^ + y^ +z^ = 3xyz]
ree
F
= xyz {a^ +b^ + c^ - 3abc) - xyz (a + b + c) {a^ + b^ + c^-ab -be -ca) ■■■(i)
rF
a b c a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
fsoor
ouur
RHS = xyz cab = xyz c a b [Applying R-^ —> Ri + R2 + R3]
skf
b c a b c a
ooko
1 1 1
Yo
Y
= xyz (a + b + c) c a b [Taking a + b + c common from R{\

Bo
reB
b c a
1 0 0
uur
oY
= xyz(a + b + c) c a-c b-c [ApplyingC2 ^C2-C],C3 ^C3-Ci]

ad
b c-b a-b
dY
a-c b-c
= xyz (a + b + c) [Expanding along Rj]
innd
c-b a-b
Re
Fi
= (xyz) (a + b + c) {(<i-c) (a-b) (b-c) (c-b)}

F
= (xyz) (a + b + c) (a^ + b^ +c~-ab-bc-ca) ...(h)
xa yb zc a b c
From (i) and (ii), we infer that yc za xb = xyz cab
zb xc ya b c a
, 2
bc-a^ ca-b ab-c a b c
EXAMPLE 62 Prove that: ca-b^ ab-c^ bc-a^ b c a [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

ab-c^ bc-a^ ca~b^ cab
a b c
SOLUTION Let A = b c a
and let a Qj = Cofactor of (A)y in A. Then,
cab
c a b a b c
Cii = a b
-bc-^, C 12 =“
c b
= ac-b^,C a
= ab-c^
b c a c a b
^21 -■ = ac -b'^ ,C 22 -
C b
= ab-c^,C 23 -bc-a^
a b c a
b c a c a b
= ab-c^,C 32 = bc-a^,C 33 = ac-b^
C3i=^ a b a
-
b c
Let C = [C{j] be the matrix of cofactors of elements of A. Then,

3-1
|C| = |>1| [By Property 12]
ub 2 bc-a^ ca~b^ ab-c^
, 2
^11 ^12 ^13 a c a b c
ww
^21 ^22 ^23 b c a ca-b^ ab-c^ bc-a^ b c a
0 0 0
*^31 ^32 ^33 cab ab-c bc-a ca-b cab
FF loo
ALITER
bc-a^ ca-b^ ab-c^
ree
LHS = ca-b"^ ab-c^ bc-a . ApplyingCj->Cj+C2+C3, weget
0 0
ab ~c be-a ca-b'^
F rFee
ab + bc + ca-{a^+b^+ c^) ca-b^ ab-c^ oor r
rur
= ab + bc + ca-(a^ +b^ + c^) ab-c^ bc-a^
s ff
ab+bc + ca-(a^ +b^ + c^) bc-a^ ca-b^
k
YYoou
1 ca-b^ ab-c^
ookos
0 0 0
Taking ab + be + ca -(a +b + c )
= \ab + bc + ca-(a'^+b^ + c‘^)i 1 ab-c^ bc-a^ common Ci
BBo
1 bc-a^ ca-b'^
re
1 ca-b'^ ab-c^
ouur
ad
= -(a^ +b^ + c^ -ab -bc-ca) 0 a{b-c) + {b^-c^) b{c-a) + (c^-a^)

Yo
0 c(b-a) + (b^-a^) a{c-b) + (c^ -b^)

dY
[Applying R2 ^2 “ ^1' -^3 ^3 “ -*î]

Re
idn
1 ca-b^ ab-c^
FFin
= -{a^+b^+ c^-ab-bc-ca) 0 {h~c){a + b-i-c) (c-a){a + b + c)

0 (b-a){a + b + c) {c-b)(a + b + c)
0 0
1 ca-b ab-c
Taking (a + b + c)
--(a + b + c)^(a^ -i-b^ + c^ -ab-bc-ca) 0 b-c c-a common from
0 b-a c-b R2 and R3
b-c c-a
= -(a + b + c)^(a^ + b^ + c^ - ab -bc-ca) b-a c-b
= -(a + b + c)'^{a^+b^ + c^-ab-bc-ca) (2bc -b^ -c^ -be + ac + ab -a^)

= -{a + b + c)'^ (a^ +b^ + c^-ab -bc-ca) (-a^-b^ -c^ + ab +bc + ca)
= (a + b + c)^ (a^+b^+ c^-ab-bc-ca)^
- {(fl + 6 + c) (a^+b^+c^-ab-bc-ca)\^ ...(i)
DETERMINANTS 5.47
a b c
Now, RHS=b c a = {-{a + b + c) {a^+ b^+ c~^-ab-bc-ca)]'^ [See Example 50]

cab
= (a + b + c)^ {a^+b^+ c^-ab-bc-ca)'^ ...(ii)

, 2
bc~a^ ca~b^ ab -c^ a b c
From (i) and (ii), we obtain: LHS = RHS i.e. ca ab-<p- bc-a^ b c a
ab-c^ bc-a^ ca-b^ cab
bc-a^ ca-b^ ab-c^

EXAMPLE 63 Prove that: ca-b'^ ab -c^ bc-a^ is divisible by a + b + c and find the
w
ab-c^ bc-a^ ca-b^
quotient. [NCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2016]

SOLUTION
FloFrom Example 62, we obtain
e
reee
be-a ca-b ab-c a b c
FFr
ca-b^ ab-c^ bc-a^ b c a
ab-c^ bc-a^ ca-b^ cab
for
ur
From Example 50, we obtain
a b c
kkss
0 'y
b c a =-{a + b+ c) {a'^'+b^ + c -ab-be-ca)

Yo
oo
cab
eB
bc-a^ ca-b^ ab-c^

ca-b^ ab -c^ bc-a^ ={a + b + c)'^ {a^ +fc~ + c^-ab-bc-ca)"^
ur
ab-c^ bc-a^ ca-b^

ad
YYo
Clearly, RHS is divisible by {a + b+ c) and the quotient is {a+ b + c) {a +b +c -ab-bc-ca) .

Hence, LHS is divisible by a + 6 + c and (a + b + c) {a"^ + b^ + c^ - ab -bc-ca) is the quotient.
d
Re
in
EXAMPLE 64 Find a quadratic polynomial 4) (;r) whose zeros are the maximum and minimum values of
F
the function
1 + sin^x cos
2
X sin 2:r
1-2 0
M= sm X 1 + cos :c sin2.t
:_2
sm X cos X 1 + sin 2:r
1 + sin^x cos
2
X sin 2x
●2
SOLUTION We have, /(x) = sm X 1 + COS^ X sin 2x
1-2 2
sm X COS X l + sin2x
2
2 cos X sin2x
/(x) = 2 1 + cos^x sin2x [Applying Cl ->Ci+C2l

2
1 cos X 1 + sin 2x
2 cos^ X sin 2x
f(x) = 0 1 0 [Applying R2 -> R2 ^3 ^3
-1 0 1
/(x) = 2 + sin2x [Expanding along Cj]

< 3 for all a: e R => 1 </(x) < 3 for all x e R
-1 < sin 2a: < 1 for all a: G R => 1 < 2 + sin 2a:
The maximum and minimum values of f(x) are 3 and 1 respectively.

Thus, a quadratic polynomial having 1 and 3 as its roots is <t>(a:) =(a:-l)(a:-3) or,
(j,(x)=a:^-4.T+3.
2
secx cos X sec a: + cot x cosec x it/2
2 2 2 71 8
EXAMPLI- 65
Let f{x) = . Prove that: f{x)dx = --
ww
cos a: cos a: cosec X
2 2
4 15
1 COS a: cos a: 0
SOLUTION Applying Rj Rj -seca: R3, we obtain

0 0
Flo
sec^ a: + cot a: cosec x - cos x
e
2 2
cosec^ X
eree
f(x) = cos X cos X
2
1 cos a: cos^x
FFr
sec^ a: + cot a: cosec x - cos x oorr
uur r
0 0
2 2
/W = 0 Applying Cj ^q-C2
sf
cos X cosec X
● 2 2 2
sm a: cos a: cos X
sk
Yoo
oook
2
2 0 cos X
f{x) = (sec X + cotx cosec x - cos x) 2X

eBB
2
sm cos X
A 0 ( 1 cosx
/(x) =-sin‘^x cos'^x -cosx
uurr
2 ●2
xcos X sm X
ad
Yo
=>
/(x) =-sin X - cos X + sin x cos x = -sin x - cos x(l -sin x) = -sin x -cos^x
Tt/2 71/2 rt/2 7t/2
dY
(-sin^.Y-cos^x) dx =
● ^
/(x) dx = sin dx - cos^ X frx
Re
innd
0 0 0 0
FFi
= -— (l-cos2x)rfx- cos^ X dx
0 0
1 1 n7t/2 1
2
X—sin 2x
2
(1 - 2f^ +1^) dt, where t = cosx
Jo 0
1 n
_0 -0 - 1.5]^ 71 % 8
2 3 5 Jo 4 3 5 4 15
Txipc ll ON ADDITION OF DETERMINANTS

Two or more determinants can be added by using the following property:
rti X p bi X p Cl X p Ui+bi + Cj X p
«2 y “I + ^2 y 'I + ^2 y g «2 + f»2 + ^2 y q
fl3 z r &3 2 r C3 2 r ^3 ^ ^3 ^3 ^ ^
DETERMINANTS 5.49
i.e. the sum of two or more determinants having all columns (or rows) identical except a specific
column (or row), say first, is a determinant whose first column (or row) is the sum of the
corresponding elements of first columns (or rows) of various determinants and the remaining
columns (or rows) remain same.
r ^ n (n +1)
2
2
EXAMPLE 66 Let = 2r-l y n
. Show that ^ Ar = 0.
r = l
3r-2 z
n{3n-l)
2
oww
r ^ «(« + !)
2
2
SOLUTION We have, = 2r-l y n
n(3n-l)
ee
rFFlo
3r-2 z
2
r
ree
n
nin + 1)
F
X —
2
r = l
rF
n n
2
Z A. = Z(2r-1) y fsfoor n
ouur
r = \ r = l
n
n{3n-\)
kosk
Zi3r-2) z 2
r = l
Yo
oo
Y
n
n{n + l)
Now, ^ r = 1+2 + ... + «
BB
r = l
2
rre
X; (2r-l)= 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2«-l) = ^{1+(2tj-1)1=«2

oYuu
r = l
ad
dY
n(3n~l)
and. 2 (3r-2) = l+4+7+...+(3«-2) = -{l+(3«-2)| =
r=l 2 2
innd
Re
tt(n + l) ^ «(n + l)
Fi
2 2
F
H
2 2
n
y n = 0 [●.● Cl andC3 are identical]
r = l
n(3H-l) z
tt(3n-l)
2 2
2'' “ ^ 2.3''" ^ 45'' “ ^ n
EXAMPLE 67 If \ = X
y z . S/iou; fhflf X Ar = Constant.
r = l
2"-l 3”-l 5"-l
SOLUTION Using the properties of determinants, we have

n n n
- 1 -1 -1
I 2'' 12x3'' 2 4x5''
n r = l r = l r = l
2 ^ X
y z
r = l
2" -1 3" -1 5”-l
MATHEMATICS-Xll
5.50
(2”
Now, 2 2''"'* = 1+2 +2^+... + 2 = 1 X
(2-1)
-1
r = l
n-l 3" -1
Z 2xy
-1
= 2(1 + 3+ 3^ +... + 3 ) = 2x
3-1
= 3" -1
r = l
/ n
and, 2 4x5'‘”^ = 4 1+5+5^+...+5 = 4x 5 -1

= 5"-l.
5-1
r = l
n
2"-l 3"-l 5”-l
S ^ = .T y z = 0 [●.● Ri and are identical]
r*l
2«-i 3"-l 5"-l
w
m
2r-l Cr 1
EXAMPLE 68
If m is a positive integer and = -1 2^” m +1 . Prove that
Flo sin^(m^) sin^(wO sin^(m + l)
ee
m
Z D, = 0.
Fr
r = 0
SOLUTION Using properties of determinants, we have for

ur
m m m
2](2r-l) 2 '"Q Z 1
ks
r =0 r = 0 r = 0
Yo
m
oo
Z Dr -1 2^} m +1
r = 0
eB
9 9 9 9
sin (m ) sin (w) sin {m +1)

ur
ad
m
Yo
Y, (2r-l) =-l + {1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2m-l)l =-l + -1

r = 0j
m m
Y '"C, = "'Co +'"Cl+... + %„ =2"' and, Z 1 =('« + !)

d
Re
in
r = 0 r = 0
F
-1 2"' m +1
m
Z + -1 2^1 Ml + 1 = 0 ['.● Ri and i?2 identical]

r = 0
sin^ (m^) sin^ (m) sin^ (m +1)
Type III EVALUATION OF DETERMINANTS BY USING FACTOR HEOREM
If / (x) is a polynomial such that / (a) = 0, then (.r - a) is a factor of / (x).

For example, -6 +11 :r - 6 vanishes for x = l. Therefore, (x -1) is its factor.
Thus, if a determinant is a polynomial in x such that its value is zero for x = a, then x - fl is a
factor of A.
1 1 1
EXAMPLE 69
Without expanding evaluate the determinant A = a b c
DETERMINANTS 5.51
SOLUTION If we put ^7 =fj in A, we find that its two columns C\ and C2 become identical.
Therefore, A becomes zero and thus a-bis a factor of A. Similarly b - c and c - a are factors of A.
The product of principal diagonal terms is bc^ which is a third degree expression. Therefore, A is
of third degree. Since -b,b - cand c - a are factors of A. Therefore, (fl -b) {b - c) (c - a)isa third
degree factor of A. Thus, there cannot be any other factor of A in terms of a, b and c. The only other
factor of A can be a constant, say X.
1 1 1
a h c = X{a-b){h-c){c-a)
oww
^2 c2
In order to find the value of X, let us give values to a, b and c such that calculations are easy and
the two sides do not vanish.
Putting a = 0,b =1, c =-l, we have
ee
111 1
FFrlo
0 1 -1 = >.(-l)(l-{-l))(-l-0) => 2 = 2X=>X=1.
r
10 1 1
rF
ee
1 1 1
Hence, a b c = {a - b){b - c){c - a).
ouru
rF
«2 b^ c2
Without expanding, show that

ffosor
os k
EXAMPLE 70
{a-xf (d-y)2 {a-zf

(b-xf (i)-y)^ {b-zf = 2(a-b)(b-c)(c-a)(x-y)(y-z){z-x).
ook
Yo
A =
Y
{c-xf (c-y)2 {c-zf

Bo
reeB
SOLUTION If we put , we observe that two rows Ri and R2 of A become identical, therefore
oouY
A = 0.Thus,fl -& is a factor of A. Similarly it can be easily shown thatft - c,c - a,x -y,y - z,z-x
ur
are factors of A.Therefore, {a -b){b - c) (c - a) (x -y) {y -z) (2 -x) is a factor of A.

ad
The product of diagonal elements of A is {a-x) (b-y) (c-z) which is a sixth degree
dY
expression. Therefore, A can have six linear factors. Thus there cannot be any other factor of A
nidn
except a constant X (say).

Re
(a-x)^
F
Fi
(b-xf {b-yf (b-zf = X(a-b) {b-c){c - a) {x-y) (y-z)(z - x)

(c-xf {c-yf {c-zf
In order to find the value of X, we give some values to a, b, c, x, y, z such that two sides do not
vanish together.
Putting a - 0,b - -l,c = l,x = \,y = 0,2 = -l,weobtain
1 0 1
4 1 0 = X(0 + l)(-l-l)(l-0){l-0)(0 + l)(-l-l)=> 8 = 4X. => X = 2.
0 1 4
(a-x)^ (a-y)^ (a-zf

(b-x)^ {b-yf {b-zf =2(a-b)(b-c){c-a){x-y){y-z)(z-x)
{c-xf (c-yf (c-zf
-2a a +b a + c
EXAMPLE 71 Prove that: b + a -2b b + c =4c{a + b){b + c){c + a)
c +a c +b -2c
-2a a +b a + c
SOLUTION Let A = b + a -2b b + c . Putting & = - a, we obtain

c +a c +b -2c
-2a 0 a + c
oww
A = 0 2a c - a
c + a c -a -2c
2a c -a 0 2a
A = -2a
c -a -2c
+ {a + c) c + a c-a
[Expanding along
e
A = -2a{- 4ac - (c - a)^] - (a + c) \2a (c + <?))
re
A = 2a {{c -a)^ + 4ac] -2a(c + a)^ =2a{c + a)^ -2a{c + a)^ =0
FFrllo
reF
Therefore, by factor theorem a + bisa factor of A. Similarly, we can show that {b + c) and (c + a)
e
are factors of A. We find that A is a third degree homogeneous polynomial in a, b and c and
uoru
{b + c) (c + a) {a + b) is also a third degree homogeneous polynomial ina,b and c. Hence, we must
osFr
have
A = k (a + b) (b + c) (c + a), where kisa constant.

fkfor
-2a a + b a + c
b +a -2b b +c = k (a+ b)(b + c)(c + a)

okso
or.
c + a c +b -2c
Y
Yo
oo
Putting a=0,b =1 and c = 2 in (i), we get

BB
0 1 2
1-2 3 = cf(l)(3)(2) => 24 = 6fe => it = 4

Y
r ree
2 3-4
ouu
Hence, A = 4{a + b){b + c)(c + a).

ad
Ydo
ALITER Let a + b = 2C, b + c = 2A and c + fl = 2B. Then,

fl + l7 + b + c + c + fl = 2C + 2A + 2B
nidn
a + b + c = A + B + C => a = iA + B + C)-{b + c)={A + B + C)-2A=^B + C-A.

Re
Similarly, we obtain b =C + A - B and c - A + B -C.

F
Fi
-2a a + b a + c
A = b + a -2b b + c
c +a c +b -2c
2A-2B- 2C 2C 2B
A = 2C 2B-2C- 2A 2A
2B 2A 2C-2A-2B
A-B-C C B
A = 8 C B-C-A A [Taking 2 common from Ci, C2 and C3]
B A C-A-B
\A-B C+B B
A =8\B-A B-C A [ApplyingCj ->Ci + C2 andC2 ->€2 + C3]

\B + A C-B C-A-B
DETERMINANTS 5.53
A-B C + B B I
A = 8 0 2B A + B [Applying R2 R2 + l?i and K3 -> 1^3 + R2I
2B 0 C-B|
2B A + B C + B B
A = 8 UA - B) 0 C-B
+ 2B
2B A + B [Expanding along C|]
A = 8 [{(A - B) 2B (C - B) + 2B {{C + B) (A + B) - 2B^}]
A = 16B {(A - B) (C - B) + (C + B) {A + B) - 2B^1

A = 16B (2AC + 2B^ - 2B^) = 16B (2AC) = 32 ABC
oww
f
b + c\f c + a^f a + b
— =4{a + b){b + c){c + a).
{ 2 / V 2 A 2 J
EXERCISE 5.2
e
BASIC
ree
rFl
1. Evaluate the following determinant:
Fre
1 3 5| 67 19 211 a h 8
rr F
(i) 2 6 10 (u) 39 13 14 (iii) h b f
31 11 38| 81 24 261 8 f c
ouur
sfoo
1 -3 2 1 4 9 6-3 2
(iv) 4-12 (v) 4 9 16 (Vi) 2 -12

kks
3 5 2
Yo
oooo
9 16 25 10 5 2
eBB
1 3 9 27
102 18 36
, 3 9 27 1
(vn) 9 27 1 3 (viii) 1 3 4 [CBSE 20121
uurr
17 3 6
27 1 3 9
ad
YYo
2. Without expanding, show that the value of each of the following determinants is zero:
8 2 7 6-3 2 2 3 7|
dd
(i) 12 3 5 (ii) 2 -12 (iii) 13 17 5

Re
iinn
16 4 3 -10 5 2 15 20 121
F
2
1/a a
be a +b 2a+ b 3a+b 1 a -be
(iv) l/b b^ ac (v) 2a+ b 3a+ b 4a + b (vi) 1 b b^-ac

1/c ^2 ab 4a+ b 5a+ b 6a+ b 1 c^-ab
49 1 6 0 X y\ 1 43 6
(vii) 39 7 4 (viii) -X 0 z (ix) 7 35 4
26 2 3 -y -z 0| 3 17 2
l2 2^ 32 42
b (2^ + 2^^)^ (2^-2“^)^ 1
2^
a e
3^ 4^ 5^
(X) . (xi) a + 2x b + 2y e + 2z (xii) (3"' + 3“'')^ (3^-3"^)^ 1
32 42 52 62 X V z
(4^+4 ^)^ (4X-4-X) 1
42 52 ^2 72
sin a cos a cos (a + 6) | sin^23° sm^67° cosl80“

(xiii) sin p cos p cos (p + 5) (xiv) -sin^67° -sin^23° cos^l80“
sin Y cos y cos (y + ^ | cosl80“ sin^23'’ sin^67°
cos(x + y) -sin(x+i/) cos2y Vb+VI ^/5 V5

(XV) sinx cosx siny (xvi) VI5 + V46 5 ^/^0
-cosx
sinx -cosy 3 + VII5 Vl5 5
sin^/1 cot/4 1
(xvii) sin^B cotB 1 , where A, B, C are the angles of A/iBC.
sin^C cotC 1
oww
Evaluate the following (3 - 9):
a b + c a^ 1 a be
3, b c + a b'^ [CBSE2006] 4. 1 b ca [NCERT, CBSE 2006]
e
c a + b
1 c ab
ree
rFl
Fre
x + X X X a b c
rr F
5. X X + k X INCERT] 6. cab ICBSE 2004]
X X X + k b c a
ouur
sfoo
XXp"
2
X 1 1 0 xz
7. 1 X 1 8.
x^y 0 (NCERT EXEMPLAR]
kks
2 2
1 1 X X^2 zy^ 0
Yo
oooo
fl + x y 2
eBB
9. X fl + y 2 INCERT EXEMPLAR]
X
y a +z
uurr
1 X x^ 1 1 1
ad
YYo
10. IfA= 1 y y , Aj = y2 2X xy , then prove that A + Aj = 0. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

1 2 2^ x y z
dd
Re
iinn
BASED ON LOTS
Prove the following identities (11 -45):

F
a b c
11. a-b b-c c~a = a^ ■i'b^ + - 3abc [CBSE 2009. 2019]

b + c c + a a + b
b + c d-b a
12. c + a b-c b =3abc -a^ -b^ -c^
a+b c-a c
a +b b + c c + a a b c
13. b + c c + a a + b =2 b c a [CBSE 2001,2004,2006 C, 2007]
c + a a +b b + c cab
a + b + 2c a b
14. c b + c + 2a b = 2{a + b + c)^ [NCERT, CBSE 2006C, 2008,2014]
c a c + a + 2b
DETERMINANTS 5.55
a-b-c 2a 2a
15. 2b b -c -a 2b = {a + b + c)^ (CBSE 2000Q 04,07, NCERT EXEMPLAR]
2c 2c c-a-b
1 b + c b'^ + c^
16.
1 c + a c^+a^ ={a-b){b~c){C"a) [CBSE 2002]
1 a +b a^+b^
a a +b a + 2b
17.
a + 2b a a +b =9{a + b)b^ [CBSE 2002,2013,2017]
a +b a + 2b a
1 a be I a
ww
18. 1 b ca 1 b b^
1 c ab 1 c c^
2 2
a:^ 2^
Flo
z X y X y z
e
19. z" y^ = y^ z2 y^ 2^ = xyz(x-y)(y-2)(2-A:) (A: + y + z).
ree
2^ y^ y^ 2^ X y 2
FFr
{b + c)^ be
uurr
{c + af- b^ ca =(a-b) {b -c) {c-a)(a+ b + c)(a^ +b^ + c^) [CBSE 2020]
20.
orr
sfo
(a + bf c^
(fl +1) {fl + 2) a + 2 1
kks
21.
{fl + 2) (fl + 3) a+3 1 = -2
Yo
oooo
(fl + 3) (fl + 4) fl + 4 1
eB
fl^ a^~(b-c)^ be
22. b^ b^-{c-a)^ ca =(a-b){b-c){c ~a){a + b + c)(a^ +b^ + c^) [CBSE 20121
urr
c^ c^-{a-b)^
ad
YYo
1 fl^+k fl^
23.
1 b^ + ca b^ =-{a-b){b-c){c-a){a^ +b^ + c^) [CBSE 2008]
dd
1 c^ +ab c^
Re
inn
2
fl be 2
F
ac + c
24. (p- + ab b^ ac = <iah^c^ [NCERT, CBSE 2014,2015]
ab b^+bc c^
X + 4 X X
25. X X + 4 X = 16(3x + 4) [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

X X X + 4
1 l+p 1+p + q
26.
2 3 + 2p 4+3p + 2q =1 [NCERT]
3 6 + 3p 10 + 6y + 3^
fl b-c c-b
27. a~c b c -a = {a+ b - c){b + c-a){c + a-b)
a-b b-a c
lab
28. lab = {a^+b^f

lab b'^ a
a~ + 1 ab ac
29. ah b^ + 1 be = 1 + [NCERT,CBSE 2014]

ca cb +1
1 a a^
30. \ a [NCERT, CBSE 2013,2014,2015]
a \
a +b + c -c b
w
31. -c a +b + c -a = l{a + h) {b + c){c + a) [CBSE 2019]
-b - a a +b + c
Flo
b + c a a
eeee
32. b c + a b = 4flfec [NCERT, CBSE 2006 C]
c c a + b
Fr
b^ + c^ ab ac
2 2
= 4a^ b^ c^
33. ba c + a be
for
ur
ca cb a^+b^
kss
0 bâ câ
Yo
oo
34. a^b 0 c% = la^b^c^ [CBSE 2003]

a^c b^c 0
eB
a^ +b^
r
c c
c^ +bc
ou
ad
c -he b^ +bc
b^ + c^ 2 2
= (ab +bc + ca) ^
YY
35. a a = 4abc 36. a + ac -ac c + ac

a
c
2
+a
2 a^ + ab b^ + ab -ab
b b
nd
Re
b
Fi
x + X lx lx
37. 2x x +X lx =(5a:+X.) [CBSE 2014]

lx lx x + X
x + 4 lx lx
38. lx x + A lx =(5:c + 4)(4-x)^ [CBSE 2007,2011]

lx lx x + 4
y +z z y
39. z z +x x =4 xyz [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
V X x+y
~a(b^+c^-a^) 2b^ ic^

40. la^ -b (c^ + (?■ -b'^) 2c3 = abc (a^ +b^ -r c^)^
2.3 2i?3 -c(a- +b^-c^)
DETERMINANTS 5.57
1 1 1 a^ + 2a 2a + l 1
41- (i) 1 1 + fl 1 = 0^ + (ii) 2a + l a + 2 1 =(fl-l)^ [CBSE 20191
1 1 1 + a 3 3 1
2y y-z-x 2y
42. 2z 2z z-x-y = U + y+z)^ ICBSE2014]
x-y-z 2x 2x
y+2 a: y
43.
z + x z X =(a: + i/ + z) (a:-2)^. [CBSE 2007]
x+y y z
a+x y z
ww
44.
X fl + y z ~a^ {a + x-^y + z) [CBSE 2014]
x a+z
y
a 3 2 «
Flo
45. 2 b -2 {a-b) {b -c) {c -a) {a +b + c) [CBSE 2015]
e
2 c
ree
Fr
a b c X y z y ^
rF
46. Without expanding, prove that x y z = p q r x a p
uurr
p q r a b c z
for c r
x + 1 x^2 x + a
47. Showthat ;c + 2 a:+3 x + b =0 wherea,[j, careinA.P. [CBSE 2005]
s
kks
X + 3 x + 4 X + c
Yo
oooo
x-3 X-4 X-a

48. Shov^that x-2 x-3 x-^ =0, wherea, p, yarein AP. [CBSE 2007]
eB
X-1 x-2 X-y

b + c c +a a +b
ur
49. If a, b, c are real numbers such that c + a a +b b + c = 0, then show that either
ad
YYo
a + b b + c c + a
a + b + c = 0oT, a^b = c. [NCERT]

dd
V b c
Re
● p r ,
50. If a q c =0,findthevalueof— [CBSE 2014]
in
— , p ^ a, q = b,r * c.
a b r p-a q-b r-c
F
X -6 -1
51. Show that a: = 2 is a root of the equation 2 -3a: a:-3 =0 and solve it completely.
-3 2a: a: + 2
52. Solve the following determinant equations:

x + a b c x + a X X
(i) a x +b c = 0 [CBSE 20031 (ii) X X + a X = 0, fl 0

a b x + c x X x + a
[NCERT, CBSE 2011]
3a:-8 3 3 1 x x'^
(iii) 3 3a:-8 3 = 0 ICBSE 2008] (iv) 1 a = 0,a^b
3 3 3a--8 1 b b^
1 X \5~2x 11 -?'● 7-x

x + 1 3 5
(v) 2 x+2 5 =0 (vi) 1 b =Q,b*c (vii) 11 17 14 = 0
2 3 x+4 10 16 13
1 c
1 1 X
3 -2 sin 30
(viii) p + 1 p + l p + X =0 (ix) -7 cos 20 = 0 [NCERT EXEMPLAR!

3 x + 1 X + 2| -11 14 2
4-x 4+x 4+x

(X) 4+x 4-x 4+x = 0 ICBSE 2019]
4+x 4+x 4-x
l+a 1 1
w
53- If a, b and c are all non-zero and 1 1+b 1 =0, then prove that - + - + - + 1=0.
a h c
1 1 1 +c
[CBSE2016]
Flo c-z
a b-y
ee
54. If fl-x b c -2 =0, then using properties of determinants, find the value of — + — + -,
X y z
a-x b-y c
Fr
where X, y, z i* 0. ICBSE2017]
53. Using properties of determinants, prove that for
ur
1 1 l + 3x
l + 3y 1 1 = 9 (3x1/2 + xy + yz+zx). [CBSE20181

ks
1 1 + 3z 1
Yo
ANSWERS
oo
1- (i) 0 (ii) -43 (iii) abc + 2fgh - af^ - bg^ - ch^

eB
(iv) 40 (V) -8 (Vi) 0 (vii) 512000 (viii) 0

3.
-(ci + b + c) (a -b) (b - c) (c - a) 4. (a -b) (b -c) (c -a)
ur
5- X^(3x+X) (a + b+ c)(a^+ b^+ c^ - ab-be-ca) 7. (x-l)^(x+2)

ad
Yo
8- 2x^y\^ 9. fl^(fl + x + y + z) 50. 2 51. -3,1,2

52.
..... 2 11 11
(i) 0,-{a + b + c) (ii) - a/3 (ill) — , — , — (iv) a, b (v) 1,1, - 9
nd
3 3 3
Re
(vi) b, c, -{h + c) (vii) 4 (viii) 1,2 (ix) 0=n7C or 0 =?ijr + (-1)” — , h e Z

Fi
6
(x) x=-12,0 54. 2
2- (xvi) Take -JE common fromC2 andC3 and apply Cj -V3 C2 C3

1 a be
4- Let A = 1 b ca . Applying R2 i?2 “ ^1' ^3 ^3 “ / we get

1 c ab
1 a be 1 a be
A = 0 b -a ea-bc = 0 b -a c {a-b)
0 c -a ab - be 0 c -a b{a -c)
1 a be
Taking {a - b) and {a - e) common from
A = (fl -li) (fl -c) 0 -1 c
0 -1 b
R| and R3 respectively.
DETERMINANTS 5.59
A = {a -b) {a ~ c) {-b + c) ={a -b) {b - c) (c - a) [Expanding along first column]

X + A. X X
5. Let A = X
X + A. X . Applying Cj + C2 + C3, we get
X a: :c + X
3x + 7^ X X 1 X X
A = 3a: + X x + X X = (3a: + X) 1 x+ X X
'Taking (3a‘+ X)
common from
3x + X X X + k 1 X a: + X
1 a: a:
=> A = (3a: + X) 0 X 0 [Applying i?2 ^3
0 0 X
X 0
A = (3a+ X) = X^ (3a- + X) [Expanding along C|]
w
0 X
a + b + 2c a b
14. Let A = b + c + 2n
Flo
b
c
. Applying ^ C;i + C2 + C3, we get
c a
c + a +2b \
reee
\2{a + b + c) a b
A =^2{a+b + c) b + c + 2a b
FFr
\2{a + b + c) a c + a + 2b
urr
1 a b
for
^ A = 2(fl + ef + c) 1 b + c + 2a b
[Taking 2{a + b + c) common from Cj]
1 a c + a + 2b
kkss
1 a b
Yo
ooo
A = 2{a + b + c) 0 b +c +a 0 [Applying R2 ^2 “ ^3 ^ ^3 " ^1]

0 0
eB
c + a +b
lab
A = 2{a + b + c)^ 0 1 0=2(fl + l? + c)^xl=2((7 + l? + c)^ [Expanding along Cj]

r
ou
ad
0 0 1
YY
2 2
a be ac + c
24. Let A = + ah ac . Then,

nndd
Re
ab b^ + be c2
Fi
a C fl + c
A = abc a +b b a [Taking a, b, c common from Ci> C2 and C3 respectively]

b b + c c
2 (<7 + c) c a +c
=> A = abc 2{a -hb) b a
[Applying Cl ^ Cl + C2 + C3]
2{b + c) b +c c
\a + c c a +c
=> A = 2abc a + b b a
\b + c b + c c
\a + c -a 0
A = 2abc a +b -a -b [ApplyingCi ->Ci -C2 ,C3 ^C3 -Ci]
\b + c 0 -b
c -a 0
A = 2abc 0 -a -b [Applying Cj ->Ci +C2 +C3]
c 0 -b
1 -1 ol
A = 2<j6cx(76c 0 -1 -1 [Taking c, <2 & b common from Cj,C2 & C3 respectively]
1 0 -1|
1 -1 0
A = l^b^ 0 -1 -1 [Applying R3 ->J?3 -Ril
0 1 -1
A = Aa^b^ [Expanding along Cj ]

1 1 +p 1 +p + q
w
26. Let A = 2 3 + 2p 4 + 3p + 2g . Applying C2-> C2 - and C3-> C3 - gCi, we get
3 6 + 3p 10 + 6p + 3^
Flo
1 1 1 +p 1 1 1
A = 2 3 4 + 3p 2 3 4 [Applying C3 -pC2]
e
3 6 10
rree
3 6 10 + 6p
r FF
1 0 ol
A = 2 1 2 [Applying C2-^C2-Ci,C3->C3-Ci]
uurr
3 3 7|
for
1 2
A = 1 =7-6=1 [On expanding along
kss
3 7
ooook
Yo
+1 ab ac
29. LetA = ab +1 be . Applying Rj Rj {a), R2 R2 (b) & R3 -> R3 {c), we get

eB
ca cb c^ + l
2
a {a^ +1) a^b
urr
a c
ad
1
A= — ab^ b{b^+l) b^c
Yo
abc
c
2
a c^b c(c^+l)
dY
+1 (P' 2
Re
a
innd
. abc
A =— b^ b^ +1 b^ [Taking a, b, c common from Cj, C2 & C3 respectively]
Fi
abc
c2 c2 c2+l
p+b'^ + c^+1 fl^+b^ + c^+1 fl^+b^ + c^ + 1

b^ + 1 b2 'Applying
A = b2
R| —> R]^ + R2 + R3
c^+l
1 1 1
=> A = (fl^ + b^ + +1) b^ b^+1 b^ [Taking {a^ + b^ + +1) common from Rj]
+ 1
1 0 0
^ A = (fl^ + b^ + + 1) b^ 1 0 [ApplyingC2->C2 -Cj,C3 -+C3 ~Ci\

0 1
DETERMINANTS 5.61
A = (fl^ 4- + 1) [Expanding along K;j]

2
1 a a
30. Let A = 1 a
. Applying Cj -> Cj + C2 + C3 , we get
a 1
1 + a + a^ a a
2
A = 1 +a + 1 a
1 + a + 1
\ a
ww
A = (1 + a + <7^) 1 1 a
[Taking \ + a + a common fromCj]
1 1
2
1
Flo
a a
e
A = (1 + fl + fl^) 0 \~a
2
-fl
[Applying R2^R2- R^ R3 K3 - RJ
eree
2
0 -a 1 -fl
FFr
2
1 <7
uurr
A = (1 + fl + 0 1 -<7 <7(1 -a)
0 - fl (1 - <7) (1 - fl) (1 + <7) orr
sfo
2
1 <7 <7
kks
Yoo
A = (1 + <7 + <7^) (1 -fl)^ 0 1 a

Taking (1 -<7) common from
oooo
0 -<7 1 + (7 R2 andi?3 respectively

eBB
A = (1 + fl + <7^) (1 -fl)^ (1 + <7 + <7^) [Expanding along Cj]

A = |(l-a)(l+fl + <7^)}2= (a^-if
urr
ad
b +c a <7
YYo
32. Let A = b c+a b . Applying -> Rj + J?2 + R3 / we get

c c a + b
dd
2 (b + c) 2 (<7 + c) 2 (<7 + &)

Re
b+c c+a a+b

inn
A = b b
c + <7 = 2
b c +a b [Taking 2 common from Rj]
F
c c a +b c c a +b
b + c c + a a +b
A = 2 0
-c -a
[Applying R2 -+ R2 ~ Ri> R3 R3 ~ R\\
-b -a 0
0 c b
A = 2 ~c 0 -a
[Applying R^ -> R^ + R2 + R3]
-b -a 0
0 -a ~c -a -c 0
A = .^0 -<7 0 ^ -1; 0
+ b
-b -a
= 2(0 + abc + abc) = 4<7fcc
b + c c +a a +b
49. We have. c+a a+b b+c = 0
a+b b+c c+a
2{a + b + c) c+a a +b
2{a + b + c) a +b b +c = 0 [Applying Ci ^ + C2 + C3]
2{a + b + c) b +c c +a
1 c+a a+b
2{a + b + c) 1 a +b b + c=0
1 b + c c + a
1 c+a a+b
2{a + b + c) 0 b-c c-a = 0 Applying R2 ^3 ^3
0 b-a c-b
2(a + b + c)[{b -c){c - b) -{c -a){b - a)] = 0 [Expanding along Ci]
ww
2{a + b + c) {-{b^-2hc + c^)-{be-ca-ab + a^)] =0
2{a + b + c) {-a^ -b^ -c^ + be + ca + ab) = 0
2{a + b + c){a^ + b^ + c^ -ab - be - ca) = 0
Flo
e
(a + b + c) (2a^ + + 2c^ - 2ah - 2bc-2 ca) = 0
eree
=> {a + b + c) {{a-b)'^ + {b - c)"^ + {c -a)^] =0
FFr
a + b + c = 0 or, (a-b)^ + {b-c)^ + {c - a)^ = 0 ^ a + b + c = 0or,a=b = c
uurr
p b c
50. We have, a q c =0. Applying Rj-> R1-R3, i?2 orr ^2 “^3'^^®
sfo
a b r
kks
Yoo
p-a 0 c-r
q-b c-r 0 c-r 0 q-b
oooo
+ {c-r) = 0
q-b c-r = 0 => (p-a) ' ^
0 -0
r a r a b
a b r
eBB
{p-a) {r {q-b)-b {c-r)}-a {c-r) {q-b) = 0

{p-a) Iq-r) r + {p - q) {r - c) b + a {q -b) {r - c) = 0
urr
r b a
= 0 [Dividing by (p-fl) {q-b) (r-c)]
ad
r-c q-b p-a

YYo
\ r
r r b +1 +
a
+1 =1+1 [Adding 2 on both sides]
dd
r-c [q-b {p-a

Re
inn
^ =2
r
. r-c q-b p-a

F
x + a X X
52. (ii) We have, x x+a x = 0, fl 0

X X x + a
3x + a X X
3x + a X + a x = 0 [Applying ^ Cj + C2 + C3]
3x + a X X + a
1 X
=> {3x + a) 1 X+ a x = 0 [Taking (3x + fl) common from Cj]

1 X .r + fl
1 X X
^ (3j: + fl)0fl0=0 [Applying R2 ^ R2 - / ^3 ^ ^3 “

0 0 fl
{3x+ a) a'^ = 0=> 3x + a = 0 =5>:t = -a/3 [v aÔ]

DETERMINANTS 5.63
5.6 APPLICATIONS OF DETERMINANTS TO COORDINATE GEOMETRY

5.6.1 AREA OF A TRIANGLE
Weknow that the area oftriangle whose vertices are(a:i, y\),{x2 , i/2)arid(^3.1/3) is given by the
expression:
^ = ■j|î(j/2-y3) + ^2(y3-yi) + ^3(yi-y2)|

yi i|
yi 1 yi i| yi 1
Also, X2 V2 l|=î V3 1
-^2
ys II
+ ^3
y2 1 [Expanding along Cj]
^3 ys M
=^1 (y2 - ys) - ^2 (yi - ys) + ^s (yi - vi)
ww
=(y2 - ys) + ^2 (ys - yi) + ^s (yi - y2) ...(h)
1 ^1 yi 1
From (i) and (u), we obtain : A = T y2 1
^3 ys ^
Flo
Thus, the area of a triangle having vertices at (xj, y{), {X2> 1/2)
e
(^^3,1/3) is the absolute value
ree
of A given by
Fr
1 yi 1
rF
A =
2 ^2 y2 1
uurr
^3 Vz 1 for
note Since area is always a positive quantity, therefore we always take the absolute value of the
determinant for the area.
s
kks
5.6.2 CONDITION OF COLLINEARITY OF THREE POINTS

Yo
oooo
Let A (Xi, yf), B (x2,1/2) ^d C (X3, y3) be three points. Then,

eB
1 ^1 yi 1 ^1 yi 1
A, B, C are coUinear o Area of triangle ABC = 0 <=> ~X2 y2 1 =0 o X2 y2 1 =0
^3 ys 1 ^3 ys 1
ur
ad
5.6.3 EQUATION OF A LINE PASSING THROUGH TWO GIVEN POINTS

YYo
Let the two point be A (xj, yf) and B (^2,1/2)- LetP {x, y) be any point on the line joining A and B.
Then, points P, A and B are collinear.
dd
X y 1
Re
in
xj yi 1 = 0
^2 y2 1
F
X y I
Thus, the equation of the line joining points (X2,yi) and (A:2,y2) is given by Xj y^ 1 =0
^2 y2 1
EXAMPLE 1 Fmd the area of the triangle with vertices A (5,4), B {- 2, 4) and C (2, - 6).
SOLUTION The area A of triangle ABC is given by
1 5 4 1 1
5 4 1
A = - -2 4 1 -7
0 0 [Applying P2 ^2 “ ^3 ^3--î]
^ 2-61 2-3 -10 0
-7 0
^ (70 - 0) = 35 sq. units.
A
1
= — X 1 X
, [Expanding along C3]
2 -3-10
EXAMPLE 2 Show that the points (a, b + c), (b, c + a) and {c, a + b) are collinear.
SOLUTION We have,
b + c 1 a a +b + c 1
A = b c + a 1 b b + c + a 1 [Applying C2 -> C2 + C^]
c a + b 1 c c+a+b 1
a 1 1
A = {a+b + c) b 1 1 [Taking {a + b + c) common from C2I
oww
c 1 1
A = (fl + & + c) X 0 = 0. [●.● C2 and C3 are identical]

Hence, the given points are collinear.
ee
EXAMPLE 3 If the points {a^, b{), {a2, ^2) («l + ^2' h + h) collinear, show that flj &2 = ^2
FFrlo
SOLUTION If given points are collinear, then
r
rF
1
ee
«2 h 1 = 0
b-^ + b2 I
ouru
rF
1
(?2 ““ ^2 ~ ^ =0
ffosor [Applying i?2 -> ^2 “ ^3 ^3 ~
os k
0
02 ^2
^2~^1 ^2“^1 = 0 [Expanding along C3]
ook
Yo
h
Y
®2
Bo
-fli
= 0 [Applying Rj ^ Kj - R2]
reeB
^2 ^2
oouY
&2 + ^2 ^ ^2 “ ^2 ^1
ur
EXAMPLE 4 J/f/ie points (2, - 3), {>., -1) and (0, 4) are collinear, find the value ofl.
ad
SOLUTION If given points are collinear, then

dY
2 -3 1 2 -3 Ij
X -1 1 =0 => X-2 2 0= 0 [Applying R2R2 " 1^1 ^3 ^3
nidn
Re
0 4 1 -2 7 0|
F
|?.-2 2
Fi
= 0 [Expanding along C3]

I -2 7
=> 7X-14+4 = 0=> A. = 10/7.
EXAMPLE 5 Using determinants, find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (-2,4), (2, - 6) and
(5, 4). Are the given points collinear?
SOLUTION Let Abe the area of the triangle. Then,
-2 4 1 -2 4 1
A=i 2 -6 1 — 4 -10 0 [Applying R2-> R2-1^1 ^3 ^ ^3
2
5 4 1 2 7 0 0
1 4 -10
A = - [By expanding along C^J
2 7 0
A =
|(70) = 35 sq. units.
Clearly, A 0, therefore given points are not collinear.

DETERMINANTS 5.65
EXAMPLE 6 Find the equation of the line joining A (1, 3) and B (0,0) using determinants and find k if
D (k, 0) is a point such that area of A ABD is 3 sq. units. ICBSE 2013,20201
SOLUTION Let P {x, y) be any point on line AB. Then,
Area of A ABP = 0
1 3 1
1
0
^ X y 1
0 1 = 0 =>
|{l(0-y)-3(0-x) + l(0-0)) = 0
^ 3x - y = 0, which is the required equation of AB.
Now, Area of A ABD = 3 sq. units
1 3 1
1
ww
0 0 1 = ± 3
^ it 0 1
1 3 1
0 0 l=±6=>l{0-0)-3{0-fc) + l(0-0)=±6=>3Jc=±6=>it=±2
Flo
k 0 1
e
eree
FFr
EXAMPLE 7
If A {xi, y{), B (X2, y2) and C (X3, y3) are vertices of an equilateral triangle whose each
1^1 yi 2^
uurr
side is equal to a, then prove that\ X2 y2 2
ks ya 2
= 3a^.
orr [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
sfo
kks
SOLUTION Let A be the area of triangle ABC. Then,

Yoo
oooo
A =
1 yi 1
2 ^2 y2 1
eBB
^3 ya ^
yi 1
urr
2A = ^2 vi 1
ad
^3 y3 1
YYo
^1 yi 1 yi 2
4 A =2 ^2 y2 1 = X2 y2 2
dd
^3 y3 1 ^3 ys 2
Re
inn
yi 2^
F
^ 16 A^ = X2 y2 2
But, the area of an equilateral triangle with each side equal to a is -— a^.
= 3rt^ ...(ii)
4
yi 2 ^
From (i) and (ii), we obtain X2 y2 '2. = 3a^.
^3 ys 2
EXAMPLE 8 A triangle has its three sides equal to a, b and c. If the coordinates of its vertices are
A (Xj, yj), B(x2, y2)andC (X3, y^), show that
^1 yi 2 2
X2 y2 2 ={a + h + c){b + c-a){c + a-b)ia + b-c).
^3 ys 2
SOLUTION Let A be the area of triangle ABC. Then,

yi ^ yi 1
1
1 => 2 A = -.C2 1/2 ^
A = -^ ^2 y2
^3 ys 1 ^3 y3 1
yi 1 yi 2 yi 2^
=> 4 A = 2 a:2 1/2 1 = ^2 y2 2 => 16 A^ = ^2 y2 2
^3 ys 1 ^3 ys 2 ^3 ys 2
We also know that the area of triangle ABC is given by
A = .Js (s - a) (s -fc) (s -c), where s = ^ (fl + + c)
ww
1 1 1
But, s = -(fl + b + c)=>S- a = -(a + b + c)-a = -{b + c ~a).
2 2 2
1
Similarly, s -b = — {c + a ~b) and s - c -{a + b-c).
Flo
2
1 1 1 1
e
^ = ~ {a+ b + c) X —{b + c - a)x — (c + a - b)x —{a + b - c)
eree
=> 16 A^ = (t? + b + c) (Zi + c - fl) (c + -1?) (fl + + c) ...(ii)
FFr
^1 yi 2 ^ oorr
uur r
From (i) and (ii), we get: X2 1/2 2 =(fl 4-b + c) (fc + c - fl) (c + <1-i?) (rt + ft - c)
sf
^3 y3 2
sk
Yoo
EXERCISE 5.3
ooko
BASIC
eBB
1. Find the area of the triangle with vertices at the points;

(i) (3, 8), (-4, 2) and (5,-1) (ii) (2,7), (1,1) and (10,8)
uurr
ad
(iii) (-1, - 8), (- 2, - 3) and (3,2) (iv) (0,0), (6,0) and (4,3).
Yo
2. Using determinants show that the following points are collinear:

dY
(i) (5,5), (-5,1) and (10,7) (ii) (1,-1), (2,1) and (4,5)
Re
innd
(iii) (3,-2), (8, 8) and (5, 2) (iv) (2,3), (-1,-2) and (5,8)
3. If the points {a, 0), (0, b) and (1,1) are collinear, prove that a + b = ab.
FFi
4. Using determinants prove that the points {a, b), (a', b') and (a - a',b -b') are collinear if
ab' =n'b.
5. Find the value of A. so that the points (1, -5), (-4,5) and (X., 7) are collinear.
6. Find the value of x if the area of A is 35 square cms with vertices (x, 4), (2, - 6) and (5, 4).
7. Using determinants, find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (1, 4), (2, 3) and
(- 5, - 3). Are the given points collinear?
8. Using determinants, find the area of the triangle with vertices (- 3,5), (3,-6) and (7, 2).
9. Using determinants, find the value of k so that the points (k,2-2k), (-fc +1, 2k) and
(-4 -k, 6 - 2fc) may be collinear.
10. If the points (x, -2), (5, 2) and (8, 8) are collinear, find x using determinants.
11. If the points (3, - 2), (x, 2) and (8,8) are collinear, find x using determinant.
DETERMINANTS 5.67
12. Using determinants, find the equation of the line joining the points
(i) (1,2) and (3,6) (ii) (3,1) and (9,3)
13. Find values of A:, if area of triangle is 4 square units whose vertices are
(i) {k, 0), (4, 0) and (0, 2) (ii) (- 2, 0), (0, 4) and (0, k)
ANSWERS
75 47
1. (i) — sq. units (ii) — sq. units (iii) 15 sq. units (iv) 9 sq. units
2 ^
13
5. X = -5 6. a: = -2,12 7. — sq. units. No 8. 46 sq. units
oww
2 ^
9. cf=-l, 1/2 10. x = 3 11. X = 5
12. (i) y = 2x (ii) x = 3y 13. (i) it = 0, 8 (ii) 0,8
5.7 APPLICATIONS OF DETERMINANTS IN SOLVING A SYSTEM OF LINEAR
e
EQUATIONS
FFrlo
re
Consider a system of simultaneous linear equations given by
rF
ee
flj a: + y + Cl z = di
U2 X + b2 y + C2Z = d2 ■ ...(i)
rF
ouru
A set of values of the variables x, y, z which simultaneously satisfy these three equations is called
fosor
a solution set.
skf
For example, x = 3, y = 4 and 2 = 6 is the solution of the system of equations
ooko
5x - 6y + 4z = 15
Yo
Y
7a: + 4y - 3z = 19
Bo
reeB
2a: + y + 62 = 46
A system of linear equations may have a unique solution, or many solutions, or no solution at
ooY
all. If it has a solution (whether unique or not) the system is said to be consistent. If it has no
uur
ad
solution, it is called an inconsistent system.

If frl =^2 =^^3 =0 in (i), then the system of equahons is said to be a homogeneous system.
dY
Otherwise it is called a non-homogeneous system of equations.

innd
Re
5.7.1 SOLUTION OF A NON-HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
We now intend to solve a system of simultaneous linear equations by Cramer's rule named after
Fi
F
the Swiss mathematician Gabriel Cramer.
THEOREM 1 (Cramer's rule) The solution of the system of simultaneous linear equations
a^x+biy = Cj ...(i)
a2 X + b2 y = C2 ...(ii)
D1 D2 , where D -
is given by x=
D'
y =
D
^^^d D2 = provided that
DÔ.
PROOF We have, D =
fl2 b2 ■
^2 ^2 ^2 ^ h
5.68 MATHEMATtCS-XII
flj X + &i y bi
xD = [Applying Cj ^ Cj + y C2]
^2 ^ y ^2
Cl
=> xD = = Di [Using (i) and (ii)]
C2 b2
Cl
Similarly, we obtain : yD = = D2
^2 C2
w
X = —^ D2
D
and y =
D '
provided that D 7^ 0. Q.E.D.
fll &i
REMARK Here D = is the determinant of the coefficient matrix
fl2 ^^2 ."2 ^2.
e
roow
re
T/ie determinant Di is obtained by replacing first column in D by the column on the right hand side of the
given equations.
reF
The determinant D2 is obtained by replacing the second column in D by the right most column in the
uFFll
given system of equations.
e
THEOREM 2 (Cramer's Rule) The solution of the system of linear equations
sFr
fll X + ^1 y + Cl z = di -(i)
a2 x + b2y + C2Z = ^2 foro ●●●(ii)
ofk
uor
a^x + b^y + c^z = d^ ...(hi)
is given by x =
P2 and z = £1 where
kos
y =
D ' D D '
Y
Yo
reeBB
oo
h Cl rfl bi Cl fll dj Cl ^1
0=^2 ^2 C2 / ^1 “ ^2 b2 C2 , ^2 — a2 ^2 ^2 and = <?2 ^2 ^2 '
uurY
fl3 &3 C3 ^3 &3 C3 ^3 ^3 C3 fl3 I73 ^3

provided that D ¥^0.
ad
«1 Cl
doo
PROOF We have, 0=^2 ^2 C2 ●

nY
<?3 &3 C3
nid
Re
<Jl iî Cl fllX &i Cl

F
xD = X ^2 ^2 C2 = <J2 ^ ^2 C2
Fi
fl3 [73 C3 flgX &3 C3
fll X + bi y -f Cl 2 &l Cl
xD = t?2 ^ + ^2 y C2 z &2 C2 [Applying Cl -> Ci + y C2 + z C3]
fl3X + i73y-fC3 2 &3 C3
di bi Cl
xD = d2 1^2 C2 “ [Using (i), (ii) and (hi)]
^3 i»3 C3
fll di Cl fli bi di
Similarly, we obtain: yD = ^2 ^2 C2 = D2 and zD = ^2 ^2 ^2 ~ ^ 3 ■
^^3 ‘^3 C3 fl3 &3 (^3
X = £1 y =
£2 and 2=
D,
provided that D 0. Q.E.D.
D' D
DETERMINANTS 5.69
REMARK
Here D is the determinant of the coefficient matrix. The determinant Dj is obtained by
replacing the elements in ifrst column ofD by d\, d^^. D2 is obtained by replacing the elements in the
second column of D by d-y, d2, d^ and to obtain D3, replace elements in the third column of D by
dy, ^2, d^.
The above method of solving a system of three linear equations in three unknowns can be used
exactly the same way to solve a system of n equations in n unknowns as stated below.
THEOREM 3 (Cramer's Rule) Let there be a system ofn simultaneous linear equations n unknowns
given by
ayy Xy + Uy2 ^2 Xfj -by
<721 ^1 +^22X2-^ ... + 02,j X„ =&2
ww
îl ^2 +●●● + =^n
ayy Uy2 ... Oy^
FF loo
Let D =
Oiy «22 ●●●
and let Dj be the determinant obtained from D after replacing the
ree
^2 ■■■
reFe
th h D,
j column by Then, Xy = D' X2 = x„ — provided that D ^0.
oroFr
D ' D'
rur
b,
s ff
5.7.2 CONDITIONS FOR CONSISTENCY
k
YYouo
Case I For a system of 2 simultaneous linear equations with 2 unknowns

okso
(i) If D 0, then the given system of equations is consistent and has a unique solution given
BBoo
D
^1 ^2
byx = —/ y = —●
D ^ D
r ee
(ii) If D = 0 and Dj = D2 = 0, then the system is consistent and has infinitely many solutions,
(iii) If D = 0 and one of Dj and D2 is non-zero, then the system is inconsistent.
ad
ouur
Yo
Case II For a system of 5 simultaneous linear equations in three unknozuns

(i) If D 0, then the given system of equations is consistent and has a unique solution given
Dy D2 O3
d
hy X = — y = -^ and z =
idnY
Re
D' D D
FFin
(ii) If D = 0 and = D2 = D 3 = 0, then the given system of equations may or may not be
consistent. However, if it is consistent, then it has infinitely many solutions,
(iii) IfD = Oand at least one of the determinants D|, D2, D3 is non-zero, then the given system
of equations is inconsistent.
In order to solve a non-homogeneous system of simiJ taneous linear equations by Cramer's rule,
we may use the following algorithm.
ALGORITHM
Step I Obtain D, Dy, D2andD^.

Step II Find the value ofD.
If D ^ 0, then the system of equations is consistent and has a unique solution. To find the
solution, obtain the values ofDy, D2 and D3. The solution is given by
X -
D2 and 2 = D3
y =
D' D D
If D =0, goto step III

Stepm Find the values ofD\, 02,03.

Ijat least one of these determinants is non-zero, then the system is inconsistent.
/f O^ = O2 = O3 = 0, then go to step IV.
Step IV Take any two equations out of three given equations and shift one of the variables, say z, on the
right hand side to obtain two equations in x, y. Solve these two equations by Cramer's rule to
obtain x, y in terms of z. If these values ofx and y satisfy the third equation, then the system is
consistent and the values ofx, y and z constitute a solution.
If the values ofx and y do not satisfy the third equation, then the system is inconsistent.
ww
EXAMPLE 1 Solve the following system of equations by Cramer's rule 2x- y =17
3a: + 5y = 6
SOLUTION For the given system, we have
Flo
°=|3
e
= 2x5-(-l)x 3 = 13^0
eree
17
I6 ~l5 =85 +6=91 and O2 = ^3
17
FFr
Oi = ■ =12-51 =-39.
D
uurr
So, by Cramer's rule, we obtain
- ^ — =7 and y = ^
91 orr
sfo
a: = -3.
O 13 O 13
kks
Yoo
Hence, x =7 and y = - 3 is the required solution.

oooo
EXAMPLE 2 Solve the following system of equations using Cramer's rule:

5A:-7y + z=ll, 6A:-8y-z=15 and 3A: + 2y-6z=7.
eBB
SOLUTION The given system of equations is

5A:-7y+z = 11
urr
6x -8y -z = 15
ad
3a: + 2y - 6z =7
YYo
5 -7 1|
0=6 -8 -l| = 5(48 + 2) + 7{-36+3) + l(12 + 24)= 250-231 + 36=559^0
dd
3 2 -6]
Re
inn
'11 -7 1
F
Oi = 15 -8 -1 = ll(48 + 2) + 7(-90 + 7)+l(30+56)= 550-581 + 86 = 55

7 2 -6|
5 11 1
O2 = 6 15 -1 =5(-90 + 7)-ll(-36+3) + l(42-45)=-415+ 363-3=-55

3 7-6
5 -7 11
and O3 = 6 -8 15 =5 (-56- 30)+7(42-45)+ 11 (12+ 24) = -430-21+ 396 =-55
3 2 7
So, by Cramer's rule, we obtain

a: = = ^2 55
= -1 and z =
O3 55 = -l.
^ O 55
“
D 55 O 55
Hence, a: = 1, y = -1 and z = -1 is the solution of the given system of equations.

DETERMINANTS 5.71
EXAMPLE 3 Solve the system of equations x + 2y = 3 and 4a: + 8y = 12 by using determinants.

SOLUTION For the given system of equations, we have
D = 1 2| = 0, Dj = 3 2
= 0 and D2 =
1
?=0.
4 8| 12 8 4 12
Thus, D =Dj=D2=0
So, the given system has infinite number of solutions. Let y = k. Then,
w
x + 2y = 3 => x = 3 - 2k.
Hence, x = 3- 2k, y = kis the solution of the given system of equations, where k is an arbitrary
real number.
e
EXAMPLE 4 Show that the following system of equations is inconsistent:
2x + y = 3, 4x + 2i/ = 5.
e
o
rw
r
2 1 3 1
F
D = - 0 and D1 = 1;^0.
4 2 5 2
ullo
FF
Thus, we have D = 0 and Dj ^ 0. So, the given system is inconsistent.
e
EXAMPLE 5 By using determinants, solve the following system of equations:
srre
x + y +z = 1
oF
x + 2y+3z = 4
k
a: + 3y + 5z =7 fofr
uor
o
1 1 1I
Y
kos
D = 1 2 3|=lx(10-9)-lx(5-3) + lx(3-2)=0,
Yo
rBB
1 3 5|
oo
eY
1 1 1
re
Di = 4 2 3 =lx(10-9)-lx(20-21) + lx(12-14)=0,
u
7 3 5
d
1 1 1
ou
o
ad
D2 = 1 4 3 =lx(20-21)-lx(5-3)+lx(7-4)=0,
nY
1 7 5
1 1 1
nid
Re
and, Dg = 1 2 4 =lx(14-12)-lx{7-4) + lx(3-2) = 0.

F
1 3 7
Fi
Thus, we have D = Di = D2 = D3 =0.

So, either the system is consistent with infinitely many solutions or it is inconsistent.
■ : 1 -2
Consider the first two equations, these equations can be written as ^
a: + 2y = 4-32
In order to solve these equations let us use Cramer's rule.
1 1 1 -2
Here, D =
1 2 = 2-1=1, Di = 4-3z
12 =2-2z-4+ 3z=z-2
1 1-2
and, D2 = = 4-32-1+2 = 3-2z.
1 4-3z
D D2
x =— and V =
D ^ D
x=z-2, y = 3-2z.
Letz = k, where k is any real number. Then, we get x = k -2, y = 3-2k and z = k.
These values satisfy the third equation.
Hence, x = k-2, y = 3-2k,z = kisa solution of the given system of equation for every value
of k.
EXAMPLE 6 Using determinants, show that the following system of linear equation is inconsistent:
x-3y + 5z - 4
2x-Sy + Wz = 11
3x-9y + 15z = 12
1-3 5
C2 is proportional to Cj]
w
D = 2 -6 10 = 0
3 -9 15
4 -3 5 4 1 1
Flo
= 11 -6 10 =-15 11 2 2 =0 [■.● C2 and C3 are identical]
12 -9 15 12 3 3
ee
1 4 5 1 4 1
Fr
D2 = 2 11 10 =5 2 11 2 =0 [●.● Cj and C3 are identical]
3 12 15 3 12 3
for
ur
1 -3 4 1 1 4
and. D3 = 2 -6 11 =-3 2 2 11 =0 Cj andC2 are identical]

3 -9 12 3 3 12
ks
Yo
D = Dj = D2 — D3 — 0.
oo
So, the given system of equations may or may not be consistent.

eB
If we now put z = cf in any two of three equations, we find that the two equations obtained are
inconsistent as they represent a pair of parallel lines. Hence, the given system of equations is
ur
inconsistent.
ad
If we examine the given system of equations closely, we find that the three equations represent
Yo
REMARK
parallel planes. So, they have no point in common. Consequently the given system has no solution.
EXAMPLE 7
Using Cramer's rule, solve the following system of linear equations:
d
Re
{a + b) X -{a-b) y = 4:ab
in
(a ~b) x-i-{a + b)y = 2 {a^ -b^)

F

a-i-b -{a-b)
D =
a-b a + b
= (fl + &)^ =2(a^ +b^) # 0
So, the given system of equations has a unique solution.

Aab -{a-b)
Now, Dj =
2{a'^-b^) {a + b)
2ab -{a-b)
Di = 2 {a+ b) a -b 1
[Taking 2 common from Cj and (fl + b) from R2]
D-i = 2{a + b)\2ab + {a-b)^\ = 2 {a + b) {a^ + b^)

a + b Aab
and, D2 =
a-b 2{a^-b^)
DETERMINANTS 5.73
a+ b lab
D2 = l(a-b) [Taking (a -b) common from R2 and 2 from C2]
1 (a + b)
D2 = 2 (fl-b) {(fl + i))^ - lab) = l{a-b) {a^ + b^)

By Cramer's rule, we obtain
^ ^ Di ^ l{a + h) ja^+b^) = a + b and, y - P2 _ Ija-b) (a^ +b^) = a- b.
D D
l(a^+b^)
Hence, :t = fl + l7,y = <7-ijis the solution of the given system of equations.
EXAMPLE 8 Using determinants, show that the following system of equations is inconsistent:
lx-y + z = 4:, A:+3y +22=12, 3:r + 2y + 32 = 10.
looww
2x-y + 2 = 4
a: + 3y + 22 = 12
3x + 2y + 32 = 10.
2 -1 1
ree
Here, D = 1 3 2 =2(9-4) + l(3-6) + l(2-9)=0
eeF
3 2 3 I
r FF
4 -1 1
and. Di= 12 3 2 =4(9-4) + l(36-20)+{24-30)=30?i0.
roFrr
s fof
u
10 2 3
Hence, the given system of equations is inconsistent.

k
kos o
YYouor
EXAMPLE 9 Solve the following system of equations by using determinants:

x +y+z = 1
BBoo
ax + by + cz = k
r ee
ai^ X+ b^ y + c'^ z =
ad

ouur
Yo
1 1 1
D = a b c
d
Re
.2 ^2
dinY
FFin
1 0 0
D = b -a
a c -a
[ApplyingC2C2 -Cj andC3->03-Cj]
a 2 ^2_^2 ,2_,2
1 0 0
D =(b - fl) (c - fl) fl 1 1 Taking (b - a) and {c - a) common
2 b+a c+a fromC2 andC3 respectively
a
D ={b-a) {c-a) xlx b+a

^
1
c+a [Expanding along Kj]
D =(b - a) {c - a) {c + a - b - a) ={b - c) (c - a) (a -b)

1 1 1
Di = k b c ={b-c)(c-k){k-b) [Replacing a by cf in (i)]
k^ &2 ^2
1 1 1
D2 = a k c = {k -c) (c - a) (a-k) [Replacing b by /c in (i)]
1 1 1
and, D3 = a b k = {a-b) ib-k) (k-a) [Replacing c by cf in (i)]
Di _ D2 and z =
X = — y =
D ' D D
{b-c){c-k){k-b) (k -c){c- a) {a - k) andz -

{a-b) {b -k) {k - a)
^ (b~c)(c-fl)(fl-b)' ^ {b-c){c-a)(a-b) (a~b) (b -c) {c ~a)
ww
(c-k){k-b) {k-c){a-k) ib-k){k-a)
Hence, x = and 2 =
(c-a){a-b)' ^ (b-c) {a-b) (b-c){c-a)
Flo
is the solution of given system of equations.
e
EXAMPLE 10 The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply the third number by 2 and add the first
ree
number to the result, we get 7. By adding second and third numbers to three times the first number we get
Fr
12. Use determinants to find the numbers.
rF
SOLUTION Let the three numbers be :r, y and 2. Then, from the given conditions, we obtain
uurr
X + y +z - 6 or. X +y+z = 6
for
x + 2z = 7 X + Oi/ + 2z =7
s
3x + y + z = 12 3x + y + z = 12
kks
Yo
oooo
1 1 1
Here, D = 1 0 2 = l(0-2)-l(l-6) + l(l-0) = -2 + 5 + 1 = 4

eB
3 1 1
6 1 1|
D| = 7 0 2| = 6(0-2)-l(7-24) + l(7-0) = -12 + 17+7 = 12
ur
ad
12 1 1]
YYo
U 6 1|
D2=|1 7 2| = 1(7 -24)-6(1 -6)+1 (12-21) = -17+ 30-9 = 4
dd
|3 12 1|
Re
in
1 1 6
F
and. D3 = 1 0 7 = l(0-7)-l(12-21) + 6(l-0) = -7 + 9+6 = 8

3 1 12
_ Di _ 12 D2 _ —4 = 1 and 2 - - = 2.
a: - = 3,y = D
D 4 ^ 4 D 4
Thus, the three numbers are 3,1 and 2.

EXAMPLE 11 Solve the following system of equations by Cramer's rule:
2 3 10 .4 6 5 .6 9 20
- + — + — = 4, +- = land - + = 2.
X y z X y z X y z
SOLUTION Let - = — = u and - = w. Then, the above system of equations can be

a: 2
written as y
111 + 3i» + lOzt; = 4
4u -6v + 5w =1
6u + 9v - 2Qw = 2
DETERMINANTS 5.75
2 3 lOj
Here, D = 4 -6 5 =2 (120 - 45) - 3 (- 80 - 30) +10(36+ 36) =150 + 330 + 720 =1200
6 9 -20]
4 3 10
D1 = 1 -6 5 = 4(120-45)- 3(-20-10)+10(9 + 12)=300 + 90 + 210 = 600
2 9-20
2 4 10
D2 = 4 1 5 ^ 2(-20-10)-4(-80- 30)+10(8-6)=-60 + 440+ 20 = 400

6 2 -20
oww
12 3 4
and, D3 = 4 -6 1 = 2(-12-9)-3(8-6) + 4(36+ 36) = -42-6 + 288=240
16 9 2
ee
1 1 .
u 9l - = 1 1 1 _ D2 _ 400 _1
=> X = 2, V = -=- => y = 3'
D ~ 1200 ~ 2 ~D ~ 1200 ~ 3
FFrlo
X 2 y 3
r
1 1
^ ^ ^ 1
rF
=> z = 5
ee
and, w =
D 1200 5 z 5
Hence, x = 2, y = 3 and z = 5.
rF
ouru
ffosor
EXAMPLE 12 If f (x) = ax^ +bx + c is a quadratic function such that f (1) = 8, / (2) =11 and
os k
/ (- 3) = 6, find f (x) by using determinants. Also, ifnd f (0).
SOLUTION We have, / (x) = ax'^ +bx + c
ook
Yo
Y
Bo
f {1) =1 S => a + b + c = 8
reeB
/ (2) = 11 => 4rt + 2b + c =11 and, / (- 3) = 6 => 9« - 3b + c = 6

Thus, we obtain the following system of equations
ooY
uur
a +b + c = 8
ad
4fl + 2b + c = 11
dY
9a-3b + c = 6
nind
For this system of equations, we have

Re
1 1 1
F
Fi
D = 4 2 1= l(2+3)-l(4-9) + l(-12-18) = 5+5-30 = -20

9-3 1
8 1 1
D1 11 2 1 = 8(2+3)-l(ll-6)+l(-33-12) = 40-5-45 = -10
6-3 1
1 8 1
30
D2 = 4 11 1 = 1 (11 -6)-8(4-9)+ 1(24-99) = 5 + 40-75 =
9 6 1
1 1 8
and. D3 = 4 2 11 =l(12+33)-l(24-99) + 8(-12-18)=45 + 75-240 = -120
9-3 6
a
= 6
D -20 2' D -20 2 D -20
3
Hence, f{x) ~ — a: + 6. Consequently, / (0) = 6.
EXAMPLE 13 Determine the values ofXfor which the following system of equations fail to have a unique
solution:
Xx+ 3y-z = 1
x + 2y + z = 2
-Xx + y + 2z =s -1
Does it have any solution for this value of X7
SOLUTION The given system of equations will fail to have unique solution, if
D = 0
3 -1
w
i.e. 1 2 1 = 0
->-1 2
Flo
>.{4-l)-3(2 + >-)-(l-f2X) = 0
3?.-6-3?.-l-2X = 0^ -2X-7 = 0^ X = -~
ee
2
Fr
7 13-1
For>. = —, we obtain; Di = 2 2 1 = 16 0.
2 ^
^ -11 2 for
ur
7
Thus, for >. = - —, we have D = 0 and Di ^ 0.
2 ^
s
ok
Yo
Hence, the given system of equations has no solution for >. = - -

2
Bo
EXAMPLE 14
For what values of a and b, the following system of equations is consistent?
x+y+z = 6
re
2x + 5y + az = b
ou
ad
x + 2y+3z =14
SOLUTION
The given system of equations is consistent, if D 0 or,
Y
if D = 0, then
Di = D2 —F)^ = 0.
nd
We have.
Re
1 1 1
Fi
D = 2 5 a =15-2fl-6 + fl + 4-5 = 8-fl

1 2 3
611
Di = b 5 a = 6(15-2fl)-(3b-14fl)+(26-70) = 2fl-& + 20
14 2 3
1 6 1
D2 = 2 b a = (3iJ-14fl)-6(6-fl) + (28-i>) = -8fl + 26-8
1 14 3
1 1 6
and. D3 = 2 5 b = (70-2i)-(28-&) + 6(4-5) = 36-fc
1 2 14
Now, D=?t0 => fl-8?i0 a *8.
Thus, the given system of equations will be consistent and will have unique solution for 8.
DETERMINANTS 5.77
For a = 8, we have
D=0andD^ = 36-b,D2=2b -72, D^=36-b

Clearly, Dj = D2 = D3 = 0 forb = 36.
Thus, forfl = 8 and b = 36, we obtain : D = = D2 = D3 = 0.
Putting fl = 8 and b = 36 the given system of equations reduces to
x +y +z = 6
2:r + 5y + 82 = 36
a: + 2y + 3z = 14
Taking z = k, first and third equations become
ww
x + y = 6-fc
a: + 2y = 14 - 3fc
FF loo
Solving these equations by Cramer's rule, we get
6-fc 1 1 6-fc
ree
|14-3fc 2| = 12-2fc-14 + 3fc = cf-2, y = |1 14-3fc = 14-3fc-6 + cf = 8-2fc
^ “ T“lj 1 1
reeF
1 21
1 2j
oroFr
r ur
Thus, we obtain : a: = cf-2, y = 8-2fc,z = cf. Clearly, these values satisfy the second
equation. Thus, the given system of equations will be consistent and will have infinitely many
s ff
solutions for = 8 and b = 36.
k
YYouo
Hence, the given system of equation will be consistent if 8 and e R or, if - 8 and b - 36.
kos o
EXAMPLE 15 For what values of a and b, the system of equations

BBoo
2x + ay + 6z = 8
r ee
AT + 2y + bz =5
a: + y + 3z = 4
ad
(iii) no solution.
ouur
Ims: (i) a unique solution (ii) infinitely many solutions

Yo

12 fl 6|
d
D = |l 2 b
Re
idnY
11 1 31
FFin
D = 2(6-b)-fl(3-b) + 6(l-2)
D = 12-2b-3a+ ab-6 = e-3a-lb+ab = [b-3) {a-2)
8 a 6
Di = 5 2 b
4 1 3
Di = 8(6-l»)-fl(15-4l!) + 6(5-8)
Dj = 48-8b-15fl + 4fli7-18 = 30-15fl - 86 + 4flfe = (a - 2) (46-15)
2 8 6
D2 = 1 5 6
14 3
D2 = 2(15-46)-8(3-6) + 6(4-5) = 30-86-24+86-6 = 0

5.78
MATHEMATICS-XII
2 8
and. D3 = 1 2 5 = 2(8-5)-fl(4-5) + 8(l-2) = 6 + rt-8 = fl-2
1 1 4
(i) For unique solution, we must have

D 0 (a -2) (b - 3) 0 => Neither a ^2, nor b ^ 3,
(ii) For infinitely many solutions, we must have
D = Dj = D2 = D3 = 0
=> {a-2){b-3) = 0, (fl - 2) (4& -15) = 0 and fl - 2 = 0
=> a = 2.
Putting fl = 2 in the given system of equations, we obtain

2a: + 2y + 6z = 8
x + 2y + bz =5
ww
a: + y + 3z = 4
This system is equivalent to the system
AT + y+3z = 4
Flo
X + 2y + bz=5
e
Putting z = k,-we get
rere
A: + y =
r FF
x + 2y = 5-bk
Solving these two equations, we get: x = 3-2k + bk, y=l-bk + k
uurr
foor
Thus, the given system has infirutely many solutions given by
X = 3 - 2k +bk, y = 1 -bk + k,z = k, where k eR.
kss
Yoo
Hence, the system has infinitely many solutions for a = 2.

ooook
(iii) For no solution, we must have

eBB
D = 0 and at least one of , D2 and D3 is non-zero.

Clearly, for b = 3,-we have
uurr
D = 0 andD3 ^ 0.
ad
Hence, the system has no solution for b -3.

Yo
dY
EXERCISE 5.4
BASIC
Re
innd
Solve the following systems of linear equations by Cramer's rule:

Fi
1. x-2y = 4 2. 2A:-y=l 3. 2A:-y=17

~ 3x + 5y = -7 7x-2y = -7 3a: + 5y = 6
4. 3AT + y=19 5. 2A:-y = -2 6. 3a: + fly = 4
3x-y^23 3a: + 4y = 3 2x + ay = 2,a^Q
7. 2x+ 3y = 10 8. 5x-¥7y = -2 9. 9x + 5y=10
a: -I- 6y = 4 4x + Sy = -3 3y-2x=8
10. AT-i-2y=l
3A: + y = 4
Solve the following system of the linear equations by Cramer's rule:
11. 3x + y + z = 2 12. A:-4y-z = ll 13. 6a: + y - 3z =5
2x~4y+ 3z = -l 2A:-5y + 2z = 39 a: -I- 3y -2z =5
4A: + y-3z=-ll - 3a: + 2y -I- z = 1 2a: + y 4- 4z = 8
DETERMINANTS 5.79
14. A:+y=5 15. 2y - 3z = 0 16. 5x -7y +z = \l

y +z = 3 a: + 3y = - 4 6x-8i/-2 = 15
x+z=4 3a: + 4y = 3 3a: + 2y - 62 = 7
17. 2a:-3y-42 = 29 18. A: + y=l 19. AT+l/+2 + l= 0
- 2a:+ 5y-2 = -15 a: + 2 = - 6 ax + hy + CZ + d = 0
3a: - y + 5z = -11 x-y-2z = 3 a^x + b^y + =0
20. A: + y + 2 + UJ = 2 21. 2x-32 + uj=1
A:-2y + 22+2w=-6 a: - y + 2ty = 1

2A: + y-2z + 2w=-5 -3y + z + uJ=l
ww
3x-y +3z-3w = -3 AT + y+ 2=1
Show that each of the following systems of linear equations is inconsistent:
22. 2a:-y =5 23. 3x + y=5 24. 3a: - y + 2z = 3
Flo
4x-2y=7 -6x-2y = 9 2a: + y + 32 = 5
e
eree
x-2y-z = l
25. 3ac - y + 22 = 6
FFr
2a: - y + 2 = 2
uurr
3x + 6y + 52 = 20.
orr
sfo
Show that each of the following systems of linear equations has infinite number of solutions and
solve (26 - 30)
kks
Yoo
26. A:-y+ 2 = 3 27. a: + 2y =5 28. A: + y-2 = 0

oooo
2A: + y-2 = 2 3a: + 6y = 15 A:-2y + 2 = 0

eBB
-A:-2y + 2z=l 3a: + 6y -52 = 0

29. 2A: + y-2z=4 30. a: - y + 32 = 6
urr
A:-2y + z = -2 X + 3y - 3z = - 4
ad
5a: -5y + 2 = - 2 5x+ 3y + 3z = 10

YYo
31. A salesman has the following record of sales during three months for three items
A, B and C which have different rates of commission.
dd
Re
Month Sale of units Total commission drawn (in f)

inn
A B C
F
Jan 90 100 20 800
Feb 130 50 40 900
March 60 100 30 850
Find out the rates of commission on items A, B and C by using determinant method.
32. An automobile company uses three types of steel Sj, % and S3 for producing three types of
cars Cl, C2 and C3. Steel requirements (in tons) for each type of cars are given below:
Cars
Cl C2 C3
3 4
Si 2
1 2
S2 1
2 1
S3 3
Using Cramer's rule, find the number of cars of each type which can be produced using 29,
13 and 16 tonnes of steel of three types respectively.
ANSWERS
1. .r = -6,y = -5 2. x = ~3,y=-7 3. x=7, y = ~3 4. x=7,y = -2

12 16
5. a: = ,y = — 6. x = 2,y = ~- 7. x = 2 8.. = 9 7
11 ^ 11 a 2'^ 2
w
10 92 1
9. ;c=- y = m x=- 11. x = -l,y = 2,z = 3
37' 37 5'" = -5
12. x = -1,i/ = -5,2 = 8 13. :r=l,y = 2,z=l
14. x=^3,y=2,z=l 15. jt =5, y = - 3,2 =-2 16. >:=l,y = -l,2=-l
e
roow
17. :c = 2,y=-3,2 = -4 18. A: = -2,y = 3,2 = -4
re
19. x = -
{b-c){c-d){d-b) {a-d)(d-c){c - a) (a-b) {b-d){d-a)
r y=-
(fl -b) {b -c) (c - a) (a -b) {b -c){c - a)' (a-b) {b -c) (c-a)
reF
uFFll
20. x = -2, V = 3,2 =—
3
=-
1
21. :c=l,y=-^7' 2 = —,zt; =-
2 1
e
2 2 7 7
5 , 4 ,
25. :r = -3,y = -l,2 =7 26. x= — ,y-k —,z=k
sFr
3 ^ 3
27. x=5-2k,y = k foro 28. X = k,y- 2k, z = 3k
ofk
uor
6+3k 8 +4k 7-3k 3k ~5
29. x = , y = ,z = k 30. ;c = , y- , z=k
5 ■' 5 2 ^ 2
kos
Y

Yo
reeBB
oo
31. Let X, y and z be the rates of commission in ? of items A, B and C respectively. Then, we
have
uurY
90a: + lOOy + 20z = 800, 130a: + 50y + 40z = 900 and, 60x + lOOy + 30z = 850
5.7.3 SOLUTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
ad
In the previous sub-section, we have learnt about the solution of a non- homogeneous system of
doo
nY
linear equations and its consistency and inconsistency.

Let us now consider a homogeneous system of equations given by
nid
Re
a-y X + b-^y + CiZ = 0

F
Fi
^2 a: + ^2 y + ^2 z = 0
fl3A: + b3y + C32 = 0
For this system of equations, we have
0 flj 0
h H Cl Aj 0
D1 0 h C2 = 0, D2 = ^2 0 C2 = Oand, D3 = <J2 ^2 0 = 0-
0 b^ C3 ^3 0 C3 ^3 ^3 0
«1 Cj D1 ^2 Ds
If D = ^2 ^2 C2 0, then .r = = 0,y = = 0 and 2 = = 0.
D D D
«3 &3 C3
Thus, ifD ^0, then the homogeneous system of equations has unique solution a: = 0, y = 0,2 = 0.
This solution is called the trivial solution.
If D = 0, then a homogeneous system of equations has infinitely many solutions. Solutions other
than the trivial solution are called non-lrivial or non-zero solutions.
DETERMINANTS 5.81
In order to solve a homogeneous system of equations by Cramer's rule, we may use the
following algorithm.
ALGORITHM
Step I Obtain the system of equations and compute D i.e. the determinant of the coefficient matrix.
Step n IfD ^ 0, then the system has only the trivial solution i.e. x = y=z = 0.So,x = 0=y=zis the
only solution of the given system.
Step III IfD = 0, then take any two out of three equations and replace one of the variables z (say) by k.
Solve the system so obtained by Cramer's rule. The solution so obtained with z = k gives a
solution of the given system.
ww
REMARK It is evident from the above discussion that a homogeneous system of equations will have
non-trivialsolution iff\D\-0.
Flo
e
eree
EXAMPLE 1 Solve the following system of homogeneous equations:
FFr
3x-4y + 52 = 0
uurr
x + y~2z = 0
2x+ 2>y +z = 0 orr
sfo
kks
Yoo
3-4 5
oooo
D = 1 1 -2 = 46 ^ 0.
2 3 1
eBB
So, the given system of equations has only the trivial solution i.e. :c = y = 2 = 0.
urr
x+y-z =0
ad
YYo
AT-2y+2 = 0
3x + 6y -5z = 0
dd

Re
inn
1 1 -1
F
D = 1 -2 1 = lx(10-6)~lx{-5-3)-lx(6 + 6)= 4 + 8-12 = 0

3 6-5
So, the system has infinitely many solutions. Consider the first two equations. Putting 2 = ^: in
first two equations, we get
X + y = cf
x-2y = -k
Solving these equations by Cramer's rule, we obtain
k 1 1 k
P2 _ 1
-2 -k
-k
— and, V = -2k _ ^
1 -3 3 ^ D 1 1 -3 " 3
1 -2 1 -2
2k
- ,y = —,2 = k. Clearly, these values satisfy the third equation.
Thus, we have x = —
3 3
2k
Hence, x = —
- ,y = — ,z = k gives the solution for each value of k.
3 3
EXAMPLE 3 Find the value ofXfor which the homogeneous system of equations:
2x+ 3y~2z = 0
2.t - y + 3z = 0
7x + Xy -z = 0
has non-trivial sohitioiis. Find the solution.
SOLUTION The given system of equations will have non-trivial solution, if
oww
D = 0
2 3-2
i.e. 2-1 3 = 0
7 -1
ee
2 (1 - 3 X) - 3 {- 2 - 21) - 2 (2 + 7) =0
FFrlo
S7
r
2-6X+69-4X-U = 0=> -10 >. + 57 = 0=> X = —
10
rF
57
ee
Hence, the given system of equations will have non-trivial solutions, if .
10
Let us now find solutions for this value of X.
ouru
rF
Taking first two equations and replacing 2 by k, we get 2x + 3y = 2k
2x~y = -3k ffosor
os k
Solving these two equations by Cramer's rule, we get
2k 3 2 2k
-3k -1 2 -3k
ook
Yo
-2k + 9k -7k -10k 5k

Y
X
y =
2 3| -2-6 8 2 3 -8 4
Bo
2 -II 2 -1
reeB
Substituting these values of x and y in the third equation i.e.7x + Xy -z = 0, we obtain

oouY
ur
-7k -49 , 57 5k ,
LHS = 7 X + Xx k ~ k + — X k = 0 = RHS V
ad
8 4 8 10 4 10
dY
7k 5k
Hence, x = - , y ' 2 = k gives the solution of the given system of equations for each
8
nidn
Re
value of k.

F
Fi
EXAMPLE 4 // the system of equations

X - cy + bz
y = <72 + cx
z = hx + ay
has a non-trivial solution, show that a^ + b'^ +c^ + 2abc = 1
SOLUTION The given system of equations can be written as

x-cy -bz - 0
cx - y + <72 = 0
bx + <7y - 2 = 0
If it has a non-trivial solution, then
|l -c -b
c -1 a = 0
lb a -1
DETERMINANTS 5.83
lx{l -a^) + c{-c -ab) -b{ca + h) = 0

=> 1 - - abc - abc - b^ = 0 => + labc = 1.
EXAMPLES
If a, b, c are distinct real numbers and the system of equations
ax + a^ y + {a'^ ■¥ \) z = 0
bx + b'^ y + (b^ +l)z = 0
cx + y+ {c^ +l)z = 0
has a non-trivial solution, show that abc = -1.
SOLUTION It is given that the given system of homogeneous linear equations has a non-trivial
solution.
,3+1
ww
a
b b^ + 1 = 0
c +1
Flo
{a -b){b - c) (c - fl) (1 + abc) = 0 [See Example 30 on page 5.28]
e
I + abc - 0 [●.* a^b * c a-b=:^0,b~c*0,c-a^0]
rere
=> abc = -1.
r FF
EXAMPLE 6 Ifx,y,z are not all zero such that
ax + y + z = 0
uurr
foor
x + by + z = 0
X + y + cz = 0,
kss
1 1 1
Yoo
then prove that = 1.

ooook
+ +
I -a 1 -b 1 -c
eBB
SOLUTION It is given that x, y, z are not all zero. This means that there are non-trivial solutions
of the given system of equations.
uurr
a 1 1
ad
1 b 1 = 0=> abc-a-c-b + 1 = 0=> abc = a + b + c-2 ...(i)

Yo
1 1 c
dY
1 1 1 (1 -b) (1 -c) + (1 -c) (1 -fl) + (1 -b)

Now,
Re
\-a l-b 1-c a-a) (l-b) (1-c)

innd
3-2{a+ b + c) + {ab +bc + ca)

Fi
1 - {a + b + c) + {ab + be + ca) - abc

3 - 2{a + b + c) + {ab + bc + ca)
[Using (i)]
I -{a + b + c) + {ab + bc + ca) -{a +b + c) + 2
3-2{a + b + c) + {ab + bc + ca) = 1.
3 - 2{a + b + c) +{ab +bc + ca)
EXERCISE 5.5
BASIC
Solve each of the following system of homogeneous linear equations:

1. A: + y-2z = 0 2. 2x + 3y + 4z = 0 3. 3x + y + 2 = 0
2x + y - 3z = 0 a: + y +2 = 0 x-Ay+3z = 0
5x + 4y - 9z = 0 2x + 5y - 2z = 0 2x + 5y-2z = 0
reB
BASED ON HOTS
4. Find the real values of X for which the following system of linear equations has non-trivial
ll
solutions. Also, find the non-trivial solutions
2Xx~-2y + 3z = 0
x+Xy + 2z = 0
f
2x-\-Xz - 0
Fu
5, If a, b, c are non-zero real numbers and if the system of equations
{a-\) X = y + 2
{h-l)y = z-^x
ei
(c-l)2 = x-¥y
has a non-trivial solution, then prove that ah +hc + ca - abc.
ow
A^S\NERS
1. X = k,y = k,z = k, wherek eR 2. X = 0,y = 0,z = 0

3. x = -7k,y = 8k,z = 13k, where, k eR 4. X = 2,x=k, y = — ,z--k wheiek eR
F
re
1. If A = diag (1, 2, 3), then I AI =

rF FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)
Yo
2. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3x3, then | A | =

for [CBSE2020]
'1 3 x + 2']
ou
3. If the matrix A = 2 4 8 is singular, then x =
ks
3 5 10
oo
4. If A and Bare non-singular square matrices of order n such that A =fcB,then 14-
Y
1^
eB
a 2
5. The set of real values of a for which the matrix A = is non-singular is
2 4
ou
ad
6. IfAisa2x2 matrix such that [ A | = 5, then 15A | =

7. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such that | A [ = -1, | B | = 3, then | SAB | =
[CBSE2020]
nd
Re
a 2
8. IfA =
2 a
and| A^ | =125, then a =
Fi
'\nx -1
9. If A = and if det (A) = 2, then x =.
-ln.r 2
10. If I is the identity matrix of order 10, then determinant of / is

11. If IAI denotes the value of the determinant of a square matrix of order 3, then | - 2A
12. Let A = be a 3x3 matrix such that | A ] =5. If C,y = Cofactor of Ojj in A. Then
^11 Cii + fli2 Cj2 + fli3 Cj3 =
13. In the above question, C21 + «?i2 C22 + ^*13 C23 =
14. If A = diag (2,3,4), then | A^ | =
15. Let A = [i^yjbe a square matrix of orders with| A | =2andletC =[c,y], where = cofactor of
Ojj in A. Then, | C | =
DETERMINANTS 5.85
1 2 3
16. The value of the determinant A = 4 5 6 is
3a: 6a: 9a:
sec^ 0 tan ^ 0 1
17. The value of the determinant A = tan^G sec^G -1 IS
22 20 2
0 x-y y-z
18. The value of the determinant A = y-x 0 z-x IS
z-y x-z 0
ww
19. Let A =[<^^]and B = [b,y]be a square matrices of order 3 such that
- 2 '^1/ b/2 = 3 0i2 and =4 i = 1,2, 3
Ifl>l|=5, then|B| =
Flo
20. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such that | A | = - 2, | B ] = 4, then | 2AB \ =
e
cos (a: + y) - sin (a: + y) cos 2y
eree
21. The value of determinant smA: cos a: siny depends on only.
FFr
-cos a: smA:
siny
uurr
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
orr
{2^ + 2~^f (2^-2"'')^ 1
sfo
22. Ifx, y,zeR, then the value of the determinant (3^ + 3”^)^ (3’^-3~*)^ 1 is equal
kks
Yoo
(4^+4-^)2 (4^-4-^)2 1
oooo
to. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

eBB
17 19 23
(1+x) a+x) (i+X)
23. If/(A:) = (1+^)
23
(l + x)
29
(1+^)
34
= A + Ba: + Ca:^ + ,, then A
urr
41 43 47
{1+X) (l + x) (1+^)
ad
YYo
INCERT EXEMPLAR)
0 cos 9 sin 0 ^
dd
24. If cos20 = 0, then cos 0 sin 0 0 [NCERT EXEMPLAR)

Re
inn
sin0 0 COS0
F
25. If A is a matrix of order 3x3, then the number of minors in A is [NCERT EXEMPLAR)
X 3 1
26. Ifx = -9 isarootof 2x 2 = 0, then other two roots are [NCERT EXEMPLAR)
7 6 X
0 xyz X -2
27. y-x 0 y-z [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
2-x 2-y 0
28. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 and | A [ =5, | B| =5, then[ 3AB| =
x+1 x+2 x+a
29. If x + 2 x+3 x + 6 =0, then fl,b, c arein

x+ 3 x+4 x+c
sinA cosA sinA + cosB

30. The value of the determinant sinB cos A sinB + cosB IS.
sinC cosA sinC + cosB
x+a p+u l+f

31. If the determinant \/ + b q + v m + g splits into exactlydeterminants of order 3, each
z+c r+w n+h
element of which contains only one term, then k=

1 1 1
oww
32. The maximum value of 1 l + sin9 1 IS
1 1 1 + cos 6
sinÂ cotA 1
33. If A, B,C are the angles of a triangle, then sin^B .[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
e
cotB 1
FFrlo
re
sin^C cotC 1
ree
F
V^ + >/3 V5 y[5
34. The determinant A = Vl5 + V46 5 VlO is equal to is equal to.
rF
3 + VU5 Vl5 5
fsoor
ouur
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
skf
sin^SS" sin^57° cosl80°
ooko
35. The value of the determinant A = -sin ^57° -sin^33° cos^lSO® is equal to
Yo
sin^33° sin^57°
Y
coslSO®
Bo
reB
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
2-x 2+x 2+x
uur
oY
36. If 2+x 2-x 2+x = 0, then:c = [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

ad
2+x 2+x 2-x

dY
T
37. If A is a square matrix of order 3 and ] A | = 2, then | - AA [CBSE2020]
innd
'3 -5' '1 17'

Re
38. IfA = and B = , thenl AB | =. [CBSE 2020]

2 0
|_0 -10_
Fi
F
ANSWERS
n
1. 6 2. 0 3. 4 4. k 5. R-{1|
6. 125 7. -81 8. ± 3 9. 10. 1
n. -8|A 12. 5 13. 0 14. 576 15. 4

16. 0 17. 0 18. 0 19. 120 20. -64
21. y 22. zero 23. zero 24. 1 25. 9

2
26. 2,7 27. {y-z){z-x)iy-x + xi/z) 28. 405 29. AP

1
30. zero 31. 8 32. 33. zero 34. zero
2
35. zero 36. 0,-6 37. -4 38. -100

DETERMINANTS 5.87

question:
!● If A is a singular matrix, then write the value of | A|.
. [5 - X X + 1 [CBSE 2011]
2. For what value of X, the matnx ^ ^ is singular?
2 3 4
3. Write the value of the determinant 2x 3x 4x
5 6 8
2 3
4. State whether the matrix is singular or nonsingular.
6 4
w
4200 4201
5. Find the value of the determinant
4202 4203 ’
Flo
101 102 103
6. Find the value of the determinant 104 105 106
reeee
107 108 109
FFr
a \ b + c
7. Write the value of the determinant b I c +a for
c I a +b
ur
ro n 0 1
8. If A = and B = , find the value of | A| +1 B\.
kkss
i 1 1 0
Yo
oo
■ 1 O'
9. If A= 2 andB = , find|AB|.
eB
-1 0
4785 4787
10. Evaluate:
r
4789 4791’
ou
2
ad
1 w
2
11.
If zy is an imaginary cube root of unity, find the value of 1
YY
w w
2 1
“^=[3 ^ and B = ^
w
w
12.
2 ,find|AB|.
ndd
Re
13.
If A = is a 3 X 3 diagonal matrix such that aî = 1, ZI22 = 2 and ^22 = 3, then find | A |.
Fi
14.
If A = [Ofj] is a 3 X 3 scalar matrix such that Ajj = 2, then write the value of | Aj.
15.
If /3 denotes identity matrix of order 3x3, write the value of its determinant.
16. A matrix A of order 3x3 has determinant 5. What is the value of 13A|? [CBSE 2012]
17.
On expanding by first row, the value of the determinant of 3 x 3 square matrix A = [0{j] is
^11 ^11 + ^12 ^12 + ^^13 ^13' where C/y is the cofactor of Ojj in A. Write the expression for its
value on expanding by second column.
18.
Let A = [ojj] be a square matrix of order 3x3 and Cy denote cofactor of in A. If | Aj =5,
write the value of C31 + a^2 ^32 ^33 ^33-
19.
In question 18, write the value of flu C21 + <^12 ^22 + ^13 ^23- [CBSE 20201
sin 20° cos 20°
20. Write the value of
sin 70° cos 70°
T’
21. If/i is a square matrix satisfying A' A =/, write the value of |A|.
22. If A and Bare square matrices of the same order such that |Aj = 3 and AB = I, then write the
vaUie of I B|.
23. A is a skew-symmetric of order 3, write the value of | A|.
24. If A is a square matrix of order 3 with determinant 4, then write the value of |- A|.
25. If A is a square matrix such that} A | = 2, write the value of | AA^|.
243 156 300
26. Find the value of the determinant 81 52 100 .
-3 0 4
w
[2-3 5
27. Write the value of the determinant 4 -6 10
16 -9 15
Flo
■ 5x 2'
28. If the matrix is singular, find the value of x.
e
-10 1
reee
FFr
29. If A is a square matrix of order n x « such that | A[ = A., then write the value of | - A|.
2^ 2 ^ 2^
for
ur
30. Find the value of the determinant 2^ 2^ 2^ .
^4 ^5 26
kkss
Yo
31. If A and B are non-singular matrices of the same order, write whether AB is singular or
oo
non-singular.
eB
32. A matrix of order 3x3 has determinant 2. What is the value of | A (3/) |, where I is the
identy matrix of order 3x3.

33. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such thatj A|= -1, | 61 = 3, then find the value of
ur
ad
|3AB|.
YYo
a + ib c + id
34. Write the value of [CBSE 20081
-c + id a-ib '
d
Re
2-3 5
in
35. Write the cofactor of ^^2 iri the matrix 6 0 4 [CBSE 2008]
F
1 5 -7
36. If 2;r+5 3| = 0, find x. [CBSE 20081

5x + 2 9\
I X
37. Find the value of X from the following: 2x^=0 [CBSE 2009]
2 3 4
38. Write the value of the determinant 5 6 8 (CBSE 2009]
6x 9x 12x
39. If I A| = 2, where A is 2 x 2 matrix, find | adj A|. [CBSE 2010]

0 2 0[
40. What is the value of the determinant 2 3 4 ? [CBSE 20101
4 5 61
DETERMINANTS 5.89
6-x 4
41. For what value of a: is the matrix singular? [CBSE2011]
3-x 1
42. A matrix A of order 3 x 3 is such that| A\ = 4. Find the value of \2A\. ICBSE2011]
cos 15° sin 15°
43. Evaluate: ICBSE2011]
sin 75° cos 75° ●
5 3 8
44. IfA= 2 0 1 .Write the cofactor of the element 032- 1CBSE2012]

1 2 3
x +\ x-1 4 -1
45. If , then write the value of x. [CBSE2013]
x-3 x+2 1 3
w
2x x+ 3 1 5
46. If = , then write the value of x. [CBSE2013]
2{:r + l) x +1 3 3
47. If
Flo
3x 7
=
8 7
, find the value of x. [CBSE2014]
ee
-2 4 6 4
Fr
2x 5 6-2
48. If , write the value of X. ICBSE2014J
8 X 7
for
ur
49. IfAisa3x 3matrix,|A| 0and|3A | = /c | A | then write the valueoffc. ICBSE2014]
P P+1
ks
50. Write the value of the determinant [CBSE2014]

Yo
P-1 P
oo
x +y y+z z+x
eB
51. Write the value of the determinant 2 X

y ICBSE 20151
-3 -3 -3
r
ou
ad
cos 0 sin 0
52. IfA = then for any natural number, find the value of Det (A"). [CBSE 20151
Y
-sin0 COS0
1 1 1
nd
Re
53. Find the maximum value of 1 1 + sin 0 1 ICBSE 20161

Fi
1 1 1 + cos 0
x+3 -2
54. IfxeNand = 8, then find the value of x. [CBSE 2016]
-3x 2x
X sin 0 cos 0
55. If -sin 0 -X 1 = 8, write the value of x. ICBSE 2016]
COS0 1 X
56. IfAisa3x 3matrix,thenwhatwillbethevalueof/cifDet(A 1) =(Det A)*^ ? [CBSE2017J

57. A and B are square matrices of the same order 3, such that AB = 21 and | A | = 2, write the
value of I B|. [CBSE 20191
58. A square matrix A is said to be singular, if [CBSE 2020]

ANSWERS
1. 0 2. 3 3. 0 4. Non-singular 5.-2 6. 0 7. 0
8. 0 9. 0 10. -8 n. 0 12. -70 13. 6 14. 8 15. 1
16. 135 17. ^22 ^22 ^32 ^32 ^ 19. 0 20. 1 21. ±1
22. 1/3 23. 0 24. -4 25. 4 26. 0 27. 0 28.-4 29. (-1)” X
30. 0 31. Non-singular 32. 54 33. - 81 34. a^+b^ + c^ + 35. 46

36. -13 37. ±2 38. 0 39. 8 40. 8 41. 2 42. 32 43. 0
44. 11 45. 2 46. 1 47. -2 48. ± 6 49. 27 50. 1 51. 0
ww
52. 1 53. - 54. ±2 55. -2,-2w,-2zv^ 56. cf = -l 57. 4 58. 0
2
Flo
e
eree
FFr
uurr
orr
sfo
kks
Yoo
oooo
eBB
urr
ad
YYo
dd
Re
inn
F
CHAPTER 6
ADJOINT AND
INVERSE OF A MATRIX
6.1 ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX
ADJOINT Let A = [rty] be a square matrix of order n and let Cq be cofactor ofaq in A. Then the transpose of
ww
the matrix of cofactors of elements of A is called the adjoint of A and is denoted by adj A.
Thus, adj A = [Cy]^ => {adj A)jj = Cjj = Cofactor of fly,■ in A.
If
A = fl2]
flu fl|2
fl?9
fii3
fl23 , then, adj A = C21 C22
Flo
^11 ^12 ^13
^23
11
C12
^21
C22
^31
C32 /
e e
.^31 ^^32 ^33 C31 c 32 <^33 ^13 ^23 C33.
rere
rFF
where Cq denotes the cofactor of aq in A.
= ^ ^
uur r
ILLUSTRATION 1 Find the adjoint of matrix A = [Ojj]
foor
SOLUTION We have.
sks
Cofactor of Aj | = s, Cofactor of flj2 =-r, Cofactor of fl2i = - ^ and, Cofactor of 022 = P-

Yoo
■^T
ooko
s -r
s -q
adj A =
-q p -r
V
eBB
RULE It is evident from this example that the adjomtofa square matrix of order 2 can be easily obtained by
interchanging the diagonal elements and changing signs of off-diagonal elements.
uurr
-2 3 f4 - 3'
ad
//A = , then by the above rule, we obtain adj A - ^ 2 ●

Yo
-5 4
■ 1 1 1
dY
ILLUSTRATION 2 Find the adjoint of matrix A = [Ojj] = 2 1 -3

Re
innd
-12 3
SOLUTION Let Cq be cofactor of a^j in A. Then, the cofactors of elements of A are given by
FFi
1 -3 2 -3 2 1
3 =5' C 12 ●^13 = =5
=
2 -1 3 -1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
^21 - 2 3
= -l. ^22 - -1 3
= 4, ^23 -1 2
= -3
l\=5,
1 1 1 1 1
^31 - 1 _3 --4. C32-- 2 -3 ●^33 = 2 1
= -l
-iT
9-3 5 9 -1 -4
adj A = -1 4-3 -3 4 5
-4 5 -1 5 -3 -1
THEOREM 1 Let A be a square matrix of order n. Then, A (adj A) == | A | /„ = (adj A) A.
PROOF Let A = [Ojj], and let Cq be cofactor of Ojj in A. Then,

6.2 MATHEMATICS-XII
(adj A)ij = Cji for aUi, j =1,2,..., n

Since A and adj A are both square matrices of the sameordernx «. Therefore, both A (adj A) and
(adj A) A exist and are of the same order « x n.
Now,
n
(A (adj A)). = Z (A),y(adjA)- [By definition of multiplication of two matrices]

■' r = 1 '
n
! A i , if i = ;■
= r 2= 1 Crj■' . [By property 1 and 2 of section 5.4]
0 , \S i ^ j
Thus, each diagonal element of A (adj A) is equal to | A | and all non-diagonal elements are equal
to zero.
A| 0 0 0
w
0 |A| 0 ... 0
A (adj A) = 0 0 |A| ... 0 = \A\I n
Flo 0 0 0 ... |A
e
reee
FFr
n
((adj A) A).^ = r
2= 1 (adj A),y (A) ‘.
for
ur
tt
((adj A) Ah = 2 C„-
' r = 1 ’
kkss
((.adj A) A)ij = |l
A] , if i=;
Yo
[By property 1 and 2 of section 5.4]

oo
0 , a j
eB
Hence, A (adj A) = | A | = (adj A) A.

Q.E.D.
ur
1 4 5
ad
ILLUSTRATION 3 Compute the adjoint of the matrix A given by A = 3 2 6 and verify that
YYo
0 10
A (adj A)=]A|/=(adj A) A.
d
Re
SOLUTION We have,
in
I 1 4 5
F
|A1=|3 2 6 =l(0-6)-4(0-0)+5(3-0)=9
10 1 0
Let Cjj be cofactor of Ojj in A. Then, the cofactors of elements of A are given by
2 6 3 6 3 2
Qi = 1 0
= -6, C 12 0 0
= 0, ^13 - 0 1
= 3
4 5 1 5 1 4
C21 - 1 0
= 5, C22 - 0 0
= 0, C23 -- 0 1
= -l
4 5 1 5 1 4
C31 - = 14, C 32 = 9, C 33 -
= -10
2 6 3 6 3 2
-6 0 3f -6 5 14
adj A = 5 0 -1 0 0 9
14 9 -10 3 -1 -10
ADJOINT AND INVERSE OF A MATRIX 6.3
1 4 5 -6 5 14 9 0 0 1 0 0
Now, A(adjA) =326 0 0 9 0 9 0 = 9 0 1 0 All
0 1 0 3 -1 -10 0 0 9 0 0 1
-6 5 14 1 4 5 9 0 0 10 0
and, (adj/i)>l = 0 0
9 326|=090 =9 01 0=|yl|7
3 -1 -10 0 1 0 0 0 9 0 0 1
Hence, A (adj A) = \A\I = (adj A) A.

6.2 INVERSE OF A MATRIX
INVERSE A square matrix of order n is invertible if there exists a square matrix B of the same order such
thatAB = I„^BA.
-1
In such a case, we say that the inverse of /I is 6 and we write, A
w
= B.
THEOREM 1
Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
Flo
PROOF Let A be an invertible matrix of order n x «. Let B and C be two inverses of A. Then,
AB = BA = Jn and AC = CA = In -(ii)
reeee
Now, AB = In
C (AB) = C I n [Pre-multiplying both sides by C)
FFr
(CA) B = Cln [Py associativity of multiplication]
=>
I„B = Cl n for [■.- CA = I„ from (ii)]
ur
B = C [v 1„B = B and C I„=C]
Hence, an invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
kkss
Q.E.D.
Yo
COROLLARY If A is an invertible matrix, then {A ^) ^=A.

oo
PROOF Since A”Ms inverse of A. Therefore,

eB
-1
AA = / = A~Â=> AistheinverseofA“î.e. A=(A“^)“V
THEOREM 2 A square matrix is invertible iff it is non-singular.
r
ou
ad
PROOF Let A be an invertible matrix. Then, there exists a matrix B such that
YY
AB = Ln = BA
\AB\ =|J„| D
ndd
Re
B[ = 1 [V |AB|=|A||B|]
[ A I ^ 0 => A is a non-singular matrix.
Fi
Conversely, let A be a non-singular square matrix of order n. Then,

A (adj A) = I A [ = (adj A) A [See Theorem 1 on page 6.1]
1 1
A adj A = In adj A A V \A\¥^0 exists
llA| ’ A
[By definition of inverse]
Hence, A is an invertible matrix such that A~^ = — adj A.
Q.E.D.
REMARK This theorem provides us a formula for finding the inverse of a non-singular square matrix. The
inverse of A is given by
A~^ = -âdjA
6.4 MATHEMATICS-XII
In order to find the inverse of a square matrix, we may use the following algorithm.
ALGORITHM
Step I Find I A \
Step II lf\A\=0, then write "A is a singular matrix and hence not invertible".
Else write "A is a non-singular and hence invertible".
Step III Calculate the cofactors of elements of A.
Step IV Write the matrix of cofactors of elements of A and then obtain its transpose to obtain adj A.
1
Step V Find the inverse of A by using the formula: A~'^ = A
adj A.
2 -1
ILLUSTRATION 1 Find the inverse of the matrix ^ 4 ■
ww
'2
^ . Then, \A\=^
-1
: =8 + 3=11
SOLUTION Let A = ^ 4
Flo
So, A is a non-singular matrix and therefore it is invertible. LetC,y be cofactor
cofactors of elements of A are given by
ofajj in A. Then, the
ee
c 11 = 4, Ci2 = -3, C21 = -(-1) = 1 and C22 = 2.
rere
r FF
4 -3 r 4 1'
adj A = ^ 2 -3 2
uurr
■ r 4 1 ■ 4/11 1/11'
foor
Hence, A“^ = adj A = —
11 -3 2 -3/11 2/ll_
ks s
'8 4 2'
Yoo
ooook
ILLUSTRATION 2 Find the inverse of the matrix A = 2 9 4

1 2 8
eBB

8 4 2
uurr
A 2 9 4 =8(72-8)-4(16-4) + 2(4-9)=454.^0
ad
1 2 8
Yo
Thus, A is a non-singular matrix and hence it is invertible. Let C,y be cofactor of ajj in A. Then,
dY
9 4 2 4 2 9
5
8 = -12, Ci3 =
^11 - = 64, C
12—1
Re
2 8 1 2
innd
4 2 8 2 8 4
FFi
= 62, ^23““ = -12

^21 2 8 = -28, C22 = 1 8 1 2
4 2 8 2 8 4
= -28, C33 = = 64
C3I - 9 4
= -2, ^32 =“ 2 4 2 9
64 -12 -51" '64 - 28 -2

adjA = -28 62 -12 -12 62 -28
- 2 - 28 64 -5 -12 64
64 -28 -2
-1 1
Hence, A adj A = — -12 62 -28
1/1 454
-5 -12 64
6.3 SOME USEFUL RESULTS ON INVERTIBLE MATRICES

In this section, we shall discuss some useful results on inverse of a matrix. We shall state and
prove these results as theorems given below.
THEOREM 1 (Cancellation Lmws) Let A, B, C be square matrices of the same order n. If A is a

non-singular matrix, then
(i) AB=AC^ B=C [Left cancellation law] (ii) BA=CA^ B=C [Right Cancellation law]
PROOF (i) Since A is a non-singular matrix i.e. ] A15^ 0. So, A" ^ exists.
Now, AB = AC
A“^(AB) = A“^(AC) [Pre-multiplying both sides by A

(A"^ A) B = (A”^ A) C [By associativity of multiplication]
InB = 7„C [V A"1a = /„]
oww
B = C [v 7„B = Band/„C=C]
Similarly, we can prove that BA = CA ^ B = C.
Q.E.D.
e
REMARK The result AB = AC => B=Cis true only when | A | 9^ 0. Otherwise we can find matrices such
FFrlo
re
that AB = AC but B^C as given below.
1 2 -2 0 0 0
ree
F
Let A = ,C = . Then
3 6 0 0 -1 0
rF
'1 21 r- 2 0 -2 0 1 2 0 0 -2 O’
AB = and AC =
3 6 0 0 -6 0 3 6 -10 -6 0 ●
fsoor
ouur
Clearly, AB = AC but B^C.
skf
THEOREM 2 (Reversal Law) If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then show that AB is
ooko
invertible and (AB)~^ = B“^ A"^.

Yo
Y
PROOF It is given that A and B are invertible matrices.

Bo
reB
]A\^0 and i B19^ 0 => I AI I BI ^ 0 => I AB I 0 [v 1AB|=|A||B|]

AB is a invertible matrix.
Now,
uur
oY
(AB)(B“Â“^) = A(BB"^)A'^
ad
[By associativity of multiplication]

dY
(AB)(B-Â-'*) =(A/„)A'l [V BB^^=/„1

(AB) (B”^ A”^) = AA“^ [v A7„=A]
innd
Re
!
(AB) (B“^ A“^) = I
n [-.● AA
-1
Fi
F
and. (B“^ A”"*) (AB) = B"^ (A“^ A) B [By associativity of multiplication]

(B-^ A-l) (AB) = B-^ (7„ B) [v A-'‘4=7„]
(B“^ A“^) (AB) = B"^ B [■■■ InB = B]
(B“^ A“l) (AB) = 7
« [v =
Thus, (AB) (B“^ A“^) = 7„ = (B”^ A”^) (AB).
Hence, (AB)"^ = 6"^ A"\ Q.E.D
REM.ARK If A, B, C are invertible matrices, of the same order then (ABC) ^ = C ^B Â“^.
T” 7* 1 1 T"
THEOREMS If A is an invertible square matrix, then A^ is also invertible and (A^) ^=(A ^) .
PROOF Since A is invertible matrix.
I AI 0 I A^ I 0 => A^ is also invertible

Now,
6.6 MATHEMATICS-XII
AA~^ = In = A~'Â
(AA-y = u,y = (A~^ Af
(A-y (yi^) = i„ = at (A~y [By reversal law for transpose]
UT
{Ay^ = (A-‘) [By definition of inverse]
Q.E.D
THEOREM 4 77ze inverse of an invertible symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix.
PROOF Let be an invertible symmetric matrix. Then, | A j 0 and A = A.
Now, (A-y = (●.■ a’' = A]
A“ ^ is a symmetric matrix.
w
ALlTER Let A be a non-singular symmetric matrix. Then, A" ^ exists.
Now, AA~^ = I = A~^ A
Flo
(AA”^)’’ = (if = (A~^ Af
(A-y A^ = 1 = A^(A'V
ee
(A“^)'^ A = I = A (A"")KT [■: A^=A]
Fr
A“^ = (A-i)"^ [By definition of inverse]
A~^ is symmetric.
for
ur
Q.E.D
|M-1
THEOREM 5 Let A be a non-singular square matrix of order n. Then, | adj A j = | A
s
PROOF We have.
ok
Yo
A (adj A) = I AI /n
Bo
A| 0 0 ... 0
0 |A| 0 ... 0
re
A (adj A) = 0 0 |A1 ... 0

ou
ad
0 0 0 ... |A| -I n XH
Y
I A| 0 0 ... 0
0 I A| 0 ... 0
nd
Re
n
I A (adj A) I-= 0 0 A| ... 0 = |A|
Fi
0 0 0 ... |A|
\n
I AI I adj A [ = I A [V |AB|=|A| |B|]
1 adj A A i«-l
Q.E.D
ILLUSTRATION 1 If A is an invertible matrix of order 3 and\A\ =5, then find \ adj A\. [CBSE 2009]
SOLUTION Here A is an invertible matrix of order 3.
I adj A [ = I A 1^ [Using: |adjA|=|A|"-'l

I adj AI = 5^ = 25 [v lA|=5(given)]
THEOREM 6 If A and B are non-singular square matrices of the same order, then
adj AB = (adj B) {adj A)
PROOF Since A and B are non-singular square matrices of the same order. Therefore, AB exists
such that I AB | = | A11 B | ^ 0 [v [A|;t0,lBj;t0]
We know that(^B) (adji4B) =\AB \ In -(i)

Also, (AB) (adj B adj A) = (A (B ■ adj B) adj A [By associativity of multiplication]
= (A|B|/„) adjA [v BadjB=|Bll„]
= I B|(A adjA) [v AI„=A]
BKiîy [■-■ A adj A =1 A| y
= |A| |B|/,
= |AB|7 [v 1AB|=|A| \B\]
Thus, (AB) (adj B adj A) = | AB | /n ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get
(AB) (adj AB) = (AB) (adj B ■ adj A)
ww
(AB)-^ ((AB)(adjAB)) = (AB)“^ ((AB) (adj B. adj A))
((AB)”^ (AB))(adjAB) = ((AB)"^(AB)) (adj B. adj A)
/ (adj AB) = / (adj B. adjA)
Flo
ee
adj AB = adj B. adj A Q.E.D
rere
THEOREM 7 If A is an invertible square matrix, then adj A^ ={adj A)^.
r FF
PROOF Since A is an invertible matrix.
lAI 0
uurr
foor
|A^ ^ 0 [V = \A\]
T
ks s
A is invertible.
Yoo
We know that
oook
A adj A = I AI => (A adj A)^ = (i ^ I Inf => (adj A)^ (A^) =\A\I, ...(i)
eBB
Also,
(adj = I I /„ => (adj .4’’) (a’') = 1.41 J„ ...(ii)
uurr

ad
Yo
(adjA^)(A^) = (adjA)^(A^) => adjA^ = (adjA)^ [By right cancellation law]

dY
Q.E.D
Re
innd
THEOREM 8 Prove that adjoint of a symmetric matrix is also a symmetric matrix.

PROOF Let A be a symmetric matrix. Then, A ^ = A
FFi
We know that
(adjA)^ = (adj A^)

(adjA)^ = adjA [■.■ /!’■ = A]
adj A is a symmetric matrix. Q.E.D.
n~2
THEOREM 9 If A is a non-singidar square matrix, then adj (adj A) = ] A [ A.
PROOF We know that B (adj B) = | B[ for every square matrix of order n.

Replacing B by adj A, we get
(adj A) [adj (adj A)] = | adj A | /,
in- 1 in-1
(adj A) [adj (adj A)] = | A I, [●.● I adj A I = I A
n-1
A {(adj A) (adj adj A)} = A (| A | In\ [Pre-multiplying both sides by A]
R-1
(A adj A) (adj adj A) = | A j (Ain) [By associativity of multiplication]
6.8 MATHEMATICS-Xn
itt-l A
\A\I„ (adj adj A) =\A [●.● AI„ = A and A adj A = | /I | Z„]
in-l
I AI {/„ (adj adj A)) = \A A
ifi-l A
I A \ (adj adj A) = | A
1
i«-2 A.
adj adj A = | A Multiplying both sides by
Q.E.D
COROLLARY If A is a non-singiilar matrix of order n, then |adj (adj A) -|A|

PROOF We know that
n-2
adj (adj A) = | A| A
ww
n-2
|adj(adjA)| = \ \A\
n(n-2)
=> jadj(adjA)| = |A| [V |fcA|=fc"|A|l
- 2n + 1
Flo
|adj(adjA)| = |A|
e
ILLUSTRATION 2 If A is an invertible matrix of order 3x3 such that\A\=2. Then, find adj (adj A).
ree
SOLUTION Replacing n by 3 in the above theorem, we get
FFr
3-2
adj (adj A) = | A[ A=1A| A=2A
uurr
ILLUSTRATION 3 If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that [A] =2, then write the value of
\adj{adjA)\. orr
sfo
(H-l)^
SOLUTION If A is a square matrix of order n, then | adj (adj A) | = | A|
kks
Here A is a square matrix of order 3 such that | A | =2.

Yo
oooo
I adj (adj A) = 2^3-1)2 ^^4 = 16

eB
3 0-1
ILLUSTRATION 4 //A = 2 3 0 , then find \adj(adjA)\.

ur
0 4 1
ad
3 0 -1|
YYo
SOLUTION Here, |A| = 2 3 0 = 3 (3 - 0) - 0 (2 - 0)-1 (8 - 0) =1

0 4 1
dd
Re
(n-l)2
inn
If A is a square matrix of order w, then I adj (adj A) = |A|

F
So, for the given matrix, we obtain: | adj (adj A) = |A|'^ =1

THEOREM 10 If the product of two non-null square matrices is a null matrix, show that both of them
must be singular matrices.
PROOF Let A and B be two non-null square matrices of the same order n x «. It is given that
AB-O (null matrix). If possible, let B be a non-singular matrix. Then, B exists.
AB = O
-1
=> (AB) B = OB~^ [Post-multiplying both sides by B
1
=> A (BB“^) = O [By associativity of multiplication ]
Al„ =0 [v BB~^=I„]
=> A =0.
But, A is a non-null matrix. Therefore, our supposition is wrong. Hence, B is a singular matrix.
Similarly it can be shown that A is a singular matrix. Q.E.D.
-1 -1 1
THEOREM 11
IfAisafwn-swguIarmatrix,thenprovethat\A =\A\ i.e. A
PROOF Since | /4 15^ 0, therefore A~^ exists such that

-1 -1
AA = 1 = A
^^■'1 =m [Taking determinant of both sides]

A\\A~^ = 1 [v 1/IB|=|/1||B| and|/|=l]
w
●1 1
A
A!
Q.E.D.
e
roow
re
reF
Ti/pe I FINDING THE ADJOINT AND INVERSE OF A MATRIX
uFFll a b
e
EXAMPLE 1 If A - c d ' find adj A.
sFr
SOLUTION Let C,y be the cofactor of1+1
Ojj in /I = [<7,y]. Then,
= Cofactor of ={-l)
oro
k d = d, C|2 = Cofactor of a-i2 = ^ c =-c
uor
off
2+ 1 2+2
C21 = Cofactor of <721 = (~ 1) b = -b and, C22 = Cofactor of ^22 ~(“ 1) a = a
-iT
kos
^11 ^12 d -C d -bl

Y
adj A =
Yo
C
21 ^22. -b
reeBB
a - c a
oo
cos a - sin a 0
uurY
EXAMPLE 2 lfA= sin a cos a 0 ,find adj A and verify that A (adj A) =(adj A) A = | A113.
0 0 1
[CBSE2016]
ad
SOLUTION Let Cy be the cofactor of inA =[fl,y].Then,

doo
nY
1+ 1 cos a 0 1+ 2 sin a 0
Cll=(-1) 0 1
= cos a. Ci2=(-1) 0 1
= - sin a,
nid
Re
1+3 sin a cos a 2+1 - sin a 0

Ci3=(-1) = 0, C2i=(-1) = sin a.
F
0 0 0 1
Fi
2+2 cos a 0 2+3 cos a - sm a

C22=(-l) - cos a, C23=(-l) = 0,
0 1 0 0
3+ 1 -sm a 0 3+2 cos a 0

C31=(-l) cos a 0
= 0, C32=(-l) sin a 0
= 0,
3+3 COS a - sm a 9 9
and. C33=(-l) = cos a + sin a =1
sm a cos a
iT r
cos a - sin a 0 cos a sin a 0
adj A = sin a cos a 0 = - sin a cos a 0

0 0 ij 0 0 1
and, I A I = flu Cu + ^^12 C12 + «13 Ci3

9 9
=> I AI =(cos a) (cos a) + (- sin a) (- sin a) + 0 x 0 = cos'^ a + sin a =1.
Now,
cos a - sin a 0 cos a sin a 0
A (adj A)= sin a cos a 0 - sin a cos a 0

0 0 1 0 0 1
2 . 2 sm a cos a - cos a sm a
cos a + sm a 0
●2 2
A (adj A) = cos a sm a - sm a cos a sm + COS" a 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
A (adj A) = 0 1 0 = I AI i [V 1^1=1]
0 0 1
ww
cos a sin a 0 cos a - sin a 0
and, (adj A) A = - sin a cos a 0 sin a cos a 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
Flo
2 ● 2
e
- sm a cos a + cos a sm a
cos a + sm a 0
eree
● 2 2
(adj A) A = - sm a cos a + cos a sm a sm a + COS" a 0
0 0 1
FFr
f.
uurr
1 0 0
(adj A) A = 0 1
[o 0 ij
0 = I AI /
orr [V |/i|=:]
sfo
Hence, A (adj A) =| A | 7 =(adj A) A is verified.
kks
Yoo
7/A = T25 3] , show that A -1 1

oooo
EXAMPLES -2
= —A.
19
eBB
2 3
SOLUTION We have, | A | = 5 -2
= - 4 -15 = -19 0. Therefore, A is invertible.
urr
Let Cjj be the cofactor of in A = Then,

ad
Cii = ~ 2, C^2 ~ ~5, C21 = — 3 and C-yy — 2.

YYo
-2 -5 ■-2 -3'
adj A = -3 2 -5 2
dd
Re
inn
A-l =
1 -1 1 -2 -3 1 T2 31 1 ,
Now, adj A => A = — A.
A _19[-5 2J“i9L5 -2j 19
F
13 3]
EXAMPLE 4 Find the inverse of A = 14 3 and verify that A~^ A =I^
1 3 4
1 3 3
SOLUTION We have, A = 1 4 3
1 3 4
1 3 3
A 1 4 3 = (16-9)-3(4-3) + 3(3-4)=7-3-3=l?i0.So,Aisinvertible.
1 3 4
Let Cjj be the cofactor of in A = [Ojj]. Then,

1+1 4 3 1+ 2 1 3 1+ 3 1 4
Cu=(-i) 3 4
= 7, Ci2=(-1) 1 4 = -l, Ci3=(-1) 1 3 ■
= -l
2+ 1 3 3 2+ 2 1 3 2+3|l 3
C2l={-1) = -3. C22=(-l) = 1, C23=(-l) = 0
3 4 1 4 |1 3
C3l=(-1)
3+ l| 3 3 _ -3, C32=(-l) 3+2 1 3
= 0, C33=(-l)
3+ 3 1 3
=1
|4 3 1 3 1 4
-,T
^11 ^12 ^13 7 -1 -1 7 -3 -3
adj A = C22 ^23 -3 1 0 -1 1 0
^31 ^32 ^33. -3 0 1 -1 0 1
Now, adji4
1^1
7 -3 -3 7 -3 -3
●1 1
=> /I -1 1 0 -1 1 0
ww
^[-1 0 1 -1 0 1
r 7 -3 -3 1 3 3 7-3-3 21-12-9 21-9-12 1 0 0

A~Â = -1 1 0 1 4 3 -1+1+0 -3+4+0 -3+3+0 0 1 0
-1+0+1
Flo -3+0+3 -3+0+4

-1 0 1 1 3 4 0 0 1
e
eree
1 tan X cos 2x - sin 2a:’
EXAMPLES IfA = 1
,show that A^ A ^ = sin 2a: cos 2a:
FFr
-tan X
1 tan X
SOLUTION Clea-ly, \A\ = = 1 + tan^ xÔ oorr
uur r
- tan X 1
sf
So, A is invertible. Let Cy be the cofactor of a^j in A- [Ojj]. Then,
1+ 1 1+2
sk
Cii=(-1) 1-1, Ci2=(-1) (- tan a:) = tan x

Yoo
oook
2+ 1 2+2
C21=(-l) tan a: = - tan a: and C22 = {-1) 1=1
eBB
-iT
Cii r
C12 1 tan X 1 - tan a:
adji4 = - tan a: 1 tan a: 1
C21 C22_
uurr
Now,
ad
1 tan X
Yo
1 - tan X 2
1 1 + tan a: 1 + tan^ X
adji4 =
dY
1
|A| 1 + tan^ X tan X 1
tan X
Re
1 + tan^ X 1 + tan^ X
innd
1 - tan a:
FFi
1 - tan a:
1 + tan^ X 1 + tan^ a:
a'â-^ = tan X 1
tan X 1
1 + tan^ X 1 + tan^ a:
1 2 tan X tan X
tan X
1 + tan^ X 1 + tan^ X 1 + tan^ X 1 + tan^ a:

a'â-^ =
tan X tan X tan^ X +
1
+
1 + tan^ X 1 + tan^ X 1 + tan^ X 1 + tan^ X
1 - tan^ X 2 tan X
1 + tan^ X cos 2x - sin 2x

=
1 + tan^ X
2 tan X 1 -tan^ X sin 2x cos 2x
1 + tan^ X 1 + tan^ X
[3 21 and '6 r
EXAMPLE 6 IfA = 7 5
B =
8 9 '
verify that (AB) ^ = B ^ A ^ [NCERT]
3 2
SOLUTION Clearly, \A\ = 7 5
= 15 -14 = 1 0. So, is invertible.
Let Ajj be the cofactor of elements Ojj in A = [Ojj]. Then,

1+ 1 1+2 2+ 1 2+2
An=(-i) 5=5, Ai2=(-1) 7=-7,yl21=(-l) 2 = -2and A22 =(-l) 3 = 3.
/I 11 -iT
^^12 ■ 5 -7 ‘5-2
adj A = -2 3 -7 3
■^21 -^22
1 ■ 5 -2
Hence, A ^ =
ooww
ad] A = -7 3
6 7 6 7
Now, B = =^|J51 = = 54 - 56 = - 2 # 0. So, jB is invertible.
8 9 8 9
e
Let Bjj be the cofactors of bij in B = [by]. Then,
ree
1+ 1 1+ 2 2+ 1 2+2
Bll=(-1)
rFl 9 = 9, Bi2=(-1) 8=-8,B2i=(-1) 7=-7andB22=(-l) 6 = 6.
Fre
B 12 -iT
FB 11
r -79 -8]^ ■ 9 -7
rrF
adj B = 6 -8 6
®21
ouur
-1
sffoo 9 -7
Hence, B = — adj B = - -2-8 6
okks
We know that adj AB = adj B. adj A.

Yo
■ 9 -7ir 5 -2‘ 94 -39

ooo
adj AB = -8 6 -7 3 -82 34
BB
We also know that | AB | = [ A | \B\. Therefore, | AB = I x - 2 = - 2 0. So, AB is invertible.

rr e
1 1 r 94 -391 1 94 -39
Hence, (AB)"^ = adj (AB) =
_2[-82 34J 2 [-82 34
ouu
AB\
ad
YY
Also, B"^ A"^ ir 9 -7ir 5 -2i__ir 94 -39' ...(h)

2 [-8 6j[-7 3J" 2L“S2 34
dd
From (i) and (ii), we get: (AB)“^ = B”^ A“^.

Re
iinn
NOTE Students are advised not to find the product AB and (AB)“^ by the usual technique.
F
Type II FINDING THE INVERSE OF A MATRIX A WHEN IT SATISFIES SOME MATRIX EQUATION
f(A) = O.
'2 -3‘ 0 —T
EXAMPLE 7 Show that A =
3 4 satisfies the equation x ~6x +17 = 0. Hence, find A .
[CBSE 2007]
'2 -3'
3 4 ■
'2 -31 [2 -3' [4-9 -6-12' -5 -18

A^ = AA =
3 4 3 4 "6 + 12 -9 + 16 18 7
2 -3 -12 18 T 0 17 O'
and, 17/=17
-6A=(-6) 3 4 -18 -24 0 1 0 17 ●
-5 -18 -12 18' 17 0

A^-6A+ 1712 = 18 7
+
-18 -24
+
0 17
r-5-12 + 17 -18 + 18 + 0' 0 O'

-671 +17J2 = = 0.
18-18 + 0 7 - 24 +17 0 0
Hence, the matrix A satisfies the equation - 6x +17 = 0.

Now,
A^ -6A + 17/2 =0
A^-6A=-17/2
A”^ (A2-6A)=A"^(-m2) [Pre-multiplying both sides by A
A“^ A^ - 6A~^ A = -17 (A"^ J2)
w
A-6/2=-17A“1
1 6 0 2 -3' 1 4 3
A'^=-—(A-6/2)= —(612-^) = 17
Flo
17 17 0 6 3 4 17 -3 2
3 1
eee
EXAMPLES For the matrix A =
7 5 , find X and y so that A + xl = yA.
Fr
Hence, find A
3 1 for
ur
7 5
3 1 3 1 ■9+7 3+5 ' ’16 8'

a2=AA =
ks
7 5 7 5 21 + 35 7 + 25 56 32
Yo
A^ + x7 = yA
oo
Now,
ri6 8] ri 01_ rs 1] ri6 + x 8 + 0]_[3y y

eB
56 32 0 1 "^7 5 ^ 56 + 0 32 +x " 7y 5y^

16 + X = 3y, y = 8, 7y =56,5y = 32 + x
r
ou
ad
Putting y = 8 in 16 + X = 3y, we get: x = 24 -16 = 8.

YY
Clearly x = 8 and y = 8 also satisfy equations 7y = 56 and 5y = 32 + x. Hence, x = 8 and y = 8.

3 1
Now, ]A 7 5
= 8^0. So, A is invertible.
nd
Re
Putting X = 8, y = 8 in A^ + xi = yA, we get

Fi
A^ + 87 = 8A
=> A“^ (A^ + 87) = A"^ (8A) [Pre-multiplying throughout by A
=> A“^ A^ + 8A“^ 7 = 8 (A"^ A)
=> A + 8A“^ = 87 [v A"^ A^ ={A"^ A)A =7A = A, A"^ 7 = A"^ and, A"U =7]
^ 8A~^=87-A
ir8-3 0-1'
=> A“^=i(87-A) =8
1 8 0 3 1
ir ^ 5/8 -1/8'
8 0 8 7 5
8 [0-7 8-5_ 8 -7 3 " -7/8 3/8
'3 21 2
EXAMPLE 9 for the matrix ^ ^ , find the numbers a and b such that A"^ + aA + bl =0.
Hence, ^«dA“^ [NCERT]
3 2 "3 2' 3 2 11 8'

SOLUTION We have, A -
1 1 . Therefore, = AA = ^ ^ 1 1 4 3 ■
Now, A^ + aA+bI=0
rn 8 + a
'3 2
+ b
1 0 0 0 11 + 3fl + h 8 + 2fl 0 0
4 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 4 + a 3 + a +b 0 0
11 + 3fl + & = 0, 8 + 2fl = 0, 4 + = 0 and 3 + a + b = 0 a = -4 and 6=1

Putting fl = - 4 and 6 = 1 in (i), we get
A^-4A + /=0 => 4A-A^ = I => A(47-A) = 7
■ 1 -2'
oww
4 0 '3 1
= 47-A =
0 4 1 1 -1 3
1 2 2
EXAMPLE 10 Show that the matrix A = 2 12 satisfies the equation a'^-4A-51^=0 andhence
2 2 1
e
FFrlo
re
[CBSE2004]
1 2 2
ree
F
SOLUTION We have, A = 2 1 2
2 2 1
rF
1 2 2 1 2 2 9 8 8 4 8 8 5 0 0
fsoor
ouur
A^=AA = 2 1 2 2 1 2 8 9 8 , 4A = 8 4 8 and, Slg = 0 5 0
skf
2 2 1 2 2 1 8 8 9 8 8 4 0 0 5
ooko
9 8 8 4 8 8 5 0 0
Yo
A^-4A-57c.= 8 9 8 8 4 8 0 5 0
Y
|_8 8 9
Bo
8 8 4 0 0 5
reB
[■9-4-5 8-8-0 8-8-0 0 0 0
A^-4A-573 = 8-8-0 9-4-5 8-8-0 0 0 0 = o

uur
oY
8-8-0 8-8-0 9-4-5 0 0 0

ad
Now, A^-4A-573 =0
dY
A^-4A=573
innd
Re
A^^ A^-4A-^ A=5A^^73 [Pre-multiplying throughout by A ^ ]

Fi
F
A -47 =5A“^ [v A”^ A^ = (A“^ A) A = 7A = A]

,1-1=1 (,1-4/)
-1 1
1 2 2 4 0 0
1 -?2-32 2
[■- 3/5 2/5 2/5
A 2 1 2 0 4 0 2 - 2/5 -2/5 2/5
^ [2 2 1
5
0 0 4 2 2 -3 ^ 2/5 2/5 -3/5
Type III FINDING THE INVERSE OF A MATRIX BY USING THE DEFINITION OF INVERSE
1 -1 1]
EXAMPLE 11 7/A= 2-10 , show that A~~^ =a'^.
1 0 0
SOLUTION We know that a matrix B is the inverse of a matrix A if AB = 1 = BA. Here, we have to
show that A is the inverse of A. Therefore, it is sufficient to prove that A A = 7 or, A^ = 7.
Now, A^=AA
1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1-2+1 -1+1+0 1+0+0 0 0 1

A^= 2-10 2-10 2-2+0 -2+1+0 2+0+0 0-12
1 0 0 1 0 0 1+0+0 -1+0+0 1+0+0 1 -11
and. =AÂ
0 0 1 1 -1 1 0 + 0 + 1 0+0+0 0+0+0 1 0 0
0-12 2-10 0-2 + 2 0+1+0 0+0+0 0 1 0 = I
1 -1 1 1 0 0 1-2 + 1 -1+1+0 1+0+0 0 0 1
Hence, A^ = A
Type IV ON SOLVING MATRIX EQUATIONS
ww
ri -2 6 0
EXAMPLE 12 Find fl 2 x 2 matrix B such that B ^ ^ 0 6 ●
'1 -2'
. Then, \A\ = |1 -2
6 0
SOLUTION Let ^ ^ and C = 0 6
|1 4
=6 0. So, A is invertible.
Flo
e
The given matrix equation is
eree
41 4
-21 f6 O’
FFr
0 6
uurr
BA=C
(BA) A~^ =CA~^ [Post-multiplying throughout by A orr

sfo
B(AA)-^=CA“^ => Bi = CA"^ =?> B=CA"l
kks
Yoo
Let Cjy be the cofactor of Oj: in A = ]. Then,

oooo
Cii=(-1) ^+U=4,Ci2 =(-!)'

1+2 2+ 1 2+2
l=-l,C2i=(-l) (-2) =2 and, C22=(-l) 1 =1.
-|T -iT
eBB
rc 11 ^12 4 -1 ■ 4 2'
adj A =
C21 C22 2 1 -1 1
urr
Hence, A
-1 1 „ 1 4 2
— adj A = -
6 -1 1
ad
Ml
YYo
Now,
B=CA“^
dd
Re
6 0] l_r 4 21 1 [6 0 ir24 + 0 12 + 0
inn
4 2 4 2'
B =
0 6 6 -4 1 606 -11 6 0-6 0+6 -1 1
F
'2 1 -3 2’ 1 0
EXAMPLE 13 Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation 3 2
A
5 -3 0 1 ●
2 1 ■-3 2'
SOLUTION Let B = andC = . Then,
3 2 5 -3
2 1 -3 2
|B| = 3 2 = 4-3=1?!:0 and, |C| = 5 -3
= 9-10 = -l?i0.
So, B and C are invertible matrices. The given matrix equation is BAC = I.
Now, BAC = I
B“^ (BAC)C“Mb-1 /C“^
(B-l B) A (CC“^) = B'l => /AI=B"M"^ => A=B“M“^
Let Bij be the cofactor of elements bfj in B = [&,y]. Then,
1+ 1 1+2 2+ 1 2+2
2 = 2, Bi2=(-1) 3 = -3, 1 = -1 and, B22 = (-1) 2 = 2.
-iT -iT
2 -1"
adj B = Pll B12 2 -3
-1 2 -3 2
B21 B22_
1 ■ 2 -r
So, B"^ = adj B = [V |B|=1]
-3 2 ●
IBl
w
LetCy be the cofactors of elements c,y inC =[c^y].Then,
1+ 1 1+ 2 2+ 1
Cii=(-1) (- 3)=-3,Ci2=(-1) 5 = -5, C2i=(-1) 2 = -2
2+2
and. C22=(-l) (- 3)=-3.
e
iT iT
-3 -2
^11 ^12 -3 -5
row
re
adjC =
.^21 ^22] -2 -3 -5 -3
-1 1 -3 -2 3 2
[V |C|=-1]
eeF
So, C adjC = -
FFllo
-5 -3 5 3
|C|
u
Substituting the values of B ^ and C ^ in (i), we get
srr
r 2 -iirs 21 6-5 4-3' 1 1
A=B“^C"^ =
roF
-3 2 5 3"-9 + 10 -6 + 6" 1 0
k 1 -4 ■-16 -6
uor
ofof
EXAMPLE 14 Find the matrix X for which 3 -2
X =
7 2
kos
Y
r . 1 -4 -16 -6
SOLUTION Let . and B = . Then the given matrix equation is AX = B.
Yo
eerBB
3 -2 7 2
oo
-4
rY
1^1=3 -2
= -2+12=10
u
So, /I is an invertible matrix. Let C,y be the cofactors

1+ 1 1+ 2
of elements a^j in2+A=
1
Then,
ou
Cii=(-1) (-2)=-2,Ci2=(-l) 3 = -3,C2i=(-1) {-4)=4

do
ad
C22=(-l)^*^l=l-
nY
and.
nT
-2 -3 -2 4' 1 .j- ^ 1 r-2 41
nid
-1
adj A - and, A
Re
4 1 -3 1
l/i| = w -3 1 ■
F
Fi
Now, AX = B
A~^ (AX) = A~^B ^ (A~^ A)X = A~^ B=> IX = A~^B => X = A“^ B.
1 -2 41 [-16 -6 1 [32+ 28 12+ 8' ■ 6 2'
X = -^
10 -3 1 7 2 10 48 + 7 18 + 2 11/2 2 ●
0 1 3 1/2 -4 5/2
EXAMPLE 15 IfA-1 2 X andA~^ = -1/2 3 -3/2 ,findx,y.
2 3 1 1/2 y 1/2

-1
AA
0 1 3 1/2 -4 5/2 1 0 0
1 2 X -1/2 3 -3/2 0 1 0
2 3 1 1/2 y 1/2 0 0 1
1 3 + 3y 0 10 0
l x . 1 X
— +— 2 + a:v + — 0 10
2 2 ^ 2 2
1 0 0 1
0 1 +y
3 + 3y = 0 -- + - = 0, 2 + :ty = l, l + y = 0=> x = l,y = -l

^ 2 2
cos a sin a T
EXAMPLE 16 I/A = is such that A =A find a.
-sma cos a
w
Flo
AA'^ [Premultiplying by A]
[v AA"^=1]
e
aa'^
reee
Now,
FFr
cos a sm a cos a - sm a
aa'^
-sma cos a sm a cos a
for
ur
cos^2 a + sin^ a -sm a cos a + sm a cos a 1 O'
AA^ .^2 2
kkss
sm a + cos a
0 1
- cos a sm a + sm a cos a
Yo
Thus, AA^ =1 is true for all a. Hence, a can take any real value.
oo
0 2y z
eB
EXAMPLE 17 If matrix A = x y -z satisfiesA^ = A ^,findx,y,z. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

X -y z
ur
SOLUTION It is given that the matrix A satisfies the relation

ad
YYo
A^ =A
AA^ =/ [Putting A ^=AînAA ^=1]
d
Re
'0 2y 2I r 0 X X 10 0
in
X y -z 2y y -y = 01 0
F
X -y z z -z z 0 0 1
4y^+z^ 2y^-z^ -2y^+z^ 10 0
x^+y^+2^ -T 0 10
-2y^+z^ x^-y'^ ^ x'^ + y^+z^ -z 0 0 1
4y^+z^=l, 2y^-z^=0, +y^+z^ =1, -y^-2^ = 0

Now, 4y^ +z^ = 1 and 2y^ -2^ = 0 => (4y^ +z^) + (2y^ -z^) = l=>6y^=l=i>y= "V6^ +
1 2 0 1
Putting y = ± in 2y -z = 0, we obtain z =
1 .
Substituting y = ± -I4e
A
2 2
,z = ± m X
-r -z'^ = 0, we obtain:
41
1 9 1 1
= 0 => =-=> x = ±
6 3 V2
Hence, x ~ ± V2' ,y^ = ± V6' ,z = ± Vs'
Type V ON FINDING A NON-SINGULAR MATRIX A WHEN IA I AND adj A ARE GIVEN
2 2 O’
EXAMPLE 18 FindthematrixAsuchtlmt \A\=2andadjA= 2 5 1 .
0 1 1
ww
^(adjA)=[î/
-1
A=\AlI(adjA)
>1=1/I I (adjA)'^
Flo
-1
A = 2 (adj A)
e
[V |A|=2]
eree
A = 2B~^, where B = adj A
2 2 O'
FFr
Now, B = adj A = 2 5 1
uurr
0 1 1
orr
sfo
|B|=|adjA|=|/l|3-l = |,l|2=4 [V |adj,4|=|A|"-l]
LetC,y be the cofactor of (B)jj in matrix B. Then,
kks
Yoo
oooo
^11 = 4, Cj2 = - 2, Ci3 = 2, C21 = -2, C22 = 2, C23 = -2, C31 = 2, C32 = -2 and C33 = 6
iT
'4-2 2 4 -2 2 4-2 2
eBB
-1
adjB= -2 2 -2 -2 2 -2 and, B — adjB=- -2 2 -2
2-2 6 2-2 6
|B| ^ 4 2-2 6
urr
4 -2 2
ad
YYo
(adj A) -2 2 -2
4
2-2 6
dd
Re
4-2 2 2 -1 1
inn
Hence, A = 2(adjA) ^ -2 2 -2 -1 1 -1
F
2-2 6 1 -1 3
ALITER We have,
1 2 2 0 [1 1 O'
A-^ = adjA=- 2 5 1 =1 5/2 1/2
Ml
■^[O 1 ij |_0 1/2 1/2
Since A = (A”^)“^. So, let us find the inverse of A~^.
Let Cjj be the cofact of (i, element of A Then,

1
Cii -l,Ci2 ---/Ci3 = 2' ^ r r - -ic 31 - —,€32 =-—andC 33 3
2'^22 ~2'^23 - 2 2' 2
1 -1/2 1/2 1 -1/2 1/2'

adj(/l"^)= -1/2 1/2 -1/2 -1/2 1/2 -1/2
1/2 -1/2 3/2 1/2 -1/2 3/2
1 -1/2 1/2' 2-1 1
Hence, ^âdj(A"^)=2
|A '1
-1/2 1/2 -1/2 -1 1 -1
1/2 -1/2 3/2 1 -1 3
Type VI ON FINDING (adj A)"^ WHEN MATRIX A IS GIVEN

EXAMPLE If A is a non-singiilar matrix, prove that:
1
(i) adj (A) is also non-singular. (ii)(adj>l)-l A.
w
SOLUTION (i) We know that
A(adjA)=|A|/„=(adj A) A
FlolA(adjA)|=||A|I n
ee
|A|ladjA| = lAn/ n
Fr
n-1
I adj AI = I A [V |A|^0]
I adj AI 0 => adj A is non-singular. for [v |A|t^01
ur
(ii) We know that
A(adj A)=|A|/„=(adjA)A
ks
1 ( 1
Yo
A (adjA) = =(adjA) ;—-A [V |A|^0]

oo
IMI J 1^
eB
(adj A)-'^=Â.
Mi
EXAMPLE 20 If A is a non-singular matrix, prove that {adj A) ^=(adjA ^).

ur
ad
Yo
SOLUTION We have,
AA"M/
adj (AA^^) = adj (7)
d
Re
in
(adj A"^) (adj A) =7 adj (AB) =(adj B) (adj A) and adj(7) =7]
F
●1
(adj A)“^ = adj A
-1 -2 1
EXAMPLE 21 Find the non-singtdar matrices A, if its is given that adj (A) = 3 0 -3
1 -4 1
A
SOLUTION We know that (adj A) ^ . Therefore,
M
A =1 AI (adj A)"^ =1 A | —~— adj (adj A) ...(i)

1 ^\
-1 -2 1
Now, adj (A) - 3 0 -3
1 -4 1
6.20 MATHEMATiCS-Xll
-1 -2 1
I adj AI = 3 0-3 = -1 (0 -12) + 2 (3 + 3) +1 (-12-0) = 12

1 -4 1
|^|^=12=> |A|=±2V3 [V |adjA|=|/ir-l]

Let Cy be the cofactor of (adj .4)^ in (adj A). Then,
— —12, Ci2 = ”6, C;j3 = -12, C21 = -2, C22 = “2, C23 = -6, C3^ = 6, C32 = 0, C33 = 6
■-12 -6 -12]^ -12 -2 6
oww
adj (adj A) = -2 -2 -6 -6 -2 0
6 0 6 -12 -6 6
Substituting the values of | A |, | adj A | and adj (adj A) in (i), we get

"-12 -2 6' -6 -1 3
2^/3
e
1
A =± -6 -2 0 = + -3 -1 0
"V3
re
12
-12 -6 6 -6 -3 3
FFrllo 2 -1 1'
rF
ee
EXAMPLE 22 //A= -1 2 -1 ,_/i«rf(adjA)~^flnd (adjA"^).
ouru
1 -1 2
sor rF
2-1 1
SOLUTION We have, A = -1 2 -1
kffo
_ 1 -1 2
os
I AI = 2 (4 -1) + 1 (- 2 +1) +1 (1 - 2) = 4
ook
Yo
Y
1
We know that (adj A)“^ = A.
Bo
Ml
reeB
2 -1 1
(adjA)"^=i -1 2 -1
ouY
ur
[1-1 2
ad
Yo
We also know that (adj A“^) = (adj A)“^

d
'2-1 1'
nidn
-1
adj A 2 -1
Re
^ 1 -1 2
F
Fi
Type VII MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

EXAMPLE 23 Let A be a non-singular matrix. Show that a'Â~^ is symmetric iffA^ =(A^)^.
SOLUTION First, let AÂ“^ be symmetric. Then,
{A'Â~Y =AÂ"^
(A-YiA'^f =A'Â~'^
(aVM=aâ“^ V (A-^)^=(A^)-1
A^ (AVM A=A^(AÂ"^) a A^(A^)"MaA=(a'Â^)(A"Â)

=>
IA^=(A^fl => A2=(A^)2or, (A^)2=A^
Conversely, let A be a non-singular matrix such that A^ = (A ^)^. Then,
A^=(A'^f
aa=a'â'^
T —1
Pre and post multiplying by {A )
{A'^)-\AA) ={A'^r\A'Â'^) A~^
and A~^ respectively
{A-^f A {AA~^)= (A'^)-'â'^ (A'Â-^)^ {A-^f a]i=I(a'Â-^)
{A-'^fA = a'Â-^ => (A’^fiA'^f = a'Â-^ => (a'Â~V = AÂ
-1
T —1
A A is a symmetric matrix.
EXERCISE 6.1
ww
BASIC
1. Find the adjoint of each of the following matrices:
FF loo
r-3 51 a b cos a sm a 1 tan a/2’
(i) [CBSE2020] (ii) (iii) (iv)
2 4 - tan a/2 1
ree
c d sm a cos a
Verify that (adj A) A =\ A \ I = A (adj A) for the above matrices.
reeF
2. Compute the adjoint of each of the following matrices: oroFr
r ur
1 2 2 12 5 2-1 3 2 0-1
s ff
(i) 2 1 2 (ii) 2 3 1 (iii) 4 2 5 (iv) 5 1 0
2 2 1 -1 1 1 0 4-1 1 1 3
k
YYouo
koso
Verify that (adj A) A = ] A | 7 = A (adj A) for the above matrices,

r 1 -1 1'
BBoo
3. For the matrix A = 2 3 0 , show that A (adj A) =0.

r ee
18 2 10
ad
ouur
-4 -3 -3
Yo
4. IfA = 1 0 1 , show that adj A = A.

4 4 sj
d
■-1 -2 -2]
Re
idnY
5. IfA = 2 1-2 , show that adj A = 3A^ .

FFin
2 -2 1
1 -2 3
6. Find A (adj A) for the matrix A = 0 2-1
-4 5 2
7. Find the inverse of each of the following matrices:

a b
(i)
cos 9
- sin 0
sin 0’
cos 0
(ii)
ro
1
11
0
(iii) 1 + be (iv) r -32 5]
1
c
a
8. Find the inverse of each of the following matrices.

1 2 3 1 2 5 2 -1 1 2 0 -1
(i) 2 3 1 (ii) 1 -1 -1 (ui) -1 2 -1 (iv) 5 1 0

3 1 2 2 3-1 1 -1 2 0 1 3
0 1 -1 0 0 -1 1 0 0
(v) 4 -3 4 (vi) 3 4 5 (vii) 0 cos a sin a
3-3 4 -2 -4 -7 0 sin a - cos a
9. Find the inverse of each of the following matrices and verify that A~Â =1^-
1 3 3 2 3 r
(i) 1 4 3 (ii) 3 4 1
1 3 4 3 7 2
10. For the following pairs of matrices verify that {AB)~^ -

3 1 4 6 [2 11 F4 51
(i) /! = 7 5
and B -
3 2
(ii) ^ = 5 3
and B =
3 4
ww
3 2 '6 r
11. LetA =
7 5
and B =
8 9 ●
Find {AB)~^
'2-3
Flo
12. Given A = /Compute A ^ and show that 2 A ^=9/-A. ICBSE2018]
e
-4 7
eree
f4 51
13. If A = , then show that A - 3/ = 2 (J + 3A ^).
FFr
2 1
uurr
b
14. Find the inverse of the matrix A =
a
orr
and show that aA ^ ={a^ + bc +1) I -aA.
sfo
1 + be
c
a
kks
Yoo
5 0 4 1 3 3
oooo
15. Given A = 2 3 2 , = 14 3 . Compute(AB)“^. [NCERT]

1 2 1 1 3 4
eBB
cos a - sin a 0 cos P 0 sin P

16. Let F (a) = sin a cos a 0 and G (P) = 0 1 0 . Show that
urr
0 0 1 - sin p 0 cos p
ad
YYo
(i) [F(a)]-i=f(-a) (ii) [G(P)]-^=G(-P) (iii) [f (a) G {P)]-^ =G (-P) F (-a),

‘2 3 n 01 0 0
, verify that A^ - 4 A + Z = 0, where I =
dd
17. If A = and O - . Hence, find

1 2 0 1 0 0
Re
inn
A-1. [NCERTl
F
-8 5
18. Show that A =
2 4 satisfies the equation A^ + 4A - 42Z = O. Hence, find A ^
3 1
19. If A =
-1 2
,showthatA^ -5A +71 =0. Hence, find A” ^ INCERT, CBSE 20071
'4 3'
20. If A =
2 5 , find X and y such that A^-xA + yl =0. Hence, evaluate A \
L j
3-2^
21. If A =
[4 2 ,find the value of X.SO thatA'^ ~XA - 2Z.Hence,find A~ [CBSE 20071
■ 5 3 —1
22. Show that A = satisfies the equation x - 3x - 7 =0. Thus, find A
-1 -2 .
6 5
23. Show that A =
7 6 satisfies the equation -12 x +1 = 0. Thus, find A ^
1 1 1
24. For the matrix A = 1 2 -3 .ShowthatA^-6A^+5A + lll3=O.Hence,fmdA“l
2-1 3
tNCERT]
1 0 -2
25. Show that the matrix, A = -2 -1 2 satisfies the equation, A^-A^ - 3A-/3 =0.
3 4 1
Hence, find A
'2-1 1]
oww
26. IfA=-l 2 -1 .VerifythatA^-6A^ + 9A-4/=OandhencefindA“[NCERT]
1 -1 2
-8 14
27. If A = - 4 4 7 , prove that A ^=A^.
e
9
ree
1-8 4
rFl
Fre
3 -3 4
rrF
28. IfA = 2 -3 4 ,show that A“^ =A^.
0 -1 1
ouur
sffoo
■-1 2 Ol
29. If A = -1 1 1 , show that A^ =A“^
okks
0 1 0
Yo
ooo
[5 41 X-P -2'
30. Solve the matrix equation , where X is a 2 x 2 matrix.
eBB
1 1 1 3
r 5 3 ‘14 7‘
31. Find the matrix X satisfying the matrix equation: X
uurr
-2 7 7 ●
ad
3 2 -1 1 2 -11
YYo
32. Find the matrix X for which: X

7 5 -2 1 " 0 4 ●
dd
F2 11. rs 31 '1 0
33. Find the matrix X satisfying the equation: X
Re
iinn
5 3 3 2 0 1 ●
1 2 2
F
34. If A = 2 12 , find A" ^ and prove that A^-4A-5/=0.

2 2 1
BASED ON LOTS
35. If A is a square matrix of order n, prove that | A adj A | = | A | ”.

3 -1 1 1 2 -2'
36. IfA"^= -15 6 -5 andB = -13 0 ,find(AB)"^ tCBSE 20121
5 -2 2 0-2 1
'1-2 3'
37. IfA= 0-14 ,find{A^)"l [CBSE2015]
-2 2 1
6.24 MATHEMATICS-Xn
-1 -2 -2
38. Find the adjoint of the matrix A = 2 1-2 and hence show that (adj =1 A113.
2-2 1
[CBSE2015]
0 1 1
39. IfA = 1 0 1 ,findA ^ and show thatA ^=—(A^-3/).

2
INCERT EXEMPLAR)
1 1 0
ANSWERS
■ 4 -5' d -b cos a - sm a 1 - tan a/2

l.(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
w
-2 -3 - c a - sm a cos a tan a/2 1
-3 2 2 2 3 -13 -22 11 -11
Flo
2. (i) 2-3 2 (ii) -3 6 9 (iii) 4 -2 2
2 2-3 5-3 -1 16 -8 8
ee
Fr
3 -1 1 25 0 0
(iv) -15 7 -5 6. 0 25 0
4 -2 2 for 0 0 25
ur
1 + bc
-b
cos 0 - sin 0 0 1
1_\1 -5'
ks
a
7. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
sin 0 cos 0 1 0 17 3 2
Yo
- c a
oo
4 17 3 3 1 -1
eB
-5 1 7
1 1
8. (i) 1 7 -5 (ii) -1 -11 6 (iii) - 1 3 1
18 27 4
7 -5 1 5 1-3 -1 1 3
ur
ad
3 -1 1 0 1 -1 -8 4 4
Yo
(iv) -15 6-5 (v) 4 -3 4 (Vi) T 11 -2 -3

4
5-2 2 3-3 4 -4 0 0
d
Re
1 0 0 7 -3 -3 1 1 -1
in
1
(vii) 0 cos a sin a 9. (i) -1 1 0 (ii) ^ -3 1 1
2
F
0 sin a - cos a -1 0 1 9 -5 -1
39 1+bc
-47 -b -2 19 -27
11. 2 14. a 15. -2 18 -25
41 -17 - c a -3 29 -42
17.
2 -3
18.
1 r-4 5 19. -
1 2 -1
-1 2 42 2 8
7 1_1 3_
■ r-2 2'
20. x = 9, y=14 j_r 5 -3' 21. X = 1,A-1=^2-4
'14-2 4 3
-3 4 5
_i r 2 3' 23.
■ 6 -5
24.
1
9 -1 -4
7 -1 -5 -7 6 11
5 -3 -1
-9 -8 -2 3 1 -1
25. 8 7 2 26. -
1
1 3 1 30.
-3
4
-14’
17
31. p1 11
-2
4
-5 -4 -1 -1 1 3
-3 2 2 '9-35
-16 3 ■ 9 -14 1
32. 33. 34. - 2 -3 2 36. -2 1 0
24 -5 -16 25 5
2 2 -3 1 0 2
-9 -8 -2
37. 8 7 2
-5 -4 -1
ww
15. We have to find(/l6)“ ^ and we are given the values of A and But,(A6)“ ^ = B” ^ A~ ^
So, we need to find A~^.
5 0 4
Flo
Now, A = 2 3 2 =>|A|=5(3-4)-0(2-2)+4(4-3)=-5 + 4= -1^0
e
ree
1 2 1
Fr
So, A ^ exists.
rF
Let Cjj be cofactor of OjjmA= [Ojj]. Then,
uurr
Cji = 3-4 = -l,Ci2 = -{2-2) = 0,
for
Ci3 = 4-3 = l,C2i = -(0-8) = 8
C22 = 5-4 = 1, C23 = -(10-0) = -10,C3i = (0-12) = -12,
s
kks
C32 = -(10-8) = -2,C33 = 15

Yo
oooo
-iT -iT
^11 ^12 C 13 -1 0 1 -1 8 -12
adj A = C21 C22 C23 8 1 -10 0 1 -2

eB
1 -10 15
^31 C 32 C 33 -12 -2 15
ur
1 -8 12
1
So, A~^ =
ad
adj A - 0 -1 2
YYo
Ml -1 10 -15
1 3 3 1 -8 12 -2 19 -27
dd
Hence, (AB)"^ = B"^ A"^

Re
1 4 3 0 -1 2 -2 18 -25
in
1 3 4 -1 10 -15 -3 29 -42
F
‘2 3
17. We have, A =
1 2
'2 3 '2 3 ■7 12
A^ = AA =
1 2 1 2 4 7
A^-4A + I = f7 121 '2 3 '1 01 ro O'

-4 + = O
4 7 1 2 0 1 0 0
A“^(A^-4A + /) = A“^0 [Multiplying both sides by A

A“Â^-4A-Â+A"^1 = O => A-4/+A“^ = O
■4 O' 2 3 '2-3'
A”^ = 4/-A =
0 4 1 2 -1 2
3 1
19. We have, A =
-1 2
2 ■ 3 11 r 3 1' ■ 8 5‘
A^ = AA =
-12 -12 -5 3
2 ■ 8 5' 3 1 1 0 '8-15 + 7 5-5 + 0' 0 0

So,A^-5A+7I = -5 + 7 =0
-5 3 -1 2 0 1 -5+5 + 0 3-10+7 0 0
Now, A^-5A + 7I = O
A~^(A^ -5A+7I) = A~^0 [Multiplying throughout by A
A~ ^ A^ -5A~ ^ A + 7A~ ^1=0
A-5I+7A~^ = O => = 5J-.A
ww
7A~'^ = rs 01
'2 -r
=>
3 1
=> A-l = 1 [2 -1
0 5 -1 2 1 3 7 1 3
1 1 1
24. We have, A = 1 2 -3
Flo
e
2-1 3
eree
1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 1
A^=A4=12-3 12-3 =
FFr
-3 8 -14
2-1 3 J [2 -1 3 J 7 -3 14
uurr
and, A^ = A^ A ^ -I
r 4 2
8-14
1] fl
1
1
2-3
1' orr 8 7 1
sfo
- 23 27 - 69
7-3 14 2-1 3 32 -13 58
kks
Yoo
+5^1+11/3
oooo
8 7 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
eBB
= -23 27 - 69 -6 -3 8 -14 + 5 1 2 -3 + 11 0 1 0
32 -13 58 7 -3 14 2-1 3 0 0 1
urr
8-24 + 5 + 11 7-12+5 + 0 1-6+5+0 0 0 0

ad
-23 + 18+5 + 0 27 -48 + 10 + 11 -69 + 84-15 + 0 0 0 0 = O

YYo
32 - 42 + 10 + 0 -13 + 18 - 5 + 0 58 - 84 + 15 + 1 0 0 0
Now, A^ -6A'^ +5A + 111 3 =0

dd
Re
inn
A"^(A^-6^2+5A + 11/3) = A
-1
O [Multiplying both sides by A
F
a2-6A+5/ + 11A"^ = O
11A“^ = -A^ + 6A-5I
r 4 2 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 0 0
llA"^ = - - 3 8 -14+6 1 2 -3 -5 0 10
7 -3 14 2-1 3 0 0 1
r-4+6-5 -2+6+0 -1+6+0 -3 4 5

11A“^ = 3+6+0 -8 + 12-5 14-18 + 0 9 -1 -4
-7+12 + 0 3-6 + 0 -14 + 18-5 5 -3 -1
-3 4 5
A-^ 9 -1 -4
11
5 -3 -1
2-1 1
26. We have, A = -1 2 -1
1 -1 2
2 -1 1 2 -1 1 6-5 5
= AA = -I 2 -1 -1 2 -1 -5 6 -5
1 -1
2JL 1 -1 2 5-5 6
[6-5 5■ 2 -1 1 22 - 21 21
and. A^ = A^ A = -5 6 -5 -1 2 -1 -21 22 -21
5-5 6 1 -1 2 21 -21 22
A^ -6A^ +9A-4I
ww
22 - 21 21 -36 30 -30 18-9 9 -4 0 0
- 21 22 - 21 + 30 - 36 30 + -9 18 -9 + 0-4 0
21 -21 22 -30 30 -36 9 -9 18 0 0 -4
Flo
e
22-36+18-4 -21 + 30-9 + 0 21 - 30 + 9 + 0 0 0 0
eree
= -21 + 30-9 + 0 22-36 + 18-4 -21 + 30-9 + 0 0 0 0 = o
FFr
21 -30 + 9 + 0 -21 + 30-9 + 0 22-36 + 18-4 0 0 0
uurr
Now,-6A^ + 9A-4I =0
orr
sfo
=> A~^{A^-6A'^+9A-4I) = A~^0 [Multiplying both sides by A ^ ]
=> a'^-6A + 9I-4A^^ = O
kks
Yoo
oooo
421*^ = a'^-6A +91

eBB
6-5 5 -12 6 -6 9 0 0
4A~'^ =-5 6-5 + 6 -12 6 + 0 9 0
urr
5-5 6 -6 6 -12 0 0 9
ad
YYo
6-12 + 9 -5+6 + 0 5-6 + 0 3 1 -1

-1
421 -5 + 6 + 0 6-12 + 9 -5+6 + 0 1 3 1
5-6 + 0 -5 + 6 + 0 6-12 + 9 -1 1 3
dd
Re
inn
3 1 -1
1
1 3 1
F
4
-1 1 3
6.4 ELEMENTARY TRANSFORMATIONS OR ELEMENTARY OPERATIONS OF A MATRIX
The following three operations applied on the rows (columns) of a matrix are called elementary
row (column) transformations.
(i) Interchange of any tiuo rows (columns)
If row (column) of a matrix is interchanged with the row (column), it will be denoted by
Rj ++ Rj (Cj ++Cy).
2 1 3 2 1 3
For example, 2l = -1 2 1 , then by applying K2 ^-^3 B = 3 2 4

3 2 4 -12 1
(ii) Multiplying all elements of a row (column) of a matrix by a non-zero scalar

If the elements of row (column) are multiplied by a non-zero scalar k, it will be denoted by
R,- ^ R,- (fc) [q q (k)] or Ri ^ kRi [Q ^ kq]
■ 3 2 -1] 3 2 -1
A= 0 1 2 , then by applying R2 3R2, we obtain: B = 0 3 6

-1 2 -3 -1 2 -3
(iii)Adding to the elements of a row (column), the corresponding elements of any other row (column)
multiplied by any scalar k.
oww
If k times the elements of row (column) are added to the corresponding elements of the
row (column), it will be denoted by R,- Rj + k Rj (Q -> Q + Cy).
■ 2 131]
If/1=-1 -1 0 2, then the application of elementary operation R3 ^ R^ + 2 R^ gives the
0 1 3 ij
e
re
FFrlo
[2 131'
matrix B - -1 -1 0 2.
rF
ee
_ 4 3 9 3
rF
If a matrix B is obtained from a matrix A by one or more elementary transformations, then A and
ouru
B are equivalent matrices and we write A-- B.
1 2 3 fosor
4'
skf
Let /I = 2 14 3. Then,
3 1 2 4
ooko
Yo
Y
1 2 3 4
Bo
A 1 -11 -1 Applying R2 ^ R2 + (-1)

reeB
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 1
ooY
uur
A 1-11 -2 Applying C4 +(-l)C3

ad
1 1 2 2
dY
An elementary transformation is called a row transformation or a column transformation

according as it is applied to rows or columns.
nind
Re
ELEMENTARY MATRIX A matrix obtained from an identity matrix by a single elementary operation
F
Fi
(transformation) is called an elementary matrix.

1 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
For example, 0 1 0 , 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 10
are elementary matrices obtained from 1^ by subjecting it to the elementary transformations

Rj -> Rj + 3 R2'^1 ^ ^3 ^2 ^ ^3 respectively.
■ 1 -1 2 O'
Consider a matrix A = -3 5 12. Let B be a matrix obtained from A by applying
2
1 5 3J
elementary transformation R2 R2 + 2 Rj and let £ be the elementary matrix obtained from
(as there are three rows in A) by subjecting it to the same transformation. Then,
1 -1 2 0 T 0 O'
B = -1 3 5 2 and £ = 2 1 0
2 15 3 0 0 1
1 0 0 1-12 0 1-12 0
Now, EA = 2 1 0 -3 5 1 2 -1 3 5 2 = B
0 0 1 2 15 3 2 15 3
Thus, we find that B can be obtained from A by pre-multiplying witfi an elementary matrix
obtained from by subjecting it to the same elementary row transformation.
Let C be a matrix obtained from A by the application of transformation C3 ^03 + 2 C2/and let
£ be the elementary matrix obtained from I4 (as there are four columns in A) by subjecting it to
the same column transformation. Then,
10 0 0
1-1 0 0
0 12 0
C = -3 5 11 2 and E -
0 0 10
ww
2 1 7 3
0 0 0 1
10 0 0
1-12 0 1-1 0 0
FF loo
0 1 2 0
Now, AE = -3 5 1 2 -3 5 11 2 =C
0 0 1 0
2 15 3 2 1 7 3
ree
0 0 0 1
Thus, C can also be obtained from A by post-multiplying with an elementary matrix obtained
from 14 by subjecting it to the same elementary column transformations.
reFe
We now state the results obtained in the above discussion as two theorems, the proofs of which oroFr
r ur
are beyond the scope of this book.
s ff
THEOREM 1 Every elementary row (column) transformation of anmxn matrix (not identity matrix)
k
YYouo
can be obtained by pre-multiplication (post-multiplication) with the corresponding elementary matrix

koso
obtained from the identity matrix (I„) by subjecting it to the same elementary row (column)
BBoo
transformation.
r ee
THEOREM 2 LetC =ABbea product oftzvo matrices. Any elementary row (column) transformation of
AB can be obtained by subjecting the pre-factor A (post-factor B) to the same elementary row (column)
ad
ouur
transformation.
Yo
2 1 -3 4 0
. ILLUSTRATION 1 Verify Theorem 2, if A = 0 1 -1 B= 1 2 and the elementary

d
Re
2 3
idnY
1 2 -1
row-operation is R2~> R2 + (- 2)
FFin
SOLUTION We have,
2 1 -3ir4 0] 3 -7
AB= 0 1 -1 1 2 = -1 -1
1 2-1 2 3 4 1
Applying R2 ^ R2 + (- 2) Rj on AB, we get

3 -7'
AB- -7 13 =P(say)
4 ij
Applying R2 R2 + (~ 2) Rj on A, we get
■ 2 1-3'
A~ -4 -1 5 =Q(say) ...(ii)
1 2 -1
2 1 -3 4 0 3 -7
Now, QB - -4 -1 5 1 2 -7 13 = R (say) ...(iii)

1 2 -1 2 3 4 1
From (i) and (iii), we get P = R.

I lence, the theorem is verified.
ILLUSTRATION 2
Use elementary column operation C2 -> C2 - 2 Cj in the matrix equation
■4 2 1 2 2 O'
ICBSE 2014]
3 3 0 3 1 1
SOLUTION = AB, then any elementary row (column)

If A, B, C are three matrices such that C
transformation of C can be obtained by subjecting the pre-factor (post-factor B) to the same
w
elementary row (column) transformation. Therefore, given matrix equation after applying
C2 C2 -2 Cj, becomes
Flo
■4 2-2x41 ri 21 [2 0-2x2' 4 -6' 1 2 2 -4'
3 3-2x3j"[_0 3J [1 1-2x1
or.
3 -3 0 3 1 -1
e
rree
ILLUSTRATION 3 Apply elementary transformation R2 ^2 “ ^^1 matrix equation
r FF
T1 -6l_ri 31 [2 O'
6 -4j"l_0 2J 1_3 -2
uurr
for
SOLUTION Any elementary row transformation on the LHS of the given equation is obtained
by subjecting the pre-factor on the RHS of the same transformation. Therefore, givm matrix
kss
equation, by applying R2 R2 ~ 3jRj, becomes

ooook
Yo
' 11 -6
■ 1 31 [2 O'
-27 14 -3 -7 3 -2
eB
6.4.1 METHOD OF FINDING THE INVERSE OF A MATRIX BY ELEMENTARY TRANSFORMATIONS

urr
Let A be a non-singular matrix of order n. Then A can be reduced to the identity matrix by a
ad
Yo
finite sequence of elementary transformations only. As we have discussed every elementary

row transformation of a matrix is equivalent to pre-multiplication by the corresponding
dY
elementary matrix. Therefore, there exist elementary matrices £j, £2,..., such that
Re
innd
(£fcEt_i...E2Ei)A4-^ =
Fi
[Post-multiplying by A
(£;.£t_l...£2£l)/„ = [■.■ A~^ = and AA~^ = /„]

.4-' = (Et£t_i...£2£i)/„.
Following algorithm may be used for finding the inverse of a non-singular matrix by elementary
row transformations.
ALGORITHM
Step I Obtain the square matrix, say A.

Step II Write A = A
Step III Perform a sequence of elementary row operations successively on A on the LHS and the
pre-factor I„ on the RHS till we obtain the result I„ = BA.
Step IV V^riteA~'^ = B.
ri 31
Find the inverse of the matrix A = ^ y > using elementary row transformations.
EXAMPLE 1

A = IA
T 3 1 0
or. A
2 7 0 1
1 3 1 O'
A [Applying R2 ^ ^2 + (“ 2)
ww
0 1 -2 1
n 0
=>
0 1 -2 1 ^ [Applying -> + (- 3) R2]
7-3'
Flo
A-1
e
-2 1 ●
eree
'1 2‘
EXAMPLE 2 By using elementary row transformations find the inverse of the matrix A = 3 7 ●
FFr
uurr
A = lA
n 21 1 0
A orr
or.
sfo
3 7 0 1
1 2'
kks
1 0
Yoo
[Applying R2 -> R2 + {- 3) Ri]

oooo
0 1 -3 1
fi 01 r 7
eBB
0 1 -3 [Applying Rj Ri + (- 2) R2]
'7-1'
urr
A-1 =
-3 ● 1 ■
ad
YYo
We may use tlie following algorithm to find the inverse of a square matrix of order 3 by using
elementary row transformations.
dd
Re
inn
ALGORITHM
Step I Introduce unity at the intersection of first row and first column either by interchanging two
F
rows or by adding a constant multiple of dements of some other row to the first row.
Step II After introducing unity at (1,1)^^ place introduce zeros at all other places in first column.
Step III Introduce unity at the intersection of 2nd row and 2nd column with the help of 2nd and 3rd
rows.
Step IV Introduce zeros at all other places in the second column except at the intersection of 2nd row and
2nd column.
Step V Introduce unity at the intersection of 3rd row and third column.
Step VI Finally introduce zeros at all other places in the third column except at the intersection of third
row and third column.
3 -1 -2
EXAMPLES Using elementary row transformation find the inverse of the matrix A = 2 0-1
3-5 0
A=IA
3 -1 -2 10 0
or, 2 0 -1 0 10 A
3 -5 0 0 0 1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 0
[Applying -^Ri~R2\
w
2 0-1 0 1 0 A
3 -5 0 0 0 1
1 -1 -1 1-10
0 2 1 -2 3 0 A [Applying K2 ^2 ^3 + (“ 3) Rj]
e
roow
0-2 3 -3 3 1
re
1 -1 -1 1 -1 0
0 1 1/2 -1 3/2 0 A [Applying R2 -> R2(l/2)]
reF
uFFll
0 -2 3 -3 3 1
e
1 0 -1/2 0 1/2 0
0 1 1/2 -1 3/2 0 A [Applying R^-> Ri + R2 and R3 —> R3 + 2R2]
sFr
0 0 4 -5 6 1
foro
ofk
uor
1 0 -1/2 0 1/2 0
0 1 1/2 -1 3/2 0 A [Applying R3->1/4R3]
0 0 1 -5/4 3/2 1/4
kos
Y
Yo
1 0 0 -5/8 5/4 1/8'

reeBB
oo
0 1 0 -3/8 3/4 -1/8 A

‘Applying R2-> R\ + (1/2) R3I
&cR2^R2-{1/2)R^]
0 0 1 -5/4 3/2 1/4
uurY
r-5/8 5/4 1/8'

Hence, A'^ = -3/8 3/4 -1/8
ad
-5/4 3/2 1/4

doo
nY
1 2 -2
EXAMPLH4 Find the inverse of the matrix A= -1 3 0 by using elementary row

nid
Re
transformations. 0 -2 1 [CBSE2010,2019]
F

Fi
A = / A
■ 1 2-2 1 0 0
or. -1 3 0 0 1 0 A
0-2 1 0 0 1
1 2 -2 1 0 0
0 5 -2 1 1 0 A [Applying R2 ^ R2 + RiJ
0 -2 1 0 0 1
1 2 -2 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 2 A [Applying R2 -> R2 + 2R3]
0 -2 1 0 0 0
1 0 -2 -1 -2 -4
0 1 0 1 1 2 A [Applying Rj ^ Rj + (- 2) R2 , R3 -> R3 + 2R2]
0 0 1 2 2 5
1 0 0 3 2 6
0 1 0 1 1 2 A [Applying ^ Rj + 2R3]
0 0 1 2 2 5
3 2 6
Hence, = 1 1 2
2 2 5
EXERCISE 6.2
BASIC
Find the inverse of each of the following matrices by using elementary row transformations:
ooww
1.R4 -3
1 2.
■5
2
2'
1
3.
1
2 -1
2
[CBSE 2017]
0 1 2
[2 51 ■3 10'
e
4. [CBSE2010] 5. 6. 1 2 3
1 3 2 7
re
3 1 1
rFFl
ree
2 0-1 2 3 1 3-3 4
F
7. 5 1 0 8. 2 4 1 9. 2 -3 4
rF
0 1 3 3 7 2 0 -1 1
1 2 0 fsfoor2 -1 3 1 1 2
ouur
10. 2 3-1 11. 1 2 4 12. 3 1 1
kosk
1 -1 3 3 1 1 2 3 1
Yo
2 -1 4 3 0-1
oo
Y
13. 4 0 2 [CBSE 2008] 14. 2 3 0 [CBSE 2009]

BB
3 -2 7 0 4 1
rre
1 3 -2 -1 1 2
15. -3 0 1 [CBSE 2011] 16. 1 2 3 [CBSE 2012]
oYuu
ad
2 1 0 3 1 1
dY
1 2 3 2 -3 5
17. 2 5 7 [CBSE 2018] 18. 3 2-4 [CBSE 2019]
innd
-2 -4 -5 1 1 -2
Re
ANSWERS
Fi
F
1 3 1 1 -2 1 1 2
1. — 2. 3. -
25 4 -7 -2 5 5 2
1/2 -1/2 1/2

3 -5 ■ 7 -10'
4. 5. 6. -4 3 -1
-1 2 -2 3
5/2 -3/2 1/2
3 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 0
7. -15 6 -5 8. -1 1 0 9. -2 3 -4
5 -2 2 2-5 2 -2 3-3
-4/3 1 1/3' -1
-2 4 -10
1
-2 5 -1
10. 7/6 -1/2 -1/6 11. 11 -7 -5 12. -1-3 5
30 11
5/6 -1/2 1/6 -5 -5 5 7 -1 -2
■-2 1/2 1' 3 -4 3 1 -2 -3 1 -1 1

13. 11 -1 -6 14. -2 3 -2 15. -2 4 7 16. -8 7 -5
4 -1/2 -2 8 -12 9 3 5 9 5-4 3
3 -2 -1 ‘01 -2'
17. -4 1 -1 18. -2 9 -23
2 0 1 -1 5 -13

1. If /4 is a unit matrix of order n, then A (adj A) =
^ —1
2. If A is a non-singular square matrix such that A^ = I, then A =.
ooww
-1
3. If A and B are square matrices of the same order and AB = 31, then A
'1 a 2
4. If the matrix A - 1 2 5 is not invertible, then a =
e
2 1 1
re
5. If A is a singular matrix, then A (adj A) -
rFFl
ree
F
6. Let di be a square matrix of order 3 such that | 1 = 11 and B be the matrix of cofactors of
elements of A. Then, |B|^=
rF
'10 O'
7. If A is a square matrix of order 2 such that A (adj A) = 0
fsfoor then| A| =
ouur
10 '
kosk
8. If A is an invertible matrix of order 3 and | A | = 3, then | adj A | =
9. If A is an invertible matrix of order 3 and | A1 = 5, then adj (adj A) =
Yo
oo
10. If A is an invertible matrix of order 3 and | A | = 4, then | adj (adj A) [ =

Y
BB
11. If A = diag (1,2,3), then [adj (adj A) | =
A j = ^, then j A“^ | =
rre
12. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that [

oYuu
13. If A is a square matrix such that A (adj A) = 10/, thenj A | =

ad
14. Let A be a square matrix of order 3 and B =| A j A“^.If[ A j = - 5, thenj Bj =

dY
15. If A: is a scalar and / is a unit matrix of order 3, then adj (kT) =

cosx s'mx k 0
innd
Re
16. If A = and A (adj A) = , then k -

-sinx cosa: 0 k
Fi
F
17. If A is a non-singular matrix of order 3, then adj (adj A) is equal to

f i + j, if i ^ j
18. If A =[(i;]9„9, where«,; =-^ 7 , then A =
0 3
19.IfA =
2 0
and A“^ = A. (adj A), then k =
20.If A is a 3x3 non-singular matrix such that AA^ = AÂand B = A”Â^, then
B6^ =
21. If A and B are two square matrices of the same order such that B = -A'^BA, then
(A + B)2=
22. If A is a non-singular matrix of order 3x3, then (A =.,
23. If A be a square matrix such that j adj A j = j A [^, then the order of A is
X 5 2
24. JiA = 2 y 3 , xyz = 80, 3x+ 2y + lOz = 20 and A adj A =kl, thenfc =.
1 1 2
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
3 -41 _i
25. For A =
^ ^ , write A . [CBSE2020]
ANSWERS
1
1. A 2. A^ 3. -B 4. 1 5. Null matrix 6. 11^ 7. 10
3
8. 9 9. 5A 10. 4^ 11. 6^ 12. ^5 13. 10 14. 25 15. k^l
ww
1 0 3 1
16. 1 17. |A|A 18. - 19. - 20. I 21. A^ + B^
9 3 1 6
-1 4'
22. (A-y
Flo
23. 3x 3 24. 81 25.
-1 3
ee
rere
r FF
question:
uurr
-3 4
foor
1.
Write the adjoint of the matrix A = ^ -2 ■
ks s
2. If A is a square matrix such that A (adj A) =5/, where I denotes the identity matrix of the
Yoo
same order. Then, find the value of | A[.

ooook
3. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that] A| = 5, write the value of | adj A|. [ C BSE 2009 j
eBB
4. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that]adj A| = 64, find | A|.

5. If A is a non-singular square matrix such that| A| =10, find | A” Y
uurr
6. If A, B, C are three non-null square matrices of the same order, write the condition on A
ad
such that AB = AC B=C.

Yo
7. If A is a non-singular square matrix such that A” ^ = -2

dY
-1 '
Re
If adj A = ^ ^ and adj B = _ ^ ^ , find adj AB.

innd
8.
FFi
9. If A is a symmetric matrix, write whether A ^ is symmetric or skew-symmetric.

10. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that | A | = 2, then write the value of adj (adj A).
11. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that | A | = 3, then find the value of [ adj (adj A) |.
12. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that adj (2A) = k adj (A), then write the value of k.
13. If A is a square matrix, then write the matrix adj (A ^) - (adj A) .
14. Let A be a 3 X 3 square matrix such that A (adj A) = 2 /, where 1 is the identity matrix. Write
the value of | adj A |.
15. If A is a non-singular symmetric matrix, write whether A” ^ is symmetric or
skew-symmetric,
cos 0 sin 0 'k 0
16. IfA = and A (adj A) = , then find the value of k.
- sin 0 cos 0 0 k
17. If A is an invertible matrix such that \A ^| = 2, find the value of |A|.

'5 0 0'
18. If A is a square matrix such that A (adj A) = 0 5 0 , then write the value of ladjA|.
[o 0 sj
19. IfA=r?- „ be such that A” ^ =/c A, then find the value of/c.
|_t)
20. Let A be a square matrix such that A^ -A + I=0, then write A" ^ in terms of A.
2-3 5
21. If Cy is the cofactor of the element of the matrix A = 6 0 4 , then write the value of
1 5 -7
w
^^32 ^32- ICBSE2013]
r 3-21 cos 0 sin 0
22. Find the inverse of the matrix _ _ 23. Find the inverse of the matrix
Flo
-/ b - sin 0 cos 0
24- If A =[2
31 a b n 01
e
25. ifA =
Q , write adj A. ,B = , find adj (A6).
ree
c d 0 1
FFr
26. ifA=r2
1
, then find| adj A|. [CBSE2010]
for
27. HA =[5
2 5
ur
_ 2 / write A“ ^ in terms of A. [CBSE 2011] 28. Write A ^ for A =
1 3
kkss
29. Use elementary column operation C2 C2 + 2Cj in the following matrix equation:
Yo
2 1
3 iir 1 0]
ooo
[CBSE 2016]
2 0 20 -11
eB
30. In the following matrix equation use elementary operation J?2 ^2 ^1 equation
thus obtained:
'2 3] ri O' 8 -3
ur
[CBSE 2017]
1 4J [2 -1 9 -4
ad
YYo
31.1f A is a square matrix with | A | = 4 then find the value of | A. (adj A) |. [CBSE 2019]
ANSWERS
d
Re
■-2 -4
in
1. 2.5 3. 25 4. ±8 5.1
-7-3 10
F
■-6 5‘
6. A must be invertible or | A [ 0 7. ^ -2
8.
9. symmetric
3 -1 -2 -10
10. 2A 11. 81 12.4 13. Null matrix 14.4

15.
symmetric 16. 1 17.1 18. 25 19.1
2 19
rs 21 cos 0 - sin 0’
20. A” ^={7-A) 21.110 22.
7 3
23.
sin 0 cos 0
0 3 d -b
24. 25. 26.-11 27. A-l= —A
-2 1 -c a 19
' 3 -5' '2 5 ■3 lir 1 2 '2 31 ri O' ■ 8 -3'
28. A-^ = 29. 30.
-1 2 2 4 20 -1-1 3 7 2 -1 17 -7
n.ôiA)
CHAPTER z
SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS
LINEAR EQUATIONS
7.1 ;NTRODUCTION
Consider the following system of m linear equations in n unknowns:

All Xi + a-12 X2 + .+ a^x^=h-^
w
^21 ^22 ^2 . + ^2n ^-^2
Flo X-[ + 0j„2 X2 + . +

Xfi m
reee
This system of equations can be written in matrix form as
FFr
flu fli2 ●●● a-iji h
^21 *^22 ●●● ^2?i ^2 h
urr
for
^2 ●●● Xn ^tl
kkss
flu fli2 ●●● h

Yo
fl2i fl22 ●●● «2«

ooo
^2
or AX = B, where A - ,X = and B =
eB
^1 î2 Xtt I b
-I MI X « - H X 1 " J « X 1
The mxn matrix A is called the coefficient matrix of the system of linear equations.
r
ou
ILLUSTRATION
Express the following system of simultaneous linear equation as a matrix equation:
ad
2x + 3y-z = 1
YY
r + y + 22 = 2
nndd
2x-y + z - 3
Re
SOLUTION The given system of equations can be written in matrix form as

Fi
‘2 3 -ll [x~\ 2 3-1 1

1 1 2 y 2 or, AX = B, where A = 1 1 2 , X= y and B = 2
2 -1 1 2 3 2 -1 1 z 3
SOLUTION A set of values of the variables x^, X2, x^ which simultaneously satisfy all the equations is
called a solution of the system of equations.
For example, x = 2, y = -3 is a solution of the system of linear equations
3x + y = 3
2x + y = 1
because 3 (2) + (- 3) = 3 and, 2 (2) + (- 3) = 1.
CONSISTENT SYSTEM
If the system of equations has one or more solutions, then it is said to be a
consistent system of equations, otherwise it is an inconsistent system of equations.
For example, the system of linear equations
7.2 MATHEMATICS-XM
2x + 3y = 5
4-t + 61/ = 10
is consistent, because x = \,y =1 and :c = 2, y = 1/3 are solutions of it.
However, the system of linear equations
2x + 3y = 5
4x + 6y = 9
is inconsistent, because there is no set of values of x, y which satisfy the two equations
simultaneously.
HOMOGENEOUS AND NON-HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS A system of equations AX = B is called a
homogeneous system ifB = 0. Otherwise, it is called a non-homogeneous system of equations.
ww
For example, the system of equations
2x + 3y = 0
3x-y = 0
Flo
is a homogeneous system of linear equations whereas the system of equations given by
e
2x + 3y = 1
eree
3x-y = 5
FFr
is a non-homogeneous system of linear equatioruj.
uurr
7.2 MATRIX METHOD FOR THE SOLUTION OF A NON-HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM
orr
In the previous section, we have seen that a system of simultaneous linear equations can be
sfo
expressed as a matrix equation. In tliis section, we shall discuss about a method for solving a
system of non-homogenous simultaneous linear equations in which the number of unknowns is
kks
Yoo
same as the number of equations. In this method, we will use the inverse of the coefficient
oooo
matrix. So, it is also known as matrix method.

eBB
THEOREM 1
If A is ^ non-singular matrix, then the system of equations given by AX = Bhas the unique
solution given byX = A~ ^B.
urr
-1
PROOF We have, AX = B, where | A | 0. Since | A | 0, therefore A exists.
ad
YYo
Pre-multiplying both sides of AX = B by A~ ^ we get

A“ ^ (AX) = A" => (A“ Â) X = A" % => /X = A” ^B => X = A”
dd
given by X = A”^B.
Re
Thus, the system of equations AX = B has a solution

inn
Uniqueness: If possible, let Xj and X2 be two solutions of AX = B. Then,

F
AXi = B and AX2 = B

^ AXi = AX2
A” ÂXi) = A” ^ (AX2) ^ (A” ^ A) Xi = (A” ^ A) X2 => IX^ = IX2 => X^ = X2.
Hence, the given system of equations has the unique solution given by X = A” ‘B.
Q.E.D.
In the above theorem, we have proved that a non-homogenous system AX = B of« simultaneous
linear equations with M-unknowns has the unique solution given by X=A“^B, if A is a
non-singular matrix. Now, a natural question arises, what happens when A is a singular matrix?
In order to answer this, let us consider the following system of equations:
2x + y = 3
4x + 2y = 6
This system of equations can be written in matrix form as
SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS 7.3
3 1 '2 1
'2
4 2
1 X
y
, , or AX = B where A - 4
o 2
,X = ^yj and B= f
■" [6.
Clearly, | A | = 0. Also, the system of equations has infinitely many solutions as the two
equations represent coincident lines in xy-plane.
Now, consider the following system of equations:
2x + y = 3
4a: + 2y =5
For this system of equations also the determinant of the coefficient matrix A is zero i.e. A is a
singular matrix. But, the system has no solution i.e. it is an inconsistent system of equations, as
the lines represented by the two equations are non-coincident parallel lines.
It follows from the above discussion that the system of equations AX = B may be incor\sistent
ww
or it may be consistent with infinitely many solutions when the coefficient matrix A is singular.
We now state and prove the following criterion for the consistency or inconsistency of a
non-homogenous system of linear equations.
Flo
THEOREM 2 {Criterion of consistenci/) Let AX = B be a system of n-Hnear equations in n unknowns.
e
(i) If\A\ 0, then the system is consistent and has the unique solution given by X = A~'^B.
reree
(ii) If\A\ = 0 and{adj A) B = O,thenthesystemisconsistentandhasi nfinitelymany solutions.
r FF
(hi) If \A\ =0 and {adj A) B * O, then the system is inconsistent.
uurr
PROOF(i) See Theorem 1
foor
(ii) We have.
AX = B, where | A = 0.
ks s
Yoo
=> {adj A) {AX) = {adj A) B

ooook
=> {{adjA)A)X = {adjA)B

eBB
=> (|A17„)X = {adjA)B [V (adj A) A = |A|I„1

=> I ^ IX = {adj A) B
If I AI = 0 and {adj A) B =0, then | A | X = {adj A) B is true for every value of X.
uurr
ad
So, the system of equations AX = B is consistent and it has infinitely many solutions,
Yo
(iu) If I AI =0and((jrf/ A)B then the equation | A | X ={adj A) B is not true because its LHS is
dY
always a null matrix whereas the RHS is non-null matrix. So, the system is inconsistent.
Q.E.D.
Re
innd
The above discussion suggests the following algorithm to solve a system of simultaneous linear
FFi
equations.
ALGORITHM
Step I Obtain the system of equations and express it in the matrix equation from AX = B.
Step II Find I A |.
Step III If\A\^0, then the given system of equations is consistent with unique solution. To obtain the
solution compute A~ ^ by using A~ ^ — adj A and use the formula X = A ^ B.
A
Step IV If \ A\=0, then the given system of equations is either inconsistent or it has infinitely many
solutions. To distinguish these two proceed as follows:
Compute {adj A) B.
If {adj A) B=aO, then the given system of equations is inconsistent i.e. it has no solution.
If {adj A) B =0, then the given system of equations is consistent xvith infinitely many
solutions.
7,4 MATHEMATICS-XII
In order to find these infinitely many solutions, replace one of the variables by some real
number. This will reduce the number of variables by one. Now, take any two out of the three
equations and solve them by matrix method.
Type 1 SOLVING THE GIVEN SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS WHEN THE COEFFICIENT MATRIX IS
NON-SINGULAR
EXAMPLE 1 Use matrix method to solve the following system of equations:
ww
5x-7y = 2,7x-5y = 3
5x-7y = 2
Flo
7x-5y = 3
e
[21 -71
and B=r^
5 -7
B where A = 7^
eree
X
or. or, AX = , X =
7 -5 y 3 -5
.yj
FFr
Now, I AI = j ^
-7
= - 25 + 49 == 24 0. So, the given system has a unique solution given by
uurr
-5
X = A“^ B. orr
sfo
Let Cij be the cofactors of elements in A = [ojj]. Then,
kks
Yoo
1+ 1 1+2 2+ 1 2+2
Cii=(-1) (-5)=-5, Ci2=(-1) 7=-7, C2i=(-1) (-7)=7,C22=(-1) 5=5.
oooo
■-57 -7]^ -5 7 -1
^ adj A = J_r-5 7
eBB
adj A = 5 -7 5
and, A
Ml 24 -7 5
■ -5 71 r 2 ■ -10 + 21 '11/24 ■
= B = J_ 1
urr
X
24 -7 5 3 24 -14 + 15 1/24
ad
YYo
'11/24' 11 1
1/24
=> X = — and y = —
y. 24 24
dd
Hence, x =11/24 andy = 1/24 is the required solution.

Re
inn
EXAMPLE 2 Use matrix method to solve thefollowing system of equations:

F
x-2y-4 = 0, -3x + 5y + 7 = 0
x-2y = 4
- 3x +5y - -7
'1-21 [x 41 f 1 -2
^ and B= f
or.
-3 5 y rj or, AX=B where A= 5 y -7
1 -2
Now, IA -3 5
= 5-6 = -1 0
So, the given system has a unique solution given by X = A“^ B. Let Qy be the co-factors of
elements in A = [Ojj]. Then,
Cii = (-l)'+^5 =5,Ci2 = ^ 3,C2i=(-1)^^’(-2)=2
and C22 = (-l)^^^l = 1.
rs 3 -|T F5 21 1 '5 2' -5 -2'

adj A = and, A ^ adj A =
2 1 3 1
Ml (-1) L3 1 -3 -1
■-20 +14 -6
X = A~^ B = -5 -2ir 4 -6 X
-3 -1 -7 -12 +7 -5 y -5
X = -6 andy = -5
Hence, x = -6 and y = - 5 is the required solution.
EXAMPLE 3 Solve the following system of equations, using matrix method:
a; + 2y + 2 =7, x+ 3z =11, 2x-3y =1 [CBSE 2002, 2003, 2005]
1 2 1 7
X + 2y + 2=7 X
1 0 3 11
X + Oy + 32 = 11 or, y
ww
2-3 0 1
2x - 3y + O2 =1 2
1 2 1 X 7
Floo
or. AX = 6, where /I = 1 0 3 , X = y and B = 11
2-3 0 2 1
ee
1 2 1
eer
Now, |A1= 1 0 3 =l(0 + 9)-2(0-6) + l(-3-0)=9 + 12-3=18^0
2-3 0
So, the given system of equations has a unique solution given hyX
FFr
= A ^ B. Let C,y be the co-factors
oorr
uur r
s ff
of elements aij'mA= Then,
1 3
0 3| 1+ 2
sk
1+ 1
= 9, ^12 = (-1) = 6,
YYoo
^11 = (-1) 2 0
-3 0|
ooko
1 0 2 1
eBB
1+ 3 2+ 1
^13 = (-1) 2 -3
= -3, C21 = (-1) -3 0
= -3,
1 2
1 - -2, 2+ 3
uurr
2+2
C22 = (-1) C23 = (-1) = 7,
2 0| 2 -3
ad
Yo
3+ 1 2 1 3+2 1 1
C31 = (-1) = 6, C32 = (-1) = -2,
0 3 1 3
dY
Re
3+ 3 1 2
ind
and. C33 = (-1) 1 0

= -2
FFin
■ 9 6-3 9-3 6 9-3 6

1 1
6 -2 -2 and, =;—- adj =— 6 -2 -2
adj A = -3 -2 7
6 -2 -2 -3 7-2 M! 18
-3 7-2
Now, X = B
9-3 6 7 63 -33 +6 36 2
1 1
x=^ 6 -2 -2 11 42 - 22 - 2
18
18 1
18 18 54 3
-3 7-2 1 -21 +77 -2
X 2
y 1 => X =2, y=l and z=3

z 3
Hence, x = 2, y = 1 and z = 3 is the required solution.

7.6 MATHEMATICS-XIt
Type II SOLVING THE GIVEN SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS WHEN THE COEFFICIENT MATRIX IS
SINGULAR
EXAMPLE 4
Use matrix method to examine the following system of equations for consistency or
inconsistency:
Ax-2y = 3, 6x - 3y =5
AX
r 4 -2 X , „ 3
~ B, where A- , , X = and B =
b -3 y 5 ●
4 -2
Now, IA 6 -3
= -12 + 12 = 0
So, the given system of equations is inconsistent or it has infinitely many solutions according as
ww
(adj A) BÔ or, (ad| A) B = 0 respectively. Let Cq be the co-factors of elements aq in >1 = [Ojj].
Then,
1+ 1 1+2 2+ 1 2+2
Cn=(-1) (- 3)=-3,Ci2=(-1) 6=-6,C2i=(-1) (-2) = 2,C22=(-1) (4) =4
adj A = -32 -6f
Flo
■-3 2’
ee
4 -6 4
rere
-3 21r3■ -9 +10 1
So, (adj A) B =
r FF
-6 4 5 -18 +20 2
Hence, the given system of equations is inconsistent.

uurr
foor
EXAMPLE 5 Show that the following system of equations is consistetit.
2x-y+ 3? = 5, 3:i: + 2y-2 = 7, 4x + 5y-5z = 9
ks s
Also, find the solution.

Yoo
oook
SOLUTION The given system of equation can be written in matrix form as

'2-1 3 ir:c
eBB
5
3 2 -1 y 7
4 5-5 2 9
uurr
2-1 3 X 5
ad
AX = B, where A =
Yo
or, 3 2 -1 , X= y and B = 7
4 5-5 2 9
dY
2-1 3
Re
innd
Now, A 3 2-1 = 2(-10+5) + 1{-15 + 4)+3(15-8) = 0

4 5-5
FFi
So, A is singular. Thus, the given system of equations is either inconsistent or it is consistent with
infinitely many solutions according as (adj A) B O or, (adj A) B=0 respectively.
Let Cq be the co-factors of elements a^j mA= [a^j]. Then,
Cii = Isl = -5, Ci2 = (-1)
1+2 3 -1
= 11,
4 -5
3 2 -1
Ci3 = (-1)
1+ 3
4 5
= 7, C21 = (-1)
2+ 1
5 -5
^ =10,
2+ 2 2 3 2+ 3 2 -1
C22 = (-1) 4 -5
= -22, C23 = (-1) 4 5
= -14,
-1 3
^31 = (-1)
3+ 1
2 -1
= -5, C32 = (-1)
3+2
23 3 =11
-1
and. C33 = (-1)

3+ 3
2-1=7
3 2 '
nT
-5 11 7 -5 10 -5
(adj/4) = 10 -22 -14 11-22 11

-5 11 7 7 -14 7
-5 10 -5 5 - 25 +70 -45 0
55 -154 +99 0 =0
(adj A) B = 11 -22 11 7
7 -14 7 9 35 - 98 + 63 0
Thus, AX = B has infinitely many solutions. To find these solutions, we put z = cf in the first two
equations and write them as follows:
2a: - y = 5-3k and 3a: + 2y = 7 + cf
■ 2 -l]\X 5-3k
[3 2\[y
or,
7 + k
ww
2 -1 X 5-3k
or, AX - B, where A = , X = and B -
3 2 y 7+k
Floo
2 -1 2 1
Now, A| = 3 2
- 4+3=7?!: 0 and adj A = -3 2
ee
2 1
(adj/l) = 7i
-1 1
A
eer
Ml -3 2
FFr
Now, X = A~^B
oorr
uur r
17-5 A:
1 2 1 1F5 -3A: 1 10-6jt + 7 + cf
s ff
X 7
y 7 -32 7 +k 7 -15 + 9A:+2A: + 14 Uk-1
sk
7
YYoo
ooko
17 -5 k Uk-1
x = /y =
7 7
eBB
17 -5A: 11 A:-1
These values of x, y and z = k also satisfy the third and
equation. Hence, x= ^ vy=
7
uurr
z = k, where k is any real number satisfy the given system of equations.

ad
Yo
Type III SOLVING A SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS WHEN THE INVERSE OF THE COEFFICIENT
dY
MATRIX IS OBTAINED FROM SOME GIVEN RELATION

Re
ind
'1-1 1 1
FFin
EXAMPLE 6 If A =2 1-3 , find A~^ and hence solve the system of linear equations
[l 1 1J
A: + 2y+z=4, -A: + y+ z = 0, x-3y+z = 2.
[1-1 1■
SOLUTION We have, A = 2 1-3
1 1 1
1 -1 1
M 2 1-3 = l(l + 3)+l(2+3) + l(2-l) = 10?^0

1 1 1
So, A is invertible.
Let Cij be the co-factors of elements ay in A [ay]. Then,

1+ 1 1 -3 1+2 2 -3
^11 = (-1) 1 1
= 4, Ci2 = (-1) 1 1
= -5,
7.8 MATHEMATICS-XII
3 2 1 2+ 1 -1 1
Ci3 = (-1) 1 1
= 1, C21 = (-1) 1 1
2+2 1 1 2+ 3 1 -1
C22 = (-1) 1 1
= 0, ^23 = (-1) 1 1
= -2
-1 1
^31 = (-1)
3+ 1
= 2, ^32 = (-1)
3+2 1 1| =- 5,
1 -3
2 -3|
3+ 3 1 -1
and, ^33 = (-1) 2 1
= 3
iT
4 -5 1 4 2 2 4 2 2
adjA = 2 0-2 -5 0 5 and, A
-1 1 „ 1
—- adj A = — -5 0 5
Ml 10
ww
2 5 3 1 ~2 3 1 -2 3
The given system of equations is expressible as

■ 1 2 1 ir^: 4 X 4
T
Flo
-I ll y 0 or, A X - B where X = y and B = 0
1 -3 1 2 2
e
2 2
ree
T
Now, I A = I AI = 10 0. So, the given system of equations is consistent with a unique solution
Fr
rF
given by
uurr
X = (A^)-^ B = (A-y B for [V (A^)-^ = {A-Y]
X 4 2 2 4
1
s
-5 0 5 0
y [Using (0]
kks
10
2 1 -2 3 2
Yo
oooo
a: 4 -5 1 4 16 + 0 + 2 9/5
1
eB
y 2 0 -2 0 - 8+0-4 = 2/5
10 10
2 2 5 3 2 8 +0 + 6 7/5
ur
a: = 9/5, y = 2/5 and 2 = 7/5

ad
Hence, x = 9/5, y = 2/5, z = 7/5 is the required solution.

YYo
■-4 4 4 1 -1 1
EXAMPLE 7 Determine the product -7 1 3 1 -2 -2 flnd use it to solve the system

dd
Re
5 -3 -1 2 1 3
in
of equations:
F
x-y+z = 4, x -2y -2z = 9, 2x + y + 3z = 1.

'1-1 1 * -4 4 4
SOLUTION LetA= 1 -2 -2 andC = -7 1 3 . Then the given product is
2 1 3 5 -3 -1
-4 4 4 1 -1 1
CA = -7 1 3 1 -2-2
5 -3 -1J [2 1 3
-4+4+8 4-8+4 -4-8+12' 8 0 0 10 0
CA = -7+1+6 7-2+3 -7-2+9 0 8 0 = 8 0 1 0 =8/,
5-3-2 -5+6-1 5+6-3 0 0 8 0 0 1
(I
ICA = h => ^ = ^3 => A“^ = - C [By definition of inverse]
8 o 7 8
-4 4 4
1
= -7 1 3 ...(i)
8
5 -3 -1 _
The given system of equations can be written in matrix form as
'1-1 l~\l X 4
1 -2 -2 y 9
2 1 3 2 1
1 -1 1 X 4
or. AX = B, where A = 1-2-2 , X = y and B - 9

2 1 3 2 1
ooww
The solution of this system of equations is given by
r-4 4 4ir4■
X = B = - -7 1 3 9 [Using (i)]
8
5 -3-1 1
e
X -16+36 + 4 24 3
ree
1 1
-28 + 9+3 -16 -2 => X = 3, y = -2 and 2 = -1
rFl
y
8 8
Fre
z 20-27-1 -8 -1
rrF
r 1 2-3
EXAMPLE 8 Find A~^, where A = 2 3 2 . Hence solve the system of equations
3 -3 -4 J
ouur
sffoo
X + 2y- 32 = -4, 2x + 3y + 2z = 2, 3x - 3y -42 = 11. [CBSE 2019,2020]
okks
Yo
SOLUTION We have.
oo
Y
BB
1 2-3 h 2 -3
A = 2 3 2 =>|A1= 2 3 2 = -6 + 28 + 45 = 67 ^0
rre
3 -3 -4 I 3 -3 -4
ouu
So, A is invertible. Let C,^ be the co-factors of a^j in A = [ajj]. Then,

YY
ad
1+ 1 3 2 1+ 2 2 2
Cn = (-1) -3 -4
= -6, Ci2 = (-1) 3 -4
= 14,
dd
2 3 2+ 1 2 -3
Re
iinn
1+ 3
Ci3 = (-1) 3 -3
= -15, C21 = (-1) -3 -4
= 17,
F
2+ 2 1 -3 2+ 3 1 2
C22 = (-1) 3 -4
= 5, C23 = (-1) 3 -3
= 9
3+ 1 2 -3 3+2 1 -3
C3I = (-1) = 13, C32 = (-1) = -8,
3 2 2 2
3+ 3 1 2J
and. ^33 = (-1) = -1
2 31
-6 14 -15 -6 17 13
adj A = 17 5 9 14 5 -8
13-8 -1 -15 9 -1
-6 17 13
1
So, A ^ adj A 14 5-8
1^1 67
-15 9 -1
The given system of equations is

X + 2y - 3z = - 4
2x + 3y + 2z = ~ 2
3x - 3y -4z = 11
1 1 -3 X -4
or. AX = B, where A - 2 3 2 , X = y and B = 2
3 -3 -4 z 11
As discussed above A is non-singular and so invertible. The inverse of A is given by (i).
oww
The solution of the given system of equations is given by
X = A'l B
X -6 17 13 -4 24 + 34 +143 3
1
y 14 5 -8 2 = - -56 +10 -88 -2
e
-15 9 -1 J[ 11
67 67
z 60 +18 -11 1
re
FFrlo
X = 3, y = - 2 and z = 1 is the required solution.
rF
ee
Type IV ON APPLICATIONS OF SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS
EXAMPLE 9
The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply the third number by 2 and add the first
rF
ouru
number to the result, we get 7. By adding second and third numbers to three times the first number, we get
12. Using matrices ifnd thenumbers. fosor [CBSE2019]
SOLUTION Let the three numbers be x, y and z respectively. Then,
skf
x +y +z = 6 [Given]
ooko
Also, X + 2z = 7
Yo
Y
and, 3x + y + Z = 12
Bo
Thus, we obtain the following system of simultaneous linear equations:

reeB
x +y+z = 6
X + Oy + 2z =7
ooY
3x + y + z = 12
uur
ad
The above system of equations can be written in matrix form as

‘1 1 ll fx1 f6l
dY
1 0 2 y 7
3 1 1 z 12
nind
Re
1 1 1 X 6
F
Fi
or. AX = B, where A = 1 0 2 ,X = y and B = 7

3 1 1 z 12
111
Now, |A| = 1 0 2 = l(0-2)-(l-6) + l(l-0)= -2+5 + 1 = 4^^0

3 1 1
So, the above system of equations has a unique solution given by X = A“ ^ B.

Let Cjj be the cofactor of Ojj in A= [ojj]. Then,
Cii =-2, C|2 =5, C|3 =1, C21 =0, C22 =-2, C23 =2, C31 =2, C32 =-l andC33 =-l
-iT
■-2 5 1 -2 0 2 0 2
adjA = 0-2 2 5 -2 -1 and, A
-1 1
— ad A = —
1 I5 -2 -1
2 -1 -1 1 2 -1 1^1 ^ 4 1 2 -1
-1
Now, X = A B
-2 0 2 6 . +0 +24 3
1 1
X= - 5 -2 -1 7 30 -14 -12 1
4 4
1 2 -1 12 6+14 -12 2
X 3
=> y 1 => X = 3, y = 1 and z = 2.
z 2
Hence, the three numbers are 3,1 and 2 respectively.

EXAMPLE 10 An amount oft 5000 is put into three investments at the rate of interest of 6%, 7% and 8%
per annum respectively. The total annual income is ? 358. If the combined income from the first two
investments is f 70 more than the income from the third, find the amount of each investment by matrix
method.
loow w
SOLUTION Let X, y andz t be the investments at the rates of interest of 6%, 7% and 8% per
annum respectively. Then,
Total investment = 15000
X + y + z = 5000.
6x
Income from first investment of ? a: = ?
ee
Now,
100
Fr
7y
Income from second investment of ? y = ?
r FF 100
8z
Income from third investment of ? z = ?
rer
fofr Fo
100
u
Total annual income = +
7y +
8z ^ 5
ks
100 100 100;

YYouro
6x
’ll 8z
s oo
+ = 358 Total annual income = 1358]

100 100 100
BBook
=t> 6a: + 7i/+ 8z = 35800.

r ee
It is given that the combined income from the first two investments is f 70 more than the
income from the third.
ouru
ad
6x 7y 8z
= 70 + => 6A: + 7y-8z = 7000.
Too 100
Yo
100
Thus, we obtain the following system of simultaneous linear equations:

d
x + y-¥z = 5000
Re
iYn
6a: + 7 y + 8z = 35800
FFind
6a: + 7y - 8z = 7000
This system of equations can be written in matrix form as follows:
1 1 1 X 5000'
6 7 8 y 35800
6 7 -8 z 7000
1 1 1 X 5000
or. AX - B, where A = 6 7 8 ,X = y andB = 35800
6 7 -8 z 7000
11 1
Now, \A\ = 6 7 8 =l(-56-56)-(-48-48)+(42-42)=-16 0.

6 7 -8
So, A ^ exists and the solution of the given system of equations is given by X = A ^ B.
Let C,y be the cofactor of in A = [^^y]. Then, I
Cii = -U2,Cu = 96,Ci3 = 0X21 = 15, C22 = -14,

^23 “ “l'^31 = l'^32 = “2 and C33 = 1.
■-11215 96 -10]^ -112 15 1
adj A = -14 = 96 -14 -2

1 -2 1 0 -1 1
-112 15 1'
1
So, >1-1 = (adj>l) = -i 96 -14 -2
M! 16
0 -1 1
Hence, the solution is given by

-112 15 1 5000 -560000 +537000 +7000
-1 1 1
X=A B =- 96 -14 -2 35800 480000 -501200 -14000
16 16
0 -1 1 7000 0 - 35800 + 7000
ww
X 1000
y 2200 => X = 1000, y = 2200 and 2 = 1800

2 1800
Hence, three investments are of ? 1000, ? 2200 and ? 1800 respectively.
Flo
ee
EXAMPLE n A mixture is to bemadeof three foods A, B, C. The threefoods A, B,C contain nutrients
eer
P, Q, jR as shown below:
Ounces per pound of Nutrient
FFr
Food
oorr
uur r
P Q R
A 1 2 5
s ff
B 3 1 1
C 4 2 1
sk
YYoo
How to form a mixture which will have 8 ounces of P, 5 ounces ofQ and 7 ounces ofR?
ooko
SOLUTION Let x pounds of food A, y pounds of food B and 2 pounds of food C be needed to
eBB
form the mixture.
Since one pound of food A contains 1 ounce of nutrient P. So, x pounds of food A will contain x
ounces of nutrient P. Similarly, the amount of nutrient P iny pounds of food B and 2 pounds of
uurr
ad
food C are 3y and 42 ounces respectively. Therefore,

Yo
Total quantity of nutrient P in a: pounds of food A, y poimds of food B and2 pounds of food C is
a: + 3y + 42 ounces.
dY
X + 3y + 4z = 8
Re
innd
Similarly, 2x + y + 22 =5 [For nutrient Q]

FFi
and 5x + y + 2 = 7 [For nutrient R]

The above system of simultaneous linear equations can be written in matrix form as
'1 3 4' x 8
2 1 2 y 5
5 1 1 2 7
1 3 4 X 8
or. AX - B, where A = 2 1 2 , x = y and B = 5
5 1 1 2 7
1 3 4
Now, 1A| = 2 1 2 = l(l-2)-3(2-10) + 4(2~5)= -1 + 24-12 = 11 0
5 1 1
So, A ^ exists.
Let Cjj be the cofactor of in A = [ojj]. Then,
^11 = -l,Ci2 - 8/^13 “ “ 3, C21 - I/C22 - “19,

^23 “ 1^' ^31 ” ^^'^32 “ ^ 3nd C33 = “-5
-1
8 -3]^ 1
8 -19
1 2
6
ad] A = 1 -19 14
2 6 -5 -3 14 -5
-1 1 2'
1
=> A ^ ~ adj A = 8 -19 6
I>1| 11
-3 14-5
Thus, the solution of the system of equations is given by

-1 1 2 1 [8] -8 +5 +14
1
11 1
X = A~^B=^ 8 -19 6 5 64 -95 +42 11 1
11 11 11
w
-3 14-5 7 -24 +70 -35 11 1
X 1
y 1 =>x=l,y = l and 2 = 1.
Flo
2 1
Hence, the mixture is formed by mixing one pound of each of the foods A, B and C.
ee
Fr
EXERCISE 7.1
BASIC
1. Solve the following system of equations by matrix method:

for
ur
(i) 5a: + 7y + 2 = 0 (ii) 5a: + 2y = 3 (iii) 3-t + 4y -5 = 0
4a: + 6y + 3 = 0 3x + 2y =5 2-y+ 3 = 0
ks
(v) 3x + 7y = 4 (Vi) 3a: + y =7

Yo
(iv) 3.r + y = 19
oo
3x-y = 23 x+2y = -1 5a: + 3y = 12

eB
2. Solve the following system of equations by matrix method:

(i) x + y~z = 3 (ii) a: + y + 2 = 3 (iii) 6a: -12y + 252 = 4
r
2a: + 3y+2 = 10 22-y+z = -l 4a: + 15y - 2O2 = 3

ou
ad
32-y-72 = 1 2x + y - 3z = - 9 2A: + 18y + 15z = 10

Y
[CBSE 2004, 2005]
(iv) 3a: + 4y + 7z = 14 (vi) 5a: + 3y + 2 = 16

nd
Re
X y z
\ \ \
- + - + _ = 10 2a: + y + 32 = 19
Fi
2a: - y + 32 = 4
a: y 2
3 1 2
X + 2y - 3z = 0 _i + ± = 13 a: + 2y + 4z = 25
X y z
[CBSE 2005, 07]

(vii) 3x + 4y + 2z = 8 (viii) 2AT + y + 2 = 2 (ix) 2a' + 6y = 2
2y-3z = 3 :t + 3y -2 =5 3x -z = - 8
X - 2y + 6z = -2 3a: + y - 2z = 6 2x-y + 2 = - 3
[CBSE 2008] [CBSE 20031
(x) x-y + 2 = 2 (xi) 8a: + 4y + 32 = 18 (xii) a: + y + 2 = 6

2x-y = 0 2a: + y + 2 =5 x + 2z = 7
2y-2 = 1 a: + 2y + 2 =5 3x + y + 2 = 12
[CBSE 2003] [CBSE 2008] (CBSE 2009]
3 10 ,
(xiii) - + —+ — = 4, (xiv) x~y + lz=-7
X y z
3x + 4y -5z = -5
X y z
^^l-?^ = 2-x,y,z^Q [CBSE2011] 2x-y+3z = 12 ICBSE2012]

X y z
3. Show that each of the following systems of linear equations is consistent and also find their
solutions:
(i) 6x + 4y = 2 (ii) 2x + 3y =5
5:r + 3y + 7z = 4 (iii)
9x + 6y - 3 (>x + 9y - 15
3x + 26y +2z = 9
7x + 2y + 10z =5
w
(iv) x-y ■^■z = 3 (v) AT + y + z = 6 (vi) 2x+2y -2z = 1
2A: + y-z = 2 a: + 2y + 3z =14 4x + 4y~z = 2
-x-2y + 2z =1 a: + 4y + 7z = 30 6x + 6y + 2z - 3
4.
Flo
Show that each one of the following systems of linear equations is inconsistent:
ee
(i) 2a: + 5y =7 (ii) 2a: + 3y =5 (iii) 4a:-2y = 3
6a: + 15y = 13 6x + 9y = 10 6a: - 3y = 5
Fr
(iv) 4a: - 5y - 2z = 2 (v) 3:r-y-2z = 2 (vi) X + y - 2z = 5
5a: - 4y + 2z = - 2 2y-z = -1 x-2y+z = -2
for
ur
2x -f 2y + 8z = -1 3x-5y = 3 -2x + y+z = 4
BASED ON LOTS
ks
Yo
1 -1 0 2 2 -4 ’
oo
5. If^ = 2 3 4 and B = -4 2-4 are two square matrices, find AB and hence
0 1 2
eB
2-1 5
solve the system of linear equations:

ur
x-y = 3, 2x+3y + 4z = 17,y + 2z=7 ICBSE 2010, 20121

ad
'2-3 5 1
Yo
6. IfA= 3 2-4 , find and hence solve the system of linear equations:
1 1 -2 J
nd
Re
2x-3y + 5z = ll, 3x + 2y-4z=-5, x + y-2z = ~3 [CBSE2007,2009,201 2,2018, 2020]

r 1 2 5 ■
Fi
7. Find if/I = 1 -1 -1 . Hence, solve the following system of linear equations:

2 3 -1 J
X + 2y+ 5z = 10, x-y-z = -2, 2x + 3y -z = -11 [CBSE 2010, 2012]
■ 1 -2 0 1
8. (i)IfA= 2 13 , find Using solve the system of linear equations:
0 -2 1
X - 2y =10, 2x + y + 3z - 8, - 2y + z =7
'3-4 2'
(ii) A = 2 3 5 , find A ^ and hence solve the following system of equations:
1 0 1
3x-4y + 2z = -l, 2x+3y + 5z=7, x + z = 2 [CBSE 2011]

1-2 0 7 2-6
{iii) A = 2 13 and B- -2 1 - 3 , find AB. Hence, solve the system of equations:

0-2 1 -4 2 5\
x-2y =\Q,2x + y3z = B and -2y+z=7 ICBSE 2011]
[12 0]
(iv) -2 -1 -2 , find Using solve the system of linear equations
[ 0 -1 ij
x-2y =10, 2x-y-z = B,-2y+z=7 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
[2 2-4' 1 -1 0
oww
(v) Given A = -4 2 -4 ,B = 2 3 4 , find BA and use this to solve the system of
2 -1 5 0 1 2
equationsy+2z=7, x-y = 3, 2a;+3i/ +4z =17 INCERT EXEMPLAR]

[23 11
e
(vi) IfA = 1 2 2 , find A ^ and hence solve the system of equations
ree
rFl -3 1 -1
Fre
2a: + y - 3z = 13, 3a: + 2y + z = 4, x + 2y -z = 8. [CBSE2017]
rrF
[1-1 2] ‘-2 0 1
(vii) Use the product 0 2 -3 9 2 -3 to solve the system of equations
ouur
sffoo
3 -2 4 6 1 -2
[CBSE2017]
okks
X + 3z = -9, -X + 2y - 2z = 4,2x - 3y + 4z = - 3.
Yo
9. The sum of three numbers is 2. If twice the second number is added to the sum of first and
ooo
third, the sum is 1. By adding second and third number to five times the first number, we
eBB
get 6. Find the three numbers by using matrices.

10. An amount of ? 10,000 is put into three investments at the rate of 10,12 and 15% per annum.
uurr
The combined income is f 1310 and the combined income of first and second investment is f
ad
190 short of the income from the third. Find the investment in each using matrix method.
YYo
11. A company produces three products every day. Their production on a certain day is 45
tons. It is found that the production of third product exceeds the production of first product
dd
by 8 tons while the total production of first and third product is twice the production of
Re
iinn
second product. Determine the production level of each product using matrix method.
F
12. The prices of three commodities P,QandR are ? x, yandz per unit respectively. A
purchases 4 unite of R and sells 3 unite of P and 5 units of Q. B purchases 3 units of Q and
sells 2 units of P and 1 unit of R. C purchases 1 unit of P and sells 4 units of Q and 6 unite of
R. In the process A, B andC earn ? 6000, ? 5000 and ? 13000 respectively. If selling the units
is positive earning and bu}dng the units is negative earnings, find tlie price per unit of three
commodities by using matrix method.
13. The management committee of a residential colony decided to award some of its members
(say x) for honesty, some (say y) for helping others (say z) for supervising the workers to
keep the colony neat and clean. The sum of all the awardees is 12. Three times the sum of
awardees for cooperation and supervision added to two times the number of awardees for
honesty is 33. If the sum of the number of awardees for honesty and supervision is twice the
number of awardees for helping others, using matrix method, find the number of awardees
of each category. Apart from these values, namely, honesty, cooperation and supervision,
suggest one more value which the management must include for awards. [CBSE2013]
14. A school wants to award its students for the values of Honesty, Regularity and Hardwork
with a total cash award of ? 6000. Three times theaward money for Hardwork added to that
given for honesty amounts to ? 11000. The award money given for Honesty and Hardwork
together is double the one given for Regularity. Represent the above situation algebraically
and find the award for each value, using matrix method. Apart from these values, namely.
Honesty, Regularity and Hardwork, suggest one more value which the school must
include for awards. [CBSE2013]
15. Two institutions decided to award their employees for the three values of resourcefulness,
competence and determination in the form of prizes at the rate and ? z respectively
per person. The first institution decided to award respectively 4,3 and 2 employees with a
total prize money of ? 37000 and the second institution decided to award respectively 5,3
and 4 employees with a total prize money of X 47000. If all the three prizes per person
together amount to ? 12000, then using matrix method find the value of x, y and z. What
w
values are described in this equations? [CBSE2013]
16. Two factories decided to award their employees for three values of (a) adaptable to new
techniques, (b) careful and alert in difficult situations and (c) keeping calm in tense
Flo
situations, at the rate ot^x,^y and ?z per person respectively. The first factory decided to
honour respectively 2,4 and 3 employees with a total prize money of 129000. The second
ee
factory decided to honour respectively 5, 2 and 3 employees with the prize money of
? 30500. If the three prizes per person together cost 19500, then
Fr
(i) represent the above situation by a matrix equation and form linear equations using
matrix multiplication,
(ii) Solve these equations using matrices,
for
ur
(iii) Which values are reflected in the questions? [CBSE2013]
17. Two schools A and B want to award their selected students on the values of sincerity,
ks
truthfulness and helpfulness. The school A wants to award ^ x each ^ y each and ? z each for
Yo
the three respective values to 3, 2 and 1 students respectively with a total award money of
oo
^ 16,00. School B wants to spend ? 2,300 to award its 4,1 and 3 students on the respective
values (by giving the same award money to the three values as before). If the total amount
eB
of award for one prize on each value is ^ 900, using matrices, find the award money for each
value. Apart from these three values, suggest one more value which should be considered
for award. [CBSE2014]
ur
Two schools P and Q want to award their selected students on the values of Discipline,
ad
18.
Yo
Politeness and Punctuality. The school P wants to award ^ x each, ? y each and ^ z each for
the three respectively values to its 3,2 and 1 students with a total award money of ^ 1,000.
School Q wants to spend ^ 1,500 to award its 4,1 and 3 students on the respective values (by
nd
giving the same award money for three values as before). If the total amount of awards for
Re
one prize on each value is ^ 600, using matrices, find the award money for each value.
Fi
Apart from the above three values, suggest one more value for awards. [CBSE 20141
19. Two schools P and Q want to award their selected students on the values of Tolerance,
Kindness and Leadership. The school P wants to award ? x each, ? y each and f z each for
the three respective values to 3,2 and 1 students respectively with a total award money of ^
2,200. School Q wants to spend ^ 3,100 to award its 4, 1 and 3 students on the respective
values (by giving the same award money to the three values as school P). If the total amount
of award for one prize on each values is ^ 1,200, using matrices, find the award money for
each value.
Apart from these three values, suggest one more value which should be considered for
award. [CBSE 2014]
20. A total amount of ^ 7000 is deposited in three different saving bank accounts with annual
1
interest rates 5%, 8% and 8—% respectively. The total annual interest from these three
accounts is ^ 550. Equal amounts have been deposited in the 5% and 8% savings accounts.
Find the amount deposited in each of the three accounts, with the help of matrices.
[CBSE 2014]
21. A shopkeeper has 3 varieties of pens 'A‘, 'B'and ‘C. Meenu purchased 1 pen of each variety
for a total of ? 21. Jeen purchased 4 pens of 'A' variety, 3 pens of 'S' variety and 2 pens of ‘C
variety for ? 60. While Shikha purchased 6 pens of 'A' variety, 2 pens of 'B' variety and 3
pens of 'C variety for ? 70. Using matrix method find the cost of each pen. ICBSE2016]
ANSWERS
7
1. =
y=-2 (ii) x=-l, y = 4 (hi) x = -l, y = 2
(Vi) x=^?^ = 4
1
(iv) x=7, y=-2 (V) ^ = -15, y = 7
8 10 19 1 1
2. (i) x = 3, y = l, 2 = 1 (ii) a: = -
(iii) x=j,
2 =-
7^7 7 3' 5
ww
1 1 1
(iv) x-1, y=l, 2=1 (V) x = (vi) x = l, y = 2, 2=5
2^ 3 5
(vu) x = -2, y = 3, 2=1 (vhi) x=l, y=l, 2=-l (ix) x = -2,y = l,z = 2
(x) x=l,y = 2,2=3
FF loo
(xi) x = l, y = l, 2 = 2 (xii) x = 3, y = 2,z = l
ree
(xhi) a: = 2, y = 3,2=5 (xiv) x = 2, y=l,2=3
5-3fc
3. (i) AT = —' ^ =' (ii) :c = (xii) a: = 3, y = l, 2 = 2
reFe
7-161c + 3
(iv) ^=|- y = —+ cf,

(iii) AT =
oroFr
r ur
> y= , z =k 2 = cf
11 11 3
s ff
(v) x=k~2, y = 8-2fc, z = k (vi) x=^-^:, y = k, 2 = 0
k
YYouo
5. x = 2, y = -l, 2 = 4 6. x = l, y = 2, 2 = 3
koso
7. x = -l, y = -2, 2 = 3
8. (i) a:=4, y = -3, 2=1 (ii) a: = 3,y = 2,2 = -l (iii) X = 4, y = -3,2 =1
BBoo
(iv) x = 0,y=-5,2 = -3 (v) x =2, y =-l,z = 4 (vi) z = ly = 2,z = -3

r ee
(viii) x = 36, y =5,2 = -15 9. 1,-1, 2 10. ? 2000, ? 3000, ? 5000

11. 11,15,19 12. X = 3000, y = 1000,2 = 2000
ad
ouur
13. x=3,y = 4,z=5 14. x = 500,y = 2000,2 = 3500l5. x = 4000,y= 5000,z = 3000
Yo
16. x = 2500, y = 3000, 2 = 4000 17. x = 200, y = 300,2 = 400 18. x =100, y =200, z = 300
19. x=300, y=400,2=500 20. ^ 1125, ? 1125, ^ 4750
d
Re
21. Variety A : ^ 5, Variety B: ^ 8, Variety C : ^ 8

idnY

FFin
13. The given data suggests the following equations:

x + y+2 =12, x-2y+2 = 0, 2x+ 3y + 32 = 33
14. Let the award money for Honesty, Regularity and Hardwork be ? x, y and z respectively.
Then, x + y+ z = 6000, x+3z = 11000 and x-2y + z = 0.
15. 4x + 3y + 2z = 37000, 5x+3y + 4z = 47000, x + y+ z = 12000
16. 2x + 4y+ 32 = 29000, 5x + 2y + 3z = 30500, x + y+ 2 = 9500
7.3 SOLUTION OF HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
In chapter 6, we have learnt about determinant method to solve a homogeneous system of linear
equations. In this section, we shall discuss matrix method to solve the same.
Let AX = O be a homogeneous system of n linear equations with n unknowns.
Let us now discuss two cases:
Case I When | A | 0 i.e. matrix A is non-singular.

If|A| ^ 0, then A'^ exists.
7.18 MATHEMATICS-XH
AX = O
A"^(AX) = A~'^0
{A-Â)X = O ^ = O ^X = O
=^2 =■■■ =% = 0
Thus, if the coefficient matrix A is a non-singular, then the homogeneous system of equations
has the unique solutionX = O i.e. - X2 = ... = x,, =0.
Tliis solution is known as the trivial solution.
Case II When | A j = 0 i.e. matrix A singular.

If I A I = 0, then {adj A) B= (adj A) 0=0
i.e. the condition of consistency is always satisfied. So, the given system of equations is
consistent and it has infinitely many solutions which can be obtained by giving any real value to
ww
one of the variables and then solving the remaining equations by matrix method.
In order to solve a homogeneous system of the three linear equations with 3 unknowns x, y, z,
we may use the following algorithm.
ALGORITHM
Floo
ee
Step I Obtain the system of equations and express it in the matrix equation of the form AX =0.
eer
Step II Find\ A |.
Step III 7/1 A I 0, thenx = y = z = 0is the only solution of the homogeneous system. So, write x = 0,
FFr
y = 0,z-0as the solution. oorr
uur r
Step IV 7f I AI = 0, then the system has inifnitely many solutions. In order to find these solutions put
z = k (any real number) and solve any two equations for x and y by the matrix method. The
s ff
values ofx and y so obtained with z = k give a solution of the system.
sk
YYoo
Following examples will illustrate the above procedure.

ooko
eBB
Type I WHEN THE DETERMINANT OF THE COEFFICIENT MATRIX IS NON-SINGULAR

uurr

ad
Yo
2x + 3y -z = 0
.r-i/-2z = 0
dY
3-t + y -I- 32 = 0
Re
SOLUTION The given system of homogeneous equations can be written as

nind
2 3 -1 X 0
FFi
1 -1 -2 y 0
3 1 3 2 0
2 3 -1 a: 0
or. AX - O, where A = 1 -1 -2 , X = y and O = 0

3 1 3 2 0
2 3 -1
Now, |A| = 1 -1 -2 = -2-27-4 = - 33 ^0.

3 1 3
Titus I AI 0. So, the given system has only the trivial solution given by x = y =2 = 0.
Tijpe II WHEN THE DETERMINANT OF THE COEFFICIENT MATRIX IS SINGULAR
EXAMPLE 2 Shoiv that the homogeneous system of equations
x-2y + z = 0, x + y-2 = 0, 3x + 6y-52 = 0
has a non-trivial solution. Also, find the solution.
SOLUTION The given system of homogeneous equations can be written in matrix form as
'1-2 1 ITjc 0
1 1 -1 y 0
3 6 -5 z 0
1 -2 1 X 0
or. AX = O, where A - 1 1 -1 , X = y and O = 0
3 6-5 z 0
|1 -2 1
Now, |A|=|l 1 -1 = l(-5 + 6) + 2(-5+3) + l(6-3) = 0.
13 6-5
So, the given system of equations has a non-trivial solution. To find these solutions, we putz = k
ww
in the first two equations and write them as follows:
x-ly = -k and x + y = k.
Floo
1 -2^[x k 1
^lx=[^landB =
1 -k
or.
1 1 y ^ or, AX = B where A = y k '
ree
Now, A - 1 _ 3 0. So, A ^ exists.
■ 1 i|“
rFee
1 2 1 1 2
and A ^ =
F
Clearly, adj A = -1 1 adj A=~ oor r
3 L-1 1
rur
^1
s ff
1 1 2 -k k/3
X = A~'^B => ^ => a: = cf/3, y = 2k/3.
y 3 -1 1 k 2k/3
osk
YYoou
These values of x, y and z also satisfy the third equation.

oook
Hence x = k/3 , y = 2k/3 and z = cf, where k is any real number satisfy the given system of
eBB
equations.
EXERCISE 7.2
uur r
BASIC
ad
Yo
Solve the following systems of homogeneous linear equations by matrix method:

1.
2A:-y + z = 0 2. 2;t - y + 2z = 0 3.
3a: - y + 2z = 0
dY
3a: + 2y -z = 0 5a: + 3y -2 = 0 4a: + 3y + 3z = 0

Re
idn
a: + 4y + 3z = 0 X + 5y - 5z = 0 5A: + 7y + 4z = 0
FFin
4.
a: + y - 6z = 0 5.
x+y+z=0 6.
A: + y-2 = 0
A:-y + 2z = 0 x~y-5z = 0 A:-2y+z = 0
-3A: + y + 2z = 0 x + 2y + 4z = 0 3a: + 6y -5z = 0
7. 3a: + y - 2z = 0 8. 2a: + 3y -z = 0
A: + y+ z = 0 x~y-2z = 0
A:-2y + z = 0 3a: + y + 3z =0
_AHSyÊRS
-5k 12 k -9k
1. X =y =2 =0 2. a: = z =k 3. X -
y = —. z = k
11 11 ' 13 ' 13 '
4. x = 2k, y = 4k, z = k 5. x = 2k, y = -3k, z = k 6. x = k, y = 2k, z = 3k
7. x=y=z = 0 8. A:=y=z = 0 5. x = 2, y = 3,z = -l
6. 2
r *
1. If the system of equations x + ay~Q,az + y = ^,ax+z = Q has infinitely many solutions, then
a =
2. If the system of equations + y + 2 = 6, :c + 2y + 3z = 10, a: + 2y + Xz = 12 is inconsistent,

then X =
3. The number of solutions of the system of equations j; + 2y + 2 = 3, 2x + 3i/+2=3,

3a; + 5i/+ 2z =1 is
w
4. If the system of equations 2x-y-2 =12, x-2y+2 =-4, x + y + Xz =4 has no solution, then
X =
5. If the system of equations x-fcy-2 = 0, cfr-y-2 = 0, x + y-2 = 0 has a non-zero solution,

then the values of k are
e
roow
6. The real value of X for which the system of equations Xx + y+2 = 0,-x +?k.y+2 = 0,
re
~x-y+Xz = 0 has a non-zero solution, is
7. The set of values of k for which the system of equations j; + y+ 2 = 2, 2x + y-2 = 3,
reF
uFFll
3a: + 2y + cfz = 4 has a unique solution, is
e
ANSWERS
sFr
1. -1 2. 3 3. 0 4. X = -2 5. 1,-1 6. 0 7. R-{0}
foro VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQs)

ofk
uor
question:
kos
Y
Yo
10 0 x 1
reeBB
oo
1. If 0 10 y -1 , find X, y and z.
0 0 1 2 0
uurY
T o o x 1
2. If 0-1 0 y 0 , find x, y and z.
ad
0 0-1 2 1
doo
nY
10 0 x 1
3. If 0 y 0 -1 0 , find X, y and z.
nid
Re
0 0 1 2 1
F
Fi
. c 1 [3 -4 X 10
4. Solve g 2 y. 2 for X and y.
10 0 X 2
5. If 0 0 1 y -1 , find X, y, z.
0 1 0 2 3
'2 4' n 8'

6. lf^ = .B = 11 and AX = B, then find ri
4 3 ,x=i
ANSWERS
1. A:=l,y = -1,2 = 0 2. -t=l,y = 0,2 = -l 3. A: = l,y = 0,2 = 1

2
5. x = 2,y = 3,2 = -1 6. 2
4..=-,y = -2
CHAPTER a
CONTINUITY
8.1 INTUTIVE NOTION OF CONTINUITY
Intutively a function is continuous in its domain if its graph is a curve without breaks or jumps
throughout its domain and a funchon is continuous at a point in its domain if its graph does not
loow w
have breaks or jumps in the immediate neighbourhood of the point. Consider the graph of a
function / (x) shown in Fig. 8.1. It is evident from the graph that / (x) is not defined &tx = a.
Consequently, there is hole in the curve y =/(x) and sof{x) is not continuous at x =fl. We also
observe that L = K i.e. x-*a~
lim^ / (x) = ar-M?'*'
lim / (x) and so lim / (x) exists. Thus, the continuity
ree
of / (x) at X = fl is destroyed, if lim / (x) exists but / (x) is not defined atx=a.
x-*a
rree F
YA
r FF YA
A‘1)
ir
fofroF
u
ks
A<^)
L R
soo
YYouor
> O
o a a X
BBook
Aa) is not defined, limy(x) exists A<i) is defined, exists and not equal to/Tn)
r ee
x-*a x-*a
Fig. 8.1 Fig. 8.2

ouru
ad
Let us now consider the function / whose graph is shown in Fig. 8.2. Clearly, L = R i.e.
lim / (x) = lim / (x). Consequently lim /(x) exists. But, there is hole in the curve because
Yo
+ x-*a
x-*a x~*a
lim /(x) is not equal to / (a). So, / (x) becomes discontinuous at x = <? if, lim /(x) exists but it
d
Re
x-*a x-*a
iYn
is not equal to the value o( f at x = a.

FFind
In Fig. 8.3, we observe that L K i.e. lim /(x)?^ lim+ /(x). So, lim /(x) does not exist.
x-¥a x-*a x-â
Also, / (x) is not continuous at x = <7. Thus, the continuity of / at x = <7 is also destroyed, if
lim / (x) does not exist. This happens due to the jump in the values of / (x) as x crosses 'a'.
YA
A“)
L
■>
■> O a
X
O a X
Ax) is defined at x = a, lim A^) = + »
x-» a~
lim/(x) is not same as lim Ax)
X—
x-â*
Fig. 8.3 Fig. 8.4 (i)
8.2 MATHEMATICS-XII
The continuity of a function / is also destroyed if either of the two limits Urn f{x) and
x-*a
lim + / (a:) or both tend to + oo or - co and / (a) is finite as is evident from Fig. 8.4 (i), (ii).
x-*a
Y A
m
L^R
L ; R
>
0 a X 0 a
X
looww
Rx) is defined at x = a, lim _f[x) = + /(fl) exists and is equal to/(a).
* a
and = + »
Functionyi^x) is continuous at point x = a
Fig. 8.4 (ii) Fig. 8.5
It follows from the above discussion that a function f{x) can be continuous at a point x=aiii
ree
(i) f(a) is defined. (ii) lim f{x) exists and, (iii) lim f{x)=f{a).
X —> a x-*a
ree F
r FF
This is also evident from Fig. 8.5. Thus, we define continuity of a function at a point as follows. fofroF
8.2 CONTINUITY AT A POINT
u
DEFINITION Afunction f{x) is saidto he continuous at a point x = a of its domain,ijf x-*a
lim f{x) =f(a).
ks
Thus,
os o
(/‘(x) is continuous at <=> xâ lim^ f (x) = lim f(x)=f{a)

lim f{x)=f{a) o x->rt
YYouor
BBook
If/(x) is not continuous at a point x = a, then it is said to be discontinuous at x = fl.

r ee
If lim / (x) = lim + f{x)^f{a) , then the discontinuity is known as the removable
ouru
ad
X -> fl x-*a
Yo
discontinuity, because/(x) can be made continuous by redefining it at point x = a in such a way

that/(fl) = lim /(x).
d
Re
X->fl
inY
If lim f{x)^ lim /(x), then/(x) is said to have a dfscontmuify o/îrsf/cind.

FFind
X —> a X -> a'*’
A function /(x) is said to have a discontinuity of the second kind at x = fl iff

lim / (x) or, lim /(x) or, both do not exist.
x->a x-*a'*'
A function / (x) is said to be left continuous or continuous from the left at x = fl, iff
(i) lim / (x) exists and. (ii) lim /(x) =/(fl)
x-*a X -> a
A function / (x) is said to be right continuous or continuous from the right at x = fl, iff
(i) lim + / (x) exists and. (ii) lim + fix) = f (fl)
X -4 a x->-a
It follows from the above definitions that
/ (x) is continuous at x = fl iff it is both left as well as right continuous at x = a.

CONTINUITY 8.3
REMARK A function f (x) fails to be continuous at X = a for any of the following reasons.
(i) lim / {x) exists but it is not equal to f (a).
X -*a
(ii) lim / (:t) does not exist.
X -â
This happens if either lim f (x) does not exist or, lim f (x) does not exist or both lim f{x)aiid
x-*a X —> n
lim f (x) exist but are not equal.
(iii) /is not defined at x=a i.e. f (<i) does not exist.
8.3 ALGEBRA OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
Regarding the continuity of the sum, difference, product and quotient of functions, we have the
following theorems.
ww
THEOREM 1 Let f and g be two real functions, continuous at x=a. Let a be a real number. Then,
(i) f + g is continuous atx = a. (ii) f -g is continuous at x = a.
FF loo
(iii) a / is continuous at x = a. (iv) fg is continuous at x = a.
1 .
(v) - IS continuous at x =a, provided that f (a) ^ 0.
ree
/
/
reeF
(Vi) is continuous at x = a, provided that g (a) 9^ 0.
8
oroFr
r ur
PROOF Since/and^ are continuous at x: = fl. Therefore, lim / (x) =/(a) and lim g{x)=g{a).
s ff
X X->fl
(i) We find that
lim {f + g){x) = lim {f{x) + g{x)) = lim f{x) + lim ^(a:)

k
YYouo
X (3 X ^ (7 X -*a x-*a
kos o
= /(«)+g{fl) ^ fix) =f{a)and, lim ^(x) = g(a)

BBoo
x-*a x~*a
r ee
/ + ^ is continuous at x: = a.
ad
ouur
Yo
(ii) We find that

lim if-g)ix) = lim (f{x)-g{x))= lim /(x)-iim g{x)
d
x-*a x-*a X->fl X->(7

Re
idnY
= f{a)~8ia) fix) =/(fl)and, lim g{x) = g {a)

FFin
x-*a x-*a
= if-g)ia)
/-g is continuous at x: = a.
(iii) We find that
lim (a f) (x:) = X-»fl

X-»fl
lim a/(x:) = a lim f (x) = a/ (a) V lim / (xr) = / (a)
x~>a x->a
af is continuous at x: = u.
(iv) We find that
lim ifg){x) = lim
X a X—*(J
[f{x)gix)] = lim f (x) lim ^(xr) = f (a) g (a) ={fg){a)
X x-*a
So, fg is continuous at x: = o.
8.4 MATHEMATICS-XII
(v) We find that

r
1 1 1 1 1 1
lim — (x) = lim T (a)
x-*a x-*a
fix)) lim /(x)
x-*a
/(fl) /
1 .
So, — is continuous at a: = fl
/
(vi) We find that
lim / (x)
fix) x—>a
oww
lim — (x) = lim ■ - id)
x->a x-*a lim g(x) g(a) S
x->a
/ .
So, — is continuous at x = a.
g
e
THEOREM 2 Let f and g be real functions such that fog is deifned. If g is continuous atx = a and f is
re
FFrlo
continuous at g ia), show that fog is continuous at X = a.
F
[^ROOF Since fog is defined. Therefore, Range (g) c Domain (/) => ^ (a:) e Domain if) for all
ee
X € Domain (^)
Fr
ouru
Now, ^(x) is continuous at X = fl => lim ^(x) = gia)
/ is continuous at g ia) sor r

kffo
lim fig(x)) = fig id))
os
ook
Yo
Y
^ fig (x)) = fig ia)) [From(i),xâ => gix)-^g(a)]

Bo
X->fl
reeB
lim ifog)ix) - ifog)ia) =>/o^ is continuous at x = <7.

x-*a
oouY
ur
ad

dY
Type I ON TESTING CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT WHEN THE FUNCTION HAS SAME
nidn
DEFINITION ON BOTH SIDES OF THE GIVEN POINT

Re
—; X 0
F
Test the continuity of the following function at the origin: f ix) = ^ a:

Fi
EXAMPLE 1 ●V rt
^ ; a: = 0
SOLUTION We observe that:
(LHLatxssQ) = lim fix) = lim fiO-h) - lim fi~h)

x->0“ /t->0 h-*0
lim
-h\ lim
h
lim -1 = -1
h-*0 -h hÔ -h /jÔ
and. (RHLatx = 0) = lim + fix) = lim /(0 + /i) = lim /(/j)

X ^ 0 hÔ /i-Ô
h h
lim lim lim 1-1
hÔ h hÔ h h->0
Thus, we obtain: lim fix) ^ lim + / (x). Hence,/(x) is not continuous at the origin.
xÔ x-»0
CONTINUITY 8.5
ALITER We have.
^=1 ; X > 0
1:^1 .
X
— ; X 0 -X X, x>0
fix) = < X or, fix) = = -1 ; X <0 X
^ ; x =0 X -X, x<0
1 ; x =0
(LHL at X = 0) = lim fix) = lim -1= -1 ●●● fix) = -1 for X < 0 and x -> 0
x->0 means that x < 0 such that x 0
fix) =1 for X > 0 andx -)■ 0"^
ooww
(RHL at X = 0) = lim + fix) = lim 1=1
a:->0 x-»0 means that x > 0 such that x -¥0
lim fix) ^ lim + fix).

xÔ x^Q
Hence, fix) is not continuous at the origin.
e
sm X
re
+ cos X, X 0
EXAMPLE 2 Show that the function fix) given by fix) is continuous atx = 0.
rFFl = ■ x
ree
F
2 , x =0
rrF
SOLUTION We observe that
(LHLatx = 0) = lim fix) = h-¥0

Um fiO-h) = lim fi~h)
sffoo
ouur
hÔ
kosk
lim
sin (- h) sin h
+ cos (- h) = lim + lim cos /i = 1 +1 = 2
Yo
hÔ -h hÔ h h-^0

oo
Y
BB
(RHLatx = 0) = lim + fix) = lim fiO + h) = lim /(ft)

ftÔ ft->0
rre
x->0
sin ft sin ft
lim + cos ft = Hm + lim cos ft =1 + 1 =2
ouu
h-*0 ft ft->0 ft
Y
h->0
ad
and. m = 2
dY
lim fix) = lim + fix) =/(O). Hence,/(x) is continuous at x = 0.

x->0
innd
Re
COS t
; f^n/2
EXAMPLES Examine thefunction fit) given by fit) =\ n/2-t ' for continuity at t =n/2.
Fi
F
1 ; t = n/2
(LHL at f = 7t/ 2) = lim /(f)
(71 COS (tt/2 - ft) sin ft

= lim / —ft lim Um = 1
● ~ ^{2 ft-»0 7i/2-(tt/2 - ft) ^->●0 ft
and, (RHL at t = 7t/2) = Hm /(f)

t 7t/2‘*‘
71 cos (ti/2 + ft) -sin ft sin ft
= lim f — + h = lim = lim = lim =1
hÔ V2 7i/2-(ti/2 + ft) h->0 -ft ft->0 ft
and. /(^/2)=1.
Um /(f) = lim +
/(f) =/(tc/2). So,/(f) is continuous at f = 7i/2.
f-^7t/2” f -»n/2
8.6 MATHEMATICS'XII
Type II ON TESTING CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT WHEN THE FUNCTION HAS DIFFERENT
DEFINITIONS ON BOTH SIDES OF THE GIVEN POINT
Let a function /(.v) be defined as

Hx) ; if A
/w={
(j)(A-) ; if x<a 4>(a) ; if A<fl
y (a) ; if -v>fl
or, /(A) = (a) ; if A >a or, f{x)=\ k ; if A = a
^ (a) ; if A > fl
To test the continuity of such functions at a = n, we have to find left hand and right hand limits of
/(a) at x~a. For finding these two limits one can use the method which we have used in
oww
previous examples or we can use the following method:
V A —> rt"" <=> A < and X a
(LHLatA = fl)= lim /(a)= lim ({)(a) lim /(A)=lim (j)(A) [v/(a) = <|»(a) for a <fl]
x-*o
x-*a X -*a
x-*(t
e
re
Now, lim (j) (a) can be calculated by various methods of evaluating Limits as discussed in the
FFrllo
x-*n
chapter on limits.
reF
e
Similarly, we have
uoru
X -> a'' <» A ><7& A -> <?
osFr
(RHLatA=rt)= .V lim /(a) = x-*a
lim v{a) . / (a) = A Urn
-> fl
vj/(a) [v/(a) = \^/(a) for a > a]
fkfor
Now, lim v|/(a) can be calculated by various methods of evaluating limits.
kso
●V^fl
ooo
EXAMPLE 4 Discuss the continuity of the functionf{x) at x =1/2, where

Y
Yo
BB
1/2-x . 0<a<1/2
f(x) = 1 ; A=1/2 [CBSE 2011]
Y
r ree
3/2-a ' 1/2<a<1

ouu

ad
Ydo
(LHLatA = l/2) = lim /(a) = lim (1/2-a) ■■■ - A for 0 < A < -
.V -* Ml 2
nidn
= 1/2-1/2 = 0 [Using direct substitution method]

Re
F
lim /(a) = lim (3/2-a) -A for - <A ^1

Fi
and. (RHLatA=l/2) =
2
a-^1/2+ x^Ml
= 3/2-1/2 = 1 [Using direct substitution method]
Clearly, lim /(a) 5* lim /(a).
A ^1/2" .t^l/2^
Hence, /(a) is not continuous at a =1/2. Clearly, /(a) has discontinuity of first kind at a =1/2.
2-A, A <2
EXAMPLE 5 Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) given by /(a) = 2 +A, A>2
flf A = 2.
(LHLat a=2) = lim /(a) = lim (2-a) = 2-2 = 0 ['.■ /(a) = 2 - a for a < 2]
a->2" a-»2
and. (RHL at A = 2) = lim + /(a) = lim (2 +a) = 2 + 2= 4 [■●■ fix) = 2 + A = for A > 2]
A-+2 A-+2
CONTINUITY 8.7
lim f{x) ^ lim f(x). Hence, f{x) is not continuous at a: = 2.

x-^2~
5x-4 , when 0 < AT < 1 .

EXAMPLE 6 ShoJV that fix) = IS continuous at x =1.
[4a:^-3a: / when l<x<2
SOLUTION We have,
(LHLatA:=l) = lim f(x) - lim 5a: - 4 =5x 1-4 =1 [v /(at) = 5a: - 4, when a: < 1]
x-^1"
(RHLatA:=l) = Urn fix) =]im 4x^-3x= 4{1)^ -3(1) = 1 fix) = 4x^ -3x,x> 1]
and. /(I) = 5 X 1 - 4 = 1 [-.● fix) =5x -4, where a: <1]
lim fix) = /(I) = lim+ /(x). So,/(a:) is continuous at a: = 1.
w
x^r X->1
EXAMPLE 7 Show that the function f ix) - 2a: -1 a: [ is continuous at x = 0. ICBSE 2002]
Flo
SOLUTION We have,
fix) = 2a:-|:c| = 2a:-a:, ifA:>0_ a: , if a:>0
eeee
2a:-(-a:) , if a:<0 ” 3a: , if a: < 0
Fr
Now,
(LHL at a: = 0) = lim / ix) = lim 3x = 3 X 0 = 0
x->0 x^0“ for
ur
(RHLatA: = 0) = lim + /(A:)= lim + A:=0 and,/(O) = 0
x->0
ks
^ /{^) = lim fix) =/(0). So, / (a:) is continuous at a: = 0.

Yo
oo
Type in ON FINDING THE VALUE(S) OF A CONSTANT GIVEN IN THE DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION

eB
WHEN IT IS CONTINUOUS AT AN INDICATED POINT
A function/(a:) is continuous at a point a: = fl iff lim /(a:)= lim + fix)=fia).

ur
x~â x -*a
ad
But, lim fix) = lim + fix) => lim fix) exists.

Yo
x-*a x-*a x->a
Thus,/(a:) is continuous at a: iff lim fix)=fia) .

x~*a
d
Re
We will use this result in finding unknown quantity in the definition of a function when it is
in
given to be continuous at a given point.

F
x^ -9 , 3
EXAMPLES Determine the value ofkfor which the function fix) = x-3 is continuous
k ^ x^3
at X = 3.
SOLUTION It is given that fix) is continuous at a: = 3.

lim fix) = /(3)
x-*3
lim fix) = k [v/(3)=fc]

x->3
2-9 (a: - 3) (a: + 3)

lim - = k => lim = k => lim (x+3) = k => 6 - k
3 a: - 3 x^ 3 x-3 x^ 3
Thus, /(a:) is continuous at x = 3, if /c = 6.

8.8 MATHEMATICS-XII
EXAMPLE 9 Find the value of the constant kso that the function given below is continuous atx = -l.
-2x -3 , X ^ -\
fix) = x + 1
X x = -l
SOLUTION Given that /(x) is continuous at x = -1.

^ fix) = /(-1)
x-*-1
oww
x^ - 2x - 3
lim = X [V fi-l) = X]
x-»-l X +1
(x-3)(x + l)
= X => lim (x - 3) = X => -4: = X
e
lim
x->-l x + 1 x->-l
re
So, fix) is continuous at x = -1, if X = - 4.
FFrllo
2x-l , x<2
reF
EXAMPLE 10 Find the value of 'a' if thefunction fix) defined by /(x) = a , x = 2 is continuous
e
x +1 , x>2
uoru
osFr
atx = 2.
SOLUTION We find that: fkfor

(LHLatx=2) = lim fix) = lim (2x-1) = 2 x 2-1 = 3,
x^2~ x^2
kso
(RHLatx = 2) = lim fix) = x-»2

lim (x +1) = 2 +1 = 3, and, /(2) = a
ooo
Y
Yo
+
x->2
BB
Since /(x) is continuous at x = 2. Therefore,

lim fix) = lim /(x) = /(2) =>3 = 3= fl=>fl = 3
Y
r ree
x^2" x->2"^
ouu
Thus, /(x)is continuous at x = 2, if = 3.

ad
Ydo
ON TESTING CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT WHEN THE FUNCTION HAS SAME

nidn
Type I
DEFINITION ON BOTH SIDES OF THE GIVEN POINT
Re
● 1
F
X sm — , X 0 is continuous at x = 0.
Fi
EXAMPLE 11 Show that the function f{x) given by fix) =■ X

0 , x =0
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
1
(LHLatx = 0) = lim fix) = lim fiO-h) = lim fi~h) = lim h sin
/i—>0 h—>0 /i—>0 -h
x->0"
n
= lim /i sin — = 0 x (an oscillating number between -1 and 1) = 0
h~*0 hj
(RHLat x=0) = lim fix) - lim /(0 + /i) = lim fih) = lim /i sin
h->0 hÔ h-*0 u
= 0 X (an oscillating number between -1 and 1) - 0
and. /(O) = 0.
Thus, we find that: lim /(x)= lim + /(x) =/(0). Hence,/(x) is continuous at x = 0.
x-»0 x->0
CONTINUITY 8.9
-1 , zvhen x 0
EXAMPLE 12 Shota that the function f(x) given by f(x)=- + x (5
0 / when X = 0
discontinuous atx = 0. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

(LHLatx = 0)= lim /(x) = h-*0

lim /(0-/i)= h-*Q
lim f{-h)
x->0
= lim = lim gU^_0-l = -l lim Û

,, =o
h-^0 e -l//f+ 1 hÔ
1+1 0 + 1 hÔ
eVh
w
and. (RHLatx = 0) = lim /(x) = lim /(0 + /i) - lim f{h)
h-*0 h-*0
,lim -rm
.'/'-I
Flo
1 1-0
lim = 1
hÔ e^''’ +1 1/h 1 + 0
hÔ 1+1/e
e
rree
(LHLatx = 0) (RHLatx = 0)
r FF
So, / (x) is not continuous at x = 0 and has a discontinuity of first kind at x = 0.
7i/;jc II ON TESTING CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT WHEN THE FUNCTION HAS DIFFERENT
uurr
for
DEFINITIONS ON BOTH SIDES OF THE GIVEN POINT
EXAMPLE 13 Discuss the continuity of the function of given l7y/(x)=|x-l|+|x-2| at x =1 and

kss
x=2.
ooook
Yo
SOLUTION We have,
fix) = |x-l|+|x-2|
eB
-(x-1)-(x-2) , if x<l - 2x + 3 , if X <1
/ (x) = ■ (x -1) - (x - 2) , if 1 < X < 2 => / (x) = 1 , if 1 < X < 2

urr
(x-l)+(x-2) , if x>2 2x-3 , x>2

ad
Yo
Continuity at x = 1:
dY
lim /(x) = lim (-2x + 3) = -2x 1 + 3 =1, lim /(x) = lim + 1 =1 and,/(I) =1.
+
x^r JC^1“ X->1 X->1
Re
innd
Urn /(X) =/(!) = lim /(x). So,/(x) is continuous at X = 1.

Fi
x^r
Continuity at x = 2:
lim /(x)= lim 1=1, lim / (x) = lim (2x - 3) = 2x 2-3 = 1
x^2" x->2"
and. /(2) = 2x 2-3 = 1.

lim / (x) = lim + / (x) = / (2). So, / (x) is continuous at x = 2.
x->2“ x^2
Type III ON FINDING THE VALUE{S) OF A CONSTANT GIVEN IN THE DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION
WHEN IT IS CONTINUOUS AT AN INDICATED POINT
EXAMPLE 14 find the value of the constant k so that the function given below is continuous at x = 0.
1 - cos 2x , x*Q
m = 2x^
k / x =0
8.10 MATHEMATICS’XII
SOLUTION It is given that the function f{x) is continuous at x = 0.

lini fix) = /(O)
a:->0
1 - COS 2x
lim = k
a: 0 2x^
2 sin^ X sin X x2
lim = k ^ lim = cf=>l^=Jt=>fc=l
x->0 2x^ i-»0 X
Thus, fix) is continuous at a: = 0, if /: = 1.

log (1 + flx) - log (1 -bx) , if
EXAMPLE 15 If the function fix) defined by fix) = X
is continuous at x = 0,find k. k , if x = 0
w
SOLUTION Since /(x) is continuous at x = 0.
lim fix) = /(O)
Flo log(l + flx)-log(l-l7x)
e
lim [●■m=k]
rree
x->0 X
r FF
lim
|log(l+flx) log(l-bx)]
uurr
log (1 + ax) log(l-bx)
for
lim - lim
X a:->0 X
kss
log (1 + ax) log(l - M

a lim ~i~b) lim
ooook
Yo
x->0 ax x->0 i~b) X

log (1 + x)
eB
rt (1) - (- b) (1) = k => a + b = k Using: lim = 1

x-»0 X
urr
Thus,/(x) is continuous atx = 0, if cf =<? + b.

ad
● 2
, X?i0
Yo
sm ax
EXAMPLE 16 Find the values of 'a' so that the function fix) defined by fix) = ● x2
dY
1 , X=0
Re
innd
may be continuous at x = 0.
Fi
SOLUTION The function fix) will be continuous at x = 0, iff

lim fix) = /(O)
x->0
:_2
sm ax
lim = 1 [v/(0)=l]
x-»0 x^
2
f sin ax']
a lim = 1 => a^ (1)^ = 1 => = ± 1
x-»0 V ax
Thus, /(x) will be continuous at x = 0, if a = ± 1.

3ax + b , if X >1
EXAMPLE 17 If the function f (x) given by f (x) = 11 , if x=l is continuous at X = 1,

5flx - 2b , if X <1
find the values ofaandb. [CBSE 2002,2010,2011,2012]

CONTINUITY 8.11
{LHLat;c=l)= lim f{x)= lim {5ax-2b)-5a-2b

x^r
(RHLatx=l) = lim f{x) = lim (3ax + b) ~3a+b and, / (I) = 11.
Since / {x) is continuous at a: = 1.

lim_ f{x)=
X ^ 1 X
lim f {x) = f (1)
lim f (x) =f (1) and, lim + f (x) - f (1)

x^l“ x^l
5a-Th - 3a+b = 11 => 5fl - 2b =11 and 3a+b =ll=>fl = 3 and b = 2
ww
1 - cos 4x
, if a: < 0
EXAMPLE 18 fix) = , if a: = 0. Determine the value of a so that f (a:) is
FF loo
a
, if x>0
ree
-4
continuous at X = 0.
[CBSE 2010,2012,2013, NCERT EXEMPLAR]
rFee
SOLUTION For / (a:) to be continuous at a: = 0, we must have
F
oor r
rur
lim f(x)= lim + f{x)=f (0)
x->0 x->0
s ff
lim f {x) = lim f{x) = a
x->0 x->0'^
k
YYoou
ookos
1 - cos 4a: 1 - cos 4a:

Now, lim f{x) = lim V fix) = for a: < 0
2
x-).0" xÔ
BBo
2 sin^ 2x
re
=>
lim f {x) = lim
X-9-0 X 0
ouur
ad
sin 2a: f = sin 2x-n2

Yo
lim fix) =2 lim 2x 4x lim

2x
= 8(1)^ = 8 -(ii)
x->0 X-+0 X xÔ
dY
Re
and. lim fix) lim

idn
fix) = for a: > 0

x->0'^ X-+0
^16 + Vx-4 yjl6 + Vx - 4
FFin
lim fix) - lim

X —» 0 16 + Vx-16 ■^16 + 4x + 4
lim
x-Ô'^+
/ (x) = lim
xÔ
.^16 + 4x + 4 =4+4=8 ...(hi)
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get fl = 8.

(4'"-l)^
EXAMPLE 19 Determine f (0) so that the function f (x) defined by / (x) = 2^
X , . X
sm - log 1 + —
4 ® 3
becomes continuous at x = 0.
SOLUTION For / (x) to be continuous at a: = 0, we must have

lim fix) =/(0)
a:-»0
>3
4^ -1
(4^-1)^ lim
X
/ (0) = lim / (a:) = lim 2^ 2>

x-»0 ;t->0 x^
in -
4
log 1 +
3 sm - log 1+^3
4
4x - x2
X 3
4; 3
(log, 4)3 = 12(log, 4)3.

/(O) =
ww
1
— X —
4 3
V2cos x-1 K (
Flo
EXAMPLE 20 // / (x) = , x ^ — .Find the value off — so that f(x) becomes continuous
cot x-1 4 4;
ee
atx = n! 4. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
rere
K
r FF
SOLUTION For / (x) to be continuous at x =—,
4
we must have
uurr
7t
lim.. /(x)=/
foor
x-*n/4
Vlcosx-l
ks s
=> / — = lim
Yoo
4y X-»7c/4 cotx-1
ooook
n . . fX n . f X- + —
K
^/2 2sm
eBB
cos X - cos - sm
2 S)
/
^=-V2 lim 2 8
TC 71
/ — = lim 7t
X smxsm —
4
4; X -»7t/4 cot X-cot-
X —> n/4
cos X sm — sm X cos -
7U 71
uurr
4 4 4;
ad
. /'X 7l'\ . X 7t
Yo
sm sm — + —
/ 7T ,— U 8j [2 8 71
=> / - =-2V2 lim X sm X sm —
dY
4; x^n/A 7C 4
-sm X —
4J
Re
innd
rX 7t X 7C
sm sm — + —
FFi
/f^j = -2^/2 lim

2 8j 2 8 . 7t
^x smx sm —
ar->n/4 - . f X 7t fX K 4
-2sm cos
2 8 2 8
.
sm
f —+
X —k') sm
. f' —71 + —
7C
I2 8) X 7t
= V2
8 8 . 7C . 7t 71 1
^ f — =V2 lim
r-
smx sm — X sm — sm — = sm —
X^rt/4 fX 71 4
cos
7t 71 4 4 4 2
cos
2 8 8 8
EXAMPLE 21 Proz?e that the greatest integer function [x] is continuous at all points except at integer
points. [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let/(x) =[x] be the greatest integer function and let /c be any integer. Then,
k-1 , if)t-l<x<fc
fix) = [X] = k , if <x <fc + 1
[By definition of [xj]
CONTINUITY 8.13
Now,
(LHL atx = k) = lim f{x) = ]im f{k - h) = lim [it - ^]
x-^k hÔ /i->0
= lim (fc -1) = k -1 [v k-l<k-h<k [k-h] = k-l]

hÔ
and.
(RHLatx = cf)= lim + f(x) = lim f{k + h) = lim [k + h]
x-*k ft->0 h-^0
lim k = k [-.■k<k + h<k + l lk + h] = k]

/i->0
lim f{x) ^ lim + f{x) .

x^k x-^k
w
So, f{x) is not continuous at x = k.
Since k is an arbitrary integer. Therefore, f{x) is not continuous at integer points.
Flo
Let a be any real number other than an integer. Then, there exists an integer k such that
fc -1 <a <k.
reee
Now,
(LHLat^:=fl) = lim f{x) = lim f{a-h) = lim [a-h]
FFr
X ~*a /i 0 h->0
lim k -1 = k -1 [v k -1 <a -h <k [fl -/i] = cf -1]

urr
hÔ
for
{RHLat;c = rt) = lim f{x) = lim f{a + h)
xâ^ h-*0
kkss
V cf-l<fl + cf <fc
Yo
ooo
= lim [a+h] = lim (fc-l)=fc-l

h-*0 h-¥0 [a + h] = k-l
eB
and. f{a) =fc-l [■.● cf -1 < fl < cf [fl] = cf -1]

Thus, lim f(x) = lim + f{x) = f{a)
X- a x-i-a
r
ou
ad
So, f{x) is continuous at x -a. Since a is an arbitrary real number, other than an integer.
YY
Therefore, f{x) is continuous at all real points except integer points.

EXAMPLE 22
Letf{x + i/)= f{x) + f iy) for all x,y sR. If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, show that
nndd
Re
f (x) is continuous at all x.

SOLUTION Since/(x) is continuous at X = 0. Therefore,
Fi
lim / (x) = lim / (x) = / (0)

+
xÔ xÔ
lim f{0-h) = lim f{0 + h) -f{0)

/i->0 h->0
=>
lim f{0 + {-h))= lim f(0 + h)=f (0)
fc->0 h-^0
lim [/(0)-f/(-fc)] = ftlim

ft -> 0 -»0
[/(0)+/(fc)] =/(0) [Using :/(x + y)=/(x)+/(y)]
/(0)+ lim f{-h) =/(0)+ lim f{h) =/(0)

ftÔ ft-^0
lim f{-h) - lim f (h) = 0

ft-»0 ftÔ
Let a be any real number. Then,

lim / (:t) - lim f (a-h) = lim f {ci + {- h))

X->(? hÔ h-¥0
lim fix) = lim I/(fl)+/(-/:)] [-f{x + y) = f{x)+f{y)]

xâ hÔ
Um f (x) = f (a) + lim / (- h)

x-*a
hÔ
lim f [x) = / (a) + 0 [Using (i)]

x-*a
lim f{x)= f{a).

x->a
and, lim / (::c) = lim f {a-h h)
ww
x->a hÔ
lim fix) = lim \fia) + fih)] [V f{x + y)=f{x)-^fiy)]

x-*a h-^’O
lim f ix) - f (fl) + lim / (/z)

h-^0
FF loo
ree
x-â
lim fix) = fia) + 0 = / (fl) [Using (i)]
reeF
x a
Thus, we have oroFr

r ur
lim fix) = lim fix) =fia)
s ff
x-â x-*â
f (x) is continuous atx = a.

k
YYouo
Since n is an arbitrary real number. So, / (a:) is continuous at all ^ e R.

kos o
BBoo
Type IV ON CONTINUITY OF COMPOSITE FUNCTION

Show that the function f ix) = | sin a: + cos x \ is continuous atx = n.
r ee
EXAMPLE 23
SOLUTION Let gix) = sin a: + cos x and hix) = | a: |. Then,

ad
ouur
ihog) (a:) =higix)) =?j (sinA: + cosA:) =| sinA: + cosA;|=/(A:)

Yo
In order to prove that/ (a:) is continuous at a: = n. It is sufficient to prove that ^ (a:) is continuous
at X = 71 and h (x) is continuous at g (;:) = sin n + cos ti = -1.
d
Re
idnY
Now, lim g(x) = lim (sinx + cosx) = sin 7t +cos t: = -1 and, g(;i) =-l
FFin
x->n X-»Jt
lim g^(x) = ^ (ti). So, ^ (x) is continuous at X = tc.

X -> 71
Let y = gin) = -1. Then,

lim hiy) = lim |y| = lim -y=-(~l) = 1 and, h igin)) = h i~l) =|-lj = 1.
y^-1 y^-i
lim hiy) = higin))

y-^-1
lim h igix)) = h igin)) => lim (5’(^)) ^ {^(^)) Mx) is continuous at g (;:)
g(x) -»-l ^(x)->g(7t)
Hence, / (x) = hog (x) is continuous at x = tl

CONTINUITY 8.15
EXERCISE 8.1
BASIC
-x-6
; if X ^ 3
1. A function/(x) is defined as f{x) = :c-3 . Show that f{x) is continuous
5 ; if =3
at a: = 3.
-9
; if x^ 3
2. Afunction/(A:)isdefinedas f{x) = x-3 . Show that f{x) is continuous atx = 3.
6 ; if a: = 3
w
; for a: 1
3. Iffix) = AT-1 Find whether f{x) is continuous at a: = 1.
2 ; for x=l
Flo
sin 3a:
, when x=^0
4. If fix) Find whether f{x) is continuous at a: = 0.
ee
X
1 , when a: = 0
Fr
5. If fix) I , if X 0 Find whether / is continuous at x = 0.
1 , if X = 0 for
ur
1 - cos X
, when X 0
6. Let/{x) = x2 . Show that/(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
ks
1 , when X = 0
Yo
oo
^“1^1
—-, when X 5^ 0
eB
7. Show that/(x) = 2 is discontinuous at x = 0.

2 , when x = 0
ur
\x -a
, when x^ a
ad
8. Show that fix) -■ is discontinuous at x = fl.

Yo
x-a
1 , when x=a
l + x2
nd
, if 0<x<l
Re
9, Show that/(x) = is discontinuous at x = 1.

l2-x , if x>l
Fi
3x- 2 , x<0
10. Examine the continuity of the function /(x) = x + 1 , x>0
at x = 0.
Also sketch the graph of this function.

x>0
11. Discuss the continuity of the function/(x) = X = 0 at the point x = 0.

x<0
X , 0<x<l/2
12. Discuss the continuity of the function /(x) = 1/2 , x=\!2 at the point X =1/2.
1 -X , l/2<x^l
2x-l ,x<0
13. Discuss the continuity of /(x) =● atx = 0. [CBSE 2002]
2x +1 , X > 0
-I
, x^l
14. For what value of k is the function f{x) =■ x -1 continuous at x = 1 ?
k , x =l
x^ -3x +2
, if x^l
15. Determine the value of the constant cf so that the function/(a:) = x-1
k , if x = l
is continuous at x = 1
.2
X
if 0<x<l
16. If/(x) = 2 ' . Show that / is continuous at x = 1.

2x^ - 3x + - ifl <x<2
w
2 '
X -| x| , X5i 0
17. Prove that/(x) =● x is discontinuous at x = 0.
Flo
2 , x =0
ee
2x^ + cf , if X > 0
18. If/(x) = , then what should be the value of k so that / (x) is
Fr
- 2x^ + cf , if X < 0
continuous at X = 0.
for
ur
19. For what value of X, is the function / (.v) =
\{x^-2x) , if X < 0
continuous at x = 0?
4x + l , if X > 0
ks
What about continuity at x = ± 1 ? INCERT]

Yo
oo
'2x + l ; ifx<2
20. For what value of k is the function f (x) = I k x =2 continuous at x = 2?

eB
3x-l ; x>2
[CBSE 20081
ur
sin 5x
ad
if x=?i 0
Yo
21. For what value of A: is the function/(x) = 3x continuous at x = 0 ?

k , if x = 0
[kx^ , if x<2
nd
Re
22. Determine the value of the constant k so that the function /(x) = is
3 if x>2
Fi
continuous at x = 2. INCERT]
sin 2x
, if X 0 is
;
23. Determine the value of the constant k so that the function /(x) = 5x
k , if x = 0
continuous at x = 0. [CBSE 2007]
flx + 5 , if X < 2
24. Findthevaluesoffl sothatthefunction/(x) = x-1 , if x>2
is continuous at x = 2.
[CBSE 2002]
BASED ON LOTS
25. Discuss the continuity of the following functions at the indicated point(s):
cos , xÔ
(i) /W = \xj atx = 0 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
0 , :t = 0
CONTINUITY 8.17
2 ■
1
X sin , X It 0 (:c - a) sin , a
(ii) m = \x) at x = 0 (iii) fix) = \x-a) a.tx=a
0 , .t = 0 0 , x=a
-1 1-x"
, if a: 0 , x^l
(iv) f{x) = I log (1 + 2x) at.Y = 0 {v)f{x)=\i-x H € N at a: = 1
7 , ifAT = 0 n-l , x=\
x^ -1| , for X 1
21a:| + a:^
,x=^0 at x = 0
(vi) fix) =\ x-1 at X = 1 (vii) /(x) = x
2 , for X = 1 0 ,x = 0
ww
(Viii) fix) =p a \ sin , for X fl
\x~aj at x = fl [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
0 , for X = fl
FF loo
X
26. Prove that the function /(x) =● |x| + 2x^ remains discontinuous at x = 0,
ree
k , x=0
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
rFee
regardless the choice oik.
F k cos X , x^nll
oor r
rur
27. Find the value of cf if/(x) is continuous at x = It/2, where/(x) = n~2x
s ff
3 , x = 7c/2
k
[NCERT]
YYoou
ookos
sin 2x , X 0
28. For what value of/c is the function/(x) = ■ X continuous at x = 0 ?
BBo
it , x =0
re
2x + 3 sin X
29. If / (x) = , X 0 is continuous at x = 0, then find / (0).
3x + 2 sin X
ouur
ad
1 - cos 4x
Yo
, when X 0
30. Find the value of for which /(x) =● 8x^ is continuous at x = 0.
k , when x = 0
dY
Re
idn
[CBSE 2000 C, 2017, NCERT EXEMPLAR]

31. In each of the fol]owing, find the value of the constant k so that the given function is
FFin
continuous at the indicated point:

1 - cos 2kx if X 0
at x = 0
(i)/W= x2
8, if X = 0
nx if X ?!= 1
(x-1) tari— , at X =1
(ii) fix) =
k , if X = 1
(iii) /(X) =
k (x^ - 2x) , if X < 0
at x = 0 [NCERT]
cos X , if X > 0
fcc + 1 , if X < 7t
(iv) /(X) = at X = 71 [NCERT]
cos X , if X > 71
'kx + 1 , if :« < 5
(V) fix) if a: > 5
at a: =5
3x -5 ,
-25
, x=^5
(Vi) fix) a: -5 at a: =5 ICBSE2007]
k , X =5
(vii) fix)
kx^ ,x>l at x=l [CBSE2007]
4 , a:<l
(viu) fix) ^|jt{ar^+2),ifa:<0

1 3a: + l
at X = 0. [CBSE2010]
, if X > 0
x^+x^-16x + 20
,x 2
w
(ix) fix) (x-2f at X = 2. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
k ,x = 2
Flo
32. Find the values of a and b so that the function / given by
1 , ifx<3
eee
fix)=-ax + b, if3<x<5 is continuous at x = 3andx = 5. ICBSE 2013]
7 , ifx>5
Fr
33. Find the relationship between 'a' and 'b' so that the function 'f' defined by
flx +1, if X < 3 . for
fix) = is continuous at x = 3. [CBSE2011]
ur
fcx + 3 , if X > 3
34. If the functions / (x), defined below is continuous at x = 0, find the value of k:
ks
1 - cos 2x
Yo
, x<0
oo
2x2
fix) = k , x =0 ICBSE 2010]
eB
X
, x>0
1^1
r
BASED ON HOTS
ou
ad
sin 3x
, if X < 0
YY
tan 2x
3
35. Show that fix) = , if X = 0 is continuous at x = 0
nd
Re
2
log (1 + 3x) , ifx>0
Fi
e^^-1
36. Find the value of 'a' for which the function / defined by
a sin — (x +1), X < 0
2
fix) = is continuous at x = 0. ICBSE 2011]
tan X - sin X
, X > 0
x3
37. Detemune the values of a, b, c for which the function
sin (fl +1) X + sin X , for x < 0

X
fix) = c , for X = 0 is continuous at x = 0.
yjx-i-bx^ -4x , for X > 0

^^3/2
CONTINUITY 8.19
1 - cos kx
38. Uf{x) = ■
X sm X
is continuous at a: = 0, find k. (NCERT EXEMPLAR]
1
, a: = 0
2
x-A
+ a , if a: <4
lx-4|
39. lff{x) = ■ a + b , if a: = 4 is continuous at a: = 4, find <2,6. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
a:-4
+ b
x-4\ , a x>4
{ x^ f X
log 1+ -
ww
aj
40. Let f{x) = , x*^0. Find the value of / at x = 0 so that / becomes
X
continuous at x = 0.
Floo
+ 2
-16
, if X 2
41. l{f{x) = ■ 4* -16 is continuous at X = 2,findlc. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
ee
k , ifx = 2
eer
cos^ x-sin^ x-1
FFr
i;
, X 0
42. If/(:c) = ■ Vx^+l -1 is continuous at x = 0, find k.
oorr
uur r
s ff
k , x =0
1 - cos 7 (x - 7t)
43. Extend the definition of the following by continuity /(x) = at the
sk
YYoo
5 (x - 7l)^
ooko
point X = 7C.
eBB
44. Discuss the continuity of the / (x) at the indicated points:

(i) fix) = |xl+|x-l at X = 0,1.
uurr
(ii) fix) = I x-11 +1 X +1 atx = -1,1. INCERTEXEMPLAR]

ad
Yo
1 -sin^ X if x<-
7t
3 cos^ X 2
dY
45. Let/(x) = ■ a , if X = — . If / (x) is continuous at x = -, find a and b.

Re
ind
6 (1 - sin x) ■ e 2^
FFin
' lfx>-
{rt-2xf 2
(CBSE 2008, 2016]
ANSWERS
3. Continuous 4. Discontinuous 5- Discontinuous 10. Discontinuous

ll. Discontinuous 12. Continuous 13. Discontinuous 14. 2
15. -1 18. k is any real number.

19. There is no value of X for which it is continuous at x = 0. At x = ± 1, / (x) is continuous
20. k=5 21- 5/3 22. 3/4 23. 2/5
24. -2 25. (i) Continuous (ii) Continuous (iii) Continuous
(iv) Discontinuous (v) Discontinuous (vi) Discontinuous (vii) Discontinuous
(viii) Continuous 27. 6 28. 2 29. 1 30. 1
-2 -2
31. (i) cf = ± 2 (ii) k = (iii) No value of k (iv) k =
n 71
(v).=| (vi) A: =10 (vii) A: = 4 (viii) A: =1/2 (ix) k=7

1
32. a = 3,b=-8 33, 3fl-3&=2 34. A:=l 36. a=-
2
37. fl=-
a +b
|,i.ER-10),c=i 38. ±1 39. a = l,h = -l
40. 41. 1/2 42. -4 43. 49/10

ab
1
44. (i) Continuous, (ii) Continuous 45. fl=-,&=4
2 '
ww
kx^ , x< 2 is
22. If/(;c) = continuous at a: = 2, then
FF loo
^ , -i>2
lim f{x)= lim /(x)=/(2)=> lim kx^ = _v0+
lim 3 =A: (2)^ => 4A: = 3 => k= —
ree
x^2~ x^2
+
x-)-2~ x-*2 4
k cos X 71
reFe
n~2x 2 : K
27. It is given that/(a:) = ■ is continuous at a: = —.
oor rF
2
rur
71
3 , a: = —
2
s ff
lim /(.v)=/[/
k
—»jt/2 \2
YYoou
okso
k cos .V
lim = 3 => cf lim sin (k/2-x) _ k = 3 => cf = 6
k2 2{n/2-x) ^
BBoo
x~>n/2 7t-2A: 2
r ee
31. (iii) It is given that / (a:) =

k{x^ -2x), X < 0
cos X , a: S 0
ouur
ad
lim / (a:) = lim k {x^ - 2a:) = 0 for all k

Yo
lim /(a:) = lim + cos a: = 1 and,/(0) = cos 0 = 1

d
idnY
Re
xÔ
Clearly, there is no value of cf for which lim / (a:) = lim f {x)=f (0) may hold good.
FFin
x->0" xÔ'*'
Hence, there is no value of cf for which / (x) is continuous at x = 0.

fcx + l,x<7i.is ^
(iv) It is given that / (x) = contmuous at x = tl
cos X , X > 71
x-)-n
lim fix) = lim^ X -> JI
2
lim cfx + 1 = lim cosx = cf7t + l=> cf7c + l=cos7r=> fc7i4-l=-l=>fc = —
x-*n X —> n'*’ 7t
8.4 CONTINUITY ON AN INTERVAL
CONTINUITY ON AN OPEN INTERVAL A function f(x) is said to be continuous on an open interval (a, b)
iff it is continuous at every point on the interval (a, b).
CONTINUITY ON A CLOSED INTERVAL A function f(x) is said to be continuous on a closed interval [a, b]
iff
CONTINUITY 8.21
(i) f is continuous on the open interval (a, b) (ii) lim f{x)=f{a) and, (Hi) lim f{x)=f(b).
I ->fl x^b~
In other words, fix) is continuous on [a, b] iff it is co7itinuous on (a, b) and it is contmuous at a from the
right and at bfrom the left.
CONTINUOUS FUNCTION A function fix) is said to be continuous, if it is continuous at each point of its
domain.
EVERYWHERE CONTINUOUS FUNCTION A function fix) is said to be everywhere continuous if it is

continuous on the entire real line (- oo, oo).
8.5 PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
In this section, we shall learn some properties of continuous functions and prove the continuity
of some standard real functions in their domains.
ww
THEOREM 1 Iff and g are two continuous functions on their common domain D, then
(i) f + g is continuous on D (ii) f -g is contmuous on D
Flo
(iii) fgis continuous onD (iv) a f is continuous on D, where a is any real number.
ee
(v) — is continuous on D-{x: ^(j:) 0| (vi) — is continuous on D ~{x-.fix) ^ 0)
g /
rere
r FF
PROOF Let a be an arbitrary point in common domain D. Since / and g are continuous on D. So,
they are also continuous at V. ^
uurr
^ fix) =/(«) and lim g(:e) = g(a)
foor ...(i)
x-*a x-*a
(i) We find that

ks s
lim (/ + g) (x) = lim (/ (x) + ^ (a:)) = lim / (a:) + lim g (x)

Yoo
oook
x-*a x-*a X ~>a I -> fl
f (a)+g (a) = (f + g) (a) [Using (i)]

eBB
f + g is continuous at a: =
uurr
Since a is an arbitrary point in D. Hence, / + ^ is continuous on D.

ad
(ii) We find that

Yo
lim if-g) (x) = lim (J{x)-g{x)) = lim f{x)- lim g{x)

dY
x-*a x->a x->a x-*a
= fia)-gia)= if-g){a) [Using (i)]

Re
innd
FFi
f ~ g is continuous atx = a.
Since a is an arbitrary point inD. Hence, f -gis continuous inD.
(iii) We find that
lim (fg){x) = lim (fix) g(x)) = lim f(x)x lim g(x)
x-¥a x-*a x-â x-*a
= /(«) g(«) = ifg) («) [Using (i)l

fg is continuous atx = a.
Since a is an arbitrary point in D. Hence, fg is continuous in D.
(iv) We find that
lim {af){x) - lim (a/(ar)) = a lim /(ar)= af{a) = (a/) (fl) [Using (i)]
x~*a a: -> fl x-â
a / is continuous at a: = a.
Since a is an arbitrary point in D. Hence, (ff is continuous in D.
8.22 MATHEMATICS-XM
(v) Let fl eD such that^(fl) ■* O.Then,

[im /(j:)
/ /w x->a /(«) /
lim (x) = lim ^ («)
x-*a
g{x) lim g{a)
x-*a
f .
— is continuous at a: = fl.
S
f
SmceflisanarbitrarypointinDsuchthat^(fl) O.Hence, —is continuous on D -|A::g(x) ^ 0}.
g
(vi) Let <7 € D such that / {a) # 0. Then,
\ (.t) = lim
1 1 1
lim [Using (i)]
w
x-â
f{x) lim fix) f{a)
1 .
— is continuous at x - a.
Flo
f
eeee
Since a is arbitrary point in D such that f{a) # 0. Hence, 1// is continuous on D - {a: : f{x) * 0).
Q.E.D.
Fr
THEOREM 2 Jhe composition of two continuous functions is a continuous function.
PROOF
Let / and g be two real functions such that gof exists. Then, Range (/) c Domain (^).
for
ur
Let fl be an arbitrary point in the domain of/. Then,
a € Domain (/) ^ / (c) e Range (/) ^ / (a) e Domain{^) [■.● Range (/) c Domain (g)]
ks
Since / and g are continuous on their domains. Therefore,

Yo
oo
a e Domain (/) and / (a) e Domain (g)

=> /is continuous at a: = <7 and g is continuous at/ {a)
eB
=> lim fix) =/(fl)and lim giy) = gifia))

x-*a
y^f(a)
ur
lim fix) = / (fl) and lim g(J(x)) = gifia)), wherey = fix)

ad
f{x) ->/(<!)
Yo
x-*a
lim gifix)) = gifia)) [v xâ^ fix)^fia)]

x-*a
d
Re
lim gof ix) = gof ia) go/is continuous at a: = a.

in
x->a
F
Sinceis an arbitrary point in its domain. Hence, gof is continuous. Q.E.D.

THEOREMS
Iff is continuous on its domain D, then \f\is also continuous on D.
PROOF Recall that | / ] (known as absolute function) is defined as | /1 (x) = | / (a:) |.
Let 13 be an arbitrar)^ real number in D. Then, / is continuousat a.
lim fix) = / (i3)
xâ
Now,
lim \f\ix) = lim \fix)

x-*a x-*a
[By definition of | /1 ]
lim \f\ix) =
x-*a
lim fix) = fia) \ = \f\ia)
x->a
/[ is continuous at a: = a.
Since a is an arbitrary point in D. Therefore, | /1 is continuous in D. Q.E.D.
CONTINUITY 8.23
REMARK
The converse of the above theorem may not be true. For example, consider the function
1 , if X eZ
fix) = if X sR - Z
Let a be an arbitrary integer. Then,

lim f (x) = lim f{a-h) = lim -1=~1 [●/ h > 0, a - h ^ Z as h is very small]
x-*a
hÔ /t->0
lim f {x) = lim f{a + h) = lim -1 = -1 and, f(a) = 1.

x-*a ‘ h->0 li-¥0
lim / (;t) = lim / (.v) * f («)

x-â
ww
So, f is discontinuous at X = a.
Nozv, \ f \ {x) = \ f (x) \ = 1 for all x eR. So, \ f\ is a constant function and hence , it is everywhere
continuous.
THEOREM 4 A constant function is everywhere contmuoiis.
FF loo
ree
PROOF Let f{x) = c, where c is a constant. Clearly, the domain of a constant function is R.
Let a be any real number. Then,
reeF
lim fix) = lim c = c and,f{a) = c. 1 -
x—*a X —» rt
oroFr
r ur
lim f (x) = f (fl) ^ / (a:) is continuous at x = a.
s ff
X -> fl
But, fl is an arbitrary real number. Hence, / (a:) is continuous on R. Q.E.D.

k
YYouo
REMARK 1 It is evident from the graph of a constant function that is everywhere continuous.
koso
THEOREM 5 The identity function is everywhere continuous.

BBoo
PROOF Let f (x) = X for all x e K be the identity function. Let a be any real number. Then,
r ee
lim / (x) = lim x = a and, / (a) = a.

x-*a x-â
ad
lim / (x) = / (fl). So,/(x) is continuous at X = a.

ouur
Yo
x-*a
Since « is an arbitrary real number. Hence, / (x) is continuous on R i.e. it is everywhere

continuous.
d
Re
idnY
REMARK 2 The above fact can be easily observedfrom the graph of the identity fmction. Q.E.D.
FFin
THEOREM 6 A polynomial function is everywhere continuous.

PROOF Let f {x) =Uq + aix + ajx^ +... + fl„x", n eZ,n> 0, x e R be a polynomial function.
We shall prove the theorem by induction on n.
Step I Whenn = 0, we have
f (x) =
Clearly, / (x) is a constant function which is everywhere continuous
When n - 1, we have
/ (^) = %+a-i X.
Clearly, / (x) is the sum of a constant function and a multiple of the identity function. So, being
the sum of two everywhere continuous functions, / (x) is everywhere continuous.
Step II Let every polynomial function of degree at most n be everywhere continuous.
Consider a general polynomial function of degree {n + 1).
+ 1
g(:c) = aQ + aiX + a2X^ + ... + a„x’^ + a„ + 1 x" , where 0.
g{x) = aQ+x{a-^+a2X + ... + 0jjX^'~'^ + Ojj^-^x”)

Clearly, it is the sum of a constant function Aq (which is everywhere continuous) and the product
of the identity function x (which is everywhere continuous) and the polynomial function
ai^ + a2 X +... + I of degree at most n (which is everywhere continuous by induction
assumption). Therefore, g (at) is everywhere continuous.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, a polynomial function is everywhere
continuous.
A simple consequence of the above theorem is the following: Q.E.D.

COROLLARY Every rational function is continuous at every point in its domain.
Six)
PROOF Let / (a:) = h (a:) 0 be a rational function. Then, g (a:) and h (at) are polynomial
ww
h{x)'
functions.
The domain of / (a:) is the set D = R - {.y : ^ (y) = 0}.
Floo
Since polynomial functions are everywhere continuous. Therefore, g (y) and h (y) are
ree
continuous on D.
g{x)
Hence, by theorem 1, / (y) = is continuous on D.
rFee
h (y)
F
THEOREM 7 The modtdus function is everywhere continuous. oor r
rur
PROOF We know that the identify function is everywhere continuous.
s ff
Also, if / is continuous, then | /1 is also continuous. Therefore, | y | is everywhere continuous.
osk
Q.E.D.
YYoou
THEOREM 8 The exponential function a^, a >0is everywhere continuous.

oook
eBB
PROOF Letf{x) = fl^.Then,

r V
-I -1
lim - lim Y + 1 = lim X lim Y+ lim 1 =(log^ flx 0) +1 =1.
uur r
Y->0 Y Y -> 0 Y Y->0 .Y->0

ad
Yo
Let c be an arbitrary real number. Then,
~^=a^x^=a^ =f{c)
c-h 1
lim / (y) = lim f (c-h) = lim a = a lim a lim
h->0 a'‘
dY
x->c /i->0 h-^0 h-^0

Re
idn
c+h
and. lim / (y) = lim f (c + h) = lim a = a<^ lim = <7*^ X 1 = = / (c)
FFin
x-^c* lt-*0 /jÔ h->0
lim / (y) = lim^ / (y) = / (c)

x->c Y C
So, / (y) is continuous at y = c.

Since c is an arbitrary real number. Hence, / (y) = a^ is everywhere continuous.
Q.E.D.
COROLLARY e^ is everywhere continuous.
THEOREM 9 The logarithmic function is continuous in its domain.
PROOF Let/ (y) = logc Y, where c > 0be the logarithmic function. Clearly, domain (/) =(0, co).
Let a be an arbitrary point in (0, oo). Then,
lim / (y) = lim f {a + h)
Y —> fl h-*0
8.25
CONTINUITY
lim / (x) = lim log. (fl + h)
r h
lim / (x) = lim log^ a 1 + —
f { h
lim + / (x) = lim ] logj- a + log^ 1 + —
x-*a
/I-+0 a
h
lim / (x) = logc a + lim log^ 1 + -
i h-*0 { ^
f.logc fi1 + -^
\
a
h
lim / (x) = logc ^ ^ X —
looww
h ^ 0 h a
X
logc 1 + 'a
h
lim / (x) = logc ^ X lim
ree
h /i->0 fl
ree F
=:> lim +
r FF
/ (x) = logc ^ + logc c X 0 = logc ^ = / (®)
X-^fl
fofroF
Similarly, we obtain : lim / (x) = / (fl)
u
X->fl“
ks
lim / (x) = / (fl) = lim /(x). So,/(x) is continuous at X = a.

os o
/j
YYouor
x-â
BBook
Since is an arbitrary point in (0, co). Hence, / (x) is continuous on (0, co). Q.E.D.
r ee
THEOREM 10 The sine function is everyivhere continuous.

PROOF Let / (x) = sin x and let a be an arbitrary real number. Then,
ouru
ad
lim / (x) = lim f {a + h)

Yo
X fl'*’ -> 0
lim + / (x) = lim sin {a + h)

d
h->0
Re
x-*a
inY
lim / (x) = lim {sin a cos h + cos a sin /t)

FFind
X -*a
hÔ
lim / (x) - sin a lim cos h + cos lim sin h

X-><7
hÔ
lim / (x) = sin a x 1 + cos x 0 lim sin /i = 0 and lim cos h = 1

+ h~*0
x-*a
lim + / (x) = sin fl = / (a)

x->a
lim / (x) = / (a)
x-*a
lim / (x) = / (fl) = lim /(x). =i> / (x) is continuous at X = (j.
X-»fl X -> 17
Since fl is an arbitrary real number. Hence,/(x) = sin :r is everywhere continuous. Q.E.D.
THEOREM 11 The cosine function is everywhere continuous.

PROOF Let/(a:) = cos a: and let <7 be any real number. Then,
lim + / (x) = lim f {a + h)
h->0
lim + / (x) = lim cos {a + h)

X -*a h->0
lim + / (x) = lim {cos a cos h - sin a sin h]

X -*a hÔ
lim / (x) - cos a lim cos h - sin £7 lim sin h

x-â hÔ /j->0
w
lim / (x) = (cos £7) X 1 - sin £7 X 0 lim cosh=l and lim sin h=0
xâ /j->0
lim
Flo/ (x) = cos £7 = f (a)
e
x-*a
rree
r FF
lim / (x) = / (£7)
X ->a
uurr
lim /(x) =
for
lim + /(x) = f (a). So,/(x) is continuous at x = a
X-^(l a: —» fl
kss
Since a is an arbitrary real number. Hence, / (x) is everywhere continuous. Q.E.D.

ooook
Yo
THEOREM 12 The tangent function is continuous in its domain.
PROOF Let / (x) = tan x. Clearly, domain (/) = K -j (2n +1) ~ :neZ
eB
sm X
We have, /(x) = tan x = . Since sin x and cos x are everywhere continuous. Therefore,
urr
cos X
ad
Yo
/ (x) = tan X is continuous for all x e K except when cos x 9^ 0. But, cos X = 0 at
X = {2n + l) k/2, n e Z.
dY
Hence,/(x) = tan x is continuous for all x e K - {{2t7 +1) tc/2 :n e Z|. Q.E.D.
Re
innd
THEOREM 13 (i) The cosecant function is continuous in its domain.

(ii) The secant function is continuous in its domain.
Fi
(iii) The cotangent function is continuous in its domain.

PROOF It is the direct consequence of the above Theorems and Theorem 1.
THEOREM14 / (x) = sin” ^ x is CO«fmwoi£S on [-1,1].
PROOF
Let £7 be an arbitrary point in [-1,-1]. Lety = sin” ^x. Then, x = siny.
X £7 => sin y -> £7 => y ^ sin ” ^ £7.
lim / (x) - lim sin”^x = lim
● -1
Thus, y = sm a = / (£7)
X -*a X -â
y->sin” ^ a
So, / (x) is continuous at X = a.
Since a is an arbitrary point of [-1, Ij. Hence, / (x) = sin” ^ x is continuous on [-1, Ij.
Q.E.D.
REMARK Proceeding as above, it can be shoivn that all inverse trigonometric functions are continuous
in their respective domains.
CONTINUITY 8.27
Tijpe I ON TESTING THE CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION IN ITS DOMAIN

\x-4\ x-^ 4
EXAMPLE 1
If a function f is defined as f(x)-■ x-4 . Shoxv thatf is everi/zuhere continuous
0 X =4
except at x = 4.
SOLUTION We have.
x-4\ x^4
ww
fix) = x-4 '
0 , x =4
x-4
x<4
Flo
ee
x-4 - (x - 4), .r < 4
fix) = ● =1 ; x>4 ●●● \x-4
rere
x-4 x-4, x>4
r FF
0 x-4
uurr
foor
Whenx<4, we have /(x)=-l, which, being a constant function, is continuous at each
ks s
point X < 4.
Yoo
Also, when x > 4, we have f{x) =1, which, being a constant function, is continuous at each
oook
point X > 4.
eBB
Let us consider the point x = 4. We find that

lim fix) - lim -1 = -1, lim /(x) = lim 1=1 and, /(4) = 0.
uurr
x->4 ar -♦ 4 x-*i
+ ar^4
ad
Yo
lim fix) ^ lim fix). So, fix) is not continuous at x = 4.

x->4
dY
Hence,/(x) is everywhere continuous, except at x = 4.

Re
innd
sin 2x , if X < 0
FFi
EXAMPLE 2 Discuss the continuity of the function fix) = ● X
X + 2 , if X > 0
sin 2x
SOLUTION When x < 0, we have fix) = . We know that sin 2x as well as the identity
X
function x both are everywhere continuous. So, the quotient function — ^ = fix) is
continuous at each x < 0.
When, X > 0, we have/(x) =x + 2, which being a polynomial function, is continuous at each

X > 0. Let us now consider the point x = 0. We find that
sin 2x sin 2x
lim fix) - lim - 2 Bm = 2 (1) = 2, lim + fix) - lim x + 2 = 2
x-»0 x->0 X 2x X 0 x-»0
and. /(O) =0 + 2 = 2
lim f{x) - lim + f{x) =/(0). So,/(x) is also continuous at a: = 0.

x->0
Hence, f{x) is everywhere continuous.
EXAMPLE 3 Discuss the continuity of the function f{x) =<

^
x
, if:c^0
0 / if^: = 0
SOLUTION We have.
- X
= -l , ifx<0
x
— , if X 0 X, if X > 0
ww
f{x) = => fix) = — =1 , if x>0
-X, if X < 0
X
0 , if x = 0
0 / if X 5= 0
Flo
We observe that f{x) is a constant function for all x < 0 as well as for x > 0. So, it is continuous for
e
ree
all X > 0 and for all x < 0. Consider the point x = 0. At x = 0, we find that
Fr
(LHLatx = 0) = lim f(x) = lim -1 = -1 and, (RHL at x = 0) = lim /(x) = lim 1=1
rF
x-»0 x->0
uurr
(LHLatx = 0) (RHLatx = 0)
for
So, f{x) is not continuous at x = 0. Hence,/(x) is continuous at each point, except at x = 0.
s
kks
2x-l , ifx<0
Discuss the continuity of the function f{x) given byf(x) =
Yo
EXAMPLE 4
oooo
2x + l , ifx>0
eB
[CBSE 2002]
SOLUTION When X < 0, we have/(x) = 2x-1. Clearly,/(x) is a polynomialfunction for x < 0.

So, /(x) is continuous for all x < 0.
ur
ad
When X > 0, we have /(x) = 2x +1. Clearly, /(x) is a polynomial function for x > 0. So, it is
YYo
continuous for all x > 0.
Let us now consider the point x = 0. At x = 0, we find that

dd
Re
lim /(x) = lim (2x-l) = -1 and. Urn f{x) = lim (2x + l) = 1.

in
xÔ x->0
F
lim /(x) ¥= lim + f(x)

x->0 x->0
So,/(x) is not continuous at X = 0. Hence,/(x) is everywhere continuous except at x = 0.

Type II ON FINDINGTHE VALUERS)OF A CONSTANTGIVEN IN THE DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION WHEN
IT IS CONTINUOUS ON ITS DOMAIN
kx^ / ifx^2 IS,

EXAMPLE 5 Determine the value of the constant k so that the function f(x) =
1 3 , ifx>2
continuous. [NCERT]
SOLUTION When x < 2, we have /(x) = k x^, which being a polynomial function is continuous
at each x < 2.
When X > 2, we have /(x) = 3, which being a constant function is continuous at each x > 2.
CONTINUITY 8.29
Let us now consider the point a: = 2. At = 2, we have

(LHL at a: = 2) = lim f(x) = lim
x-*2
= 4 [●-● fix) = kx^ for a: < 2]
x^2~
(RHLatA: = 2)= lim + /(a:) = lim 3 = 3 ['■' /(^) = 3 for a: > 2]

x^2 x-*2
and, f(2) = k{lf = 4k.

As fix) is continuous in its domain. Therefore, it is also continuous at a: = 2. Consequently, we
have
lim fix) = /(2) = lim fix) => 4^: = 3 => cf = -

X-J.2+ 4
ww
1 , if a: < 3
EXAMPLE6 If fix) = ■ ax + b , if 3<a:<5 . Determine the values of a and b so that fix) is
7 , iI5<x
FF loo
continuous.
SOLUTION The given function is a constant function for all a: < 3 as well as for all a: > 5. So, it is
ree
continuous for all a: < 3 as well as for all x > 5. We know that a polynomial function is
continuous. So, the given function is continuous for all x € (3,5). Thus,/(x) is continuous at each
X 6 R except possibly at x = 3 and x = 5.
reFe
At X = 3, we have oroFr
r ur
lim fix) = lim 1=1, lim /(x) = lim ax + b = 3a + b and,/(3)=1
s ff
3“ 3
k
YYouo
For /(x) be continuous at x = 3, we must have

koso
lim fix) = lim fix) = fi3) => 1 = 3a+ b -(i)

BBoo
x^3“ x-> 3
r ee
At X = 5, we have
/(^) = Ihn ax + b = 5a + b, lim + fix) - lim 7=7 and, /(5) = 7
x^5 x->5
ad
x->5 x^5
ouur
Yo
For fix) to be continuous at x = 5, we must have

lim fix) = lim fix) = /(5) => 5a+ b =7 ...{ii)
d
x->5” X-+5''’
Re
idnY
Solving (i) and (ii), we get: a = 3,b --8.

FFin
EXAMPLE 7 Show that the function f defined by fix) = 11 - x +1 x | is everywhere continuous.

[NCERT]
SOLUTION Let^(x) = 1 - X +1 XI and h(x) = | x | be two functions defined on R. Then,

ihog) (x) = higix)) = ft(l-x + |x|) =|l-x + |x|| = fix) for all x eR.
Since (1 - x), being a polynomial function and | x | being a modulus function are continuous on R.
Therefore, ^(x) = l-x+|x| is everywhere continuous. Also, /t(x)=|x| is everywhere
continuous. Hence, / = hog is everywhere continuous.
|l-x-x|, if X <0 (1 - 2x), if X < 0
ALITER We have, fix) = 11 - x +1 x| | = ● 1 -x + x| ,ifx>0 “I 1 ,ifx>0
For X < 0, we have f{x) = l~2x. Clearly, f{x) is a polynomial function. So, f{x) is continuous for
ail a: < 0.
For x>0,f{x)=l, being a constant function, is continuous. So, a: = 0 is the only point of possible
discontinuity.
Now, lim f{x)= lim (1-2a)=1 and lim f{x)= lim 1=1
x->0 i->0 x^0+ xÔ
Thus, lim f{x)=f{0)- lim + /(a:). So,/(x) is continuous at x = 0. Hence,/(a:) is everywhere

AT->0" x->0
discontinuous.
EXAMPLE 8
Prove that f{x) = ^\x\-x is continuous for all x>0.
SOLUTION Let^(A') =[ x|-a: and /?(a:) =Vx. Clearly, domain (^) = R and domain (/i) = [0, oo).
ww
Also, ^(a:)) and h{x) are continuous in their domains.
We observe that
Domain {hog) = {a: e Domain (^): ^(a:) 6 Domain (h)}
Flo = {a: G R : I a; I - X e [0, co)} = (a: g R : a: > 0| = [0, oo)
e
Since g(A:) and h{x) are continuous on their respective domains. Therefore, hog: [0, co) ^ R is
rere
also continuous.
r FF
^x-x=0 ,if a:>0
ALITER
We have, f{x) = ^\x\ -x => f{x) -■
uurr
for
yj-x-x =-s/-2a, if a: <0
For .A > 0, we have f{x) = 0, which being a constant function, is continuous.
kss
For 'A < 0, we have f{x) = yj-2x

ooook
Yo
We know that the square root function is continuous in its domain. So, f{x) = ^-2x is
continuous for all a < 0.
eBB
Now,
lim /(a) = lim = 0 and, lim + /(a) = lim 0=0
urr
x-»^0 xÔ x-»0 x->0

ad
lim /(a)=/(0)= lim /(a). So,/(a) is continuous at A = 0.

Yo
.T-»0 x-»0+
dY
Hence, /(.v) is everywhere continuous.

m (a^ - 2a) /
Re
ifA<0
innd
EXAMPLE 9 Determine the value of the constant m so that the function /(a) = cos A , ifA>0
Fi
is continuous.
SOLUTION When a < 0, we have /(a) = m(x^ - 2a), which being a polynomial is continuous at
each A < 0.
When A > 0, we have /(.a) = cos a, which being a cosine function is continuous at each a > 0.
Let us now consider the point a = 0. At a = 0, we have
(LHL at A = 0) = lim /(a) = x->0
lim m (x^ - 2a) = 0 for all values of m.
x-»0
and. (RHLatA = 0) = lim /(a) = lim cos a = 1

xÔ xÔ
Clearly, lim /(a) lim /(a) forany valueof w. So,/(A)cannotbemade continuous for any
x->0“ xÔ'*'
value of m. In other words, the value of m does not exist for which/ (a) can be made continuous.
CONTINUITY 8.31
EXAMPLE 10
Given fix) = —^.Find the points ofdiscontinuity of the compositefunction f (f(x)).
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
lim fix) = lim / (1 - /i) = lim - C30 and, lim f{x) = lim / (1 + h) - lim — —» oo
X->1 h->0 h-*0-h hÔ h->Q h
lim fix) * lim fix)

X -► 1” X 1'*’
ww
So, fix) is discontinuous at x = 1. Also, fix) is not defined at x = 1. So, for x 1, we obtain
1
/(/W)=/|- x^
x-1 1
x-1
Flo
x-1
Let six) =f if ix)) =
e
.Then,
2-x
eree
2-h-l fl
lim ^(x) = lim gi2-h)= lim = Um —1 00
FFr
x->2" hÔ /i-yO 2-(2-/i) h-*o\h
uurr
2 + h-l
and. lim + g(x)= lim gi2 + h)~ lim
hÔ h^02~i2 + h)
= lim
hÔ
1
orr
h
—> -CXD
sfo
X-V2
lim g(x) ^ lim g(x) or, \im f f ix) ^ lim + / / (x)

kks
Yoo
+
x-»2" x^2 x^2 \ x->2
oooo
So, fifix)) is discontinuous at x = 2. Hence, /(/(x)) is discontinuous at x = 1 and x = 2.

eBB
EXERCISE 8.2
BASIC
urr
sm X
ad
, x<0
1- Prove that the function fix) = ● x
YYo
is everywhere continuous.
x+1 , x>0
dd
X , xÔ
Re
2. Discuss the continuity of the function /(x) = ● | x

inn
0 , x=0
F
3- Find the points of discontinuity, if any, of the following functions;

x^-16 , if X 9^2
^ - x^ + 2x - 2 / if x^l
(i) fix) = * 4 , if X = 1 (ii) fix)=\ x-2
16 / Lfx = 2
sm X sin 3x , if X 0
, if X <0
(iii) fix) = ■ X (iv) fix) = ■ X
2x + 3 , X >0 4 / if X = 0
sm X x^ + x^ + 2x^ , if X 5* 0
+ cos X , if X 0
(v) fix) =\ X (Vi) fix) = tan ^ X
5 , if X = 0 if x = 0
10
e"' -1 , if X 0 lx-31 , if X > 1

(vii) fix) = log, (1 + 2x) (viii) fix) =
7 , if X = 0 4 2 4 , if X < 1
|x| + 3 , if X < - 3
(ix) / (x) = J - 2x , if - 3 <x < 3 ICBSE 20101
6x + 2 , if x> 3
xÔ-1 , if x<l
(X) fix) = [NCERT]
, if X > 1
ww
2x if X <0
(xi) m = 0 if 0<x<l [NCERT]
4x if X >1
Flo
sin X - cos X , if x 0
[NCERT]
e
(xii) fix) = -1 , if x =0
eree
-2 , if x<-l
FFr
(xiii) fix) = < 2x , if -1 <x <1 [NCERT]
uurr
2 , if x>l
orr
sfo
4. In the following, determine the value(s) of constant(s) involved in the definition so that the
given function is continuous:
kks
Yoo
oooo
sin 2x
, if X 0 kx + 5, ifx<2
(i) fix) = 5x (ii) fix) = x-1. ifx>2
eBB
3k , if X = 0
2 if x<3
kix^ + 3x) / ifx<0
urr
(iii) /(X) = cos 2x , ifx>0 (iv) fix) = \ax + b if 3 < X < 5

ad
9 ifx>5
YYo
4
, ifx<-l
dd
(v) fix) = ■ +b , if -1 < X < 0

Re
inn
cos X , ifx>0
F
^1 + px -^1-px , if -1 <x <0

X
(Vi) fix) = JSE 2013, NCERT EXEMPLAR]
2x + l
, if0<x^l
x-2
■ 5 , if x<2
(vii) fix) = ■ ax + b , if 2<x<10 [NCERT]
21 , if x>10
k cos X X < —
n
k-2x 2
n
(viii) /(X) = ● 3 X = — ICBSE 2010]

2
3 tan 2x
Tt
X > —
2x - 71
2
CONTINUITY 8.33
BASED ON LOTS
, if 0 <:c <1
a
5.
The function f{x) - a , if 1 <x< V2 is continuous on [0, co). Find the most
2h^-4b
, if -Jl <x <00
x^
suitable values of a and b.
6.
Find the values of a and b so that the function / (:f) defined by
oww
X + a4l sin x , if 0 < a: < 7i/4
f {x) = ● 2x cot X + b , if 7i/4 <x < 7t/2 becomes continuous on [0, k].
cos 2a: - b sin a: , if 71^2 < a: < tt
x^ + ax +b , 0 < a: < 2
ee
7.
The function / (a:) is defined by / (a:) = 3a:+ 2 , 2 < a: < 4. If / is continuous on
FFrlo
r
lax + 5b ,4<x<8
rF
ee
[0,8], find the values of a and b.
2x-l , if x<2
ouru
rF
8. Discuss the continuity of the function /(x) = 3a:
, if a: > 2 ■
ffosor 2
sm X
os k
9. , a:<0
Prove that /(x) =■ x is everywhere continuous.
a: + 1 , a:>0
ook
Yo
Y
2 1
10.
a: sin - , a: 5* 0
Is/W =
Bo
X a continuous function? [NCERT]

reeB
0 ^ x =0
BASED ON HOTS
oouY
ur
7C
tan —X
ad
11. u
If/{a:) = for a: find the value which can be assigned to/(a:) at x = n/4
dY
cot 2x
so that the function/ (a:) becomes continuous every where in [0, ti/2].
nidn
Re
12.
Discuss the continuity off{x) = sin [ a: |. [NCERT]
F
Fi
13.
Show that the function g (a:) = a - [x] is discontinuous at all integral points. Here [a] denotes
the greatest integer function. [NCERT)
14.
Discuss the continuity of the following functions:
(i) / (a) = sin A + cos a (ii) / (a) = sin a - cos x (iii) / (a) = sin a cos a [NCERT]
15.
Show that/ (a) = cos x^ is a continuous function. [NCERTl
16. [NCERT]
Show that/ (a) = | cos a | is a continuous function.
17. [NCERT]
Find all thepointsof discontinuity of/defined by/(a) = | a| - | a + 1 |.
18.
Given the function/(a) =—^ . Find the points of discontinuity of the function/(/(A)).
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
Find all point of discontinuity of the function f{t) = , where t = —

x-1
f + f —2
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
ANSWERS
2. Discontinuous at x = 0
w
3.'(i) ^=1 (ii) x = 2 (iii) x = 0 (iv) X = 0 (v) X = 0
(vi) x=0 (vii) x = 0 (viii) Nowhere discontinuous
(ix) Discontinuous at x = 3 (x) Discontinuous at x = 1
(xi) Discontinuous at x = 1 (xii) Everywhere continuous
e
(xiii) Everywhere continuous 4. (i) ^=ri= (ii) ^ = “2
wr
lloo
15
r
(iii) No value of can make/ (iv) a -7f2,b =~17/2 (v)fl = 3,fe=l
F
u
(vi) p = -l/2 (vii) a = 2, b = 1 (viii) 6 5. a=-l,b =l OT a=l,b-1
r FF
6. fl = Tt/6, & = -7r/12 7,fl = 3,b = -2 8. Everywhere continuous.
ree
. K 1
rs
10. Continuous 12, Everywhere continuous
2
uo
oF
k
14, (i) Everywhere continuous (ii) Everywhere continuous
(iii) Everywhere continuous 17, No point of discontinuity
oofr
18. Discontinuous at x = -2 and x = -5/2 19. Discontinuous x = 1/2,1, 2.
sf
ko
Y
B
Yo
3, (x) We have,
BY
oo
x^^^-l , X<1
fix) = ■
er
x2
re
, X>1
uu
Clearly, /(x) is a polynomial function for all x <1 as well as for all x >1. So, / (x) is
od
everywhere continuous except possibly at x = 1.

Yo
ad
n
Now, lim f (x) = lim x^°-l=l-l=0 and, lim -t-

lim x^ =1^ =1
/(x)= x^l +
x->r x^r x-^1
ndi
Re
F
Clearly, lim f(x) ^ lim + / (x). So,/(x) is not continuous at x =1.

Fi
x->l"
Hence, / (x) is everywhere continuous except at x = 1.
’2x , X < 0
(xi) We have, / (x) = 0 , 0<x<l
4x , X >1
At X = 0, we have
lim / (x) = lim 2x = 2 x 0 = 0, lim / (x) = lim 0 = 0 and, / (0) = 0
x->0“ x->0“ x-*0'^
Thus, lim /(x) = lim + / (x) =/(0). So, / (x) is continuous at x = 0.

x^0“ X-+0
At X = 1, we have
lim / (x) = lim 0=0, lim / (x) = lim 4x = 4
x->r xî
CONTINUITY 8.35
lim f (x) ^ lim f{x). So,/(x) is not continuous at a: =1.

X ->● r X -»1"^
For X <0, f (x) is a polynomial function which is everywhere continuous. For x e [0,1], / (x)
is a constant function which is also continuous. For x >1,/ (x) is a polynomial function
which is everywhere continuous. Hence, / (x) is everywhere continuous except at x = 1.

sin X - cos X , X 0
(xii) We have, / (x) = -1 , X = 0
. Clearly, / (x) is continuous for all x * 0.
Now, lim /(x) = lim (sin x-cos x) = sin 0-cos 0 = -1 = / (0)
oww
x->0 x->0
So, / (x) is continuous at x = 0. Hence, / (x) is every\vhere continuous.

-2,x<-l
(xiii) We have, / (x) = ■ 2x , -1 < x < 1
e
[2 , x>l
re
FFrllo
As / (x) is a constant function for all x < -1 and all x > 1. So, / (x) is continuos for all x < -1
rF
and all x > 1. For x e (-1,1), / (x) is a polynomial function which is always continuous.
ee
Thus, / (x) is continuous for all x except possible at x = -1,1.
ouru
sor rF
Contimiity at x = -l: We observe that
lim /(x) = lim -2 = -2, lim /(x) = lim +
2x = - 2 and, / (-1) = - 2
x^-1" x^-r
kffo
x->-1
lim /(x) = lim f (x) =f {-1). So,/(x) is continuous at x = -l.

os
+
ook
x~*-l
Yo
Y
Continuity at X =1: Clearly,

Bo
reeB
lim / (x) - lim + 2 = 2, lim / (x) = lim 2x = 2 x 1 = 2 and, / (1) =2

x^r
ouY
X-J-l X->1
ur
lim /(x)= lim /(x)=/(l)

ad
^1”
Yo
So, / (x) is continuous at x = 1. Hence, / (x) is everywhere continuous.

d
5 , x<2
nidn
4. (vii) It is given that /(x) -■ ax+ b , 2<x<10iseverywherecont inuous.

Re
21 , x>10
F
Fi
So, it is continuous at x = 2 and x = 10.
lim fix) - lim + /(x)=/(2) and. lim f (x) = lim /(x)=/{10)

x^2 x->10"
lim 5 = lim ax + b=5 and. lim ax + b = lim 21 = 21

+ +
x-»2" x^2 x^l0~ x-»10
=> 5 = 2a+ b and lOfl + b = 21 => a = 2, b =1

2 ...
x“ sm — , X # 0
10. We have, /(x) = X . Clearly, / (x) is continuous for all x * 0.
0 , x =0
Now,
2 1
lim / (x) = lim x sin — = 0 x (An oscillating number between -1 and 1) = 0 -f (0)
X -> 0 X
So, / (a:) is continuous at a: = 0. Hence, / (a:) is everywhere continuous.

12. Let fl be any real number. Then,
lim / (a:) = lim sin | a: | = lim sin \a - h\ - sin | a \
x->a~
lim / (a:) = lim + sin I a: I - lim sin | fl + | = sin | fl ] and, / (fl) = sin | a |
X-* a X ->a
h-^0
lim f (x) = lim f(x) = / (fl)

X -*a~ x-â^
So, / (a:) is continuous at x-a. Since a is an arbitrary real number. Hence, / (a:) is
everywhere continuous.
13. Let fl be any integer. Then,
ww
lim v(a:) = lim = ?(fl-/i) = lim {a-h)-[a-h] = lim (a-h) ~{a-l) =a-{a-1) =1
h-¥0 h-^Q h->0
X hÔ h-*0
FF loo
lim + g(x)=lim g{a + h)=]im {a + h)-[a + h]= h-*0
lim {a + h)-a~a-a = Q
ree
lim g{x) ^ lim g(A:). So, ^ (a:) is discontinuous at a: = fl.
reeF
X -*a
Since a is an arbitrary integer. Hence, g (a:) is discontinuous at all integral points.

oroFr
14. We know that sin x and cos x are everywhere continuous. Therefore, sin x + cos x,
r ur
sin a: - cos x and sin x cos x are everywhere continuous.
s ff
15. Let/(at) = cos a: and fl be any real number. Then,
k
2
YYouo
/ (■^) = lina f {a~h)= lim cos (fl - h) = cos fl

kos o
x-*a
/j->0 h-¥0
BBoo
2
Um f{x)= lim f{a + h)= lim cos(fl + /i) =cosfl and,/(fl) = cos fl
^1^0 ;i->0
r ee
lim f{x) = lim / (a:) =/(fl). So,/(a:) is continuous at at = fl.

ad
ouur
x-*a x->a
Yo
Since 'a' is an arbitrary real number. Hence, / (a) is everywhere continuous.

16. Let/ (a:) = | cos x \ and a be any real number. Then,
d
Re
idnY
lim / (a:) = /l->0

lim f (a-h) = /j->0
lim j cos {a-h)\ = | cos fl |
FFin
lim / (a:) = lim f (a + h) = lim cos {a + h)\ =1 cos fl I and, / (a) = | cos a
lim / (a:) =: Um f {x) =/(fl). So, / (a:) is continuous at a: = a.

x-*a
Since 'a' is an arbitrary real number. Therefore, / (x) is everywhere continuous.

17. We have.
-X + X + 1 , X<-1 1 x<-l
/(x)=|x|-|x + l| = ■ -x-(x + l) , -l<x<0=> f{x) = \-2x-l , -l<x<0

[x-(x + l) , x>0 -1 x>0
Clearly,/(x) is continuous for allx satisfyingx <-1, -1 <x <0 and x > 0.So, possibly
points of discontinuity are x = -1 and x = 0.
CONTINUITY 8.37
Continuiti/ at X = -l: Clearly,

lim f (x) = lim 1=1, lim f{x)= Urn (-2x-1) = - 2 x-1-1 =1
x->-l" x->-l“
and, /(-I) = -2x -1 -1=1
lim f{x) = lim /{x) =/(-!).

x->-r x^-l'^
So, / (x) is continuous at X = 1.

Continuity at x = 0: Clearly,
ww
lim / (x) = lim {-2x-1) = - 2 x 0-1 =-1,
x-»0 x->0
lim /(x) = lim + -1 = -1 and, /(O) = -2x0-1 = -1

xÔ
Flo
e
lim /{x)= lim /(x)=/(0)
eree
x-^0 x->0'*'
FFr
So, / (x) is continuous at x = 0. Hence, / (x) is everywhere continuous.
uurr
18. Clearly, /(x) = is discontinuous at x = -2. Also, it is not defined at x = -2.
orr
sfo
1 1 x +2
For X 96 - 2, we have / (x) =/ 1
x + 2 + 2
2x + 5
kks
Yoo
x + 2
oooo
We observe that /(/(x)) is discontinuous and undefined at x = -5/2.

eBB
Hence, /(/(x)) is discontinuous at x = -2 and x = -5/2.

1 1
19. Wehave,/(x) = and t = — Clearly, t = is discontinuous and undefined at
t^+t-2 x-1 x-1
urr
x=l.
ad
1 1
YYo
For X ^ 1, we have f{t) = . This is discontinuous at f = 2 and f = 1.

t^+t-2 (f + 2)(f-l)
Forf=-2, f=^— 1
dd
=> X = — eind, For f =1, => x =2

Re
2
inn
x-1 x-1
Hence,/is discontinuousatx=l/2,x=landx = 2.
F
FtLL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)

x3-«3
, x=A a
1. If/(x)=. x~a
is continuous at x = then b =
b , x = fl
sin^flx
, X 0
2. If the function /(x) = ■ x2 is continuous at x = 0, then a =
1 , x =0
ax^-b, 0 <x<l
3. If the function/(x) = 2 ,x=l is continuous at x = 1, thena-b =
x +1 , 1<x <2
x + k , X <3
4. lff{x)=- 4 , a: = 3 is continuous at a: = 3, then fc =
3a; -5, a: > 3
A--4
+ A <4
|A-^
5. Let/(A)=- a+b , x =4. Then f{x) is continuous at a = 4 whenfl + t =
a-4
+ b ,x>4
|A-4t
cos 3a-cos A
, A 0
6. If f :R R defined by /(a) = a2 is continuous at a = 0, then X =
X ,x = 0
loow w
1 - sin A 7t
, X
7. lff(x)=\
9 ●
^ is continuous at a = then k =
71 2
2
ee
2-Va + 4
Fr
8. If/W = , A 0, is continuous at a = 0, then /(O) =
sin 2a
r FF
, A 3
9. If fix) = is continuous at a = 3, then k = rre
fofr oF
A - 3
u
2x + k , A = 3
ks
YYouro
X
s oo
10. h the function/(.a) = A-1

IS
given to be continuous at a = 1, then the value of fc
k ,x.^f
BBook
r ee
IS
11. The set of points where /(a) = a -[a] is discontinuous is

ouru
ad
1 - tan A 71 7T K ,/ 7t'
Yo
12. Let/(A) = ,x^ — ,Ae 0,— .IfftAliscontinuousin 0,— ,then/ — =

4x-k 4 12} ■ . 2j
d
Re
13. If/(A)=Asin — is everywhere continuous, then/(O) =

iYn
xj
FFind
1
14. Tlie set of points at which the function /(a) = is not continuous, is
log IA
flA + 1, if A >1
15. fff{x) = A + 2, if A < 1 is continuous, then 'a‘ should be equal to
16. If/(a) is continuous at A and lim f{x)= lim /(a) = cf, then A: is equal to
( sin
. ^3a x-*a~
, if A 0
A
17. If/(A)=- is continuous at a = 0, then k is equal to
- ,ifA = 0
2
18. The set of points of discontinuity of /(a) = tan a is

19. The set of points of discontinuity of/(.a) = [a] is ....
CONTINUITY 8.39
1
20. The set of points of discontinuity of f{x) = IS
x-[x]
ANSWERS
1. 2. ±1 3.2 4. 1 5. 0 6. -4 7. 0
1 1
8. - 9. 0 10. 2 11. Z 12. 13. 0 14. {-1,0,11
8 2
15. 2 16. f{a) 17. 6

18. j(2tt + l)^:Hez| 19. Z 20. Z
w
questions.
Flo
1. Define continuity of a function at a point.
2. What happens to a function / (x) at x = a, if lim / (a‘) =f (a) ?
ee
X -> <7
Fr
X
3. Find/ (0), so that/ (x) = becomes continuous at x = 0.
1-
X
for
ur
, X 0
4. If f (x) =< sin 3x is continuous at x = 0, then write the value of k.
k ,x = 0
ks
Yo
sin 10 X
5. If the function / (x) =
oo
, X 0 is continuous at x = 0, find / (0) .

X
eB
x^ -16
, if X 4
6. If/W=- x-4 is continuous at x = 4, find k.
r
A:,ifx = 4
ou
ad
2
sm X
Y
7. Determine whether /(x) =● ~ ,x*Q is continuous at x = 0 or not.

0 , x =0
nd
Re
1 - cos X
, X #0
Fi
8. If/W = x2 is continuous at x = 0, find k.

k , x =0
sin ^ X
,x^0
9. lff{x) = X is continuous at x = 0, write the value of k.
k , x=0
5x-4 0<x<l
10. Write the value of & for which / (x) = is continuous at x = 1.
4x^ + 3bx 1 < X < 2
kx
, X <0
11. Determine the value of constant 'Id so that the function / (x) = ^1 is continuous at
3 ,x>0
x = 0. [CBSE 2017]
.r^ + 3.r-10
, X * 2
Find the value of/: for which the function / (a:)=- :c-2 continuous atx = 2.
k
[CBSE 2017]
ANSWERS
1
2- /(x) becomes continuous at^:=fl 3. 2 4.
3
5- 10 6. 8
7. continuous 8. 1 9- 1 10. _i 11. _3 12. 7
ww
2
Flo
e
eree
FFr
uurr
orr
sfo
kks
Yoo
oooo
eBB
urr
ad
YYo
dd
Re
inn
F
CHAPTER 2
DIFFERENTIABILITY
9.1 DIFFERENTIABILITY AT A POINT
DEFINITION Let f{x) he a real valued function defined on an open intervaKa, b) and let c e(<i, &). Then,
f{x)-f{c)
f{x) is said to be differentiable or derivable at x = c, iff lim exists finitely.
ww
x-*c x-c
This limit is called the derivative or differential coefficient of the function f{x) a.tx=c, and is
df{x)
Flo
denoted by /'(c) or, Df (c) or.
dx
j x = c
e
reree
/(y)-/(c)
Thus, /' (c) = lim
r FF
x-^c x-c
Now,
uurr
f{x) is differentiable atx -c
foor
lim
f(x)-f{c) . ,
—- exists fimtely
ks s
<=>
x~*c x-c
Yoo
ooook
lim
f{x)-m lim
fix) -m
eBB
x-*c
x-c x-c
lim
fic-h)-f{c) f{c + h)-f{c)
uurr
o lim
h~^0 -h h->Q h
ad
Yo
lim
fjx)-f{c) fic-h)-fic)
or, lim is called the left hand derivative of / (x)
dY
X-¥C
x-c h-*0 -h
Re
innd
at a: = c and is denoted by / '(c“) or, Lf'{c).

FFi
lim
fjx)-fic) f{c + h)-f(c)
or, lim is called the right hand derivative affix)
x-c h-^Q h
at X = c and is denoted by / ’ (c"^) or, Rf' (c).

Thus, if is differentiable at x = c) o Lf '(c) = Rf' (c).
If L/'(c) Rf'(c), we say that/(x) is not differentiable at x = c.
MEANING OF DIFFERENTIABILITY AT A POINT As we have Seen in the chapter on continuity of a
function that if a function f{x) is continuous at a point x=a (say), then its graph is an unbroken
curve at {a, f{a)) and there are no holes and jumps in the graph of the function in the
neighbourhood of point x =a. Now, a natural question arises: What do we mean when we say
that a function f{x) is differentiable at a point x = c? In the following discussion we shall try to
answer this question.
9.2 MATHEMATICS-Xil
Consider the functidn f{x) defined on an open interval {a, b). Let P {c, /(c)) be a point on the
curve y =f (x), and let Q(c-h, /(c -h)), and R{c + h, f{c + h)) be two neighbouring points on
the left and right hand side respectively of point P as shown in Fig. 9.1. Then,
f(c-h)-fic) AY
Slope of chord PQ = -h }/=A=‘)
IR {c + h,f(c+h))
f{c + h)-f{c)
and. Slope of chord PR = h
yp{c.m
We know that tangent to a curve at a point P (say) is the
limiting position of chord PQ when Q tends to P. Therefore, Q(c-h//(c-h)) X
■>
as /i -> 0 points Q and R both tend to P from left hand and ^ CT
right hand sides respectively. Consequently, chords PQ and Fig. 9.1

PR become tangent(s) at point P.
ww
/(c-h)-f(c)
Thus, lim = lim (Slope of chord PQ)
hÔ -h h^Q
FF loo
= lim (Slope of chord PQ)
Q^P
ree
= Slope of the tangent at point P, which is the limiting position
of the chords drawn on the left hand side of point P.
reFe
f{c + h)-f{c)
and, lim
h
= lim (Slope of chord PR) oor rF
rur
h->0 hÔ
s ff
= lim (Slope of chord PR)
R-*P
k
= Slope of the tangent at point P, which is the limiting position

YYoou
okso
of the chords drawn on the right hand side of point P ...(ii)

BBoo
Now,
r ee
f{x) is differentiable at x = c.
o lim
f{c-h)-f{c) _ lim
f{c + h)-f{c)
ouur
ad
hÔ -h hÔ h
Yo
Slope of the tangent at point P, which is limiting position of the chords drawn on the
left hand side of P is same as the slope of the tangent at point P, which is the limiting
d
position of the chords drawn on the irght hand side of P

idnY
Re
o There is a unique tangent at point P.

FFin
Thus, fix) is differentiable at point P, iff there exists a unicjue tangent at point P. In other words, f{x) is
differentiable at a pofnt P iff the curve does not have P as a comer point. Ya
Consider the function fix) = | x |. This function is not differentiable at .y = -x
X = 0, because if we draw tangent at the origin as the limiting

position of the chords on the left hand side of the origin, it is the line >
y = -x whereas the tangent at the origin as the limiting position of ^ 0 X
the chords on the right hand side of the origin is the line y = x.
Mathematically, left hand derivative at the origin is -1 (slope of the
line y = - x) and the right hand derivative at the origin is 1 (slope of V'
Fig. 9.2
the line y = x).
Let/(x) be a differentiable function at a point P. Then the curve y = fix) has a unique tangent at
P. Since tangent at P is the limiting position of the chord PQ when Q -> P. So, if fix) is
DIFFERENTIABILITY 9.3
differentiable at a point P, then chords exist on both sides of point P. This rêans that the curve
exists on both sides of P. Consequently/(x) is continuous at P. r
It follows from the above discussion that, if a function is not differentiable at x = c, then either it
has (c, /(c)) as a comer point or it is discontinuous at x -- c.
Also, ever} differentiable function is continuous as proved below.
THEOREM If a function is differentiable at a point, it is necessarily continuous at that point. But, the
converse is not necessarily true.
OR
/(x) is differentiable atx=c=> /(x) is continuous at x =c
fix)-f(c)
PROOF Let a function /(x) be differentiable at x = c. Then, lim exists finitely.
x->c X -c
m-f{c)
ww
Let lim = f'ic) ...(i)
x-c
In order to prove that/(x) is continuous at x = c, it is sufficient to show that lim /(x) =/(c).
Floo
x-*c
Now,
. (M -fje)
ree
lim fix) lim (x-c)+/(c)
x-*c x-^c x-c
rFee
(m~fic)
lim/(x) = lim
(x-c)^ +/{c)
F
x-c oor r
rur
x-^c x-»c
s ff
lim fix) lim lim (x -c) + /(c) =/'{c) X 0 +/(c) [Using (i)]
x->c x-c x->c
osk
YYoou
lim fix) = /(c)

oook
x->c
eBB
Hence, fix) is continuous at x = c. Q.K.D.

REMARK The converse of the above theorem is not necessarily true i.e., a function may be continuous at
uur r
a point but may not be differentiable at that point. For example, the function fix) = | x | /s continuous at
ad
X = 0 but it is not differentiable at x = 0 (See Example 1 below.)

Yo
dY

Re
idn
EXAMPLE 1 Show that fix) = | x | is not differentiable atx = 0.

FFin

fix) -m fiO-h)-fiO) /(-^)-/(0)
(LHDatx = 0) = x->0
lim_ x-0
= lim
O-li-O hÔ
lim
-h
-h h
lim = lim lim lim -1 = -1
hÔ -h /i -)● 0 -h If -> 0 - /i /i 0
and. (RHD at X = 0) = lim

f(x)-m_ lim
fjO + h) -fjO)
x-»0
+ x-0 h-^Q h
lim m-m lim

/z|-|0 = lim
h
— = lim 1=1
hÔ h /i->0 h h-ôh h->0
(LHD at X = 0) ^ (RHD at x = 0). So, fix) is not differentiable at x = 0.

9.4 MATHEMATICS-XII
X -1, i{ X <2
EXAMPLE 2 Show that the function f{x) = 2x-3, if X >2 is not differentiable atx = 2.
m-f{2) _ (;r-l)-(4-3)
(LHD at X = 2) = lim lim [v f{x) = x-lfoTx<2]
x->2“ x-2 x^2 x-2
;r-2
lim lim 1=1
x^2 x-2 x^2
/W-/(2)_ (2x-3)-(4-3)
and. (RHDatx = 2)= lim = lim fix) = 2x - 3 for X > 2]
x^2'^ x-2 x^2 x-2
2x-4
ww
lim lim 2 = 2
x-*2 x-2 x-^2
(LHD at x = 2) (RHD at x = 2). So,/(x) is not differentiable at x = 2.
Flo
EXAMPLE 3 Show that fix) = x^ is differentiable at x=l and find f (1).
e
eree
FFr
fix)-fjr) _ lim
f{\-h)-fj\)
(LHDatx=l)= lim 1-ft-l
x-1
x-*r oorr
uur r
(i-;o^-i^ -2h + h‘^
sf
lim lim = lim (2-/i) =2.
ft->0 -h hÔ -h h-*0
sk
Yoo
oook
and. (RHD at X = 1) = lim +

x-1 1 + h-l
eBB
x-*l
il + h)^-l 2h + h^
lim lim = lim (2 + fi) = 2
uurr
h-¥0 h h-*0 h hÔ

ad
Yo
(LHD at X = 1) = (RHD at x = 1) = 2. So, /(x) is differentiable at x = 1 and /'(!)= 2.

dY
EXAMPLE 4 Discuss the differentiability o// (x) = x | x | atx = 0.

Re
innd
x^ , X £ 0
SOLUTION We have, fix) = x | x[ = ■ tCBSE 2020, NCERT EXEMPLAR]
FFi
-x^ ,x < 0
fix)-fj0)_ -x^-0
Now, (LHD at X = 0) = lim lim [Using definition of / (x)]
x-0 x->0 x-0
lim -X = 0
x->Q
fix)~fj0)_ x^-0
and. (RHD atx = 0) = lim lim [Using definition of / (x)j
x-0 x->0 x-0
lim X = 0.
x-»0
(LHD atx = 0) = (RHD atx = 0). So, / (x) is differentiable at x = 0.


1
sin , if X 0
EXAMPLE 5 Show that the function /(x) =● \xj
, if x = 0 is differentiable at x = 0 and
0
/'(0) = 0. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

fiO~h)-f{0) fi~h)-f{0)
(LHD at X = 0) = lim lim lim
x-4 0" x-0 hÔ O-h-0 * h~^0 -h
1
{-h)^ sin -h
-0
ww
lim lim h sin
/j-»0 -h /j->0 .h)
= 0 X (an oscillating number between - 1 and 1) = 0

f{x)-m f(0 + h)-f{0)
Flo
and. (RHD at X = 0) = lim + lim
e
x-»0 x-0 hÔ 0 + ^-0
eree
h^ sin - -0
FFr
lim
m-m = lim u lim h sin
1
h h \hj
uurr
h->0 h->0 hÔ
= 0 X (an oscillating number between -1 and 1) = 0 orr

sfo
(LHD at X = 0) = (RHD at x = 0) = 0.
kks
Yoo
So,/(x) is differentiable at x = 0 and/ '(0) = 0.

oooo
. 1
X sm - , when xÔ
EXAMPLE 6 Show that the function f{x) = ■ is continuous but not
eBB
X
, when X = 0
0
differentiable atx = 0.
urr
SOLUTION For the continuity of the function refer Example 11 on page 8.8 of Chapter 8.
ad
YYo
Now,
f(x)-f{0) fi0-h)-f{0)
(LHD at X = 0) = lim lim
dd
x-J-0 x-0 hÔ O-h-0

Re
inn
u . f—
-hsm
F
= hm
f(-h)-0 = lim
K-hJ = - lim sin
/i-+0 -h h->0 -h hÔ u
= A number which oscillates between - 1 and 1
(LHD at X = 0) does not exist.

Similarly, it can be shown that RHD at x = 0 does not exist. Hence, /(x) is not differentiable at
x = 0.
EXAMPLE? Show that the function /(x) = | x +1 ( + | x-l\forallx e R, is not differentiable at x =-1
andx = l. ICBSE 20151
SOLUTION We have,
-(x + l)-(x-l) = -2x,if x<-l
/(x) =1 X-1 I +1 X + 1 ! = ● x + l-(x-l) = 2 ,if-l<x<l
X + 1 + X -1 = 2x ,ifx>l
9.6 MATHEMATICS-XII
Differentiability afx = -1; We find that

(LHDatA: = -l) = lim
x^-r
-lx~l -2{x + l)
lim lim lim (-2)=-2
x-*-l x +1 .T - r x +1 x^-r
(RHDatx=-l) = lim fix)'/{-!) ^ lim

2-2
lim
0
lim 0=0
x-i-1) 1+ x + 1 1+ x + 1 x-^-l
+
(LHD at X = -1) (RHD at x = -1). So, /(x) is not differentiable at x = -1.

Differentiability atx= 1: We find that
oww
2-2 0
(LHDatx = l) = Hm lim lim lim 0=0
x-» 1” x-l x-*r x-i x-^r x-l x^r
fix)-fH) lx-2 X-U

(RHDatx=l) = lim + - lim lim 2 lim 2=2
x-l x-l x-^l"^ x-l X-J-1
+
e
x->l
FFrlo
re
(LHDatx=l) (RHDatx = l)
So, /(x) is not differentiable at x = 1. Hence, /(x) is not differentiable at x = -1 and x = 1.
ree
F
x/(fl)-g/(x)
EXAMPLE 8 Iffix) is differentiate atx-a, find x-*a
lim
rF
X-fl
fsoor m-fja)
ouur
SOLUTION Itgiventhat/(x)isdifferentiableatx = fl.Therefore, x-m
lim exists finitely.
x-fl
skf
m-fja)
ooko
Let lim =/'(«)

Yo
X->(l x-fl
Y
x/(fl)-fl/(x) X /(fl) - a fja) + a fja)-a fjx)

Bo
Now, lim = lim

reB
x-â x-fl X-^fl x-fl
(x-fl) /(fl)-fl(/(x) -/(fl)} = lim

(x-fl) /(fl) -fl lim
m-fja)
= lim
uur
oY
x~*a x-fl x-*a x-fl x-â x-fl

ad
= lim /(.)-» lim MzM =fja)-a fja)

dY
X fl X fl X -fl
x/(2)-2/(x)
innd
Re
EXAMPLE 9 If f (2) =4 And/' (2) =1, then find x-*2

lim x-2
Fi
F
SOLUTION Using definition of derivative, we obtain

lim
fjx)-fi2)
=/'(2) => lim /(x)-/(2)_^ [V /'(2)=1] -(i)
x-*2 x-2 x^2 x-2
Now,
lim
x/(2)-2/(x) lim
x/(2)-2/(2) +2/(2)-2/(x)
x^2 x-2 x->2 x-2
lim
(x-2)/(2)-2(/(x)-/(2)) _ lim
jx-2)f(2) -2 lim
fjx)-fi2)
x->2 x-2 x->2 x-2 x->2 x-2
= /{2)-2/'(2)= 4-2x1 = 2 (Using (i) and f{2) = 4]

x^ / (fl) - fl^ / (x)
EXAMPLE 10 If f (>^) Is differentiable at x = fl, find lim
X ->fl x-fl
fix)-fia)
SOLUTION It is given that / {x) is differentiable at x = a. Therefore, lim exists
x-â x-a
finitely.
Let lim = /'(«)
x-â x-a
Now, lim lim x^ f (a) -a^f {a) + f (a) jx)

x-â x-a x-*a x-a
ix^-a^)f{a)-a^ {fix)-f(a)}
lim
x-*a x-a
lim
x-*a
ix^-a^)f{a) ^2(f(x)-f(a)
x-a x-a
f.ix)-f{a)
- lim (x + fl) / (a) - c?~ lim
x-â x-*a x-a
= 2af,(a)-a^f'(a) [Using (i)]
ww
r 1 ii
Flo
+ -
EXAMPLE 11 Discuss the differentiability of f (x) = , X 0

flfx = 0.
e
0 , X = 0
eree
FFr
1
- + -
I'l
\x Xj -Vx
X e = xe , x>0 oorr
uur r
0 , x =0
f(x) =
sf
f-l
— + -
11
V a: xJ
X e = x , x<0
Yoo
ks
oook
f(x)-m =_ x-O
eBB
Now, (LHD at X = 0) = lim lim =1 ['.● / (x) = X for X < 0 and / (0) = 0]
x-^0~ x-O x->0 x-O
and,
fix)-f{0)
(RHDatx = 0) = lim
uurr
xÔ* x-O
ad
Yo
-2/x
X e -0 -2x
lim [*.■ / (x) = X e for X >0 and/(0) = 0]
dY
x~* 0 X
Re
lim e~ = 0.
innd
x->0
FFi
(LHD at X = 0) (RHDatx = 0). So,/(x) is not differentiable at x = 0.

x^ , x< c
EXAMPLE 12 choice of a and b is the function f (x) = is differentiable
atx = c. ax+ b , X >c
SOLUTION It is given that / (x) is differentiable at x = c and every differentiable function is
continuous. So, / (x) is continuous at x = c.
lim_ /(x) = lim
X-*C X
/(x)=/(c)
lim x^ = lim (ax + b) =

x-^c X-4C
[Using definition of / (x)]
c^ = ac + b -(i)
Now, /(x) is differentiable atx = c
9.8 MATHEMATICS-XII
=> (LHDatx = c) = (RHData: = c)

lim /(x)-f(c) _ lim /(x) -fjc)
x-c x-c
x->c
2 2
x^ -c (ax + /;) -
Um lim [Using definition of / (a:)]
x->c x-c x-*c x-c
x^-c^ ax + b -(ac + b)
lim lim [Using (i) ]
x-*c X — c x-*c x-c
a (x-c)
lim (at + c) = lim ^ => lim (:r + c) = lim a => 2c = a ...(ii)
x-*c x-*c x-c x-*c x-*c
From (i) and (ii), we get: c^ = 2c^ + b => b - -c Hence, a = 2c and b = -c^.
w
EXAMPLE 13 A function f:R^R satisfies that equation f(x + y)=f(x)f(}/) for all x,yeR,
f(x) ^ 0. Suppose that the function f(x) is differentiable at x = 0andf (0) = Z Prove that f (x) = 2 f(x).
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
SOLUTION
Flo Wehave,/{x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all x,yeR
ee
/(0 + 0)=/(0)/(0) [Putting X = 0, y = 0]
Fr
m -mm
/(O) {l-/(0)}=0 [●.● f(x) ^ 0 for any x . ./(O) 9^ 0]
l-/(0)=0=i. /(0)=1 or
ur
sf
It is given that f(x) is differentiable at a: = 0 and /' (0) = 2.
/(0 + /z)-/(0) /(c + /t) -f(c)
/'(O) = lim Putting c = 0 in /' (c) = lim
ok
Yo
/i-»0 h /j->0 h
Bo
2 = lim
f{h)-m => 2- lim
m-1
hÔ h /i->0 h
re
Now,
f(x + h)-f(x)
f'(x) = lim
ou
hÔ h
ad
f(x)f(h)-f(x)
Y
=>
f'(x) = lim h
[●●● f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all x,yeR f(x + h) =f(x) f(h)]
/j->0
nd
Re
f'(x) =f(x) lim ^ f'(x)=2f(x) [Using (i)]

/i->0 h
Fi
Hence,/'(x) =2/(.t).
EXERCISE 9.1
BASIC
1. Show that/{x) = \x- 3 [ is continuous but not differentiable atx = 3. [CBSE 2012,20131
12X-13, ifx<3
2. Show that f(x) = is differentiable at x = 3. Also, find / '(3).
2x^ +5, if X > 3
3x-2
, 0<x<l
3. Show that the function / defined by f(x) = ■ 2x^ -X, 1 < X < 2 is continuous at x = 2,
5x-4, x>2
but not differentiable thereat. [CBSE 20101

4. Find whether the following function is differentiable at = 1 and = 2 or not:

X , x<l
M = 2-x , l<x<2 [CBSE 2015]
-2+3x~x^' x>2
BASED ON LOTS
5. Show that/(at) = x^^ ^ is not differentiable at a: = 0.
6. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function /(x) =| x\ +|x-l| in the interval
(-1,2). [CBSE 2015]
, if x<l
ww
+ 3x + <7
7. Find the vaiues of a and b so that the function /(x) = ● , if x>l
&X + 2
is differentiabie at each x e R. [NCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2016]
FF loo
ax ^-b
8.1f/(x)= 1 is differentiable at x = 1, find a, b.
ree
, if|x|>l
^1
BASED ON HOTS
reFe
oroFr
rur
x'” sin , X# 0 .
9. Show that the function /(x) = ● \xj IS
s ff
0 , x =0
k
(i) differentiable at x = 0,ifm>l

YYouo
okso
(ii) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0, if 0 < m < 1

BBoo
(iii) neither continuous nor differentiable, if m < 0

r ee
I 2x - 31 [x] x>l
10. Show that the function /(x) = is continuous but not
ad
ouur
7tX
sin X<1
Yo
I 2
differentiable at x = 1.
d
idnY
Re
ANSWERS
FFin
3. 12 5. Continuous on (-1, 2) but not differentiabie at x = 0,1.

6. Not differentiable at x = 1, but differentiable at x = 2. 7.a = 3,b=5
8.i7 = -l/2,fc=-3/2
7. Use (LHD at x = 1) = (RHD at x = 1) and, lim f{x) = lim + /(x) = /(I)

X->1
1
, if x<-l
X
8. / (x) can be re-written as; /(x) = (flX^ -&) , if -1 <x <1

1
, if x>l
X
Now, check continuity and differentiability of / (x).

(2x-3)M
10.
/ (x) can be re-written as: / (x) = -(2x-3) , 1 <x<-
2
. (TlX^
Sin , X <1
1 2
Now, check continuity and differentiablility of / (x).
oww
9.2 DIFFERENTIABILITY IN A SET
A function f{x) defined on an open interval (a, b) is said to be differentiable or derivable in open interval
(a, b) if it is differentiable at each point of {a, b).
A function/(x) defined on [a, b\is said to be differentiable or derivable at the end points a and b if
e
it is differentiable from the right at a and from the left at b.
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FFrlo
In other words, lim
m-f{a) and lim
fix)-fib) both exist.
F
x-b
ee
+ X -a
xâ x-*b
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Iff is derivable in the open interval {a, b) and also at the end points a and b, thenf is said to be derivable in
ouru
the closed interval [a, b].
sor r
A function / is said to be a differentiable function if it is differentiable at every point of its
kffo
domain.
If a function is differentiable at each x e R, then it is said to be every where differentiable.

os
For example, a constant function, a polynomial function, sin x, cos x etc. are everywhere
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Y
differentiable.
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SOME USEFUL RESULTS ON DIFFERENTIABILITY

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(i) Every polynomial function is differentiable at each x eR.

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(ii) The exponential function <j^, a > 0 is differentiable at each x e R.

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(iii) Every constant function is differentiable at each x e R.

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(iv) The logarithmic function is differentiable at each point in its domian.

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(V) Trigonometric and inverse-trigonometric functions are differentiable in their respective

domains,
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(vi) The sum, difference, product and quotient of two differentiable functions is
differentiable,
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(vii) The composition of differentiable function is a differentiable function,

(viii) If a function / (x) is differentiable at every point in its domain, then
lim fjx + h)-fix) or, lim
fjx-h)-fix)
hÔ h /i->0 -h
IS
called the derivative or differentiation of / at X and is denoted by/'(x) or, —(fix)),
dx
EXAMPLE 1
f// ix) = x^ + 2x + 7, find f (3).
SOLUTION We know that a polynomial function is everywhere differentiable. Therefore, / (x)
is differentiable at x = 3.
f{3 + h)-f{3)
f'{3) = lim
h-^0 h
{(3 + /i)2 + 2(3 + /i) + 7} -{9 + 6 + 7}- 8/1 +

f'{3)= hm = lim - lim (8 + /i) = 8.
/j->0 h h~yO h hÔ
EXAMPLE 2
Find f' (2) and f' (5) when f (x) = x^+7x + 4.
SOLUTION We know that a polynomial function is everywhere differentiable. Therefore, f(x)
is everywhere differentiable. The derivative of / at x is given by
f{x-¥h)-f(x) = lim {(a: + h)^ +7(x + h) ¥^-[x^ +7x + ^
fix) = lim
oww
hÔ h hÔ h
2hx + 7h +
lim - = lim {2x + 7 +h) = 2x + 7
/j->0 h /i->0
e
Putting X = 2 and X = 5 respectively in/'(.r) =2x + 7, we get
re
/'(2) = 2x2 + 7 = Hand /'(5) = 2x5 + 7 = 17.
FFrllo
EXAMPLE 3
For the function/given by f(x) = x^ -6x + 8,prove that f'(5) - 3 f' {2) =/'(8).
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SOLUTION Clearly, f{x) being a polynomial function, is everywhere differentiable. The
e
derivative of / at x is given by
uoru
/(x + /i)-/(x) {(x + h)^ - 6(x + h) + 8] - {x^ - 6x + 8}
osFr
f'{x) - lim lim
h-^0 h /j->0 h
lim
2/ix -6h + h^
fkfor
= lim (2x - 6 + /i) = 2x - 6
/i->0 h hÔ
kso
ooo
f'{5)-3f'{2) = (2x5-6)-3(2x2-6) = 4 + 6 = 10 and, /'(8) = 2 x 8-6 =10.

Y
Yo
BB
Hence,/'(5)-3/'(2) = /'(8).
Y
r ree
1-x , X<1
ouu
EXAMPLE 4
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f (x) = «{(1-x) (2-x), l<x<2
ad
Ydo
3-x , x>2
SOLUTION When X < 1, we have / (x) = 1 - x. We know that a polynomial function is

nidn
everywhere continuous and differentiable. So,/ (x) is continuous and differentiable for all x < 1.
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Similarly, / (x) is continuous and differentiable for all x 6 (1, 2) and x > 2.
F
Fi
Thus, the possible points where we have to check the continuity and differentiability of / (x) are
X = 1 and X = 2.
Continuity at X = 1: We find that:

lim /(x) = lim (1-x) = 1-1 = 0 [v f (x) = 1 - X for X <1]
X->1“ x^l
lim /(x) = lim (l-x){2-x)=0 [v/(x) = (l-x)(2-x),forl<x<2]
and. /(I) = (1-1H2-1) = 0.

lim /(x) = lim / (x) =/(l). So,/(x) is continuous at x = 1.
X 1~ X I"*"
Continuity atx = 2: We find that;
lim /(x)= Urn (l-x)(2-x)=(2-l)(2-2) = 0 [v/(x) =(l-x)(2-x) fori <x<2]

x-^2" x->2
and. lim + /(x) = lim (3-x) = 3-2=1 [●.● / (x) = 3 - X for X > 2]
x->2 x-»2
9.12 MATHEMATICS-XiE
lim f (x) ^ lim / (a:). So,/(x) is not continuous at a: = 2.

x-->2~ x->2
Differentiability at x=l: We observe that:

/W-/(l) (l-.r)-0
(LHD at X = 1) = lim lim [Using definition of / (at)]
x-yl' x-1 x->l x-\
w
x-1
lim = -1
x-j-l a:-1
il-x){l-x)-0
and. (RHDatA:=l)= lim = lim
X-1
[Using definition of / (a:)]
x-1 x->l
e
{x-D ix-2)
row
lim lim x-2 = 1-2 = -1
re
x-*'! x-1 x-^1
FFllo
eeF
Clearly, (LHD at a: = 1) = (RHDatA: = 1). So,/(a:) is differentiable at at = 1.
EXAMPLE 5
u
Differentiability at x = 2: Since/ (a:) is not continuous at a: = 2. So, it is not differentiable at a: = 2.
Discuss the differentiability off (a:) = |a:-1|+|a:-2|.
r
sFr
SOLUTION We have,
fix) = |x-l|+|x~2[
kro
uor
offo
-(x-l)-(x-2) forx<l -2x + 3 , X <1
f(x) = x-l-(x-2)forl<x<2 =>/(x) = 1 , l<x<2
kos
Y
(x-l) + (x-2) forx>2 2x-3 , x>2

Yo
eerBB
oo
When X < 1, we have / (x) = - 2x + 3 which, being a polynomial function is continuous and
differentiable.
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When 1 < X < 2, we have / (x) = 1 which, being a constant function, is differentiable on (1,2).
u
When X > 2, we have / (x) = 2x - 3 which, being a polynomial function, is differentiable for all
ou
ad
do
x>2.
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Thus, the possible points of non-differentiability of / (x) are x = 1 and x = 2. So, let us check the
differentiability of/(x) at these points.
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Differentiability at x= 1:
F
fix)-f{l) (-2x4- 3)-l

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(LHD at X = 1) = lim = lim [v /(x)=-2x+3forx<l]

x-1 x->l x-1
-2 (X-1)
lim lim =-2 = -2
x->l x-1
fix)-fH) _ 1-1
and. (RHD at X = 1) = lim+ lim = 0. [v /(x)=l forl<x<2]
X -> 1 x-1 X-1
(LHD at x=l) ^ (RHD at X = 1). So, / (x) is not differentiable at x = 1.

Differentiability atx = 2:
fix)-fi2)
(LHD at X = 2) = lim
x^2~ x-2
l-(2x2-3)
lim [v /(x)=l forl^x<2&/(2)=2x2-3]
x-^2 x-2
1 -1
A
lim = 0.
x-»2 X-2

x-2
(2x-3)-(2x2-3)
lun [v f(x)= 2x-3hrx>2]
x->2 x-2
2x-4 2(x-2)
lim lim = 2
x^2 X-2 x->2 x-2
(LHDatx = 2) ^ (RHD at = 2). So,/(x) is not differentiable at x = 2.

REMARK
The function fix) giveii by f{x)=\x-ai\+\x-a2\+\x-a^\ +... + \x-Ot,\ is not
differentiable atx- ay a2, a^,a,,. However, it is continuous at these points.
w
EXAMPLE 6 x^ + 3x + a , for x ^ 1
// M = is everywhere differentiable, find the values of
&X + 2 , for X > 1
Flo
a and b.
SOLUTION
For X < 1, we have / (x) = x + 3x + a which is a polynomial.
ee
For X > 1, we have / (x) = cfx + 2 which is also a polynomial. Since a polynomial function is
Fr
everywhere differentiable. Therefore, / (x) is differentiable for all x > 1 and also for all x < 1.
Thus, we have to use the differentiability of / (x) at x = 1 to find the values of a and b.
or
ur
Now,
sf
/ (x) is differentiable at x = 1
/ (x) is continuous at x = 1
ok
Yo
Urn / (x) = lim+ / (x) = / (1)

x-»r X-¥l
Bo
lim x^ + 3x + A = lim &x + 2 = 1 + 3 + a^ l + 3 + a=b + 2 => a-b+ 2 = 0

x-»l X->1
re
Again, / (x) is differentiable at x = 1.

ou
ad
(LHD at X = 1) = (RHD at x = 1)
fjx)~f{l) fjx)-f{l)
Y
lim lim
x->r x-1 -t- x-1
nd
Re
lim
x^ + 3x + A - (4 + a) = lim
{bx + 2) - (4 + a)
Fi
x->l x-1 X 1 x-1
x^ + 3x-4 fex-(2 + A)
lim lim
X-+1 x-1 x^l x-1
lim
(x + 4)(x-l) lim
bx-b
[From (i), 2 + a = &]
x-*l x-1 x-»l x-1
lim (x + 4) = lim b ^ 5 = b.
x-^l X->1
Putting & = 5 in (i), we get a = 3. Hence, a = 3 and b = 5.

EXAMPLE 7
Discuss the differentiability off (x) = | log^ x|/or x > 0.
SOLUTION We have.
- loge X , for 0 < X < 1
/(x)=|logeX{ =
logf X , for X ^ 1
Clearly,/(x) is differentiable for all x>l as well as for all x<l. So, we have to check its
differentiability at x =1.
9.14 MATHEMATICS-XH
We have.
(LHDatAT = 1) = lim
x-1
- log a: - log 1
lim f{x) = - log^ a: for 0 < X < 1]
x-»l' x-1
lim
iog^ = - lim
log jl-h) =_ - lim
logd-^) = -1
x^r x-1 hÔ l-h-l h-^0 -h
f{x)-f{l)
and, (RHD at X = 1) = lim +
x~*l x-1
log X - log 1 log (1 + h) ^ log (1 + h) ^ ^
w
lim lim lim
x-»l
+ x-1 h->0 1 + h-l hÔ h
Clearly, (LHD at x = 1) (RHD at x = 1). So, / (x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
Flo EXERCISE 9,2
ee
BASIC
Fr
1- If /is defined by /(x) = x^, find/'(2).
2. If/ is defined by / (x) = x^-4x + 7, show that/'(5)
for = 2/' ^
ur
3- Show that the derivative of the function/given by/(x) = 2x^-9x^ + 12x + 9, at x = 1
and X = 2 are equal.
ks
4. If for the function O (x) = ^x^ + 7x-4,0'{5) = 97, find X.

Yo
oo
5. If/(x) = x^+7x^ + 8x-9,find/'{4).

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6. Find the derivative of the function / defined by / (x) = mx + c at x = 0.

BASED ON LOTS
r
ou
ad
7. Examine the differentiability of the function / defined by

2x+3,if-3^x<-2
Y
/(x) =■ x + 1 ,if -2<x<0 (NCERT EXEMPLAR!

x + 2 , if 0<x<l
nd
Re
8. Write an example of a function which is everywhere continuous but fails to be

Fi
differentiable exactly at five points.

BASED ON HOTS
9. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of / (x) =|log|x|j.

10. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of / (x)
. ,
(x - c) cos —
f 1 , X ^ c
11- Discuss the continuity and differentiability of / (x) = X -c
0 , X - c
12. Is I sin XI differentiable? What about cos | x | ?

ANSWERS
1- 4 4. 9 5. 112 6. m
7. Not differentiable at X = 0 and X =-2. 8./(;c) =|x|+|x-l|+|x-2|+|x-31+|x-4

9. Not differentiable at X = ± 1 10. Not differentiable at x = 0
11* Not differentiable at :c = c

12- I sin a: j is not differentiable atx=nn,ne Z, cos| :r | is everywhere differentiable.

1.
The function f{x) = | x +11 is not differentiable at a: =
w
2.
The function g{x) = |x-l|+|x + l|is not differentiable at x =
3.
The set of points where/(x) =x-[x]not differentiable is
4.
The number of points in [-n, t:] where /(x) = sin"^(sin x) is not differentiable is
e
5.
The function/(x) = cos"^(cosx), x e {-2n, 2n) is not differentiable at x =
e
71 K
orw
6. The function /(x) = | sin x |, is not differentiable at x =
r
2' 2
F
ax^ + 3, X > 1
ullo
7.
Let/(x) = .If/(x) is differentiable at x =1, then a =
FF
x + —
e
sre
8. If/(x)=x|xl,then/'(-l)=
r
9.
If f{x) = XI XI, then /' (2) =
koF
10. The set of point where the function /(x) 2x -11 is differentiable, is
oofr x + 1, X <2
uor
11.
The set of points where the function /(x) = 2x-l,x>2
is not differentiable, is
sf
ko
Y
12. An example of a function which is everywhere continuous but fails to be differentiable
exactly at two points is
rBB
Yo
oo
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13. The set of points where /(x) = cos 1 ^ | is differentiable, is

14.
The set of points where /(x) = [ sin x | is not differentiable, is
re
15. The set of points at which the function f{x) = —-— is not differentiable, is
u
log|x|
d
ou
o
16.
The greatest integer function/(x) = [x], 0 < x < 2 is not differentiable at x =. [CBSE2020]
ad
_ANSWEHS
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1. -1 2. ±1 3. Z 4. 2 5. ± 71 6. 0 7. a =- 8. 2
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Re
2
F
9. 4
m K-{1} 11- (21 12. /(x)=|x-l|+|x-2 13. R
Fi
14. {0} 15. 1-1,0,!} 16. x=l
VERY SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS (VSAQs)

question:
1. Define differentiability of a function at a point.
2. Is every differentiable function continuous?
3. Is every continuous function differentiable?
4. Give an example of a function which is continuous but not differentiable at a point.
5. If f (x) is differentiable at x = c, then write the value of lim / (x).
x-*c
6. If / (x) =1 X - 21 write whether /' (2) exists or not.

7. Write the points where / (x) = | logg x | is not differentiable.
8. Write the points of non-differentiability off (x) = | log | x|.
9. Write the derivative of / (x) = | a: | ^ at a: = 0.

10. Write the number of points where/ (a:) =| x| +| a: -1 ] is continuous but not differentiable.
11. If lim
X -c
exists finitely, write the value of lim / (a:).
x->c
x-*c
12. Write the value of the derivative of / (a:) = | x -11 +1 x - 31 at a: = 2.

/(y)-/(4)
13. If / (x) = Jx^
^
+ 9, write the value of a->4
lim x-4
ANSWERS
2. Yes 3. No 4./(x) =| x| at x = 0 5./(c) 6. Does not exist 7.1
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8. ±1 9. 0 10. X = 0,1 11./(c) 12.0 13. i
5
Flo
ee
rere
r FF
uurr
foor
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Yoo
ooook
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uurr
ad
Yo
dY
Re
innd
FFi
CHAPTER IQ
DIFFERENTIATION
10.1 INTRODUCTION
In the previous chapter, we have learnt about differentiability of a function at a point. The same
ww
was extended to the domain of a function. In case, a
function is differentiable at every point of its
domain, then each point in its domain can be associated to the derivative of the function at that
point. Such a correspondence between points in the domain and the set of values of derivatives
Flo
at those points defines a new function which is known as the derivative or differentiation of the
given function. In the previous class, we have studied that the derivative of a function f{x) is
ee
given by
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fjx + h)-f{x) d ( f{x-h)-f{x)
r FF
d (c , \
-r f (^') = lim
h
or. —
dx V
/ (a:) = ,lim -h
dx /f->0
uurr
This is also called the derivative or differentiation
foor
with respect to x and is also denoted by/' (x)
or, Df{x). Sometime the derivative or differentiation of a fimction/(x) is also called the
ks s
differential coefficient of / (x). The process of finding the derivative of a function by using the
Yoo
above definition is called the differentiation from first principles or by flfc-initio method or by
ooook
delta method.
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Following are derivatives of some standard functions which have been derived in Class XI from
first principles.
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d , Hk n-l d
ad
(i) —{X)=nx (ii) -~(e ) = e (iii) — log^ fl , fl > 0

dx dx dx
Yo
r(iv)^ —^ (loge x)=-1

(v) ^ (log^x)=—
dY
,a>0,a^l
dx X dx X logj, a
Re
innd
. .. d
(vi) — (sin x) = cos X (vii) — (cos x) = - sin X (viii) — (tan x) = sec^ x
FFi
dx dx dx
2 d
(ix) — (cot X) = - cosec X (x) — (sec x) = sec x tan x (xi) —(cosecx) =-cosec X cot X
dx dx dx
Let us now have a brief recall of what else we have studied in Class XI.
10.2 RECAPITULATION
In the previous class, we have learnt about the following fundamental rules for differentiation,
(i) Differentiation of a constant functions zero i.e. , ,-W = o
dx
(ii) Let / (x) be a differentiable function and let c be a constant. Then, c f (x) is also
differentiable such that
4-
dx
cf{x) =c4~
dx \
fix)
i.e. the derivative of a constant times a function is the constant times the derivative of the
function,
(iii) Product rule: If / (x) and g (a:) are differentiable functions, then / (x) g (x) is also
differentiable function such that
^
dx \f{x)g(x)]=~(f
dx\ {x)]g{x)+fix).-^(g
J dx\ (x)
If / (x), g (x) and h (x) are differentiable functions, then
d (
f{x)gix)h{x)] = -^(f{x)]gix)h{x)+f{x)-f(g(x) ]h{x)-i-f(x)gix) dx V h{x)'j
d
dx \ ax \ J dx \ J
(iv) Quotient rule: If / (x) and g (x) are two differentiable functions and g (x) ^ 0, then
ww
^m\=
dx
dx dx v.
Flo
ee
ILLUSTRATION 1 Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:
eer
2^ cot X
FFr
(i) (ii) e^ log ^[x tan x
oorr
uur r
s ff
d 2^ cot X
sk
YYoo
dx
ooko
^ l2'cot;c
eBB
dx
= ■ ~ (2^) \ (cot x) X
-1/2
+ 2^ —dx (cot x)|J x" + 2^ cot X j— (x“
uurr
dx
[ dx
ad
+ 2^ (- cosec^ x) x“ + 2^ cot X X - i2 x“
Yo
-1/2
= 2^ loge 2 cot X X
dY
2^ logg 2 cot X 2^ cosec^ x 2

x-l
cot X
Re
7x xr
nind
X yfx
FFi
(ii) ~
dx
{e^ log -Jx tan x}
— I X i log X X tan x|
dx
1 d
2 dx log X tan x|
—2 I[ dx (e^) J log X tan x + e^
dx
(log x)lJ tan X + log X ● [ —dx (tan x)|J
1 ^ e^ tan x x , 2
- ● e log X tan x + +e log X sec x
X
1 3. r tan X
-2 e ) log X tan X + X
+ log X sec^ X
DIFFERENTIATION 10.3
lU.USTRATlON 2 Differentiate thefolloivingfunctions with respect to x:

e^ + sin X sin AT - ;c cos x
(i) (ii)
1 + log X X sm X + cos X

d e^ + sin x
J ^
dx 1 + log X
—
(1 + log x) dx + sin x) - (e^ + sin x) —
dx
(1 + log x)
ooww
(1 + log xf
X X f 1 X
(1 + log x) {e + cos x) -(e + sin x) 0 + - e + sm X
V ^ (1 + log x) + cos x) -
x_
(1 + log x)^
e
(1 + log xf
ree
d
rFl sin X - X cos X
Fre
(ii)
dx X sin X + cos X
rrF
(x sin X + cos x) — (sin X - X cos x) - (sin x - x cos x) (x sin x + cos x)
dx dx
ouur
sffoo 2
(x sin X + cos x)
(x sin X + cos x) (cos x - cos x + x sin x) - (sin x - x cos x) (sin x + x cos x - sin x)
okks
2
Yo
(x sin X + cos x)
oo
Y
(x sin X + cos x) (x sin x) - (sin x - x cos x) (x cos x)

BB
2
(x sin X + cos x)
rre
,2.2 . \ / ● 2 2.,
(x Sin X + X sm X cos x) - (x sm x cos x - x cos x)
ouu
2
(x sin X + cos x)
YY
ad
2 2 2 2
X (sin X + cos x) X
2 2
dd
(x sin X + cos x) (x sin X + cos x)

Re
iinn
ILLUSTRATIONS //y =(1 + x) (1 + X^) (1 + X^) (1 + X®) ... (1 + X^

F
SOLUTION We have,
y =(1 + x) (1 + x^) (1 + x^) (1 + X®)... (1 + x^ )

(1 -x) (1 + x) (1 + x^) (1 + x*^) (1 + x^)... (1 + x^")
1-x
(1 - x^) (1 + x^) (1 + x^) (1 + x^)... (1 + x^")

1-x
2«+ 1
1-x
1 -X
n+1
2^+ 1
{l-x)4-{l-x^
dx
)-(l-x )4dx i^-x)
dx
H + 1
n +1 2 2« + I
dy X 'Vd-:*: )
dx
n + 1 2M + 1-1 n +1 2
n + 1 n + 1
dy_-2 X + 2 X
dx
{\-xf
n + 1
n + 1 .2
dy _-l X +1 (2" + ^-l)
dx
{\-x)^
ww
ILLUSTRATION 4 Iff{x) =\COS x\, find f - andf'i— .

n
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have, ^ ^ ^
Flo
n „ 71
cosx, if 0 <x < — - sm AT, if 0 < X < —
e
2 ^ /'(AT) = 2
ree
fix) =1 cosx 71 7C
- COSX, if — <X < 7C Sin X, if — < X < 7c
Fr
i 2 2
rF
uurr
Note that /(x) is not differentiable at x = ^.
/ \
for
■YSti') = sin
. —3tc = —;=
1
■■■ /' i == - sin —4 = —^ and, /' [ —
s
V2 M 4 4 V2
kks
f _\
Yo
7C j n ^
oooo
ILLUSTRATION 5 Iff{x) =\ COS X ~smx\, find f - andf - . iNCERT EXEMPLAR]

SOLUTION We have. ) \^ )
eB
cosx-smx, if 0 <x < —

4
fix) =1 cosx-sinx|
ur
71
- (cosx -sinx),if — <x< —
ad
4 2
YYo
7C 7C
cosx-sinx, if 0 <x < -sinx-cosx, if 0 <x <-
\ /'W =
4
dd
/w=
Re
7C 7t 71
sinx-cosx, if - <x<- cosx + smx, if — <x< —
in
4 2 4 2
F
/ N
V3+1 V3+1
. 7t 71
= -sin —cos—=
6 6 2
and /' UJ
f- 71 . 7C
- cos—+ sm— s=
3 3 2
ILLUSTRATION 6
^//(^) =! log XI, X > 0, find f (1/e) <7«d/'(e). (NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have.
-log X, if 0 < X < 1 -l/x,if 0<x<l
/(x)=|logx| = - =>/'(x) = =-./' ie) =\/e and/' (1/e) = -e
logx, if X I l/x,ifx>l
10.3 DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE TRiaONOMETRiC FUNCTIONS FROM FIRST
PRINCIPLES
In the previous class, we have learnt that the derivative of a function / (x) is given by
/(x + /7)-/(x) fix~h)~fix)
= lim
hÔ
= lim
h i [f '^>1 ft-+0
The process of finding the derivative of a function by using the above definition is called the
differentiation from first principles or, by fl&-initio method or, by delta method.
DIFFERENTSATION 10.5
In this section, we will find the derivatives or differentiation s or differential coefficients of

sin~ ^ X, cos
-1
X, sec x, cosec ^ X and cot ^ x from first principles.
Following results will be very useful to find the same:
(i) sin ^ a: ± sin ^ y = sin ^ J x -Jl -y^ ± y ^1 -x^

(ii) cos ^ x± cos ^ y = cos
-1 2
-X
It n
-1 1 -1 a: ± V ~a n-l
(iii) tan * a: ± tan y = tan M ^ }■ (iv) lim - = na
iTxy x->a X -a
w
(v) lim
sm X
= 1, lim sin (a: - fl) _ ^ (vi) lim
tan X
= 1, lim tan {x-a) _ ^
ATÔ X x-â X - a xÔ X x-â x-a
Flo
. -1 -1
sm tan ^-1
^=1
a
(vii) lim — =1, lim (viii) lim = logg a,a>0,a*l
e
x->0 X x->0 x x->0 X
reee
logg (1 +a:) logfl (1 + at)
FFr
(ix) lim (x) lim = log«e.
x-»^0 a: x->0 X
THEOREM 1 â: G (-1,1), then the differentiation o/sin ^ x with respect to x is -7 —.

for
ur
1
kss
i.e.. —
dx
(sin ^ x) = for X g(-1, 1)
Yo
oo
PROOF Let / (x) = sin ^ x. Then, f(x-i-h) = sin

-1
(x + h)
eB
/(x+h)-/(x)
-f(/(x))
dx = h-*0
lim h
ur
-1
in" ^ (x + /i) - sin
^(/(x))
ad
= h~>0
lim
X
YYo
dx h
|(x + h) -Jl -X -Jl -(x + h)^ ●

..-1
sm
d
Re
= lim
in
dx h
F
sin
(x + /i) -^l-x^ ~x^l-{x + hf I l{x + h)yll^-X^jl^^[x + }^\
^(f(x)) = h-^Q
lim — X -i
|(x + /i) a/i -x^ -x-^l-(x + ft)^ ■

dx h
■f
dx (/(X)) = hÔ
lim |(x + h) ^1-x^ - x^l-(x + hf j h
(x + hf (1 - x^) - x^ {1 - (x + hf]
^(/(x)) = h-*0
lim
1
|(x + /l) -^1 -x^ + X'Jl -(x + /l)^|

dx h
= lim
{x + hf-x^ 1
X 7 ■ —Y
I (x + /i) -Jl - x^ +x^l-(x + /i)î

dx /j ->0 h
d 1
(f{x)) = lim {2x + h)x
|(x +/i)-JTT? + j:-^l-(a: + /i)^|

dx hÔ
d 2x 1
=>
^(/W) =
2x^1-x^
dx
1
Hence, —
dx
isin'^x) = , where -1 < x < 1. Q.E.D.
-1 1
THEOREM 2 If x e (-1,1), then the differentiation of cos X with respect to x is -
ooww
1 -x^
i.e., —
dx
(cos~ ^ x) = 2
-X
PROOF
Let / (x) = cos ^ X. Then, / (x + h) = COS \x + h)
/(x + h)-/(x)
e
fif(x)) = hÔ
lim r
ree
dx h
rFl -1 -1
Fre
d cos (x + h) - cos X
^(/(x» = hÔ
.lim
rrF
dx h
\x + h)
n n . -1
— sm — sm X
ouur
d
sffoo
2 2 -1 -1
— if{x)) = lim cos X — sm X
dx /2->0 h 2
^ (x + h) - sin
-1
X
okks
d sm
^(/W) = - liin
Yo
dx hÔ h
oo
Y
d 1
BB
(/(.T)) = - [See Theorem1]

dx
rre
d 1
Hence, — (cos ^ x) = - Q.E.D.
ouu
dx
YY
ad
1 1 d 1
THEOREM 3
The differentiation of tan X with respect to x is
l + x2
i.e., ^
dx
(tan ^ x) = 1 + x^
dd
PROOF
Let / (x) = tan ^ x. Then, / (x + h) = tan ^ (x + h)
Re
iinn
d f(x + h)-fix)
Now, ^(/(x))
dx = h-)’0
lim h
F
x + h- x
tan ^ ●
d
lim
tan ^ (x + ft) - tan ^ x lim
1 + X (x + li)
dx ft->0 ft h-t’O ft
- 1 ft
tan
2
d 1 +X + ftx 1 1 1
=> — (/ (x)) = lim ● ● X = lx
dx ftÔ
ft (1 + + af) 1+/
2
1 + X + ftx
1
Hence, —
dx
(tan ^ x) = for all X € R. Q.E.D.
1 1
THEOREM 4
The differentiation o/cot" ^ x w;/fft respect toxis - I.e., — (cot
/ 1.-1 \
x) = -
l + x^ dx l + x^
PROOF
= cot ^ a:. Then, f (x) = —2 - tan and sof{x + h) = —2 - tan ^ {x + h)
d f{x + h)~f{x)
—if(x)) = lim
dx hÔ h
- tan ^ (a: + /i) I -

71 71
- tan ^ X
d
=> -rifix)) = lim
2 2
lim
tan ^x-tan ^{x + h)
dx hÔ h h-*0 h
oww
-h
tan
. -1 x~{x + h) tan
-1
■ 2
d
l + x{x + h) I+ x +xh
(fix)) = lim lim
dx h-^0 h b-yO h
e
-h
tan ^
re
FFrlo
2
d 1 + X + hx 1 -1 -1
=> — (/ (x)) = lim ● 1 X
rF
■ X
ee
dx ;i->o
-h 1 + x^ +hx l + x^ l + x^
1 +x^ + hx
rF
ouru
d 1
Hence, (cot ^ x) = - fosor Q.E.D.
dx 1 + x^
skf
1
THEOREM 5
IfxeR-[-l,l], then the differentiation of sec~ ^ xwith respect toxis
ooko
x^-1
Yo
1
Y
i.e., (sec ^ x) =
Bo
dx
X
reeB
PROOF
Let/(x) = sec
-1
X. Then, / (x) =
tan ^ yjx^ -1 , ifxSl
ooY
uur
-1
Case I W?ie7i X > 1. 71-tan ifx^-1
ad
We have, /(x) = tan“^ ^x^ -1 and f(x + h) = J(x + hf-l

- 1
dY
tan
d f(x + h)-f(x)
nind
if (x)) = lim
Re
dx /7->0 h
F
Fi
-1
d tan -1 - tan
=>
dx /i-»0 h
d
-f lim — tan~^
(/W) = h-^0
^(x + hf-l-J7^
^(x + hf-lx^x^-l
dx h 1 +
-1 - -1
tan ^
d i+p+hf -1 X -1
^(x + hf-l
(/(x))= lim ● ^ —r—^
J(x + hf-l-^x^-l
dx
hjl + ^(x + hf -lx ^x^ -1

h-*0
1 + -1 X -1
d 1 {x + hf -1) 1
dx /i->0 h
1 +
J(x + hf -1 X -1 -1+f^
d 1 2hx + 1
if{x)) = lim ■ X
^(x + hf-lxjx^-l
dx h
yj(X + hf-
h->0
1 +
d 2x + h 1
(fix)) = lim ● X
^(x + hf-lxJ7^ J(x + hf-l+J?^

dx
ww
/i->0
1 +
d 2x 1 1
-^(/(x)) =
Floo
X
1 + x^-l
^x^-l+^x^-l
dx
x
ee
d 1
Case II Whenx <-l: Proceeding as in Case I, we obtain: -^(sec ^ x) = -
eer
X:jx^ -1
dx
FFr
1
for :r > 1 oorr
uur r
Thus, we obtain: — {sec ^ .r) =
x-Jx^ -1
s ff
dx 1
for -1
xl^
sk
YYoo
ooko
1
Hence, ~ (sec ^ x) = r for all x^±l.
eBB
|3:| Jx^-1
dx
Q.E.D.
uurr
-1
ad
THEOREM 6lfx eR -[-1,1], then the differentiation of cosec ^x with respect to xis
|xi -^-1
Yo
-1
i.e.. — (cosec" ^ x) = for all x^± 1.
dY
dx
|x|^/?^
Re
ind
FFin
-1 -1
PROOF Let f (x) = cosec X. Then, / (x + h) = cosec (x + h)
d /(x-f/Q-/(x)
(fix)) = lim
dx hÔ h
cosec ^ (x + h) - cosec ^ x
●—(/(x)) = lim
dx /t-»0 h
\x + h)
71 7C -1
— sec — sec X
d 2 2
^(/(x))
dx
= lim /7
/fô
-1
d sec {x + h) - sec ^ X
^(/{x))=-
dx lim
h->0 h
d 1
^(/W)
dx
= - [See Theorem 5]
|x| yx^-1
1
Hence,
dx
(cosec ^ x) = for all X ± 1.
Q.E.D.
The above results and derivatives of other standard functions are listed below for ready
reference.
(i) ^(x")=nx (iii) 4~

dx (a^) = log,, a
ji-l
(ii) =
dx dx
(iv) (log,, x) = -X (v) 4- (logfl (vi) — (sin x) = cos x
oww
dx dx X log,, a dx
d 2 2
(vii) — (cos x) = - sin X (viii) — (tan x) = sec x (ix) — (cotx) = -cosec X
dx dx dx
(x) — (sec x) = sec x tan x (xi) — (cosec x) = -
e
cosec X cot X
dx dx
re
FFrlo
(xii) 4~ (sin'^ x) - , ^ —
1
dx
(xiii) —
dx
(cos~^ x) = -
Fee
(xiv) ^(tan ^ x) =—~
1
Fr
(xv) — (cot ^ x) = -
ouru
dx l+x^
(xvi) — (sec ^x) =

1
(xvii) — (cosec ^ x) = sor r
-1
kffo
dx dx
X -1
os
ook
Following examples will illustrate some more applications of differentiation by first principles.
Yo
Y
Bo
reeB

oouY
EXAMPLE 1
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x from first-principles:
ur
2
ad
lx xf sin X
(i) (ii) e (iii) c
[CBSE 20031 (iv) c
dY
SOLUTION (i) Let/(x)=c^ . Then, / (x +/i) =

nidn
/(x + /i)-/(x)
4-{fix)) = lim
Re
dx h->Q fi
F
Fi
Ihx+h'^ X
2
-^{/{x)) = lim
e e -e
= lim
dx h^Q h /i-j-0 h
2 ^2hx^h^ 2hx + h^
4-if{x)) = h-^0
lim /
-1
● X
dx 2h x + h^ h
2hx+h^
^ (/(*)) =/ lim
e -1
■
X lim (2x + Ii)

dx h-*0 2hx + h^ hÔ
^ 0
4-{f{x)) = lim
e -1
dx 0->O 6
X ijÔ
lim (2x + h), where 0 = 2h x + h^
d v2 *2
X1X 2* = 2xe
^(/)=...
dx
(ii) Utf(x)=e^’‘.ThenJ{x + h) =
d fix+ h)-fix)
îfix))
dx = h-¥0
lim h
d ^2{x+h)_^2x 2x
.e
2h
-e
2x
-îfix))
dx = h-*0
lim h
= lim -
fc->0 h
\ / \
d 2x -1 2x e^-l
-îfix))
dx
= 2e lim
2h
= 2e lim , where y = 2h
w
A->0 y-^0 y
d
-îfix)) = 2e^^xl = 2e
2x
●: lim -
Flo
dx y-^0 y
e
4-(.^) = 2.
reee
2x
dx
FFr
Let/(x)=e^ .Then,fix+ h) = e yjX+h
xr
(iii)
d fix+ h)-fix) for
ur
îfix))
dx = hÔ
lim^ h
\
kss
d
■T-CfW) = lim lim
Yo
dx h-»o h h-¥0 h
oo
eB
^ (/(*)) = e'^ lim ^^x+h-fx ^jxTh~-Jx

\
dx h-¥0
^x + h-^ h
ur
ad
YYo
=>
4-(f(x)) = e'^ h-^0
lim (^/m-VjcX^jcTfc+Vjc)
.Jx + h-yfx h Qx + h + -Jx )
d
Re
in
d xr lim x + h-x
-r(/W) = « X lim
where y = ^jc + -V^
F
dx / \ >
y->o y ft-+0
h Jx + h+ri
< >
[v when y->0]
\
d r 1
-^CfW)
dx
= e X 1 X V lim -
y-^0 y
(iv) Letfix) ê^^\Then, fix + h) =

d /(;c + /»)-/(x)
i-ifix)) = ft->0
lim h
g8in(jt+/i) _g8in* g8in(x+ /()-sinx

ifix)) = lim = e®*"* lim
dx h-*0 h h-^0 h
d sinx ^sin(x+ h)-smx -1 sin {x + h) - sin x 1

^ -r(/W)
dx
= ^ lim ■ X ■
sin (x + ft) - sin x ft
^sin(j:+ ft)-sin X -1 sin (a: + ft) - sin at

lim ■ ● X lim
dx ft->0 sin {a: + ft) - sin a: ft->0 ft
where
..hm 2 sin (ft/2) cos ^(at + ft/2)
/-aw)
dx
= lim
)/->0 y
X
ft->0
^
2 (ft/2)
, y - sin (a: + ft) - sin x
{: when ft -> 0, y 0]
oww
d
=> -r(/W) = ^
smA
lim
-1 1 X lim
sin (ft/2)
^ X lim cos(x + ft/2)
dx y-»0 y ft->0 h/1 ft->0
d smx smx
e
(1) X (1) X (cos x) = e X cos X
dx
re
EXAMPLE 2 Differentiate xe^ from first principles.
FFrllo
SOLUTION Let / (a:) = xe^. Then, / (a: + ft) = (a: + ft)
rF
ee
f(x + h)-f{x)
/-(/W) = lim
ouru
dx ft
sor rF
ftô
1+ ft X X + ft x + ft
d {x + h) e -xe {xe ~xe^) + he
— (/(a:)) = lim lim
dx ft 0 ft ft
ftÔ
kffo
ft ft
-1 x+h e -1 x+h
os
— {f{x)) = lim ■ xe^ - + e xe^ lim + lim e
ook
Yo
dx ftÔ ft ft->0 ft ft-^0

Y
Bo
d
-^{fix)) = + ix + l)e\
reeB
dx
ouY

ur
ad
EXAMPLE 3 Differentiate log sin x by first principles.

Yo
d
SOLUTION Let / (a:) = log sin a:. Then, f {x + ft) = log sin (a: + ft).
f (x + h)-fix)
-^{f(x)) = ftÔ
lim
nidn
dx ft
Re
sin (a: + ft)

F
Fi
log sm x
d log sin (a: + ft) - log sin a: _
-r(/W)
dx
= lim
ft->0 ft ft->0 ft
log n + sin (x + ft) ^ log 1+

sin (x 4* ft) - sin X
sin X sm X
d
(fix)) = lim lim
dx hÔ ft hÔ ft
sin (x + ft) - sin x

log 1+
sin X
d sin (x + ft) - sin x
(fix)) = Hm — X ● >
dx h^Q
, sin (x + ft) - sm x
ft (
sm X
J
sin X
sin {x + h) - sin X
log n +
sin X
sin (x + h) - sin X
^(/W)
1
lim — X X
dx h
sin {x + h) - sin x sin X
sm X
sin {x + h) - sin X h
log O + sin a:
2 sin
2
cos x + -
2
-^c/w)
1
lim —— X lim -^x
dx /i->0 sin {x + h) - sin x hÔ h sm x
smAT
sin (a: + ft) - sin a: . (h^ ft

log ●] 1 + sm cos X + -
12J 2) 1
ww
smA:
lim X lim
dx sin (a: + ft) - sin a: h-*0 ftl sin X
smx 2
Flo
1
= 1 X cos a: X = cot X.
ee
dx sin X
rere
EXAMPLE 4 Differentiate log sec xfrom first principles.
r FF
SOLUTION Let / (a:) = log sec x. Then, f (x + h) = log sec {x + ft)
uurr
f(x + h)-f(x)
foor
lim
hÔ ft
ks s
log sec (x + h) - log sec x

Yoo
(/W) lim
oook
dx h-^0 ft
eBB
log
[ sec (a: + ft) log 1+
cos X
-1 ^
sec a: cos (a: + ft)
uurr
lim lim
dx ft ftÔ ft
ad
Yo
cos X - cos {a: + ft)

log ● 1 +
dY
cos (a + ft) cos X - cos (a + ft)

=>
f(/W) lim X
Re
innd
dx cos A - cos (a + ft) cos (a + ft)

ft
cos (a + ft)
FFi
cos A - cos (a + ft) O2 sm

. ft . ft
log ■ 1 + A + — sm —
cos (a + ft) 2 2
=> = lim X lim
rfA ll->0
COS A - cos (a + ft) hÔ ft cos (a + ft)
COS (a + ft)
ft
5 in A + — ^ . ft
2 sm
sm A
— (/ (a)) = 1 X lim 2 =ix X 1 = tan A.
rfA /j ^ 0 cos (a + ft) ft cos A
2 J
-1
EXAMPLE 5 iff (x) = A tan Xrfind f (V3) fty /Vsf principles.
SOLUTION We have,
fjx + b)-fix)
f'{x) = lim
/i-»0 h
/'(>/3) lim
/(V3 + Ji)-/(V3) lim
(V3 + h) tan“^ (V5 + h)~^ tan"' V3
h->0 It h-*0 h
/'(V3) lim Vsjtan ^(V3+/i)-tan'^V3 |+/ilan”^{V3+/i) h

h-*0
1 ( V3 + /1-V3 I
oww
V3
/’(V3) lim tan lim tan ' {-^3 + li)
h->0 h
_i + V3(V3 + ;oJ'' hÔ
h
tan ^
4 +V3/i
e
1 -1
/'(V3) Vs lim ● X ==- + lim tan (43+ h)
re
/i-+0 h 4 + V3/z h -+0
FFrlo
4 + V3fi
Fee
/'(V3) Vs X 1 X — + tan
-1
V3 = ^ + tan ^ Vs.
Fr
ouru
4 4
sor r
1
EXAMPLE 6 Differentiate COS (2x+3) from first principles.
SOLUTION Let / (X) = cos" ^ (2x + 3). Then, f{x + h)= cos" ^ (2x + 3 + 2h).
kffo
f{x^h)~f{x)
os
lim
ook
dx h
Yo
hÔ
Y
-1
(2x + 3 + 2/i) - cos ^(2x+3)
Bo
d cos
=>
— (fix)) lim
reeB
dx h-^0 h
oouY
-sm~‘^(2x + 3 + 2h)\ -
n n . -1
— sm (2x + 3)
ur
2 2
lim
ad
h-*0 h
dY
.... -1
(2x + 3)-sin"^(2x + 3 + 2/1)
4-ifM)
sm
lim
nidn
dx h-*0 h
Re
(2x+3).,ll^2xV3 + ^ ~{2x+3 + 2h),fT(2^^7^

-1
F
Fi
sm
=>
^{/(x))=
dx lim -
h-*0 h
sin ^ Z Z
4-(fix))
dx
= lim Z
X —
h '
where Z =
{2x + 3) -{2x+3 + 2hf ~{2x +3 + 2h) ^ -(2x + 3f
● -1 Z
V
îf{x)) = h-*Q
lim —h
sm
lim = 1
dx /J-J.0 Z
f(/(x)) = lim
(2x + 3) yjl~(2x+3 + 2hf ~(2x+3 + 2h)Jl-(2x+3f
dx h-^0 h
10.14 MATHEiUlATlCS'XII
{2x + 3f [I ~{2x+3 + 2h)^] ~{2x+3 + 2hf (1-(2a:+3)^}

-îf{x)) = lim
h |(2x + 3) ^l-{2x+3 + 2hf +{2x+3 + 2h) Jl~(2x+3f
dx /?->0
d
f (/W) = lim (2x +^‘^-(2x+3 + 2hf
h I (2x + 3) -{2X+3 + 2hf +(2x+3 + 2h) ^l~{2x+3^
dx h->0
- 4h (2x + 3) - 4/j^
f^(/W) = lim
h |(2x + 3} ^l-(2x+3 + 2hf + (2;c + 3 + 2h) ^l-(2x+3)^|

dx h->0
oww
-4(23:+ 3)-4h
f = lim
hÔ
(23: + 3) -{2x+ 3 + 2hf + (2x + 3 + 2h) ^1 -(2^: + 3)^
e
4 {2x + 3) 2
re
=
2 {2x + 3) Jl-(2x+3f yjl-(2x+3)^

dx
FFrlo
Fee
F.XAMPLE 7 Differentiate from first principle.
Fr
/ Ian X JiaT\{x+ h)
ouru
SOLUTION Let / (x) = e^ . Then, f {x + h) = e''
~ if ix)) = lim
fix + h)~f(x)
h
sor r
ax h->0
kffo
Jianix+h) M nx Jtan (i + h) - Jiarix
os
-1
4- (f (^)) =
e\ -gy tan X e* *
lim e'
ook
Yo
h
Y
dx hÔ h hÔ
Bo
reeB
d ,r , J ianx
fran{x+ h) - fran x I Jtan ix + h) - Jtan x
-rifix)) = e^ lim - X
oouY
dx hÔ
yjtan (x + h) - ^tan x h
ur
ad
/tan(x+ h) - fran x
e^ ^ -1 ^tan (x + h) -^tan x
^(/W) = lim
dY
● X lim
dx /i-»0
^tan ix + h) - ^tan x h-*0 h
nidn
Re
X 1 X lim tan (x + /i) - tan X ^ 1

F
Fi
dx ft->0 ft
^tan (x + h) + ^tan x
d Jtanx sin ft
— ifix)) = e^ X lim X , ^ ,
rfx ;? -> 0 h cos (x + h) cos X /tan (x + h) + Jtan x
d //●/ XX JJanx 1 1 2
-T if (^)) = ^ ^ X s: - - — ., sec X.
dx
cos^x 2^tanx 2^tanx
EXAMPLE 8 Differentiate x tan ^ xfrom first principles.
SOLUTION Let / (x) = X tan ” ^ X. Then, / (x + ft) = (x + ft) tan " ^ (x + ft)
/(x + ft)-/(x) (x + ft) tan"^ (x + ft) -X tan" ^ x
f(J(x))
dx = h->0
lim ft
= lim
h->0 ft
DIFFERENTiATION 10.15
tan ^ {x + h) - tan x ^ /i tan h^ (x + /i)

^ ^(/W)
dx
= hÔ
lim X ■
h
x-¥h-x
X tan ^
1 +x(x + h)')
-^{f{x))=
dx lim
h-*0
\
h
+ hÔ
lim tan ^ (x + h)
. -1 h
tan
ooww
1 + x(x + h)
-^(f{x)) =x hô
lim ■
1 -1 ^ X -1
> + tan X - ^ + tan X
dx Tt ^ {1 + X (;c + h)] 1 + x
l + x{x + h)
EXAMPLE 9 Differentiate sin ^ ffx{0 <x < l)from first principles.
e
ree
SOLUTION
rFl Let f (x) = sin” ^ Then,/ {x + h) =sin” ^ + ft
Fre
/(x + ft)-/(x)
^
dx (/ (x)) = hô
lim
rrF
ft
ouur
sffoo
.in ^ yjx + h - sin
-1
4-(f(x))
dx
= ft-+0
lim ft
okks
^ l^x+ft -X - ^r^"x -ft I

Yo
sm
oo
-fifix)) = lim
Y
BB
dx ft-»0 ft
rre
sin ^ Z Z
-^(/(x))
dx
= ft-»0
lim Z ft' where
X —
Z = ^x + ft ^1 -x - Vx - x - ft
ouu
YY
ad
● -1 Z
7
-îf(x)) = ft-^0
lim -ft
sm
●/ lim lim
sm
^=1
dx z z
dd
ftÔ zô
Re
iinn
(x + ft) (1 - x) - X (1 - X - ft) 1
=>
(/ (x)) = lim
^x + ft^ ^fx ^1 - X - ft
F
dx ft-+o ft X +
j~{f(x)) = /i-Ô
lim
ft(l-x + x) 1
dx ft
^x + ft^ X +
Vx ^1 - X - ft
^(/(x))= lim ^^
1 1
dx hÔ ^x + h X +
■v/x ^l-x-h 2 Vx -X
REMARK if should be noted that — IS <m operator such that when it is applied on y - fix) gives us
dx
if (x)) = A/so, ^ IS «of simply afraction obtained by dividing dy by dx. For example, if is
applied on sin x it gives us cos x i.e., {sin x) = cos x. The operator—is called the differential operator,
dx dx
Input
ft
Operator
dx
'a
Outpu' ^ 4:W))
dx
Fig. 10.1
EXERCISE 10.1
BASIC
ooww
Differentiate the following functions from first principles:
3x ax+ b cos X
1. e 2. e 3. e 4. e 5. e
BASED ON HOTS
e
ree
Differentiate each of the following functions from ifrst principal:
rFl
Fre
■JcoTx S. X 2 e X 9. log cosec x 10. sin ^ {2x + 3)
6. log cos X 7. e
rrF
ANSWERS
ouur
1. -e ^ 2. 3e
3x
3. ae
sffoo
ax+ b
4. -e
cos X ■
sin X 5. 6. - tan a:
V2I
okks
2
cosecÂ: 8. {x^ + 2a:)
Yo
9. - cot X 10.
7. - ,
ooo
2 ^cot X
Y
BB
10.4 DIFFERENTIATION OF A FUNCTION OF A FUNCTION

rr e
In this section, we will study about the differentiation of composition of two or more functions.
ouu
THEOREM (ChainRule) Iffrx) and g(x) are differentiable functions, thenfog is also differentiable and
YY
ad
ifogn^) =f'igi^)) 8'i^)

dd
d
or, fx wl-
Re
iinn
dx dg{x) dx K
PROOF Since / (a:) and g (a:) are differentiable functions. Therefore,

F
f(x + h)-f(x) g{x + h)-g{x)

îf{x)) = lim
dx /i-»0 h
and
dx hÔ h
...(i)
fog {X + h) - fog (x) _ lim

f\g{x^h)}-f{g{x)\
Now, lim
/i->0 h h-^0 h
f{g(x + h)\ -f {g (a:)} ,, g(x + h)-gjx)

i{(fos)M} lim
hÔ g(x + h)-g{x) h
lim f {gjx + h)} -f{g(a-)} X lim

g{x + h)~g{x)
g{x + h)-g{x) /i-»0 h
Given that g(x) is differentiable and therefore it is continuous and hence lim g(x + h) = g(x).
/i->0
f \g {x + h)} - f \g {x)\ g{x + h)-g{x)

i{(H) (.)} lim
g{x+h)^g{x) g(x + h)~g{x)
X lim
h
REMARK 1 The above rule can also be restated as if 2=/(y) and y=g{x], then ^= — -^
dx dy dx
OR
Derivative ofz with respect tox = (Derivative ofz with respect to y) x (Derivative ofy with respect to x)
REMARK 2 This chain rule can be extended further.
Derivative of z with respect to x = (Derivative ofz with respect to u) x (Derivative ofu with
ww
respect to v) x (Derivative ofv with respect to x)
Flo
e
EXAMPLE 1 Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:
rere
sin.t
(i) sin (x^ +1) (ii) e (iii) log sin x
r FF
SOLUTION (i) Let y = sin (x^ +1). Putting u = x^ +1, we get
uurr
2 du
foor
y = sin u and u = x +1 ^ = cos u and — = 2x
du dx
kss
<^y
=^ X— = (cos u) 2x = 2x cos +1) {: u = + 1]
Yoo
ooook
dx du dx
~ Isin {x^ +1)1 = 2x cos (x^ + 1)

eBB
Hence,
dx
ALITER We have,
uurr
d
— {sin (x^ +1)} = Isin {x^ +l)\x— {x^ +1)
ad
dx
d (x^ +1} dx
Yo
dY
d
— (sin (x^ +1)1 = (cos (x^ +1)) X 2x {sin (.v^ +1)} = cos (x^ +1)
Re
dx
d{x^ + l)
innd
Fi
— {sin
dx
+1)} = 2xcos(x^+l).
sin .T
(ii) Let y = e . Putting u = sin x, we get
^y =_ u du
y = e" and u = sin x => du
e and — = cos x.
dx
dy _ dy ^ du _ e
u
cos .r = cos x e
sm X
[●.● u = sin x]
dx du dx
d , sin X sin X
Hence, -r {e e cos X.
dx
sin X d I sin X, d smx

ALITER _{e {e 1 X — {sin x} = e X cos X.
dx d (sin x) dx
(iii) Let y = log sin x. Putting u = sin x, we get

du
y = log u and m = sin a: => = - and cos X.
du u dx
_ dy ^ du _ 1
- X cos X
1
X cos X = cot X.
dx du dx u sm X
d
Hence, — {log sin a:} = cot x.
dx
d d d 1
ALITER
— {log sin x] = {log sin a:) X — (sin x) = — X cos AT = cot X
dx d (sin x) dx sin X
EXAMPLE 2
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:
ooww
2 2
2 sin X
(i) log sin X (ii) e (iii) sin {e^ )
SOLUTION (i) Let y = log sin x^. Putting v=x^ and u = sin
2
x = sm V, we get
2 <iy 1 du dv
y = log u, u = sin v and v = x — - coszj and = 2x.
e
du u' dv dx
ree
dy dy du dv 1 . 1
rFl = -=^x — X — =-x cosuX 2x = — cos y X 2x [●.● M = sin u]
Fre
dx du dv dx u sm V
rrF
dy
dx
= (cot v) 2x = 2x cot x^ [V v = x'^]
ouur
d 2
sffoo 2
Hence, — (log sin x ) = 2x cot x
dx
okks
d ,, .2, d 2 d
ALITER
— {log sm X } = {log sin X } X j- (sin x^) X (x^)
Yo
dx
d (sin x^) dx
oo
d(x-)
Y
BB
1 2 2
X cos X X 2x = 2x cot X .
rre
2
sm X
ouu
sin 2 2
(ii) Lety =e . Putting X =v and w = sin x = sin we get
YY
ad
u 2 u du dv
y = e ,u = sin and v = x , — - cosv and — = 2x.
du dv dx
dd
dy dy du dv ^
Re
iinn
u sini>
-^ = -2. X — X — = e X cos v-y2x=e X cos u X 2x [●.' u = sin v]
dx du dv dx
F
dy sin 2 ^
— = e
dx
X cos X X 2x [vu=xÎ
2\ 2'\
ALITER
d smx d smx d ( smx
. l'] d , 2. smx 2X 2
e
2 ^ X — X —(x ) =e cosx X 2x
dx
rf(sinx‘^) dx\ dx
1-2 7 2
). Putting x = v and u = e^
V
(iii) Let y = sin (e = e , we get
dy du V dv
y -sin u, where u = e^ and v=x^ — = cos u, — = e
du dv
and
dx
= 2x.
dy dy du dv p . , v. v r.
— = —X — X — - cos M X e X 2x = cos (e ) X e x 2x
dx du dv dx
[vw = e^l
2 2
— = cos{e^ )X
dx
x 2x [vt; = x^]
2 2
ALITER
d . .
— {sin e x^,\ = — (sin )X -^{e )x—(X ) = cos (e^ ) X X 2x
dx
d{e^ ) d{xn dx
EXAMPLE 3 Differentiate the folloxving functions with respeci to x:

1
(i) (x^+x + l)^ (ii) ^x^ + X +1 (iii) sin ^ x (iv)
a
2
-X
2
SOLUTION (i) Let y = (x^ + x +1)^. Putting x^ + x +1 = h, we get

4 j 2 , dy . 3 , du
y = u and u = X + x + 1 ^ — = 4u and — = 2x + l
oww
du dx
^
dx
^
du
X—
dx
=4 (2x +1) = 4 (x^ + X +1)^ (2x + 1).
ALITER We have,
e
^{{x^ + x + lf} =
d
|(x^ + X +1)^} X — (x^ + X +1) = 4 (x^ + X +1)^(2x +1)
re
dx dx
d{x^ +X + 1)
FFrllo
reF
(ii) Let y = ■Jx^ + x +1. Putting x^ + x +1
e
= u, we get
ouru
2 dy 1
'-1
j du
osrF
1
y - ffu and u = X +X + 1=>
du 2
and — = 2x + 1
dx
ffor
k iffu
dy _ dy du _ 1 X (2x + 1) = 1
X (2x +1) [v u = x^ x +H
dx du dx 2yju 2 Jx^ + X +1
kso
ooo
Yo
Y
ALITER We have.
BB
+ X + 1)'^^^'^ X -^{x^ + X + 1)
d d
x^ + X +1 =
dx
d (x^ + X +1)
r ree
Y
^{X^ + X + D
-1/2
uu
(2x +1)
ad
doo
3
(iii) Let y - sin x. Putting u = sin x, we get
Y
y =11^ andM = sin x ^ ^ = 3u^ and ^ =

nidn
cos X.
du dx
Re
dy dy du ^ 2 - \2 0-2
F
[*.● u = sin x]
Fi
-=2- = -=L X — = 3u X cos X = 3 (sm x) x cos x = 3 sin x cos x.

dx du dx
d
ALITER — (sin ^ x) = — {(sin x) = {(sin x) X
dx
(sin x)
dx dx d (sin x)
3-1 2
= 3 (sin x) X cos X = 3 sin X cos x.
1 2 2
(iv) Lety = . Putting u-a -X , we get
pi 2
fa -X
1 du
y = = u and u = a^ - X
2
and — = - 2x.
du 2 dx
\jj>^(-2x) = [■: u=a^ - x^]

X
x(-2x) = -
dx du dx 2 2u
d [, 2 2.-1/2I d 2 2
ALITER a -X
d(a^-x^)
U.2 2^3/2 a:
a -X (0-2x) =
1\

a + b cos X
(iii) sin ^ (x^) (iv) sin ^
.Tsmx
(i) log (sec X + tan x) (ii) e ,b >a
b + a cos X
SOLUTION (i) Let y = log (sec x + tan x). Putting w = sec x + tan x, we get
^ dy \ , du . 2
ooww
y = logM and u = sec X + tan X => — = - and — = sec x tan x + sec x.
du u dx
dy dy du I , ^ 2 . 1
— = —X — =-x (secX tan X + sec x) = secx(tanx+ secx) = secx.
dx du dx u sec X + tan x
X sm X
(ii) Lety = e . Putting M = X sin x, we get
ee
du
y= and w = xsinx=> — = and
rFl X cos X + sm X.
re
du dx
Fre
dy _ dy ^ du = (x cos X + sin x) = e
xsin X
(x cos X + sin x)
rrF
dx du dx
d xsmx d xsitja: d xsinx
ALITER —{e ) = } X — (x sin x) = c X (x cos X + sin x).
sffoo
ouur
dx d (x sin x) dx
—1 3 3
(iii) Let y = sin x . Putting u = x , we get
okks
dy _ 1 , du - 2
Yo
.. -1
y = sm Mandw = x^ and — = 3x
oo
du dx
Y
BB
dy _ dy ^du _ 1
X 3x^ = ^ X 3x^
rre
dx du dx
ouu
Y
d 1
ad
ALITER — (sin"^x^) = (sin X 3x^

dx
dl^x^) dx
dY
-1 b + cos X a + b cos X
innd
(iv) Let y = sin . Putting u = we get

Re
b + a cos X b + a cos X '

Fi
F
a + b cos X
y = sin ^ M and u =
b + a cos X
1 du {b + a cos x) (0 - i? sin x) - (fl + cf cos x) (0 - fl sin x)
and, — 2
du dx
{b + a cos x)
1
and
du {a^ -b^) sin x
du
VT7 dx
{b + a cos x)^
dy _ dy ^ du
dx du dx
^ - 1 (fl^ -b^) sin X 1

^ (a^ -b^} sin x
dx
^l~u^ (b + acosx) 1 -
a + b cos X
n2
(b + a cos x)
2
1 b + a cosx
^ - {b + a cos x) (fl^ -b^) sin X

dx
{b + a cos x)
yj(b + a cos x)^ -{a + b cos x)^
2 2
^ - (a -b ) sin x X
1
dx {b + a cos x)
■Jb^ (1 - cos^ x) - (1 - cos^ x)
2 2
^ - (a^ -b^) sin X X
1 (b -a ) sin x
X
1
dx b + a cos ;t 2 . b + a cos X b + a cos x
■J(b^ -fl^) sin^ X

-a sm X
ooww
X
(i) (ii) log7 (log7 x) (iii) logj: 2
e
X
SOLUTION (i) Lety = e^ . Putting = u, we get
ree
rFlM j X dy
y = e and u = e => -f-
u du
= e and — = e
X
Fre
du dx
rrF
X
dy _ dy ^du _ e
u
ye
X
e
e
.y e
X
[vu = e^]
dx du dx
ouur
d
sffoo X
ALITER e e X e
dx[ J dx
okks
Yo
(ii) Let y = log7 (log7 x). Putting u = log7 x, we get

oo
du
y = log7 u and u = logy x => ^ =
1 1
Y
and — =
BB
du u loge 7 dx X loge 7
rre
dy _ dy ^du _ 1 X
1
dx du dx u loge 7 ^ 7
ouu
YY
ad
<^y _ 1 1
u = log7 a:]
dx logy X X loge 7 y X loge ^ a: (log7 x) (loge 7)^
dd
(^log7 (log7 X) jx A(log7 X) = (l0g7 X) loge 7

I
4- [logy (10g7 x)\ = d (log7
d
ALITER X
Re
iinn
dx x) X loge 7
1
F
X (log7 x) (loge 7)^

1
(iii) Let y = logj. 2. Then, y = . Putting M = log2X, weget
log2A:
du
-u and u = logy x => ^ = - 4r and dx
1
y =
du X loge 7
dy dy du 1 1 1 1
[●.* U = logy X]
dx du dx 2 a: loge 2 X loge 2
u
(log2 xf
ALITER Using chain rule, we obtain
^ n
T- (logx 2) = —
d ^ 1^ ^ d I
4- (log2 =
1 1
(log2 a:)^ " ^ loge 2

X
dx
dx^logyx d(log2 x) ^log2 X dx
10.22 MATHEMATICS-XM
EXAMPLE 6 Dijferentiate the following functions with respect to x:

f 1
(ii) log tan ^ + ^ [CBSE 20021
71
(i) sec (log/) (iii) log 'I sin 3
1
1 )_
SOLUTION (i) Let y = sec (log /). Putting / = v, w = log / = log v, we get
n dy ^ du \ ,dv n-i
y = seen, u = logi> and v = x => — = sec u tan u, — = - and — =nx
du dv V dx
dy dy du dv 1 n-l
= ~^x — X — = secu tan ux ~xnX
dx du dv dx v
dy
= sec (log x”) tan (log x") x ^ x nx
n-\
= - X sec (log x") tan (log x”)
looww
dx X
(ii) Let y = log tan ^ ^ ■ Putting ^ ^ ~

7t X
— 4* —
= tan v = u, we get
4 2)
dy 1 du 2 , du _ 1
ree
7C X
y = log M, M = tan v and v = - + ~ , — = sec V and
4 2 du u dv dx 2
reeF
_ ^y X x^^ 1
- X sec
r FF
2
u X —
1 1
— sec
2
u X —
1
[●●● u = tan v]
dx du dv dx u 2 tan V fofroF 2
^ = 1 1 1 1 71 X
u
= sec X. ●●● U = — + —
dx 2 sin i> cos v sin 2 y 4 2
ks
K cosx
sm - + X
.2
kos o
YYouor
^ 2
BBoo
(iii) Let y = log{ sin 1

r ee
3
1
ad
^ 2 f .2
ouur
2
X X
Yo
Putting l=i», sin 1 = sinz7 = u and log < sin 1 ● = log w =2, we get
3 3 3
d
Re
Jz, 2 = log u,7^ = sin tJandu = ^—1 => ^ dz

— 1 du
inY
= cos V and —
j dv = —
2x
y =
FFind
3 dz 2 4z du u' dv dx 3
dy dy dz du dv
dx dz du dv dx
^ - 1 ''I'l (2x X ^ cos V

- (cosu) — [V2 = l0g u]
dx 2fz u
3 J 3 « Vôg Ii
,2 ( 2
, X
cos xcot 1
3 3
dy X
— X
dx 3
^.2 r 2 ( .2
sin ^-1 log < sin - -1 \ 3 log ^ sin
X
1
3 3 3
I 1
EXAMPLE 7 Differentiate the following functions zvith respect to x:

a + b sin x
(i) log X + [CBSE 2003, NCERT EXEMPLAR] (ii) log - a-b sin X
\
1 + sin X
(iii) (iv) log
e^ -e ^ ^ 1 - sin X
( r~2 2
SOLUTION (i) Let y = log x + -^ja + x . Then,
Ilog (x + ^
d
^ = A. fl* + X^)
1
X — ■( X + ^ + x^
dx dx 2 . .2 dx]
oww
X + -»fl +x
1
= 1 +
dx 2 2 2 dx
X + a + x
' 2 2
e
a + X + X 1
1 1 1
ree
1 + X 2x
rFl
dx
^ +x
2
IPT?
2 2
J7 + X
2
Fre
X + X + aA +X
rr F
fl + b sin X
(ii) Lety = log .Then,
fl - b sin X
ouur
sfoo
y = log (fl + b sin x) - log (a - i> sin x)
d
kks
dx
—
dx
{log(fl+ sin x)l dx
(log (fl-iJ sin x)l
Yo
oooo
d
^ - 1 d
X — (fl + b sin x) -
1
X — (fl - cf sin x)
eBB
dx fl + b sin X dx a-b sin x dx

d
^ - 1 d
X — (fl + b sin x) -
1
X — (fl - b sin x)
dx fl + b sin X dx fl - b sin X dx
uurr
^ 1 1
ad
(0 + b cos x) - (0 -b cos x)
YYo
dx fl + b sin X fl - b sin X
iy _ b cos X b cos X 1 1
dd
+ = b cos X
dx fl + b sin X a - b sin x fl + bsinx fl-bsinx
Re
iinn
a-b sin x + a + b sin x 2flb cos X

F
— = b cos X
dx (fl + b sin x) (fl -b sin x) a ^ -b^ sin^ X
y - y
e + e
(iii) Let y = — - X
. Then,
e -e
e^ + e
- X
dy _ d
- X
dx dx -e
^ - dx dx
dx
=> ^ _ {e^ - g~ ^) (g^ - e~ ^) - (g^ + g~ ^) {e^ + e~ ^) d

v4(r^)=r^-^(-x)=-e
d -X
dx (e^-e-^9- dx dx
4
dx
1 + sin X
(iv) Let y - log . Then,
1 - sin X
1/2
1 + sin X 1 1 + sin a: 1
y
= logj- - sm a:
= - log
2 ®
-
1 - sin A"
= — {log (1 + sin x) - log (1 - sin a:)}
2
dy _ \ \ d d
dx
-1 — {log (1 + sin at)} - — {log (1 - sin a:)}
ooww
dy \ 1* " ,1
d ● V 1 d
— = —\ X — (I + Sin 'A) - X — (1 - sin x)
dx 2 1 + sin x dx 1 - sin a: dx
^ = 1 1 1 1
e
cos X cos X
(0 + cos x) — (0 - cos x) V = — .
re
dx 2 1 + sin X 1 -sm X 2 1 + sinx 1-sinx
rFFl
ree
F
dy _ —1 cos X
1-sinx + l+sinx
> -
1
— cos X
2 cos X
sec X.
2 1 ● 2 2
rF
dx 2 1 - sin X 2 1 - sin X cos X
EXAMPLE 8 Find ^ , when fsfoor

ouur
dx
2
kosk
+ log X sm X + X
(i) y = cos {bx + c) (ii) y =
sin 3x
(iii) y = log (1 + x^) (iv) y = cot 2x
Yo
oo
SOLUTION (i) Using product rule, we get

Y
BB
d
X -— {cos {bx + c)} + cos {bx + c) x — {e^^)
dx dx dx
rre
dy
-2- = e
ax d d
X - sin (bx + c) X — (bx + c) + cos (bx + c) x x (flX)}
oYuu
dx dx dx
ad
ax
— = X {- sin (bx + c)} x b + cos (bx + c) x e
dY
X a
dx
^ {-b sin (bx + c) + a cos (bx + c)}.

innd
Re
dx
Fi
F
(ii) Using quotient rule, we get

d d
^ -
sin 3x X
dx
{e^ + log x) - {e^ + log x) x dx
(sin 3x)
dx
(sin 3x)^
X
sin 3x e +~ -(^^ + log x) (cos 3x)(3x)
^ - X J dx
dx 2
sin 3x
X 1
sin 3x e + -
- {e^ + log x) (cos 3x) X 3
^ - X
dx ■ 2
sm 3x
dy _ (e'’ + 1/x) sin 3x - 3 {e^ + log x) cos 3x

dx sm
● 2 3x
,
(iii) Using product rule, we get
dx X ■£■ {log (1 + + log (1 + x^) X ^ (e^)

dy = e X X 1
—^ X— (1 + x^) + log (1 + x^) X
dx \ + x^ dx
2x
^ - ^ X 2:c +
V
X log (1 + X ) = e
9 r
+ log (1 + X )
2
dx 1 +/ 1 + x^
2
Sin X + X 2
(iv) We have, y = = (sin X + X ) tan 2x
cot 2x
ww
Using product rule, we get
—
dx
= (sin X + x^) —
dx
(tan 2x) + tan 2x ^
dx
(sin x + x^)
^
Flo
= (sin X + x^) (sec^ 2x) (2x) + (tan 2x) (cos x + 2x)
e
dx dx
ree
^ = (sin X + x^) (sec^ 2x) x 2 + (tan 2x) (cos x + 2x)
Fr
rF
dx
^ = 2 (sin X + x^) sec^ 2x + (cos x + 2x) tan 2x.

uurr
dx
for
s
kks
Yo
EXAMPLE9 J/y = jx + -^ ^ I , then prove that — =

oooo
X + fl
J dx X
2
+ fl
2
eB
jj
2 2
ICBSE 20051
SOLUTION We have, y = X + ■» X +
ur
ad
n
I 2 2
YYo
X + X +fl n X +
dx dx
1" M d,. d ri
dd
^ - ' 2 2 2
Re
X + X +fl
in
dx
F
^ -
x{
-1/2
n 1 + -2 (x^ + X
dx
dx
n-l
1
dy =_ n < X +
'
X
2
+
2
X 1 + X 2x
dx
2 Jx^ +
n-l
I 2 2 X
= n<x +
_
X + <1 ‘
1 +
dx 2 2
X + a
n-l ' 2 2 w X +
X +a +x
^ - n X +
f 2
X + fl
2
2 2
dx I 2 , 2 2,2
yjx +a X + a X + a
10.26 MATHEMATICS‘Xlt
-1 .. -1
X sin
+ log Jl-x^, then prove that ^ =
sin X
EXAMPLE 10 Ify =
2v3/2'
1 -X 2 ^ dx
(1-X^)
SOLUTION We have, y = x sin ^ x (1 - x^)2s-1/2 + Uog{l-x^)

Differentiating with respect to x, we get
^ = A. xsin”^ x(l
dx dx
dx = sin“^ X (1 - ^^(x)+x4-
dx dx
(sin“^ x) (1 - ^ + X Sin
. -1
dx
1 1
ww
H X -X
2 dx
-1
dy _ sin ^ 1 1 1
FF loo
= X 1 + X X —== + X sin ^ XX
dx
1-x^
^1-x^ 2 j dx
ree
1
+
^(0-2x)
2(1-.r‘)
reFe
-1
dy _ sin X X X (sin ^ x) oroFr
rur
dx
l-x^' 2(T':,2j3/2 (0-2x) ^
1 -x^
s ff
-1 2 . -1 . -1
sin"^ X . -1
k
dy _ sin X X sin X sm 1
YYouo
sm X
okso
rfx 2,3/2 2,3/2 ●

1 -x^ (1-n
2
'l-x^ (1-0
BBoo

r ee
-1
cos
(i) sin (m sin ^ x)

ad
(u)
ouur
(hi) e
Yo
SOLUTION (i) We have, y = sin (m sin x)

● ^ -
— |sin(msin ^x)lJ =cos(msin ^x)x-^(msin ^x) = cos(msm
d
^x)xm—(sin“^x)
idnY
Re
dx I dx dx
dy , . -1 , 1
FFin
m
-7^
dx
= cos (m sm x) x m x -== = cos (m sin”^ x)
(ii) We have, y = a
(sin ^ x)^
dy d (sin ^ ,_-l
(sin x)^' log
1 d
—
dx
- — <a
dx
a
ax —
dx
(sin ^ x)^ ●
^ ^) log fl X 2 (sin ^ x)
2-1
X dx
(sin ^ x)
a
log ax 2 sin
-1
xx
1 2 log fl ● sin ^ X X a
(sin
dx
cos
(iii) We have, y - e
cos ^ Jl-ar^ cos ^ Jl-x^ d

= A, e * > = e * X —
cfA: dx
cos -1 d f
X =r X
dx 2 dx
f
COS -1
ooww
2
-1
^ = e
cos
’ X r 1
L=(-2x) = .
cos
'' X
1
- —I—
dx
2^1-:c -^1 -x^
e
ere
EXAMPLE 12 Differentiate the following functions with respect tox:
rFl 3-1^ 2s5
Fre
(i) log 10 a: + log;, 10 + log;, X + logio 10 (ii) 5 + (3-x")
rrF
SOLUTION (i) Let y = logiQ x + log;, 10 + logj. X + logio 10. Then,
1 sffoo
ouur
y = logic x + +1 +1 = logio ^ + OoglO + 2.
logic ^
kosk

Yo
oo
dy _ 1
+ {-l) (logio x) ^ X A (logjQ :t) + 0
Y
BB
dx X log(, 10 dx
rre
1
^ ^ “(logio
dx X loge 10 X log^ 10
ouu
Y
ad
1
dy _ 1 1
dY
dx
^logelO X (logic
innd
1 1 1
Re
dy _ 1
2 logc 10 = X logs 10
2 loge 10.
dx X logg 10 X (logic X ● loge 10) X (logc x)
Fi
F
3-x^
(ii) Let y-5 ■f (3 - x^)^. Differentiating with respect to x, we get
dy ^
|(3-x¥}
5-x
dx dx dx
d^
dx
^ ^3-x2 loge 5 X
d
dx
(3-x^)+5(3-xV AA(3_x2)
dx
3-x^
^
dx
=5^“-''^log,5x(0-2x)+5(3-x^) X
(0-2x)=-2x^5 Iog,5+5(3-xV ■■
r~2 2 r~2 2 2
Ja +x + Ja -X
,
, show that — = -
.dy 2a^- - a
EXAMPLE 13 Ify = dx 4
a 2-x^ X a -X
10.26
MATHEMATiCS-Xli
SOLUTION We have.
( 2 2 I 2 2 I 2 2
a -X a ~x a -X
y = X
●Ja^ + x
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a + X a -X a -X a + X +
2
2 2
+x^ + -x^ -vl + x^ ^

a -X 2
-X
y = -
(a^ + x^)-(a^ -x^) 2x^
2(? + 2^ I 4 4
4
2 -a:
a 2 -2 '4 4-2
y =
ooww
ax + fl -:r X
2 2
X X
dy 2 d , -2. d '4 4-2

-f- = a -— (x ) +— a -X X
dx dx dx
^ = -2fl^X ^+(-2)x 3 .J/T/ +(^'2)1 (^4-^4)-!/2^ fr (fl^-X^)
e
ree
rFl 2
Fre
I 4 4 1
3
fl -X +
y(-4.^)
2x^J7
dx
rrF
x
“X
ouur
sffoo
I 4 4 2x 2fl^ -X
X
-X -2
rfx 3 3
X X 4
-X
4
x3 a
4
-X
4
okks
Yo
oo
d\j _ 2^
4 4 4
2^ 2a^ 2a^ 2
Y
fl -X + X a
r-î
BB
dx X
3 4 .4 X
3 3 4 4 ~“Tr 4 4
X a -X X fl -X X
fl -X
rre
EXAMPLE 14 Ify = — , proue that (1 - x^) ^

ouu
+ y = 0. [CBSE 2004]
P
YY
dx
ad
+ X
nr X
SOLUTION We have, y = - . Differentiating with respect to x, we get
dd
P + X
Re
iinn
^l/2-l
dy _1 1 -X d 1-x
F
X —
dx 2 1 + X dx 1 + X
d d
(l + x) — (l-x)-(l-x)~(l + x)
^ = i Ihi X
dx dx
dx ~ 2V1-X
(1+a:)2
^ = i |l±i X (i+x)(-i)-(i-x)(i) ^ 1 fm X
1-X-1 + X
dx 2 A 1 -X (1+a:)^ 2 -yi -X (1 + ^)^
^ - l + x
r X
1
dx 1 -X
"Xl+xf
r+ X 1
[Multiplying both sides by (1 -x )]
dx
1-^ (l + x)^
10.29
DIFFERENTIATION
=. = -y => (i-^^)^ +y = 0
l-x
dx
dx
P + x dx
X
1 +/ e
EXAMPLE 15 If y = ; show that
p-e^ dx
w
1 + e*
SOLUTION We have, y = — . Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain.
P-^
e
d 1 + e*
^ = i l±i
^ dx i-e^
e
dx 2 i-e^
o
wr
r
1-e^ (l-e^)-^(l + e^)-(l + e^)^(l-e^)
F
^ _ 1 X
dx dx
dx
2^1 + e^
ullo
r FF
^ - 1 1-e^ (l-e^)e^ +{l+e^)e^ _1 1-e* 2e^
e
- X
rsre
sr‘v'2
dx 2)1 + / 2^1 + e^ (1-0
oF
uo
k
X
=>
dy
-2. = e X l~e^ X
1 e
dx
yi + / (l-e-^)
oofrXx2
p + e^ (l-eY^^
sf
ko
X
Y
X
e
^ - e
(l-e^)pTe
BB
p + e’^ p-e’^ a-e’^)

2x
Yo
dx
Y
oo
EXAMPLE 16 1/(1+xf =Cq +C1X + C2 x^ +... + Cfj /, using derivatives prove that
er
re
H-1 n-l
(ii) Ci-2C2 + 3C3+... + (-1) nCy,n = 0
(i) C| + 2 C2 +... + w Cfj — rt.2
uu
n n
= Cq + Cj X + C2 X +... + Cjj X
od
SOLUTION We have, (1 + x)
Yo
ad
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

n
n-l
tt (1 + x)^ ^ = Cj + 2 C2 X+3C3X +... + nCfi X
Putting x = \ and -1 successively, we get
ndi
Ci + 2C2 + 3C3+... + nC„ = n.2”'ând, Ci -2C2 + 3C3 +... + (-1)”" ^ nC

Re
= 0
F
n
Fi
EXAMPLE 17 Using the fact: sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B and the technique of differentia
tion, obtain the sum formula for cosines.
SOLUTION We have,
sin (/I + B) = sin /i cos B + cos /4 sin B
Taking B as a constant, .4 as a variable and differentiating both sides with respect to A, we get
-4t
dA
(sin (A + B)) = cos B dA
(sin A) + sin B dA (cos A)
cos (A + B) = cos B cos A - sin B sin A or, cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B.
Iff(x)=P^P,g(x) =
x +1
EXAMPLE 18 andh(x) =2x-3, thenfindf (h'(g'(x)). [CBSE2015]
SOLUTION We have, f(x) = +1, ^(x) = x+1^ and h(x) = 2x-3

l-2x-x^
and /i'(a:) = 2 for all 6
ylx^+l {x^ + lf
Now,
h'{x) =2 forallx eJ?
W l = 2 for allreR
f'\h'(g'{x) =/'{2) for all :r E K
2
^ for all a: € R ●●●/'(2)=4S
ooww
x
f h' ^{x) ● ● /’ {X) =
+1 V5
EXAMPLES Ify = f(x^)and f (x) = , frld dx [CBSE2020]
e
SOLUTION We have, J/=/(x^) and f'{x)=e'^
ree
rFl
Fre
flx dx dx
rrF
10.4.1 DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS BY CHAIN RULE
In section 10.3, we have obtained the derivative of inverse trigonometric functions from first
ouur
sffoo
principles. In this section, we will obtain the same by using chain rule.
1
THEOREM 1
Ifx e(-l, 1), then the differentiation o/sin" ^ xwith respect toxis
okks
d -I 1 \-x^
Yo
i.e., — (sm x) - -j= , for X e(-l, 1).

oo
Y
dx
BB
PROOF Let y = sin ^ X. Then, sin (sin ^x)=x=^ siny=x

rre

ouu
4~ (siny)
YY
ad
1 =
dx
1 = — (sin y)^ —
dd
[By chain rule]

dy ^ dx
Re
iinn
. dy dy \ 1 1
1 = cos y ^ ^= -1 <x<l
2 '
F
dx dx cos y -X
, ■ -I ^ 1
or. — (sm x) = —f=
dx
-1 -1
THEOREM 2 e (-1,1), then the differentiation of cos X with respect to x is
-1 1 -x^
i.e.. ~ (cos ^ x) =
dx
= ,forxe(-l,l).
1 -X
-1
PROOF Let y = cos X. Then,
cos (cos~ ^ x) = X
cos y = X
4-
dx
(cosy)=-^(x)
dx [Differentiating both sides with respect to x]
— (cos y) X — = 1 [By chain rule]

dy ^ dx
-sm y — = 1
t
dx
-1 -1
dy _ -1 <x<l [●.● X - cos y]
2 '
dx sin y - cos
2
y 1-x
d , - 1 , 1
-1<x<l
or. — (cos a:) =
dx
1
THEOREM 3 The differentiation o/tan" ^ x with respect to x is 1 + x^
(tan“^ x) = —i-y
ww
i.e..
dx i + x^
PROOF het y = tan ^ x. Then,
Flo
tan (tan ^ ;c) =
e
tan y = x
reree
X =:r [Differentiating both sides with respect to x]
r FF
dx dx
=>
— (tan y) X ^ =1 [By chain rule]
uurr
dy dx
foor
2 dy =1
sec y
dx
ks s
dy _ 1 1 1
Yoo
ooook
2 2
dx
sec y 1 + tan y 1 + x^
eBB
1
or. —(tan ^ x) = [●.● y = tan ^ x and tan y = x]
dx lfx2
-1
THEOREM 4 The differentiation of cot ^ x with respect to x is
uurr
1 + x^
ad
-1
~ (cot” ^ x) =
Yo
i.e.,
dx 1 + x^
dY
PROOF Let y = cot” ^ x. Then,

Re
innd
cot(cot ^ x) = X
FFi
cot y = X
^(coty)=^(x)
dx dx
[Differentiating both sides with respect to x]
-^(coty)x^
dy dx
=l [Using chain rule]
2 dy
- cosec y X =1
dx
-1 -1
dy_ -1
1 + cot^ y 1 + x^
dx 2
cosec y
-1
or. — (cot” ^ x) = [●.' y = cot ^ X and x = cot y]
dx l+x^
1
-1
THEOREM 5 Ifx € R -[-1,1], then the differentiation of sec X with respect to x is
x| Jx^-1
d , -1 . 1
i.e., — (sec X) - ,xeR-[-l,l].
dx
-1
EROOF Let y = sec x. Then,
sec (sec" ^ x) = x
sec y = a:
^(sec y) =^~{x)
ax ax
d , \ dy .
— (sec y) X =1 [Using chain rule]
oww
dy dx
sec y tan y -^ = 1 => ^ =

1
dx dx sec y tan y
If a: >1, then
e
y e (0, n/2) => sec y > 0, tan y > 0 => | secy | | tan y | = secy tan y.
re
FFrlo
If a: < -1, then
y e {n/2, tt) => sec y < 0, tan y < 0 => | sec y | | tan y | = (- sec y) (- tan y) = sec y tan y
rF
ee
1 1
if a: secy tany ifA: Isecyljtanyl
rF
ouru
dy 1 1 1
=>
secy l^tan^y
fosor |secy|-^sec^y-l |a:|
skf
d , -1 , 1
— (sec at) =
ooko
or.
d.T
Yo
Y
-1
THEOREMS Ifx e R - [-1,1], then the differentiation ofcosec ^ xwith respect toxis
Bo
reeB
i.e., — (cosec ^ a:) =

1 |a:|Ja:^-1
dx
ooY
uur
-1
PROOF Let y = cosec X. Then,
ad
cosec (cosec" ^ a:) = a:

dY
cosec y = x
nind
Re
— (cosec y) = — (x) [Differentiating both sides with respect to x]

dx ^ d::
F
Fi
dx
— (cosec y)>< — =1 [Using chain rule]

dx
dy -1
- cosec y cot y X =1 =>
dx dx cosec y cot y
If X > 1, then y (0, n/2) => cosec y > 0, cot y > 0 => j cosec y 11 cot y | = cosec y cot y
If X <-l, then
y £ (- n/2,0) cosec y < 0 and cot y < 0 => [ cosec y 11 cot y | = (- cosec y) (- cot y)
1 -1 -1 -1
dx cosec y cot y ifx I cosec y 11 cot y I

I cosec y | ^cosec^ y -1 [ x| Vx^ -1
-1
or. —
dx
(cosec" ^ x) =
-1
EXERCISE 10.2
BASIC
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x (1-57):

1. sin (3x + 5) 2. tan^ X 3. tan (a:® 4-45°) 4. sin (log a:)
5. e sin -fx 7. sin^(2A: + l)
tan X
6. e 8. log7 {2x-3)
3 X
9. tan 5a:® 10. 2^ 11. 3*^ 12. log.Y 3

2 2
+ 2-t a - X 1 + sin X
13. 3 14. 15. 3'^‘“S’' 16.
1 - sin a:
ooww
1-x^ 1 + -.C 14-x2
17.
18. (log sin 19. 20. sin
^1-x l-X^
yjcOtX
e
3 X tan 3 X
21. e cos 2.V 22. sin (log sin x) 23. e 24. e
ree
rFl sm X 1 - cos X sin X
Fre
25. log 26. log (CBSE2003] 27. tan (e
1 + cos X
P + cos X
rrF
2 2x - 2x
e^ log X 3x sin X
28. log (x + ^x^ +1)
e + e
29. 30. 31.
ouur
X
2
sffoo e
2x
-e
-2x
2
X + X + 1 sin ^ 2x
okks
33. tan ^ (e^)

-1
32. log -2 34. e 35. sin (2 sin x)
Yo
X -X +1
oo
Y
BB
tan ^ Vx 2^ cos X
36. e 37. tan 38. log (tan ^ x) 39.
2
(x^ + 3)^
rre
ouu
40. sin^ (log (2x + 3)} 41. e^ log sin 2x 42. (sin’^x^)^ 43. sin ^
X
YY
ad
2 2
X + a
dd
x^ + 2 x^ (l-x^)^
X
e sin X - 3x
44. 45. 3e log (1 + x) 46. 47.
Re
iinn
(x^ + 2)^ ôsx cos 2x

F
It x^
48. log <i cot —+ - [ 49. e"^ sec x tan 2x
4 2*^ 50. log (cos x^) 51. cos (log x)^
x-1
52. log 53. log (cosec x - cot x) 54. X sin 2x + 5^ + + (tan^ .x)^
■yx + 1
55. log (3 X + 2) - x^ log (2x -1) 56. .Jx^ +1 +Jx^-1

-^x^ +1 -1
|x + 2 +
X - X
x^ + 4x +1
— , prove that ^ = 1 -
- e
57. log 58. Ify=- X —
e
59. If y = Jx^
’
+ , prove that y ^
dx
-x = 0 60. If y = prove that —
dx
=Jy^ -4
[CBSE 20201
dy 2
61. If y = , prove that y — + :c = 0 62. If A:y = 4, prove that x -r + y = 3y
' dx dx
-- , secx-1 .. , ,,(71
63. If/W=,vsec:r + r.fmd/'
l
- , [CBSE2020]
2^
n
64. If/(x) = Jtan 4x, then find /' 16
[CBSE2020]
V /
65. If y=j^, prove that :r^={l -y)y

1
66. Ify = V^ +
ww
, prove that 2 x
dx
1 + tan X dy
67. If y = log , prove that dx = sec 2x. [CBSE2011]
■y 1 - tan ;c
Flo
. -1
dy y
e
X sin X 2
68. ify = — , prove that{1-a: ) = XA .
ree
117' dx X
FFr
—1 I 2 dy —1
69 If y = a: sin a: + J1-a: , prove that ^ = sin x.
uurr
dx
orr fx-1']
sfo
70. If y = (1 - a:) log (a:-1) -{x + 1) log (a: + 1), prove that -log
dx 1+x
kks
1 x-1
71. If y = log + , prove that — =
Yo
oooo
dx 2x {x +1)
If y = yjx + 1 + Ja: -1, prove that -Jx^ -1 ^ ~ ^ V

eB
72.
1 - cos 2a:
dy
73. Ify=^log
urr
prove that — = 2 cosec 2at

1 + cos 2a: dx
ad
YYo
2
2 a .-IX
74 Prove that — — -X + — sin — > [CBSE 2004]
dx 2^ 2 a
dd
Re
inn
75. lfy = log|.y

-1
x-1 , show that — =
2^?\^
dx
F
ANSWERS
sec^ (x° + 45‘’)

2 n
1, 3 cos{3x +5) 2. 2 tan x sec x
180
sin
cos Vx e 6. e'^’^'sec^x
4. — cos (log x) 5.
X 2V^
2
7. 2 sin (4x + 2) 8. 9. — sec^ (5x°)
{2x - 3) log, 7 180
1
10. 3x^ ● 2* log 2 11, 3® log 3 ● 12. -
X log, 3 (log3 x)^
x^ + 2x -2fl^ X
13.(3 log 3) (2x + 2) 14. 15. 3^*°S^(log3)(l-Hlogx)
-lx
16. sec X (tan x + sec x) 17.
18.2 (log sin x) cot x
1 4x 3x
19. 20. 21. e
3/2 2,2
cos (3 cos 2x - 2 sin 2x)
JTTx (1 - x) d-x") l-X^
tan 3x 1 e
22. cos (log sin x) ● cot x 23. 3 e ●sec^ 3x 24.-- X cosec
2
X
^cot X
w
2
27. sec^ (e
sin X smx
25. cosec X 26.cosec X ) e cos X
1
28. 29. x”^ 1log X 4- 12,log X
X X
roow
e
re
30.
6x sin X + 3x^ cos x 3x
3
sin X -8 2(^^-l)
31. 32.-
2,3/2 2x -2x,2
(7-x") (e - e ) X*^ + X^ +1
reF
uFFll
X
2 I21 2
e
33. _£ 34.
sin
35. cos (2 sin ^ x) ●
2x
1 + e
sFr
gtan
36. 37.
foro 1
38.
1
uor
lyfx (1 + x)
fk (1 + x^) tan ^ X
(4 + x^) tan -l(x)
okso
1
2 V *●/
Y
2^
Yo
4x cos X
39.
■ cos X ● logg 2 - sin X -
oo
BB
(x^ + 3)2 x2 + 3
2
rYree
40. sin 12 log (2x + 3)} - 41. 2 cot 2x + log sin 2x

ouu
2x4-3
16x^ (sin ^x^)^

ad
Ydo
a
42. 43.
8 2 2
1 -X a + x
nidn
sin X + cos x 6x sin x
^^-31og(x + l) ■
- 3x
Re
44. 45. 3e
(x-2+2)3 (x2 + 2)^
F
Fi
1 x2 4-2
46. 2x + tan X 47. 2x (1 - x2)^ sec 2x {1 - 4x^ + x (1 - x^) tan 2x)
yjcos X 2
48. ax 2
-secx 49. e sec X {a tan 2x 4- tan x tan 2x + 2 sec 2x)
2
50' - 2x tan x^ 51. - 2 log X sin (log x) 52.
1
X
X 2-1
53. cosec X
54. sin 2x 4- 2x cos 2x 4- 5* log 5 + 6 tan^ x sec^ x
55.
3 2x2 2x3 1
- 2x log (2x -1) 56. 2x + 57.
-Jx^ + 4x + 1
3x + 2 2x-l
X -1
2
63. ± 64.2
3 K
10.5 DIFFERENTIATION BY USING TRIGONOMETRICAL SUBSTITUTIONS
Sometimes, it becomes very easy to differentiate a function by using trigonometrical

transformations. Usually this is done in case of inverse trigonometrical functions. Some
important results on trigonometrical and inverse trigonometrical functions are given below for
ready reference,
2 2
(i) sin 2:r = 2 sin X cos x (ii) 1 + cos 2x = 2 cos x or, cos 2x = 2 cos x -1
2 2
(iii) 1 - cos 2x = 2 sin x or, cos 2x = 1 - 2 sin x
2 tan X 1 - tan^ X
(iv) sin 2x = (v) cos 2x =
1 + tan^ X 1 + tan^ X
2 tan X 3
(vi) tan 2x = (vii) sin 3x = 3 sin X - 4 sin x
1 - tan^ X
w
3
3 tan X - tan x
(viii) cos 3x = 4 cos x - 3 cos x (ix) tan 3x =
1-3 tan^ X
(x) sin
-1
FF llowo
ree
sin”^ x+ sm ,if-l^x, y<l and x^ + < 1 or, if xy < 0 and x^ + y^ > 1
. -1
rF
y
-(sin” ^ X + sm y) , if 0 < X, y < 1 and x^ + y^ > 1

. -1
71
ur
for Ffre o
- 71 -(sin” ^ X + sin y) ,if-l£ X, y<0 and x^ + y^ > 1
ks
YYour o
Sin
oo
,if-l<x, y^l andx^ + y^ <1 or, if xy > 0 & x^ + y^ > 1

Bo ksB
sin”^x-sm y
. -1
r ee
7t-(sin”^ X -sin”^ y) ,if0<x£l,-l<y<0 and x^ + y^ > 1

-7T -(sin”^ X - sin” ^y) ,if-l< x<0, 0<y<l and x^ + y^ > 1
our u
ad
Yo
-1 -1
-1
cos X + cos y, if-l<x,y<l andx + y^0
(xi) cos
d
27t-(cos ^x + cos ^y). if -1 £ X, y < 1 and x + y ^ 0

Re
in
-1 -1
cos x-cos y, if-1 <x, y <1 and X <y
|xy + Vl-x^ ^1-y^l
FFind Y
-1
cos
y), if-l<y ^0, 0 <x andx ^y

— 1 — 1
- (cos X - cos
tan” ^ X + tan ^ y , if xy < 1

X + V
(xii) tan ^ — = n -(tan ^x + tan ^ y) , if x >0 , y >0 and xy >1
1 -xy
7c + (tan ^ X + tan ^ y) , if X < 0, y < 0 and xy > 1
tan”^x-tan ^y , ifxy>-l
7i-(tan”^ x-tan“^y) , if x >0 , y < 0 and xy <-1
-1
(xiii) tan
- 71 - (tan ^ X - tan ^ y) , if X < 0, y > 0 and xy < -1

-1 -1 7t
(xiv) sin â: + cos =
2
(xv) tan ^ a: + cot ^ a: = -2 for all at e R
(xvi) sec â: + cosec =-^2', ifa: e{-co,-l] u[l,co) (xvii) cos V^)=^~cos forx: e[-l, 1]
—1 —1
(xviii) tan (- a;) = - tan at for a: e R (xix) sin~\-Ar) = -sin~â: for a:
-ifl)
(xx) sin”^ X = cosec
— , if a: g ( - CO , -1] u [1, oo)
—1 —1 1
(xxi) cos a: = sec — , if a: g (- oo , -1] u [1, co)
X
cot -ifi' , if X > 0
ww
-1
cot X, X > 0
(xxii) tan ^ x = ● or, tan
-iTi ~K+cot ^ X,X < 0
- 71+ cot , if X <0
Flo
(xxiii) sin ^ (sin 8) = 6, if - ^
TC
£ 0 £ ^ ; cos ^ (cos 0) = 0,ifO<0<7r
e
eree
tan ^ (tan 0) = 0,if--^<0<^ ; cosec” ^ (cosec 0) = 0,if--^<0<-^2' 09^0
FFr
2 2
uurr
sec" ^ (sec 0) = 0,ifO<0<jt,0?i^ ; cot” ^ (cot 0) = 0,ifO<0<7t
orr
sfo
Following are some substitutions useful in finding derivatives:
kks
Yoo
oooo
a-x a + x
(i) + x^ x=a tan 0 or, a cot 0 (iv)
a + x
or, x = a cos 20
\ a-x
eBB
2 2 2 2
2 2 a -X a +x
(ii) -X X = fl sin 0 or, a cos 0 (V) 2 or, x^ = cos 20
\a^+x 2
urr
-X
(iii) x^-a^ x-asecQ or, a cosec 0

ad
YYo
dd
Re
inn

F

(i) sin” ^ (sin x), x g [0, 2 ti] (ii) cos” ^ (cos x), X g [0, 2 tc]
(iii) tan” ^ (tan x), x g [0,7t] - ■ —
SOLUTION (i) Let y = sin" ^ (sin x). Then,
n
X , if X g 0, —
2
71 3 71
y = sin ^ (sin x) - 7t-x , if X g —
2 '~2~
3 7t
-2ti+x , ifxg ,2tc
2
10.38
MATHEMATICS-XH
We observe that
LHD of y at X = ^ =1 and, RHD of y at x = — = -1
3 n 3 71'I = 1
LHD of y at X = ~ = -1 and, RHD of y at x =
2 J
So, y = sin" ^ (sin x) is not differentiable at x =
K
1 , ifx€ 0,-
L 2j
^ - ''n 3 7t
w
-1 , if X e —
dx 2'~2~
Flo
3 7C
1 , if X e
reeee
1
(ii) Let y = cos (cos x). Then,
FFr
-a: , if X € [- 7t, 0]
X , if X e [0, Ti] for
y = cos ^ (cos .x) =
ur
2 7c - X , if X e [ti, 2 7i]
-2ti+x, ifxe[2 7t,3 7i:] and so on.
kkss
Yo
Clearly,
oo
(LHD at X = 0) = -1 and (RHD at x = 0) =1; (LHD at x = ti) =1 and (RHD at x = ti) = -1

eB
(LHD at X = 2 ti) = -1 and (RHD at x = 2 n) = 1

1 , if X e (0 , Tt)
So, y = cos” ^ (cos x) is not differentiable at x = 0, ti, 2tl Hence, ^ = ■ -1
r
, ifxe(Tt,2Tt)
ou
ad
YY
(hi) Let y = tan" ^ (tan x). Then,

ndd
Re
TI
X , if X e 0, —
'2
Fi
TI 3 7i'i
y = tan ^ (tan x) = X - 7C , if X e —
2' 2
and so on
3 TI 5 71
X -2 71 , if X e
"T'T
^ / TI
^ =l,ifx6 0,'2— U —,71
TI
dx v2
■Jl - with respect to x, if

-1
I 'vAMI’LI-2
Differentiate sin 2x
(i)-4V2 <x <

1
(ii) 4 < X <1 (hi) -1 <X <--l^/2
V2 V2
-1
SOLUTION Let sin 2x
. Putting a: = sin 0, we get
y = sin ^ (2 sin 0 cos 0) = sin ^ (sin 2 0)

1
(i) If- <x < ^, then
72 72
a: = sin 0 => - i= < sin 0 < 1 n
=> --<0<-=> -_<20<-
n n K
V2 V2 4 4 2 2
y = sm \sin 2 0) =20 7T
●--<20<-
K
2 2
ww
1
y = 2 sin a: [●.● sin 0 = a: => 0 = sin
dy _ 2
dx
Flo
e
(ii) If 4 <x<l, then
eree
V2
FFr
1 K n n
a: = sin 0 => <sin0 <1 => —<0<— _<20<tc
72 4 2 2
uurr
y = sm ^ (sin 2 0)
orr
sfo
^ (sin (;t - 2 0)) = ;i - 2 0
n TC
y = sm V —<20<7r=>O<7C“20 < —
2
kks
2
Yoo
oooo
2 2
y = n-2 sin ^ x ^ dx
= 0-
2
eBB
- X
(iii) If-l<A:<-4= /then

V2
urr
-1 <sin 0<--l K 71 7t
ad
a: = sin 0 => --<0<— => -n<20<--

YYo
V2 2 4 2
y = sin ^ (sin 2 0)
dd
y = sin“^(-sin (71 + 2 0))

Re
=>
inn
^ (sin (- 7c - 2 0)) = - n - 2 0 n n
F
y = sm -tc<20< — => — <71+20<O

2 2
2 2
y = - 7C - 2 sin ^ a: => = -0-
dA:
EXAMPLES Differentiate sin ^ (3x - ^x^) with respect to x, if

1 1
(i) --<a:<-
2 2
(ii) i2 < a: < 1 (iii) -l<A:<-i2
SOLUTION Let y = sin ^ (3a; -4x^). Putting x = sin 0, we get
y = sm ^ (3 sin 0-4 sin^ 0) = sin" ^ (sin 3 0)
1
(i) If-- < < ^ then
2 2 '
1 . . 1 t: 71 7C 7t
a: = sin 0 o — < sm 0 < — => --<0 < - => —<30<_
2 2 6 6 2 2
MATHEMATICS-XII
10.40
n n
y = sm ^ (sin 3 0) = 3 0 -_<30<"
2 2
-1 dy _ 3
y = 3 sin ‘x ^ dx
1
(ii) If - <x <1, then
2
7T 7C TC 3 71
X = sin 0 ^ — < sin 0 < 1 => — <0<— ^ — <30<
2 6 2 2 2
y = sm ^ (sin 3 0)
ooww
71 3 7t 7t 7C
y = sin ^ {sin (tu - 3 0)} = 71 - 3 0 2

< 3 0 <
2 2
< 71 - 3 0 < —
2
-1
y = 7c - 3 sin [●.● a: = sin 0 => 0 = sin
3 3
e
= 0-
rfA:
ree
rFl
Fre
(iii) If-1 <x<-- then
2 '
rrF
K n 3 K n
a: = sin 9 => -1 <sin 0 <- — => -- < 0<--=> <30<--
2 2 6 2 2
ouur
sffoo
y = sin ^ (sin 3 9)
3 71 71
okks
TC 7t
y = sm ^ {sin (- 7X - 3 9)1 = - 7t - 3 0 <30<- => < — 71 — 30< —

Yo
2 2 2 2
oo
Y
3 3
BB
y = -7C - 3 sin ^ a: ^ = -0-

dx
rre
EXAMPLE 4 Differentiate cos ^ (2a:^ -1) with respect to x, if (i) 0<a:<1 (ii) -1 <a:<0
ouu
YY
ad
SOLUTION Let y= cos ^ {2x^ -1). Putting x = cos 9, we get

^ (2 cos^ 0 -1) = cos" ^ (cos 2 0)
dd
y = cos
Re
iinn
(i) If 0 < X < 1, then

TC
X = cos 0 => 0 < cos 0<1^ 0<9<— ^ O<20<7c
F
y = cos ^ (cos 2 0) = 2 0 [●.● 0 < 2 0 < TC
y = 2 cos
-1
X [●.● X = cos 0 => 0 = cos ^x]
dy 2
dx
(ii) If-1 <x <0, then

X = cos 0 ^ -1 < cos 0<O=>—<0<7c^ 7c<20<2ti
2
y = cos ^ (cos 2 0)
y = cos Mcos(2tc-2 0)} = 2 71-2 0 [●.' 7c<20<27C=^ O<2tc-20<tc]
-1 dy 2 2
y = 2 TC - 2 cos X => = 0 +
dx
l/l - x^
EXAMPLE 5 Differentiate cos (1 - 2x ) zuith respect to x, if

(i) 0<x<l (ii) -1 < X < 0
SOLUTION Let y = cos ^ (1 - 2x^). Putting x = sin 0 , we get
y = cos” ^ (1 - 2 sin^ 0) = cos ^ (cos 2 0)
(i) If 0 <x <1, then
n
x =sin0=> O<sin0<l=>O<0<— => O<20<ti
2
y = cos" ^ (cos 2 0) = 2 0 = 2 sin" ^ x [●.' X = sin 0^0= sin X]

2
ooww
dx
(ii) If “ 1 < X < 0, then

X = sin0=>-l < sin0<O=> --?^<0<0 =>-ti<20<0
2
e
y = cos" ^ (cos 2 0)
ree
rFl
y = cos" ^ (cos (- 2 0)) = - 2 0 = - 2 sin
-1
['.●-n<20<O Ô<-20<tc]
Fre
X
rrF
dx
ouur
sffoo
EXAMPLE 6 Differentiate cos ^ (4x^ - 3x) zvith respect to x, if
(i) xef-^2 ' 2 1 1 1
okks
(ii) X€ -,1 (ill) X e -1, - -

Yo
2 2J
oo
SOLUTION Let y = cos ^ (4x^ - 3x). Putting x = cos 0, we get

Y
BB
y = cos ^ (4 cos ^0-3 cos 0) = ^ (cos 3 0) cos

rre
f 1 1
(i) If X € —, — , then
ouu
2 2
YY
ad
o
X = COS 0 => — < cos 0 < — =>
1 1 71
— < 0 <
2Tt
=5- 7C< 3 0 <2 7t
2 2 3 3
dd
y = cos ^ (cos 3 0)
Re
iinn
y = cos Mcos(2 7t- 3 0)1 = 2 71-3 0 7i<30<2ti^ O<27r-30<7c]

F
y = 2 71 - 3 cos ^ X ['.* X = COS 0 => 0 = cos" ^ x]

1 3
= 0-3x-
dx
1
(ii) If X e — , 1 , then
.2
X = cos 0 => — < COS 0<1 => O<0< — ^ 0 < 3 0 < 71
2 3
y = cos" ^ (cos 3 0) = 3 0 [●.● 0 < 3 0 < 7i]

y = 3 cos ^ X [●.● X = cos 9 => 0 = cos" ^ x]
^y 3
dx
1
(iii) then
2'
2 n
X = cos 0 -1 < cos 0 < - — <0<7C=> 271<30<37t
2 3
y = cos ^ (cos 3 0)
-1
y = cos |cos(2 Ti - 3 0)1
-1
y = cos {cos (3 0-2 7t)l = 3 0-2t: [●.● 2n<30<3;i=> O<30-27t<7i]
-1 -3 -3
=>
y = 3 cos x~2n => -0 =
dx
ww
lx
EXAMPLE? DijfermtiaUXdcsx ^ with respect to x, if
l-x^
Flo
(i) a: €(-1,1) (ii) xe(-=o,-l) (iii) xe(l,co).
e
ree
lx
SOLUTION Let y = tan
-1
Putting X = tan 0 , we get: y = tan ^ (tan 2 0)
Fr
rF
uurr
(i) If-1 <x<l,then for
X = tan 0 => -1 <tan 0 <1^ - — <0<—=>
4
-■^<20<-^
2 2 4
s
kks
n n
-1 -<20<-
y = tan (tan 2 0) =20
Yo
2 2
oooo
y =
= 2 tan ^ X [●.● X = tan 0 => 0 = tan ^ x]
eB
^ ^
dx i + x^
ur
ad
(ii) If-oo<AT<-l,then
YYo
K n 7t
X = tan 0 => - 00 < tan 0<-l => - — < 0<--^ => -tc<20<- —
2 4 2
dd
y = tan ^ (tan 2 0)
Re
in
n n
Mtan (ji + 2 0)1 = K + 2 0 - Ji<2 0 <- => O<7C+20< —

F
y = tan 2 2
y = n +2 tan" ^ => — = 0 + —^-=-

2
1+/
(iii) If X €(1, oo), then
71 TI 71
X = tan 0^ 1 <tan 0<qo ^ —<0<— ^ —<20<n
4 2 2
y = tan
-1
(tan 2 0)= tan" ^ {- tan (ti - 2 0)| = tan ^ (tan (20 - ti))
V -<20<tc => --<20-ti<O
y = 20-ti 2 2
y =
= 2 tan ^ X-TI ^ ^ -0 =
2
1 + x^ lfx2
3x-x^
EXAMPLES Differentiate tan ^
l-3x^
1 1 1 1
(i) - <x < [NCERTi (ii) x> (iii) X <-
V3 V3 V3
3x
SOLUTION Let y = tan ^ . Putting X = tan 0, we get
1 -3x^
1 3 tan 0 - tan ^ 0
y = tan - tan ^ (tan 3 0)
1-3 tan^ 0
(i) If-4 <x< ^,then
w
V3 V3
X = tan 0 => - ^ < tan 0 < => — < 0 < — =>
n 71 7t
— <39< —
n
V3 V3 6 6 2 2
Flo tan ^ (tan 3 0)= 3 9

71 K
e
y = ●--<30<-
ree
2 2
3 tan ^ X = tan 0^0 = tan ^ x]
FFr
y = X
^ - 5
urr
rfx l + x2 or
1
sf
(ii) Ifx> , then
V3
kks
X = tan 0 ^ tan 0 > -^^=i>-<e<-=3. 3 71

Yo
7T 7t 7C
ooo
-<30<
V3 6 2 2 2
^ (tan 3 0)= tan" ^ {- tan (x - 3 0)} = ^ {tan(3 0-x)}

eB
y = tan tan
n 3 K n n
y = 3 0 -X - < 3 0 < ^ — <30 -x< —
ur
2 2 2 2
ad
3 tan ^ ['/ X = tan 0 => 0 = tan ^ x]

YYo
y = X - X
3
-0 =
dx li-x^
dd
Re
1
in
(iii) Ifx<- > then

V3
F
X = tan 0 => - CO < tan 0 < —i —<0<— =»

X X 3 X
<30<--
X
V3 2 6 2 2
y = tan" ^ (tan 3 0)= tan" ^ (tan (x + 3 0)}

3 X
y = x+30 = x+3 tan ~ ^ x <30< — =^> — <x+30< —
X X X
2 2 2 2
^ = 0+ 3 3
dx 1 + x^ 1 + x^
2x
EXAMPLE 9 Differentiate sin ^ 2 respect to x, ly/iex
1 + x
(i) xe(-l,l) (ii) X€(l,co) (iii) xe(-00,-1)

2x
SOLUTION Let y = sin ^ j Putting X = tan 0, we get
1 + x
2 tan 0
y = sin
. -1
sin ^ (sin 20)
1 + tan^ 0
(i) If:i:e(-l,l),then
X = tan 0 ^ -1 <tan 0<1 => <0<-r => <20< —
4 4 2 2
n K
y = sin ^ (sin 2 0) =20 --<20<-

2 2
ww
y = 2 tan
-1
" x ^ ^ = 2
dx i + x^
(ii) If X e(l, oo), then
Flo
x = tan 0 => 1 < tan 0<oo=^ —<0< — => -2<20<te
e
4 2 2
eree
y = sm ^ (sin 2 0) = sin” ^ (sin (ti - 2 0)) [●●■ sin (n - 2 0) = sin 2 0]
FFr
n 7t
<20<7I=^ O<7T-20< —
y = n-20
uurr
2 2
orr [●.● X = tan 0 0 = tan ^ x]

sfo
y =
= 7t - 2 tan ^ X
dy 2 2
kks
Yoo
= 0-
1 + x^ 1 + x^
oooo
dx
(iii) If X e (- 00, -1), then

eBB
7t 71 K
X = tan 0 ^ - oo < tan 0<-l=> <0<-— ^ -7C<20<-—
2 4 2
{-sin (tt + 2 0)} = sin ^sin (-ti-2 0)}

urr
-1
y = sm ^ (sin 2 0) = sin
ad
n 7C
YYo
*.● -x<20< — =i> — <-7t-20<O

y = -71-20 2 2
dd
y = -71 - 2 tan ^ X [●.* X = tan 0 => 0 = tan ^ x]

Re
inn
dy 2 2
= 0-
F
dx 1 + x^ l + x^
^1-x^
EXAMPLE 10 Differentiate cos ^ ^ respect to x, when
1 + x
(i)X6(0, ®) (ii) X€(-c»,0)

2
1 l-x
SOLUTION Let y = cos . Putting X = tan 0, we get
V
1 + x^
1 1 - tan^ 0 cos ■ ^ (cos 2 0)
y = cos
1 + tan^ 0 J
(i) If X e(0, oo), then
X = tan 0 ^ 0 < tan 0<qo^ O<0< — Ô<20<ti
2
y = cos ^ (cos 2 0) = 2 0 [v O<2 0<7i]

y = 2 tan ^ x X = tan 0 => 0 = tan
-1
X]
dy _ 2
1 + x^
(ii) If a: € (- CO, 0), then
X = tan 0 => - 00 < tan 0 < 0 => - — <0<O^-7T <20<O
2
y = cos" ^ (cos 2 0) = cos

-1
{cos (-2 0))= -2 0 [●●■ -K<20<O=>O<-20<rt]
y = - 2 tan
-1 ^ - 2
ww
X =>
dx
EXAMPLE 11 Differentiate each of the following functions with respect to x

( 1
l-x^
Flo
-1
(i) cos ,0<x<l [NCERT] (ii) sin"^ ,0<x<l [NCERT]
e
1 + x^
ere
FFr
2x 1
(iii) cos ^ ,-l<x<l [NCERT] (iv) sec"^ , 0 <x <
1
[NCERT]
^/2
uurr
2X^ -1
orr
sfo
( 1
1 1-x^
SOLUTION (i) Let y = cos , where 0 < x < 1. Puttingx = tan 0, we obtain
kks
Yoo
oooo
-1 1-tan^ ^
y = cos cos ^ (cos 2 0)
eBB
1 + tan^ 0
7t n
y = 20 0<x<l=>0< tan 0<1=>O<0< — =>O<20< —
urr
4 2
ad
y = 2 tan ^ 1
YYo
X
[v x = tan 0 => 0 = tan" x]
dy 2
dx 1 + x^
dd
Re
inn
l-x2
(ii) Let y = sin ^ , where 0 < x < 1. Putting x = tan 0, we get
F
l+x^
. -1 1 - tan'^ 0
in ^ (cos 2 0) = sin
-1 7C
y = sm sin —2 0 ●
1 + tan^ 0 ^2
n
y = --20 vO<x<l=>O<tan0<l=>O<0<-=>O<20<-=>O<--20<-
4 2 2 2
— - 2 tan ^ X [●●● X = tan 0 => 0 = tan

1
x]
y = 2
^=0- 2 2
dx 1 +x^ 1 + x^
2x
(iii) Let y = cos ^ , where -1 < x < 1. Putting x = tan 0, we get
1+x^
10.46 MATHEMATICS-XIt
2 tan 0 -1 n
y = cos
-1
cos ^ (sin 2 0) = cos ■ cos --20 ^
1 + tan^ 0 2
--20
2
●.-l<x<l=>-l<tan0<l=>--<0<-=>--^<20<-^=>
4 4 2 2
0 <^-20
2
<7i
-2
y = ^-2tan-' X => ^ -
2 dx l + x^
-1 1
(iv) Let y = sec , where 0 cr < Putting X = cos 0, we obtain
2x^ -1 V2
ww
1 1 1 -1
y = sec
-1
cos ^2 cos^ 0-1) sec cos X
2 cos^ 9-1 X
y = cos ^ (cos 2 0)
Flo
e
1
^ => 0 < cos 0 <
K K
0 < a: < =^>O<0<—=5-O<20< —
y = 20
eree
=>
V2 V2 4 2
^x]
FFr
=> y =
= 2 cos X [●.* a: = cos 0 => 0 = cos
uurr
^y _ 2
dx
^1-x
2
orr
sfo
EXAMPLE 12 Dijferentiate each of the following functions with respect to x:
kks
Yoo
1 1
(i) sin ^ 2x -Jl -X (ii) cos ^ 2x -Jl -x^
1 1
oooo
2
, =<X<-!= / r= <X <—!^
V2 V2 V2 y/2
eBB
_ 1 f I 2 1 1
SOLUTION (i) Lety = sin 2xJl-x , where- -7= <X <-r= . Putting a: = sin 0, we get
42 V2
urr
. -1 1
y = sm (2 sin 0 cos 0) = sin (sin 20)
ad
YYo
1 1 1 1 n n n
< sin 0 < =>--<0<-=>--<20<-
y = 20
V2 V2 V2 V2 4 4 2 2
dd
y = 2 sin" ^ X [●.● X = sin 0 9 = sin ^ x]

Re
inn
dy 2
F
dx
1
2x -jl - x^
-1
(ii) Let y = cos , where —7 <x< . Putting X = sin 0, we get
42 42
-1 Tt
y = cos ^ (2 sin 0 cos 0) = cos ^ (sin 2 0) = cos < cos --20

2
i-
1 1 1
—?= < sm 0 <
● Q 1 =>
n
--<0<-
7C
-j= <x <-7=

Tt
-20
V2 V2 V2 V2 4 4
y =
2 Tt Tt Tt
— <20<— => 0< — 20<Tt
2 2 2
Tt
y = — 2 sin
1
’x ['.● X = sin 8 0 = sin ^ x]
2
2
= 0- ^ - 2
dx dx
EXAMPLE 13
1 - cos X -1 1 - cos X
(i) tan ^ ● ● , -Tt <X <71 (ii) tan ● , -7C<X < 7t
r
sm X + cos X
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
1 + cos X
(iii) tan ^ ■
cos X
1 - cos X
● , 0 <X <Tt (iv) tan ^ ● 1 + sin X
, 0 <X < 71
ww
1 + sin X
(v) tan ^ ●
7U 71
1 - sin X
> , — <x < —
2 2
(vi) tan ^ (sec X + tan x),<x
2
< —2
Flo
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
e
eree
1 - cos X
SOLUTION (i) Let y = tan ^ .Then,
sin X
T
FFr
2 X
uurr
2 sin
tan ^
y =
X
2
X
= tan
-1
tan —
X
2j
X
2 orr ■.'-71<X<7C=^>
TC
2
X
<—< —
2
71
2
sfo
2 sin — cos
2 2
^ = i
kks
Yoo
oooo
ix 2
1 - cos X
eBB
-1
(ii) Lety = tan ●.Then,
V + cos X
urr
-1 X X
tan tan — if tan — > 0
2 sin^ x/2
ad
tan'^ . -1 X
2j' 2
YYo
y = = tan tan — =
^ 2 cos^ x/2 2
tan ^ - tan —
X X
if tan — < 0
2j ' 2
dd
Re
inn
X 1
if 0 <x<7c if 0 <x < 71
2 ' ^ - 2 '
y =
F
X
dx 1
if-TC<x<0 if -71 <x < 0
2 ' 2 '
(iii) Lety = tan

-1 |T + cos X ●. Then,
P- cos X
-1 2 cos^ x/2 = tan ^

X -1 X
y = tan cot — = tan cot —
^ 2 sin^ x/2 2 2/
y = tan ^ - tan 71 _ X K X
2 2 2 2
^ = 0--1 1
dx 2 2
-1 COS .r
(iv) Lett/ = tan .Then,
1 + sin X
n 71 X > K X
sin - + X 2 sin 1 cos + -
2 4 2 4 2,
^tan -1
If = tan ^ ■ /
=
2 sin^
71 n X
1 - COS + X h —
{ 2 I 4 2 J
oww
Tt Tt X n X
^ -1 . 7t X = tan ^ ● tan
y = tan cot — + —
I 4 2 2 i, 4 2 4 2
^ - 0
1 1
dx 2 2
e
re
-1 1 + sin X
●. Then,
FFrllo
(v) Lety = tan
1 - sin X
rF
ee
- 1 ll -cos{7t/2 + x) = tan
. -1
^
2 sin^ (tt/4 + x/2)
ouru
tan <
y =
^ 2 cos^ {7t/4 + x/2)
sor rF
^ 1 + cos {n/2 + x)
-1 . 71 Tl X n K ^ X X n
tan —+— \
kffo
y = tan — H
4 2 2 2 4 2 2
4 2
os
^ ^ 1
ook
Yo
Y
dx 2
Bo
(vi) Lety = tan~^ (sec x + tan x).Then,

reeB
7t
ouY
1 - cos - + X
1 sin X -1 12
ur
^ -1 < ● = tan
y = tan
■
ad
COS X cos X 71
Yo
sin - + X
2
d
nidn
2 7T X
2 sin
Re
4 2 x^ 71 X
^ ● tan
7C
-1
■ = tan h — +
y = tan
r
F
4 2 4 2
Fi
^ . 71 X 71 X
2 sm - + - cos - + -
4 2 4 2
^ = i
dx 2
EXAMPLE 14 Differentiate the folloiuing functions with respect to x:

1 + x^
■Jl + X + X (ii) tan ^
-1
(i) tan ,xeR -x ,xsR
-1 +/ +1
(iii) tan
-1
■ ,x^0 [CBSE 2004, 2012] (iv) tan ^ ■ X
,x^0
X
(v) cot
-1
1 + + X (vi) tan ^
- sm X
] , 0 <x < 7t.

+ sm X -
Vi - sm X
ICBSE2004J
SOLUTION (i) Let y = tan ^ (■Jl + x^ + x). Putting x = cot 9, we get

1 cos 0 1 + cos 0
y = tan ^ (cosec 0 + cot 0) = tan ^ sin 0 sin 0
=
^
tan
-1
sin 0
2 0
2 cos
0 0 n 1
y = tan ^ 2
= tan
-1
cot — = tan < tan --0
ww
0.9
2 sm - cos 0- 2 u 2 2 2
2 2 J
n 1
y = r cot ^ X [●.● X = cot 0 0 = cot ^ x]
Flo
2 2
e
eree
^ = 0-^1 1 1
dx 2 l + x^ 2(1 +.T^)
FFr
(ii) Let y = tan ^ (-^1 + x^ -x). Putting x = cot 0, we get
uurr
orr 2 0
sfo
2 sin
-1 1 - cos 0
y = tan ^ (cosec 0-cot 0) - tan
,
= tan
-1
0
2
0
kks
sin 0
Yoo
2 sin - cos -
oooo
2 2
, -if,tan —0 = i 0 = i cot ^ X
eBB
y = tan
2) 2 2
dy _ \ 1 1
urr
dx 2
2{l + x^)
ad
YYo
+ -1
(iii) Let y = tan ^ . Putting X = tan 0, we get
dd
X
Re
inn
2 0 1
F
2 sin
y = tan
1 sec 0-1
= tan
-1 1 - cos 0
= tan ^ 2
= tan
-if tan 0
—
tan 0 sin 0 0 0
2 sin ● ● cos 2;
2 2
y = le = 1
— tan
-1
X => ^ = i 1
2 2 dx 2 l + x^
(iv) Let y = tan ^ .Jl + x^ + 1 . Putting X = tan 0, we get

X
2 0
2 cos
_1 sec 0 + 1 -1 1 + cos 0 ●1 2
y = tan = tan = tan
tan 0 sin 0
2 sin - cos -
2 2J
'7t_e'
f
n 1 n 1
tan ^ cot — = tan ^ tan 0 = tan
y =
2) U 2) 2 2 2 2
^ = 0-lx 1 1
2
dx 2 1 + x^ 2(l + r)
(v) Let y = cot“^ (Jl + x^ + x). Putting x = cot 0, we get

20 ^
/
/
2 cos
-1 1 + COS0
y = cot”\cosec 0 + cot 0) = cot = cot”^ 2 = cot cot —
sin 0 2 sm - cos - \ 2)
2 2j
ww
y = i 0 = - cot ^ :c
2 2
dy 1
Flo
— “ T—5"
e
ere
(vi) Let y = tan”^ ^1 + sin a: + ^1 - sin a: . We know that:
FFr
^1 + sin a: - ^1 - sin jc
uurr
n2
^l + skiAc = ^sin^^ + cos^| + 2sin|cos| orr /■
2
AC
COS - + sin -
AC AC
COS - + sin -
AC
sfo
2J 2 2
kks
^1 + sin AC = cos — + sin — , for 0 < ac < jl

Yo
oooo
2 2
n2
eBB
JC
2 AC . 2 ^ ^ 3C
cos - - sin - COS - - sin -
and, ^1 - sin AC = cos - + sm
2
— 2 sm - cos -
2 2 2 2 2j 2 2
urr
AC a: n
cos — sin — if 0 <AC < —
2 '
ad
2 2
YYo
sin AC =
' X x^ 71
cos - - sin - if -<AC<71
2 2j ' 2
dd
Re
Thus, we have following cases:

inn
F
Case I Wien 0 < AC < -; In this case, we obtain

2
N /
X AC AC . AC
COS — + sin — + cos — sm —
2 2) [ 2 2)
= tan ^ cot- =tan ^
\ /
7C _X
\
y = tan ^ X X
\ /
AC Jc'^ V 2J
tan
I2 2J
cos — + sin — COS - - sin -
V
2 2) V 2 2J
- 7t 71 71 AC 7t
7t _£ V 0<AC<- =>
=> y = 7T 2 4 2 2 2
2 2
1
= 0--
<fAC 2 2
7t
Casell YJhen —<x<n: In this case, we obtain
2
X
cos - + sm -- 4
f sin X
— cos -
-1 2 2 2 2 . -1 , X X
y = tan = tan tan — =
X' X X 2 2
cos - 4- sin - sin — cos -
2 2J [ 2 2J
^ = 1
dx 2
EXAMPLE 15 Differentiate the following functions luith respect to x:

fl 4- X
(i) tan ^ 1-ax
(ii) tan
-1 a - X
, -fl <x <fJ
a + X
ooww
3a^ x-x^ 1 X 1
(iii) tan ^
a ^ - 3ax^ a ^V3 INCERT EXEMPLAR]
<7 cos X - b sin X

(iv) tan ^
71 7t a
e
— < X < — and - tan X > -1 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
b cos X 4- fl sin X ' 2 2 b
ere
rFl
SOLUTION (i) — J tan ^ d
Fre
a + X
dx 1 - ax dx
jtan ^ « 4- tan ^ x]= —
dx
(tan ^ a) + dx (tan
-1
x)
rrF
1 1
= 0 +
sffoo
ouur
kosk
-1 a-x
(ii) Let y = tan ●, where -a <x < a. Substituting x = a cos 0, we get
Yo
a + X
oo
Y
BB
2 0
2 sin
a-a cos 0 1 - cos 0
-1 . -1 I -1 ^ -1 tan
, — 0
rre
y = tan >■ = tan > = tan — ■ = tan

2 0
a + a cos 0
^ 1 4- COS 0
I
2
2 cos
ouu
2
Y
ad
Now,
dY
0 / \
-a <x<a and x = a cos 0 => -a <a cos 0<fl=>-l<cos0<l=j‘0e(O, tc)=>—e 0,—
' ^ 2 I 2
innd
Re
y = tan tan — = tan -if.tan —Q] = —1„0 = —1 cos -irx^

Fi
F
2| 2) 2 2
1 1 d (X 1
— X = X —
dx 2 2 dx\a 2
1_£. -X
i
(iii) Let y = tan ^ 3a^x-x^] . Then,
a ^ - 3ax^
3x X
\3"l
tan ^
a
\.(fj
y =
\2 [Dividing numerator and denominator by a ]
1-3 ^
a
X
Putting — = tan 0, we get
a
1 3 tan 0 - tan ^ 0 -1
y = tan = tan (tan 3 0)
1-3 tan^ 0
1 X 1 7C It n Tt
y = 30 => — <0<-=^ — <30<-

a -Js 6 6 2 2
-1 X
y = 3 tan a
dy _ 3 d fx^ 1 3a
ww
=- X — -
2 2 X -a = ^^ 2
dx X 2 dx\a a + x^ a +x
1 + ^'
a
Flo
a cos X - b sin a:
(iv) Let y = tan ^ . Then,
e
& cos X + sin X
ree
a
Fr
— tan X
rF
y = tan-l -b [Dividing numerator and denominator by b cos x]
uurr
a
1 + tan X for
b
r It n
-1 a
- - tan ^ (tan x) = tan
s
--<x<—
y = tan -X
kks
b 2 2
\^J j
Yo
oooo
^ = 0-1 == -1
eB
dx

ur
^ i and 0 < X < 1, thenfind dx

ad
EXAMPLE 16 J/y = sin X A 1 - X

YYo
SOLUTION We have. [CBSE 2010]

dd
,/r^- xJl -x^

.. -1
Re
y = sm X , where 0 < x < 1

in
F
y = sm
. -1
x.jl -(Vx)^ X Jl-X^
y = sin N X -JlTy^ -
. -1
y = sin ^ X - sin ^ Using : sin ^ x - sm
1 1 1 1
dy _ 1 X —p=
dx -X ijx
-1 dy
EXAMPLE 17 If y = COS x/^ + and 0<x<l, find
dx
SOLUTION We have.
y = cos
^ |xA/r^ +V^Vl^^^| =COS ^ |x .^1 -ifx)^ +^Jx^|l-x^
n . -1 Tt . -1
sin ÂT + sm 'X
J/ = 2
-sm
^ . -1 . -1 -1 .. -1
y= —sin X -sm cos a: - sm
u
dy _ 1 1 1
dx
Vl 24x^|l-x^
EXAMPLE 18 |fy = tan

-1 ^1 + X^+Jl-X^ ,-l<x<l, find
<^y
Jl + x^ -f-x^ dx
ww
ICBSE 2015]
SOLUTION Putting x^ - cos 20, we get
■Jl cos^ 9 + -^2 0
Flo
y = tan
^1 + cos 20 + - cos 20 = tan
-1
e
J2 cos^ 0 --^2 sin^ 0
+ cos 20 - cos 20
ree
Fr
rF
-1 cos 0 + sin 0 -1 1 + tan 0 -1 n
y = tan = tan = tan tan — + 0
uurr
cos 0 - sin 0 1 - tan 0
n
for
y = -+0 v0<x^ <1=> 0<cos 20 <1=> 0 <20 <-=> O<0 <-=>-<- +0<-
s
4 2 4 4 4 2
kks
71 1 -12
Yo
1 -12
oooo
y = - + - cos X cos 2 0 = => 0 = — COS X

■^ 4 2 2
eB
r
2x
^ = A 71
+ —2 — (cos ^ x^) = 0 + 1 (-1) d
{x^) =-rx
- X
dx dx [4
U^-x
dx 4 dx 2
ur
f 2
ad
-1 2x -1 1-x^
YYo
EXAMPLE 19 Differentiate sin + cos . with respect to x, if

1 +
\
1 + x^
dd
(i) xe(0,l) (ii) A:e(-1,0) (iii) X e(l,») (iv) X€(-co,-1)

Re
f 2
in
-1 2a: -1 1-x^
SOLUTION Lety = sin + cos
. Putting X = tan 0, we get
F
1 + x^ V,
1 +a:^
r 2
. -1 2 tan 0 -1 1 - tan^ 0 :-l
y = sm + cos sm (sin 2 0) + cos" ^ (cos 2 0)
1 + tan ^ 9 1 + tan^ 0
(i) 0 < te < 1: We have,
a: = tan 0 and bcA:<l=> O<tan0<l => O<0< — => O<20< —
4 2
y = sin ^(sin20) + cos ^ (cos 2 0) = 20 +20 = 40 = 4 tan ^ a: [v a: = tan 0 => 0 = tan ^ x]

^ - 4
dx 1 + a:^
(ii) VWien -1 < a; < 0: We have.
7t 7C
x - tan 0 and -1<a:<0^ -1< tan 0<O=> — <0<O=i> — <29<0
4 2
in ^ (sin 2 0) = 20 and cos ^ (cos 2 0) = cos ^ {cos(-2 0)) =-2 9.

1/ = sm (sin 2 0) + cos” ^ (cos 2 0)= 2 0 + (- 2 0) = 0
^ = 0.
dx
(iii) When a: e(l, co) We have,

71 n n
X = tan 0 and 1<a:<co^ 1< tan 0<oo^ ~<0<—=> —<20<tc
4 2 2
w
cos ^ (cos 2 0) =2 0 and sin” ^ (sin 2 0) = sin” ^ |sin (ti -2 0)1 = tc-2 0
y = sin” ^ (sin 2 0) + cos” ^ (cos 2 0) = 7t-20 + 20 = k

^ = 0.
roow
e
dx
re
(iv) W?ie72 a: e (- 00, -1): We have,
X = tan 0 and -oo<x<-l ^ -®< tan 0<-l=> <0<- — => -7t<20<-
reF
—
uFFll 2 4 2
e
sin ^ (sin 2 0)= sin ^ {- sin (7t + 2 0)1 = sin ^ (sin (-:: - 2 6)} = - tu - 2 0
and, cos” ^ (cos 2 0) = cos Mcos(-2 0)1 = -2 9
sFr
-1
foro
y = sin” ^ (sin 2 0) + cos ^ (cos 2 0)=-7c-20-20=-;t-4 tan X
uor
fk ['.● X = tan 0 0 = tan ^ x]
okso
^ = 0- 4
■I
4
Y
dx
Yo
l + x'’ 1 +
oo
BB
f 2^
EXAMPLE 20 Differentiate \zxv ^
2x lz£
+ cos
\ + x
2 with respect to x, when
rYree
V
ouu
(i) X€(0,1) (ii) X€(l, oo) (iii) a: €(-1,0) (iv) xe(-o),-1)

ad
Ydo
f 2
-1 2x 1 1--.^
SOLUTION Lety = tan + cos . Putting X = tan 0 , we get
l-x" 1 + a:^
nidn
/ 2
Re
2 tan 0 -1 1 - tan^ 0
y = tan
-1
+ cos = tan ^ (tan 2 0) + cos ^ (cos 2 0)
F
1 + tan^ 0
Fi
1 - tan^ 0
(i) When x e (0,1): We have,
0 < X < 1 and x = tan0=> O<tan0<l=> O<0<—=> O<20< —
4 2
^ tan ^ (tan 2 0) = 2 0 and cos” ^ (cos 2 9) = 2 0

y = tan”\tan 20) + cos”^(cos20) = 20 + 20=40 = 4tan“^x [v x = tan0^ 0 = tan”^x]
dy _ 4
I+ x^
(ii) When x e (1, oo): We have, x > 1 and x = tan 0
tan0>l => —<0<—^ —<20<7i=> - <20<tc and - — <20-t:<O
4 2 2 2 2
-1
cos (cos 2 0) =20
and. tan ^(tan29)=tan ^ -tan(n-20) =-tan ^ (tan (ic - 20)| =-{:c - 20) = 20- 7t.
y = tan" ^ (tan 2 9) + cos ^ (cos2 9) = 20-ti + 20

-1
= 4 0 - X = 4 tan x-n
^ - 4
-0 =
4
dx l + x2 1 + :^^
(iii) When a: e (-1, 0): We have.
n 7U
-1 < < 0 and X = tan0 => -l<tan0<O=^ — <0<O=> — <29<0
4 2
=i>
tan" ^ (tan 2 0) = 20 and cos ^ (cos 2 9) = cos Mcos(-2 0)1 = -2 0
y = tan ” ^ (tan 2 0) + cos” ^ (cos 2 0) = 2 0 + (- 2 0) = 0
^ = 0
ww
dx
(iv) When a: €(-00,-1): We have,-00 < a: <-l and x = tan 0
n n
Floo
- CO < tan 0<-l=o -~<0<-—^ -n<20<-—=> — <-2 0< 7c,and O<t:+20< —
2 4 2 2 f 2
^ cos ^ (cos 2 0) = cos (cos (-2 0)} = -2 0
-1
ree
and, tan” ^ (tan 2 0)= tan” ^ {tan (k + 2 0)} = 7t + 2 0
rFee
y = tan ^ (tan 2 0) + cos ^ (cos 2 0) = tc + 20-20 = k
^ = 0.
F
oor r
rur
dx
s ff
■yjl -x'^.find ^ in each of thefollowing cases:
-1 . -1
EXAMPLE 21 Z/y = sin ’ a: + sin
osk
YYoou
(i) a: € (0,1) (ii) a;g(-1,0) [NCERT]

oook
SOLUTION Putting a: = sin 0, we obtain : y = sin” ^ (sin 0) + sin” ^ (cos 0)

eBB
(i) We have,
X e (0,1) and x = sin0=> O<sin0<l=> O<0<—=> 0< — - 0< —
2 2 2
uur r
ad
y = sin ^ (sin 0) + sin” ^ (cos 0) =sin”\sin 0) + sin-sin --0 -=0 + —-0= —

Yo
.2 2 2
^ = 0
dY
dx
Re
idn
(ii) We have, a: e (-1, 0) and x = sin0=5> -l<sin0<O=> <0<O

FFin
sin ^ (sin 0) = 0 and sin ^ (cos 0) = sin

-1 n n
■ sin — + 0 = - + 0
.2 2
y = sm ^ (sin 0) + sin ^ (cos 0)=0 + —2 + 0= —2 + 2 sin ^ x

dy =_ 0_ +
2 2
dx
EXERCISE 10.3
BASIC

1. cos ^ l^<x<l 2. cos ^
1 +x
■ , -1 <AT <1
'V2 V 2
.. -1 1 -X . -1
3. sm ●,0 <x <1 4. sin ,0 <x <1
■ V 2
X . -1 .t
5. tan"^ 2 2
■,-a <x <a 6. sm
2 2
a -X X + a
(l-2x^),0<x<l
. -1
7. sin ^ (2x^-1), 0 <x <1
w
8. sm
-1 X -1 sm X
9. cos 10. tan -7i<x<7t[NCERTl
2 2 1 + cos X
X + <J
e
row
re
2n
. -1 1 -1 1 -X
11. sm 12. cos
2n
, 0 <x < 00
1 + x
FFllo
eeF
f.1 f 2
-a: 2 1 1 +x^
13.
.
sm
u-1
1 +x^
+ sec ,xeR 14 tan
-1 a‘ + X
1 -<7X
r
sFr
-Jx -i- -Ja
kro
-1 <7 + tan X
15. tan ^ 16. tan
uor
1 - Jxfl b - tan X
offo
-1 a+ bx -1 X -fl
18. tan
kos
17. tan
Y
b - ax X + a
Yo
eerBB
oo
-1 X ^ -1 5x 1 1
rY
19. tan 20. tan < <x<
l + 6x^ 1 -6x 2 r"V6 V6

u
1/3 1/3
cos X + sin X 7T n . -1 ^ + a
21. tan ^ ●
ou
22. tan < -

ad
do
>, <x <-

cos X - sm X
I 4 4 1 -(flX)
1/3
nY
x+l
. -1 2 -1 4x 1 1
24. tan
nid
23. sm [CBSE 20131 / — <x < —

Re
1 + 4'’^ l-4x^ 2 2
F
Fi
x + l
2 2a^
25. tan
-1
, -00 <x <0 26. tan ^ 2x
,fl>l ,-oo<x<0
1 -4^ 1 -a
27. tan
-1 f 1 + cosx fCBSE 20181
sinx /
BASED ON LOTS
sm X + cos X 3 K -1 cos X + sm X TI 7t
28. sin ^
71
<x < — 29. cos > , <X <-
V2 4 4 V2 4 4
[NCERT EXEMPLARl
X
-1
31. tan ^ ■
X
30. tan ,-1<x <1 , - < X < fl
2 ( 2 2
1+Jl-X a + -X
-1
X+ -x^ 1 1 -1
X + Jl - x^
32. sin < , - < X < -j=
33. COS ■
,-l<x<l
V2 ^/2 V2 V2
34. sin -1 / + X +
,0 <x <1 35. tan
-1
,x?t0
2 ax
BASED ON HOTS
/ 2
-1 2x -1 1 + X
36. Ify =sin + sec :r , 0 < X < 1, prove that — = —
1 + x^ 2 dx I+x^
ooww
1 -X
, 0 < X < CO, prove that ^ = —^-r-.

-1 X -1 1
37. If 1/ =s sin + cos
"
dx 1 + x^
e
38. Differentiate the following with respect to x:
ree
rFl
(i) cos ^ (sin x)
-1 1-x
INCERT,CBSE2004]
Fre
(ii) cot
1 + x
1 + sin X + ^
rrF
- sm X
-1
INCERTJ
39. If y = cot ■ , show that is independent of x.
ouur
+ sin X -
sffoo - sin X dx
lx
okks
-1
40. Ify = tan + sec , X > 0, prove that — = —-
Yo
l-x^ dx 1 + x^
oo
Y
BB
41. -1 X +1 dy
If y = sec + sin , X > 0. Find -3-.
x-1 x + 1 dx
rre
ouu
1-x
42. If y = sin 2 tan ^ ■ ,£ind^
YY
ad
+ X dx
If y = cos ^ (2x) + 2 cos ^ Jl - 4x^ , 0 < x < —, find

dd
43.
—.
'' 2 dx
Re
iinn
1 2
44. If the derivative of tan~^ {a +bx) takes the value 1 at x = 0, prove thatl + a =b.
F
45.
If y = cos ^ (2x) + 2 cos" ^ ^Jl -4 x^ , - —2 < X < 0, find dx
46. If y = tan ^ 1/ + X -
■ , find — .
dy [CBSE2003,2008]
/ + X + dx
47.
Ify = cos ^ 2x-3^1-x^ , find
dy
. ICBSE 2010]
Vl3 dx
x+l
2 3^
48. Differentiate sin"^-I — ^ with respect to x. [CBSE2013]
l+(36)*
1 1 dy
49.
Ify = sin~^ 6xVl -9x^ ',—3V2 <x <
3V2
, then find
dx
[CBSE2017J
ANSWERS
i
2 1 1 1
2. - 3. - 4.
2^1-x^
1 a 2 -2
5. 7. 8.
"●-2 2
■Jl
2 fl + a:
-a:
n-1
a 1 1 2«a:
9. - 10. - 11. - 12.
2
+ AT
2
2 1 +a:^ 1 + x
2n
1 1
13. 0 14. 15. 16. 1
1 +a:^ 2 (1 + a:)
1 a 3 2
ww
17.
1 +
18* “2
a + X
2
19.
1+9 1 + 4a^
3 2 1
20. 21. 1 22.
1 +9 ' 1 + 4 A^
Flo
e
A+ 1
4 2 loge 2 2● log a
eree
23. -log 2 24. 25. 26.
2x
1 + 4 1 +4a^ 1 + 4* 1 + fl
FFr
1 1
27. 28. 1 29. -1 30.
oorr 2^1-x^
uur r
2
sf
1 1 1 1
31. 32. 33. - 34.
2-Jl^
2
l-A^
sk
-A
Yoo
V
ooko
1 a 1
38. (i) -1 (ii) 41. 0
eBB
35. -
2 l+.Â^ 1 + A^
-A 2 6 1
uurr
42. 43. 45. - 46.
2^tT?
ad
Yo
47.
-1
48.
2 (log 6) 6^ 49.
6
dY
1+36* Vi-9a^
Re
innd
H/WTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

FFi
15. Given function = tan ^ + tan ^ -Ja

-1 (a/b) + tan A
16. Given function - tan = tan ^ {a/b) + tan ^ (tan a)
1 - {a/b) tan a
17. Given function I = tan ^ ■ {a/b) + A ● = tan ^ {a/b) + tan ^ a

l-{a/b)x
-1 l-(iZ/A)
18. Given function = tan = tan ^ (1) - tan ^ («/a)
1 + {a/x)
3a - 2a
19. Given function - tan ^ = tan
-1
3a - tan ^ 2a
1 + (3a)(2a)
20. Given function = tan~^ 3a + tan~^ 2a

1 + tan X
21. Given function =tan ^ = tan ^ (1) + tan ^ (tan x) = 4
K
+ X
1 - tan X
22. Given function =tan -1 x..1/3 + tan

-1 .1/3
a
-1 -1
36. Puttings = tan 9, we gety = 2 tan a: + 2 tan a: = 4 tan ^x
39. We have.
y = cot i\£ + sin X + -sm a:

,0<a:<-
71
+ sin a:
- .yi - sin a: 2
n2 n2
X X X X
cos — + sin — + cos - + sm -
2 2 2 2
cot ^ ●
ww
y =
^2 \2
X X X X
cos - + sin cos — sin —
t 2 2) 2 2.
X
cos - + sin -
X
+ cos
X
FF loo
-sin
X
ree
2 2 2 2
1
y = cot
X X X X
cos - + sin - cos — sin
reFe
2 2 2 2
oroFr
rur
X X X X
cos — + sin — + cos — sin -
s ff
2 2. 2 2;
.-1 7T
cot
/■
● ,0<x<
k
4
YYouo
X X X X
cos - + sin cos — sin
okso
2 2j I 2 2
BBoo
y =
X X \ /■ X
r ee
X
cos --- + sin ' cos - sin -
2 2; 2 2j
cot ^ 17
7C
— <X < —
7t
ad
X X~1 f X X '4
ouur
2
cos ● + sin - + cos — sin -
Yo
2 2> 2 2
d
idnY
Re
- 1 X 7t .-1 X 7C
cot cot — ,0<x x<- cot cot ,0<x<
2 4
2J 4
FFin
=> y = => y =
-1 X 71 7C
cot ^ ■ cot
7C X 71 71
cot tan — - < X < - — <x < —
2. '4 2 1,2 2 '4 2
X 7t 1 71
-,0<x<- , 0< X < -
2 4 ^y _ 2 4
y =
71 X 71 71 dx 1 71 71
— <X < < X <
2 2'4 2 2 ' 4 2
Hence, — is independent of x.
dx
-1 X +1 -1 x-1 -1
41. Use: sec = cos and cos 0 + sin ^ 0 = -
x-1 x + 1 2
43.
Putting 2x - cos 0, we get
y = 0 + 2 cos ^ (sin 0) = 0 + 2 cos ^ {cos{n/2 -0)) =0 + 2{n/2 -0) = 7t-0 = 7i -cos”^ (2x)
dx
10.6 RELATION BETWEEN AND
dx
Let X and y be two variables connected by a relation of the form f{x, y) = 0. Let Ax be a small
change in x and let Ay be the corresponding change in y. Then,
^ = lim Ay
and, —
dx
lim
Ax
dx Ax-»0 Ax <^y AX^0 Ay

Ay Ax
Now, —^ X — = 1
Ax Ay
lim Ay Ax _ 1
Ax->0 Ax Ay
ooww
Ay X Ax
lim —^ lim = 1 [*.' Ax -> 0 o Ay -> 0]
A X ^0 Ax AyÔ Ay
dy dx
= 1^^ = 1
dx dy dx dxidy
e
ree
rFl
10.7 DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS
Fre
Up till now we have discussed derivatives of functions of the form y = / (x). If the variables x and
rrF
y are connected by a relation of the form/ (x, y) = 0 and it is not possible or convenient to express
y as a function x in the form y = (j> (x), then y is said to be an implicit function of x. To find in
ouur
sffoo
such a case, we differentiate both sides of the given relation with respect to x, keeping in mind
okks
that the derivative of 4>(y) with respect to x is — ● —.

dy dx
Yo
oo
dy d , 2. . dy
-^(siny) =
Y
For example
BB
dx dx dx dx
d d dy
rre
It should be noted that — (sin y) = cos y but — (sin y) = cos y ●

dy dx dx
ouu
Similarly, — (y^) = 3y^ whereas — (y^) = 3 y^ —.

YY
ad
dy dx dx
dd
Re
iinn

F
EXAMPLE 1 Ifax^ + 2 hxy + by^ + 2 <?x + 2/y + c = Q,find—and—. Also, show that —■— =1.
^ ^ ^ ^ dx dy dx dy
SOLUTION We have, ax^ + 2 hxy + by^ + 2gx + 2_/y + c =0 ...(i)
Differentiating both sides of this with respect to x, we get
-^(«x2)
dx
+ -^(2bxy)
dx
+ -^(by2)+~(2gx)
dx dx
+ ^(2^)
dx
+ -^(c)
dx
= -^(0)
dx
=> a
f(x^) + 2hf(xy)+bf{/)
dx dx dx + 2g-f(x)
dx + 2f-f{y)
dx +0 = 0
2ax + 2h X ^
dx
+ y] + bly^ + 2gxl + 2fx^ = 0
dx dx
dy
^ {2hx + 2by-i-2f) + 2ax + 2hy + 2g = 0
dx
dy _ l{ax + hy + g) _ ax + hy + g ...(ii)
dx
l{hx + hy+f) yhx + hy + f J
Differentiating both sides of (i) with respect to y, we obtain
dy
+ A{2;.
dy
xy) + Ady (b/) + ±^2gx)
dy
+ -f(2fy)
dy
+ j-
dy
(c) = ^
dy
(0)
a
A(x2)
dy
+ 2h ■f(.xy)+b
dy
A(y2)
dy
+ 2g A
dy
(X) + 2/ A(y)
dy
+ A(c)
dy
=0
a Ix^ +2/1 y — + x +b{2y) + 2g — + 2fxl + Q = 0

dy] dy ' ^ dy ^
ooww
^_Jl{hx + hy+f) _ hx + by+f
...(iii)
dy 2{ax + hy + g) ax + hy + g^
From (ii) and (iii), we obtain
dy dx _ ax + hy->rg\ hx + by+f\_^
e
ree
dx dy hx + by+f ax + hy + g
rFl
EXAMPLE 2 //x^ + 2xy + y^=42,;ind^
Fre
dx
rrF
2 3
SOLUTION We have, x + 2:cy + y =42. Differentiating both sides of this with respect to x, we
ouur
get
sffoo
A(x2) + 2-A(xy) + A(y3)=_^(42)
okks
dx dx dx dx
Yo
2x + 2fx^ + yl+3y^^ =0
oo
Y
[ dx ^ ^ ' dx
BB
2x + 2y + ^{2x+?, y^) = 0 => ^{2x+Zy^) = - 2 (x + y) ^ = 2(:c + y)

rre
dx dx dx
(2x+3y^)'
ouu
EXAMPLES Ifx^+y^ = 3axy,Hnd^

YY
ad
dx
SOLUTION Differentiating both sides of the given relation with respect to x, we get
dd
d / 3\ d , _ d . .
—
dx (* ) + ^(y ) = 3a —(xy)
Re
iinn
dx
3x^ + 3yÂ = 3JxA

F
+ y
dx dx I-
(3y^-3tix)^
dx
= 3fly-3x^ => 3(y^-flx)^
dx
= 3(ay-x^)=> ^
dx
=
ay-x
2
y -ax
EXAMPLE 4 If log {x^ + y^) = 2 tan ^ — , show that — =^ ^ .

\^ ) dx x-y
fi / 2
7- 1 log
dx
+ y
J dx
—S
1
S- X 2x
1
d fy]
2 2
X +y
dx
l + (y/xf dxyx
dy
2 X
-y X 1
2
1
±(x^) + ±(y^)\ = 2x
-^{dx do: 2
a:
2
dx
2
a: +y a: +y a:
w
X +y I a: +y
= 2\x-^-y
1 dx
e
x-¥\f^
dx
= x^-y
dx
^—
dx
iy-x) = -(x + y) => ^
dx
e
x-y
o
wr
^y _ 1
r
[CBSE2012,NCERT]
EXAMPLES
Ifx yjl + y + y■^jl + x = Oand x ^y, prove that
dx {x + if ‘
F
SOLUTION We have,
ullo
r FF
x^jr+^ + yÎTT^ = 0
e
XyJ^ = -yV^
rsre
xîl + y) = y^l + A:) [On squaring both sides]
oF
uo
k
2 2 2 2
X -y = y x-x yoofr
{x + y){x-xj) = -xy{x-y)
sf
ko
Y
X
x + y = -xy=>x = -y~xy^y{l + x) - -x => y = - 1 [●●● x^y]
BB
+ x
Yo
Y
oo
dy _ _ (1 + x) X 1 - a:(0 4 1) ^ - 1
er
● =5>
{\ + xf (\ + x)^
re
dx dx
uu
od

Yo
ad
<2 2''
1 .u ^dy y
n
EXAMPLE 6
//cos-' 2
- tan a, prove that
dx X
x+y
ndi
Re
SOLUTION We have,
F
(2 2^ 2 2
Fi
X -y ^ -y
cos
2 2 = tan ^ a ■=> X
2
+ y
2 = COS (tan ^ a) = X, say
^x +y
>0 4-1
[Applying Componendo and dividendo]
-2y^ X~1
X ^ i+\
2 l-X
y
2 d , 2. 2 d , 2.
y ~(x )-x —(y
dx dx
) y^ X 2x - X 2y dx
= 0 => = 0
2^2 4
(y^) y
= 0 ^ 2x^y^ ^ - y
dx dx
dx 2x^y dx X
ALITER We have,
(2 2']
cos
- 1 X -y
= tan ^ a => cos
1 \ > = tan
-1
■ a
2 2
l + (y/i)^
2 tan -1 y = tan "'a => tan“' = fl => — = tan 1,tan
— -1 a
2 X
u
-yxl
V- =0^ dx
2
dx \x X dx dx X
2
dy _ sin (fl + y)
EXAMPLE 7 //sin y = a: sin (fl + y), that da: sm [CBSE2009,2011,2012]
ww
£(siny) =A|,3in(a + y)}
^y
= 1 X sin (fl + y) + a: cos {a + y) — {a + y)
Flo
cos y -p-
da: dx
e
dy
cos y ^ = sin (fl + y) + a: cos (a + y)^
eree
dx dx
cos y ^ - X cos (fl + y) ^ = sin (a + y)
FFr
dx dx
oorr
uur r
|cosy-arcos(fl +y)| ^ dx
= sin (fl + y)
sf
■: sin y = a: sin (fl + y)
sm y
sk
Yoo
cos y - cos (fl + y) ■ — = sin (fl + y) sin y

ooko
sin (fl + y) da: X =
sin (a + y)
eBB
sin (fl + y) cos y - sin y cos (fl + y) dy

= sin(fl + y)
sin (fl + y) dx
uurr
sin (fl + y-y)..dy _ sia^(fl + y)

ad
'
= sin (fl + y) A, ■
=>
Yo
sin (fl + y) dx dx sm fl
ALITER 1 We have,
dY
sm y
Re
sin y = X sin (fl + y) x =

innd
sin (fl + y)
FFi
Differentiating both sides with respect to y, we get

dx _ sin (fl + y) cos y - sin y cos(fl + y) _ sin(fl + y-y)
dy sin^(fl + y) ■m^ (fl + y)
dy 1 _ sin^(fl + y)
dx dx/dy sm fl
EXAMPLES Ifjl -x^ +Jl -y^ = a (x^ -y^), prove that ^ ^ ^ , where -1 a: < 1
fl«d-l<y<l. dx y ^1-ar®
SOLUTION Putting x^ = sin A and y^ = sin B in the given relation, we get
^1 - sin^ A + -^1 - sin^ B - a (sin A - sin B)

10.64
MATHEMATICS-XII
cos A + cos B = a (sin /I - sin 6)

A + B A-B fA + B^l f A-B
2 cos cos = 2a sin cos => cot a
2 2 . { 2 2 ) 2 )
A-B -1
2
= cot"^ (fl) => A - B = 2 cot”^ (a) => sin ^ -sin ■ =2 cot ^ (ij).

^ X 3x^ —j=i— x3y^^=0
1 d , 3x 1 d ^
x-:-(^ )- =6 xA(y3)=0=>
f7
dx dx dx
w
dx
ALITEJU We have. ^|l-x^ =a(x^-y^)
Flo
Differentiating both sides of the given relation with respect to x, we get
eeee
1 1 d 6\ d . 3 3\
(1-y )=a — {x -y )
2^1l^ 2^ 6 dx dx
Fr
—^L=x-6x^ + ^ forX
ur
2^ 2,1^7
5
ks
5
-3x= 2 y 2 X
Yo
= ax +
ay -
■^l-x^ -Jl -y
. . 6 dx dx dx
●\\-x^
oo
eB
Ji-y^-y^ aJl ~x^ +x^

2dy = x
2 a
y
ur
VT7 dx
^77? LTV -y
dx 3
y
ad
Yo
'l-/
3
d
+ x
2 L 6
Re
3 3
dy yl-y
in
^ -y [Using (i)]
dx
F
3
3 3
-y
^ -y
3..3
rfy _ y
dA: 6 T 6 3 3,6
y y +l-y y +y
6 1 3 3 .f 6 L 6
dy -y 1-x y +V1-A: -^1-y ■ ^
iV
dx
y ^7 -X
6
l-x^y^ +
<ix
EXAMPLE 9
Ifx^ + y^ - flnd x^ + y^ = f ^ , then prove that ^ = ~4—.
f ^ t^ x^y
1
SOLUTION We have,
t
if
(f+ yV = t —
t
=> + Ix^xf" = f + ^ - 2
4
x^ + y^ + Ix-y^ ■:x +y
1 2 -2
2a:V = - 2 => fy^ -1^ y^ y - X
ooww
‘^y ^y
2y => y
1
^ - Jl
3 dx 3
dx dx X X y
-1 a; -1 y ^y
EXAMPLE 10 //y=f7tan — + tan ,find -f-.
e
a X) dx
ree
SOLUTION
rFl
We have.
Fre
-1 -r -1 y y = tan 1 X -1 y . y X ^ -1 y
=> tan — = — + tan
y = b tan + tan — + tan
rrF
X) h a X b a X

ouur
sffoo
dy
X -y y
1
2fy'|^ _ 1 1 dx =»
1
- sec 2 [ y j dy _ -1 +
dx
okks
- +
- sec
2^ 2
^bjdx 2 2
b b} dx a r X b (7
X +y
Yo
1 +
y
oo
\x)
Y
BB
1 y
2 . 2
rre
/ \
dy 1
- sec
2 y X 1 y ^ = - a: +y
2 2 2 2
dx b b a da: 1 2 V X
ouu
X +y X +y - sec -
YY
2
ad
2
b bj X +y
_ 1 COS 3a: 3
EXAMPLE 11 Ify = cOS then show that — =
dd
1 COS^ X ^X 1 COS X COS 3a:

Re
iinn
-1 I cos 3x
F
SOLUTION We have, y = cos 3

cos X
cos 3x
cos y =
cos 3;.
3
4 cos X - 3 cos X
cos y =
cos
3
X
=> cos y = ^4-3 sec^ X => cos^ y = 4 - 3 (1 + tan^ x)
1 - cos^ y = 3 tan^ x => sin^ y = 3 tan^ x => sin y = -/3 tan x
2
cos y —
dx
= t/3 sec X
10.66 MATHEMATICS-XIt
3
^ V3 cos X
[Using (i)]
=
dx 2
cos y cos X cos X "y cos 3x
3
dx cos X cos 3x
EXERCISE 10.4
BASIC
Find in each of the following (1-11):
l.x}/ = c‘^ 2.y^-3xy^=Ar^ + 3.r^y 3.
ww
4. 4a: + 3y = log (4x - 3y) 5.-2 +^=1 6. + y^ = 5 xy
7. (A: + y)^=2flA:y 8. (x^ + = xy [CBSE 2009,2018] 9. tan“^ {x^ + y^) = a
10. ^
x-y
= logf. -y
Floo
11. sin A:y + cos (a: + y) =1
ee
13. If xy^ =1, prove that 2 ^ + y^ = 0.
eer
12. Ifxy = l,prove that —+
dx
y^ =0. dx
FFr
BASED ON LOTS
oorr
uur r
14. If Jl^ -x^ +Jl^ -y^ =fl (x-y), prove that ^ .
s ff
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
^x
sk
YYoo
ooko
15. Ify Jl'' -x^ + X Jl* -y^ =1, prove that ^ =- iV

eBB
frx
p-x^
2 ^
fry
16. If X p + y + y p + X = 0, prove that (1 + x)
uurr
+ 1=0. [CBSE 20111

rfx
ad
-1 r V
Yo
17. if log -Jx^ +y^ = tan — , prove that

^y _ y + y
dx x-y
[CBSE 2019,2020]
dY
Re
18. If sec
^ +y
= a, prove that ^=y
ind
rfx X
FFin
^-yj
r 2 2 X (1 - tan a)
2 2 = a, prove that ^ = -
^ +y J dx y.{l + tan a)
20. If xy log (x + y) = 1, prove that ^

dx
= - y y + ^ + y)
X (xy + X + y)
21. If y = X sin (i7 + y), prove that ^ = sin^(fl + y)

dx sin (fl + y) - y cos (a + y)
2
22. Ifxsin (fl +y) + sin <? cos(fl + y) =0,provethat^

dx
=
sin a
. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
siny
23. If y = X sin y, prove that — =
dx (1 - X cos y)
24. If y +1 = log +1 - X , show that (x^ +1) ^ + xy +1 = 0.

2 2 f. j fry
25. If sin (xy) + ^ X
- y , find — .
dx
26. If tan (x + y) + tan {x - y) = 1, find dx

.
27. Ife^ +e!'=e^+!',provethat ^ or. iL + e^-^^0 ICBSE2014]

dx dx
dy _ cos^ {a + y)
oww
28. If cos y = a: cos {a + y), with cos a ^±1, prove that INCERT]
dx sin a
29. Ifsin^y + cos;n/ = /c, find^

Tt
ata: =1, v =—. ICBSE 20171
dx 4
e
BASED ON HOTS
FFrlo
re
lx dy
30. Ify = {Iog cosx sin x) {logsin x COS a:} ^ + sin ^ , find — at .X = —.
ree
F
dx 4
rF
2
31. If + x + jy -x = c, show that ^ ^ y -1 .
^ dx fsoor ^ 1x^
ouur
skf
ANSWERS
ooko
1/3
jx + yf
Yo
1. .1 2. ^ = 3. y
Y
7 7
dx
x
y^-2xy-x K xj
Bo
reB
4
4 4(l-4x-^3y) 5.
b^X 6. IZl
2
3(4x-3y + l) ^ y
uur
oY
4x(x^+y^)-y
ad
7. ^-^-y 8. 9.
x-4y(x^+y^)
dY
x->ry ~ ax y
sin (x + y) - y cos (xy) 2x^ + y - x^y cos {xy)

innd
10. y 11. 25.

Re
X cos (xy) - sin (x + y) X (x^ cos xy + 1 + 2xy}

Fi
F
2 2
sec (x - y) + sec (x + y) 4 1
26.
sec
^ (x-y)-sec^(x + y)
29.
^(V2+l)
4
30. 8
71 ^ +16 log 2
H/Wrs TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
12. We have,
, 1 dy +^ y 2 _
-4-
1
xy =1 ^ y = — ^ =-\ Therefore, — 2
X dx x"^ dx X x
13. We have,
2^ + y^=0
dx 2
xy ^ =1 => ^ = ^
y
=> dy y
3 frx 2 dx
14- Put X = sin A, y = sin B and proceed as in Ex. 8.

15‘ Put X = sin A and y = sin B
28. We have,
cos y = a: cos (a + y)
cosy
X
cos {a + y)
dx _ - cos (fl + y) sin y - cos y x - sin (a + y)
2
dy {cos (fl + y)}
dx sin {a + y) cos y - cos (fl + y) sin y sin(fl + y-y) sm a
— — 2
cos^ {a + y)
2
cos {a + y) cos {a + y)
2
dy _ cos (fl + y)
ooww
sin fl
10.8 LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
We have learnt about the derivatives of the functions of the form \f (a:)]", and n\where
e
/ (:c) is a function of x and n is a constant. In this section, we will be mainly discussing derivatives
ree
gix)
of the functions of the form [/(a:)] where f{x) and g(x) are functions of x. To find the
rFl
Fre
derivative of this type of functions we proceed as follows:
rrF
g(x)
Let y = [/(x)] . Taking logarithm of both the sides, we get
log y = s(^)- log {f(x)}
ouur
sffoo
1 dy 1
okks
-r = ^
Yo
y
oo
Y
BB
^ = y\ ^~[f{x)]+iogif{x)}~(g(x)]
dx f{x) dx\ J ■ dx
rre
Alternatively, we may write

ouu
YY
ad

dd
= ggix)\ogîx)} 1 g(x)
Re
iinn
dx f(x) dx\ dx
F
<^y
dx = V f{x) dx\ ) + >°s dx\ f?(^)

(iii) (sin x) logx
X smx
(i) X (ii) X [NCERT]
SOLUTION (i) Lety = A:^.Then,y = [v

On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
^ ^{x log x) = X* Ilog a: X(:c) + :i: X (log x)|

dx dx dx
gX log X = X^]
=> ^ - X X { log X + XX-1 (1 + IogA:)

dx
(ii) Lety = x
sma:
.Then, y = glog”'’ ^
On differentiating both sides with respect to-x, we get
^
dx
■'
= e=">^>°8*-i(sinx.Iogj:)
dx
^ = x sin X
log X — {sin x) + sin X — (log x) ● . ^sinarlogx _ ^sinzj
dx dx dx
sm X
cos X . log X +
ooww
dx X
(iii) Lety = (sin Then, y = [V / = e”"^"]

^ = e'°8^‘“8=‘"^-^(logx.logsinj|
e
dx dx
ree
rFl = (sin ● log sin x
^ (log x) + log X ^ (log sin x)|
Fre
dx
rrF
= (sinx)log;? I log sin X + logxx 1 log sin X
dx X
—
sm X
X cosx^ = (sinx)^°S^ X
+cotx.logx
ouur
sffoo
okks
sin X cos AT
(i) (cosx)^ (ii) (iii) (logx) (iv) (sin x)
Yo
oo
SOLUTION Lety = (cos x)^. Then, y =

Y
BB

dy a: log cos a: d , , .
rre
— = e ® — (x log cos x)
dx dx
ouu
YY
● = (cos x)*- logcosx + X —^—

ad
=> —
dx
= (cos x)^ ● log cos X —
dx
(x) + X —
dx
(log cos x) cos X
(- sin x) ●
<^y
dd
dx
= (cos x)^ (log cos X - X tan x)
Re
iinn
(ii) Lety = x^.Then,y =

F

%
dx
= 4-(^\ogx)
dx
iog A4-(^) + yf^4- (log

/
dx dx dx
dx (^logA:
^
i-ix
1
+ V?xi| = x^
X
+
sinx
(iii) Lety = (logx) ,Then,y = *)
On differentiating both sides widi respect to x, we get
^
dx
Ajsin:t.log(log;c)|
dx
dy
log (log x) (sin x) + smx4~ (log (log x))
sin j:
= (log x)
dx dx
sm X 1
= (log x) log (log .r). cos :c + sin :c X — — X — ■
dx log X X
^y sin a: sin X
-r
dx
= (log ■ log (log x). cos X +
X log X
. Then, y = gCosx.log sin a:

cosx
(iv) Let y = (sin a:)
ooww
dy cosar. log sin a: d . \ ■ \
— = e ® — (cos X. log sin x)
dx
’ dx
cos X
— = (sin x) log sin X — (cos x) + cos x — (log sin x)
dx dx dx
e
ree
dy 1
rFl = (sin x)
cosx
■ - sin a: log sin X + cos XX — X cos X ●
Fre
dx sm X
rrF
2
dy cos X cos X
=> — = (sin x) ■ - sin X log sin x h—;
dx sm X
ouur
sffoo
EXAMPLES
okks
cos ~^x
-1
cos X
(i) X (ii) (sin x)
Yo
oo
-1
^x.logx
Y
cos cos
BB
SOLUTION Lety = X Then, y = e

rre
dy _ ^cos ^ X.logX (cos ^ X. log x)

ouu
dx
YY
ad
-1 -1
dy - log X cos X
^ ■ log X — (cos” ^ x) + cos” ^ X — (log x) ■ = X
cos cos X
=> — =x
dd
dx dx dx X
Re
iinn
-1
^ X. log sin X
F
cos cos
(ii) Let y = (sin x) Then, y = e
dy _ ^cos ^x.logsinx (cos ^ X. log sin x)
dx dx
-1
dy -1
X— (log sin x) + log sin X — (cos” ^ x) ■
cos X
— = (sin x) cos
dx dx dx
-1
dy -1
7^^— X cos X + (log sin x) x
cos X -1
— = (sin x) cos X X
dx sm X
-1
dy cos X -1 log sin X
— = (sin x) cos X cot X P ● ,
dx

A'
EXAMPLE 4
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x: (i) in) {xY
SOLUTION (i) Let y = x^ . Then, y = ^
dy
dx
■ log ar
^ {x^^ log x) = x^ ~
dx dx
{e^ ^ log x)
<^y X
X
dx dx dx
X
X log X d
— (x log x) + e ar log X ^ 1
oww
X
dx
X
log a: . e
dx
1 1 ] X 1
X
X
dx
X
■ (log x) X^ XX
— + log X + X X — ■
X X
e
■ (1 + log x) log X + — ■ = x^ x^ |(1 + log x) log a: + —
^y
X
X
ree
X
dx
rFl X X
Fre
x2
^x^ ● log X
rr F
Let y = (x^)^.Then, y = x
x.x
(ii) = X ^ y =

ouur
sfoo
■iy
dx
= / log. dx log;,) = log X dx (x^) + X^ dx
(log x)
kks
Yo
oooo
= x^ \(log x)2x + x^ X — [: e^
2
= ]
dx X
eBB
2 2
dx
= x^ (2x log X + x) = X x^ (2 log X +1).
uurr
EXAMPLE 5
If y = (sin x)*^^ + (cos find ^. (CBSE 2007]
ad
dx
YYo
SOLUTION We have, y = (sin x)‘®" ^ + (cos x)

sec X
_ ^ tan X. log sin X + e
sec X. log cos X

dd
Re
_ (e^^^ log sinx^ ^^secx log cos x^

iinn
dx dx dx
F
<^y „tanx logsinx d . , , secxlog cosx , , >

dx
= e ® — (tan x log sm x) + e ® —
dx
(sec x log cos x)
^y tan X
= (sin x) ■ — (tan x) X log sin X + tan XX — (log sin x)
dx dx dx
sec X d
+ (cos x) — (sec x) X log cos X + sec X X (log cos x)
[ dx dx
tanx 2 1
= (sin x) ■< sec X log sin X + tan x x X cos X
dx sin X
secx 1
+ (cos x) ● sec X tan x log cos x + sec x (- sin x) ●
cos X
<^y
jsec^x log sin x + 11 + (cos x)
tanx sec X
= (sin x) {sec X tan x. log cos x - sec x tan a^
dx
EXAMPLE 6
Differentiate: (log ^ with respect to x. ICBSE2020]
SOLUTION Let y = (log xf + Then,

log.Y
y = ^log(log xf + e
log (AT ) ^ log (log X) + e
log X, log X

^'
dx
= e" log (log x)^±
dx
^ ^(log 1)2 ^ ±
dx
dx
= (log xf I log (log x) X ^
dx
(x) + X X ^dx {log (log X)1 J● + x’°® ^ ● [ 2 (log x) ~dx (log x)) ■
ooww
(iy X I 1 1 logx
dx
= (log x) \ log (log x) + X X — — X — + X 2 (log x) -
log X X X
^y 1 2 logy
e
logx
= (log x)^ ] log (log x) + > + X
ree
dx logx X
rFl
Fre
EXAMPLE?
rrF
2.2-
— [CBSE 2012] (ii) cos(x^) (hi) log(x^ + cosec^ x)
cot X
(i) y (iv) x'^
x^ + x+2
ouur
sffoo
col X 2x^ -
SOLUTION (i) Lety = X —. Then,
x^ + X + 2
okks
Yo
2x^ - 3 cot X
oo
^cotx logx _ glog ^ gCOt X log Xj

cot X
Y
y = + [●.● X
BB
X^ + X+ 2
rre

f 2
ouu
2x^ -3
^ ^ J_ /^COt X log +
YY
ad
dx dx dx x^ + X + 2
dd
(x^ + X + 2) -dx- (2x^ - 3) -(2x^ - 3) dx

-- (x^ + x + 2)
dy _ ^cot X log X
Re
iinn
(cot X. log x) +
dx dx
(x^ + x + 2)^
F
(x^ + x+ 2) (4x) -(2x^ - 3) (2x +1)

dy _ ^cot X
dx j (log x) ^(cot X) +(cot x) ^ (log x)| + (x^ + x + 2)^
dy = X cot X 2 cot X 2x^ + 14x + 3
-2. - cosec
X . log X + +
dx X
(x^ + X + 2f
xlogx
(ii) Let y = cos (x^). Then, y = cos(e ) [V x^ =
dy d , X log XV xlogxv d / xlogx.. ./ Xv xlogx d . , ,
-^
dx
= —
dx
( cos (e ° )) = - sin (e ^ ) — dx
{e ^ ) = - sm (x ) e * —dx
(x log x)
^
dx
= - sin (x^) XX* dx
(x). log X + X —
dx (log x)|
^ - - sin (x^) log X + X. —X

1
sin (a:^) (log a: +1)
dx
X 2
(iii) Let y = log (x + cosec x). Then,
1 d , X 2 s 1
X — (x + cosec x) - — (x^) + — (cosec^ x) ■
x'^ + cosec^ X 1
-
X 2
dx X + cosec X dx dx
^ - 1
_ A (e*'°S*) + 4-(cosecî)
dx X + cosec"^ X [ dx dx
X
1
-
^ —(x log x) 4- 2 cosec x — (cosec x) ■
ww
dx 2
X
X
+ cosec X dx dx
^ - 1
X"' (1 + log x) - 2 cosec^ x cot x
2
dx X
X
+ cosec X
Flo
T . X 2 (x + 3)
e
(iv) Lety = X e ^ ' . Then,
ree
^xlogx ^2(x+3) ^xlogx+2(x+ 3) [●.● X
X
Fr
y = => y =
rF
On differentiating with respect to x, we get
uurr
^ 2(x+ 3) (x log X + 2 (x + 3)}
for
dx dx
s
£y = 3) — (x log x) + 2 — (x + 3)
kks
dx dx dx
Yo
oooo
(1 + logx + 2) = x^ ^ (3 +logx)
eB
dx
log^
EXAMPLE 8 Ifx^ = ,provc that ^ =
dx
(1 + log xf
ur
ad
YYo
(CBSE 2000 C, 2010 C, 2011, 2013, NCERT EXEMPLAR]

SOLUTION We have,
x^/ =
dd
Re
in
g ylogx ^ gX-y g!/ log

F
X
=>
y log X = X - y => y log X + y = x => y (1 + log x) = x => y =
1 + log X
{ 1
(1 + log x) X 1 - X 0+ -
^ - ôgx
dx
(1 + log x)^ (1 + log x)^
EXAMPLE 9 Ifx^ +/ = 2, find dx
[NCERT]
SOLUTION We have,
+ e
*logy = 2

dx \ J dx\
= -^(2)
dx
,y>“8^ A(yiogx)
dx
+ /“>sy A(;,logy)
dx
=0
1 a: 1 , I dy
x^ ■ —ic
dx
log x + y-x —X ■ + y \\x\ogy ■¥ XX ^ = 0
y dx
Vi X X dy
log X + y ^
dx
+ y X -^ + y"' X log y = 0
y X
ooww
x^ logx + X y^-^\^ + ,yx y-i + log y = 0
I dx
x-l
dx
xl^ log X + X y
e
ree
rFl
EXAMPLE 10 Ifx^ = y^, [NCERTl
Fre
SOLUTION We have, x^ = y^. Taking log on both sides, we get
rrF
y log X = X log y
ouur
sffoo
y ^
ax (log x) + log X ^
dx (y) = X 4- (log y) + log y dx (x)
okks
dx
Yo
1 , dy 1 dy
oo
yx — + logxx-^ = XX — + (log y) 1
Y
dx y dx
BB
, dy X dy
log X ^ = logy-^
rre
dx y dx X
ouu
logx-- = logy-^
YY
ad
dx y X
dy f y log X - X ^logy-y ^ ^^y fîogy-y\

dd
dx X y log X - X
Re
iinn
dx y X
F
EXAMPLE 11 ^ (cos x)^ = (sin y)^, /z«d dx

INCERT, CBSE 2009]
SOLUTION We have, (cos x)l^ =(sin y)^. Taking log on both sides, we get
y log cos X = X log sin y
y—
dx
(log cos x) + ^
dx
(log cos x) = x —
dx
(log sin y) + (log sin y) 1
y ^y
-— sin X + — log cos X = ^ cos y — + log sin y
cos X dx sin y dx
”7/1
dy . ^ . dy log sin y + y tan x
— (log cos X - X cot y) = log sin y + y tan x => — = —
^
dx dx log cos X - X cot y
EXAMPLE 12 Ify = a^ + e^ + x^ + x^,find ^

dx
at x = a. [NCERTl
SOLUTION We have,
X X X , a
y = a ■¥ e + X + X
X X
X log X a
y = a + e + e + X
=>
ax ax ax ax ax
dy
dx
= log fl + ^—
dx
{x log x) + fl x'’ ~ ^
^y Xi X X/1 I \ a-1
= a log a + e + x (1 + log x) + x
dx
a-1
dx
= a‘^ log a + e‘^ + 0“^ (1 + log a) + aa = e" + 2fl” (1 + log a)
ww
yx = a
REMARK In order to find the derivative of a product of a number offunctions ora quotient of a number of
functions, we first take logarithm of both sides and then differentiate. The procedure is illustrated in the
FF loo
following examples.
ree
1-x^ (2x-3)^''^ dy
EXAMPLE 13 If y = , find -ff.
dx
reeF
SOLUTION Taking log of both sides, we get oroFr
r ur
log y = ^ log(l - ^ logfflx - 3) -1 log(x^ + 2).
s ff
k
YYouo
1 dy _
^(-2x) +
1 . 2 1
kos o
X 2 X X 2x
y dx 2(i-n 2 (2x - 3) 3 x^ + 2
BBoo
. dy 1 4x 1-x^ (2x~3)'^^^ 1 4x
r ee
X X
-r=y - +
dx l-x2 2x-3
3 (x^ + 2) (x'-h2)2/3 11 -X 2 2x-3
3 (x^ + 2)
ad
ouur
3/2
Vx (x + 4)
Yo
EXAMPLE 14 Plnd the derivative of 4/3 with respect to x.

(4x-3)
d
3/2
Re
^fx (x + 4)
idnY
SOLUTION Let y = 4/3 . Taking log of both sides, we get

(4x-3)
FFin
1 3 4
log y = 2 ^ 2 "3
1 ^ = 1,31 d , ,i\ 4
— (x + 4) — X
1 d
(4x - 3)
y dx 2x 2 X + 4 frx 3 4x-3dx
dy _ I 1 3 4
X 4
V^(x + 4)^^Mi 3 16
~
dx ~ ^ I ^ ^x + 4) ~ 3 (4x - 3) (4x-3)
4/3 2x 2 (x + 4) 3 (4x - 3)
EXAMPLE 15 Ifx'”y”={x + y)
m + n
, prove that ^
dx
s=^.X
[CBSE 2000, 2014, 2017, NCERT EXAMPLARJ
10.76 MATKEMATICS-XII
SOLUTION We have, ● / = {x + y)
m + n
Taking log on both sides, we get

m log X + n log y = (m + n) log(;c + y)
1 1 dy _ m + n d
m X — + «x —
(x + y)
X
y dx x + y dx
m n dy m + n
— + — X = 1 + —
x y dx X + y 1^ dx
oww
=>
n m+n dy _ m + n m
y x+y dx x+y x
nx + ny - my -ny dy _ mx + nx -mx - my
e
yix + y) dx {x + y)x
FFrlo
re
nx-my dy _ nx-my ^ dy _ y
ree
=>
F
y{x + y) dx {x + y)x dx X
rF
ax hx Q
EXAMPLE 16 Ify = + — + 1, prove that
(x-fl)(x-ij)(x-c) (;c-fe) (a:-c) x-c
fsoor
ouur
a b c
skf
+ ● ,
dx X a-X b -X c-x
ooko
SOLUTION We have.
Yo
Y
2
bx
^- + 1
ax
Bo
y =
reB
{x-a){x-b){x-c) {x-b){x-c) x-c

2
ax bx c + x-c
+
y =
uur
oY
{x-a){x-b){x-c) {x-b){x-c) x -c
ad
2
_ flx bx X
dY
^ {x - a) {x-h) {x - c) (x-b)(x-c) x-c

2
innd
ax bx + X {x -b)
Re
y =
{x -a){x- b) {x -c) (x - b) {x - c)
Fi
F
2 2
ax X
y =
{x-a){x-b)ix-c) (x-b){x-c)
2 2 3
ax +x (x-a) X
y = ^ y = logy = log
ix-a){x-b) (x-c) {x~a)(x-b){x-c) {x-a){x-b)(x-c)
logy = 31ogx~ jlog(;t-fl) +log(3;-ij) +log(x-c)|

1 ^ ^ 3 _ _1 - +
1
+
1
y dx X IX - a X-b x-c
\ ( \ ( \
dy 1 1 1 1 1 1
^
dx
= y X x-a
+
X x-b
+
x x-c
/ \
b
-i- = y
a c
^ = l. a b c
dx x{x-a) x(x-b) x{x-c) dx X a ~x b -X X -c
EXAMPLE 17 Prove that the derivative of an even function is an odd function and that of an oddfunction
is an even function.
SOLUTION Let / (x) be an even function. Then,
f{-x) ^ fix) ^
dx
ifi-x)} -^{fix)}
dx
^ f'{-x).4~(-x)
dx
=f'{x)
oww
=> -f'i-^) - fix) ^ fi-x) = -fix) ^ /' (x) is an odd function.
Let / (x) be an odd function. Then,
/{-X) = -/{X) f'(-x)^(-x) = -fix)
e
dx dx dx
re
~f'i~x) = -fix) =>/'(-x) =/'(x) =>/'(x) is an even function.
FFrllo
rF
2x-l
and /' (x) = sin x^, find —.
ee
EXAMPLE 18
ify-f ^
X" +1 dx
ouru
sor rF
2x-l
SOLUTION Let 2 = ●. Then,
kffo
2(x^ + l)-(2x-l) 2x
os
dz d 2x~l
= /'(2) ^
ook
Yo
Y
dx dx dz dx X^+1 (x^ + l)2

Bo
reeB
2, 2(x^ + l)-(4x^-2x)
— = (sin 2 ) ['●' f (■x) = sin x^ (z) = sin z^]
dx
(x^+l)^
ouY
ur
r
ad
1 + x-x^
Yo
2x-l
— = 2sin
d
dx x^ + 1
nidn
X X sm X
Re
EXAMPLE 19 Given that cos — . cos —. cos —...

, prove that
2 4 8 X
F
Fi
1 2 X 1 2 X 2 1
—:^sec — + -vsec — + ... = cosec ' x —s-
2^ 2 2^ 4 2
X
X X sm X
SOLUTION We have, cos- .cos —.cos -
2 4 8 X
Taking log on both sides, we get

X X X
log cos — + log cos — + log cos —... = log sin X - log x

X X X
^ sm 2- 1
-
4 _1
T sm —
8 cos X 1
2 X A X 8 ^ sm X X
^ cos - ^ cos cos
2 4 8
1 X 1 . X 1 . ..
X 1
— tan — — tan tan —... = cot x —
2 2 4 4 8 8 X

1 2 X 1 2 X 2 1
—^ sec sec - cosec x + —=■
2^ 4~? 8 X
2
I 2 X 1 2 X 1 2 X 2 1
=> ^ sec — + —;rsec — + -^sec —. cosec X —=-
2
2^ 2 42 4 8^ 8 X
EXERCISE 10.5
BASIC
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x: (1-18)

-1
1/x sinx
3. (1 + cos x)^
cos X
1. 2. a: 4.
oww
xlogx
5. (log x)^
cos X cosx
6. (log x) 7. (sin x) 8. e
logx log sin X logx (10*)

9. (sin x) 10. 10 11. (log X) [NCERT] 12.10
sin*"^ X 1/x
14. (sin“^ x)^
X
13. sin X 15. a: 16. (tan x)
e
(sin X - cos x) , X 2-1
ree
17. a:
rFl
tan X
18. (i) (X^) 4x (ii) -t
Fre
x2+l
rr F
x2+l 1/x
(iv) (x cos x)* + (x sin x)
xcosx
(iii) X +
[NCERT, CBSE 2011] [NCERT]
x2-l
ouur
sfoo
1 +
1)
1 sinx
(v) x+- (vi) e + (tan x)*
kks
+ X [NCERT] [CBSE 2003]
Yo
oooo
2 2
1/x
(vii) (cos x)* + (sin x) [CBSE 2010] (viu) X* “ ^ + (x - 3)* [NCERT]
eBB
Find—, (19-32) when:

dx'
19. y = +10^ + a:*
uurr
n X X n
2Q. }/~x +n + X +n 21. y =
ad
p-'i)(ix-l)
YYo
ax 1
e sec X log x 3x
sin 4x ● 2*
23. y = e
dd
22. y =
Re
iinn
sinx
24. y = sin X sin 2x sin 3x sin 4x 25. y = a: + (sin x)* [NCERT]
F
cosx sin X cot X tan X

26. y =(sin x) +(cos x) 27. y =(tan x) + (cot x)
X f~~
28. (i) y =(siriA:) +sin ^Jx [NCERT, CBSE 2009,13,17]
sinx . -1
(ii) y=x + sm [CBSE 20 20]
tanx
(ii) y=x*+(sinx)*
cosx
29. (i) y=AT + (sin x) [CBSE 2009] [CBSE 2008]
logx 2rni 1/x
30. y =(tan x) + cos
4
31. y=x'' +x
V
logx
32. y^x + (log X)* [NCERT, CBSE 2013,2019]
BASED ON LOTS
33. Ifx^ -y* =a^, find^.

dx
(CBSE 2019]
dv
34. Wa:^^ y^=(x2+y)
17
, prove that x — = 2y
dx
35. If y = sin prove that dx

= cos {x^) ■ (1 + log x)
36. If a:^ + y ^ =1, prove that ^ = - d + l°g ^ ' l°gy
37. If prove that ^=-

dx X (y log x + x)
38. If;ty+y'^=(i + y)'+y,find^

dx
39. If f =\, prove that ^
ooww
dx nx
40. If y* z= , prove that rfy ^ (1 + log yf [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

logy
dx
41. If (sin x)^ - (cos y)^, prove that dy _ log cos y - y cot a:
e
ree
dx log sin ;c + a: tan y
rFl log tan y + y tan x
Fre
42. If (cos x)^ = (tan y)^, prove that
dx log cos a: - a: sec y cosec y
rrF
43. Ife^ + prove that—
dx
+ =0 [CBSE2014]
ouur
sffoo
44. If = y^, prove that ^
dx log y -1
okks
Yo
45. If ^ - a: = 0, prove that — = -—-

oo
Y
dx X
BB
2
sin {a + y)
46. If y = a: sin (fl + y), prove that
rre
dx sin (iJ + y) - y cos (a + y)

ouu
2
YY
ad
47. If a: sin (fl 4-y) + sin fl cos (fl + y) = 0,provethat—= [CBSE2013]

dx sin a
48. If (sin a:)^ = a: + y, prove that dy 1 - (x + y) y cot a:

dd
dx {x + y) log sin a: -1
Re
iinn
49. If:cylog(A: + y)=l,provethat y(^ y + ^ + y)

F
dx
x{xy'^ +A: + y)
y
50. If y = a: sin y, prove that — =
dx a: (1 - a: cos y)
51. Find the derivative of the function / {x) given by / (a:) =(1 + a:) (1 + x^) (1 + x^) (1 + x®)
and hence find / ’ (1)
- - x^+x + 1 2 -1 yfSX
52. If y = log — + tan
X -x + 1 V3 1 -X
7
sin X - cos X Tt Sit ^y [CBSE2010]

53. Ify = (sin x-cosx) ~<x< — , find —.
'4 4 dx
54. Ifxy=e^“i',find^.
dx
[NCERT]
55. + + = a [NCERT]
dx
56. If(cosA:)^ =(cosy)^find^.

dx
ICBSE2012]
2
dy _ cos (fl +y)
57. If cosy =x'cos (fl + y), where cosfl ^ ± Improve that dx sma
[CBSE2014]
BASED ON HOTS
oww
X
x-y
58. If(A:-y)c = a, prove thaty ~^
dx
+ x = 2y. [CBSE2014]
59. If a: = provethat—=-^—— [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

dx X log X
e
re
I7i7 ,find^
FFrllo
tan I
60. Ify=A: + [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
V 2 dx
rF
ee
a Wx y/x^ find^
61. Ify = l + ^ V1
\ /
ouru
1 dx
sor rF
— a -a --P — a -~y
X ) \x )\x J \x A^
kffo
ANSWERS
os
l/rfl-logA: sin X
ook
sin .t
Yo
+ (cos x) log X
Y
1. a: 2.
2 X
X
Bo
reeB
-1
X sm X cos -1. cos X log X
3. (1 + cos x)^ ■ log (1 + cos a:) - 1 4. a:
ouY
+ cos X X
ur
ad
Yo
X 1 cosy cos X
5. (log xy \ log (log x) + 6. (log x) - sin a: ● log (log a:) +

d
log a: X log a:
nidn
cosy
7. (sin x) {- sin X log sin x + cos x cot x} 8. (I + log a:)
Re
1
F
logy
10 io‘°8®^^-logl0-coty
Fi
9. (sin x) — log sin y + log a* ● cot x

X
lO-'
11. (log x) log y J 1 + log (log x)
X
12. 10 10^ (loge 10)^
-1 V -1 X 1
13. x^ (1 + log y) cos(y^) 14. (sin x)' < log sin x+ . -1
sin -
. -1 2
sin ^ y log a: 1 sec y
- ^ log tan y +
sm y 1/y
15. y 16. (tan y)
y y
X tan y
-1 -1
tan y tan * y log y 2y + l
17. y 18. (i) + log y ●
y 1 +y^ 2y
(sini-cosj:) Sin X-COS a: Ax

(ii) X + (cosx+sinx) log x
X
xcosx 4x
(in) X {(1 + log x) cos X - X log X sin x} -
(x -1)
lx |1 + X cot X - log (x sin x)}
(iv) (x cos x)^ 11 - X tan X + log (x cos x)} + (x sin x) 2
X
1
\A
,(v), ( X + -1 X--1 , f 1 ^ “ X+1 log X
) + log X + -
oww
● + X
1 ~~2 ~T~ ■
x^ + 1 X X X
sin .r
(vi) e cos X + (tan x)^ {log tan x + x sec x cosec x\
1/x 1 cot X
(vii) (cos x)^ (log cos X - X tan x) + (sin x)
e
—2 log sin X + X
re
FFrllo
2 , 5-2 _ -3 2 2
(viii) x^ ■ + 2x log X ■ + (x - 3)^ ■ + 2x log (x - 3) ■
rF
ee
ouru
19. e* + lO'^ log 10 + x^ log (ex) + log ?i + x'^ log (ex)
sor rF
20. nx
6 X 2 1 2
21.
kffo
p-3){4x-l) K.2 2x-l 2(x-3) 4x-l
os
ax 1
e sec X log x 1 1
ook
Yo
Y
22. fl + tan X +
X log X 1 -2x
Bo
reeB
3x
23. e sin 4x 2’'’ (3 + 4 cot 4x + log 2)
ouY
24. sin X sin 2x sin 3x sin 4x (cot x + 2 cot 2x + 3 cot 3x + 4 cot 4.x)
ur
sin X sin X
+ (sin x)^ {log sin X + X cot x}
ad
25. X COS X log X +

Yo
X
d
26. (sin x)^°^ ^ {- sin x log sin x + cos x cot x} + (cos x)®“^ ^ (cos x log cos x - sin x tan x}
nidn
Re
27. (tan ^ cosec^ .x (1 - log tan x) + (cot x)^ ^ sec^ x {log cot x - 1}
F
Fi
1 sinx smx 1
28. (i) (sin x)^ (x cot x + log sin x) + (ii) X + cos.x.logx +
2^x-x^
X
2^[x^
cosx cos X tanx 2
29. (i) X - sin X log X \ + (sin x) - 1 + sec X log sin x
X
(ii) x^ (1 + log x) + (sin x)^ (x cot x + log sin x)

2
sec X log tan X
30. (tan x)*°®^ - log x tan X X
31. .x'^' (1 + log X) + x^^ '^ ■ -— 2
X
32. X log X J 2 log X + (log X) X log (log X) + —1 } 33.

y'^logy-yx-'^ ^
x-1
X logx x^ logx-xy
(ar+y) y-1
38.
(^ + y) {1 + log(x + i/)}-yA: -y^ logy
x-\ x+ y
log X + xy -ix + y) (1 + log (A: + y)}
4
51. 1 + 2a:+3x^+... + 15x^^,/'(1)=120 52.
x^ + x^ +1
sin a: - cos X
53. (sin x - cos x) ({sin X + cos a:) log (sin x - cos x) + (cos a: + sin x)}
54. y{x-i) 55. - y^ôgy+y^^ Vx^(i + iogx) 56. log cosy + ytanx
x-1
x(y + l) + x^ logx log cosx + xtany
ooww
60. X
tanx 2 tanx X
61. ^ a P Y
sec xlogx + 1
X X
+ 2 — a
X X X
e
ree
rFl log ((logx)
logx
Fre
11. Lety = (log x)*°^ Then, y = e => y = ^(log x) log (logx)
rrF
^
dx
^ ^(log»)log(log,)_^ L,
dx I
J iog(log;t)|J
ouur
sffoo
= (logx)'°S^
^ (log x) ● log (log x) + log X ^ log (log x)|
okks
Yo
log (log x) 1 1
oo
+ log X X X — ●
Y
X
log X X
BB
= (log*)'°8=‘ j log (logx) ^ 1

logx 1 + log (log x)
rre
= (log X)
X X X
ouu
x^ + 1
YY
ad
●. Then, y = ^x cos X logx

xcosx
18. (iii) Lety = X
^7^
dd
dfx^^l f 2
dy _ d ^x cos X log X cos ^ log, A cos I log*) + 7
Re
iinn
+ —
dx dx dx x^-1 "
dx ^X x^-1
F
X cos X (x^-1) 2x-(x^+l) 2x

X
(cos X log X - X sin X log x + cos x) +
X cos X 4x
X (cos X log X - X sin X log X + cos a^ -
(x^-l)2
l/x
18. (iv) Lety = (x cos x)* + (x sin x) . Then,
l/x
y = ^ log (X cos x)^ + e
log(xsinx)
V = ^x log (xcosx) + e
l/xlog(xsin x)
^ = A ■< e
xlog(xcosx) I ^l/x log (X sin x) _
dx dx dx
\
^
dx
log cos ± J
dx ^
^ ^1/nr log (.r sin x) d
{x sin x)^
— = (j: cos
dx
— {j: (log x + log cos x)l + (.v sin
dx
—
dx
—^ (log X + log sin x) Ji
^
dx
- {x cos x)^ ■ (log X + log cos x) + j: — - tan a;
/
\/x 1 fl— + cot

+ (a: sin a)
X\X
A
y
^ (log a; + log sin a:) ■
A
= (a cos a)" (log (a cos a) + (1 - a tan a)} + (a sin a) 1/x J_^cotx

2
logx
2
log sin
2
AT
A A A A
ww
/ vA M / V ^ > / . xl/.T 1 + A cot A-log(A sin a)
= (a cos a) {log (a cos a) +1 - a tan a} + (a sm a) '' j A
18. (v) Lety = a+-

if + A
1+ 1/x
. Then,
Flo
ee
V x)
rere
y = gXlog(A+ 1/x) + e
(1+ 1/x) log X
f?y ^ ^xiog(x+ i/x) \ + c (i+i/i)iogw

r FF
frjîv
1
X log A + —
uurr
dx [ XI
dx dx X
foor
ks s
^y 1 X d (A 1 1+1/x 1 , .11
log A + — -2 log A + 1 + -
Yoo
A + - + — >● + A
1- dx
oook
dx X X) X) X X) X
A +
A
eBB
2
if 1 r 1^ A 1 1+ 1/x I 1 + A - log A
A+- ^ log A + — > + A
dx X) X) A^ +1 . .2
uurr
X ) X
ad
if A^-l
Yo
1 1 1/x-l
A + —
log A + - 4- ^ + A (1 + A - log a|
dx X) X) A^ +1
dY
x^-S :r2
Re
innd
18. (viii) Let y = A + (a - 3) . Then,
,logx^^^-3)
2
FFi
+ e
log(x- 3)^
y =
y = + e
x^ log(x- 3)
dy●7 - — d (x^-3) logx ^ H
d
< e log(x-3) _
dx dx dx
=> ^ = ^(x^-3)logx ~ ■ (A^ - 3 ) log A + e

x^ log(x - 3) d A^ log (a-3)
dx dx
1.
=> ^ - A^2 -
■ 2a log A +
r^-^l
■ + (a - 3)^
2
■ 2a log (a - 3) +
2
●
dx
sm X
25. We have, y = a + (sin a)^
smar
y = + e log (sin x)^ => y = gSinxlogx + e

X log sin X
^
dx
= _^^gSinj:Ioga;)
dx
^_^(^xlog
dx
sinx^
dy sin X log X . 1 V X log sin X / 1 . ■,
-^
dx
= e & —
dx
(sin X log x) + e ® —
dx
(x log sin x)
si X
sm 1 sm X
^ -^ = X
dx
● COS X logx +
X
+ (sin x)^ (log sin x + x cot
Let y = (sin x)'* + sin” ^ 4^. Then, y = ^
oww
+ sin
dx dx dx
=> ^
dx
—(x
dx
log sin x) + —
dx
(sin” ^ V^)
e
— = (sin x)^ (log sin X + X cot x} + -pi
1
re
X —p=
FFrllo
dx -X 2^/x
rF
^ ^ = (sin x)^ (log sin X + X cot x}
1
ee
dx
ouru
sor rF
We have, y = x^°® ^ + (log x)^
logx
y = ^log(x log (log x)^ ^^logxlogx xlog(logx) ^^(logx)^ X log (logx)
+ e + e
kffo + e
<k = A(log;,)2 + . X log (logx) d

(X log (log X)}
os
dx dx dx
ook
Yo
Y
^ ^ ^logx 1 1 X X 1
Bo
dx
2 log XX- +(logx) nog(logx) + X —
log X X
reeB
XJ
dy 2x^°S^
ouY
X 1
log X + (log x) \ log (log x)+ —
ur
dx X
logx
ad
Yo
We have,
d
x-y
xy = => log(xy) = log(e ) => log x +logy = x-y
nidn

Re
^ = y(^~^)
F
Fi
X
y dx dx dx y X dx A:(y + 1)
We have,
y^+x^ + x^ = a"
+ e a ^ log y + el' ^ log ^ - anl’
A
dx
’.
(,î=gy) + A(eyi°s*)
frx
+ A(e*>°g>')
dx
= A(„*’)
dx
‘“8!' A
rfx
Cc log y) + .y *A
dx
(y log >=s * A
dx
c log ;c) = 0
^ y^ log y + —y ^ + x^ ^
dx
log X + ^ + x^ (1 + log x) = 0 X
X~1
-
dx
+ log x) - ~ {y* log y + y ^ + a:^ (1 + log x)}
^ ^
dx
^ ly"" log y + y x-l
^ (1 + log x)]
xy + x^ log X
10.9 DIFFERENTIATION OF INFINITE SERIES
^y
Sometimes the value of y is given as an infinite series and we are asked to find ^. In such cases
we use the fact that if a term is deleted from an infinite series, it remains unaffected. The method
of finding ^ is explained in the following examples.
ww

,...00
^y
EXAMPLE I J/y = x^
Flo
, find -f.
dx
e
SOLUTION Since by deleting a single term from an infinite series, it remains same. Therefore,
e
the given function may be written as
reer
rFF
y = x^
log y = y log a: [On taking log of both sides]
uur r
\ dy dy . d .
ffoor
- :r = log a: + y — (log x) [Differentiating both sides with respect to x]
y dx dx dx
sks
^ log a: + ^
y
YYoo
y dx dx
ooko
2
dy 1 ^ y ^ dy (1-ylog x) ^ y ^ ^ ^ y
eBB
log AT
dx y X dx y X
dx a: (1 - y log a:)
uurr
I . ,, ^ dy cos X
EXAMPLE 2 I/y=Jsinx + ^ sm X + Jsm a: +... to 00 , prove that
ad
^ ^ dx 2y-l
Yo
SOLUTION The given series may be written as

dY
y = ^ + y {.*
Re
2 .
[Squaring both sides]
innd
=> y = sm x + y
=> 2y^= cos X +

FFi

dx dx
dy dy cos X
— (2y-l) = cosx ^ —
dx dx 2y-l
.... 00
EXAMPLES lfy=a^ , prove that

dy _ y^ log y
dx X (1 - y log X ● log y)
SOLUTION The given series may be written as
y = a^ ^
log y = x^ log a [Taking log of both sides]

log (log y) = y log X + log (log a) [Taking log of both sides]
1
r (log y) = “ log ^ + y (log ^) + 0 [Differentiating both sides w.r.t x]
log y dx dx dx
\ \ dy dy. 1
^ loe AT + V X —
log y y dx dx x
1
-log a: = y ^^ J i-y logy log ^ I. ^ y _ '^y _ y^ log y
dx yiogy dx X
yiogy X
dx a: {1 - yiogy log x}'
a: + ... to CO
a:+ e
x+ e ^y_ y
EXAMPLE4 Ify~e , show that
dx 1 -y
SOLUTION The given function may be written as
ooww
x+ u
y = e ^
=>
log y = (x + y) log e [Taking log of both sides]
logy = x + y [v loge=l]
e
1 dy = 1 + dy
[Differentiating with respect to x]
ree
y dx dx
rFl
Fre
=> ^fi-1 = I =i> dy - _y.
dx[y
rrF
dx 1-y
. CO
(Vx)"
ouur
EXAMPLE 5
sffoo , show that ^
dx x(2-ylogx)
okks
SOLUTION The given function can be written as

Yo
y = {4x~)^
ooo
BB
y =
log y = I log X
rr e
[On taking log of both sides]

ouu
1 , dy
ad

YY
+ - log X
y dx 2 X 2 ^ dx
2
dy 11- ^~yi°g^ i = ^ = y
dd
--logx ●
dx y 2x dx 2y 2x dx x{2-ylogx)
Re
iinn

F
1 y
EXAMPLES If y = X + 1 , frove that — =
dx 2y-x
X +
1
X +
X + ...
SOLUTION We have.
1 1 2
y = x + 1 => y = Ar + -=>y xy + 1
X + y
1
X +
X + ...
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain

dy dy dy dy y
^y-f-
dx
= y-^x^
dx
+ 0=>-f-{2y-x)
dx
= y => ^
dx 2y-x
sm X „ dy (1 + y) cos a: + y sin a:
EXAMPLE 7 If y = , prove that dx
^
1 +
cos X
^ 1 + 2y + cos a: - sin a:
sm X
1 +
cos X
1 +
1 + ... to 00
SOLUTION We have,
sin X (1 + y) sin X 2
y = cos X
=> y = y + y + y cos x = (1 + y) sin a:
1 + 1 + y + cos a:
oww
1 +y

dy ^ dy dy dy . „ v
— + 2y — + — cos X - y sm a: = — sm a: + (1 + y) cos a:
dx dx dx dx
e
re
— (1 + 2y + cos X - sin a^ = (1 + y) cos x + y sin x
FFrllo
dx
dy _ {1 + y) cos X + y sin X
rF
ee
dx 1 + 2y + cos X - sin X
ouru
sor rF
EXERCISE 10.6
BASIC
kffo
1. = +... toco , prove that — = ^
dx 2 y -1
os
ook
Yo
Y
I I I ' ' ' , dy sin X

2. Ity = ycos X + yjcos X + .^cos X + ... to CO , prove that ^ =-——
Bo
reeB
3. Ify =^log X + .^log X + X +... to 00 ,provethat{2 y-1) ^dx —X

ouY
ur
2
, dy sec X
ad
4. If y = X + ^tan x + ^tan X + ... to 00 ,prove that—

Yo
=
dx 2 y - 1
d
. 00 2
(sin x) ' I
y cot X
nidn
(sin x)
5. If y = (sin x) , prove that — =
Re
dx (1 - y log sin x)
F
Fi
. CO
(tan x)“
(tan x) dy 7t
6. If y = (tan x) , prove that = 2 at x=-.
dx 4
BASED ON LOTS
(COSX) ... 00 2 ^
(cosx) y tan x [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
7. Ify= (cosx) , prove that — =
dx (1 -y log cosx)
BASED ON HOTS
X X e
e e X
8. If y = e* -f x^ + , prove that
X e
X X X
1
dx
● X
\—
X
+ ● log X ^ + x^ ● e
—X + e* ● log XI + x^ ● X {1 + e log X}
10.10 DIFFERENTIATION OF PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Sometimes x and y are given as functions of a single variable e.g. x = (j)(f), y = v|/ (f) are two
functions of a single variable. In such a case x and y are called parametric functions or parametric
equations and t is called the parameter. To find —
dx
in case of parametric functions, we first obtain
the relationship between x and y by eliminating the parameter t and then we differentiate it with
respect to x. But, it is not always convenient to eliminate the parameter. Therefore, — can also be
dx
obtained by the following formula
dy _ dy/dt
dx dx/dt
In order to prove this, let A x and A y be the changes in x and y respectively corresponding to a
ww
small change A f in t. Then,
lim
Ay _ Ay/At dy lim Ay _ AtÔ At - -di
FF loo
Ax Ax/Af dx A X ^ 0 Ax Ax dx
lim
Af->0 At dt
ree
reFe
oroFr
rur
EXAMPLE I Find
dy
m each of the following:
s ff
dx
(i) x = a cos ,1
t + — 1loe tan
. 2 —t
and y = a sin t. ICBSE 2011,2019 NCERT]
k
2 ^ 2
YYouo
okso
(ii) X = (9 - sin 0) and y = (1 - cos 0). [NCERTl

BBoo
SOLUTION (i) X
= a I cos t + -^ log tan^ i and y =a sin t
r ee
1 t
X = cos t + - X 2 log tan — and y = sin f
ad
ouur
2 & 2
Yo
t
X = a
cos t + log tan - and y = a sin t.
d
Re
idnY
Differentiating with respect to f, we get

FFin
dx 1 2 t 1
— =a - sin t + sec X A i. and —= a cos t
dt tan t/2 2 2 dt
dx 1
a I - sin t + ■ and —= a cos t
dt 2 sin {t/2) cos (f/2) dt
dx
a \ - sin t +
1
■ and ^ = a cos t
dt sin t dt
dx - sin^ f +1
a ■ and ^ = a cos t
dt sin f dt
2
dx a cos t ,dy , dy dy/dt a cos t
and — = fl cos t ^ = — - tan t
dt dt 2
sin t dx dx/dt a cos t
sin t
(ii) We have, x = a (0 - sin 6) and y = a{\- cos 0)

Differentiating with respect to 0, we get
— = a{\~cos 0) and — = <? sin 0
^ dd
dy dy/dQ _ fl sin 0 2 sin (0/2) cos (9/2) = cot —.
0
dx dx/dQ (7 (1 - cos 0) 2sin^(0/2) 2
7t
EXAMPLE2
Ifx = fl sec ^ 0 and ^y-a tan^ Q,find —
dx
at0 = —.
3
INCERTEXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have, ;c = flsec^ 0 and y = fltan^ 0

Differentiating with respect to 0, we get
w
—
dQ
= 3fl sec^ 0 —
dQ
(sec 0) and —
dQ
= 3a tan ^ 0 dQ
(tan 0)
Flo
— = 3asec^ 0 tan 0 and — = 3a tan^ 0sec^ 0
dQ dQ
ee
dy _ dy/dQ _ 3a tan^ 0 sec^ 0 _ tan 0 dy n V3
Fr
= sin 0 => = sm — =
dx dxIdQ 3a sec^ 0 tan 0 sec 0 dx
jQ=n/3
3 2
EXAMPLE 3 find ^ , when x = acos^ t and y = asin^ t.

for
ur
dx
3 3
ks
SOLUTION We have, x = a cos t and y = <7 sin t

Yo
— = 3a cos^ t — cos (0 = - 3i7 cos^ f sin t and, — = 3« sin^ t — (sin t) - 3a sin^ f cos t
oo
dt dt dt dt
eB
2
^ _ dy/dt 3a sin t cos t
= - tan t
2
dx dx/dt - 3t7 cos t sin t
r
ou
ad

Y
- 1
sin" cos t dy y
EXAMPLE 4
Ifx = ^|a a , a >0and -1 <f < 1, shozv that ^
dx
nd
x
Re
SOLUTION We have. ICBSE2012, NCERT]

Fi
sin t cos
X a
and y - a
-1/2 -1/2
. -1 -1 -1
dx _ 1 a
sin ^ t d
a
sm t
and ^ = 1 a
cos t d
a
cos t
It ~ 2 dt dt 2 dt
-1/2
. -1
dx _ 1 sin t sin t
(sin“^f)
a a loge- «
It ~ 1 dt
and.
-1/2
-1 -1 d
dy _ \
logt? « (cos ^ f)
cos t cos t
a a
It ~ 2 dt
1/2
dx _ 1 sin t 1 X loge a
~di ~ 2
a
(logg a) X
xl/2
-1
and. ^ = i a
cos t
(loge a) X
-1 _ -y ôge a
2-Jl^
dt 2
dy
^ ^ dt _ -yôge^ X i
2,/r^
_
a: logg fl :c
dt
sin ^ ^ + cos ^ f
ALITER Clearly, x^
2 2 Jr/2 ● -lx -1,
= a
=> ^ y a sm t + cos t =—
ww
2

2^ + 2;c^y^ =0=. y
Flo
dx dx X
ee
rere
r FF
2f 2f
-1
«^y =_ -l.
EXAMPLES If X = sin fl«d y = tan ^ ,t >1. Prove that
1 +t^ 1 -t^ dx
uurr
foor
SOLUTION Let t = tan e. Then,
K 7E 7t
ks s
f >1 ^ tan 0>1 ^ — <0 < — => — <20<7i

Yoo
4 2 2
ooook
1 2t . -1 2 tan 0
X = sm
eBB
1+r J \
l + tan^0
X
sm ^ (sin 2 0)= sin“ ^ (sin (tc - 2 0)} = n - 2 0 = 7t - 2 tan
-1
" f
uurr
dx 2 -2
ad
— = 0-
Yo
dt 1 + 1 +
dY
. -1 2t
and, y = tan
Re
innd
1 -p-
FFi
2 tan 0
y = tan ^ ● = tan ^ (tan 2 0) = tan
-1
{-tan {n-2 0)}
1 - tan ^ 0
y = - tan ^ {tan (ix - 2 0)} =-(7c-2 0)=-n+2tan ^t

2 2
= 0 +
dt 1+f^ 1 + f^
2
dy
^ = dt ^ = -1.
dx dx 2
dt 1
EXAMPLES ^M = sm (m cos”^x),u = cos (m sin”^x), prove that —=

dt? iV ■
SOLUTION We have,
u = sin (m cos ^ x) and v = cos (m sin ^ ;t)
. -1
sin"^w = m cos~^:c and cos -1 v=m sin X
-1
sin ^« + cos î’=w(cos Â: + sin ^x)^sin ^ u + cos -1 V = mil
n
sin + cos x= —
2 2
Differentiating both sides with respect to v, we obtain

1 du 1 du 1-u^
= 0 => ~ =
-u
2 dv
t/i -v^ dv
n2
w
EXAMPLE 7 ^ a: = sec 0 - cos 0 U7id y = sec" 0 - cos" 0, prove that {x^ + 4) = n^(y^+4)
dxj
SOLUTION We have,
Flo
X = sec 0 - cos 0 and y = sec"0-cos"0
ee
— = sec0 tan0 + sin 0 and, — =n sec"0 tan0 + J7 cos"~^0 sin0
dQ dQ
Fr
— = tan 0 (sec 0 + cos 0) and, — = n tan 0 (sec" 0 + cos" 0)
d0 ^ dQ for
ur
dy _ dyfdQ _ Mtan 0 (sec" 0 + cos" 0)
n ft
sec 0 + cos 0
= n
dx dx/d0 tan 0 (sec0 + cos0) sec0 + cos0
ks
r j
2 (sec" 0 + cos" 0)^
Yo
dy
oo
= n
[dx (sec0 + cos 0)^

eB
dyf = n
2 (sec” 0 " cos" 0)^ + 4 sec" 0 cos” 0 [v {a + bf ={a-b)^ + 4ab]
[dx^ (sec 0 - cos 0) + 4 sec 0 cos 0
ur
ad
.2 / 2
^(x^-h4)^
Yo
dy 2 V +4
=n ^ = n^ (y^ + 4)
dx) x^+4 dx
EXERCISE 10.7
d
Re
in
BASIC
dy
F
Find when
dx '
2
1- x = at and y = 2at [NCERT]
2. X = fl (0 + sin 0) and y = (1 - cos 0)

3. X = cos 0 and y = & sin 0 INCERT]
9 0
4. x = ae (sin 0 - cos 0), y = ae (sin 0 + cos 0)
2 2 [CBSE2014]
5. X = & sin 0 and y = a cos 0
6. X = fl (1 - cos 0) and y = fl (0 + sin 0) at 0 =
f —t t -t
-^ [NCERT]
e + e , e -i
7. x = and V =
2 ^ 2
3 at 3flf^
8. x = andy =
i+t^ rr?
x = a (cos 9 + 0 sin 9) and y = a (sin 0 - 9 cos 0) INCtRT)
x =e
6
0 + —
1
0
and y=e
-e
e-il
0
INCERT EXEMI’LARl
It
X =
andy =
\+t^ 1 +
-1 t
a: = cos = and V = sin ,t eR
.2 ^
2t
X = and y ~
ooww
1 + f^
If a: =10 (f - sin f), y =12(1 - cos 0/find—. INCERT]

dx
If a: = (0 - sin 0) and, y = a (1 + cos 0), find — at 0 = —. ICBSE2011]
e
dx 3
ere
IfA: =
1 + logf 3 + 21ogf
rFl 0 > y
t
;
dx
INCERT EXEMS’LAR]
Fre
<iy
rrF
TC
If a: = 3 sin f-sin 3f,y = 3 cost-cos 3f,find —atf
dx
=—. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
3
sffoo
ouur
It It dy
If sin a: = tany = INCERT EXEMPLAR]
2 '
1+r 1-f
kosk
dy n
Ifx=fl(20-sin20) andy = (1-cos20),find —when0=—. ICBSE2018]
Yo
dx 3
oo
Y
It 2t dy
BB
-1 -1
If x = sin and y = tan , -1 < ^ < 1, prove that — =1
1 + f^ i-t^ dx
rre
BASED ON LOTS
ouu
Y
ad
dy 30
If a: = 2 cos 0 - cos 2 9 and y = 2 sin 0 - sin 2 0, prove that= tan ICBSE2013]
dx 2 )
dY
IfA:=e
cos2f
and y = e
sin2t
,provethat^=-yi^ INCERT EXEMPLAR]
innd
dx x log y
Re
f r lA
, prove that ^ .
Fi
If a: = fl t + - and y=a t —
F
I fj I fJ dx y
● 3 t* cos^ t
IfA: =
Sin
,find —
dy
/y = INCERT]
^cos 21 ^/cos 21 dx
1
t + -
If AT =
t
,y = a
f
, find ^
dx
If a: =fl llfi and y =

2t
,find^ [CBSE 20051
1-t^ 1-f^ dx
Ux = asia2t (1 + cos 2f) and y =b cos 2t (1 - cos 2f), show that at f =—, ^=-
4 dx a
ICBSE 2014,2016, NCERT EXEMPLAR]

Ifx = cost (3-2cosî)3ri'^y = sinf (3-2 sinfind the value of—

n
at f =—.
dx 4
1 0 h
1. - _ tan — cot 0 ● cot 0
f 2 a
a X It
5. - 6- 1
h y 1 -t^
9. tan 0 10. e
26 (0^-0^ + 0 + 1) X
!. . 1
(0^+0^+ 0-1)
ww
V
13. 14, . -V3 I ; t

It 5
Flo
1 1
17. - 18. 1 ^ - cot 31
e
43 43
ree
1
t + -
Fr
a t
log^ 1 + f^
rF
●● 1
N.fl- 1 2at
/f + 1
uurr
for
HINTS TO StUzCT ●Tr
s
.r;-4'4
kks
cos 2t sin2i
22. We have, x = e
Yo
,y = e
oooo
dx
e
cos2f
(-2 sin 2f), ^ = (2 cos 2f)
eB
dt dt
dx
dt
~ - 2:c sin 2t, ^
dt
= 2y^ cos 2f
ur
cos 2/ sin2f
ad
dx <^y ●: x = e ,y = e
YYo
dt = -2xlogy,^
dt
= 2ylogx
^ log a: = cos2f, logy = sin2f
dd
dy _dy/dt _ 2ylogx _ j ylogx

Re
in
dx dx/dt -2x log y xlogy

F
ALITER We have,
cos2f sin2f
x = e
and, y = e
2 2 2 2
^ logX = cos2t and, logy = sin2f ^ (logx) +(logy) =cos 2f + sin 2f
(logx)^ + (logy)^ =1
2(log.)U2(logy)l^
y dx = 0^^
X
dx = -^''°S^
a^logy
' '* We have.
sin^ t cos
3 Xt
X
>y =
^cos 2t ^cos 2t
X = sin^f (cos 2f) ^ y = cos^f(cos2f)
2
dx _ 3 sin t cos t ● 3 , 1 -3/2 d
+ Sin lx - — (cos 2t) — (cos 2t)
dt
^cos It dt
and.
_ - 3 cos t sin t + cos^ ^ ^ ~ “ (cos 2t) - 3/2 d
— (cos 21)
dt
^cos 2t dt
2 3 2 3
dx _ 3 sin t cos t ;in t sin 2t dy _ - 3 cos t sin t cos t sin 2t
dt
.yjcoTli (cos 2t)
3/2
^cos 2t (cos 2t)
3/2
2 3 2 3
dx 3 sin f cos t cos 2t + sin t sin 2t dy - 3 cos t sin t cos 2t + cos t sin 2t
dt 3/2 3/2
(cos 2t) (cos 2t)
ww
dx 3 sin^ t cos f (1 - 2 sin^ t) + 2 sin^ t cos t
dt 3/2
(cos 2t)
FF loo
dy _ - 3 cos^ ^ sin f (2 cos^ t -1) + 2 cos^ t sin t
dt 3/2
(cos 2t)
ree
2 4 4 2
dx 3 sin t cos t - 4 sin t cos t dy - 4 cos t sin t + 3 cos t sin t
=
3/2 3/2
reFe
dt
(cos 2t) (cos 2t)
3 oor rF 3
rur
dx sin t cos t (3 sin t - 4 sin t) dy _ - sin t cos t (4 cos t - 3 cos t)
s ff
dt 3/2 ' dt 3/2
(cos 2t) (cos 2t)
dx sin 2t sin 3t dy _ - sin 2t cos 3t
k
2 (cos 20^'^^ ' 3/2

YYoou
okso
dt
(cos 2t)
BBoo
dy!dt - sin 2t cos 3t

- - cot 3t
dx dxfdt sin 2t sin 3t
r ee
10.11 DIFFERENTIATION OF A FUNCTION WITH RESPECT TO ANOTHER FUNCTION

ouur
ad
So far we have discussed derivative of one variable, say, y with respect to other variable, say, x.
Yo
In this section, we will discuss derivative of a function with respect to another function.
Let u=f(x) and z; = g (:c) be two functions of x. Then, to find the derivative of / ( a:) with respect to
d
idnY
Re
du
g- (x) i.e., to find dv
we use the following formula
FFin
du du/dx
dv dv/dx
Thus, to find the derivative of/(a:) with respect to ^(x), we first differentiate both with respect
to a: and then divide the derivative of f (x) with respect to a: by the derivative of g (a:) with
respect to x.
Following examples will illustrate the procedure.

EXAMPLE 1
Differentiate log sin x with respect to ^cos x.
SOLUTION
Let u = log sin a: and v = ^cos x. Then,
du , , dv sin x
= cot x and — =
dx dx
2 ^cos x
du du/dx cot X
dv dv/dx sms; -2 ^cos X cot X cosec x

2 ^cos x
-1 l + 2x
EXAMPLE 2 Differentiate tan
l-2x with respect to yjl + ^x^.
l + 2x
SOLUTION Let m = tan ^
l-2x
andu =
^1 + 4lX^ . Then,
2 dv 1 4a:
u = tan ^ 1 + tan ^ 2x and v - Jl + 4x^^ — = X 8a: =
’ dx 1 + 4a:
-\/l+4x^ ^l+4x^
ww
2
du
du tiA: 1 + Ax^ 1
Floo
dv 4a:
dv
2x Jl + Ax^
dx
e
eere
+ -1
EXAMPLE 3 Differentiate tan ^ with respect to tan ^ x,x pi=0.
FFr
x
oorr
uur r
-Jl+-1
s ff
SOLUTION Let u = tan ^ and v - tan ^ x. Putting x = tan 0, we get
X
sk
YYoo
ooko
^1 + - 1
eBB
sec 0 -1 -1 1 - cos 0
u = tan~^ = tan
-1
= tan
X tan 0 sin 0
uurr
ad
2sin^ (0/2) 0 1 1
Yo
-1
u = tan ^ = tan ^ tan — = - 0 = — tan x
2 sin (0/2) cos (0/2) 2) 2 2
dY
Re
Thus, we obtain
nind
du 1 dv 1
u = — tan ^ X and v = tan ^ X => — X —
^ and
FFi
2 dx 2 1 +:t l^x^'
du duldx 1
+ =i.
dv dv/dx 2(1 +a:-)
2a:
EXAMPLE 4 Differentiate sin ^ ^ with respect to tan ^x,-l<x<l.
1 + x
. -1 2x
SOLUTION Letw = sin and 17 = tan ^ x. Putting x = tan 0, we get
2 tan 0
= sin ^ (sin 20)
. -1
u = sin
1 + tan^ 0
-1 n K 7t 71
u = 20 = 2 tan x -l<x<l => — <0< — => — <29< —
4 4 2 2
Thus, we obtain
du 2 dv 1
u - 2 tan ^ X and v = tan ^ a: => and
dx 1 + x^ dx 1 + x^
du du/dx _ 2/1 + x^ = 2
dv dv/dx 1/1 + x^
EXAMPLE 5
Differentiate x^ with respect to x log x.
ooww
SOLUTION Let u = x' and v = x log x. Then,
X
u = X = and v = xlogx
du
= ^X— (;t log x) and —=xx —X + lxlog3:
e
dx dx dx
ree
du
rFl X 1 \ I dv - , du du/dx x'' (1 + log X) X
Fre
= X (1 + logx) and — = l + logx=> — = X
dx dx dv dv/dx (1 + log x)
rrF
V
ALlTER We have, u = x^ => log u=xlogx~v =>u e
ouur
du _ d {e^) = e V
sffoo u =>
du
X
X
.
dv dv dv
okks

Yo
oo
2
Y
+ X
-1 —1 2
BB
EXAMPLE 6 Differentiate tan = ● zvith respect to cos x . [CBSE 2019]
-JiT?+-Ji -X
rre
-Jl + x^ --^1-3:^
ouu
—1 2 2
SOLUTION Let tan ^
YY
X . Putting x = cos 0, we get

ad
and V - cos
1 + + Jl-x^
dd
■ijyp + cos 0 - - cos 0

1 ^2 cos^ 0/2-^2 sin^0/2
Re
iinn
u = tan = tan
^2 cos^ Q/2+^2 sin^ 9/2

+ cos 0 + - cos 0
F
-1 cos 0/2 - sin 0/2

u tan
cos 0/2 + sin 0/2
-1 1 - tan 0/2 9
w = tan Dividing numerator and denominator by cos —
1 + tan 0/2 2
-1 n 0 n 1 n 1 -12 2 -1 2,
u tan < tan 0 cos X [*.● X - cos 0 0 = cos ^ ]
14 2 ;j 4 2 4 2
du 1 -2x X
dx 2 4
X
-1 2 dv -2x
Now, u = cos X
dx
du _ du/dx 1
dv dv/dx 2
. -1
sm X - T
EXAMPLE 7 Differentiate x with respect to sin x.
. -1
-1
^ and V - sin
sm
SOLUTION Let u = x X. Then,
U = X
sin ^ a:
u = e
sm ^ X . log X
. -1
du .-1
sm sin ^ X sm X logy
ww
e
dx dx X
●1 dv 1
and, = sm
dx 2
Flo
1 -X
e
eree
. -1
sin ^ X sm a:
- +
logy
X
du
FFr
X
. “1
^ _dx _ sm
^ ● log AT + sin ^ X
uurr
= X
dv dv 1 X
dx
orr
sfo
kks
Yoo
1 -1
zoith respect to cos
-1
lx -?
oooo
EXAMPLES Ifxe 1 , differentiate tan

IV2' X
eBB
ICBSE 2014, NCERT EXEMPLAR]

urr
-X
SOLUTION Let» = tan and V = cos ^ 2a: . Let X - sin 0. Then,
ad
X
YYo
( 1 ^ <sin 0 <1 =>

Tt 71
dd
X e ,l => -<0<-
V2 V2 4 2
Re
inn
Now,
F
4^ j -sin^ 0 - tan ^ (cot 0) = tan ^

2
-X 71
u = tan = tan tan — 0 ●
X sin 0 ^2
7t K 7t
71 n ^ ● -1 n
V -<0<- => O<L-0<-
u — 0 = — sm X
2 2 4 2 2 4
du 1 1
= 0 —
dx
1-x^
IXyjiT^
- 1
V = cos
^ (sin 2 0)
7t 7t
V — sm — sm X = sin 0]
2 2
711
—
n
sin ^ {sin {ti-2 9)} =—-(7t-2 0)
n 7t
V <0<— ^ O<ti-20< —
2 2 4 2 2J
n n -1 dv 2
V — + 26 = — + 2 sin X =>
2 2 dx
-1
^ = 1
di; di; 2 2
dx
ooww
2x 2x
EXAMPLE 9 Differentiate tan ^
-1
1 -:e
2 ivith respect to sin 1 + x^
ii)x^{-lA) (ii) X €(1, xi) (iii) X e (- X , -1)
e
2x 2x
SOLUTION Letw = tan"^ and f = sin ^
ree
. Putting X = tan 0, we get
1-x^ l + x^
rFl
Fre
rrF
2 tan 0 2 tan 0
u = tan ^ = tan ^ (tan 29) and = sin ^ = sin ^(sin 20)
1 - tan^ 0 1 + tan^ 6
ouur
sffoo
(i) Y/hen x e (-1 ,1): We have,
X €{-l, 1) and X - tan 0 =>-l<tan0<l => <6<— => <20< —
okks
4 4 2 2
Yo
u = tan ^ (tan 2 9) = 2 0 and i; = sin ^ (sin 2 0) = 2 0

oo
Y
u = 2 tan ^ X and v = 2 tan ” ^ x

BB
X = tan 0 => 6 = tan

du 2 dv 2
rre
dx 1 + x 1 + x^
ouu
2
YY
ad
dll
^ = dx ^ 1 + x^ = 1
dv dv 2
dd
dx 1 +x^
Re
iinn
(ii) W?ie« X € (1, x): We have,

F
X € (1, x) and x = tan0^ l<tan6<x=> —<0<—=> —<20<ti

4 2 2
u = tan ^ (tan 2 6)= tan ^ (- tan {n-2 0)} =

-1
tan |tan(2 0-7r)) = 2 0-;i
u = 2 tan ^ X - 7C
6 = tan” ^ x]
du 2 2
-0 =
dx 1 + x^ l + x^
and. V sin ^ (sin 2 6)= sin ^ {sin (ti-2 0)} = 7C-2 6 = 7c-2tan -1 X
dv 2 -2
— = 0-
dx l + x2 l + x2
2
d»
dw dx 1 + x"^
= -1
di» dy -2
dx 1 + x^
(iii) When a: e (- 00, -1): We have,

X = tan 0 and e (- co, -1) ^ - oo < tan 0< -1 => <0<-—=> -ti<20<- —
2 4 2
u = tan ^ (tan 2 0) = tan ^ Itan (tc + 2 0)} = 7T+2 0 = ;:+2tan
du 2 2
— = 0 +
dx l + ,v^
and, i? = sin ^(sin20)=sin ^{-sin (n+20)} = sin (sin (-71 - 20)) = -7i-20=-7c-2tan ^x
dv 2
dx
2
du
ww
du dx = -1
dv dv 2
dx l+.r2
Flo
3x-x^ 2x
e
1
EXAMPLE 10 If- <X < differentiate tan ^ zuith respect to tan ^
eree
V3 V3' 1 - 3x^
FFr
3x-x^ 2x
-1
and i> = tan ^
uurr
SOLUTION Let u = tan
2 . Putting X = tan 0, we obtain
1 - 3x~ \-x
orr
sfo
^ (tan 3 0) and v = tan
-1
u = tan (tan 2 0)
1 1 1 1
kks
71 K
Yoo
—;= <X < -7= ^ 1= < tan 0 < => --<0<-

■J3 ^3 J3 V3 6 6
oooo
u = 3 0 and u = 2 0
7C TC 71 K
^ — <30<— and — < 2 0 <
eBB
2 2 3 3
du 3 rfi; 2
= 3 tan ^ X and v = 2 tan ^ .V =i> and — =
urr
u
dx 1 + x^ dx 1 + x^
ad
3
YYo
du
^ - dx - 1+x^ 3
dd
dv dv 2 2
Re
inn
dx
EXERCISE 10.8
F
BASIC
2 2 2
1- Differentiate sec (x ) with respect to a: . [CBSE 20201
2 —1
2. Differentiate log (1 + a: ) with respect to tan x.
3. Differentiate (log x)^ with respect to log x.

sin X cos X
4. Differentiate (cos x) with respect to (sin x)
with respect to .^1 + a

1 + rtX 2 2
5. Differentiate tan~^ x .
\-ax
2 cos a:
6. Differentiate sin x with respect to e [CBSE 2020]
cos x
7. Differentiate tan ^ with respect to sec ^ x.
1 + sin X
BASED ON LOTS
-1
S. Differentiate sin”^ with respect to cos X, if (i) X e (0,1) (ii) xe(-l,0).
9. Differentiate sin”^ (4x -Jl - 4x^) with respect to - 4x^, if

1 1 1 1
(i) (ii) :r € (iu) X€ --
2 V2 ' 2 V2 2V2'2 2' 2J2
’ z'
2x
10. Differentiate tan ^ with respect to sin ^ , if-1 <x <1, X 0.
a:
(CBSE2014,2016]
ww
11. Differentiate sin ^ (2a: .^1 - a:^) with respect to sec
-1 1
if:
Flo
(i) a:€(0,1/V2) (ii) A:e(l/V2,1)
e
eree
2x 1 -x^
12. Differentiate sin ^ with respect to cos ^ , if 0 < a: <1.
FFr
I + a:^ 1 + x^
uurr
13. Differentiate sin
-if I
2a: -Jl - a:
2)
with respect to tan orr
-1 X
zif-4^ <X<
1
sfo
r~ ●
42 42
kks
Yoo
f-1 -a: 2
oooo
2.r -1
14. Differentiate tan ^ with respect to cos , if 0 <x<1.
1 -x^
eBB
-1 AT-1 —1 3 1 1
15. Differentiate tan with respect to sin ( 3a: - 4a: ), if — <x < —.
a: + 1 2 2
urr
ad
YYo
2x 2x
16. Differentiate sin ^ j with respect to tan
-1
^ ,if-l <a:<1.
1 + a: 1 -a:
dd
Re
inn
—1 3 —1
17. Differentiate cos (4a: - 3a:) with respect to tan , if—<X<1.
2
F
2x^l-x^ ,if-^
1
18. Differentiate tan ^ with respect to sin ^ <x<
42-
[CBSE2014]
“1 / 2 —1 X
19. Differentiate sin -JI-a: with respect to cot ,if0 <a: <1.
I 2 ^ 1 1
20. Differentiate sin ^ 2 ax Jl - ^ x^
with respect to « x , if - ^ <ax < 42-
\~x
21. Differentiate tan ^ with respect to -x^ , if -1 < x < 1.
1 + x
ANSWERS
1. 2sec^{x^) tan (;c^)

x-1
2. lx 3. A:(log:t) {1 + log a: ● log (log x)}
sm X
^ (cos 3:) cosx

(cos X ● log cos a: - sin a: ● tan x} o.
1
(sin x) {- sin X log sin a: + cos x ■ cot a:} ax ,/l + a x^
6. ~2e
-cosx
cos a: 7.
-X^X^-1 8. (i)l (ii) -1 9. (i)--
1
(ii) -
1 1
(iii) -
2
oww
x X X
1
10. - n. (i) 2 (ii) -2 12. 1 13. 2 14. 1 15.
4
3 (1 + x^)
e
1 2
re
16. 1 17. 3 18. 19. 1 20. 21.
2
a:(1 + a:^)
FFrllo
ax
rF
10.12 DIFFERENTIATION OF DETERMINANTS
ee
In the previous sections, we have studied differentiation in detail. In this section, we shall
ouru
discuss the differentiation of determinants.
sor rF
To differentiate a determinant, we differentiate one row (or column) at a time, keeping others
unchanged.
kffo
For example, if
os
f(x) g(x)
ook
A(x) = , then
Yo
Y
u(x) v(x)
Bo
reeB
f'(x) g'(x) / (x) g (x)

-^{AW} = + . Also A(a(:,u=/'W SM ^ /W S'W
dx U (x) V (x) u' (a:) v' (a:) ■ ' ^
dx i/ix) v(x) u(x) v'(x)
ouY
ur
Similar results hold for the differentiation of determinants of higher order. Following examples
ad
Yo
wiU illustrate the same.

d
nidn
Re

F
Fi
x + a
2 ah
ac
EXAMPLE 1 If fix) = ah a: + be , find fix).

ac be 2
x + c
SOLUTION We have.
X + a
2 ab ac
fix) = ab x-^b^ be
ac be 2
X + c
1 0 0 x-¥ ^ ab ac x-^ a
2
ab ac
fix) = ab x + b'^ be + 0 1 0 + ab x + b^ be
2 2
ac be X + c ac be x + c 0 0 1
x + b^ be
X + a
2 ac
x + a
2 ab
=> /'(x) = +
2 + 2
be x + c^ ac X + c ab x +b
=> f'{x) = |(Ar +J>^) (x + c^) + {x +c^) + ^l(x +a)'^ (x + b^) - a"^b^^
=> f' {x) = + X {b^ + c^) + x^ + X {a^ + c^) + x'^ + X {c^ + b^) = + lx {a^ +b^ + c^).
nx AMPLE 2 Iff^ (x), gj. (x) and hj. (x) ;r =1,2, 3 are polynomials in x such that (a) = gr {a) = hj. (a);
r =1,2, Sand
/l (^) h (^) /s (^)
Fix) = giW g2(x) g3(x) , find F' {x)at x = a.
ww
h-i (x) /i2 (x) h^{x)
SOLUTION We have.
Flo
Aix) f2(x) fsix)
e
Fix) = gl(x) g2(x) gsix)
ree
A (x) h2 (x) ;i3(x)
Fr
rF
/l'(x) /2'(x) /3'(x) flix) f2ix) /3(x) /i(x) /2(x) /3(x)
uurr
F'ix) = gl ix) g2 (^) g3 ix) + Î'W g2’ix) gs'ix) + î(x) for ^2(^) gsix)
hi (x) fi2 ix) hjix) hix) f^2ix) ^six) h'ix) h'ix) h^'ix)
s
kks
/l'(«) /2'(«) /3'(<^) flia) /2(«) /3(«) /l(«) fli^)

Yo
oooo
F'ia) = gl(fl) g2i^) gsi^) + («) g2 i^) g3 («) + gl i^) g2 («) ^3 («)
hi (a) lt2 ia) h^{a) hlia) Ii2ia) h^{a) h{{a) h2'ia) h^'(a)
eB
f'lia) f'lia) f'sia) /iW AW AW /iW AW AW)

ur
F'ia) = gl(«) glia) g^{a) +

g’\i‘^) g'li^) g'si^) + /l(«) hi^) /3(«)
ad
/l(«) /2(«) /3<«) ^2'(«) ^3'(«)

YYo
gl («) g2 ia) gsia)
[Using: f. (a) = gr ia) = /^ (fl); r = 1, 2, 3]

dd
f'(«) = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 [●.' Two rows are identical in each of the determinants]

Re
in
EXAMPLE 3 Iff (x), g (x) and h (x) are three polynomials of degree 2, then prove that
F
fix) gix) h(x)

(.x) = fix) g'(x) h-{x) is a constatit polynomial.
fix) g"ix) h"{x)
SOLUTION Let / (x) = X^ + ^2 ^ + *^3/ g (^) =&i X^ + ^2 ●X + ^3 arid h (x) = C-^ x^ + C2 X + C3.
Then, /' (x) = 2 Aj x + 02, g* (x) = 2 x + &2 and h' (x) = 2ci x + C2
fix) = 2ai, g" = 2bi,h"(x)=2ei and, /'"(x) = ^"(x) = h"'(x) = 0
In order to prove that ^ (x) is a constant polynomial, it is sufficient to show that 41" (x) = 0
for all X.
Now,
fix) g{x) h{x)

m = /'(X) g'{x) h'{x)
fix) g"(x) h"ix)
fix) g-ix) b'{x) fix) g(x) h{x) f (^) g ix) b ix)

(j)'(x) = fix) gix) h!{x) +
fix) g"ix) h"ix) + fix) g'ix) h’ix)
f"{x) h"{x) fix) ^’ix) h"ix) f'ix) 8"'ix) h'"{x)
f{x) g{x) h(x)

= 0 + 0+ fix) g'ix) h'{x) [Using (i)]
0 0 0
^ 4>'(x) = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 forall X ^ (|)(a:) = Constant for all x.

Hence, ^ (x) is a constant polynomial.
/ b
ww
g
EXAMPLE 4
Iff, g, h are differentiable functions ofx and A = ixf)' ixg)' ixhy
{^^/)" {x^h) n
f g h
Flo
ee
prove that A' = /' g’ h'
eer
ix^fy ix^g-y ix^h")'
FFr
SOLUTION We have. oorr
uur r
ixf)' = xf'+f,ixg)' = xg' + g,ixhy = xh' + h
s ff
(x^ /)' = xV'+ 2x/, ix^g)’ = xV + 2X^, {x^ by = x^h' + 2xh
sk
YYoo
ooko
(x^ f)" = xV"+ 4x/' + If, ix^g)" = xV' + 4xg' + Igand, ix\)" = xh" + 4xli' + 2h
eBB
f g h
A =
xf'+f xg' + g xh' + h
uurr
x^/'' + 4x/' + 2/ x^g" + ixg' + 2g :? h" + 4xlz’ + 2h

ad
Yo
f g h
dY
A = xf xh' Applying R2^R2~Ri,

Re
nind
and Rg —> R^ — 2R|

x^/"+4x/' x^g" + 4:Xg' x^h" + 4xh'
FFi
f g h
A =
xf xg' xh'
Applying i?3 -+R3 -4R2
x^ f x'^g" x^h'
/ g h
A = X f g! h'
[v Taking X common from R2I
X
V'
f g h
A = f g' h'
[Multiplying R3 by x]
x^f" x^ g" x^ k
MATHEMATICS-XII
10.104
f h
f S’ h' f g h g
f h'
h' f h S'
ft
f
n
A' + +
x^f it
x^ g” x^ h n
x^f rr
g" h' j")’ (x^g")' ix^h")'
f g h f g h
h! r g' h'
=> A' = 0 + 0+ /' g'
{x^f-y (xV')' {x^h")' ix^f")' ix^g")' ix^h”)'
fix) g{x) h{x) fix) g'ix) h'{x)
I INCERT]
w
EXAMPLE 5
Ify = I m n , prove that — = m n
dx
a b c a b c
Flo
fix) gix) h{x)
SOLUTION We have, y = 1 m n
ee
a b c
Fr
f<JM) -f(sw) for fix) g(x) h{x) fix) g{x) h{x)
ur
dx dx dx
^ - I m n + 0 0 0 + / m n
dx
b a b c 0 0 0
ks
a c
Yo
oo
fix) g'ix) h'ix)

eB
I m n
dx
a b c
r
ou
ad
FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (VBQs)

Y
/ j ^
1- Ify =x|x|,then
nd
Re
dx
/x=-l
Fi
2- If y = 2x +1 XI, then dx
and
dx
/'x=-l yx=l
3- If/(x) =1 - a:|, then/'(2) =

4- Ify^ = sinx°and ^
dx
= cf cos x®, then =
5. If/(x) =e^^x),^(0) =2, ^(0) =1, then/'(0) =
6- If/(x)=3|x+2j,then/'(-3)=
7. If /(I) = 3, /' (2) = 1, then A IIn + 2x)} =

8. If/{x)=x|x|,then/'(x)=
9. If/(x) =j X -11 +1 X - 3|, then/'(2) = / \
10.
If/(x) =1 cosx-sinx[, then/' — =
V
/ \
11. If/(a:) = I cos XI, then/' —

4
2 3
12. The derivative of X with respect to x IS
i
13. For the curve Jy =1/— at 14'4 IS
w
^ dx
/ \
14. If/(x) =1 sinx|,then/' -- =..

\
e
15. If/(x)=|sinx- cosxl, then —
UJ
e
o
wr
r
16, If y = tanx°, then —
dx
F
ullo
r FF
17. Ify = sin \c^) + cos then dx
e
18. Ify = sin”\3x-4x^),-^ <x <1, then^ =
rsre
dx
oF
uo
k
TC
19. Ify = sec
-if ^—
+1 <iy
x-1
+ sm
oofr ' , then — is equal to
+1 dx
sf
ko
20. The derivative of cosx with respect to sin x is
Y
21. The derivative of log^Q x with respect to x is

BB
Yo
...
Y
oo
22. If^(/(x))=^^,then4
l + x^ dx
er
re
uu
23. If y = cos (sin x^), then —

dx
at x = ~ is equal to
od
Yo
ad
24. If y = log |x|,x 0, then

n
dx
25. If/(x) = (jx^ + bx + c, then /'(I) +/'(4)-/'(5) is equal to

ndi
Re
F
26. If /'(I) = 2 and = 4, then the derivative of /(tanx) with respect to g(secx) at x = ^ is
Fi
equal to
ANSWERS
Tt
1. 2 2. 1,3 3. 3 5. 3 6. -3 7. 2 8. 2|x|,x;t0
180
9. 0
V3+1 1 3x 1 V3+1
10. 11. - 12. 13. -1 14. 15. -
2 V2 2 V2 2
71 -3
16. — 17. 0 18. 19. 0 20. -tanx 21. - logic ^
90
Vl-x^ X
o 2
3x 1 1
22. 23. 0 24. - 25. b 26.
1+x^ X V2
Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement
of the question:
1, Iff (x) = logg (logg x), then write the value of /' {e).
2. If/ (x) = a: +1, then write the value of -^{fof) (x). [CBSE2019]
3. If /' (1) = 2 and y =/ (logg x), find ^ at x = e. ax
4. If / (1) = 4, /' (1) = 2, find the value of the derivative of log {/ [e^)) with respect to x at the
ooww
point X = 0.
5. If /' (x) = ^2x^ -1 and y =/ (x^), then find dx at X =1.
6. Let g (x) be the inverse of an invertible function / (x) which is derivable at x = 3. If / (3) = 9
e
ree
and /' (3) = 9, write the value of g' (9).
rFl n 71
Fre
7. If y = sin ^ (sin x), - ^ < X < -2 Then, write the value of —dx for X e
2'2
rrF
3tc
^ (sin x), find —.
TC
8. If — < X ^ — and y = sin
2 2 ^
ouur
sffoo dx
9. If 71 < X < 2tc and y = cos’ ^ (cos x), find dx

okks
Yo
lx dy
oo
-1
, write the value of — for x > 1.
Y
10. Ify = sin

BB
1 + ;^^ dx
rre
11. If / (0) =/ (1) = 0, /' (1) = 2 and y =/ {e^) write the value of ^ at x = 0.
ouu
YY
13. If y = sin ^ x + cos ^,find^.

ad
<iy
12. If y = XI X1, find dx
for x < 0. dx
<^y
dd
14 If X = a (0 + sin 0), y = (1 + cos 0), find dx

.
Re
iinn
1 - cos 2x dy
15. If - — < X < 0 and y = tan" ^ , find —.
F
2 1 + cos 2x dx
dy
16. Ify = x^, find dx
atx = e.
-1 1 -X
, find —.
^y
17. Ify = tan 1 + x dx
^y
18. Ify = logfl x,find-^.
dx
^y
19. Ify = log ^/tan X,write—.
dx
-1 1 -x^ -1 l-x^ ^y
20. If y = sin + cos , find —.
dx
-1 x + 1 . -1 x-l
21. Ify=sec + sin , then write the value of —.
x-l x + 1 dx
22. If I a:| <1 and y =1 + a: + +... to then find the value of —

dx
-1 lx lx
23. If w = sin
1 + a:
y and f = tan ^ 1-/
, where -1 <a: <1, then write the value of
du
dv
oww
u{x)
24. If / (a:) = log ■ ●, u{l)=v (1) and ii' (1) = v' (1) = 2, then find the value of /' (1).
v{x) '
dy
25. If y = log I 3x \ ,x ^0, find
ee
dx
FFrlo
26. If / (:^) is an even function, then write whether /' (a:) is even or odd.
r
rF
ee
27. lifix) is an odd function, then write whether /' (x) is even or odd.
28. Write the derivative of sin x with respect to cos x. [CBSE20141
rF
ouru
29. If y = log (cos e^), then find —.
dx
[CBSE2019]
30. If/(3r) =x + 7 andg(x) =x -7, x eR, then find—(/og) (x).

fosor [CBSE2019]
skf
dx
ooko
ANSWERS
Yo
Y
1 1
Bo
1. 1 2. 1 3. - 4. - 5. 2
reeB
e 2
1 -1
6. - 7. 1 8. -1 9. -1 10.
9
1 + x^
ooY
uur
ad
0
11. 2 12. -2x 13. 0 14. - tan — 15. -1
2
dY
1 1
16. 2/ 17. - 18. 19. cosec 2x 20. 0
X log^ a
nind
Re
1 1
21. 0
F
Fi
22. 23. 1 24. 0 25.

{1-xf X
26. odd 27. even 28. -cotx 29. -tan (e^). 30. 2
CHAPTER u
HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES
11.1 DEFINITION AND NOTATIONS
ooww
If y = f{x), then the derivative of y with respect to x, is itself, in general, a function of x and
(iy
can be differentiated again. To fix up the idea, we shall call as the first order derivative of y
dx
e
with respect to x and the derivative of ^ with respect to x as the second order derivative of y
ree
rFl d^y . Similarly d^y with respect to
Fre
with respect to x and will be denoted by the derivative of x
dx^ dx^
rrF
will be termed as the third order derivative of y with respect to x and will be denoted by
ouur
sffoo dx
d^y
so on. The order derivative of y with respect to x will be denoted by
okks
dx^'
Yo
If y = f{x), then the other alternative notations for

oo
Y
dy d^y d^y
BB
are
dx’ dx^' dx^' "" dy^
rre
yv yi> yz>
ouu
(n)
r'
YY
ad
Dy. y, D^y, D"y

/'W. f'"{x), ●
dd
/"W
Re
iinn
The values of these derivatives at :c = a are denoted by y„ (fl), y ” {a), D”y or

' dx”
F
^x=a
Type I ON PROVING RELATIONS INVOLVING VARIOUS ORDER DERIVATIVES OF CARTESIAN

FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 1 y = sin ^ x, show that rf^y ^ X
dx^
SOLUTION We have, y = sin“^ x. On differentiating with respect to x, we get

dy 1
dx
On differentiating again with respect to x, we get

d^y _ fr 1
= 4- = 1(1_;,V3/2,A(i_:,2)
dx^ dx dx 2 dx
dx^ 2.3/2 " 2.3/2 '

2(1 ~x^)
cos a:
EXAMPLE 2 //y = tan AT + secA:, prove that INCERT EXEMPLAR]
_
dx^ (1 - sin x)^

SOLUTION We have, y = tan a: + sec x
dy 2 1 sin X 1 4- sin X
— = sec X + sec X tan x = —
2 2 2
dx cos X cos X cos X
ww
=>
dy _ 1 + sin X 1
dx l-sin^x 1-sinx
FF loo
d 1
■ = — {(1 - sin x)
dx^
ree
dx 1 - sin X dx
d^y -1
= (-l) (1 - sin x) ^ dx^ (1 - sin x)
cos X
y (- cos x) = (1 - sin x)^
rFee
=
dx^ (1 - sin x)
oor rF
rur
EXAMPLE 3 Ify = tan x, prove that y2 = 2yy;^.
s ff
SOLUTION We have, y = tan x
dy 2 dy
k
2
^ - sec X or, y^ = sec x ●●● yi = ^
YYoou
dx
ookos
dx
d , . d , 2 .
BBo
— (yi) = —
dx dx
re
=> y2 = 2 sec x — (sec x) = 2 sec X sec x tan x = 2 tan X sec^ x

dx
ouur
ad
[●.● y = tan X and yj = sec x]

Yo
y2 = 2yyi
d^y
EXAMPLE 4 lfy = x^,find
dY
dx^'
Re
idn
SOLUTION We have, y = x^
FFin
log y ~ X log X
1 dy dy
= 1 X log X + X X — = y(l + log x)
y dx X dx
Differentiating both sides of (i) with respect to x, we get

ddx^y = ^
dx
(1 + log x) + y dx^ (1 + log x)
^
dx^ ^
dx (1 + log x) 4- y X 1 = y (1 + log x)^ + ^ X X
[Using (i)]
d^y _
rfx2 x'^ |(1 + log
HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVE 11.3
EXAMPLES
Ify = Acosnx + B sin nx, show that
d^y + y = 0. [CBSE 2001CJ
dx^
SOLUTION We have, y = A cos nx + Bsia nx
— = - An sin nx + Bn cos nx
w
dx

d^y 2 2 y 9
—^ = - An cos nx - Bn sin nx = -n (/4 cos nx + B sin «x) = ~n y
dx^
e
+ n^y = 0.
row
re
dx^
mx
EXAMPLES Ify=Ae + Be"^, show that -(m + n) + mny = 0.
FFllo
eeF
dx^ dx
[NCERT, CBSE 2007, 2014]

SOLUTION
u We have, y = Ae”^^ + Be
nx
r
sFr
■ ^ = Arne"" + Bm nx
[Differentiating with respect to x]
kro
dx
uor
= An?
offo
dx^
. d^y
kos
dy
Y
- (m + m) ^ + mny = {An?e”'^ + Bnê”^) -{m + n) (Ame^^ + Bne”^) + mn {Ae^^ + Be"^) = 0.

Yo
dx^ dx
eerBB
oo
●y
2 d y dy _
EXAMPLE 7 Ify = Acos (log x) + 6 sin (log x), prove that X —^ + X — + y = 0.
rY
dx dx^
[CBSE 2007, 2009]
u
SOLUTION We have, y = A cos (log x) + B sin (log x).

ou

ad
do
1 B dy ^
nY
dx
-
X
A sin (log x) + —X cos (log x) ^ x dx
= - ^ sin (log x) + B cos (log x)
nid

Re
d^y dy ^ cos (log x)

F
X —^ + -2. = sin (log x)

Fi
-6
dx2 dx X X
x^ ^ + X
dy _
= - cos (log x) + B sin (log x)}
dx^ dx
x^ ^ + X
dy _
= - y => X
2 d\
^ +x^
dy
+y = 0
-
dx^ dx dx^ dx
2x d?y
EXAMPLE 8
Ify = /o^ IX + ^x^ + prove that: (x^ + a^) dx^ + x^ = 0. dx
[CBSE 2013]
SOLUTION We have, y =
log|x + ^? + fl^|
it - 1 1
n +
2x
dx X +
^ +0 X +
^jx^ +a^
^ - 1 yjx^ + +X
dx x +
-Jx^ +
1 <^y
y\ = = , where =
dx
=> y^ {x^ +a^) = 1
+ a
y\ ^ {x^ + + {x^ + ^ iyi^) = 0
oww
- d (dy\ .
=> i/i^ (2:r) + {x^ + fl2) X 2 yj y2 = 0 ●●■ -^(yi")=2(yi)
dx
2-1
=> 2 y J y2 {X^ + + xy-^ = 0 => y2 {x^ + + '^yi = 0 [●●● yi 0]
e
re
2^ d^y
EXAMPLE 9 f/y = sin" ^ X, t/ien s/iozy that (1 - x^) dx^ :r^ = 0.
FFrllo
[CBSE 2012, NCERT]
reF
dx
e
SOLUTION We have, y = sin"^x
uoru
Differentiating with respect to x, we obtain
osFr
_
1
dx ''
fkfor dx
okso
X dy
Y
Yo
= 0
^l-x^
oo
BB
2x <i^y x^ = 0 [Multiplying both sides by -x^]

Y
r ree
dx^ dx
ouu
ALITEK We have, y = sin

-1 ^ - = 1
ad
X =>
Ydo
dx
yjl-X
_„2 V ux y

nidn
n2
-2xUy
Re
= 0
[ dx dx V dx dx
F
Fi
^ 2(1 -2x = 0 => (1 -x^)

2v d^y ^y = n0.
x-=^
dx dx^ dx dx^ dx
EXAMPLE 10 Jfy-e
HI Sin
, prove that (1 -x^) dx^
~x^~m^y
dx
= 0. [CBSE 20151
HI sin”^ X
SOLUTION We have, y = e
HI sin”^ X X
m
dx
dy _ my [●●● e
in sin
=yl
dx 75^
^2
(dyf _ m-y
2. .2
2^( dy = m^y^ => (1-x^) yi^ = my, where yi
dx 1-x
2 ^ d-^") dx

(1 -X^) 4-
dx
(yi^)+(y/) -^(1
dx
-x^) 4-
dx
{1 -x^) 2yiy2 + l/fy~2x) =m^ (2yyi) dx

= 2yi y2 and 4-
dx
(y^) = 2yyi
2yi- (l-AT^)y2-;cyi-m^y| = 0 => (l-A:^)y2-A:yi-m^y = 0

m
[●●● yi ^ 01
0 "y
EXAMPLE 11 //y = x + \x^ + l , s/roiy that (x +1) y2 + ^ y = 0. ICBSE 2013, 2015]
ooww
m
SOLUTION We have, y = . Differentiating with respect to x, we get

m-1
^ -
do:
m
|a: + -/?7T I
e
m
a:^ +1 +x
ree
w-1 m
|[x+V?+i I
2a:
rFl- m X ^1+
2 V?Ti
Fre
+1
rrF
dx
my
=> yi =
my
=> yi -Jx^ +1 = my
ouur
sffoo
yj^(x^ + l) =
2..2
m-y [Squaring both sides]
okks

Yo
oo
2yi y2 (1 + + yi^ (2x) = 2m^ yyi => y2 (1 + x^) + xyj -m^ y = 0

Y
BB
sin ^ X 2
"r , show that (1 - x^)

rre
EXAMPLE 12 y= -3x-^-y = 0. ICBSE 2013]

^1-x^ dx'^ dx
ouu
YY
ad
sin" ^ X
SOLUTION We have, y = = => y -x^ = sin ^ X
2 ^
■\/l -X
dd

Re
iinn
^ (1 -x^) -xy = 1
X 1
F
dx

-y = 0 ^ (1-x")
dx ^ dx dx dx2 dx
EXAMPLE 13 // X = tan —« log y / , show that (1 + x^) —^

dx"^
+ (2x - fl) dx
= 0. [CBSE 2011, 2013]
SOLUTION We have.
n
x = tan
Vfl
log y => tan ^ X =
i log y => a tan ^ x = log y
a
Differentiating with respect to x, we get:

fl
1 + x^ y dx dx
Differentiating with respect to x

{1 + x'^) ^ ^ + (2x-a)^ = 0
2x
dx ^ dx dx dx
Type II ON FINDING SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVES OF PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 14 Find ifx = at^ ,y = 2at.

dx^
SOLUTION We have, x = at^ and y - 2at
— = 2flf and ^ = 2fl
dt dt
dy _ dy/dt _ 2a _ 1
dx dx/dt 2at t
w
fy_d_(V\ 1 1 1 dx
From (i), — = 2Af
dt 1
-r
Flo
dx^ dx\t) -p dx 2at 2aP dt dx 2at
EXAMPLE 15 Ifx = a cos^ 0, y = A sin ^ &,find —Also, find its value at 0 = —.
ee
ICBSE 2013]
dx^ 6
Fr
SOLUTION We have, x = a cos^ 0and y = a sin^ 0
dx
= -3a cos^ 0 sin 0 and — = 3a sin^ 0 cos 0 for
d0 d0
ur
So,
dy _ dy/dQ _ 3a sin^ 0 cos 0 - - tan 0
dx dx/dQ - Sa cos^ 0 sin 0
ks
Yo
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain,

oo
dQ 1
= — (-tan 0) =-sec^ 0 = - sec^ 0 X — sec^ 0 cosec 0
eB
2
dx^ dx dx - 3a cos 0 sin 0 3a
d^y 1 4 71 71 1 2
x2 =
32
r
- — sec — cosec — = — x -=
dx^ >'e= 27a
ou
3a 6 6 3a v-v3
ad
jt
6
Y
EXAMPLE 16 /f’x = Asinf A«dy = A cos f +log tan— ,find ..

[CBSE 2013]
V 2J dx^
nd
Re
SOLUTION We have,
f t
Fi
X- a sin t and y = a cos t + log tan —

2J
dx
— =Acosfand ^ = a -sint + —~
t
X sec 2lxi
dt dt 2 2
tan
2
dx 1
— =Acosfand — = a -sinf +
dt dt sinf,^
dx
— =Acosf , and , dy = A(l-sin^t) dx
=5» — = Acosfand
, , —
dy =
acos^t
dt dt sinf dt dt sinf
ACOS^ t
<^y
^y _dt _ sin f cos t
= cot f
dx dx Acosf sinf
dt
d^y d (dy] d , ^
—^ = — — - — (coH) =-cosec t—=-cosec lx =
2 . dt 2. 1 1
2
■ dx\dxj dx dx a cos t a sin t cos t
EXAMPLE 17 //y = tan ^x,find d^y in terms of y alone. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

dx^
SOLUTION We have,
y = tan X => x = tan y
Differentiating with respect to y, we obtain
dx 2 du 1 2 1
- sec y —= — - cos y V =
dy dx sec^y dx dx/dy
ww
d^y d 2 . dy 2 .. ^ 2
-2 cosy siny = -2 cosy siny X cos y = cos y
dx dx
- 2 sin y cos y
Flo
ee
dx^
rere
d^y
rFF
m+n
EXAMPLE 18 , prove that = 0. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
dx^
SOLUTION We have,
uurr
foor
x”^y^ =(x + y)
m + n
^^y [See Example 15 on page 10.75]
dx X
ks s

Yoo
. y]
oook
X - -y
Ixj = 0 Using: ^ = ^1
eBB
dx\dx) dx\Xy x2 x^ dx X
24y
Ify^ ~y = 2x, prove that
uurr
EXAMPLE 19
dx^ (3y2-l)3'
ad
Yo
SOLUTION We have, y ^ - y = 2x
dY
Differentiating both sides with respect to y, we obtain

Re
(3y2-l) = 2^ dy _ 2
innd
dy dx
(3y"-l)
FFi

d~y _ 2 2 dy
X 6y
dx^ (3y2_l)2 dx (3/--if dx
12y 2
=
24y
^
dx^ (3y2-l)2 (3y^-l) (Sy^-U^* dx

3y^-l
n2
EXAMPLE 20
d^y _ (dy
Ife^ (x + 1) = \,shofwthat—| [NCERT]
dx^ dx
SOLUTION We have.
= 1log f 1
1
e^ {x + 1) = 1 =i>e^- ^ log e y
=> y = - log (x +1)
X -I-1
^2
^ - 1
and iy_ L_
dx x + 1
dx^ (x + 1)^ dx^ dx
^2
EXAMPLE21 If {ax+ b) ey''^ =x or,y-xlog —-— , prove thatx -y ■
a + bx dx^ dx
[CBSE 2005, 2013, 2015]
SOLUTION We have, (ax + b) ey^^ =x

y 1 ^ 1 ^
^x = log —- => y = X log —
ax + b ax + b a + bx)
y
y = X {log X - log {a + bx)} => — = log x - log (a + bx)
w
X

dy
Flo
dx 1 1 d , , , 1 b
(a + bx) =
x^ X a + bx
’ dx
’■ x a + bx
reeee
2(1 b ^y ax
-y = X \ X —>
FFr
x
=> x-^-y =
dx a + bx dx a + bx
Differentiating both sides of (i) with respect to x, we get

for
ur
dy _ {a+ bx) a-ax(0+ b)
dx^ dx dx (a + bxf
kkss
Yo
2
^ d^y a
oo
dx^ {a + bx)^
eB
2 2
a X
=
[Multiplying both sides by
dx^ {a + bx)^
r
ou
ad
n2
3 d'^y _ ax
YY
X ...(h)
dx?- a + bx^
ndd
^2
3 d^y _
Re
(iy
From (i) and (u), we obtain: x x-r-y ●
dx^ dx
Fi
EXAMPLE 22 y = x^, prove that d^ y l(dy'f y

-0. [CBSE 2014,2016]
dx^ y{dx x
SOLUTION We have, y = x^ or, y = g log = e ^ 1°S *

?y
dx
^ gXlogx dxd_ log ^ ?y
dx
= (1 + log x) => ^
dx
= y (1 + log x) ...(i)

rf'y =_ yx
d
(1 + log x) + X (1 + log x)
dx^ dx dx
dx^
= y X 1X + ^
dx
X (1 + log X)
^ = y+ ^fi^ From (i),l + log a: =

1 dy
dx^ X dx\y dx y dx
^2
= y+i I = 0.
dx^ X y \dx j dx^ y[dx X
Type III ON PROVING RELATIONS INVOLVING VARIOUS ORDER DERIVATIVES OF PARAMETRIC

FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 23 Ifx = a cos 0 + & sin 9i?ndi/ = fl sin 0 - & cos Q, prove thaty
2d^y + y = 0.
dx^ dx
ooww
[CBSE 2013, 2014, 2015]
SOLUTION We have, A: = flcos0 + t>sin0 and y = fl sinO-t cos0
x^ + y^ = {a cos 0 + b sin 0)^ + {a sin 0-b cos 0)^
x^ +y^ = (cos^ 0 + sin^ 0) + iP' (sin^ 0 + cos^ 0) => = P +P
e
ree
rFl dy dy _ X
Fre
2x + 2y ^ dx
= 0 => -(i)
dx y
rrF
ouur
sffoo
yxl- x^] y-x
dx ^ y
[Using (i)]
okks
— ●
dx^ y^ y^
Yo
oo
Y
BB
d^y _ {x^ + y^) ●●●(ii)

dx^ y^
rre
12 2
2 Py „ dy + y =- x^
ouu
y -X — +y = 0 [Using (i) and (ii)]

YY
ad
dx^ dx y^ y
2
EXAMPLE 24 If X = sintandy = sinpt, prove that (1 -x^) ^-^-x^

dx + p^y = 0.
dd
dx^
Re
iinn
[NCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2016, 2019]

SOLUTION We have,
F
A: = sint, y = sinp^ => — = cost and, — =pcospt

dt dt
dy _ dy/dt _ pcospt _ p -jl-sin^pt _ p -y^

dx dx/dt cost
Vl -sin^f
^yf _p^(i-y^) _
n2
dx j l-x^ dx
(l-;c2)=p2(i_y2)
Differentiating with respect to x, we obtain 1
x2 n2
+
dx [,dx dx j dx dx
^2
dx dx^ V---
dx
{-2x)=-2p^y^
dx
11.10 MATHEMATICS-Xn
V 2^ ^0
rfxj' dx^ dx ' dx^ dx dx
●y
EXAMPI.E 25 If x = sin B ,y = COSp 0, prove that (1 -x ) 1/2 ~^1 + P y = 0/ where y2 =
0 d^y
dx^
andy,=^f.
SOLUTION We have, :c = sin 0 and y = cos p 0.
^y _ d0 _ - P sin p0 -p - cos^ p 0
dx
dx cos 0
- sin ^ 0 'l-x2
d0
^2
ww
_ P^(l-y^)
dx 0--x^) dx
Flo
\2 <y
~2x (dy = P^ 0-2y

2k d y
=> d-x^) y
dy 2
x-^ + p y = 0
e
dx dx^ ^dx dx dx^ dx
eree
Type IV ON PROVING RELATIONS INVOLVING VARIOUS ORDER DERIVATIVES
FFr
r ,1 3/2
U + oorr ^y'"\
uur r
dx
EXAMPLE 26 If {x ~ af + {y - bf = c^, f)rove that ^ is a constant independent of
sf
d^y
sk
dx^
Yoo
oook
a and b. INCERT]
eBB
SOLUTION We have,
{x-af + {y-bf=c^ -(i)
uurr
ad
2(A:-fl) + 2(y-i>)^ = 0 ^ {x-a)+ {y-b) ^ =0 ...(ii)

Yo
dx dx

dY
d^y dy ^2 = 0
Re
innd
l + {y-b)
dx^ dx
FFi
U +
\2 V dx
iy-b) ^ - -n + ● => ●●●(iii)

dx^ Jx) dx^ y-b
x-a
From (ii), we obtain: — =
dx [y-b
{x-af {x-af +{y-bf
1 + = 1 + [Using (i)] ...(iv)
dx. (y-bf (y-bf (y-bf
3/2 3/2
^2
n + ...(V)
dx) \{y-bf iy-b)^
From (iii) and (iv), we obtain
1 +
^dx -c2
(Vi)
dx^ y~h iy-b) (y-b)3
From (v) and (vi), we obtain
3/2
1 +
c3
dx
{y-b)^
= -c, which is independent of and
d^y -c2
dx^ {y-b?
llowow
EXAMPLE 27 /fy^ = (?■ cos^ X + &^ sin^ X, then prove that + y =
dx^
SOLUTION We have,
ee
y = a cos x + b sin x
^ 2y^ = (2 cos^ x) + (2 sin^ x) = (I + cos 2x) + b^
Fr
(1 - cos 2x)
2y^ = (fl^+fe^)+{a^ cos 2x
r FF ...(i)
Differentiating with respect to x, we get er
forfFor
4y^ = -2(fl^-b^)sin2x 2y^ = -(a^sin 2x
u
●●●(ii)
dx dx
ks
YYour o
From (i), we obtain

s oo
2y^ = (a^ -b^) cos2x ...(iii)

eeBoBk
Squaring (ii) and (iii) and adding, we get

ifdy
+ |2y2-(a^ + &^)| = (a^ -b^)^ {sin^2x + cos^2x}
r
4y
ouru
dx
ad
n2
Yo
2f‘^y
4y
dx
+ 4y^ -4y^(fl^ +fc^) + (fl^ + b^)^ =(a^ -b'^)
d
Re
\2
Yin
4y^ ● —
dx
FFind
4y^ dyf + y2-(fl2+&2)l = -Aa^b"^ => (dy

+ y^ -{a^ +b^) =
a^b^
dx dx. y^
_ dy 2a^ b^ dy d^y ah'^ dy
\dx) dx^ + ^y-r
dx = —5— /=>T2
2 + y = Dividing both sides by 2 —
dx dx^ dx
EXAMPLE 28 Iff (x) = | x|^, show that f " (x) exists for all real x and find it. =
SOLUTION We have. [NCERT]
x^ , ifxÔ
fix) = 1^1®= <
(-x)^ =-x^ , ifx<0
Now,
-X 3-0
(LHD of/(x)at;c = 0) lim lim lim -X 2=0
xÔ x-0 xÔ X x->0
-0
(RHDof/(.Y)atx: = 0) = lim + lim lim x^ =0
x-*0 Y-0 x~^0
+ X x->0
(LHD of f{x) at .r = 0) = (RHD of f{x) at y = 0)

So, / (y) is differentiable at y = 0 and the derivative of /(y) is given by
3y2 , if Y > 0
ooww
/'W =
- 3y2 , if Y < 0
Now,
- 3y2 - 0
(LHDof/'(y) at Y = 0) = lim lim lim - 3y = 0
e
Y-^0 Y-0 xÔ Y
ree
rFl 3y2 -0
Fre
(RHDof/'(Y)at Y = 0) = lim lim lim 3y = 0
Y-0 YÔ
+ Y-0 YÔ
+
rrF
(LHDof/'(y) at Y = 0) = (RHDof/' (y) at y = 0)
ouur
So, /' (y) is differentiable at y = 0.
sffoo
6y , ifY>0
Hence, /'' (y) = - 6y , if Y <0 ■
okks
Yo
oo
Tjjpe V MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

Y
In^.x
BB
EXAMPLE 29 is independent variable and y is the dependent variable. If independent and

dx'
rre
dx
dependent variables are interchanged -f-
dx
becomes and these two are connected by the relation
ouu
YY
ad
d^x
^y — = i^pinda relation between jand
dx dy dx dy^'
dd

Re
iinn
d^y ^d f dy
F
dx^ dx\dx
d^y ^ d 1
dx^ dx\ydx/dy dx
d^y _ d dx' ^ dy _ dx
d_(^ X
1
dx^ dy {dy dx dy dy[dy dxidy
dx
'^d^x\ fdx']^
—=r I ^ —
dx d^x
dx^ dy dy2 dy dy dx/
d^y _ dx '^d^x 'dy/ d^y d^x
Hence, or.
dx^ {dy d/ dx dx^ d/
EXAMPLE 30 yind Ow equation to which the equation x

dx^
^ _y^
Kdx)dx
= o is transformed by
interchanging the independent and dependent variables.
dy _ 1 and d^y _ 1 d^x [See Example 29]

dx dx/dy dx^ {dx/dy)^ dy^
n2
dy
Substituting these values in the equation x = 0, we get
dx^ dx j dx
2
X d^x 1
1 = 0
dx^^ dy^ dx
w
dy dy
dy
Flo
d'^x dx dx dx
-X = 0 Multiplying both sides by
dy dy)
e
rree
d^x dx
^2 dx
r FF
= 0
dy ^dy) dy
uurr
for EXERCISE 11.1
BASIC
kss
1 ● Find the second order derivatives of each of the following functions:

ooook
(i) x^ + tan x (ii) sin (log x) [NCERT] (iii) log (sin x) [NCERTl
Yo
(iv) sin 5x [NCERT] (v) e^^ cos 3x [NCERT] (vi) AT ^ log X (NCERTl
eB
(vii) tan“Â: [NCERT] (viii) x cos x [NCERT] (ix) log (log x) [NCERT]
d^y
urr
2. If y = e ^ cos X, show that = 2e ^ sin x.

ad
dx^
Yo
d^y [CBSE2007]
dY
3. If y = x + tan x, show that cos'^ x - 2y + 2x = 0.

dx^
Re
innd
4- If y = x^ log X, prove that —^ .

Fi
5- If y = log (sin x), prove that

d^y = 2 cos X cosec
3
x.
dx^
d^y
6. If y = 2 sin X + 3 cos x, show that -7-^
dx^
+ y = 0.
log^ , show that d^y 2 log X - 3
7. If y = ●
X dx^
d^y b^
8- If X = <7 sec 0, y = & tan 0, prove that 2 ,.3‘
dx^ « V
9- If X = fl (cos 0+0 sin Q),y =a (sin 0-0 cos 0), prove that
= a (cos0-0sin0).
d^y = fl(sin0 + 0cos0) and
d^y _sec^ 0
dQ^ dx^
[NCERT, CBSE 2012, 2017]
10. If y = cos x, prove that

d^y = 2e cos x+— . [CBSE2012]
dx^ 1)
11. Ifx = a cos 0,y = cf sin 0,show that

d^y _ [CBSE2020]
2 ..3 ●
dx^ ° y
12. lfx = a(l- cos^ 0), y = fl sin ^ 0, prove that d^y _ 32

n
at0 = —.
dx^ ~ 27 fl 6
13. If :c = fl (0 + sin 0), y = a (1 + cos 0), prove that

d^y_ a
dx^ y^’
ooww
14. If X = fl (0 - sin 0), y = fl (1 + cos 0) find [CBSE2011]
dx^‘
15. Ha; = i?(l-cos0), y = a (0 + sin 0), prove that ^=-iat0=^.

dx^ 2 a
ee
16. If a; = fl (1 + cos 0), y = (0 + sin 0), prove that
d^y _-l at 0 = — .
K
rfAT^ a 2
r
rFFl
ree
F
BASED ON LOTS
rF
17. If AC = cos 0, y = sin ^ 0, prove that y d^y, r dx = 3sin^ 0(5cos^ 0-1). [CBSE2013]
fsfoor dx^
ouur
18. If y = sin (sin x), prove that
d^y dy 2 r,
^ + tan X -f- + y cos a; = 0. [CBSE 20181
kosk
dx dx
2x d^y
Yo
dy 2
19. If X = sin f, y = sin pt, prove that (1 - x )
oo
x — + py = 0.
Y
dx^ dx
BB
20. Ify =(sin“^ prove that (1 -x^) y2 -xy^ - 2 = 0. [CBSE 20191

rre
tan"^ X
21. Ify = e , prove that (1 + x^) y2 + (2x -1) yj = 0.
ouu
Y
22. If y = 3 cos (log x) + 4 sin (log x), prove that x y2 + x y^ + y = 0.

ad
[NCERT, CBSE 2009,2012,2016]

dY
23. If y = {ax + b), show that y2 - 4 y^ + 4 y = 0.

innd
Re
24.1fx = sin -logy

a
,showthat (1-x'^) y2-xy^-fl y = 0. [CBSE 2010]
Fi
F
25. If log y = tan"^ x, show that (1 + x^) y2 + (2x -1) yj = 0.

26. If y = tan ^ x, show that (1 + x^)2v d^y2-+ 2x^=0.
dy
dx ^ dx
27. Ify=|log(x + ^x2+l)|^ show that (1 + X )

2, d^y
dx^
+ X ^ = 2.
dx
[CBSE 20081
28. If y =(tan"^ x)^, then prove that(l +x^)^ y2 + 2x(l + x^) yi =2. [CBSE 2012, [NCERT]
29. If y = cot X show that

d^y + 2y dy = 0.
dx2 dx
30. Find
(x^)
dx^ , where y = log I ^ , .
[CBSE 20001
lx
31. Uy = ae + be show that. [CBSE2000C]
dx^ dx
32. \{y = e^ (sin x + cos a:) prove that + 2y = 0. fCBSE 2002,2009]

dx^ dx
33. Ify = cos ^x,find ~ in terms of y alone. [NCERT]

dx
34. Ify = e
a cos ^ X
, prove that (1 - a: )
2, d^y x--ay = 0.
2
INCEflT, CBSE 2012,2020]
dx^ dx
35. Ify=500e^^ + 600e

-7x [NCERT]
, show that = 49 y.
dx^
36. If a: = 2 cos f - cos 2t, y = 2 sin t - sin It, find

d^y n
oww
dx
2
37. IfA: = 4z^+5, y =62^+7z+3,find-^-y.

dx^
38. If y = log (1 + cos Af), prove that ^ + = 0. [CBSE 2005]

dx'^ dx^ ' dx
e
2 d'^y
ree
dy
rFl
39. If y = sin (log a:), prove that a:
dx^
+ a: ^ + y = 0. [CBSE 2007]
Fre
dx
^^-5^
dx + 6y = 0.
rr F
2x
40. Ify = 3e +2 prove that [NCERT, CBSE 2007,2009]
dx^
ouur
sfoo
41. If y =(cot ^ r)^, prove thaty2 (at^ +1)^ + 2a: (a:^ +1) yj =2.
2
dy
42. ify =cosec“ ^ x, a: > 1, then show that a: (a:^ -1) + (2a:^ -1) = 0. [CBSE 2010]
kks
dx dx
Yo
oooo
t 71
43. If a: = cost + log tan —, y = sin f, then find the value of [CBSE 2012]
eBB
dt dx
44. If a: =rtsinfandy =77 cost+ I0R tan— , find

t \ d^y [CBSE 2013]
^ 2J dx^
uurr
d^y
ad
45. If a: = fl (cost + f sin f) and y=a (sin t -1 cos t), then find the value of [CBSE 2014]
YYo
dx
t
46. IfA: = 77 cosf + logtan— , y = /7sint,evaluate
d^y n
[CBSE 2014]
dd
V 2J dx
Re
iinn
d^y [CBSE 2015]

47. If A' = 77 (cos2f + 2/ sin 2t) aiAdy = a (sin2f-2tcos2f), then find
dx^'
F
48. Ifx = 3cos t-2cos^f, y = 3sinf-2sin^f,find dx^' [CBSE 2017]
BASED ON HOTS
A ^^ + y"
49. If a: = fl sin t - b cos t,y = a cos t + b sin t, prove that
dx^ y^ ■
50. Find A and B so that y =Asin 3x+ B cos 3a: satisfies the equation
'^1^ + 4-^
dx dx +3y =10 cos 3a:.
-kt d^y dy
=p^ + k^.
51. Uy = A e cos (pt + c), prove that ^ + 2 cf dt
+ n^ y - 0, where
dt
id^y^ + {l-2n) x^ + {l+n^) y = 0.

52. If y = A:”|fl cos (log a:)sin (log a:)}, prove that a: dx ^ dx
d\ dy 2 r>
53. Ify = fl jx + Vx^+lj +iJ jjc-VAT^ + lj , prove that (a:^ +1) dx^^ +x-^-n y = 0. dx
ANSWERS
- [sin (log x) + cos (log x)]

1. (i) 6x + 2 sec^ x tan x
n
(ii) (iii) - cosec x
(iv) 2e^ (5 cos 5a: -12 sin 5a:) (v) (3 cos 3:c - 4 sin 3x) (vi) x{5 + 6 log x)
-2a: (1 + log x)
(vii) (viii) - X cos X - 2 sin X (ix) -
(1 + x^)2 {xlogxf
1 4 e 2
14. (ii) cosec 30. 33. - cot y cosec^ y
Aa 2 x2
w
3 7
f j2 \ 1
36. - 37. 43. = 2V2
2 642^ dt^ jt
/{ = ” V2 ^ dx^ /f=-
n
Flo
4 4
1 8V2 8V3
44. 45. 46. 47. ~sec^2f
ee
2
asm tcost na a 2a
Fr
1 1
48. - 50. A=-
-,B= —
3sin^fcos2f 3 3
for
ur
1. (ii) Lety = sin (log x). Then,

ks
rfy _ cos (log x) rf^y ^ _d_fV cos (log x) + — — (cos (log x)}
Yo
dx^
oo
dx X dx\x, X dx
^ -
eB
cos (log x) sin (log x) _ 1
dx^ x2 x2 ~ |cos(logx) + sin (logx)

d^y _
r
2
(iii) Let y = log (sin x).Then, — = cot x =>
ou
-cosec X
ad
dx dx^
YY
(iv) Let y = sin 5x. Then,
^ sin 5x + (5 cos 5x) = (sin 5x + 5 cos 5x)

nd
Re
dx
2
Fi
= — (e^) ● (sin 5x + 5 cos 5x) + — (sin 5x + 5 cos 5x)

dx^ dx dx
d^y - (sin 5x + 5 cos 5x) + (5 cos 5x - 25 sin 5x) = (- 24 sin 5x +10 cos 5x)
rfx2
(v) Lety = cos Sx.Then,
^
dx
=A
dx
(^6^) cos 3x + —
dx
(cos 3x)
dy _
dx
= 6 cos 3x - 3 sin 3x ^ ^
dx
= 3 (2 cos 3x - sin 3x)
2
= 3 dx (^^*) (2 cos 3x - sin 3x) + 3 — (2 cos 3x - sin 3x)

dx^ dx
d^y = 18 (2 cos 3x - sin 3x) + 3e^^ (- 6 sin 3x - 3 cos 3x)

dx^
6x 6x
= 9e
-
{4 cos 3a: - 2 sin 3a: - 2 sin 3a: - cos -9e (3 cos 3x -4 sin 3x)
dx^
(vi) Lety = log a:. Then,
^
dx
= \ogx^{x^)
dx
+ x^-^{\ogx)
dx
dy 1 ^y
dx
= 3a:^ log a: + X-^
X dx
= {3 log X +1) 1
dx^ = (3 log X +1) (x^) + x^ ^ (3 log X +1)

dx
ooww
3
= 2x(3 log x +1) + x^ X — = X (6 log X + 5)
dx^ X
(vii) Let y = tan ^ x. Then,

^ = _(i + xV^4-a + ^^) =
e
^ - 2x
, ^-^=(l + xV’
ree
dx i + x^ dx^ dx (1 + x^)2
rFl
Fre
(viii) Let y = x cos x. Then,
rrF
^y - cos X - X sin X =>
d^y =_ - sin X - (sin x + x cos x) = - 2 sin x X cos X
dx dx^
ouur
sffoo
(ix) Let y = log (log x). Then,
^ - 1
— (log x) = —~— = (xlogx) ^
okks
dx log X dx X log X
Yo
oo
Y
BB
dx^ dx
rre
-(1 + logx)
dx^
= -(xlogx)
dx
(xlogx) = - ^-^(1 + logx) =
(x log x) (x log xf
ouu
YY
ad
22. We have.
y = 3 cos (log x) + 4 sin (log x)
dd
=> ^ = — sin (log x) + — cos (log x) => x ^ = - 3 sin (log x) + 4 cos (log x)
Re
iinn
dx X X dx

F
x^3
dx^
= dx
- 3
— cos (log x) — sin (log x)
X
4
X
x2^ + X
dy _
= -13 cos (log x) + 4 sin (log x)}
dx^ dx
X 2 —^
d^y dy 2 d y dy ^
+ x-^ = -y => X ●^+X-2- + y = 0
dx2 dx dx^ dx
28. We have.
y = (tan-^x)2
^
dx
= 2(tan"^ x) 2-1
^(tan ’x)
dx
^ ^ tan "^x=> (1 + x^) ^ = 2tan“^x

dx 1+x^ dx
2\lf d}/)^ = 4(tan-\xf [Squaring both sides]

dx
n2
=>
2\2 ( dy
(1 + x^) = 4y
,dx
n2
2(l + x^)x2x(^ + 2 (1 + x^) 2^2 dy d^y _ ^ dy
dx dx dx^ dx
2x (I + x'^) ^ + (1 + x^f = 2 => (1 + x^f 1/2 + 2x (1 + x'^) 1/1=2

dx dx^
ooww
33. We have,
y = cos ^ X
^ - 1 2x-l/2
dx
-X^
e
ree
^^ ^
rFl_
i(l_,V3/2
-x
Fre
dx^ 2 dx (l-:r2)3/2
rrF
^ - -cosy
[●.● y = cos
-1
X => X = cos y]
dx^ (l-cos2y)3/2
ouur
sffoo
^ - - cot y cosec
2
y
okks
Yo
34. We have,
oo
a cos ^ X
Y
BB
y = e
A(„cos-l;f) => ^ = ^ ^ -«y

a cos a
rre
X —
dx dx dx dx
ouu
(1 -x“) (dyf
YY
ad
yjl-x^ ^=-ay^
2 ,.2
= fl y [On squaring both sides]
' dx dx

dd
'‘‘if+a-,
Re
iinn
-2x
,dx dx dx^ dx
F
dy 2x d y 2 2x d y dy 2
-X^ + (1 - X ) —^ = fl y => (1 - X ) —- X ^ - fl y = 0
dx dx^ dx2 dx
35. We have.
-7x
y = 500 + 600 e
^ = 3500/*-4200 e -7x
dx
d^y =_ 3500x7e^^ + 4200x7 e -7x =>

d^y = 49(500e^* + 600e -7x d^y = 49y
dx^ dx^ dx2
40. We have.
2x
+ 2e^-^ ^ ^
3x 2x
+ 6e
3x
and
d2y = 12 + 18 e
3x
y = 3e
dx dx2
d^y ^dy
:^ + 6y = (12e
2x
+ 18e^^)-5(6e
2x
+ 6e^*) + 6(3c2’'+2e^'') = 0
dx2 dx
1. If y +1 and x=t^ +1, then dx^
2. If a: = flsin 0 and y = h cos 0, then

dx^
3. If y = A: + e^, then
dx^
2 ^ 4
T, - X X X
4. Ify = 1-a: + +— then
^ 2! 3! 4! dx^
d^x
5. If y =x + ?^, then
w
6. Ify = loggX, then [CBSE2020]
dx^
Flo ANSWERS
e
ree
5 -b 1
1. 2.
^secÔ i.e 5.- 6.—^
FFr
16t^ a
urr
or
sf
question:
kks
l.Uy=ax^^'^+bx-ândx
2
= Xy, then write the value of X.
Yo
dx^
ooo
dh
2. If a: = fl cos wf - & sin nt and = Xx, then find the value of X.
eB
dt^
3. If a: =f^ and y =t^, find d^y
ur
dx^'
ad
d^y
YYo
4. If a: = 2at, y = at , where fl is a constant, then find

dx
d^y
d
5. If a: = / (f) and y=g (f), then write the value of

Re
dx^'
in
x^
F
6.1fy = l-:e + —- + to 00, then write in terms of y.

2! 3! 4! dx^
d^x
7. If y = a: + e^, find
dy^
8. If y = I AC - a:^ |, then find d^y
dx^'
9. If y = I logg XI, find dx^'
ANSWERS
t f
3 1
l.n{n +1) l.n^
la
1
, 0 <AC <1
d^y _J-2,0<x<l 9
6.y
^■dx^ _i
7. 8.
2,x>l,x<0
(1 + e*)^ dx^ /A:>1
x^
CHAPTER 12
DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURER
12.1 DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURER
ooww
Let y =^{x) be a function of x. Let Ay be the change in y corresponding to a sma^l change Ax in x.
Then, represents the change in y due to a unit change in x. In other words, ^ represents the
average rate of change of y with respect to x as x changes from x to x + Ax.
As A X -> 0, the limiting value of this average rate of change of y with respect to x in the interval
e
[x, X ●+● Ax] becomes the instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x.
re
Thus,
rFFl
ree
Ay
F
lim = Instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x
Ax-»0 Ax
rF
dy
— = Rate of change of y with respect to x
fsfoor lim
ouur
dx Ax ^ 0 Ax dx
The word "instantaneous" is often dropped.

kosk
^y
represents the rate of change ofy with respect to x for a definite value of x.
Yo
Hence,
oo
dx
Y
BB
^y ^y
REMARK 1 The value of atx = XQi.e. represents the rate of change ofy zvith respect to x
dx dx
rre
/
X=XQ
at X = Xq.
ouu
Y
ad
dy dx
_ dt
REMARK 2 Ifx = i^{t) and y = \\f (f)/ then provided that ^0.
dY
dx dx' dt
dt
innd
Re
Thus, the rate of change ofy with respect to x can be calculated by using the rate of change ofy and that ofx
Fi
each with respect to t.

F
REMARK 3 Throughout this chapter, the term "rate of change" luill mean the instantaneous rate of
change unless stated otherwise.
EXAMPLE 1 A balloon, which always remains spherical, has a variable radius. Find the rate at which its
volume is increasing with respect to its radius zvhen the radius is 1 cm.
SOLUTION Let x be the radius and y be the volume of the balloon. Then,
4
7C X 3=. = 4ti(7)^ =196rtcm^
dx dx J x = 7
Hence, the volume is increasing with respect to its radius at the rate of 196 n cm , when the
radius is 7 cm.
EXAMPLE 2 Find the rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to Us radius. How fast is the area
changing with respect to the radius when the radius is 3 cm? [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let A be the area of the circle. Then,
dA
A = Ttr^ => = 2nr
dr
Thus, the rate of change of the area of the circle with respect to its radius r is 2n r.
When r = 3 cm, we obtain
dA
= {2% X 3) cm = 6k cm.
dr
**’ 3
EXAMPLE 3 A balloon, which always remains spherical, has a variable diameter —{2x + 3). Determine
the rate of change of volume with respect to x. ^
SOLUTION Let V be the volume of the balloon. Then,
w
3
—
16
{2x+3f
'
dV 27 k
— x3{2x+ 3f — (2x + 3) = {2x + 3)^
Flo
dx 16 dx 8
EXAMPLE 4 The total cost C (x) associated with the production ofx units of an item is given by
ee
C (ar) = O.OOSx^ - 0.02:e^ + 30:c + 5000
Fr
Find the marginal cost when 3 units are produced, where by marginal cost we mean the instantaneous rate
of change of total cost at any level of output. for [CBSE 2018, NCERT]
ur
SOLUTION Since the marginal cost is the rate of change of total cost with respect to the output.
Marginalcost (MC) = —(C(x))
dx
= —(O.OOSx^
dx
~0.02x'^ + 30x + 5000)
ks
= 0.005{3x^)-0.02(2x) + 30
Yo
oo
When a: = 3, we get
eB
Marginal cost (MC) = 0.005 x 3 x 3^ - 0.02 x 2 x 3 + 30 = 0.135 - 0.12 + 30 = 30.015

Hence, the required marginal cost is ? 30.02 (nearly).
ur
EXAMPLES The total revenue received from the sale of x units of a product is given by
ad
R {x) = 3x^ + 36ar + 5. Find the marginal revenue when x =5, where by marginal revenue we mean the
Yo
rate of change of total revenue with respect to the number of items sold at an instant. INCERTI
SOLUTION Since the marginal revenue is the rate of change of total revenue with respect to the
d
Re
number of units sold.

in
dR
Marginal revenue (MR) = — {3x^ + 36x + 5) = 6x+36
F
dx dx
When X = 5, we obtain
Marginal revenue =6x5+ 36 = 66
Hence, the required marginal revenue is ? 66.
EXAMPLE 6 A car starts from a point P at time t = 0 second and stops at point Q. The distance x, in
7 f t~\
metres, covered by it, in t seconds is given by x = t 2 — . Find the time taken by it to reach at Q and
V 3y
alsofind distance between P and Q. [NCERT]
SOLUTION We have,
t \ 9 dx 7
X = 2--
3
=> X = 2r -
3
—
dt
= 4t - t . This gives velocity of the car at any time t.
Suppose the car stops at Q after fj second. Then, att =ti

^ = 0
dt
DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURER 12.3
' dx^ P X R
9
or. = 0
dt
/f=/l Fig.12.1
= 0 => = 0 => = 4 ['.● = 0 is for point P]

Thus, the car takes 4 seconds to reach at Q.
The distance between P and Q is the value of x at f = i.e. at / = 4.
43 64 32
PQ = (Value of x at t = 4) = 2x4^- 3
= 32-
3
— m
3

EXAMPLE 7
Fmd the rate of change of volume of a sphere with respect to its surface area when the radius
w
is 2 cm.
SOLUTION Let r be the radius, V the volume and S be the surface area of the sphere. Then,
Flo
V = — Ttr ^ and S - 4nr^
3
ee
dV
We have, to find when r = 2.
dS
Fr
dV dS
Now, V = — Ttr ^ and S = 47ir^ ^ = 4xr^ and = 87rr
3 dr for dr
ur
dV
4nr^ r dV
^ = 1.
ks
dS dS 8nr 2 dS Jr = 2 2
Yo
dr
oo
EXAMPLE 8 If X and y are the sides of tivo squares such that y = x - x . Find the change of the area of
eB
second square with respect to the area of thefirst square- [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let Ai and Aj denote the areas of squares of sides x and y respectively. Then,
ur
Aj = and A2 = y^
ad
Yo
Aj=x^ and A2=(x-x^)^ fv y = x-x^ (given)]

dA-[ = 2x and ^=2(x-.r^)(l-2x)
d
Re
dx dx
in
dA2 ^dA2/dx _2{x-x‘^){l-2x) = (l-x)(l-2x)=l-3x + 2x^.

F
dAj dA^/dx 2x
EXAMPLE 9 ^ swimming pool is to be drained for cleaning. IfL represents the number of litres of water
in the pool t seconds after the pool has been plugged off to drain and L = 200 (10-t) . How fast is the
water running out at the end of 5 seconds? Wlmt is the average rate at which the water flows out during
the first 5 seconds ? {NCERT EXEMPALR]
SOLUTION We have to find ~ at f = 5.

dt
dl dL
Now, 1=200(10-0^ => dt
= -400(10-0 ^
dt A =5
= -400 (10-5) =-2000
Thus, the water is running out at the rate of 2000 litres per second at the end of 5 seconds.
The average rate at which the water flows out during the first 5 seconds is given by
L(0) - L(5) _ 200 (10 - 0)^ - 200 (10 -5)^ _ 20000 -5000 = 3000 litres/sec.
5 5 5
EXERCISE 12.1
BASIC
1. Find the rate of change of the total surface area of a cylinder of radius r and height h, when
the radius varies.
2. Find the rate of change of the volume of a sphere with respect to its diameter.
3. Find the rate of change of the volume of a cone with respect to the radius of its base.
4. Find the rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its radius r when r =5 cm.
5. Find the rate of change of the volume of a ball with respect to its radius r. How fast is the
volume changing with respect to the radius when the radius is 2 cm?
ww
6. The total cost C (a:) associated with the production of x units of an item is given by
C (:r) = 0.007 - 0.003%^ + 15a: + 4000. Find the marginal cost when 17 units are produced.
[NCERT]
7. The total revenue received from
Flo
R (a) = 13a^ + 26a +15. Find the marginal revenue when a
the sale of x units of a product is given by
ee
= 7. [NCERT]
rere
BASED ON LOTS
r FF
8. Find the rate of change of the volume of a sphere with respect to its surface area when the
radius is 2 cm.
uurr
foor
9. Find the rate of change of the area of a circular disc with respect to its circumference when
the radius is 3 cm.
10. The money to be spent for the welfare of the employees of a firm is proportional to the rate
ks s
of change of its total revenue (Marginal revenue). If the total revenue (in rupees) received
Yoo
oook
from the sale of a units of a product is given by R{x) = 3x^ + 36a+ 5, find the marginal
eBB
revenue, when a = 5, and write which value does the question indicate. [CBSE2013]
_ANSWERS
2
uurr
1. 4^nr+2nh 2.
nr
—, r is the diameter 3.
2 nrhI,
— 4. 10 71 cm /cm
ad
2 3
Yo
5. 47ir2 ,l67im^/m 6. ? 20.967 7. ^208 8. 1 cm 9. 3 cm

dY
10. MR = ^ 66. It indicates the extra money spent when number of employees increase from
Re
5 to 6.
innd

FFi
6. We have, C (a) = 0.007a^ - 0.003 a^ + 15a + 4000 => —

dx
(C(a)) = 0.021 a^-0.006a+ 15
/-cw
dx
= 0.021 X 17^ - 0.006 X 17 +15. Hence, marginal cost = ^ 20.967
^x=\7
7. We have, R (a) = 13a^ + 26a +15

—
dx
(R (a)) = 26a + 26 => (—{R
dx
(a)) = 26x7 + 26=208
8. We have,
dV
V = — nr^ and, S = 4 => = 4 nr'^ and, — = 8 Tur
3 dr dr
dV dV/dr 4nr^ r dV^ 2 ,

— =1 cm
ls~ dS/dr 8nr 2 yds Jr = 2 2
dA dC
9. We have, A - and, C =2Tir ^ = 2nr and. = 27t
dr dr
dA _ dA/dr = r =>
dA\ = 3 cm
dC~dC!dr dCjj.^2
12.2 RELATED RATES
Generally we come across with the problems in which the rate of change of one of the quantities
involved is required corresponding to the given rate of change of another quantity. For example,
suppose the rate of change of volume of a spherical balloon is required when the rate of change
of its radius is given. In such type of problems, we must find a relation connecting such
quantities and differentiate this relation w.r. to time. The procedure is illustrated in the
follo'wing examples.
w
Flo BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)
ee
EXAMPLE 1 An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of 10 cmfsec. How fast the volume of the
cube is increasing when the edge is 5 cm long?
Fr
SOLUTION Let X be the length of the edge of the cube and Vbe its volume at any time t. Then,
V = and— = lOcm/sec
for [Given]
ur
dt
Now, V =
ks
dV 2 dx dx
= (3x^)(10) =30x^
Yo
= 3x — = 10
oo
dt dt dt
dV
eB
= 30(5)^ = 750 cmfsec.

I df
Thus, the volume of the cube is increasing at the rate of 750 cm^/sec when the edge is 5 cm long.
r
ou
ad
EXAMPLE 2 The radius of a circle is increasing uniformly at the rate of A cmisec. Find the rate at which
Y
the area of the circle is increasing when the radius is 8 cm.

SOLUTION Let r be the radius and A be the area of a circle at any time t. Then,
nd
Re
A = It r^ and — = 4 cm/sec [Given]

dt
Fi
A = Kr^ =>
dA dr (dA
Now, = 2nr — ^ = 2 Kx 8 X 4 cm^/sec = 64 7icm^/sec.
dt dt [dt /r = 8
EXAMPLE 3 Find an angle Q, 0 <Q which increases twice as fast as it sine.

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
do - d . . _ do do 1 dO
= 2 cos 0 — => 2 cos 0 =1 => cos0 = - =s> 0 = 60® — 5^0
dt dt ' dt dt 2 dt
Hence, the measure of angle is 60®.

EXAMPLE 4 The side of an equilateral triangle is increasing at the rate of 2 cmisec. At what rate is its
area increasing when the side of the triangle is 20 cm? [CBSE 20151
SOLUTION At any time t, let x cm be the length of a side of an equilateral triangle and A be its
area. Then,
2 _ dx Vs dx
X => — = — X 2x— =—X—
4 dt 4 dt 2 dt
V3
~ X 20 X 2 = 20V3 cm^ /sec — = 2 cm/sec (given)
dt ^x=20 2 dt
Hence, the area is increasing at the rate of 20VS cm^/sec.

EXAMPLE 5 The radius of a balloon is increasing at the rate of 10 cmisec. At what rate is the surface area
of the balloon increasing when the radius is 15 cm?
SOLUTION Let r be the radius and S be the surface area of the balloon at any time t. Then,
’) dr
S = 4itr and — ~ 10 cm/sec
dt
ww
Now, S = 4rcr^
dS dr dr
— = 8k r — = SOrtr — =10 cm/sec.
dt dt dt
dS^
= 807t(15) = 12007ccm^/sec.
Flo
e
[dt Jr
eree
= 15
EXAMPLE 6
A stone is dropped Into a quiet lake and waves move in a circle at a speed of 3.5 cm/sec. At
FFr
the instant when the radius of the circular wave is 7.5 cm, how fast is the enclosed area increasing?
oorr
uur r
INCERT]
SOLUTION Let r be the radius and A be the area of the circular wave at any time t. Then,
sf
A = jrr“ and — = 3-5 cm/sec. [Given]
sk
Yoo
dt
oook
2
Now, A nr
eBB
dA dr dr dr
= K 2r = 2jir— = 2kr {3-5) = 7Kr — = 35 cm/sec
dt dt) dt dt
uurr
(dA
= 7;i{7-5) = 52-57icm^/sec.
ad
dt Jr =7-5
Yo
EXAMPLE?
For the curve y = 5x -2.y^ , if x increases at the rate of 2 units/sec, then how fast is the slope
dY
of the curve changing when x = 3? INCERT EXEMPLAR]

Re
innd
SOLUTION Let m be the slope of the curve at an arbitrary point x, y) on it. Then,
FFi
m = -
dx
=> w=5-6y2 V y=5x-2x^ .-.^=5-6x^
dx
dx dm
It is given that —
dt
= 2 units/sec and we have to find
I dt
when X = 3.
Now,
dm dx dm'
m=5-6x^ => = -12x — => = -12x 3x2 =-72 units/sec ■: x = 3 and — = 2
dt dt dt Jx=3 dt
Thus, the slope of the curve is decreasing at the rate of 72 units/sec when x is increasing at the
rate of 2 units/sec.
EXAMPLES
The volume of a cube is increasing at a rate of 7 err?! sec . How fast is the surface area
mcreasing when the length of an edge is 12 cm?
SOLUTION
Let X be the length of an edge of the cube, V be the volume and S be the surface area
at any time t. Then, V -x^ and S = 6x^. It is given that
dV dx 7
= 7cm^/sec => = 7 =>3x^ — = 7 =>
dt dt dt dt 3x2
Now, S = 6x^
dS dx 28 dx 7
— = llx = 12xx —
dt dt 3x2 X dt 3x2.
fdS^ 28 2/
= — cm /sec = — cm^/sec
dt /x=12 12 3
EXAMPLE 9 If the area of circle increases at a uniform rate, then prove that the perimeter varies inversely
as the radius. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
w
SOLUTION Let r be the radius P be the perimeter and A be the area of the circle at any time t.
●y dA
Then, A - nr and P = 27cr. It is given that = constant (k), where k >0.
Flo
dt
Now,
ee
A = nr^ and P = 2nr
Fr
r p p
A = n ●: P = 2nr=>r = —
2k 2k
for
ur
A=—p2
4k
dA 1 dP 1 1 n—
dP 1 dP
ks
= —x2P => k=—P => Jc=—(27tr) [v P = 27ir]
dt 4n dt 2tc dt dt
Yo
2k
oo
dP k
dt
=—
r
=> P varies inversely as the radius r.
eB
ALITER We have,
A = Kr^ and P = 2jrr
ur
ad
dA dr dP dr dr dP dr dA ,
= 2jtr— and = 2k— ^ k =2jcr— and — =2k— ●●● — = k
Yo
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
dP
= 2k
k ^ dr
On eliminating —
d
dt ^2kt dt
Re
in
dP k
— => P varies inversely as the radius r.
F
dt
EXAMPLE 10 A spherical hall of salt is dissolving in water in such a manner that the rate of decrease of
volume at any instant is proportional to the surface. Prove that the radius is decreasing at a constant rate.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let V, S and r denote respectively the volume, surface area and radius of the salt
ball at any instant t. Then,
V =—TTT^ and S = 4Kr^
3
It is given that the rate of decrease of the volume V is proportional to the surface area S.
dV
i.e. cc S
dt
dV
dt
= -k S, where > 0 is the constant of proportionality
It is given that V is decreasing with time, so that is why negative sign is taken.
Now,
dV
= -/c (4nr^) => 4nr^~ = -4nkr'^ => ~ = -k
dt dt{3 dt dt
r decrease with a constar\t rate
Hence, the radius is decreasing at a constant rate.

EXAMPLE 11 A particle moves along the curve 6y = x^ + 2. Find the points on the curve at which the
[NCERT]
y-coordinate is changing 8 times asfast as the x-coordinate.
SOLUTION Let the required point be P{x, y). It is given that
dx
Rate of change of y coordinate = 8 (Rate of change of x-coordinate) i.e.
Now, 6y = x^ + 2
6^ =
w
[Differentiating both sides with respect to t]
dt dt
ef 8— = 3x 2 dx
[Using (i)l
I
Flo dt ) dt
3x^ = 48 x^ = 16 => X = ± 4
reee
Now, X = 4 =>6y=4^ + 2 = 66=>i/=ll and, x = -4^6y=(-4)3 + 2 = -62 y = -^
FFr
So, the required points are (- 4, - 31/ 3) and (4,11).
uurr
for
EXAMPLE 12 The volume of a cube is increasing at a constant rate. Prove that the increase in surface
area varies inversely as the length of the edge of the cube. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
kkss
SOLUTION Let X be the length of each edge of the cube, S be its surface area and V be its volume
at any time t. Then, S = 6x^ and V = x^. It is given that —
Yo
= k (constant).
oooo
dt
dV ^ 2 dx dx k
V = x^ => = 3x^^^k =
eB
Now, 3x — => . 0
dt dt dt dt
and. S = 6x^
rr
dS dx f k 4k
ou
ad
— = 12 X = 12x [Using (i)]

dt dt 3x^ X
YY
dS 1
X
dt
nndd
X
Re
Hence, the rate of increase in surface area varies inversely as the length of the edge of the cube.
Fi
EXAMPLE 13 Two men and Mj start with velocitiesv at the same time from the junction of two roads
inclined at 45° to each other. If they travel by different roads, find the rate at which they are separated.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let O be the junction and OA and OB be two roads inclined at an angle of 45°. Let
men M-^ and M2 travel by roads OA and OB respectively and let at any time P and Q be their
positions such that OP = OQ = x (both men travel with same speed v). Then,
dx
— =v
dt
dy
Let PQ - y. We have to find
^ ^ dt
Using cosine formula in AOPQ, we obtain
PQ^ =0P^+0Q^-20P-0Q cos 45°
y^
^ =x^+x^-2x^x-^
V2
y = V2-V2
dx dx
V2-V2 i? —
dt dt
Hence, two men Mj and M2 are separated at the rate ^2-V2 V.
EXAMPLE 14 The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec and the width y is
increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec. When x = 12 cm and y = 5 cm, find the rate of change of
(i) the perimeter a7id (ii) the area of the rectangle. [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let P be the perimeter and A be the area of the rectangle at any time t. Then,
oww
P = 2{x + y) and A - xy
It is given that ^
dt
= - 2 cm/sec and ^
dt
= 2 cm/sec.
(i) We have, P = 2{x + y)
e
dP
= af—+ ^
FFrlo
re
dt
= 2 (- 2 + 2) = 0 cm/sec i.e. the perimeter remains constant.
dt dt,
ree
F
(ii) We have, A = xy
dA (dx
^| = -2x5 + 12x2=14cm^/sec. [v X = 12 cm and y =5 cm (given)]
rF
^ y+ ^
dt \^dt dt)
fsoor
A man 2 metres high, zvalks at a uniform speed of 6 metres per minute away from a lamp
ouur
EXAMPLE 15
post, 5 metres high. Find the rate at which the length of his shadow increases. [NCERT]
skf
SOLUTION Let AB be the lamp-post. Let at any time t, the man CD be at a distance x metres
ooko
from the lamp-post and y metres be the length of his shadow C£. Then,
Yo
dx
Y
= 6 metres/minute [Given] ...(i)

Bo
dt
reB
Clearly, triangles ABE and CDE are similar.

D
AB _ AE
CD ~ CE
uur
oY
5 x+y
ad
2 y
dY
—> I*-
^y A C E
3y = 2x => 3 — = 2~ 3 = 2(6) [Using (i)l Fig. 12.3
^ dt dt dt
innd
Re
^ = i
Fi
F
dt
Thus, the shadow increases at the rate of 4 metres/minute.
EXAMPLE 16 A man is walking at the rate of 6.5 km/hr towards the foot of a tower 120 m high. At what
rate is he approaching the top of the tower when he is 50 m away from the tower?
SOLUTION Let at any time t, tiie man be at distances of x and y metres from the foot and top of
the tower respectively. Then,
= x'^ + {120f
B
...(i)
^y dx ^y X dx
2y = 2x — =>
dt dt dt y dt 120 m
dx
We are given that = -6-5 km/hr (negative sign due to
dt
decreasing x). Therefore, X meter-
/4(Man)
^ - b-5x
O
...(ii) Fig. 12.4
dt y
Putting X =50 in (i), we get: i/ = -^50^ +120^ =130.

6-5x50
= -2-5.
Putting X = 50, y = 130 in (ii), we get: dt 130
Thus, the man is approaching the top of the tower at the rate of 2-5 km/hr.
2 . .. 1
EXAMPLE 17 A man 2 m tall, walks at the rate ofl~mfsec towards a street light which is5-~ m above
3 3
the ground. At what rate is tip of his shadow moving? At what rate is the length of the shadow changing
when he is 3—mfrom the base of the light ? [NCERT EXEMPLAR}
3
1
SOLUTION Let OA be the street light of height 5—m.
3
At any time t, let PQ be the position of the
ww
man and let PR be the length of his shadow such that PR =x and OP = y.
It is given that the man is walking at the rate of —3 m/sec towards the street light.
dt
— m/sec
3
FF loo
ree
We have to find the rate at which the tip of the shadow is moving i.e. we have to find ^ + */)●
reFe
For this we require the value of —. So, let us first find oroFr
r ur
dt dt
s ff
A’s AOR and QPR are similar triangles.
1
AO _ OR
^ 16^ _ x + y ^ 8x = 3x + 3y => 5x = 3y
— m
k
3
YYouo
PQ PR 2 X
okso
Differentiating with respect to t, we obtain

BBoo
^dx „ dy -dx - 5 dx . , Fig. 12.5

r ee
-.{ii)
dt dt dt 3 dt
d d , . dx dy .5 8
-(OR) = -(x + y)=~
dt + ^
dt =-!--
3 =
[Using (i) and (ii)]
ad
ouur
dt dt 3
Yo
Thus, the tip R of the shadow PR is moving towards the base of the street light at the rate of 8/3
m/sec.
d
Re
idnY
From (ii), we obtain : ^ = -1 for all x, y.

FFin
Thus, the length of the shadow is reducing at the rate of 1 m/sec when the man is 3—m from the
base of light.
EXAMPLE 18 A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled along the
ground away from the wall at the rate of 2 m/sec. How fast its height on the wall decreasing when the foot
of the ladder is 4 m away from the wall? [CBSE 2012, NCERT, CBSE 2019]
SOLUTION Let AS be the position of the ladder at any time t such that OA = x and OB = y.
Then,
OA^ + OB^ = AB^ => x^ + y^ =5^ ...(i)
It is given that the bottom of the ladder is pulled along the ground away from the wall at the rate
of 2 m/sec.
dx
— = 2 m/sec.
dt
B
Now, + =52
dx dy 5 m
2x — + ly-^ = 0 y
dt ^ dt
2x(2) +2y^
^ dt
=0 ●■ — = 2
dt
X
O <— X A
dy _ 2x Fig. 12.6
=>
...(ii)
dt y
Putting x = 4 in (i), we get; y = ^25 -16 - 3. Putting x = 4 and y = 3 in (ii), we get:
— - m/sec.
ww
dt 3
g
Hence, the rate of decrease in the height of the ladder on the wall is — m/sec.
3
EXAMPLE 19 The two equal sides of an isosceles triangle with fixed base b are decreasing at the rate of
Flo
3 cmisec. How fast is the area decreasing when the two equal sides are equal to the base? INCERTl
e
SOLUTION Let at any time t, the length of each equal side be x cm and area of the triangle be A.
ree
Then,
Fr
/I =
I (BC X AD)
rF
uurr
A
A 1 X &1. X
= — x^-^-
for
2 V 4
s
A = — J4x^ -b^
kks
4 '
Yo
oooo
dA b 1
-{4x^ -b^)
2^j4x^ -b^
dt
eB
dA b dx
x8x —
ur
dt
8^4x^-b^ dt
ad
YYo
dA - dx 3bx dx
— = 3 cm/sec (given)
■^4x^ -b^ dt
dd
3b^
Re
dA
= -fs b cm^/sec.
in
^4b^ -b^
dt h-=h
F
EXAMPLE 20 An airforce plane is ascending vertically at the rate of 100 km/h. If the radius of the earth is
r km, hozo fast is the area of the earth, visible from the plane, increasing at 3 minutes after it started
h
ascending? Given that the visible area A at height h is given by A=2n r^
r + h
SOLUTION It is given that the plane is ascending vertically at the constant rate of 100 km/h.
— = 100 km/h
dt
3
=>
Height of the plane after 3 minutes = 100 x — = 5 km. [Using/i =vt]
60
h
Now, = 2Tzr^
r + h
dh dh , dh
dA d f h (r + /i) -h — {r + h) (r + h) -h
= 2Kr^^ = 2nr^ < dL dt = 2kt^ ■ dL dL[
dt dt r + h (r + hf (r + h)^
dA _ 2nr^ dh dA 2nr^ 200k dh

— = 100 km/h
^ X 100 =
dt ~ (r + h)^ dt dt (r + h) {r + hf dt
dA
We have to find when t = 3 minutes and at t = 3, we have h = 5 km.
dt
fdA^ 20071
ooww
dt 4 = 3 (r+5f ■
EXAMPLE 21 Water is dripping out from a conical funnel of semi-vertical angle ât the uniform rate
of 2 err'?{sec in its surface area through a tiny hole at the vertex in the bottom. When the slant height of the
e
water is 4 cm, find the rate of decrease of the slant height of the water. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
ree
SOLUTION
rFl Let VAB be a conical funnel of semi-vertical angle At any time t the water in the
Fre
rrF
cone also forms a cone. Let r be its radius, / be the slant height and S be the surface area. Then,
K
VA'^l, O' A' =r andÂ'VO' =-.
ouur
sffoo 4
A
0
B
In A VO' A', we obtain y

okks
A’
n VO' _ VO' and, sin — = O'A' Ô'A' n
Yo
f;
' jt
cos — =
i VA'~ I UA' ” I
ooo
1
4
eBB
K
V
VO' = I COS— and, O'A = / sin —.
4 4 Fig. 12.8
uurr
The surface area S of the conical funnel is given by

ad
YYo
S = k{0'A'){VA') [Using: S = tc r /]
n?
dd
K 1 j2 ● ^
S =K I sin — I = kI sm
4J 4" V2
Re
iinn
dS 2k I dl
F
dt V2 dt
2k I dl dS
-2 = = -2 cm^/sec
dt
V2
dl V2 dl V2
cm/sec.
dt K I \<^t 4k
V2
Thus, the rate of decrease of the slant height is cm/sec.
An
EXAMPLE 22 Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm^fsec. The falling sand forms a cone on the
ground in such a way that the height of the cone is always one-sixth of the radius of the base. How fast is the
height of the sand-cone increasing when the height is 4 cm? [NCERT,CBSE2011]
SOLUTION Let r be the radius, h be the height and V be the volume of the sand-cone at any time
t. Then,
V
V = — Tzr^h
3
V = -n{36h^)h = 12nh^ [V r = 6h] h

3
dV
= 36nh^ — A
il
x_
dt dt
Fig. 12.9
dh 1 dV
= 12 (Given)
dt 3nh^ dt
oww
fdh'\ 1 1
UUh = 4 3n{4)2 4871

Thus, the height of the sand-cone is increasing at the rate of — cm/sec.
ee
487T
FFrlo
r
EXAMPLE 23 An inverted cone has a depth of 10 cm and a base of radius 5 cm. YJater is poured into it at
rF
ee
the rate of 3/2 c.c. per minute. Find the rate at which the level of water in the cone is rising when the depth
is 4 cm.
rF
ouru
SOLUTION Let a be the semi-vertical angle of the cone VAB whose height VO is 10 cm and
radius OB = 5 cm. Then,
ffosor
os k
tart a
10 " 2
ook
Yo
Y
Let Vbe the volume of the water in the cone i.e. the volume of the cone VA' B' after time t minutes
Bo
reeB
and h be the height of water. Then,
V = - 71 (OB')^ (VO')
ooY
uur
3 /I 12.
Im.
ad
=> V = — nh^ tan^ a ●.* tan a O'B' _ O'B' ^ O'B' -h tan a

dY
■ y
3 VO' h
A'
■■
10 an
nind
I
Re
1
●: tan a
F
Fi
12 2
V
dV n 2 dh TZ 2 dh
= —3h = -h Fig. 12.10
dt 12 dt 4 dt
3 ^^ ^ dV 3 3
— cm'^/minute (given)
2 4 df dt
dh 6 dh 6 3 / ●
- — cm/mm.
dt nh? ..dt //i = 4 ^(4)2 8 71
EXAMPLE 24 Water is dripping out from a conical funnel at a uniform rate of 4 err?/sec through a tiny
holeatthe vertexin thebottom. When the slant height of the water is 3 cm, find the rate of decrease cf the
slant height of the water-cone. Given that the vertical angle of thefunnel is 120®, INCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let at any time t, V be the volume of the water in the cone i.e., the volume of the
water-cone VA' B', and let / be the slant height. Then,
12.14 fÂTHEMATlCS-XIl
>/3/ / A,
"O
B
O'A' = / sin 60° = and VO' = / cos 60°=
2 2
O'
= - n
fV3/f ^ / 7i/^ fr\/ 3ti/2 d/ A- /B'
3 2 v2y 8 dt dt
,60* M".
We are given that dt

-4 cm^/sec (negative sign due to decreasing V). V
Fig. 12.11
3n /,2 dl dV
-4 = Putting = - 4 in (i)
8 dt dt
dl 32 dl 32 32
cm/sec
37: (3)^
ww
dt 3 7t/“ dt 7/=3 27 71
32
Thus, the slant height of the water-cone is decreasing at the rate of — cm/sec.
EXAMPLE 25
cm^lsec. When the water is 6 cm deep, find at what rate is
FF loo
Water is running into a conical vessel, 15 cm deep and 5 cm in radius, at the rate of 0.1
ree
(i) the water level rising? (ii) the water-surface area increasing?
(iii) the wetted surface of the vessel increasing?
reFe
SOLUTION Let Ube the volume of the water in the cone i.e. the volume of the water-cone VA' B'
oroFr
r ur
at any time t. Let VO' =h,0'A'=r and VA' = 1. Let a be the semi-vertical angle of the cone. Then,
s ff
O'A'
tan a - A ^ Also, tan a =
= —.
r
VO ~ 15 3 VO' h
k
YYouo
1
koso
= - => 3r = /I
3 h
BBoo
(i) We have.
r ee
1 h I ^ I 3
= — t: — h = — [V 3r = /7]
3 3 V3 27
ad
ouur
Yo
dV 371
;,2 ^
dt 17 dt
d
dV
Re
3k h, 2 dh
idnY
0.1 =
dt
= 0.1 cm ^/sec (Given)
27 dt
FFin
2.7
^ ^ 2.7 dh 1
dt 3 Kh^ dt 7h = 6 3t:(36) 40t:
Thus, the water level is rising at the rate of cm/sec.

® 40tt
(ii) Let A be the water surface area at any time t. Then,
A = kt'^
A = K [v 3r=/2l
9
dA _ 2k h dh
If ~ ~9’ ~dt
When h = ^b, —
dh = 1 we obtain:
dt 4071 '
dA 2nx 6 1
X — cm^/sec
dt 9 40tc 30
Thus, the water-surface area is increasing at the rate of — cm^/sec

30
(iii) Let S be the wetted surface area of the vessel at any time t. Then, S = Krl.
From Fig. 12.12, we obtain
/2 = VA'^ = Va'^ + O'A'^
ooww
f- = + -p
P- = [V ^r = h]
9
Mh
e
I =
ree
3
rFl hVJTOh dS InyllOh dh
Fre
S = nrl => S = n S = - Mh'^
I 3A 3 9 dt 9 dt
rrF
dh 1 dS iKy/lO , 1 VIo
Since h = 6 and, — . Therefore, — X 6 X — cm /sec
ouur
dt 40ti
sffoo dt 9 40;r 30
VIo
Thus, the wetted surface area of the vessel is increasing at the rate of arr/sec.
okks
30
Yo
oo
EXAMPLE 26
A water tank has the slope of an inverted right circular cone with its axis vertical and
Y
BB
vertex lower most. Its semi-vertical angle is tan" ^ (05). Water is poured into it at a constant rate of 5
rre
cubic metre per hour. Find the rate at which the level of the water is rising at the instant when the depth of
water in the tank is 4 m. [NCERTl
ouu
YY
ad
SOLUTION Let a be the semi-vertical angle of the water tank in the form of cone. Then,
tan a = 0.5 = i r 1
=> r
h
dd
2 h 2 2
Re
iinn
.0.
Let V A' B' be the water cone of volume V. Then, B
dV
F
- 5 m^/hr [Given] 3:::^/

dt B'
dh h
We have to find — when h = 4 m.
dt
Now,
V
y = -r^h
3 Rg. 12.13
V
1
= -71
3 U,
-f h = ^h^
12
dV dh dh 5 5 7 ., 35
X ^ = = — X — m/h - —m/h
dt 4 dt 4 dt dt 4ti 4 22 88
35
Thus, the rate of change of water level is — m/h.
88
EXAMPLE 27 A man is ?noving away from a tower 41.6 m high at the rate of 2 m/sec. Find the rate at
which the angle of elevation of the top of ioxver is changing,zuhen he is at a distance of 30 ni from the foot
of the tower. Assume that the eye level of the man is 1.6 m from the ground.
SOLUTION Let AB be the tower. Let at any time t, the man be at a distance of x metres from the
tower AB and let 0 be the angle of elevation at that time.Then,
a
BC 40
tan 0 = => tan 0 = — => X = 40 cot 0 I
PC X
V
E
dx dQ
= - 40 cosec^ 0
dt dt A
dx
oww
Vê are given that — = 2 m/sec.
dt c
dQ 1 A
2 = - 40 cosec^ 0 — => ...(ii) Fig.12.14
dt dt 20 cosec^ 0
When X = 30, we get
e
30 3
ree
[Putting .t = 30 in (i)]
rFl
cot0= —
40 4
Fre
■5 7 9 25
cosec'^ 0 = 1 + cot*^ 0 = 1 + —
rr F
16 16
2 25 dQ 1 4
ouur
Substituting cosec'^ 0 = — in (ii), we get: radians/sec
25
sfoo
16 dt 125
20 X
16
okks
Thus, the angle of elevation of the top of tower is decreasing at the rate of 4/125 radians/sec.
Yo
A kite is moving horizontally at the height of 151.5 meters. If the speed of kite is 10 m/sec,
ooo
EXAMPLE 28
how fast is the string being let out; when the kite is 250 m away from the boy who is flying the kite? The
eBB
height of the boy is 1.5 m. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

SOLUTION Let OA be the boy of height 1.5 m and kite be flying at a height OB =1515 m from
uurr
the horizon OX. Therefore, AB = OB-OA = (1515 -15) m = 150m.

ad
Let at any time f, kite be at P such that BP = x and AP = y. It is given that the kite is moving
YYo
horizontally at the speed of 10 m/sec.

in /
— =10 m/sec
dd
dt
Re
iinn
<^y
We have to find the rate at which the string is being let out i.e.
F
dt
when y = 250 m.
Applying Pythagoras theorem in AABP, we obtain
Ap2 = AB^ + BP^ => = 150^ + ...(i)
Differentiating (i) with respect to t, we obtain

dx dy X .. dy 10a: ...(ii)
dt dt dt y dt y
Putting y = 250 in (i), we obtain

250^ = 150^ +x^^ x^= 40000 x = 200
. ^y 200
= 8.
Putting x ~ 200 and y = 250 in (ii), we obtain: dt = 10x
250
Hence, the string is being let out at the rate of 8 m/sec.

EXERCISE 12.2
BASIC
1.
The side of a square sheet is increasing at the rate of 4 cm per minute. At what rate is the area
increasing when the side is 8 cm long?
2.
An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of 3 cm per second. How fast is the
volume of the cube increasing when the edge is 10 cm long?
3.
The side of a square is increasing at the rate of 0.2 cm/sec. Find the rate of increase of the
perimeter of the square.
4.
The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.7 cm/sec. What is the rate of increase of its
circumference? [NCERT]
5.
The radius of a spherical soap bubble is increasing at the rate of 0.2 cm/sec. Find the rate of
ww
increase of its surface area, when the radius is 7 cm.
6.
A balloon which always remains spherical, is being inflated by pumping in 900 cubic
centimetres of gas per second. Find the rate at which the radius of the balloon is increasing
when the radius is 15 cm.
Flo
[NCERT]
7.
The radius of an air bubble is increasing at the rate of 0.5 cm/sec. At what rate is the volume
e
ree
of the bubble increasing when the radius is 1 cm?
8. A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in circles at a speed of 4 cm/sec. At the
FFr
instant when the radius of the circular wave is 10 cm, how fast is the enclosed area
uurr
increasing? [NCERT]
9.
A particle moves along the curve y=x^. Find the points orr on the curve at which the
sfo
y-coordinate changes three times more rapidly than the ;c-coordinate.
kks
10. Find an angle 6
Yo
oooo
(i) which increases twice as fast as its cosine,

(ii) whose rate of increase twice is twice the rate of decrease of its consine.
eB
BASED ON LOTS
11.
A man 2 metres high walks at a uniform speed of 5 km/hr away from a lamp-post 6 metres
urr
high. Find the rate at which the length of his shadow increases.
ad
YYo
12.
A ladder 13 m long leans against a wall. The foot of the ladder is pulled along the ground
away from the wall, at the rate of 1.5 m/sec. How fast is the angle 0 between the ladder and
the ground is changing when the foot of the ladder is 12 m away from the wail.
dd
Re
A particle moves along the curve y = x^ + 2x. At what point(s) on the curve are the a: and y
inn
13.
coordinates of the particle changing at the same rate?

F
14.
If y=7^:-:r and x increases at the rate of 4 units per second, how fast is the slope of the
curve changing when ;i: = 2?
15.
The top of a ladder 6 metres long is resting against a vertical wall on a level pavement,
when the ladder begins to slide outwards. At the moment when the foot of the ladder is
4 metres from the wall, it is sliding away from the wall at the rate of 0.5 m/sec. How fast is
the top-sliding downwards at this instance?
How far is the foot from the wall when it and the top are moving at the same rate?
16. A balloon in the form of a right circular cone surmounted by a hemisphere, having a
diametre equal to the height of the cone, is being inflated. How fast is its volume changing
with respect to its total height h, when h = 9 cm.
17.
Water is running into an inverted cone at the rate of .n cubic metres per minute. The height
of the cone is 10 metres, and the radius of its base is 5 m. How fast the water level is rising
when the water stands 7.5 m below the base.
18. The surface area of a spherical bubble is increasing at the rate of 2 cm^/s. When the radius
of the bubble is 6 cm, at what rate is the volume of the bubble increasing? [CBSE20051
19. The radius of a cylinder is increasing at the rate 2 cm/sec. and its altitude is decreasing at
the rate of3cm/sec. Find the rate of change of volume when radius is 3 cm and altitude
5 cm. ICBSE 20171
20. The volume of metal in a hollow sphere is constant. If the inner radius is increasing at the
rate of 1 cm/sec, find the rate of increase of the outer radius when the radii are 4 cm and
8 cm respectively.
21. A particle moves along the curve y = — +1. Find the points on the curve at which the
\ 3y
y-coordinate is changing twice as fast as the x-coordinate.
22. Find the point on the curve y^ = 8x for which the abscissa and ordinate change at the same
w
rate. [CBSE 2002C]
23, The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 9 cm^/ sec. How fast is the surface area
Flo
increasing when the length of an edge is 10 cm?
24. The volume of a spherical balloon is increasing at the rate of 25 cm^/sec. Find the rate of
ee
change of its surface area at the instant when radius is 5 cm. ICBSE 2004,2017]
25. The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 5 cm/minute and the width y is
Fr
increasing at the rate of 4 cm/minute. When x = 8 cm and y = 6 cm, find the rates of change
of (i) the perimeter (ii) the area of the rectangle. [CBSE 2009]
for
ur
26. A circular disc of radius 3 cm is being heated. Due to expansion, its radius increases at
the rate of 0.05 cm/sec. Find the rate at which its area is increasing when radius is 3.2 cm.
[NCERTJ
ks
BASED ON HOTS
Yo
oo
27. Sand is being poured onto a conical pile at the constant rate of 50 cm^/minute such that the
height of the cone is always one half of the radius of its base. How fast is the height of the
eB
pile increasing when the sand is 5 cm deep.

28. A kite is 120 m high and 130 m of string is out. If the kite is moving away horizontally at the
r
rate of 52 m/sec, find the rate at which the string is being paid out.
ou
ad
ANSWERS
Y
1. 64 cm^/minute 2. 900 cm^/sec 3. 0.8 cm/sec 4. 1.4 71 cm/sec

nd
Re
5. 11.27tcm2/sec 6. 1/t: cm/sec 7. 27tcm /sec 8. 807icm2/sec

Fi
9. (1,1), (-1,-1) 10. (i) 7n/6 (ii) tu/6 11. 5/2 km/h 12. 0.3 radian/sec
13. (-1/2,-3/4) 14. 48 15. i m/sec, 3^^2m 16. 12;i:cm^/sec

s
17. 0.64 metre/minute 18. 6cm'^/sec 19. 337ucm^/sec 20. 1/4 cm/sec
21. (1,5/3) and (-1,1/3) 22. (2,4) 23. 3.6cm^/sec

24. 10 cm^/sec 25. (i) -2cm/minute (ii) 2 cm/minute 26. 0.320 Tc cm^/sec
27. l/27t cm/minute 28. 20 m/sec.
10. (i) We have,

7k
=2— (cos 0) ^ — = - 2 sin 0 — ^ sin 0 = - i2 0=
rf0
dt dr frf dt 6
(ii) It is given that

d
dt
= -2
do
(cos0)=>^=2sin0
dt
—
dt
=> sin0= —2 => 0= —6
12. Let the bottom of the ladder be at a distance x m from the wall and the top be at a height y
from the ground. Then,
4 1/^ = 13^ and tan 0 = —
X
X
dy dx
do -y
dt dt
lx ~ + 2y — = 0 and sec^ 0
dt dt dt x^
dy 3y
dy
x
2 do dt 2 dx
3x+2y = 0 and sec 0 = 15
w
dt dt dt
a: X -
^ - -h 2
Flo
, 2 A
and sec 0 — =
dt 2y dt
ee
do _ 3 {x^ + \f-) 3 (x^+y^) _ 3 (A.'^+y^) 3
Fr
dt
2x^ysec^0 2 2 qj 2 2y
.r^y 1-^
for I ^
ur
When x=12, x^4y^=13^=^ y=5. ^___3
dt ~ 10
ks
13. We have, y=x^ + 2x ^ = (2x + 2)

dx 1
Yo
=> 1 = 2x + 2 => X =-
oo
dt dt 2
14. We have, m = Slope of the curve = ^ = 7 - 3x^.

eB
u
dx
}
Now, m-7 - 3x^

ur
dm
= -6x^ = -6x(4)=-24x dx
ad
= 4 (given)
Yo
dt dt dt
dm
= -48
d
dt Jx = 2
Re
in
dS ^ dr 2
18. We have, S = 47ur^ => — =8;tr
F
dt di dt 8nr
Now,
dV 2 dr dV
V = -nr^ = 4xr = 47rr^ X — r
[Using (i))
3 dt dt dt 8xr
dV
Hence = 6 when r = 6.
' dt
dr dh
19. We have, V = nr^ h, = 2 and - = -3
dt dt
dV dr 2 dh dV
V = nrh K 2r h — 4 r = 7c(4/-/i - 3r^)
dt dt dt dt
dV
When r = 3,h =5, we obtain: = Ji (60 - 27) = 337T
dt
ly
26. Let r be the radius and A be the area of the disc at any time t. Then, A = nr . It is given that
— - 0.05 cm/sec.
dt
Now, A = nr
dA dr dA
= 2 Tir— ^ = 2 71X 3.2 X 0.05 = 0.320 n cm^/sec.
dt dt dt /r=3.2
(Kite)
28. We have, + (120)^
^ „ dx dy X dx dy x dx
— =52
^ dt dt dt y dt dt y dt
ww
Putting y =130 in =;r^ + (120)^, weget s:=50.
rfy _ 52 X 50 = 20.
Flo
tT~ 130
ee
rere
x
rFF
1. The rate of change of +16 with respect to x-l
at X = 3 is
2. The rate of change of the surface are of a sphere of radius r when the radius is increasing at
uurr
foor
the rate of 2 cm/sec is
The diagonal of a square is changing at the rate of ^ cm/sec. Then the rate of change of area,
ks s
3.
Yoo
oook
when the area is 400 cm , is equal to

eBB
4. The rate of change of volume of a sphere with respect to its surface area, when the radius is
2 cm, is
uurr
5. The angle 0, 0 < 0 < — , which increases twice as fast as its sine, is
ad
Yo
6. The sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec. The rate at which
the area increases, when the side is 10 cm, is
dY
7. Gas is being pumped into a spherical balloon at the rate of 30 cm}/min. The rate at which
Re
innd
the radius increases when it reaches the value 15 cm, is

FFi
8. The distance s described by a particle in t seconds is given by s =ae^ +-^. Then the
acceleration of the particle at time t is equal to
9. The volume V and depth x of water in a vessel are connected by the relation V = 5x 6
and
the volume of water is increasing the rate of 5 cm?/sec, when x = 2 cm. The rate of which the
depth of water is increasing is equal to
10. Water is flowing into a vertical cylindrical tank of radius 2 ft at the rate of 8 cubic/minute.
The rate at which the water level is rising, is
11. If the radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.5 cm/sec, then the rate of increase of its
circumference is [CBSE2020]
12. The radius of a circle is increasing at the uniform rate of 3 cm/sec. At the instant when the
radius of the circle is 2 cm, its area increases at the rate of cmVsec. [CBSE2020]
-rfcrr
ANSWERS
-12 TC
1. 2. 16nr 3. 10V2cm^/sec 4. 1 5. - 6. 10->/3 sq.unit/sec
5 6
1 15 2
7. cm/min 8. $ 9. —cm/sec 10. — ft/minute 11- Ticm/sec 12. 12n
3071 13 n

question:
1. If a particle moves in a straight line such that the distance travelled in time t is given by
ooww
s =t^ -6t^ + 9t + 8. Find the initial velocity of the particle.
2. The volume of a sphere is increasing at 3 cubic centimeter per second. Find the rate of
increase of the radius, when the radius is 2 cms.
3. The sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec. How far is the area
e
ree
increasing when the side is 10 cms? [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
rFl
4. The side of a square is increasing at the rate of 0.1 cm/sec. Find the rate of increase of its
Fre
perimeter.
rrF
5. The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.5 cm/sec. Find the rate of increase of its
circumference. sffoo
ouur
1
6. The side of an equilateral triangle is increasing at the rate of — cm/sec. Find the rate of
oksk
3
increase of its perimeter.

Yo
oo
7. Find the surface area of a sphere when its volume is changing at the same rate as its radius.
Y
BB
8. If the rate of change of volume of a sphere is equal to the rate of change^f its radius, find the
radius of the sphere.
rre
9. The amount of pollution content added in air in a city due to x diesel vehicles is given
ouu
hy P {x) = 0.005:r^ + 0.02ar^ + 30a:. Find the marginal increase in pollution content when
Y
ad
3 diesel vehicles are added and write which value is

dY
indicated in the above questions.

[CBSE 20131
innd
Re
10. A ladder, 5 meter long, standing on a horizontal floor, leans against a vertical wall. If the
top of the ladder slides down wards at the rate of 10 cm/sec, then find the rate at which the
Fi
F
angle between the floor and ladder is decreasing when lower end of ladder is 2 metres from
the wall. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ANSWERS
1. 9 units/unit time 2. 3/16;icm/sec 3. 10 cm^/sec 4. 0.4 cm/sec

5. 71 cm/sec 6. 1 cm/sec 7. 1 square unit 8. l/lfn units
9. 30.255 units. Pollution level due to x diesel vehicles. 10. 1/20 radian/second
CHAPTER
DIFFERENTIALS, ERRORS
AND APPROXIMATIONS
13.1 DIFFERENTIALS
ooww
In the chapter on differentiation we defined derivative of y with respect to x i.e. as the limit of
dx
the ratio
^y as Aa: -> 0 and considered
as a symbol not as a quotient of two separate quantities
Aa: dx
e
dy and dx. In this chapter, we shall give a meaning to the symbols dx and dy in such a way that
re
the original meaning of the symbol — coincides with the quotient when dy is divided by dx.
rFFl
ree
dx
F
Let y =f{x) be a function of x, and let Ax be a small change in x. Let Ay be the corresponding
rF
change in y. Then,
lim ^ = it = fix) fsfoor
ouur
AxÔ Ax dx
kosk
= /' (x) + e, where € -► 0 as Ax -> 0
Ax
Yo
^y = / '(x) Ax + e Ax
oo
Y
■^y = fix) Ax, approximately

BB
Ay = — Ax , approximately v/'(x)=^
rre
dx dx
oYuu
NOTE This formula is very useful in the calculation of small changes (or errors) in dependent variable
ad
corresponding to small changes (or errors) in the independent variable and is of great importance in the
theory of errors in Engineering, Physics, Statistics and several other branches of the science.
dY
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS

innd
Re
ABSOLUTE ERROR The error Ax in x is called the absolute error in x.

Ax
Fi
F
RELATIVE ERROR // Ax is an error in x, then is called the relative error in x

X
Ax
PERCENTAGE ERROR If Ax is an error in x, then X 100 is called percentage error in x.
X
REMARK 1 VV^ have, Ay =f '(x) ● Ax + e ● Ax.

Since e ● Ax is very small, therefore principal value of Ay isf '(x) Ax which is called differential ofy and is
denoted by dy.
^y
i.e.
dy = f'(x) Ax or,dy = --Ax
dx
So, the differential ofx is given by

dx
dx Ax=l-Ax = Ax
dx
^y ^y
dy = — A X ^ dy = — dx
dx dx
GEOMETRICAL MEANING OF DIFFERENTIALS
In order to understand the geometrical meaning of differentials, let us take a point P {x ,y) on
the curve y =f (x), where / (x) is a differentiable real function. Let Q{x + Ax, y + Ay) he a
neighbouring point on the curve, where A x denotes a
small change in x and A y is the corresponding change in Q (ar + A x, y + A y)
Ay
y. It is evident from the Fig. 13.1, that is the slope of
Ax
w
secant PQ. But, as Ax 0, approaches the limiting
Ax
value
dx
(slope of the tangent at P). Therefore, when
e
A T ->● 0, A y (= QS) is approximately equal to dy (= R5) as
row
re
o
shown in Fig. 13.1.
Geometrically the values of dx and dy are as shown in
FFllo
eeF
Fig. 13.1.
REMARK 2 Let y =f{x) be a function of x, and let Ax be a small change in x. Let the corresponding
u
change in y be Ay. Then ,
r
sFr
y + Ay = f {x + A.r)
But, Ay = ~ ● Ax =f'(x) Ax, approximately
dx
kro
uor
offo
f{x + Ax) - y + Ay
f {x + Ax) = y + fix) ■ Ax, approximately
kos
Y
f {x + Ax) - y + ^- Ax, approximately

Yo
eerBB
dx
oo
Let x be the independent variable and y be the dependent variable connected by the relation
rY
y =f{x). We use the following algorithm to find an approximate change Ay in y due to a small
change Ax in ;c.
u
ALGORITHM
ou
ad
do
Step I Choose the initial value of the mdependent variable as x and the changed value asx + Ax.
nY
Step II Find A-T and assume that dx = Ax.
Step III Find —from the given relation y =f (:r).

nid
Re
dx
F
dy
Fi
Step rv Find the value of— at ix, y).

dx
Step V Find dy by using the relation dy = dx.

dx
Step VI Put Ay ^ dy to obtain an approximate change in y.
EXAMPLE 1 If y = X* -10 mid if x changes from 2 to 1.99, zvhat is the approximate change in y?
Also, find the changed value ofy.
SOLUTION Let X = 2, a: + Ax =1.99. Then, A,x =1.99 - 2 =-0.01. Let dx = Ax =-0.01
We have.
y = = 4(2)^ = 32
dx dx h=l
DIFFERENTIALS, ERRORS AND APPROXIMATIONS 13.3
dy = dx dy = 32 (-0.01) = -0.32 =^> Ay = - 0.32 approxiamtely [v Aysrfy]

dx
SO/ approximate change in y is - 0.32.

When x = l, we obtain: y = 2^ -10 = 6. So, changed value of y is y + Ay = 6 + (- 0.32) = 5.68.
EXAMPLE 2 A circular metal plate expands under heating so that its radius increases by 2%. Find the
approximate increase in the area of the plate if the radius of the plate before heating is 10 cm.
SOLUTION Let at any time, .r be the radius and y be the area of the plate. Then, y = ti
Let Ax be the change in the radius and let Ay be the corresponding change in the area of the plate.
Then,
Ax
— X 100 = 2 (given)
w
X
When X = 10,
Ax Ax 2 . 2
xl00=2=> xl00 = 2=> Ax = — ^ dx = — [●.● dxs Ax] ...(i)
Flo
X 10 10 10
2^ dy dy
reeee
= 271 X ^ = 20n
Now, y - 71 x“ =>
dx dx A- = 10
FFr
dy = dx ^ dy = 20tcx — = 47r=> Ay=47i [v fry = Ay]
dx 10
for
ur
Hence, the approximate change in the area of the plate is 4?t
EXAMPLE 3 Find the percentage error in calculating the volume of a cubical box if an error ofl% is made
kkss
in measuring the length of edges of the cube.

Yo
Let x be the length of an edge of the cube and y be its volume. Then, y = x . Let Ax be
oo
SOLUTION
the error in x and Ay be the corresponding error in y. Then,
eB
Ax dx
X 100 = 1 (given) ^ X 100 = 1 [●.■ dx s A x] ...(i)
X X
r
^y
ou
ad
We have to find xlOO.

y
YY
Now, y =
dx
ndd
Re
dy
dy = -=^ dx
dx
Fi
^ 2 j dy 3x2 , dy 3x2 3^ [V y = x^]

dy = 3x^ dx => ~^= dx => dx =
X
y y y X
dy
-'^xioo = 31 — X 100 = 3 [Using (i)]
y
Ay X100 = 3 [v dy = Ay]
y
So, there is 3% error in calculating the volume of the cube.

EXAMPLE 4
The time! of a complete oscillation of a simple pendulum of length I is given by the equation
/
T = 2k
h’
where g is constant. Wltat is the percentage error in T when I is increased by 1%?
SOLUTION Let A/ be the change in / and AT be the corresponding error in T. Then,

— X 100 = 1 (given) — x 100 = 1 [v dl = A/] -(i)
I I
fT
Now, T = 2k
u
logT = log27i + |log/--|logg => - i i

T dl " 2 ' /
^ = L
dl ~ 21
dT
dT = dl
dl
oww
r dT dT I f dl dT
dT = — d/ =>
21 T 2 I T
X 100 = -
2{l
— X 100 =>
T X 100 = ^ [Using (i) ]
AT
X100 = dr s AT]
T 2
e
FFrlo
re
So, there is (1/2)% error in calculating the time period T.
EXAMPLE 5 Find the approximate change in the volume V of a cube of side x meters caused by increasing
ree
F
the side by 2%.
rF
SOLUTION Let Ax be the change in x and A be the corresponding change in V. It is given that
Ax
X 100 = 2.
fsoor
ouur
X
dV
skf
We have, V =x^ => = 3x^
dx
ooko
dV 2x 2x1
Yo
Ax
AV = A::?= 3x^ Ax = 3x^ x = 0.06x^ X 100 = 2 => Ax =
Y
dx 100 X 100
Bo
reB
Thus, the approximate change in volume is 0.06x^ m^.

uur
oY
EXAMPLE 6 If the radius of a sphere is measured as 9 cm with an error of 0.03 cm, then find the
ad
approximating error in calculating its volume. [CBSE2011]

dY
SOLUTION Let r be the radius of the sphere and Ar be the error in measuring the radius. Then,
r = 9 cm and Ar = 0.03 cm. Let V be the volume of the sphere. Then,
innd
Re
= 47tr^ => fdV

dV
V=-Kr = 4ti X 9^ = 324 K
Fi
F
3 dr I dr /r = 9
Let AV be the error in V due to error Ar in r. Then,

dV
AV = Ar => Ay = 3247Tx 0.03=9.72 jrcm^.
dr
Thus, the approximate error in calculating the volume is 9.72 ti cm^.

EXAMPLE? Findtheapproximatevalueoff{3.021 wheref(x) = 3x^ +5x+ 3. INCERT,CBSE20141
SOLUTION Let y =/ (x), x = 3 and x + Ax = 3.02. Then, Ax = 0.02.
For X = 3, we obtain: y=/(3) = 3x3^+5x3+3 = 45.
Now,
y =/ (x) => y = 3x^ + 5x + 3 => —

dx
= 6x + 5 => = 6x 3 + 5=23
^dx Tt=3
Let Ay be the change in y due to change Ar in x. Then,
Ay-^
dx
Aa: => Ay = 23X 0.02 = 0.46
/(3.02) = y + Ay = 45 + 0.46 = 45.46.
EXAMPLE 8 Find the approximate volume of metal in a hollow spherical shell whose internal and external
radii are 3 cm and 3.0005 cm, respectively. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let X be the radius and y be the volume of a solid sphere. Then,
y = — nx
4
3 => ^=4tu:^
^ 3 dx
We have, x = 3 cm, x + Ax~ 3.0005 cm. Therefore, Ax ~ 0.0005 cm. Let dx = Aa: = 0.0005. Then,
dy=^dx^ dy=4TQ:2 frx => dy =4n(3)^ x 0.0005 = O.OISti cm^ => Ay = 0.018;r
w
dx
Hence, the approximate volume of the metal is 0.018 n cm .
Flo
Type II ON FINDING THE APPROXIMATE VALUE USING DIFFERENTIALS
In order to find the approximate values by using differentials, we may use the following
e
algorithm:
ree
FFr
ALGORITHM
Step I Define afunctional relationship between the independent variable x and dependent variable y
urr
by obs‘^rving the given expression. For example, if we have to ifnd the approximate value of the
for
square root or cube root of a number, then ive define y = x^^ ^ orx
1/3
. If we have to find the
kkss
approximate value of logarithmic of a given number, then we consider y = log x.
Choose a value ofx nearest to the value for which ive have to find y in such a way that either y is
Yo
Step II
ooo
given for the chosen xory can be easily computed for chosen x. For example, if we have to find an
approximate value cf(65r^ we take x as 64, because cube root of 64 can be easily calculated.
eB
Step III Denote the value ofx at which we have to find ybyx + Ax.
Find Ax and assume that dx = Ax.
ur
Step IV
ad
YYo
StepV Find from the relation obtained in step I.

dx
Step VI Find the value of— by putting the value ofx chosen in step II.
d
dx
Re
in
Step VU Find dy by using the relation dy --f- dx

F
dx
Step VIII Assume that Ay = dy.

Step IX Find the value of y by putting the value ofx chosen in step II in the relation obtained in step I.
StepX The approximate value ofy is y + Ay.
EXAMPLE 9 Use differentials to approximate V25.2.
SOLUTION Consider the function y=f{x)=ffx. Let a: = 25 and a: + Aa: = 25.2. Then,
Ax = 25.2 - 25 = 0.2
For x = 25, we obtain: y = =5 [Putting a; = 25 in y = -fx]

Let dx = Ax = 0.2.
dy 1 1
Now, y
dx 2V^ dx /x = 25 2 (5) 10
<^y 1
dy = dx => dy = — (0.2) = 0.02 ^ A y = 0.02 [●.● Ay s <^y]
dx 10
Hence, >p252 = y + Ay = 5 + 0.02 = 5.02.

EXAMPLE 10 Use differentials to approximate the cube root of 127.
SOLUTION Since we have to find the approximate value of the cube root of 127. So, we consider
the function y = f(x) Let x =125 andx + Ax =127. Then, Ax =127 -125 = 2.
1/3
For X = 125, we obtain: y = (125) = 5. [Putting X = 125 in y = x^^
Let dx = Ax = 2.
Now,
1 1 1 1
1/3 ^
dx 3x2/3 3(125)2''3 3(5^)2/3 75
w
= ^dy = l(2)=|,Ay = | [●.● Ay = dy]
1/3
Flo
Hence, (127) = y+Ay=5 + — = 5.026.
75
EXAMPLE 11 Use differentials to find the approximate value of ■f0.037.
ee
SOLUTION Let y = fix) = Vx, X = 0.040 and x + Ax = 0.037. Then, Ax = 0.037 - 0.040 = - 0.003.
Fr
For X = 0.040, we obtain: y = VO.040 = 0.2. [Putting X = 0.040 in y = Vx]
Let dx = Ax = - 0.003. for
ur
1 1 1
Now, y =
dx 2 VI ^ dx /x= 0.040
2 VooiO 0.4
ks
dy = ^ dx => dy = — (-0.003) = —^=> Ay^ = ——

Yo
0.4 400 400 [●.● Ay ^ dy]

oo
dx
Hence, VO.037 = y + Ay = 0.2 - — = 0.2 - 0.0075 = 0.1925.

B
400
re
EXAMPLE 12 Use differentials to find the approximate value of log^ (4.01), having given that
loge 4 = 1.3863.
ou
ad
SOLUTION Let y = /(x) = log^ X, X = 4 and x + Ax = 4.01. Then, Ax = 0.01.

Y
Forx = 4, weobtain: y =/(4) = log^ 4 = 1.3863 [Given]

Let dx = Ax = 0.01
nd
Now, y = loge X ^ ^ ~ ^
1
Re
dx X [_dx J 4
Fi
^y 1
dy = -f-dx
dx
=> dy = -X
A
0.01 = 0.0025 => Ay = 0.0025 [v Ay = dy]
Hence, log^ (4.01) = y + Ay = 1.3863 + 0.0025 =1.3888.
EXAMPLE 13 Using differentials find the approximate value of tan 46°, if it is being given that
1®= 0.01745 radians.
SOLUTION Let y=/(x) = tanx, x = 45°=(7t/4)‘^ and x + Ax = 46°. Then, Ax = 1® =0.01745

radians.
For X = n/4, we obtain: y = f(n/4) = tan n/4 = 1. Let dx~Ax = 0.01745.

Now, y = tan X => ^
dx
= sec^ x =?> dx
sec2^ = 2
4
/ X* n/4
dy
dy = ^rfx => dy = 2(0.01745) = 0.03490 => Ay = 0.03490 [v Ay^rfy]
Hence, tan 46° = y + Ay = 1 + 0.03490 = 1.03490.
EXAMPLE 14 If in a triangle ABC, the side c and the angle C remain constant, while the remaining
da db
elements are changed slightly, using differentials show that + = 0.
cos A cos B
SOLUTION We are given that the side c and angle C remain constant.
= k (constant)
sin C
a b a b c
= k
sin A sin B sin A sin B sin C
oww
da db
a = k sin A and b = k sin B = k cos A and — = k cos B
dA dB
da da
Now, da = dA => da = k cos A dA => = kdA
dA cos A
e
db db
FFrlo
and, db = dB ^ db = k cos B frB => = kdB
re
dB cos B
da db
ree
F
+ = kdA + kdB = kd{A + B) = kd{n-C)
cos A cos B
rF
da db
= it(0) = 0 [●.● n-C = Constant d (tc-C) =0]
cos A cos B
ffsoor
ouur
da db
Hence, = 0.
kosk
cos A cos B
EXAMPLE 15 If a triangle ABC, inscribed in a fixed circle, be slightly varied in such aivay as to have its
Yo
oo
da db dc
Y
vertices always on the circle, then show that = 0.

BB
cos A cos B cos C

re
a = 2R sin A, b = 2K sin B and c = 2R sin C

uur
da db dc
oY
= 2R cos A, = 2R cos B and = 2R cos C [●.● R = constant]

ad
dA dB dC
dY
da db dc
But, da = dA,db = dB and dc ~ dC
dA dB dC
innd
Re
da = 2R cos A dA, db = 2R cos B dB and dc = 2R cos C dC

da db dc
Fi
F
= 2R {dA + dB + dC)
cos A cos B cos C
da db dc
= 2Rd{A + B + C) = 2Rd (n) [■: A + B + C=n]
cos A cos B cos C
da db dc
+ = 2R (0) = 0
cos A cos B cos C
EXERCISE 13.1
BASIC
1. If y = sin X and x changes from k/2 to 22/14, what is the approximate change in y?
2. The radius of a sphere shrinks from 10 to 9.8 cm. Find approximately the decrease in its
volume.
3. A circular metal plate expends imder heating so that its radius increases by k%. Find the
approximate increase in the area of the plate, if the radius of the plate before heating is
10 cm.
4. Find the percentage error in calculating the surface area of a cubical box if an error of 1% is
made in measuring the lengths of edges of the cube.
5. If there is an error of 0.1% in the measurement of the radius of a sphere, find approximately
the percentage error in the calculation of the volume of the sphere.

6. The pressure p and the volume u of a gas are connected by the relation pv'^-^ = const. Find the
percentage error in p corresponding to a decrease of 1 /2% in v.
7. The height of a cone increases by k%, its semi-vertical angle remaiiiing the same. What is
the approximate percentage increase (i) in total surface area, and (ii) in the volume,
assuming that k is smaU ?
8. Show that the relative error in computing the volume of a sphere, due to an error in
measuring the radius, is approximately equal to three times the relative error in the radius.
ww
BASED ON LOTS
9. Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

(i)
Flo ICBSE2020] (ii) (0.009)^3 (hi) (0.007)^/^ (iv) V401
e
1
rere
(V) (15)i/-> (vi) (255)1/4 (vh) (viii) (CBSE 20121
(2.002)2
r FF (xii) ^—
3/2
(ix) (3.968) [CBSE 20141 (x) V36i6 (xi) 25^/^
uurr
for
22 fll n 1/4 1/3
(xiii) sin (xiv) cos (XV) (80) (xvi) (29)
kss
U) 36
ooook
Yo
1/3
(xvu) (66) (xviii) ^/26 [CBSE20001 (xix) [CBSE 20001
eBB
'17 ^
(xx) [CBSE2002C1 (xxi) (82)^^^ [CBSE 2005] (xxii)
urr
1/5
(xxiii) (33) (xxiv) logio 10.1, it being given that log^g ^ = 0.4343.
ad
Yo
(xxv) cos61°, it being given that sin 60°= 0.86603 and 1° = 0.01745 radian,
dY
(xxvi) loge 4.04, it being given that logjo 4 = 0.6021 and logjg ~ 0.4343.
Re
(xxvii) loge 10.02, it being given that log^. 10 = 2.3026.

innd
(xxviii) (1.999)® [NCERT EXEMPLAR] (xxix) 70.082 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

Fi
10. Find the approximate value of / (2.01), where/ (x) = 4x'2 + 5x + 2. [NCERT]
11. Find the approximate value of/(5.001), where/(.v) -7x^ + 15. [NCERT]
12. Find the approximate value of logô 1005, given that logô ^ = 0.4343.
13. If the radius of a sphere is measured as 9 cm with an error of 0.03 m, find the approximate
error in calculating its surface area. [NCERT]
14. Find the approximate change in the surface area of a cube of side x metres caused by
decreasing the side by 1%. [NCERT]
15. If the radius of a sphere is measured as 7 m with an error of 0.02 m, find the approximate
error in calculating its volume. [NCERT]
16. Find the approximate change in tlie volume of a cube of side x metres caused by increasing
the side by 1%. [NCERT]
ANSWERS
1. No change 2. SOTtcm^ 3. 2kn 4. 2% 5. 0.3% 6. 0.7%
7. (i) 2k% (ii) 3it% 9. (i) 5.03 (ii) 0.208333 (iii) 0.1916667
(iv) 20.025 (v) 1.96875 (vi) 3.9961 (vii) 0.2495 (viii) 7.0357
(ix) 7.9041 (x) 6.05 (xi) 2.926 (xii) 0.1996 (xiii) 1
(xiv) 0.575575 (xv) 2.9907 (xvi) 3.074 (xvii) 4.0416 (xviii) 5.1
(xix) 6.083 (xx) 0.693 (xxi) 3.009 (xxii) 0.677 (xxiii) 2.0125
ww
(xxiv) 1.004343 (xxv) 0.4849 (xxvi) 1.396368 (xxvii) 2.3046
(xxviii) 31.92 (xxix) 0.2867 10. 28.21 11. - 34.99 12. 3.0021
Flo 15. 3.92 Tcm^

13. 2.16 n 14. 0.12 16. 0.03
e
ree
Fr
rF
1. If y = + 5 and x changes from 3 to 2.99, then the approximate change in y is
uurr
2. The approximate change in the volume of a cube of side x metres caused by increasing the
for
side by 2%, is
s
kks
ANSWERS
Yo
oooo
1. “0.27 2. 0.06 x^ m^
eB

ur
question:
ad
YYo
1. For the function y = x , if x = 10 and Ax = 0.1. Find Ay.
2. If y = loge X, then find Ay when x = 3 and Ax = 0.03.

dd
Re
3. If the relative error in measuring the radius of a circular plane is a, find the relative error in
in
measuring its area.

F
4. If the percentage error in the radius of a sphere is a, find the percentage error in its volume.
5. A piece of ice is in the form of a cube melts so that the percentage error in the edge of cube is
a, then find the percentage error in its volume.
6. If/(x) =x^ -10, then find the approximate value of/(2.1). [CBSE 20201
ANSWERS
1. 2 2. 0.01 3. 2a 4. 3a 5. 3a 6. 9.2
CHAPTER lA
MEAN VALUE THEOREMS
14.1 ROLLE'S THEOREM
STATEMENT Letf be a real valued function defined on the closed interval [a, b] such that
(i) it is continuous on the closed interval {a, bj (ii) it is differentiable on the open interval (a, b)
w
and, (Hi) f(a) = f(b).
Then, there exists a real number c e (a, b) such that f '(c) = 0.
Flo
GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF ROLLE’S THEOREM Let f{x) be a real valued function defined on
[a, bJ such that the curve y =f{x) is a continuous curve between points A(a, f(a)) and B(b, f(b)) and it is
reeee
possible to draw a unique tangent at every point on the curve y =f{x) betxveen points A and B. Also, the
ordinates at the end points of the interval [a, b] are equal. Then, there exists at least one point (c, /(c))
FFr
lying between A and B on the curve y =f{x) where tangent is parallel to x-axis.
YA
(c.rtc)) A(a,m for B(b,m)
ur
kkss
Yo
X
oo
j\x) "S (fl,0) (fc.o) ^

eB
> ● ● ●> < >

O (a,0) (c,0) (f-.O) X (c,nc))
Fig. 14.1 Fig. 14.2
r
ou
ad
ALGEBRAIC INTERPRETATION OF ROLLE’S THEOREM Let/(x) be a polynomial with a and b as its

YY
roots. Since a polynomial function is everywhere continuous and differentiable and a and b are
roots of f(x), therefore f(a) =f{b) =0. So, f(x) satisfies conditions of Rolle's theorem.
ndd
Consequently, there exists c e(a, 1;) such that/'(c) = 0i.e./'(.\‘) = 0at.T = c. In other words x = cis
Re
a root of /' (x). Thus, algebraically Rolle's theorem can be interpreted as follows:
Fi
Betxveen any two roots of a polynomial /(x), there is alxvays a root of its derivative f' (x).
REMARK On Rolle's theorem generally two types of problems are formulated.
(a) To check the applicability of Rolle's theorem to a given function on a given interval,
(b) To verify Rolle's theorem for a given function on a given interval. In both types of problems we first
check whether /(x) satisfies conditions of Rolle's theorem or not. The folloxving results are very
helpful in doing so.
(i) A polynomial functioxi is everywhere continuous and differentiable.
(ii) The exponential function, sine and cosine functions are every xvhere continuous and
differentiable.
(iii) Logarithmic function is continuous and differentiable in its domain.
(iv) tan X is not continuous at x = ± n/l, ± 3ti/2, ± 5tc/2...
(v) I XI is not differentiable at x = 0.
(vi) Iff '(x) tends tot <x>as x -> k, then /(x) is not differentiable at x = k.
For example, iff(x) =(23: thenf'(x) = ^ is such that lim

^/'W = CO.
V2^ X ^(1/2)
So,/{3r) is not differentiable at a: = 1/2.

(vii) The sum, difference, product and quotient of continuous (differentiable) functions is
continuous (differentiable).
oww
Type I TO CHECK THE APPLICABILITY OF ROLLE’S THEOREM
EXAMPLE 1 Discuss the applicability of Rolle's theorem for the following functions on the indicated
intervals:
e
2/3
(i) Z(3:)=|3:|(3fj[-l,l] (ii) f(x) = 3 + ix-2) on [1, 3] (iii) f(x) = tan x on [0, tt]
re
FFrllo
- X, when -1 < x < 0
/W=UI =
eF
X, when 0 <x < 1
e
Since a polynomial function is everywhere continuous and differentiable. Therefore, /(x) is
ouru
r
osrF
continuous and differentiable for all x < 0 as well
as for all x > 0 except possibly at x = 0. So,
consider the point x = 0.
We find that.
ffor
k
lim /(x) = lim - X
= 0 and, lim /(x) = lim x = 0
kso
0 x->0 xÔ
+
lim f(x) = lim + /(x) = /(O)

ooo
Yo
Y
x->0 x-»0
BB
Thus, f(x) is continuous at x = 0. Hence, /(x) is continuous on [-1,1].

fix) -/(O) = lim -x-0
Now, (LHD at X = 0) = lim ['●' fix) =-x for X <0 and/(0) =0]
Y
r ree
X-0
x->0 xÔ X
ouu
-X
lim lim -1 = -1
ad
Ydo
x-»0 X xÔ

fix) -m _ lim
x-0
['●'fix) =x for X >0]
nidn
x-»0
+ x-0 x-^0 X
Re
= lim — = lim 1=1

F
Fi
xÔ X x->0
Clearly, (LHD at x = 0) (RHD at x = 0). This means that /(x) is not differentiable at
X = 0 6 (-1,1). Thus, the condition of derivability at each point of (-1,1) is not satisfied. Hence,
Rolle's theorem is not applicable to/(x) = | x | on [-1,1].
2/3 -1/3
(ii) Given that /(x) = 3 + (x - 2) , X € [1, 3]. We find that /'(x) = — (x-2)
3
Clearly, lim + /'(x)=oo. So,/(x) is not differentiable at x = 2 € (1, 3). Hence, Rolle's theorem
x->2
2/3
is not applicable to /(x) = 3 + (x - 2) on the interval [1,3].
(iii) We have, /(x) = tan x, x e[0,7t], We find thatx

= ^ e[0, ti] such that/(x) is not continuous
at x = So, the condition of continuity at each point of [0, ti] is not satisfied. Hence, Rolle's
theorem is not applicable to / (x) = tan x on the interval [0, tt].
MEAN VALUE THEOREMS 14.3
^ + \, when 0 <:c <1

EXAMPLE 2 Discuss the applicability of Rolle's theorem on the function f{x) =■
3-x, when I <x <2
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Since a polynomial function is everywhere continuous and differentiable.
Therefore,/ (;>:) is continuous and differentiable at all points except possibly at ;c = 1. Let us now
check the differentiability of f{x) at x = 1. We find that
f(x)-m = lim ^2 + 1)-(1+1)
(LHDatx=l)= lim
x-1 x-1
[v/(a:)=x^ +1 forO<A-<l]
x^r
X 2-1
- lim = lim (x +1) = 2
X 1 x-1 x->l
m-f{i) (3-x)-(l + l)
w
and, (RHDatx=l) = lim liin lim = -1
x-1 X 1 x-1 x^l x-1
CIearly(LHD at x = 1) (RHD at x = l). So,/(x) is not differentiable at x = 1. Thus, the condition
Flo
of differentiability at each point of the given interval is not satisfied. Hence, Rolle's theorem is
e
not applicable to the given function on the interval [0,2].
ree
Type II ON VERIFICATION OF ROLLE’S THEOREM FOR A GIVEN FUNCTION DEFINED ON A GIVEN
FFr
INTERVAL
EXAMPLE .1 Verify Rolle's theorem for the function f{x) = - 5x + 6 on the interval [2,3].
uurr
orr ICBSE 2002C]
sf
SOLUTION A polynomial function is everywhere differentiable and hence continuous.
kks
Therefore, /(.x) is continuous on [2,3] and differentiable on (2,3). We find that

Yo
/(2) = 2^ -5x 2 + 6=0and/(3) = 32 -5x 3 + 6 = 0

ooo
So, /(2 =/(3). Thus, all the conditions of Rolle's theorem are satisfied. Now, we have to show
eB
that there exists some c e(2, 3) such that / '(c) = 0. For this we proceed as follows.
We have.
ur
/(x)=x2-5x+6 => /'(x)=2x-5

ad
YYo
/'(x)=0 => 2x-5 = 0 => X = 2.5

Thus, c = 2.5 e (2, 3) such that /' (c) = 0. Hence, Rolle's theorem is verified.
dd
EXAMPLE 4 Verify Rolle's theorem for the function f{x) =x(x - 3)^, 0 <x < 3.
Re
in
SOLUTION We have, /(x) = x^ - 6x^ + 9x. We know that a polynomial function is everywhere
F
differentiable and hence continuous also. So, /(x) being a polynomial function is continuous on
[0,3] and differentiable on (0,3). Also,/(0) =/(3) = O.Thus, all the conditions of Rolle's theorem
are satisfied. Now we have to show that there exists c € (0, 3) such that/ '(c) = 0.
We have.
/(x) = x^ -6x2 ^ /'(x) = 3x2 _i2x + 9
/'(x) = 0 => 3x2 _i2x + 9 = 0 => x2-4x+ 3=0=>x=l,3
Clearly,c=l e(0, 3) such that/'(c) =0. Hence, Rolle's theorem is verified.
EXAMPLES Verify Rolle's theorem for the function /(x) =x^-6x2 + llx -6 interval
[1.3].
SOLUTION Since a polynomial function is everywhere continuous and differentiable.
Therefore,/(x) is continuous on [1,3] and differentiable on (1,3). Further, we find that:
/(I) = - 6xi2 +llxl-6 = 0and/(3) = 3^ - 6x32+11x3-6=0
/(I) = /(3)
Thus, all the three conditions of Rolle's theorem are satisfied. Now we have to show that there
exists c e(l, 3) such that / '(c) = 0.
We have.
fix) = +11X-6 => fix) = 3x^-12x + ll
fix) = 0 => 3x^-l2x + ll = 0 ^ X = 12 ± flU -132 1
=> X = 2±
6 V3
Clearly, both the values ofa: lie in the interval (1,3). Thus, c = 2 ± g (2, 3) such that/ '(c) = 0.
■sj 3
Hence, Rolle's theorem is verified.

EXAMPLE 6 Verify Rolle's theorem for the function fix)-ix-a)”^ ix-b)^ on the interval [a, bj,
ww
where m, n are positive integers.
SOLUTION We have, fix) =(x - a)'” (x -1))”, wherem,n eN. On expanding (x -n)”' and(:c -b)”
FF loo
by binomial theorem and then taking the product, we find that fx) is a polynomial of degree
(m + n). Since a pol5momial function is everywhere differentiable and so continuous also.
ree
Therefore, fix) is continuous on [a, b] and is derivable on ia, b). Also, /(a) = fib) = 0. Thus, all
the three conditions of Rolle's theorem are satisfied. Now, we have to show that there exists
reeF
c e ia, b) such that /' (c) = 0.
We have. oroFr
r ur
fix) = ix-a)'”ix-b)^
s ff
=> fix) = mix-a)^-'^ ix-b)'^ +ix-a)^ nix-b) n-l
k
YYouo
=> fix)=ix~a)’”-\x-h)^-'^{mix-b) + nix-a)}=ix~ay^-'îx-b)^-'^[xi m

kos o
+ n)~imh + na)]
■■ /'(x)=0
BBoo
=> ix-a)^~'îx~by'~'^{xim + n)-imb + na)\ = 0

r ee
mb + na
=> (x - tj) = 0 or, (x -&) = 0 or, x{m + n) -imb + na)-3=> x = a or, x =b or, x =
ad
ouur
m + n
Yo
mb + na mb + na
Clearly, x = m + n
divides ia, b) into the ratio m : n. Therefore,
m + n
eia, b).
d
Re
idnY
mb + na
Thus, c = € ia, b) such that / '(c) = 0. Hence, Rolle's theorem is verified.
FFin
m+n
EXAMPLE? Verify Rolle's theorem for the function fix) =-j4~x^ on [-2,2J.
SOLUTION Clearly,/(x) is defined for all x g [- 2, 2] and has a unique value for each x g [- 2, 2].
So, at each point of [ - 2,2], the limit of/(x) is equal to the value of the function. Therefore,/(x) is
continuouson [ - 2,2].
fix) =41^ => /'(x) =

-X
Now,
Clearly,/'(x) = exists for all x g (~ 2, 2). So, fix) is differentiable on (- 2,2).

^4 -X
Also, /(- 2) =/(2) = 0. Thus, all the three conditions of Rolle's theorem are satisfied.
Now we have to show that there exists c € (- 2, 2) such that /' (c) = 0.
We have,
fix) = î-x^ ^ fix) =

- X
-X
f'{x) = 0 => = 0 => ;c = 0
Clearly, c = 0 e (- 2,2) such that /' (c) = 0. Hence, Rolle's theorem is verified.
+ ab
EXAMPLES Verify Rolle's theorem for the function f{x) = log ● ● on[a,b], where0<a<b.
x{a + b)
SOLUTION We have,
llowow
x^ + ab
fix) = log = log + ab) - log ;c - log (a + b).
x{a + b)
Logarithmic function is differentiable and hence continuous in its domain. Therefore, f{x) is
continuous on [a, b] and differential on {a, b). We find that
ree
^2 L.
a + ab b^ + ab
f{a) = log = log 1 = 0 and, f{b) = log = log 1=0.
a{a + b) b(a + b)
rF
r FF
So, f{a) = f{b). Thus, all the three conditions of Rolle's theorem are satisfied.
forfFreo
Now, we have to show that there exists c e(fl, b) such that/'(c) = 0.
u
We have.
s
x^ - ab
ok
2x 1
YYour o
f(x) = log {x^ + ab) - log X - log {a + b) ^ f'{x) =

x~ + ab X X {x^ + ab)
o
x^-ab
fix) = 0 => = 0=>x^=ab^x = 4^
eeBo Bks
X + ab)
r
Clearly, a < < b. Therefore, c = e {a, b) is such that /' (c) = 0. Hence, Rolle's theorem is
our u
ad
verified.
Yo
EXAMPLE 9 Verify Rolle's theorem for each of the following functions on indicated intervals:
(0 /(^) = sin^ X on 0 < x < 7T
d
(ii) /(x) = sin X + cos x -1 on [0, n/2]

Re
in
(hi) /(x) = sin x - sin 2x on [0, k]

FFind Y
SOLUTION (i) Since sine function is everywhere continuous and differentiable and the
product of two continuous (differentiable) functions is continuous(differentiable).Therefore,
/(x) = sin X is continuous on [0, n] and differentiable on (0, k). We also find that
/(O) = sin^ 0=0 and f{n) = sm 71
= 0. Therefore, /(O) = f{n)
Thus, /(x) satisfies all the three conditions of Rolle's theorem. Now, we have to show that
there exists c e (0, Tt) such that /' (c) = 0.
We have,
fix) = sin X => fix) = 2 sin X cos X = sin 2x
fix) = 0=> sin2x = 0=>2x = 7r=>x = tt/2.
Since c = tt/2 € (0, k) such that/ '(c) = 0. Hence, Rolle's theorem is verified,
(u) Since sin x and cos x are everywhere continuous and differentiable. Therefore,
/(x) = sin X + cos X -1 is continuous on [0,7t/2] and differentiable on (0, k/2) .
Also,/(0) =sin 0 + cos 0-1 =0 and /(7c/2) = sin jt/2 + cos ;c/2-1 =1-1 =0. Therefore,
f(0) =f(n/2). Thus, f{x) satisfies conditions of Rolle's theorem on [0, tc/2] . Therefore, there
exists c e (0, tc/2) such that/ '(c) = 0.
Now, f{x) = sin a: + cos x-1 => f '(x) = cos x - sin x
/ '(x) = 0 => cos X - sin X = 0 => sin X = cos X => tan x = 1 => x = ji/4
Clearly, c=n/4 e(0, n/2) such that/'(c) =0. Hence, Rolle's theorem is verified,
(iii) Since sine function is everywhere continuous and differentiable, therefore so are sin x and
sin2x. Consequently,/(x) = sin x - sin 2x is continuous on [0, Ttjand differentiable on (0, ti). We
oww
find that /(O) = sin 0 -- sin 0 = 0 and /(tt) = sin ti - sin 2tt = 0. Therefore, /(O) =f{n).
Thus,/(x) satisfies all the three conditions of Rolle's theorem on [0, rt]. Consequently there exists
c e(0, k) such that / '(c) =0.
Now, /(x) =sin x-sin 2x => /'(x) = cos x-2 cos 2x
ee
/'(x) =0=> cos x-2 cos 2x = 0=> cos X - 2 (2 cos^ x -1) = 0=> 4 cos^ x - cos x - 2 = 0
FFrlo
r
l±^/^
= 0.8431 or, - 0.5931 => x = cos ^ (0.8431) or, cos ^ (- 0.5931)
rF
ee
cos X
8
X = cos”"^ (0.8431) or, 180° - cos*^ (05931) [v cos ^(-x)=5T-COS ^ x]

ouru
rF
X = 32° 32’ or, x = 126° 23’ ffosor
Thus, c = 32° 32'; 126° 23' € (0, n) such that/ '(c) = 0. Hence, Rolle's theorem is verified.
os k
EXAMPLE 10
V^cri^ Rolle's theorem for each of the following functions on the indicated intervals:
ook
-x/2 [NCERTEXEMPLARl
Yo
(i) fix) = X (x + 3) e on [- 3, 0].

Y
Bo
(ii) fix) (sin X-cos x) on [n/4,5n/4].

reeB
SOLUTION (i) Since a polynomial function and an exponential function are everywhere
continuous and differentiable. Therefore, /(x), being product of these two, is continuous on
oouY
ur
[ - 3, 0] and differentiable on (~ 3, 0). We find that /(- 3) = - 3 (- 3 + 3) e^^^ = 0 and /(O) = 0.

ad
Therefore,/(- 3) =/(0). Thus,/(x) satisfies all the three conditions of Rolle's theorem on [-3,0].
dY
Consequently, there exists c e (- 3, 0) such that /' (c) = 0.

nidn
Now, fix) = -v(x + 3)

Re
- x^ + X + 6
F
Fi
/'(x)=(2x+3)c
-x/2
+ '(x^ + 3x)f--l
1 2
e 2
-x^ + X + 6
/'(x) = 0=> .=0 => -x^+x + 6 = 0=> x^-x-6 = 0
2
(X - 3) (X + 2) = 0 => X = - 2, 3
Thus, c = - 2 € (- 3, 0) such that/ '(c) = 0. Hence, Rolle's theorem is verified,
(ii) An exponential function and sine and cosine functions are everywhere continuous and
differentiable. Therefore,/(x) is continuous on [ji/4,5^/4] and differentiable on (n/4,5;t/4).
n/4 ( ● ^ n 1 1
Also, / - = e^' ^ sm - -cos — = 0
_
UJ 4 4; V2 V2
= e57T/4 ( sm
. 5n
(5n 5n'\ n K
and. cos — = - sin — + cos — =0
4 4; 4 4J
●ÛJ -ÛJ
Thus, f{x) satisfies all the three conditions of Rolle's theorem on [tz/ 4,5n/ 4]. Consequently,
there exists c e{n/4, 5tc/4) such that/'(c) =0.
Now, f{x) - e* (sin a: - cos ;c)
fix) = (sin a: - cos a:) + (cos a: + sin a:) = 2e^ sin x
fix) = 0 ^ 2e^ sin a: = 0 => sin x = 0 x = n [●.● 0]
Thus, c = 7t e(7i/4,5n/4) such that / '(c) = 0. Hence, Rolle's theorem is verified.
ww
Tzjpe III MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 11
It is given that for the function fix) -x^ - 6x^ + ax + bon [1,3], Rolle's theorem holds
1
Flo
with c = 2 + . Find the values of a and b, if /(I) =/(3) = 0.
>/3
e
eree
SOLUTION We are given that/(l) =/(3) = 0.
l^-6xl+fl + ef = 3^-6x3^ + 3fl + & = 0=> a + b- 5 and 3fl + & = 27
FFr
Solving these two equations for a and b, we get: a = 11 and b = -6.
uurr
We now verify whether for these values of a and b,fic) is zero or not.
orr
sfo
We have.
fix) = x^ -6x^ + ax+b => fix) = x^ - 6x^ + llx - 6 [v a =11,b =-6]
kks
Yoo
=> fix) = 3x^-Ux + ll

oooo
1 f
/'(c) = 3c^-12c + ll =3f2 + -^
1 12 12
-12 2 + + 11=12 + +1 - 24 - + 11 =0
eBB
V V3 VsJ V3 V3
Hence, a = 11 and b = -6.
urr
EXAMPLE 12 It is given that for the function f given bi/ f ix) =x^ +bx^ + ax, a: €[1, 3] . Rolle's
ad
1
theorem holds with c = 2 + . Find the values of a and b.
YYo
43
1
SOLUTION ItisgiventhattheRolle'stheoremholdsfor/(A:)definedon[l, 3]withc =2 +
dd
43'
/(I) = /(3)and/'(c) = 0
Re
inn
1 + b + a = 27 + 9b + 3a and 3c^ + 2bc + a = 0

F
1 \2 ( 1
2fl + 8b + 26 = 0 and 3 2 + ^ + 2b 2 + ^ + fl = 0
V 43) \ 43,
fl + 4b + 13 = 0 and a + 4b + 13 + (b + 6) =0
●J3
fl + 4b +13 = 0 and 0 + %{b + 6) = 0
43
fl + 4b +13 = 0 and b = -6=â = 11 and b = - 6
EXAMPLE 13
Find the point on the curve y = cos x-l,A:e which the tangent is parallel to
the x-axis.
SOLUTION Let/ (a:) = cos a: -1. Clearly, / (a:) is continuous on [tc/2,3 ;t/2] and differentiable
on 'n 3jt') Also,/ -
n
cos — 1 = -
3n
.2'T, 2
Thus, all the conditions of Rolle's theorem are satisfied. Consequently, there exists at least one
point c e(7c/2,3 tc/2) for which/' (c) = 0. But,
f'(c) = 0=>-sinc = 0=>c = 7t =>/{c)=cos7c-1=-2

By geometrical interpretation of Rolle's theorem (c,f{c)) is the point on y = cosa:-1 where
tangent is parallel to x-axis. Hence, (rt, -2) is the required point on the given curve.
EXERCISE 14.1
BASIC
1. Discuss the applicability of Rolle's theorem for the following functions on the indicated
intervals:
2/3
(i) f{x) = 3 + {x-2) on [1, 3]
(ii) f{x)=[x] for -1 < ^ 1, where [x] denotes the greatest integer not exceeding x
(iii) f{x) = sin - for -1 < X < 1 (iv) fix) = 2x^ - 5x + 3 on [1,3]
-4a:+5, 0<a:<1
ww
(v) fix) on [-1,1] (vi)/W =
2a:-3, 1<a<2
2. Verify Rolle's theorem for each of the following functions on the indicated intervals:
(i) fix)^x^-8x-i-12 on[2,6] (ii)/(a) = a:^-4x+3 on [1,3] [NCERT, CBSE 2007]
Flo
(iii) fix) =ix-l) ix - 2)2 on [1, 2] (iv) fix) = a(a -1)2 on [0,1] [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ee
(v) /(a)=(a2-1)(a-2) on [-1,2] (vi) /(a) = a (a-4)2 on [0,4]
eer
(vii) /(A)=A(A-2)2on[0,2] (viii)/(a) = a2 + 5a + 6 on [-3,-2]
FFr
3. Verify Rolle's theorem for each of the following functions on the indicated intervals:
oorr
uur r
(i) fix) = cos 2 (a - II /4) on [0, n/2] (ii) fix) = sin 2a on [0,7r/2]
s ff
(iii) /(a) = cos 2a on [-tc/4, ti/4] (iv) fix) sin A on [0, tt]
sk
(v) fix)=e^cosx on [-k/2, jt/2] (vi) fix) = cos 2a on [0, k]

YYoo
ooko
sin A
(vii) /(A) = on 0 ^ A < 71 (viii) fix) = sin 3a on [0, Ji]
eBB
(ix) fix) = on [-1,1] (x) fix) = log (a2 + 2) - log 3 on [-1,1]

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
uurr
(xii) fix) = 2 sin A + sin 2a on [0, ii]

ad
(xi) fix) = sin A + cos A on [0, k/2]

Yo
(xiii) /(A)=|-si 6
on [-1, 0] (xiv) /(a) =—-4
Tl
sin2 A on L 0,-6.
dY
(XV) /(A) =4
sm A
on [0,7t] (xvi) /(a) = a2 ~5a + 4 on [1, 4] [CBSE 2007]
Re
innd
(xvii) fix) = sin*^ A + cos^ A on 0, [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

FFi
(xviii) / (a) = sin A - sin 2a on [0, ti]

BASED ON LOTS
7. Using Rolle's theorem, find points on the curve y = 16 - a , a 6 [-1,1], where tangent is
parallel to A-axis. [NCERT, CBSE 2000]
8. At what points on the following curves, is the tangent parallel to A-axis?
(i) y = A2on[-2, 2] (ii) y = on [-1,1]
(iii) y = 12(a + 1)(a-2) on [-1, 2].
9. If /; [-5,5] R is differentiable and if /' (a) doesn't vanish anywhere, then prove that
/(-5)^/(5). [NCERT]
10. Examine if Rolle's tlreorem is applicable to any one of the following functions:
(i) / (A) = [a] for A 6 [5, 9] (ii) / (a) = [a] for A 6 [- 2, 2] [NCERT]
Can you say something about the converse of Rolle's Theorem from these functions?
11. Itisgiven that the Rolle's theorem holds for the function/(a:) =x^ +bx^ + cx, x e[l, 2] at the
4
point ^ the values of i and c.
ANSWERS
1. (i) Not applicable (ii) Not applicable (iii) Not applicable

(iv) Not applicable (v) Not applicable (vi) Not applicable.
7. (0,16) 8. (i) (0,0) (ii) (0,e) (iii) (1/2,-27) 11. b = -5, c = 8
14.2 LAGRANGE'S MEAN VALUE THEOREM
STATEMENT Let f{x)be a function defined on [a, b] such that it is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable
ww
fib) -fja)
on (a, b). Then, there exists a real number c e {a, b) such that / '(c) =
b -a
PROOF Consider a function (|)(x) =/(x) + Ax, where /I is a constant to be chosen in such a way
Flo
that (j)(fl) = <j)(b).
e
Now,
rere
m-fja)
r FF
4>(fl) = (|)(1;) => f{a) + Aa= f{b) + Ab => f{b) - f(a) = - A(b - a) =>/!=-●
b -a
uurr
foor
(i) Since /(x) is continuous on {a, b] and Ax, being a polynomial function, is evei^'where
continuous. Therefore, <j>(x), being the sum of two continuous functions /(x) and Ax, is
kss
continuouson [a, b].

Yoo
ooook
(ii) As fix) is differentiable on (fl, b) and Ax, being a polynomial function, is everywhere
differentiable. So, (|)(x), being the sum of two differentiable functions fix) and Ax, is
eBB
differentiable on {a, b).

Also, cj) (fl) = (j) (b). Thus, all the three conditions of Rolle's theorem are satisfied by (|)(x) on [a, b].
uurr
So, there must exist some c g (a, b) such that (j)' (c) = 0.
ad
Yo
Now, (|)(x) = fix) + Ax=> (|)'(x) = f'(x) + A => {j)'(c) = f'{c) + A

m -fja)
dY
^'{c) = 0 =^/'(c) + A = 0 => f'ic) = - A^ f'(c) = [Using (i)]

b -a
Re
innd
Q.E.D.
Fi
GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION Let f{x) be a function defined on [a, b], and let APB be the curve
represented byy = fix). Then, coordinates of A and B are(a,f(a))and(b, fib)) respectively. Suppose the
chord AB makes an angle y with the axis of x. Then, from the triangle ARB, lue have
BR fib) -fja) t .
tan y - ^ tan y = YA
AR b -a
Bib.m)
By Lagrange's Mean Value theorem, we obtain
fib) -fin)
f'ic) = b -a
=> tan y = /'(c)

^ Slope of the chord AB = Slope of the tangent at (c, /(c)) X
O M N
Thus, we arrive at the following geometrical interpretation Fig.14.3
of Lagrange's mean value theorem:
Let fix) be a function defined on {a, b] such that the curve i/=fix) is a continuous curve between points
A{a, f(a)) and B(b, f(b)) and at every point on the curve, except at the end points, it is possible to draw a
unique tangent. Then there exists a point on the curve such that the tangent there at is parallel to the chord
joining the end points of the curve.
Type I VERIFICATION OF LAGRANGE’S MEAN VALUE THEOREM

EXAMPLE 1 "Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for thefunction f{x) ={x - 3) (j: - 6) {x - 9) on the
interval [3,5].
SOLUTION Wehave, fix) = {x - 3) {x - 6) (x-9) =x^ -18x‘^ + 99:C“162.
ww
Since a polynomial function is everywhere continuous and differentiable. Therefore, fix) is
continuous on [3,5] and differentiable on (3, 5). Thus, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean
FF loo
value theorem are satisfied. So, there must exist at least one real number c e (3,5) such that
/(5)-/(3)
ree
f'{c) =
5-3
Now, fix) = x^ -18:r^ +99^-162
reFe
fix) = 3x^ - 36x + 99, /(5) =(5 - 3)(5 - 6)(5 - 9) = 8 and/(3) = 0
oor rF
rur
/(5)-/(3)
s ff
fix) =
5-3
k
8-0
3x^ - 36x + 99 = => 3x^ - 36a: + 99 =4
YYoou
okso
5-3
BBoo
3x^ - 36a: + 95 = 0 =;> .T = 36 + ^1296-1140

36 ± 12.49
= 8.8, 4.8
r ee
6 6
/(5)-/(3)
Clearly, c =4.8 e (3,5) such that / '(c) = . Hence, Lagrange's mean value theorem is
ouur
ad
5-3
Yo
verified.
EXAMPLE 2 Verify Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the following functions on the indicated
d
idnY
Re
intervals. Also, find a point c in the indicated interval:

(i) fix) = xix-2) on [1, 3] (ii) fix) = xix-l)ix-2)on[0,l/2]
FFin
SOLUTION (i) We have, fix) = xix -2)=x^ - 2x. We know that a polynomial function is
everywhere continuous and differentiable. So, fix) being a polynomial, is continuous on [1, 3]
and differentiable on (1, 3). Thus,/(a:) satisfies both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value
/(3)-/(l)
theoremon[l,3].So,theremust exist atleastone realnumberce(l, 3)suchthat /'(c) =
3-1
Now, fix)=x^-2x /'(x)=2x-2,/(3)=9-6 = 3 and /(l)=l-2 = -l.

/(3)-/(l) 3-(-l)
=> 2x-2 = 2 => x = 2
fix) = => 2x-2 =
3-1 3-1
/(3)-/(l)
Thus, c = 2e(l, 3) such that/'(c) = . Hence, Lagrange's mean value theorem is
3-1
verified for/(a:) on [1, 3].

(ii) We have, f{x) = x(a: -1) (a: - 2) = + 2x. Since f(x) is a polynomial function and a
polynomial function is everywhere continuous and differentiable. 1 herefore,/(A:) is continuous
on [0,1/2] and differentiable on (0,1/2). Thus, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value
theorem are satisfied. So, there must exist at least one real number c e (0,1/2) such that
/(l/2)-/(0)
f’{c) =
1/2-0
3 3
Now, f{x) = X ^ - 3x^ + 2x => f'ix) = 3x^ -6x + 2,/(0) =0 and / — =-
\2J 8 4 8
/(1/2) ~/(0)
f'{x) =
ooww
(1/2)-0
3x^ -6x+2 = (3/8)-0

(1/2) -0
24± Vn
e
3a:^ - 6a: + 2 = - ==» 12a:^ -24.V + 5 = 0 ^ a: = = 1±
re
4 24 6
rFFl ●\/2T ^ 1 ^
ree
/(l/2)-/(0)
F
Clearly, c=l e 0,— such that /'(c) = . Hence, Lagrange's mean value
6 V 2/ (1/2)-0
rF
theorem is verified.
EXAMPLE 3 Using Lagrange's mean value theorem, find a point on the curve y = fx-2 defined on the
fsfoor
ouur
interval [2,3], where the tangent is parallel to the chord joining the end points of the curve.
kosk
SOLUTION Let/(a:) ~-Jx -2. Since for each a: e [2, 3], the function/(a:) attains a unique definite
Yo
value. So, f{x) is continuous on [2, 3]. Also, / '(a:) = —, exists for all x € (2, 3). So, f(x) is
oo
2^7^ ^
Y
BB
differentiable on (2,3). Thus, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are satisfied.
/(3)-/(2)
rre
Consequently, there must exist some c e (2, 3) such that / '(c) =

3-2
oYuu
Now, fix) = ^x-2 => fix) = -^^---,/(3) = 1 and/(2) = 0

ad
dY
/(3)-/(2)
fix) =
innd
Re
3-2
1 1-0 1 1 9
Fi
F
= 1=>4(a-2) =1 => a:-2 = —=>a:

3-2 4 4
2^r^ 2VF^
/(3) -/(2)
Clearly, c = ^ e (2, 3) such that /' (c) = 3-2
[q 1
We find that /(c) =, — 2 - Thus, (c,/(c)) i.e. (9/4,1/2) is a point on the curve y=.^x -2
M4
such that the tangent at it is parallel to the chord joining the end points of the curve.
EXAMPLE 4 Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following functions on the indicated
intervals.
(1) f{x) = a: - 2 sin a: on [- 71, 7e] (ii) fix) = 2 sin X + sin 2a: on [0, ti]
2 + x^ if x<l
(iii) fix) = loge X on [1, 2] (iv) f{x)={ 3x if x>l
on [-1, 2]
SOLUTION (i) Since x and sin x are everywhere continuous and differentiable, therefore f{x) is
continuous on [- %, n] and differentiable on (- n, 7t). Thus, both the conditions of Lagrange's
mean value iheorem are satisfied. So, there must exist at least one c e (- tc, tc) such that
/(tc)-/(-7c)
/'(c) =
7C-(-7t)
Now, f{x) = X - 2 sin ;c
=> /'{^) =1-2 cos X, f{n) = 71-2 sin n = n and /(-tt) = -7t-2 sin (-7t) = -7t
w
/(7t) -/(-7t)
71-(-7r)
n-{-n)
1 - 2 cos a: = =>1-2 cos jc = l=> cosx = 0=>a:= ± n/2
n-{-n)
e
roow
/(7t)-/(-7c)
re
Thus, c = ± (n/2) e (- n, n) such that f'(c) = . Hence Lagrange's mean value
7t-(-7t)
reF
uFFll
(ii) Since sin x and sin 2x are everywhere continuous emd differentiable, therefore f(x) is
e
continuous on [0,7t] and differentiable on (0,7t). Thus, f(x) satisfies both the conditions of
Lagrange's mean value theorem. Consequently, there exists at least one c e (0, tt) such that
sFr
/'(c) =
/(^)-/(0)
foro
ofk
uor
71-0
Now,
kos
/(x) =2sin x + sin 2x =>/'(x) =2 cos jc + 2 cos 2x,/(0) = 0 and /(ti) =2 sin7t+sin27t = 0
Y
Yo
M-m)
reeBB
oo
●●● f'(x) =
71-0
0-0
uurY
^ 2 cos X + 2 cos 2x = => 2 cos X+ 2 cos 2x = 0=^ cos x + cos 2x = 0

7T-0
=> cos 2jc = - cos a: cos 2x = cos (tt - a:) => 2x = n-x=> 3x = n=> x = n/3
ad
doo
M-m
Thus, c = — e (0,7t) such that f'(c) = . Hence, Lagrange's mean value theorem is
nY
3 71-0
verified.
nid
Re
(iii) The logarithmic function f(x) = logg x is differentiable and so continuous for all x > 0. So,
F
Fi
f(x) is continuous on [1,2] and differentiable on (1,2). Thus, both the conditions of Lagrange's
mean value iheorem are satisfied. Consequently, there must exist some c e(l, 2) such that
/(2)-/(l)
/'(c) =
2-1
Now, f(x) =logeX f'(x) K /(2)=log,2 and /(l)=logel=0
^
. /(2)-/(l)
2-1
^ ;c1 Jog.2-0^
2-1
la: = log,2^ . = -L
log^ 2
= l0g2 C
Now, 2 < e < 4. ^ log2 2 < log2 e < log2 4 => 1 < log2 e <2.
/(2)-/(l)
Thus, c = log2 e e (1, 2) such that/ '(c) = 2-1
. Hence, Lagrange's mean value theorem
is verified,
(iv) We observe that 2+ x^ and 3a: are polynomial functions. Therefore, f(x) is continuous and
differentiable for all values of x except possibly at a: = 1.
Continuiti/ atx = l: We find that

lim /(a:) = lim (2 + :c^) =24-1^ = 3, lim /(x) = lim 3a: = 3x 1 = 3and/(l) = 2 + = 3.
x-^r x~*i
lim /(X) = lim f{x) =/(I). So,/(x) is continuous at X = 1.

x->r
Differentiability atx=l: We find that

fix) -/(I) 2 + x^ -3 x3-l
(LHDatx=l) = lim = lim lim
x^r x-1 x-1 x->l X-1
lim
(x-l)(x^ + x + l) = lim x^ + x + 1 =1^+1+1 = 3
x-1
ww
x-»l .r->l
fix) -/(!) 3x-3 3(x-l)

and, (RHD at x = 1) = lim + lim lim = 3
x^l x-1 x^l x-1 x->l (x-1)
Clearly, (LHDatx=l) = (RHD at x =1). So,/(x) is differentiable at x = 1.
Flo
Thus,/(x) is continuous and differentiable on [-1,2]. So, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean
e
eree
value theorem are satisfied. Consequently, there must exist some c s (-1,2) such that
/(2)-/(-l)
/'(c) =
FFr
2-(-l)
uurr
Now,
fix) = ●
2 + x^ . 3x^, x<l
orr
/(-1) = 2 + (-1) ^ = 1 and /(2) = 3 (2) = 6
sfo
3x , X >1 =>/'(.)= 3 .
, x>l
/(2)-/(-l)
kks
6-1 _ 5
Yoo
fix) = ^ fix) =
2-(-l) ‘ 3
oooo
2-(-l)
Since / '(.x) = 3 for x > 1, the value of x must be less than 1.
eBB
/'(x)=5/3
3x^ =5/3 [●.● X <1 and for X <1,/'(x) = 3x^]
urr
x^ = 5/9 => X = ± V5/3

ad
YYo
/(2)-/(-l)
Clearly, c = ± —
3
e (-1,2) such that /'(c) = ●. Hence, Lagrange's mean value
2-(-l)
dd
Re
inn

F
Type I ON PROVING INEQUALITIES BY USING LAGRANGE'S MEAN VALUE THEOREM

EXAMPLE 5 Using Lagrange's mean value theorem, show that sin x < x for x > 0.
SOLUTION Consider the function / (x) = x - sin x defined on the interval [0, x], where x > 0.
Clearly, / (x) is everywhere continuous and differentiable. So, it is continuous on [0, x] and
differentiable on (0, x). Consequently, there exists c e (0, x) such that
fix)-fj0)
f'ic) = [By Lagrange's mean value theorem]
x-0
x-sm X
1 - cos c
X
x-sm X
>0 [●.● 1 - cos c> 0]
X
X - sin X > 0 X > sin x ^ sin x < x for all x. [v x>0]

EXAMPLE 6
Using mean value theorem, prove that tan x > for all x (0, n/2).
SOLUTION Let X be any point in the interval (0 , n/2). Consider the function / given by
/ (x) = tan X - X, where x e [0, x] c (0 , n/2)
Clearly, / (x) is continuous on [0, x] and differentiable on (0, x). So, there exists c e (0, x) such
that
/(:^)-/(0)
w
f'ic) =
x-0
sec^ c -1 = (tan X - x) - 0
X
tan X -
e
->0 V sec^ c> 1 for all c E (0, x) c: 0, —
X
e
tan X - X > 0 [V x>0]
owr
r
tan X > X for all x e (0, 2).
F
b -a
EXAMPLE?
LTsiJig Lagrange's mean value theorem, prove that < log -
1
< , where
ullo
a
0 <a<b.
FF
e
SOLUTION Consider the function / given by / (x) = logg x, x e[a,b], 0 <a <b.
rsre
Clearly, it is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on {a, b). So, by Lagrange's mean value
oF
k
theorem there exist c e (a, b) such that
fjb) -f{a) ^ 1 ^ log b - log a

oofr
uor
f'ic) = V /(x)=logx^ fix) = -
b -a c b -a X
sf
ko
Y
Now, c s (a, b)
1 1 1 1 log b - log a 1 b -a fb') b-a
rBB
Yo
a <c _ <__2 o_ <_ => — <log [.■ b -a>Q]
oo
eY
b c a b b-a a a
Type II MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS OF LAGRANGE’S MEAN VALUE THEOREM

re
EXAMPLE 8 Let f and g be differentiable on [0,1] such that f (0) =2, g (0) = 0, / (1) = 6 and g (1) = 2.
u
Show that there exists c e (0,1) such that f (c) = 2 g' (c).
odu
Yo
ad
SOLUTION Consider the function ^ given by

= i^(l)-^(0)l/(x)-[/^(l)-/(0)|g(x) forallxE[0,l]
n
or. (t)(x) = 2/(x)-4g(x) for allx e[0, 1].

ndi
Re
Since/ (x)andg(x) are differentiable on [0,1]. Therefore, (j) (x) is differentiable on [0,1]. As4i(x)
F
is differentiable on [0,1]. So, it is also continuous on [0,1]. Consequently, by Lagrange's mean

Fi
value theorem there exists c e (0,1) such that

<l>(l)-4>(0)
4>’(c) =
1 -0
2/'(c)-4g'(c) = [2/(l)-4g(l)]-[2/(0)-4g(0)]
2/'(c)-4g'(c) =4-4=>2/'(c) = 4g'(c)=>/'(c) =2g'(c)
EXAMPLE9 Letf be a twice differentiablefttnction such that f(a) =f{b) = 0and f{c) >0for a<c <b.
Prove that there exists at least one value y between a and bfor which f"(y) < 0.
SOLUTION Let us consider the function f on[a,b].=> x > sin x => sin x < x for all x.It is given
that / is twice differentiable. Therefore, /' and / both exist and are continuous on [a, b].
Applying Lagrange's Mean value Theorem to / on the intervals [a, c] and [c, b] respectively, we
get
f(c)-f{a) m-fjc)
= f (a), where a e (a, c) and. ~f (P)/ where p g (c, b)
c-a f> -c
m -f{c)
=/'(a) and = /' (P) [v/(«)=/(&) =01
c-a b-c
Clearly, a < a <p <&. It is given that /' (a:) is continuous on [a, b] and [a, p] <z \a, b]. Therefore,
/' (x) is continuous on [a, p] and differentiable on (a, P). Applying Lagrange's Mean Value
Theorem to /' (x) and [a, p].
f (P)-f (g)
=/"(y), where a < y < p
p-a
m f(c) m jb-a)
/"(y) = r^
p-a b-c c-a
^ /"(Y)=-
p-a {h-c){c-a)
<0
EXERCISE 14.2
ww
BASIC
1. Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following functions on the indicated
intervals. In each case find a point 'c' in the indicated interval as stated by the Lagrange's
mean value theorem:
(i) f(x)=x^-Ion [2, 3]
Flo (ii) fix) =x^ - 2x^ - a: + 3 on [0,1]
ee
{ni) fix) =x(x-\) on [1,2] (iv) fix) = a:^ - 3x + 2 on [-1, 2]
rere
(v) fix) = 2x^ - 3x + 1 on [1, 3] (vi) fix) = a:^ - 2a: + 4 on [1,5]
r FF
(vii) fix) =2x-x‘^ on [0,1] (viii) fix) =ix- l)ix - 2)ix - 3) on [0, 4]
uurr
foor
(ix) fix) = ^25 -x^ on [- 3, 4] (x)/(x) = tan“ ^ a: on [0,1]
ks s
(xi)/(a:) =AT + -on [1, 3] [CBSE 2000] (xii) fix) = ;c(a: + 4)^ on [0, 4]
Yoo
a:
oook
(xiii) fix) = yjx^-4 on [2, 4] [CBSE 2002] (xiv) fix) = a:^ + a: -1 on [0, 4] [CBSE 2002]
eBB
(xv) fix) = sin a: - sin 2a: - a: on [0, n] (xvi) fix) =x^ -5x^ - 3a: on [1, 3] [NCERT]
2. Discuss the applicability of Lagrange's mean value theorem for the function fix) = | a: | on
uurr
[-1,1].
ad
3. Show that the lagrange's mean value theorem is not applicable to the function
Yo
/(A:)=-on [-1,1].
dY
X
Re
4. Verify the hypothesis and conclusion of Lagrange's mean value theorem for the function
innd
/w= 4a:-1
^ , 1' < a: < 4.●
FFi
BASED ON LOTS
fy
5. Find a point on the parabola y = (a: - 4) , where the tangent is parallel to the chord joining
(4,0) and (5,1).
6. Find a point on the curve y = a: + a:, where the tangent is parallel to the chord joining (0,0)
and (1,2).
fy
7. Find a point on the parabola y = (a: - 3)*^, where the tangent is parallel to the chord joining
(3,0) and (4,1).
8. Find the points on the curve y -=x^ - 3a:, where the tangent to the curve is parallel to the
chord joining (1, - 2) and (2,2).
9. Find a point on the curve y = a: +1 where the tangent is parallel to the chord joining (1,2)
and (3,28).
BASED ON HOTS
10. Let C be a curve defined parametrically as a: = a cos 0, y = flsin 0, 0 <= 0 <-. Determine a
point P on C, where the tangent to C is parallel to the chord joining the points (a, 0) and
[CBSE2014]
11. Using Lagrange's mean value theorem, prove that

O O 7T
(b - a) sec"^ a < tan b - tan a <(b - a) sec^ b, where 0 <a <b < — .
oww
ANSWERS
1. (i) c=5/2 (ii) c = l/3 (iii) c = 3/2 (iv) c = 1/2 (v) c = 2
(vi) c = 3 (vii) c = 1/2 (viii) c = 2 ±-i

V3
(ix) c = ±
1
V2
(x) c = j--l
e
7C
re
FFrlo
-8 + 4 Vl3
(xi) c = -Js (xii) c = (xiii) c = V6 (xiv) c = 2
3
rF
ee
1±V^
(xv) c = cos ^ (xvi) ^
rF
ouru
8
2. Not applicable
fosor5. (9/2,1/4) 6. (1/2, 3/4) 7. (7/2,1/4)
skf
7-2/7 a a
ooko
8. ± 9. + 1 11.
3''^ 3\3j 3 A 3 2V2'2V2
Yo
Y
Bo
FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS(FBQs)

reeB
I. A function f{x) = 1 + —is defined on the closed interval [1,3]. A point in the interval, where
ooY
uur
.r
ad
the function satisfies the mean value theorem, is
2. For the function/(x) =^8x^-7x + 5, a: e[-6, 6], the value of c for the Lagrange's mean value
dY
theorem is
innd
Re
3. If the function f{x)=x^-6x^+ ax + b defined on [1, 3] satisfies Roll’s theorem for

Fi
F
c=2 + 4 , then a = „ b =
V3
4, It is given that for the function/(a:) =x^ 6x^ + ax+b on [1,3], Rolle’s theorem holds with
c =2 + +.«/(!) =/(3)=0,then»=
V3
■,b =
5. For the function /(x) = log^ a:, x € [1, 2], the value of c for the Lagrange’s mean value
theorem is
6. The value of c in Rolle's theorem for the fimction f{x) = x^ - 3x in the interval [0, V3] is
ANSWERS
1. y[3 2. 0 3. a=ll,b^R 4. a=n,b=-6 5. log2e 6. 1

question:
1. If / (x) = Ax'^ + Bx + C is such that/ {a) = / (b), then write the value of c in Rolle's theorem.
2. State Rolle's theorem.
3. State Lagrange's mean value theorem.

4. If the value of c prescribed in Rolle's theorem for the function / (x) = 2x{x - 3)” on the
interval [0, 2Vs] is — , write the value of n (a positive integer).
ww
5. Find the value of c prescribed by Lagrange's mean value theorem for the function
/ (j:) = -Jx^ - 4 defined on [2,3].
ANSWERS
1 ^ ^
Flo
e
4. 3 5. /5
ree
2
Fr
rF
uurr
s for
kks
Yo
oooo
eB
ur
ad
YYo
dd
Re
in
F
CHAPTER L5
TANGENTS AND NORMALS
15.1 PRELIMINARIES
SLOPE (GRADIENT) OF A LINE The trigonometrical tangent of the angle that a line makes with the
w
positive direction ofx-axis in anticlockwise sense is called the slope or gradient of the line.
The slope of a line is generally denoted by m. A Y
Flo
Thus, m = tan 0, where 0 is the angle which a line makes with the
positive direction of :r-axis in anticlockwise sense.
e
reee
Since a line parallel to x-axis makes an angle of 0® with x-axis. ^
FFr
o
Therefore, its slope is tan 0° = 0. X' X
A line perpendicular to x-axis or parallel to y-axis makes an angle of

for
ur
90° with x-axis, so its slope is tan ti/2 = oo.
y y
Also, the slope of a line equally inclined with axes is +1 or, -1 as
kkss
Fig. 15.1
it makes either 45° or 135° angle witl^ x-axis.
Yo
Slope of a line in terms of coordinates of any two points on it: Let P (xj, y^) and Q (x2, y2) be two
oo
points on a line. Then its slope m is given by

eB
m
_ yi~V\ _ Difference of ordinates
X2-X1 Difference of abscissae
ur
For example, the slope of a line passing through (2, -1) and (3, 4) is m = i^=5.
ad
YYo
3-2
Slope of a line when its equation is given: The slope of a line whose equation is ax + by + c = 0 is
given by
d
Re
Coefficient of x
in
a
m
h Coefficient of y
F
For example, the slope of the line 3x-2y + 5= 0is m =

-3^3
-2 2
Angle between two lines: The angle 0 between two lines having slopes and m2 is given by
mi - m2
tan 0 = ±
1^1 +mi m2)
Condition of parallelism: If the lines are parallel, then 0 = 0°.
ni2 -mi
tan 0 - tan 0 = 0^ = 0 ^ m2 = mi
1 + mi m2
Thus, when two lines are parallel, their slopes are equal.
Condition of perpendicularity: If two lines of slopes mi and m2 are perpendicular, then
mi m2 =-l.
Thus, when two lines are perpendicular, the product of their slopes is -1. If m is the slope of a
line, then the slope of a line perpendicular to it is .
Equation of a straight line: The equation of a straight line passing through a point {xi, y{) and
having slope m is y - =m{x~x{).
15.2 SLOPES OF TANGENT AND NORMAL
Slope of the tangent: Let y = f(x) be a continuous curve, and let P (xj, y^) be a point on it. Then,
fdy\
as discussed in section 10.1, — is the slope of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at point P
\dxjp
ooww
i.e.. = tan \j/ = Slope of the tangent at P,
dx
âxjp
where y is the angle which the tangent at P(xi, yf) makes with the
positive direction of x-axis.
If the tangent at P is parallel to x-axis, then
e
ree
v|/ = 0 => tan \}/ = 0 Slope = 0 ^ = 0
rFl dx Jp
Fre
If the tangent at P is perpendicular to x-axis, or parallel to y-axis o
rrF
then
dx
= 0
ouur
\}/=— => coty=0=> —-— = 0 =>
2
sffoo
tanv {(iy)p
Slope of the normal: The normal to a curve at P (xj, yf) is a line perpendicular to the tangent at P
okks
and passing through P.
Yo
1 1 dx
Slope of the normal at P=-
oo
Y
Slope of the tangent at P dy Jp

BB
Jx)p
rre
ouu

YY
ad
Type I ON FINDING THE SLOPES OF TANGENT AND NORMAL AT A GIVEN POINT

EXAMPLE 1 Find the slopes of the tangent and the normal to the curve x^ + 3y + y^ =5 at (1,1).
dd
The equation of the curve is x + 3y + y = 5. Differentiating with respect to x,

Re
iinn
SOLUTION
we get
F
2x 2 2
dx dx dx 2y+ 3 dx 2+3 5
^y 2
Slope of the tangent at (1,1) =
dx
Abi) ^
-1 -1 _ 5
and. Slope of the normal at (1,1) = -2 2
5
EXAMPLE 2 Show that the tangents to the curve y = 2x^ -3 at the points where x = land x--lare
parallel.
SOLUTION The equation of the curve is y = 2x^ - 3. Differentiating with respect to x, we get:
^ = 6x\
dx
TANGENTS AND NORMALS 15.3
Now, - (Slope of the tangent at a: = 2) = (dy = 6x{2)2=24

^dx /x = 2
and. m2 = (Slope of the tangent at x = - 2) = = 6 (-2)^ =24.

^dx Jx = -1
Clearly, m^ = m2. Thus, the tangents to the given curve at the points where x = 2 and x = - 2 are
parallel.
EXAMPLE 3 Prove that the tangents to the curve y = x^ -5x + Sat the points (2, 0) and (3, 0) are at
right angles.
SOLUTION The equation of the curve is y = x^ - 5.r + 6. Differentiating with respect to x, we
ww
get
^ = 2x-5
dx
Flo
Now, mi = Slope of the tangent at (2,0) = =2x2-5=-!
e
{dxj^(2,0)
eree
^y
and. m2 = Slope of the tangent at (3, 0) = ^ = 2x 3-5=1
FFr
dx
A 3,0)
uurr
Clearly, r/q m2 = -1 x 1 = -1. Thus, the tangents to the given curve at (2,0) and (3,0) are at right
angles. orr
sfo
EXAMPLE 4
Find the slope of the normal to the curve x = 1 - asinQ ,y = b cos 0 at 0 = — .
kks
Yoo
oooo
[NCERT]
SOLUTION The parametric equations of the curve are
eBB
dx
X = 1 - a sin 0 and y = b cos^ 0 de
= - cos 0 and
dQ
= ~2b cos 0 sin 0
_
urr
dy
dy _ dQ - 2 b sin 0 cos 0 (dy 2h . Tz 2h
ad
2b
YYo
= — sin 0 ^ — sm —
dx dx - cos 0 a dx yQ = Kf2 a 2 a
dQ
dd
-1 a
Hence, Slope of the normal at 0 = -^

Re
inn
(dy 2b
F
\dxjQ = ji/2
3 3 71
EXAMPLE 5 Find the slope of the normal to the curve x = a cos 0,y = flsin QatQ= —
4
.
SOLUTION The parametric equation of the curve are [NCERTl

dx
— = 3 a sin^ 0 cos 0
●y
X ~ a cos^ 0,y = flsin^0=^ dQ
= - 3 a cos 0 sin 0
' dQ
dy _ dy/dQ ^ dx
dy _ 3flsin^0cos6 = - tan 0
dx dx/d 0 - 3a cos^ 0 sin 0
-1
Slope of the normal at any point on the curve = - -^dy - tan 0
= cot 0
dx
Hence, If Slope of the normal at 0 = —4

7T
= cot — = 1.
^ 4
Type II ON FINDING THE POINT (s) ON A GIVEN CURVE AT WHICH TANGENT(s) IS ARE PARALLEL OR
PERPENDICULAR TO A GIVEN LINE
EXAMPLE 6 Find the point on the curve y = 2x -6x-A at which the tangent is parallel to the x-axis.
SOLUTION Let the required point be P (x-^, 'fhe given curve is
y = 2x^-6x-4
= 4x-6 ^ (dy = 4a:^ - 6

dx dx
Since the tangent at {x-^, i/j) is parallel to x-axis. Therefore,

(dy
= 0 ^ 4x^ - 6 = 0 => xi = -
^ 2
ww
2 17
Since (xj, yj) lies on curve (i). Therefore, yj = 2Xj - 6x^-4 = 2
\2) 1)
-4 = -
2
So, the required point is (3/2, -V7!2).
Floo
EXAMPLE? At what points on the curve x^+ y^-2x-4y + l =0, the tangents are parallel to the
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ee
y-axis?
Let P{x-^,y-\) be the required point. As F(X’^, yj) lies on the curve
eer
SOLUTION
x^ + y^-2x-4y + l=0.
FFr
V+yi^"2xi-4yi + l =0 oorr ...(i)
uur r
dx
s ff
If the tangent to the given curve at P is parallel to y-axis, then — = 0.
\dy yp
sk
YYoo
The equation of the curve is x + y -2x - 4y +1 = 0.

ooko
Differentiating both sides with respect to y, we obtain

eBB
^ dx ^ dx ^ ^ ^ dx , , dx 2-1/ (dx^ 2-Vi

2x — + 2y-2 4 = 0 => 2 — (x-1) =2{2-y) ^ ^
’
^y ’
dy ’
dy dy x-1 {dyjp x^-l
uurr
dx 2-yi
But, — = 0. Therefore, = 0=> 2-yi =0=> yi =2.
ad
dy /p ^1-1
Yo
Putting y;i = 2 in (i), we obtain

dY
Xj^ + 4-2xi - 8 + 1 =0=> X|^ -2xj-3 = 0^ {^1“3) (î +!)=> =“1/ 3

Re
nind
Hence, the coordinates of required points (-1, 2) and (3, 2).

FFi
2 2
X y
EXAMPLES Find points on the curve —— which the tangents are parallel to the
(i) x-axis (ii) y-axis.
2 2
SOLUTION Let P (x^ , yj) be a point on the curve ^

16
= 1. Then,
2
yi = 1
9 16
The equation of the curve is

2 2
^ ^ = 1
9 16

dy _ dy ÎSx ^(dy 16 xi
9 16 dx dx 9y \dx A-ri ,yi) 9yi
TANGENTS AND NORMALS 1S.S
(i) If the tangent at Pix^, yf) is parallel to ar-flxis, then

(dy = 0 =>
16 xi
= 0 => 16 x^ = 0 => x-[ = 0
^dx 9yi
2
Putting ATj = 0 in (i), we get = -16, which is impossible as yj is real. Hence, there is no point
on the curve where tangent is parallel to x-axis.
(ii) If the tangent at P (;ci, y^) is parallel to y-axis, then
= 0 => 9yi
= 0 => yi = 0.
16a:i
oww
Putting yj = 0 in (i), we get at^ = ± 3. Hence, required points are (3, 0) and (- 3,0).
e
Type I ON FINDING THE SLOPES OF TANGENT AND NORMAL AT A GIVEN POINT
re
FFrlo
EXAMPLE 9 The slope of the curve 2y^ = ax^ + bat (I, -1) is -1. Find a, b.
rF
SOLUTION The equation of the curve is 2y^ = ax^ + b
ee
rF
ouru
. dy . dy ax (dy -a
4y^ = lax ^ dx ^ dx
dx 2y h-\)
fosor ^
It is given that the slope of the tangent at (I, -1) is -1.
skf
a
ooko
= -I => fl = 2
2
Yo
Y
Since the point (1, -1) lies on (i). Therefore,

Bo
2(-l)2=fl(l)^ + &=>fl + b=2

reeB
Putting fl = 2infl + b = 2, we obtain & = 0. Hence, a = 2 and b = 0.

ooY
uur
Type II ON FINDING POINT(s) ON A GIVEN CURVE AT WHICH TANGENT(s) IS (ARE) PARALLEL OR

ad

dY
EXAMPLEio Find the points on the curve y = x^ -2x^ -x at which the tangent lines are parallel to the
line y = 3x -2.
nind
Re
SOLUTION Let P (xj, yi) be the required point. The given curve is
F
Fi
y = ~2x'^ -X (i)
^
=>
dx
-4x-l =>
dx
= 3xj^-4xi-l
Since the tangent at (x^, yf) is parallel to the line y = 3x - 2.
Slope of the tangent at (x^, y^) = Slope of the line y = 3x-2
= 3
dx^
3x^ -4xi -1 = 3 => -4xi -4 = 0 => (xj -2) (3xi + 2) = 0 => Xj = 2,--^
3 2
Since (xj, y^) lies on curve (i). Therefore, y^ = x^ -2Xj -Xi-
Now, = 2 => yi = 2^ -2(2)^ - 2 = -2.

and.
2 2
-2 ' +1 -14
= - 3 - yi = 3; 3; 3 27
/'-2 -14
Thus, required points are (2, - 2) and —,
\ 3 27
EXAMPLE 11 Find the pomts on the curve y = x^ at which the slope of the tangent is equal to the
y-coordinate of the point. [NCERT,CBSE2010]
SOLUTION Let the required point on the curve y = be P {x-^, y{).
We have.
y = ^ = 3:^2 ^
ooww
dx dx
It is given that:
Slope of the tangent at P (xj, yf) = Ordinate of P (xj, y^)
<^y
= yi => 3x^^ = yi => 3x^^ = x^^ (x;l , yi) lies on y = x^ y^ = Xj ^
e
re
rFFl
Xj^ (X| - 3) = 0 Xj = 0, X| = 3
ree
F
-3 3
Since (X| , yj) lies on y = x'^. Therefore, yj = ●
rF
Xj=0 => yi=0 and, x^ = 3 => yj = 3^ = 27.
fsfoor
ouur
Hence, required points are (0, 0) and (3, 27).
kosk
EXAMPLE 12 Find a point on the curve y =(x - 3)^, ivhere the tangent is parallel to the line joining
Yo
(4,1) find (3, 0).

oo
Y
BB
SOLUTION Let the required point be P(xj, yf). The equation of the given curve is
y = (:t-3)2
rre
<iy dy
^ = 2(x - 3) => = 2(xi-3)
ouu
Y
dx dx
ad
dY
Since the tangent at P is parallel to the line joining (4,1) and (3,0). Therefore,
Slope of the tangent at P = Slope of the line joining (4,1) and (3,0)
innd
Re
^y 0-1
=> 2 (xi - 3) = 1 => x^ = 7/2
dx 3-4
Fi
F
●y
Since the point P(xj, yf) lies on (i). Therefore, yj = (xj - 3) .
Xi
7
= — => Vi = r^-3
-
1
^2 U 4
Hence, the required point is (7/2,1/4).

EXAMPLE 13 Find the coordinates of the point on the curve ■fx + .fy =4 at which tangent is equally
inclined to the axes. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let the required point be P (x^, y^). The tangent to the curve Vx + ^ = 4 at P is equally
inclined with the coordinate axes. Therefore, slope of the tangent to the curve at P is ± 1.
i.e.
^y = ±1
.dx yp
The equation of the curve is Vx +.fy ~ 4. Differentiating with respect to x, we obtain

J_ +J_î/^ = 0=>
2jx 2-Jy dx dx 4x \^dx)p
But, = ± 1. Therefore, - ±1 => ●●●(i)
dx ^1
Clearly, P (:ri, y{) lies on the curve Vx + ^ = 4.

V^ + V^=4 ...(ii)
Now two cases arise:
Case I W/ie« ^ : Putting ^ ^ in (ii), we obtain
ooww
2^ = 4 => = 2 =?> .ti = 4. So, the coordinates of P are (4,4).
Case II When ^ : Putting ^ in (ii), we obtain
- = 4 or 0 = 4, which is absurd. So, is not possible.
e
Hence, the coordinates of the required point are (4,4).
re
Find the points on the curve 4x^ + 9y^ = 1, where the tangents are perpendicular to the
rFFl
ree
EXAMPLE 14
F
line 2y + x = 0.
rF
SOLUTION Let the required point be Pix-^, yj). The equation of the given curve is
4x^ + 9y^ =1 fsfoor
ouur
kosk
8x + 18y -2- = 0 => ^ => (^ -4X1

Yo
dx dx 9y dx 9yi
oo
Y
BB
It is given that the tangent at (xi, yi) is perpendicular to the line 2y + x = 0.

rre
Slope of the tangent at (xi, yi) x Slope of the line = -1

1 Coefficient of x
oYuu
X -- = -1 Slope of a line = -
Coefficient of y
ad
dx 2
Txi,yi)
dY
-4xi 1 -2xi ●●(ii)

X —
- = -1 => Vi = —-
9yi 2 ^1 9
innd
Re
Since P(xi, yi) lies on the curve (i). Therefore,

Fi
F
4x^2 ^9y^2 = 1
f-2xi f
4Xj^ +9 I 9
= 1 [Using (ii)]
. 2
7 4x, 2 9
4x/1 + —^
9
=1 => Xt1 = -TT =>
40
=
2V1O
3 -2 3 1
Now, Xj = => yi = [Using (ii)]
2 VIO 9 I2V10 3 Vio
3 -2 3 1 1
[Using (ii)]
and.
■ 2^10 ^ 9 2 Vioj 3VIO
( 3 -1 -3 1 '
and
Hence, the required points are ^ 2VlO' 3VlO^ ■

Type II ON FINDING POINT(s) ON A GIVEN CURVE AT WHICH TANGENT(s) IS (ARE) PARALLEL OR
EXAMPLE 15 Find the point on the curve y = x^ -llx + 5 at which the tangent has the equation
y = x-n. [CBSE2012,NCERT]
SOLUTION Let the required point be P{x-[, y{). Since (xj, y{) lies on y = - 11a: + 5.
yi = Xj^-llATi+S ...(i)
^ -llx + 5 => ^ = 3a:^ -11 dy]

Now, y = ^
dx
=>
dx = 3xj^-ll
Since the line y = x -11 is tangent at the point (xj, y^). Therefore,
ww
Slope of the tangent at (xj, y{) = (Slope of the line y = x -11).
Floo
= (Slope of the line X-y-11 = 0)
^dx ^(î-yi)
ee
-1 Coefficient of x
3Xj^-ll =
eer
-1
V Slope = -
Coefficient of y
FFr
3xj^ = 12 => xj = ±2 oorr
uur r
Now, = 2 => y;l = 2^ -22 + 5 = -9
s ff
[Using (i)]
xj = -2 => yi = (-2)^ -11 (-2)+5 = 19 [Using (i)]
sk
YYoo
ooko
So, two points are (2, - 9) and (- 2,19). Of these two points, (-2,19) does not lie on y = x -11.
Therefore, the required point is (2, - 9).
eBB
EXAMPLE 16 Find the points on the curve 9y^ = x^ where normal to the curve makes equal intercepts
with the axes.
uurr
ad
SOLUTION Let the required point be (xj, y^). The equation of the curve is 9y^ = x^.
Yo
Since (xi, y{) lies on the curve. Therefore,

dY
...(i)
Re
ind
2
x2
Now, 9y2 = x^ => ^ =
FFin
dx 6y dx
Since the normal to the curve at (xj, y^) make equal intercepts with the coordinate axes.
Slope of the normal = ± 1
1
= ±1
dx
in-yi)
2
Xi 4
( X, 3>
,dx (î/yi)
= ±1 => ^
6yi
= ±1 => x^ ^ = ± 6 yi => x^** = 36 y^^ ^ X
1
= 36 ^
9
[Using (i)]
Xj — 4x^ ^ x^ (xj — 4) — 0 Xj — 0, 4
Putting = 0 in (i), we get: 9 ^ = 0 => t/j =0.

2 ^ 8
Putting ATj = 4 in (i), we get: 9y^ =4 =>y|=± —. o
But, the line making equal intercepts with the coordinate axes cannot pass through the origin.
Hence, the required points are (4, 8/ 3) cind (4, - 8/ 3).
® EXERCISE 15.1
BASIC
1. Find the slopes of the tangent and the normal to tlie following curves at the indicated
points:
oww
(i) y = V? atx = 4 (ii) y = Vx at X = 9
(iii) y=x^-xatx = 2 [NCERT] (iv) y = 2x^ + 3 sin X at X = 0
(v) x = fl{0 - sin 0), y = fl(l + COS 0) at 0 = -tc/2 (vi) x = acos^0,y =flsin^0at0 = tc/4
e
FrFlo
(vii) X = fl (0 - sin 0), y = (1 - cos 0) at 0 = n/2 (viii) y = (sin 2x + cot x + 2)âtx = n/2
re
(ix) x^ + 3y + y^ =5 at (1,1) (x) xy = 6 at (1, 6)
ree
F
2. At what points on the circle x^ + y^ - 2x - 4y +1 = 0, the tangent is parallel to x-axis.
rF
[CBSE 2002C1
3. At what point of the curve y = x^ does the tangent make an angle of 45° with the x-axis?
fsfoor
ouur
4. Find the points on the curve 2a^y = - 3ax^ where the tangent is parallel to x-axis.
kosk
2 2
X V
5. Find the points on the curve ~ = 1 at which the tangents are parallel to the
Yo
25
oo
Y
(i) x-axis (ii) y-axis. [NCERTl

BB
6. Find the points on the curve x^ + y^ - 2x - 3 = 0 at which the tangents are parallel to the
rre
(i) x-axis. (ii) y-axis 2 2 INCERT, CBSE 2011]

^ -I- ^ = 1 at which the tangents are (i) parallel to x-axis
oYuu
7. Find the points on the curve —

ad
(ii) parallel to y-axis. ^

16
[NCERTl I .
dY
8. Show that the tangents to the curve y = 7x^+llatthe points x = 2 and x fr 2 are parallel.
[NCERTl
innd
Re
BASED ON LOTS
9, Find thevaluesofflandfcif the slope of the tangent to the curve xy + ax + by = 2at (1,1) is 2.
Fi
F
10. If the tangent to the curve y = x^ + flx + & at (1, - 6) is parallel to the line x - y + 5 = 0, find
aandb. [CBSE 20051
11. Find a point on the curve y = x^ - 3x where the tangent is parallel to the chord joining
(1,-2) and (2, 2).
12. Find the points on the curve y = x^ -2x^ -2x at which the tangent lines are parallel to the
liney =2x-3.
13. Find the points on the curve y^ = 2x^ at which the slope of the tangent is 3.
14. Find the points on the curve xy -i- 4 = 0 at which the tangents are inclined at an angle of 45°
with the x-axis.
15. Find the point on the curve y = x^ where the slope of the tangent is equal to the x-coordinate
of the point.
16. Find the points on the curve y = 3x^ -9x + 8 at which the tangents are equally inclined with
the axes.
17. At what points on the curve y = 2x - +1 is the tangent parallel to the line y = 3x + 4?
18. Find the point on the curve y = 3x + 4 at which the tangent is perpendicular to the line
whose slope is -
19. Find the points on the curve x + y = 13, the tangent at each one of which is parallel to the
line 2x + 3y =7. fy
20. At what points on the curve y = :r - 4a: + 5 is the tangent perpendicular to the line
2y + A:=7? [NCERTl
21. Find the points on the curve y =x^ where the slope of the tangent is equal to A:-coordinate
oww
of the point. ICBSE2008]
ANSWERS
ee
1. Slope of Slope of Slope of Slope of
tangent normal normal
FFrlo
tangent
r
(i) 3 -1/3 (Vi) -1 1
rF
(ii)
ee
1/6 -6 (vii) 1 -1
(iii) 11 -1/11 (viii) -12 1/12
rF
(iv) 3 -1/3 (ix) -2/5 5/2
ouru
(V) 1 -1 (x) -6 1/6
2. (1,0), (1,4) 3. (1/2,1/4)
fosor 4. {Q,0),{2a,~2a)
skf
5. (i) (0,5), (0,-5) (ii) (2, 0),(-2, 0) 6. (i) (1,±2) (ii) (-1,0), (3,0)
ooko
7. (i) (0,4), (0,-4) (ii) (3, 0),(-3, 0) a = 5, b =-4 10. = -2, = -5

Yo
Y
(7 -2 (f)
Bo
11. ± —, ^ — 12. (2,-4);(-2/3,4/27) 13. (2,4) 14. (2,-2)and(-2,2)

reeB
3 3\3
15. (0,0) 16. (5/3,4/3) and (4/3,4/3) 17. (1,2) 18. (1,7)
ooY
uur
19. (2,3); (-2,-3) 20. (3,2) 21. (0, 0), (1/3,1/27)

ad
dY
15.3 EQUATIONS OF TANGENT AND NORMAL

We know that the equation of a line passing through a point {x\, y^) and having slope m is
nind
Re
y - yi =m{x- x{)
F
Fi
As discussed in article 15.2 that the slopes of the tangent and the normal to the curve y =f{x) at a
point P(xj, y^) are — and -
respectively. Therefore, the equation of the tangent at
dx JP Uy
dx 7p
P{xi, yf) to the curve y =f{x) is
y-yi =
dx jp
(a:-a:i) ...(i)
1
Since the normal at P{x-^, y{) passes through P and has slope ●. Therefore, the equation of
the normal at Pix^, y{) to the curve y = f{x) is dy]
^dx yp
y-yi = - ...(ii)
dx yp
fdy
REMARK 1 If = oo. then the tangent at t/j) is parallel to y-axis and its equation is x = x^.
dx dp
REMARK 2 If =0, then the normal at {x-^, y{) is parallel to y-axis and its equation is x = x^.
ydxjp
In order to find the equations of tangent and normal to a given curve at a given point, we may
use the following algorithm.
ALGORITHM ?
Step I Find —from

dx
the given equation y =f(x).
oww
dy
Step II Find the value of—at the given point P{xi, y{).
dx
dy
Step III // is a non-zero finite number, then obtain the equations of tangent and
{dx^
fdu^
e
normal at {xi,yf) by using the formulae y-y\ = (x -Xj) and
FFrlo
re
1
ree
F
y-yi=- (x - respectively. Otherwise go to step TV.
dy
rF
dx
Axi,yi)
^y fsoor
ouur
Step IV If -f-
dx
= 0, then the equations of the tangent and normal at , y i) are y - y i = 0
skf
ooko
and X - Xj = 0 respectively. If = ±00, then the equations of the tangent and

Yo
dx
'^(î^yi)
Y
Bo
normal at (xj, y{) are x-xi = 0 and y - yi = 0 respectively.

reB
uur
oY

ad
Type I ON FINDING THE EQUATIONS OF TANGENT AND NORMAL TO A CURVE AT A POINT

dY
EXAMPLE 1 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = -5x^ + 6x + 7 at the point
innd
(1/2, 35/4).
Re
SOLUTION The equation of the given curve is

Fi
F
10
y = -5x^+6x + 7 => ^ = -lOx + 6 => + 6=1
dx dx 2
A1/2,35/4)
The required equation of the tangent at (1/2,35/4) is
n 33
„ 35 _ fdy] X —
n 35
=> y — = 1 X— => y = X +
y-T dx
7(1/2, 35/4) 2) ^ 4 2 ^ 4
EXAMPLE 2 Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the parabola y =4flx at the point
(at^, 2at). [NCERT, CBSE2013]
SOLUTION The equation of the given curve is y^ = 4ax
Differentiating (i) with respect to x, we get
^y =_ 4fl => 2a _ 1
2y 2at ~ t
dx dx y
So, the equation of the tangent at (on, 2at) is
y-2at = {x - at^) => y -2at = -f (x - at^) => ty = x +

'y
The equation of the normal at (af^, 2at) is
1
y - = \ (x -at^)
y-2at=- ^{x-flf^) => y~2at = -t(x-flt^) => y + fx = 2fft + af^

Vt
ooww
y = 2x^ + 3 sin x at x = 0.
EXAMPLE 3 Find the equation of the normal to the curve
SOLUTION The equation of the given curve is y = 2x^ + 3 sin x
Putting X = 0 in (i), we get y -0. So, the point of contact is (0,0).
e
y = 2x^ + 3 sin X =^> ^
ree
Now, = 4x + 3 cos X ^ dy = 4x0+3 cos 0 = 3
rFl dx dx
Ao,0)
Fre
rrF
So, the equation of the normal at (0,0) is y - 0 = - — (x - 0) or, x + 3y = 0.
3
normal to 16x^ + 9y^ = 144 at (xj, y{) where

ouur
sffoo
EXAMPLE 4 Find the equations of the tangent and the
Xj = 2andy^ >0. [CBSE 20181
okks

Yo
16x^ + 9y^=144 -(i)

oo
Y
BB
Since (xj, yf} lies on (i). Therefore,

80
16x^^+9y^^ = 144=> 16(2)^ + 9y^^ =144 => y^^ = —9 => yi = —3
rre
[■●■ y\ > 0]
ouu
YY
ad
So, coordinates of the given point are 2, ■
Now, 16x^ + 9y^ = 144

dd
Re
iinn
<^y
32x + 18y = 0 [Differentiating with respect to x]
dx
F
dy _ -\6 X ^ (dy 16 X 2 8
dx 9y ^dx J(2 Ml 3
9x
4V5 3^/5
3
4n/5'1 .
The equation of the tangent at 2, — IS
3
4^/5 4V5 8
dx 4^^(*-2) or, y- — 3^/5
(x - 2) or, 8x + 3 VSy - 36 = 0
4V5l 4f5 1
The equation of the normal at 2, is y (x-2).
\ ^ J ^
dx 4^/5
4V5 1 . .. 4V5
or,
-^(ar-2) or, y 8
(;c - 2) or, 9 S x - 24y +14 ^/5 = 0.
3>/5
EXAMPLE 5 Find the equations of tangent and normal to the ellipse + ^ = 1 at {xi, yi).
SOLUTION We have, ^
2 2
il + r = 1
Since P (xi, yj) lies on the curve (i). Therefore,

2 2
h = 1 ...(ii)
2
a
w
lx ly dy „ fry ij2 X /
^y
~?^b'^ dx~ ^ ' a^y
=
dx
Flo
The equation of the tangent at P (xj, y{) is
ee
y-yi = (x-xi)
Fr
Jxj
y-yi = - (x-xi) for

-
ur
yi
2 2
yyi-Vi^ _ EI4.MI = a+m = 1 [Using (ii)]
s
ok
2
«2 &2
Yo
A
Bo
The equation of the normal at P(xi, y{) is

1
y-yi = - {x - Xi)
re
dx
ou
ad
(x - Xi)
Y
=> y-yi =
-
ij^xi
(y-yi) ^ (^-^1) ^ ^ _i^2
2
nd
Re
X
-fl
yi ^1 yi yi
Fi
EXAMPLES Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve x = l - cos 6,y = 0 - sin 0 flf 0 = ^/4.
[CBSE 2004]
SOLUTION Putting 0=înx=l-cos0 and y = 0-sin 0, we get

- . 1 j Tt . 71 7C 1
X = 1 - COS — = 1 —^ and y = — sm- =
4 V2 ^4 4 4 V2‘
C 1 7C 1
So, coordinates of the point of contact are 1 — t= .
^ V2 4 V2j
Now, X = 1 - COS 0 and y - 0-sin0^ — = sin0 and ^ =
dx
1 - cos 0
d0
dy _ dy/d0 _ 1 - cos 0 1 - COS 71/4

= V2-1
dx dx ye»- sin 7c/4 1
dx/d0 sin 0 n
4 V2
n .
So, the equation of the tangent line at 0 = — is
^ U V2, =
Tt
(V2-l)L-fl-
1 1
V2
or. (V2-l);c-y = 2(V2-1)-k/4
EXAMPLE 7 Fmd the equations of the tangent and the normal at the point ‘f on the curve
X = a sin^ t,y=b cos^ t. INCERT, CBSE 2010,2014]
SOLUTION The parametric equations of the curve are
x-asin^t and, y = & cos^ t => —
dt
= 3a sin^ t cos t and, —
dt
= - 3b cos^ t sin t
dy _ dy/dt 3b cos^ t sin t -b cos t
2
dx dx/dt 3a sin t cos t a sin t
ww
So, the equation of the tangent at the point't' is
y-ijcos f= — (x-rtsin 0
FF loo
dx
b cos t
ree
or. y - b cos^ t = a sin t
(x - fl sin t) or, bx cos t + ay sin t = ab sin t cos t
The equation of the normal at the point't' is
reFe
1 o oor rF
rur
y -bcos^t = ^(ar-flsin 0
dy
s ff
dx
k
1
YYoou
okso
or. y -b cos^ t = - - b cos t {x - a sin^ t) or, ax sin t - by cos t = sin** t -b"^ cos^ t
BBoo
a sin t
r ee
x-7
EXAMPLE 8 Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the curve y = at the
(x-2) (x-3)
ouur
ad
point, where it cuts x-axis. (NCERT, CBSE 2010]

Yo

d
y(x-2){x-3)-x + 7 = 0
idnY
Re
This cuts the x-axis at the point, where y = 0. Putting y = 0 in (i), we get: -x + 7 = 0 =>x = 7
FFin
So, the point of contact is (7,0).

dy
dx
(x-2)(x-3) + y(2x-5)-l = 0 ...(ii)
Putting X = 7 and y = 0 in (ii), we get

1
(7-2){7-3)-l = 0 =>
dx dx 20
^(7,0) ^(7,0)
So, the equation of the tangent at (7,0) is

dy
y-0= (x-7) => y-0 = -(x-7) => x-20y-7 = 0
20
The equation of the normal at (7,0) is

1
y-o = - (x-7) => y-O = -20(x-7) => 20x + y-140 = 0
'^1
EXAMPLE 9 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = -1) (x - 2) at the points where the
curve cuts the x-axis.
SOLUTION The equation of the curve is y = (x^ -1) (x - 2)

It cuts x-axis at y = 0. So, putting y = 0 in (i), we get
(x^ -l){x-2) = 0
(x-l)(x-2)(x^ +X + 1) = 0
oww
x-1 = 0,x-2 = 0=> X = 1,2. [●.' x^ + X +1 ^ 0]
Thus, the points of intersection of curve (i) with x-axis are (1,0) and (2, 0).
Now, y=(x^-l)(x-2) => ^ = 3x^(x-2) + (x^-l) = - 3 and, — = 7.
e
dx dx dx
Al,0) A2,0)
ree
rFl
The equations of the tangents at (1, 0) and (2,0) are respectively
Fre
dy
rr F
y-0 = (x-1) and y -0 = ix-2)
dx
7(1,0) 7(2,0)
ouur
sfoo
y-0 = - 3 (x-1) and y-0 = 7(x-2)=>y+3x-3 = 0 and 7x - y -14 = 0.
kks
Yo
oooo
Type I ON FINDING THE EQUATIONS OF TANGENT AND NORMAL TO A CURVE AT A POINT

EXAMPLE 10 Show that the line-+ ^=1 touches thecurve y=he~^^^ at the point where it crosses
eBB
they-axis. ^ ^ ICBSE 2005,2007, NCERT EXEMPLAR]

SOLUTION The equation of the given curve is y = be~
uurr
It crosses y-axis at the point, where x = 0. Putting x = 0 in (i), we get: y=be^ = b. So, the point of
ad
YYo
contact is (0, b).

dd
dy ^ ij^-x/ad_(_x'\ ^ ^ ^ dy
Re
iinn
dx dx a) dx a a a
F
The equation of the tangent at (0, b) is
y-/.= (X-fl)
y -b = --a (x - 0) => ay - ab = -b X => b x + ay = ab -a + ^=1.

b
X V -xl a
Hence, — 4-^=1 touches the curve y=be at the point where it crosses the axis of y.
a b ^
Type II ON FINDING TANGENT AND NORMAL PARALLEL OR PERPENDICULAR TO A GIVEN LINE
EXAMPLE 11 Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y = fSx - 3 - 2 which is parallel to tlie
line 4x - 2y + 3 = 0.
SOLUTION Let the point of contact of the tangent line parallel to the given line be P(xj, y{).
The equation of the curve is y = f5x - 3 - 2. Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
^ ^ => 5
dx dx
2^j5x^ 2 ^5xi - 3
Since the tangent at (xj, y^) is parallel to the line 4x - 2y + 3 = 0. Therefore,
= (Slope of the line 4x - 2y + 3 = 0)

dx
in>yi)
5 -4 73
=> 4 ^5xi - 3 = 5 => 16 (5xj - 3) = 25 => x^ = —
2 75xi - 3 -2 80
Since (xj, yj) lies on y = ^5x - 3 - 2. Therefore,

731
yi = V5^1-3-2 => yi = 5xZ3_3
3
-2 = ●●● >^1=77
80 4 80
w
Z'73 31
So, the coordinates of the point of contact are ^ ● Hence, the required equation of the
tangent is
Flo
e
(x-xi)
rree
y- -
K 4 / V dx
r FF
r 31 731
y- - = 2 X-— => 80x-40y-103 = 0 = 2
uurr
4; 80
for
EXAMPLE 12 Pind the equation of tangent line to y = 2x + 7 which is parallel to the line
kss
4x - y + 3 = 0.
ooook
Yo
SOLUTION Let the point of contact of the required tangent line be (xj, yj). The equation of the
given curve is
eBB
y = 2x^+7
urr
^ = 4x =>
ad
= 4xi
Yo
dx dx
AA:i,yi)
dY
Since the line 4x - y + 3 = 0 is parallel to the tangent at (xj, yj).

Re
Slope of the tangent at (Xj, y^) = (Slope of the line 4x - y + 3 = 0)

innd
'dy 4 , Coefficient of x
Fi
V Slope = -
Jx) Y => 4^1 = 4 ^ Xj = 1
Coefficient of y
Now, (xj, }/i) lies on y = 2x^ + 7. Therefore,

yi “ 2Xj ^+7=>yi = 2 + 7= 9 [V Xi=l]
So, the coordinates of the point of contact are (1,9). Hence, the required equation of the tangent
line is
y-9 = 4(x-l) ^ 4x-y + 5 = 0

EXAMPLE 13 find the equation(s) ofnormal(s) to the curve 3x - y = 8 which is (are) parallel to the
line X + 3y = 4. [NCERT EXEMPLARl
SOLUTION Let the required normal be drawn at the point (xj, yf). The equation of the given
curve is
3x^ -y^ =8

6x - 2y ^ = 0 => dy _ 3x f dy _
dx dx y dx y\
Since the normal at {xy y{) is parallel to the line a: + 3y = 4. Therefore,

Slope of the normal at (xj, yj) = (Slope of the line x + 3y = 4)
-1 -1
...(h)
(dy 3
.dx
~V\ _ 1
...(hi)
3xj - 3 =>
2 2
Since (xj, yj) lies on (i). Therefore, 3x^ - y^ =8 ...(iv)
w
Eliminating y^ between (hi) and (iv), we get
3Xj^ - x^ = 8 => x^^ = 4 => X| = ± 2
Now,
Flo
Xj = 2 => yi = 2 and, x-^ = -2=> y^ = -2 [Using (hi)]
reee
Thus, the coordinates of the point are (2,2) and (- 2, - 2). The equation of the normal at (2,2) is
FFr
1
y-2=-
(x-2) => y-2 = -|(^-2) x+3y-8 = 0 [Using (h)]
uurr
^dx
for
The equation of the normal at (- 2, - 2) is y - (-2) = (x -(-2)) or, x + 3y + 8 = 0 [Using (ii)]
kkss
EXAMPLE 14 Find the ecjuation(s) oftangent(s) to the curve y-x^ + 2x + 6 which is perpendicular to
Yo
oooo
the line x + 14y + 4 = 0. [NCERT, CBSE 2010]

eB
SOLUTION Let the coordinates of the point of contact be (xj, y{). As it Ues on y = x^ + 2x + 6
yi = Xj ^ + 2xj + 6
rr
ou
ad
The equation of the curve is y = x + 2x + 6. Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
YY
^ = 3x2+2^f^ = 3Xj^ + 2 ...(h)

nndd
dx dx
Re
Since the tangent at (x;^, yj) is perpendicular to the line x + 14y + 4=0.
Fi
Slope of the tangent at (xj, yj) x Slope of the line = -1

1 2 z' 1 A
dx
X- —= -l => (3x/ + 2) - —
14 ' 1 i4j = -1 => 3x^^ + 2=14=>xi=±2
Now, Xj =2=> yi =2^ +2x 2 + 6 =18 and, Xj = -2=> yj =(-2)^ + 2(-2) + 6= -6 [Using (i)]
So, the coordinates of the points of contact are (2,18) and (- 2, - 6).
From (h), we obtain
(dy = 3(2)^+2 =14 and dy
= 3(-2)^ + 2=14
dx
(2,18) ' (dx {-2.-6)
The equation of the tangent at (2,18) is

dy
y-18= ^ dx
(x-2) => y-18 = 14(x-2) ^ 14x-y-10 = 0
2(2,18)
15.18 MATHEMATiCS-XII
The equation of the tangent at (- 2, - 6) is

y-(-6)= =f- (;c-(-2)) => y-(-6) = 14{:c-(-2)) => 14;c-y + 22 = 0
dx
A-2,-6)
Type in ON FINDING TANGENT OR NORMAL PASSING THROUGH A GIVEN POINT A
EXAMPLE 15
Find the equations of the tangents drawn to the curve y - 2x'^ - 4y + 8 = 0 from the
point (1, 2).
SOLUTION Suppose the tangent drawn from (1, 2) to the curve y^ - 2x^ - 4y + 8 = 0 touches
the curve at {h, k). Then, {h, k) lies on the given curve.
k^-2h^-Ak + S = 0
The equation of the curve is y^ -2x^ -4y + 8 = 0. Differentiatin g with respect to x, we get
ww
3h^
2y
FF loo
dx dx dx y-2 k~2
So, the equation of the tangent at {h, k) is
ree
3h^
y-k = (x-h) or, y-fc = {x-h) ...(ii)
reeF
dx k-2
Ah,k)
It passes through (1,2). Therefore, oroFr
r ur
3h^
s ff
2-k =
k-2
(l_/2) => -{k-2)^ = 3h^{\-h) => 3h^-3Ii^-fc2+4fc-4 = 0 ...(iii)
k
YYouo
Adding (i) and (iii), we get

koso
h^~3h^ + 4 = 0 => (h-2)^(h + l) = 0 => = -1,2.

BBoo
Putting li = 2 in (iii), we get

r ee
24-12-fe^ + 4fc-4 = 0 => cf^-4fc-8=0 => cf=2±2V3
Putting h = -1 in (iii) we obtain imaginary values of A:. Thus, the points contact are (2,2 ± 2-j3).
ad
ouur
Yo
Putting the values of h and k in (ii), we obtain the following equations of the tangent
y-(2 + 2V3) = 243{x-2) and y-(2-V3) =-2Vt(x-2).
d
Re
idnY
EXAMPLE 16 Find the equation of the normal to the curve = 4 y which passes through the point (1,2).
[NCERT,CBSE 20131
FFin
SOLUTION Suppose the normal at P (xj, y{) on the parabola x^ = 4y passes through the point
(1,2). Since P (X|, yf) lies on x^ = 4y.
Xi^ = 4yj
The equation of the curve is x = 4y. Differentiating with respect to, x we get
2x = 4^ ^ ^ ^ X
dx dx 2 dx
The equation of the normal at P (xj, yf) is

y-yi = -
(dy
^(x-xi) => y-yi = ^1
(x-xj) ...(ii)
Uxjp
It passes through (1, 2).
2-]/i = -—(1 => 2-yi = + 2 => xiyi =2 ...(iii)

Xi
Eliminating i/j between (i) and (iii), we obtain

3
—^ = 2=>x, =8=>a:i=2
4 1 ^
Putting = 2 in (ii), we get = 1- Putting the values of and yj in (ii), we get
y-1 = -l(a:-2) => A: + y-3 = 0, which is the required equation of the normal.
EXAMPLE 17 find the coordinates of the points on the curve y = + 3x + 4, the tangents at which pass
through the origin.
SOLUTION Let P (xj, i/i) be a point on the given curve such that the tangent at P passes
through the origin. Since P (x^ , yf) lies on y = x^ + 3x + 4.
ww
2
yi = Xj + 3X| + 4
The equation of the curve is y = x"^ + 3x + 4.
Flo
e
eree
= 2x + 3 =>
_
— 2x^ + 3.
dx dx yp
FFr
TThe equation of the tangent at P (xj, y;^) is
( dy ^ oorr
uur r
y-yi= -T-
dx
or, y-yi = (2xj + 3) (x-x^)
/p
sf
It passes through the origin i.e. (0, 0).
Yoo
0-yi = (2xj + 3)(0 -Xi) => yi =2x^^ + 3xi

ks
●■●(ii)
oook
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get: -x^ + 4 = 0 => Xj = ± 2.

eBB
From (ii), we find that

Xj = 2^ yi = 4 + 6 + 4= 14 and, X| = -2=> y-^ = 4- 6 + 4 = 2
uurr
ad
Hence, the required points are (2,14) and (- 2, 2.).

Yo
Type IV MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES

dY
EXAMPLE 18 Por the curve y = 4x^ -2x^ find all points at which the tangent passes through the
Re
innd
origin. [NCERT,CBSE 20131

Let(xi, yi)be the required point on y = 4x^ -2x^. Then,
FFi
SOLUTION
yi = 4Xj^ -2Xj^ -(i)
The equation of the given curve is y = 4x^ - 2x^. Differentiatin g with respect to x, we get
^ = 12x^ -lOx** =>(^ = 12xj^ -lOXj^
dx dx
So, the equation of the tangent at (x^, y{) is

y-yi =
,dx (ÛVl)
{x-xf)=> y-yi = (12x^^-10xj‘^)(x-xi)
This passes through the origin. Therefore,
0-yi = (12x^^-10xj^)(0-xi) => yi = 12x^^-10Xj^ -(ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
0 =
-8x^^ + Sx^^ => 8;c^^{Xj^-l) = 0 => = 0 or, = ±1
From (»)/ we find that

Xj = 0 => i/i = 0; :ci = 1 =5- yj = 12 -10 = 2; = -1 => yj = -12 +10 = - 2
Hence, the required points are (0,0), (1,2) and (-1, - 2).
Tijpe I MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES

1
EXAMPLE 19 Find the equations of all lines of slope -1 that are tangents to the curve y = x-1 ,X?il.
[NCERT]
Let (x^, yj) be the point of contact of a line of slope -1 which touches the curve
w
SOLUTION
y =
1
x-1
.Then,f^
dx
= -l.
Flo
1 dy 1 dy^ 1
Now, y = 5- =>
(X-1)2 (^1-1)^
ee
X-1 dx
Fr
It is given that
dy 1
= -l => - = -l => (Xj -1)^ =1 => X;i -1 =±1 => Xj =0 , X| = 2.
dx
or
ur
Axi«yi)
1
sf
^
Since (xj, yj) lies on the curve y = x-1 . Therefore, yi =
Xi-1
ok
Yo
Using (i), we find that

1 ^ 1
Bo
= -1 and, Xj = 2 => yi = — = 1
xi = 0 => yi = -1 2-1
re
Thus, the coordinates of the points of contact are (0, -1) and (2,1). The equations of the tangents
at (0, -1) and (2,1) are respectively.
ou
ad
. ^dy dy]
y + l= ^ (x-0) and, y-l= — (x-2)
Y
dx
Ao,-i) \_dx (2,1)
y + 1 = -l{x-0) and(y-1) =-l(x-2)=>x + y + l =0 and x + y - 3 = 0

nd
Re
EXAMPLE 20 Prove that all normals to the curve x = a cos t + at sin t, y = a sin t - at cos t are at a
Fi
distance a from the origin. [NCERT, CBSE 2013]

SOLUTION The parametric equations of the curve are:
dx dy
x = a cos f + flf sin f and y = a sin t - at cos f => —
dt
- at cos t and dt = at sin t
dy
dy _ dt _ ^ = tan t
dx dx at cos t
dt
The equation of the normal at any point t is given by

y-(a sin t-at cos t) =-^{x-(acosf+
dy
fltsinf)l
dx
y -{a sin t -at cos t) = - tan t

^ (x - {a cos f + af sin t)}
cosf
y -(a sin t - at cos 0 = - {x -{a cos t + at sin t)}
sin t
y sin t-{a sin^ t-at sin t cost) = - x cost + a cos^ t + at sin t cost
X cos i + y sin f = a -(i)
|0 cosi + 0 sin f -fl|
Length of the perpendicular from the origin to (i) = = a
^jcos^ t + sin^ t
Hence, all normals to the given curve are at a distance 'a' from the origin.
Type II ON FINDING THE EQUATIONS OF TANGENT AND NORMAL
EXAMPLE 21 Find the equation of the normal to the curve y = {1 + x)^ + sin~ ^ (sin^ :r) at x = 0.
ooww
SOLUTION The equation of the curve is
y = (1 + + sin” ^ (sin^ x)
Putting a: = 0, we get
e
y = (1 + 0)^ + sin” ^ (sin^ 0) => y = 1.
ree
rFl
Thus, we have to write the equation of the normal to (i) at P (0,1).
Fre
rrF
^(sin^x)
1
+
^1-sinS
ouur
sffoo
y 2 sin X cos x
^ = (1 + x)y -f- log (1 + x) + ● +
okks
x\^j^ + sin^
dx dx 1 + x
cos
Yo
oo
Y
Putting X = 0 and y = 1, we obtain

BB
dy] X 0 + U +0 => dy]

rre
= 1
dx Jp dx )P dx jp
ouu
Hence, the equation of the normal at P (0,1) is

YY
ad
y-l= (x-0)=>y-l = -l(x-0)=>x + y =1

dx yp
dd
EXAMPLE 22
Find all the tangents to the curve y = cos (x + y), - 2n < x < 2n that are parallel to the
Re
iinn
line X + 2y = 0. [NCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2016,2017]

F
SOLUTION
Let the point of contact of one of the tangents be (x^, yf). Then, (xj, yj) lies on
y = cos (x + y)
yi = cos (xi + yi)
Since the tangents are parallel to the line x + 2y = 0. Therefore,
Slope of the tangent at (Xj, yf) = (Slope of the line x + 2y = 0
dy -1
The equation of the curve is y = cos (x + y).

dy ( dy'] (dy\ dy
—
dx
= -sm(x + y) 1 + -^ ^ = - sin (xi + y;i) a + -f-
dx \dx) dx
15.22
MATHEMATICS-Xil
1 f w
- = - sin (Xj + i/i) 1-- => sin(xi + yi) = 1 ...(ii)
2 \ 2J
Squaring (i) and (ii) and then adding, we get

cos ^ (^1 + yi) + sin^ (xj + y{) = +1 => 1 = 1// +1 => l/i =
0
Putting i/i = 0 in (i) and (ii), we get

^ , 71 - 3tc [●.● - 2tt ^ Xj < 2tc1
cos x^ = 0 and sm X;^ = 1 ^ x^^ = —, ^
Hence, the points of contact are {n/2, 0) and (- 37t/2,0).
Theslopeofthetangentis(-l/2).Therefore,equationsoftangentsat \2^,0 J and \ —^,0
2 J
are
ww
3ti
y-0 = --2 X —2 and V - 0 = — X + — respectively
^ ^ 2
or. 2x + 4y - 7E = 0 and 2x + 4y + 3;i = 0 respectively.
Type III ON FINDING THE EQUATION OF THE CURVE
Flo
ee
EXAMPLE 23 The curve y = ax^ + hx^ + cx + 5 touches the x-axis at P (- 2,0) and cuts the y-axis at
rere
the point Q where its gradient is 3. Find the equation of the curve completely.
rFF
= ax^ + bx^ + cx + 5 => ^ = 3flx^ + 2bx + c
uurr
y
foor
dx
Since the curve y = ax^ + bx^ + cx + 5 touches the x-axis at P (- 2, 0). This means that the curve
ks s
passes through P (- 2, 0) and x-axis is the tangent at P (- 2, 0).

Yoo
oook
dy
0 = - 8fl + 4b - 2c + 5 and. = 0
\^dx)p
eBB
- 4b + 2c = 5 and, 3fl (- 2)^ + 2b X (- 2) + c = 0

12<i - 4b + c = 0 ...(ii)
uurr
8rt-4b + 2c=5 ...(i) and.

ad
The curve y = ax^ + hx^ + cx + 5 meets y-axis at Q. Putting x = 0 in y = flx^ + bx^ + cx + 5, we

Yo
get: y = 5. Thus, the coordinates of Q are (0,5). It is given that the gradient of the curve at Q is 3.
dY
^y = 3=5- 3flx0 + 2bx0 + c = 3 => c = 3

Re
dx
innd
Putting c = 3 in (i) and (ii), we get: 8fl-4b = -1 and 12i?-4b = - 3.

FFi
1
and b = - —.
Solving these two equations, we get: 4
Substituting the values of a, b and c in the equation of the curve, we obtain

i ..3 3 9
y = - — x^ + 3x + 5 as the equation of the curve.
2
EXAMPLE 24 Determine the quadratic curve y =/ (x) if it touches the line y = xat the point x = 1 and
passes through thepoint{-l, 0).
SOLUTION Let the required quadratic curve be y = ax^ +bx + c ...(i)
Itpasses through(-l, 0). Therefore, 0 = a-b + c ●●●(ii)

^=2ax + b=> ^y = 2a + b
dx dx /x=l
Since the line y = x touches curve (i) at x = 1. Therefore,

(Slope of the tangent at x = 1) = (Slope of the line y =x)

= l=j‘2fl + &= l ...(iii)
dx /x=l
Puttings = liny = x, weget y=l. Thus, the curve (i) passes through (1,1).
1 = a + b + c ...(iv)
1
Solving (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get: a = —
4
, b = — and c - —.
2 4
;t2 X 1
Substituting these values in (i), we get y ~ — + — as the required quadratic curve.
EXERCISE 15.2
BASIC
w
1. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve yfx + .Jy =a,at the point {a^/4, a^/4).
2. Find the equation of the normal to y = 2x^ - + 3 at (1,4).
Flo
3. Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the following curves at the indicated
e
points:
rree
(i) y =;c^ -lOx + 5 at(0,5) [NCERT]
r FF
(ii) y=x^~ 6x^ + 13x^ - 10a: + 5 at x = 1 [NCERT,CBSE2011]
uurr
(iii) y=a:ât(0, 0) [NCERT]
for
(iv) y = 2a^-3a:-lat(l,-2)
(V) / = 4-a:
kss
at (2,-2) (vi) y = + 4a: +1 at a: = 3 [CBSE 2004]

ooook
Yo
2 2 2 2
(vii) ^ ^ = 1 at (fl cos 0, b sin 0) (viii) ^ = 1 at (fl sec 0, & tan 0)

eB
a b^ b^
(ix) y^ = 4a x at {alm^, 2a/m)

c
(x) c^{x^+y'^)=x^y'^
urr
\
cos 0 sm 0
ad
2 2
Yo
(xi) xy = c^ at (cf, c/t) (xii) ^ +^ = 1 at (a:i,yi)

dY
a b
2 2
x^ y^ 2/3 2/3
Re
(xiii)
^=lat(a'o,yo) [NCERT]
innd
(xiv) X + y = 2 at (1,1) [NCERT]

a
Fi
(xv) a:^ = 4yat(2,1) (xvi) y2 =4a:at(l,2) [NCERT]
(xvii) 4a:^ + 9y^ = 36 at (3 cos 0, 2 sin 0) [CBSE 2011]

2 2
(xviii) y = 4Aa: at (ar^, y{) [CBSE 2012] (xix) -^-^=1

b^
at(V2fl,&) [CBSE 2014]
4. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve a: = 0 + sin 0, y = 1 + cos 0 at 0 = n/4.
5. Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the following curves at the indicated
points:
2Af^ 2at^
(i) a: = 0 + sin 0, y = 1 + cos 0 at 0 = n/2. (ii) x = 2 at t=l/Z
1 +t^ l+t
(iii) x = at^,y = 2at at t=l. (iv) x=asect ,y=b tantat t.

(v) a: = fl (0 + sin 0), y = a (1 - cos 0) at 0.
(vi) a: = 3cos0-cos^ 0, y = 3sin0-sin^0 [NCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2016]
6. Find the equation of the normal to the curve + ly^ - 4a: - 6y + 8 = 0 at the point whose
abscissa is 2.
7. Find the equation of the normal to the curve =A:âtthepoint(flm^, 4m^).

ICBSE2012,NCERT]
8. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve x = sin 3t,y = cos It atf = ^. [CBSE2008]
9. Atwhatpointswillbetangentstothecurvey = + 36a: - 21 be parallel to x-axis?

Also, find the equations of the tangents to the curve at these points. ICBSE 20111
BASED ON LOTS
10, The equation of the tangent at (2,3) on the curve y^ = flx ^ + b is y = 4x - 5. Find the values of
ww
ijandb. [CBSE2016]
11. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y = + 4x -16 which is parallel to the
line 3x - y+ 1 = 0.
Flo
12. Find an equation of normal line to the curve y = x^ + 2x + 6 which is parallel to the line
ICBSE 2013]
e
X + 14y + 4 = 0. L
ree
13. Determine the equation(s) of tangent(s) line to the curve y = 4x'^ -3x + 5 which are
Fr
perpendicular to the line 9y + x + 3 = 0.
rF
14. Find the equation of a normal to the curve y = x logg x which is parallel to the line
uurr
2x - 2y + 3 = 0. A
for
15. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y = x - 2x + 7 which is
s
(i) parallel to the line 2x - y + 9 = 0 (ii) perpendicular to the line 5y - 15x = 13.
kks
Yo
[NCERT,CBSE 2014]
oooo
16. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = - 2 which is parallel to the line
eB
4x - 2y + 5 = 0. [NCERT, CBSE 2005,2009,2019]

17. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve x^ + 3y - 3 = 0, which is parallel to the line
[CBSE 2005]
ur
y = 4x-5.
ad
18. Find the equation of the tangents to the curve 3x^ - y^ = 8, which passes through the point
YYo
(4/3, 0). [CBSE 2013]

BASED ON HOTS
dd
19. Find the equations of all lines having slope 2 and that are tangent to the curve
Re
in
y = ^— ,x^?>. [NCERT]
F
x-3
20. Find the equations of all lines of slope zero and that are tangent to the curve
1
y = [NCERT]
x^ -2x + 3
' y'^ X
21. Prove that f-T + ^
[bj
=2 touches the straight line — + — = 2 for all n e N, at the
® b
.a.
point(fl,b). [CBSE 2007 C]

ANSWERS
1. x + y = fl^/2 2. x + 4y=17
3. Tangent Normal
(i) y + 10x-5 = 0 x-lOy+ 50 = 0

(ii) 2x - y +1 = 0 x + 2y-7=0
(iii) y = 0 x =0
(iv) x-y-3 = 0 x + y + 1=0

(v) 2x + y~2 = 0 X - 2y - 6 = 0
(vi) 10A:-y-8=0 X + lOy - 223 = 0
fy ^
(vii) — cos 0 + — sin 0 = 1 ax sec B-by cosec Q=a -b
a b
(viii) — sec 0 - ^b tan 0 = 1

a
ax cos 0 + efy cot 0 = + ef^
(ix) m x-my + a = 0 x + m^ y-2am^ -a = 0
(x) X cos^ 0 + ysin^ 0 = c X sin^ 0 - y cos^ 0 + 2c cot 20 = 0
ww
(xi) x + yt^-2ct xf^ -fy = cf^ -c
(xu) X ef^y = a^-b^
a fe2 J/l
Flo
e
(xiii) =1 -2-
a X &2y = a^-,b^
ere
fe2 ^0 yo
FFr
(xiv) X + y - 2 = 0 y-x=0
uurr
(xv) X - y -1 = 0 x+y-3=0
(xvi) X - y +1 = 0 x+y-3=0 orr
sfo
(xvii) 2x cos 0 + 3y sin 0 = 6 3x sin 0 - 2y cos 0 - 5 sin 0 cos 0 = 0
kks
Yoo
-yi
(xviii) yyi=2fl(x + x^) y-yi = (X-Xj)
oooo
2a
V2x y =1
eBB
ax
(xix)
a
^
fe V2
+ by = a^ +b^
= (l_V2)fx-^ l]
urr
V2 I 4 V2j
ad
YYo
5.
Tangent Normal
(i) 2x + 2y - 71 - 4 = 0 2x - 2y = 71
dd
(ii) 13x-16y-2fl = 0 16x + 13y - 9fl = 0

Re
inn
(iii) X - y + <7 = 0 X + y = 3fl

F
(iv) b x sect -ay tan t = ab ax cos t + efy cot t = + ef^

(v) y = (x - rt 0) tan (0/2) (y - 2a) tan (0/2) + x - a 9 = 0
(vi) 4(ycos^0-xsin^0) = 3sin40
6. x = 2 7. 2x + 3m y - am^ (2 + 3m^) = 0
8. 2V2x-3y-2 = 0 9. (2,7), (3, 6)
10. a = 2,b=-7 11. 12x-4y-65 = 0
12. x + 14y + 86 = 0,x + 14y-254 = 0 13. 9x-y-3 = 0,9x-y + 13 = 0
14. x-y = 3e“^ 15. (i) 2x-y+3=0 (ii) 12x + 36y-227 = 0
16. 48x-24y = 23 17. 4x-y + 13 = 0 18. y = 3x-4
19. There is no tangent to the curve that has slope 2. 20. y=l/2
15.26
MATHEMATICS-XII
3- (i) The equation of the curve is y -10:>: + 5.

^ + 26x -10 = -10
dx dx
●^(0,5)
The equation of tangent at (0,5) is
y-5 = (:t-0) => y-5 = -lO(x-O) => lOx + y-5 = 0

dx
^(0,5)
ooww
1
y-5 = - (x-O) => y-5= —(a:-0)
10
=> :c-10y + 50 = 0
dx
^0,5)
e
(ii) The equation of the curve is y = - 6x^ + 13x^ - lOx + 5
ere
rFl
-^ = 4x^-18x^ + 26x-10 => = 4-18 + 26-10 = 2
Fre
dx
rrF
Putting X = 1 in (i), we get y = 3. The equation of the tangent at (1,3) is
(dy sffoo
ouur
y-3 = (A--l)^y-3=2(x-l)=> 2x-y + l = 0
-dx ^x = l
kosk
The equation of the normal at (1, 3) is
-(x-l)=>y-3 = -|(x-l)=>x + 2y-7 =

1
Yo
0
y-3=-
oo
Y
BB
dx yx = i
rre
(iii) The equation of the curve is y = x^. Differentiating with respect to x, we get
ouu
dy
Y
ad
= 0
dx dx
Ao,o)
dY
So, the tangent at (0,0) is parallel to x-axis and hence the normal there at is parallel to y-axis.
So, their equations are y = 0 and x = 0 respectively,
innd
Re
(xiii) The equation of the curve is -j- - = 1 ●●●(i)

Fi
F
Point P(xq, yo) lies on (i). Therefore,

2 2
^0 yo = 1 ...(ii)

2x_^^ - . dy X (dy
(?■ b^ dx dx y dx JP
^yo
The equation of the tangent at P (xq, yg) is
(dy'] .
y-yo = ^ (^-ô) => y-yo ■●=
dx Jp «^yo
2 2
^ yyp -yp ^ _ Ho = ^^0 yyp = 1 [Using (ii)]

a
2 -2
a ,2 -J,2 .2 - .2
a
The equation of the normal at P (;cq, yg) is

y-yo=-
^y
^j^{x~Xq) => —(y-yo) =

a X If
=> y-yo = - (AT-ATo) => + —- = a^-.b^
b xq yo ^0 xq Vo
(xiv) We have,
1/3
^2/3 + y 2/3=1 +2 _y <^V = -1
3 3^ dx dx ^1/3 ^ dx
/(l.l)
ooww
<^y
y-i= -tdx
(a:-1)=> y-1 = -1(a:-1) =>A: + y- 2 = 0
/(LI)
e
1 -1
ree
y-l=- (a:-1)^ y-1 = (at-1) X = y
rFl -I
Fre
dx
/(Ll)
rrF
(xvi) The equation of the curve is y^ = 4at. Differentiating with respect to x, we get
2y ^ = 4=>^ = ^=>f^
ouur
sffoo
2=1
dx dx y 2
okks

Yo
<^y
oo
y~2 = (a:-1) ^ y-2={x-\) =s»A:-y + l=0

Y
dx
BB
/(L2)
rre
1 1
y-2 = - (a:-l) => y-2 = — (a:-1)=> A: + y- 3 = 0
ouu
1
YY
ad
7. We have, ay = x . Differentiating with respect to x, we get

dd
3fl2
Re
iinn
3m
dx dx lay katn? .am"^) 2fl2 77i3 2
F
The equation of the normal at {am^, am^) is

y-an? = — {x- an?') or, 2a: + 3my - am^ (2 + 3^2) = 0
3m
15. The equation of the curve is y = a;2 - 2a: + 7. Differentiating with respect to x, we get
^y = 2x-2
^
dx
(i) Let P {x^, yj) be a point ony = x -2x + 7 such that tangent at P is parallel to the line
2:r - y + 9 = 0. Then,
dx Jp
= 2 ^ 2xi - 2 = 2=^ ACn = 2
\ax
Since P (a:^^, y{) lies on y = a: - 2a: + 7. Therefore,

y\ = ~lxi+7 => yi = 4-4 + 7 = 7

Hence, required point is (2,7). The equation of the tangent at (2,7) is
y-7 =
.(dy) (a--2) => y-7 = 2(x-2) => 2x-y+ 3=0
dx 7P
(ii) If tlie tangent at P (atj, y^) is perpendicular to the line 5y - 15x = 13. Then,
Jxjp
X 3 = -1 => {2xi - 2) X 3 = -X ^ XI = I
Since{x-^, yj)lies ony = x^-2x + 7.
25 217
●●● yi = Xi^ -2x1 +7 ='1/1 = 36
-- + 7 =
3 36
ww
(5 217V
The equation of the tangent at F — , IS
*^6 36
217 1 f
X--1 or, 12x + 36y - 227 = 0 .. (dy 1
Flo
y-
36 31. Sj dx 7p 3
ee
16. Let (xj, y^) be the point of contact of tangent to the curve y = ^3x - 2 which is parallel to
rere
the line 4x - 2y + 5 = 0. Then,
r FF
(dy - (Slope of the line 4x - 2y + 5 = 0) =>
dy = 2 -(i)
dx
uurr
foor
^y 3
...(ii)
Now, y
^ dx 2.,[3x^ dx 2^3^^
ks s
Yoo

oook
3 41
= 2 => 9 = 16(3xi-2) => x-i = —
eBB
2^357^ 48
4;j 3
Since (xi, yi) lies ony =^3x -2. Therefore, y^ = .^Sx^ -2 => yi = ^
uurr
ad
Ml s'] ^4:i 3^
Yo
So, the point of contact is —, — . The equation of tangent at —, — is

.48 4j ^ ^ U8 4.
dY
3 4n
= 2 X- — or, 48x - 24y = 23
Re
48;
innd
19. Let (xj, yj) be the point of contact of a line of slope 2 which touches the curve y = —~ ,
FFi
AT “
X 3. Now,
1 1
iy 1
y = j =>
X - 3 dx ix-3f dx
(*Lyi) (:^l - Sf
1
But, = 2 . Therefore, = 2 2(xj - 3)^ =-l, which is not
.dx (^1 - 3)^
possible as LHS is positive and RHS is negative. Hence, tliere is no tangent line of slope 2 to
the given curve.
20. Let P (x^, yj) be the point of contact of a line of slope zero which touches the curve
1 1
y = at point P. The equation of the curve is y = . Differentiating
x^ - 2x + 3 x^ - 2x + 3
with respect to x, we get
=
_
-2U-1) ^ -2(:^1-1)
dA: {x^-lx+3)^ Ua: ^(A:i,yi) -2^1+ 3)2
<^y ^ -2(^1-1)
It is given that = 0 = 0 ^ ATi = 1
dx
(Xj2-2;ci + 3)2
1 1 1 1
Since {x-^, y{) lies on y = => yi = => V\ =
-lx+3 1-2+3 2
“ lx\ + 3
1 1
Hence, the equation of the tangent is y— = 0(a:-1) or, y = —.
2 1
/y\n / nM
21. We have, - + y = 2
oww
a

\n-l
n
\aj
— - + n
a
(y
bj
^^=0 =>^=~f-T~Y-T
b dx a \aj \yj dx
-b
e
ree
The equation of the tangent at {a, b) is
rFl
Fre
y -b = —
a
{x-a) ^ ay -ab = -bx + ab => bx + ay = lab => -a + ^b = 2
rrF
Hence, — - + ^b = 2 touches the given curve at (a, b) for all n e N.
a
ouur
sffoo
15.4 ANGLE OF INTERSECTION OF TWO CURVES
okks
DEFINITION The angle of intersection of two curves is defined to be the angle between the tangents to the
Yo
two curves at their point of intersection.

ooo
eBB
LetCj andC2 be two curves having equations y=f(x) and y =g{x) respectively. Let PIj and PT2
be tangents to the curves and C2 respectively at their common point of intersection. Then, the
angle (|>between PTj and PT2 is the angle of intersection of andC2. Let xj/j and V2 be the angles
uurr
made by PTj and PT2 with the positive direction of x-axis in anticlockwise sense. Then,
ad
YYo
mj = tan ^ mj = (Slope of the tangent to y =/(x) at P) = {dxj

^
Cl
dd
Re
^y
iinn
and. m2 = tan xj/2 ^ ^2 ~ (Slope of the tangent to y = g(x) at P) =

\dx^ C2
F
From Fig. 15.3, it is evident that yf
'!' = Vi -¥2
tan ( ) - tan (xj/j -\y2)

tan xj/j - tan v|/2
tan (j) =
1 + tan Xj/j tan xf/2 O
.dx Cl dx
C2
tan 4) - \
1 + ^y
^dx ^Ci ^dx C2
The other angle between the tangents is 180° - ^. Generally, the smaller of these two angles is
taken to be the angle of intersection.
ORTHOGONAL CURVES If the angle of intersection of two curves is a right angle, the two curves are said
to intersect orthogonally and the curves are called orthogonal curves.
If the curves are orthogonal, then *t> =
= -l
mi o»2 = -1 ^ X
^dx
JiL]
REMARK If the angle of intersection of two curves is zero, then ^ dx
at the point of
w
intersection and the two curve touch each other at the point of intersection.
Flo
EXAMPLE 1 Find the angle of intersection of the following curves:
ee
(i) xy = 6 and x‘^y = 12 (ii)
' y^ = Ax and x^ = Ay
Fr
SOLUTION (i) The equahons of the two curves are
xy = 6 and, for x^y=12 ...(ii)
ur
From (i), we obtain y = -●
X
Putting this value of y in (ii), we obtain
ks
= 12 => 6x = 12 => X = 2
\xj
Yo
oo
Putting X = 2 in (i) or (ii), we get y = 3. Thus, the two curves intersect at P (2, 3).
eB

dy ry y ^ 3
x-^ + y = o=>-^ = --X => mi =
dx dx dx) (2,3) 2
r
ou
ad
Differentiating (ii) with respect to x, we get

Y
.(dy
x^ ^
dx
+ 2xy = dx X
=> ni2 =
dx
= -3
^(2,3)
nd
Re
Let 0 be the angle of intersection of curves (i) and (ii) at point P, then
Fi
tan 0 =
mi - m2 -(3/2)+3 ?-=> 0 = tan-lfA
1 + mi m2 l+(- 3/2) (- 3) 11 U1
(ii) The equations of the two curves are

y^ = 4x ...(i) and. x^ = Ay ...(ii)
2
From (i), we obtain x = Putting X =

^ in (ii), we get
2 x2
Y
^ =4y ^ y^-64y = 0 => y(y^-64) = 0=^ y = 0, y = 4

V /
From (i), when y = 0, we get x = 0 and when y = 4, we get x = 4. Thus the two curves intersect at
(0,0) and (4, 4).
2y^ = 4 => ^ _ 2 ...(iii)

dx dx y

2.V = ...(iv)
dx dx 1
^dy
Angle of Intersection at (0, 0): From (iii), we get: ^ ^(0,0) = CO. Therefore, the tangent to
f du'
curve (i) at (0, 0) is parallel to y-axis. From (iv), we get: ni2= = 0. Therefore, the
oww
(0,0)
tangent to curve (ii) at (0,0) is parallel to x-axis. Hence, the angle between the tangents to two
curves at (0,0) is a right angle. Consequently, the two curves intersect at right angle at (0,0).
dy 1 = 1
e
Angle of Intersection at (4, 4): From (iii), we obtain: >”1=3^ 4 " 2
FFrlo
dx, (4,4)
re
i = 2.
ree
F
From (iv), we obtain: m2 -
\dxj(^4^ 4) 2
rF
Let 0 be the angle of intersection of the two curves. Then,
m2 -mj 2-(1/2)
fsoor 3
ouur
tan 9 =
1 + m-j m2 |l + 2x(l/2) 4
skf
EXAMPLE 2 Find the angle between the parabolas y^ = 4ax and x^ = 4i?y at their point of intersection
ooko
Yo
other than the origin. [CBSE2016]

Y
Bo
SOLUTION The equations of two parabolas are y = 4ax and x = 4by.

reB
9 2
Now, x‘^ = 4by => y = —.
4b
Substituting this value of y in y = 4ax, we obtain
uur
oY
ad
f 2
64ab^) = 0=s> x = 0,x^ ~ 64ab^
X
- 4ax => x"^ - 64ab^ x = 0 => x (x^
dY
4b
x = 0,x = 4a^^^b'^^^
innd
Re
x^
Fi
Putting X = 0 and x = 4(?-^ ^ b^^ ^ successively in y = 4b

F
we get:
'
y=0 and y = 4c'?^^ respectively.
Thus, the two curves intersect at P(4fl^^^ b'^^^ ,4a^^^ b^^^) other than the origin O (0,0).
Now, y^ = 4ax and x^ = 4by
ly' ^^
dx
= 4a and 2x=4b —
dx
[Differentiating both with respect to x]
^ = ^ and dy _ X
dx y dx~2b
xl/3 n1/3
and J7i2 = dj\ ,
/
(dy la 1 /fl a
—
2 lb
~
dx jp 4,2/3 bl/3 \dx Jp 2b bj
Let 0 be the angle between the tangents to the parabolas y = 4ax and x^ = 4by at P. Then,
tan 9 =
- m2
1 + mj^ m2
n1/3 n1/3
1 fa -2
a
tan 0 =
2U bj 2U.
n1/3 x2/3 2/3
1 +
1 a
X 2 1 +
a 2 (a + &2/3)
2 U bJ b)
1/3
0 - tan ^ ■ 3{ab)
2 (a
2/3 + ^2/3)'
ooww
EXAMPLE 3 Show that the curves x-y^ and xy = k cut at right angles, ifSk^ = 1.
[CBSE 2004, 2005, 2013]
SOLUTION The given curves are
e
and. xy = k -(ii)
ree
rFl
From (i), we obtain :c =j/^. Putting this value of :t in (ii), we obtain: y^ = k => y =
Fre
Putting y = k^^^ in(i),weget:r So,thetwo intersect at the point P {k^'^, k}'"^).
rrF
curves

ouur
sffoo
1 =^> ^ = 1
^ mj =
1
^ dx dx 2y dx Jp 2k
1/3
okks
Yo

oo
Y
fcl/3
\.y^x^ = 0 => <^y _ y <^y 1
BB
=> m2 =
dx dx X dx JP j,2/3 fcl/3
rre
For the curves (i) and (ii) to cut at right angles at P, we must have
ouu
1
^=-1 => 2k^^^=l => (2fc^^^)^=l^=> 8k^ = 1.
YY
ad
mi m2 = -1 =>
EXAMPLE 4 Find the values of p for which the curves x^ = 9p (9-y) and x^ =p(y + l) cut each other
dd
Re
iinn
at right angles. [CBSE 2015]
SOLUTION The equations of the given curves are

F
x^=9p{9-y) and. x^=p(y + l) ...(ii)
To find the coordinates of the point(s) of intersection of (i) and (ii), we solve the two equations
simultaneously. On eliminating x , we obtain
9p(9-y) = p(i/ + l)=> 81-9y = y + l=> lOy = 80=> y = 8.
Puttingy = 8in (i) or (ii), we obtain; x^ =9p^ x = ± 3.Jp.
Thus, curves (i) and (ii) intersect at P (3^, 8) and Q (- 3yfp, 8).
Differentiating (i) and respect to x, we obtain
2x =
2x
=> mi =
dy 2x 3^ ^
^ dx dx 9p dx 9p 3^
Differentiating (ii) with respect to x, we obtain

2x
dy dy 2x 2{3^) _ 6
-t
dx dx V dx
^C2 P ¥
If curves (i) and (ii) cut each other at P at right angles, then
-2 6
m-yn2 = -1 => —=x-==-!=> p=4
3# 4p
Similarly, by using the condition of orthogonality of the curves at Q, we obtain p = 4.
w
Hence, the two curves cut each other at right angles, if p = 4.
EXAMPLE 5 Show that the curves xy = and x^ + y~^ - 2a^ touch each other.
[CBSE 2002]
roow
SOLUTION The given curves are
e
xy = a^
re
●●(ii)
2
From (i), we get y = Substituting this value of y in equation (ii), we get
reF
uFFll X
e
4
2 ^
X = 2a^ => - 2a^x^ + = 0 => (x^ - (P~)^ = 0 x = ± a
x^
sFr
From (i), we get: y = a for x =
foro and, y = -a for x = -a.Thus, the two curves intersect
uor
atP(fl, fl) andQ(-fl, -a).
fk
okso
Differentiating both sides of curve (i) with respect to x, we get
n dy y ...(ui)
Y
x-^ + y = 0=> -2. =

Yo
dx dx X
oo
BB
Differentiating both sides of curve (ii) with respect to x, we get

2x + 2y^=0=>^ =
X
...(iv)
rYree
dx dx
ouu
Angle of intersection at P{a, a): Substituting x=a,y=am (iii) and (iv), we get
ad
Ydo
dy a
= -1 and,
a
= -1
nidn
dx a dx a
VC2
Re
(dy at P. So, the two curves touch each other at P.

F
Clearly
Fi
dx
Cl C2
Similarly, it can be shown that the two curve touch each other at Q.
EXAMPLE 6 Shozv that the condition tlmt the curves
ax^ + hy^ =1 ...(i) and a'x^+h'y^ = 1 ...(ii)

1 1 1 1
Should intersect orthogonally is that ~ - INCERT EXEMPLAR]
a h a' b
SOLUTION Let (xj, yf) be the point of intersection of tire given curves. Then,
flX = 1 ...(hi)
a x
1^+^' y\^ = 1 ...(iv)

2 ax + 2by ^ = 0 => — =
ax
ax-j^
dx dx
^ =
...(V)
by dx
Differentiating (ii) with respect to x, we obtain

dy
= 0 ^ ^ -
a'x a' Xi
2a' X + 2b' y => m2 = ...(Vi)
dx dx h'y dx b'yi
The two curves will intersect orthogonally, if
2 2
mi m2 =-!=>- =
-1 => aa' x^ ~ - bb' y^ ...(vii)

^y\ b'yi
Subtracting (iv) from (iii), we obtain
w
(a-a')x^^ = -{b-b')y^^ ...(viii)
b-b' . 1 _1 _ j_
Flo
a-a'
Dividing (viii) by (vii), we get: aa' bb' a b a' b'
e
rree
2 2
EXAMPLE 7 If the straight line xcosa + ysina=p touches the curve ^ ^ =1, then prove that
r FF
a^ b^
9 9 9 9 9
a cos a+ & sin a = p^. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
uurr
for
2 2
x^ u
SOLUTION Suppose the straight line xcosa + ysina = p touches the curve 2
kss
a
ooook
Yo
P {xi, yf). Then it is the equation of tangent to the given curve at P {xi, y{). But, the equation of
2 2
M
eB
tangent to ^ ^ = 1 at P {xi, y{) is

a b^
urr
_2 ,.2 [See Example 5 on page 15.16]

ad
a
Yo
Thus, equations
^ =1 and jTcosa +ysina = p represent the same line,
dY
a^
2
b^sina
Re
1
innd
a cos a
- => =
/yi = ...(i)
cos a sin a V V V
Fi
2 2
The point P {xi, yf} lies on the curve =1.

a b^
2 2 4 2 ? 4 ● 2
£i_+yi: = 1 =>
a cos a D sm a
= 1 => fl^cosâ + ef^sinâ =p^ [Using (i)]
J,2 2.2
V « p^b^
EXAMPLES Show that the angle between the tangent at any point P and the line joining P to the origin
O is the same at all points on the curve log {x^ + y^) = k tan“ ^ — .
SOLUTION The equation of the curve is log + y^) = k tan“ ^ \xj

^ . Differentiating with
respect to x, we get
15.35
X
-y
\
VA
1 dy = k
1 dx
2 2 lx + 2y-^
dx 2
x^ + y^ X
<^y
l\x + y dx dx
.-●Af
Ix-vky = (fct - 2y) >
^ rfx " br-2y r
Fig,15.4
X
dy 2xj + cfyi
Let the coordinates of P be {x-y, y{). Then, dx /p kxy - 2yi
looww
Ixy + kyi
If the tangent at P makes an angle 0 with x-axis, then tan 9 =
fcri-2yi
Suppose OP makes an angle (fiwith x-axis. Then, tan 4> = Slope of OP = — .
ree
ree F
Let a be the angle between OP and PT. Then,
r FF
tan 6 - tan <j)
0 = a + <{)=> a = 0-(j)=> tan a = tan (0 - <{») => tan a =
fofroF 1 + tan 0 tan <j)
u
2x;^ + kyy yy
ks
tan a _ 2x^^ + efxiyi-fcx-^yi + 2yi^ ^ 2

kos o
YYouor
1 + + cfyi.. yi fcx^^-2xi yi + 2xiyi + /cyj^ k
fcxi-2yi xi
BBoo
r ee
a = tan -1 (^^ = Constant.

k
ouru
ad
Yo
EXERCISE 15.3
BASIC
d
Re
1. Find the angle of intersection of the following curves:

inY
(i) y^ = X and x^ = y [NCERT EXE-] (ii) y = x^ and x^ + y^ = 20

FFind
(iii) 2y^ = x^ and y^ = 32x (iv) x^ + y^ - 4x -1 = 0 and x^ + y^ - 2y - 9 = 0

2 2
(v) % + ^ = 1 x^ + y^ = ab (vi) x^ + 4y^ = 8 and x^ - 2y^ = 2
(vii) x^ =27yandy^ =8x (viii) x^ + y^ = 2x and y^ = x

(ix) y =4-xândy =x^ [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
2. Show that the following set of curves intersect orthogonally:

(i) y = x^ and 6y =7 -x^ (ii) x^ - 3xy^ =-2and 3x^ y-y^ =2
(iii) x^ + 4y^ = 8 and x^ - 2y^ = 4.
3. Show that the following curves intersect orthogonally at the indicated points:
(i) =4y and4y+ =8at (2,1) (ii) =y and + 6y =7 at (1,1)
(iii) y^ = 8x and 2x^ +y^ =10 at (1,2 V2)
BASED ON LOTS
4. Show that the curves 4r = y^ and 4ry = k cut at right angles, if = 512.
5. Show that the curves 2x = y^ and 2xy = k cut at right angles, if k^ = 8.
oww
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
6. Prove that the curves A::y = 4 and + y^ = 8 touch each other. [NCERT EXEMPLAR!
7. Prove that the curves y^ =4:rand x^ +y^-6x + l =0 touch each other at the point (1, 2).
e
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
re
FFrllo
BASED ON HOTS
rF
8. Find the condition for the following set of curves to intersect orthogonally:
ee
x^
(i) - ^ = 1 and xy = [NCERT EXEMPLAR] (ii) + \ =1
ouru
and = 1.
sor rF
b2
x^
9. Show that the curves = 1 and = 1 intersect at right
kffo
+ Xi + A,2 + ^2
angles.
os
ook
Yo
Y
10. If the straight line rcosa + ysina =p touches the curve ^-^ = 1, then prove that
Bo
.ii a b^
reeB
9 9 9 9 9
a cos a -b sin*^ a =
ouY
ur
ANSWERS
ad
Yo
1. (i) — and tan ^ —

(ii) tan ^ ^
,. 71
(iii) — and tan (iv) -
d
2 4 2 2 4
nidn
(V) tan-^^'*-^^ (vi) tan ^ 3 (vii) tan

-1 9
— (viii) tan
-1 11
- (ix) tan
4V2
—
Re
13 2 7
F
Fi
8. (i) b‘^=a^ (ii) a^-b'^=A^ +

1. The equation of the normal to the curve y = tan r at (0,0) is

2. The value of 'a' for which y =x'^ + ax+ 25 touches the axis of x are
3. n-ie points on the curve y =12x-x^ at which the gradient is zero are
4. The coordinates of a point on the curve y = xlogp x at which the normal is parallel to the line
2x - 2y = 3 are
2
5. The coordinates of the point on the curve y = 2 + V4x +1 where tangent has slope — are
6. The slope of the tangent to the curve a: = +1, i/=f^-latA:=li s

7. The angle of intersection of the curves y = x^ and a: = at (0,0), is
8. The slope of the tangent to the curvey = b where it crosses y-axis is
9. The tangent to the curve y = at (0,1) cuts A:-axis at the point
10. The slope of the normal to the curve y^ -xy-3 = Qoi the point (0,2) is equal to
11. If the normal to the curvey^ =5a:-1, at the point (1, -2) is of the formflA:-5y + b = 0, then
a +b =
12. If the line ax + by + c=0is normal to the curve xy=l, then the set of values is
ww
3tc
13. If the normal to the curve y =/(a:) at (3,4) makes an angle — with positive A^-axis, then/'(3)
is equal to
FF loo
ree
4 .
14. The equation of the tangent to the curve y = x + —j, that is parallel to x-axis, is
rFee
15. The coordinates of the point on the curvey = a^^ - 3a: + 2 where the tangent is perpendicular
oor rF
rur
to the line a: -y = 0 are
s ff
16. If slope of tangent to curve y=x^ at a point is equal to ordinate of point, then the point is
k
YYoou
okso
17. The slope of the normal to the curve x^ + y^-lx + 4y -5 = 0 at (2,1) is

BBoo
18. The point on the curve y^ = x, the tangent at which makes an angle of 45° with A:-axis is
r ee
ouur
ad
19. The curve y = 4a:^ + 2x - 8 and y = - x +13 touch each other at the point
Yo
[CBSE2020]
20. The equation of the normal to the curve y = 8x at the origin is
d
idnY
Re
ANSWERS
4. {e-^,-2e-^)
FFin
1. y = -X 2. ±10 3. (-2,-16), (2,16) 5. (6, 7)
n b
6. 0 7. 8. - 9. 10. -6 11. -10
2 a
15. (1,0) 16. (3, 27) 17. 3

12. (-00,0) 13. 1 14. y = 3
1 1
18. 19. (3, 34) 20. y = 0
4'2j
question:
1. Find the point on the curve y = x^ - 2x + 3, where the tangent is parallel to x-axis.
2.
Find the slope of the tangent to the curve a: = f^ + 3f - 8, y = 2f^ - 2f - 5 at f = 2.
3.
If the tangent line at a point (x, y) on the curve y=f{x) is parallel to A:-axis, then write the
value of —.
dx
4.
Write the value of ^ , if the normal to the curve y =f (x) at {x, y) is parallel to y-axis.
5.
If the tangent to a curve at a point (x, y) is equally inclined to the coordinate axes, then write
the value of^.
dx
6.
If the tangent line at a point (.v, y) on the curve y=f{x) is parallel to y-axis, find the value of
w
dx
dy
Flo
7.
Find the slope of the normal at the point't' on the curve x=-, y=t.
t
ee
8.
Write the coordinates of the point on the curve y^ =x where the tangent line makes an
Fr
angle ^ with x-axis. for
ur
9.
Write the angle made by the tangent to the curve x=e^ cost,y = e^ sin f at —with
ks
the AT-axis.
Yo
oo
+ sin a: cos a: at a: = ^.
10.
Write the equation of the normal to the curve y = a:
eB
11.
Find the coordinates of the point on the curve y^ = 3 - 4a: where tangent is parallel to the
r
line 2a: + y - 2 = 0.
ou
ad
12.
Write the equation of the tangent to the curve y = a:^ - a: + 2 at the point where it crosses the
Y
y-axis.
nd
Re
13.
Write the angle between the curves y^ = 4a: and a:^ = 2y - 3 at the point (1,2).
Fi
14.
Write the angle between the curves y = e~^ and y = at their point of intersection.
15.
1 f
Write the slope of the normal to the curve y = —at the point 3,— .
x V 3,
16.
Write the coordinates of the point at which the tangent to the curve y = 2a:^ - a: +1 is
parallel to the line y = 3a: + 9.
17.
Write the equation of the normal to the curve y = cos a" at (0,1).
18.
Write the equation of the tangent drawn to the curve y = sin a: at the point (0, 0).
[CBSE 20171
19.
Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = 2 sin ^ 3a: at a: = —.
6
[CBSE 2020]
15.39
ANSWERS
6 1
1. (1.2) 2. 3. 0 4. 0 5. ±1 6. 0 7. ^
7
1 n
13. 0
8. 9. - 10. 2x = n 11. 1 12. x + y-2 = 0
4'2. 2
14. 90® 15. 9 16. (1, 2) 17. x = 0 18. y = x 19. 0
w
Flo
e
reee
FFr
for
ur
kss
Yo
oo
eB
ur
ad
YYo
d
Re
in
F
CHAPTER 16
INCREASING AND
DECREASING FUNCTIONS
16.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we shall study monotonicity of functions. A function / (j:) is said to be a mono-
tonically increasing function on [a, b], if the values of / (:c) increase or decrease with the increase
ww
or decrease in x. If the values of / (a:) decrease with the increase in the values of x, then / (a:) is
said to be a monotonically decreasing function. The monotonicity of functions in [a, b] is
strongly connected to the sign of its derivative in [a, . The relation between the two will be
discused in section 16.4. In determining the intervals of monotonicity of a function in its domain,
Flo
we shall be solving the inequations f (x) >0 and f'{x)< 0. So, we shall first discuss the
ee
procedure of solving inequations in the following section.
eer
16.2 SOLUTION OF RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC INEQUATIONS
FFr
The following results are very useful in solving rational algebraic inequations:
oorr
uur r
(i) > 0 => [a>0 and b > 0) or (fl < 0 and i>< 0)
s ff
(ii) < 0 => (fl > 0 and < 0) or (a < 0 and b>0)
(iii) ab>0 and fl>0 => b>0
sk
YYoo
(iv) ab <0 and < 0 ^ > 0

ooko
PW.n Pjx) Pjx) >0 and

If P{x) and Q (:c) are polynomials, then the inequations
Qix) ' Q{x) ' Q{x)
eBB
P{x)
< 0 are known as rational algebraic inequations. These inequations can be solved by using
Q(x)
uurr
ad
the following algorithm.

Yo
ALGORITHM
dY
Step I Factorize P (a:) and Q (a:) into linear factors.

Re
Step n Make coefficient ofx positive in all factors.

innd
Step ni Equate all the factors to zero and find the corresponding values ofx. These values are generally
FFi
known as critical points.

Step rv Plot the critical points on the number line. Note that n critical points will divide the number line
in {n +1) regions.
Step V In the right most region, the expression will be positive and in other regions it will be
alternatively negative and positive. So, mark positive sign in the right most region and than
mark alternatively negative and positive signs in the remaining regions.
Step VI Obtain the solution set of the given inequation by selecting the appropriate regions in step V.
Following illustrations will illustrate the above algorithm.
ILLUSTRATION 1 Solve: Ax^ - 24 x^ + 44x - 24 > 0.
SOLUTION We have,
4a:^ - 24a:^ + 44a: - 24 > 0 => 4{x^ - 6x^ + 11 a: - 6) >0
x^ - 6x^ +llx -6 > 0 [●.● 4 >0 andab >0,a>0 ■=> b >0]
=> (a:-1)(x^ -5x + 6) >0 => (x-1) (a: - 2) (x - 3) > 0 -.(i)
On equating all factors, on LHS of the inequation, to zero, we obtain x=l,2, 3 as critical points.
Let us plot these critical points on the number line as shown in Fig. 16.1. These points divide the
number line into four regions. In the right most region the expression on LHS of (i) bears
positive sign and then alternatively negative and positive signs as marked in Fig, 16.1. Since the
expression in (i) is positive. Therefore, solution set of inequation (i) is the union of the regions
marked with + signs. Hence from Fig. 16.1, we obtain (1, 2) u(3, oo) as the solution set.
i.e.
x^-6x^+llx-6>0 => (x-l)(x-2)(x-3)>0 ^ xe(1,2) u(3,oo).
Hence, the solution set of the given inequality is (1, 2) u (3, oo).
+ +
> o
ooww
- 00
1 2 3 CO
Fig. 16.1 Signs of(x- l)(i- 2){x- 3) for different values of

1 4
ILLUSTRATION 2 Solve:
x + l —2>0, x=a-1,-2.
(2 + x)
SOLUTION We have.
e
(2 + x)^ - 4 (x +1)
re e
2
1 4 X
rFl
x + l
(2 + xf {2 + xf{x + l) {2 + xf (x + l)
Fre
1
—^>0
rrF
x+l {2 + xf
x^ sffoo
ouur
>0
(2 + ;c)^(x + l)
oksk
r . fr 1
Yo
=> >0
2 + x
oo
x + l
Y
/ \
BB
s2
1 X
> 0 and x^ 0 >0 and if fl>0, then ab >0=> b >0
rre
x + l 2 + x
ouu
a
a: +1 > 0 and a: 9^ 0
Y
ad
- > 0 and a>0,=>b>0

b
dY
a: >-l and a: 9^ 0 => a: e(-l, 0) u(0, co)

Hence, the solution set of the given inequality is (-1, 0) u (0, »).
innd
Re
l-:r2
2<0
Fi
F
5x-6-x
SOLUTION We have,
1-x^ -(x^-1) 2-1X
(a:-1) (a: + 1)
<0 « <0 <0
5a: - 6 - a:^ <0 ...(i)
-{x^ -5a: + 6) a:^ -5a: + 6 ix-2){x~3)
Equating all the factors to zero, we obtain a: = I, -1, 2, 3 as the critical points.
Now, we plot these points on the number line as show in Fig. 16.2. These points divide the
number line into 5 regions. In the right most region the expression in (i) bearssign and in the
other regions the expression bears alternate negative and positive signs as shown in Fig. 16.2.
Since the expression in (i) is negative, so solution set of the given inequation is the union of
regions containing negative signs. Hence, from Fig. 16.2, we get a: e (-1,1) u (2, 3)
+ +
o o o ■o
- CO
-1 1 2 3 cc
ix-l){x+l)
Fig. 16.2 Signs of for different values of x
{x~2){x-3)
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS 16.3
i.e. -<0 => X6(-1,1)u(2,3)

5x-6-x
8a:^ +16X-51
ILLUSTRATION 4 Solve: >3.
2x^ +5X-12
SOLUTION We have,
8x^ + 16x -51 8x^ + 16x-51 8x^ + 16x - 51 - 6x^ - 15x + 36
>3 o - 3 > 0 o >0
2x^+5x-12 2x^ +5X-12 2x^+5x-12
2x^ + x-15 2x^ + 6x -5x -15 (x+ 3) (2x-5) >0
<=> >0 >0 o
2x^ +5X-12 2x^ + 8x-3x-12 (x + 4) (2x-3)
ww
Equating all factors to zero, we obtain x = - 4, - 3, 3/2,5/2. Now, we plot these points on the
number line as shown in Fig. 16.3. These points divide the number line into five regions. In the
right most region the expression in (i) bears positive sign and in all other regions it bears
alternate negative and positive signs as shown in Fig. 16.3.
+ +
Flo +
e
<■
- 00
-4 -3 1 1 a>
eree
2 2
(x+ 3)(2x-5) for different values of x

Fig. 16.3 Signs of
FFr
(x+ 4)(2x- 3)
oorr
uur r
Since the expression in (i) is positive, so the solution set of the given inequation is the union of
regions containing'+' signs. Hence, from Fig 16.3, we get x e (- co, - 4) u (- 3, 3/2) u (5/2, oo).
sf
8x^ +16X-51
> 3 => X e(-oo,-4) u(-3, 3/2) u(5/2, oo).
sk
i.e.
Yoo
2x^ +5X-12
oook
■■^-2x+5 1
ILLUSTRATIONS Solve: —
eBB
SOLUTION We have,
3x^-2x-5 2
x^-2x + 5 1 x^ - 2x + 5 1 2 (x^ - 2x + 5) - (3x^ -2x-5) >0
uurr
T >— <=> -- >0 o

3x^-2x-5 2 3x^-2x-5 2 2(3x^ -2x-5)
ad
Yo
-x^ -2X + 15 -(x^ + 2x-15) x^ +2X-15 x^ + 2X-15

>0 o >0<» >0
2(3x^ -2x-5) 2(3x^ -2x-5) 2(3x^-2x-5) 3x^ -2x-5
dY
Re
(a: + 5)(a:-3)
innd
<=>
(x + l)(3x-5)
FFi
On equating all factors to zero, we get x = - 5, -1,5/ 3, 3. Plotting these points on number line
and marking alternativelyand signs, we obtain as shown in Fig. 16.4.
+ + +
<●
CO
- 00
-5 -1 5 3
3
(x+5)(x-3) for different values of x

Fig. 16.4 Signs of
(x+l)(3x-5)
Since the expression in (i) is negative, so the solution set of the given inequation is the union of
regions marked withsigns. Hence, from Fig. 16.4, we get x e (- 5, -1) u (5/ 3, 3).
x^ - 2x + 5
I.e. >i => :ce(-5,-l)u(5/3, 3).
3x^-2x-5' 2
2 - 2x + 24
ILLUSTRATIONS Solve: - <4.
x^ - 3x + 4
SOLUTION We have,
-2a:+ 24 ^ - 2a: + 24 {x^ - 2a: + 24) - 4 (a:^ - 3a: + 4)
a:^ - 3a: + 4 <4 ^ -4 <0 «=> <0
x^ -3a:+ 4 a:^ - 3a: + 4
- 3a:^ + 10a: + 8 3a^ -10a:-8 (3a:+ 2)(a:-4)
<=> <0 o >0 o >0
a:^ - 3a: + 4 - 3a: + 4 (a:^ - 3a: + 4)
Disc, of a:^ - 3a: + 4 is - ve and coefF. of a:^ is + ve
<=> (3a: + 2) (a:-4)>0
X ^ - 3a: + 4 >0 for all a:
2
x<- — or a:>4 <=> a: e(-co, -2/3]u[4, oo) [See Fig. 16.5]
o
ww
x^ -2X + 24
Thus, <4 => xe(-x,-2/3u [4, oo).
- 3x + 4
FF loo
■>
- os
2 4
3
ree
Fig. 16.5 Signs of (3x + 2) (x - 4) for different values of x.
4 V .*7 2
reFe
SOLUTION We have, ^ “7x + 12 3 oor rF
rur
x^-4x+7 <-
^2 x^-4x + 7 2 <0^
s ff
-z
x^-7x + 12 3 x^-7x + 12 3
k
3 (x^ - 4x + 7) - 2 (x^ -7x +12) x^ + 2x - 3 (x+3) (x-1)

YYoou
okso
■C5> <0 <=> <0 o <0 ...(i)

x^ -7x + 12 x^-7x + 12 (x-3)(x-4)
BBoo
On equating all factors in (i) to zero, we getx = - 3,1, 3, 4 as critical points. Plotting these points
r ee
on the number line and marking alternatively '+' and signs from the right most side, we
obtain that the inequation in (i) has the signs as shown in Fig. 16.6. Since the expression in (i) is
ouur
ad
negative, so the solution set of the given in, equation is the union of the regions marked with
Yo
signs. Hence, from Fig 16.6, we get x e [- 3,1] u (3, 4).

d
idnY
Re
- CO -3 1 3 4 <X)
(x+ 3)(x-l)
FFin
Fig. 16.6 Signs of for different values of x

(x-3)(x-4)
x^ -4x + 7
i.e.
x^ -7x + 12
It should be noted that 3 and 4 are not included, because denominator becomes zero at x = 3 and
x = 4.
16.3 SOME DEFINITIONS
STRICTLY INCREASING FUNCTION Afunctionf{x)is said to be a strictly increasing function on (a,b), if

Xi<X2 ^ f{x{) <f(x2)/oral! x-i, X2 €{a,b)
Thus, fix) is strictly increasing on {a, b) if the values of /(x) increase with the increase in the
values of x.
Graphically,/(x)is increasing on {a, i>) if the graphy = /(x) moves up as x moves to the right. The
graph in Fig. 16.7 is the graph of a strictly increasing function on (a, b).
16,5
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
YA
>
O X-i X2 b X
Fig. 16.7 Graph of an increasing function
Show that the function f{x) = 2x+ 3 is strictly increasing function on R.
ww
ILLUSTRATION 1
SOLUTION Let x-^, X2eR and let Xi < X2- Then,

Xi<X2 => 2xi < 2x2 ^ 2xi+3< 2x2 + 3 => </(^2)
Xi<X2=> f{xi) <f{x2) for all Xj, X2 e R-So,/(x) is strictly increasing function on R.
Flo
Thus,
This result is also evident from the graph of the function shown in Fig. 16.8.
e
eree
A V
FFr
f{x) = x^
oorr
uur r
sf
X' X
<■
sk
tr Tj *2
Yoo
ooko
t
eBB
X2
\'Y' ^Y'
Fig. 16.8 Graph of f(x) = 2x + 3 Fig. 16.9 Graph of/(A:) = x^,a:>0
uurr
Show that the function f{x) = x^ is strictly increasing function on [0, «).
ad
ILLUSTRATION 2
Yo
SOLUTION Let Xj, X2 e [0, 00) such that x^ < X2- Then,
2
[Multiplying both sides by x^]
dY
Xi < X2 => Xj < Xj X2

Re
2
[Multiplying both sides by X2I ...(ii)
innd
agam, Xj < X2 => Xj X2 < Xj

FFi

^ ^2 ^ ^2 ^
Thus, Xi<X2 => /(Xi) </(x2) forallxi,X2 €[0, co).
Hence, /(x) is strictly increasing function on [0, co) which is evident from the graph shown in
Fig. 16.9.
ILLUSTRATION 3 Show that the function f{x) =a^,a>l is strictly increasing on R.
SOLUTION Let Xj, X2 e R such that x^ < X2. Then,
Xi<X2
a>l x^ <X2 => <a^"^]
/(Xi) </{X2)
Thus, xj < X2 => /(x^) </(X2) for all Xj, X2 e R.
Hence, /(x) is strictly increasing function on R. This fact is also exhibited in the graph of this
function as shown in Fig. 16.10.
a^-a > 1
X' ^1 O *2 X
<■ a
X' 0 ^2 h X
yr 'i/r
Fig. 16.10 Graph oif{x) = a* a > 1 Fig. 16.11 Graph of decreasing function
oww
REMARK In the above example if we replace a by e (a 2.71), then we find that f{x)-e^ is also
increasing on R.
- STRICTLY DECREASING FUNCTION A function f{x) is said to be a strictly decreasing function on
e
(a, b), if
FFrlo
re
Xj<X2 => /(Xj)>/(X2) forallxi,X2e{a,b)
Thus, f{x) is strictly decreasing on {a, b) if the values of f{x) decrease with the increase in the
ree
F
values of x.
rF
Graphically it means that f{x) is a decreasing function on {a, b) if its graph moves down as x
moves to the right. The graph in Fig. 16.11 is the graph of a strictly decreasing function.
fsoor
ouur
ILLUSTRATION 4 Show that the function f{x) = - 3x +12 is strictly decreasingfunction on R.
skf
SOLUTION Let Xj, X2 6 R be such that Xj < X2- Then,
Xi < X2 => - 3xj > - 3x2 ^ - 3x^ + 12 > - 3x2 + 12 => f{x{) > /(X2)
ooko
Yo
Thus, Xi < .X2 => /(.Xj) >/(x2) for all Xj, X2 e R.

Y
Bo
So,/(x) is strictly decreasing function on R.

reB
This fact can also be observed from the graph of the function as shown in Fig. 16.12
uur
oY
ad
dY
innd
Re
Fi
F
<■ >
X' O H X
Fig. 16.12 Graph off{x) =-3 x+ 12 Fig. 16.13 Graph of f{x) = a^,0<a<l
ILLUSTRATION 5 Show that the function /(x) = a^, Q < a <1 is strictly decreasing on R.
SOLUTION Let X2 e R such that Xj < X2. Then,
Xi<X2
>a .t2
a
[v0<fl<l .-. Xj <X2 =>
/(xi) >/(x2)
Thus,Xi <X2 => /(xj) >/(X2) for all Xj, X2, eR.
Hence,/(x) is strictly decreasing function on R. This is also evident from the graph of/(x) as
shown in Fig. 16.13.

REMARK Since 0<e ^=-<1, therefore f{x) = = e~^ is also a strictly decreasing function on R.
ILLUSTRATION 6 Show that the function f(x) = x'^ is a strictly decreasing function on (- oo, 0].
SOLUTION Let Xi, X2 € (- co, 0] be such that x^ < X2- Then,
2 2
ATj < a:2 => Xj > Aj A2 -(i) and. Aj < A2 => Aj A2 > Aj ...(ii)
Ai<A2 => X^>X^ => /(A;i)>/(A2)

Thus, Xi<X2 => /(aj) >/(a2) for all Aj, A2 e (-CO, 0].
Hence, /(a) is strictly decreasing on (- co, 0]. See also Fig. 16.14.
AV
w
J(x) = x^
A y
Flo
reeee
Xi X2 O X’
X’ X
4
a CjO
Fr
4, y.
for
ur
Fig. 16.14 Graph otf[x) = x^,x<0 Fig. 16.15
Uptill now, we have been discussing about a strictly increasing or strictly decreasing functions.
kkss
But, it is possible that a function may neither be strictly increasing nor strictly decreasing on a
Yo
oo
given interval. For example,/(a) in Fig. 16.15 is neither strictly increasing nor strictly decreasing
on {a, b). However, it is increasing on the sub-intervals {a, af}, (^2 /
eB
and (^4, b) and decreasing

on the intervals {a-^, 02) and (03, ^4).
ILLUSTRATION 7 Show that the function /(a) = x^ is neither strictly increasing nor strictly decreasing
r
ou
ad
on R.
YY
SOLUTION In illustrations 3 and 6 we have seen that /(a) = a^ is strictly increasing on [0, x) and
strictly decreasing on (- x, 0]. Hence, it is neither strictly increasing nor strictly decreasing on R
ndd
Re
i.e. (- X, 00). YA
Fi
Uptill now we were talking about strictly increasing and strictly

decreasing functions. But, there can be functions which are
increasing (decreasing) but not strictly increasing (decreasing).
For example, consider the function whose graph is shown in
Fig. 16.16. Clearly, /(a) is increasing on (a, b) but it is strictly
increasing only in the intervals (fl, af) and (^2/ ^)- Iri this chapter, ■>
we shall be studying only strictly increasing and strictly O '1 '2 b
X
Fig. 16.16
decreasing function.
note From now onwards, by an increasing or a decreasing function we shall mean a strictly increasing
or a strictly decreasing function.
MONOTONIC FUNCTION A function /(a) is said to be monotonic on an interval (a, b) if it is either
increasing or decreasing on (a, b).
DEFINITION A function f{x) is said to be increasing (decreasing) at a point Xg if there is an interval

(:ro containing Xq such that f{x) is increasing (decreasing) on [xq -h,XQ + h).
Xq +
DEFINITION A function f(x) is said to be increasing on [a, b] if it is increasing (decreasing) on (a, b) and
it is also increasing (decreasing) at x = a and x = b.
EXERCISE 16.1
BASIC
1. Prove that the function f(x) = log^ ;c is increasing on (0, co).

2. Prove that the function f{x) = log„ x is increasing on (0, oo) if a > 1 and decreasing on (0, co),
if 0 < a < 1.
3. Prove \hatf(x)=ax + b, where a, b are constants and a > 0 is an increasing function on R.
ww
4. Prove that/(x) =ax + b, where a, b are constants and rt < 0 is a decreasing function on R.
5. Show that /(x) = —
X
is a decreasing function on (0, oo).
6. Showthat/(x) =
Flo
2 decreases in the interval [0, oo) and increases in the interval {- co, 0].
e
1 + X
eree
1
7. Show that/(x) = j is neither increasing nor decreasing on R.
FFr
1 + X
Without using the derivative, show that the function / (x) = | x | is

oorr
uur r
8.
(a) strictly increasing in (0, co) (b) strictly decreasing in (-co, 0).
sf
9. Without using the derivative show that the function / (x) = 7x - 3 is strictly increasing
sk
function on R.
Yoo
oook

eBB
1. For any Xj, X2 e (0, oo), we have

xj < X2 => loge Xi < loge X2 => f(x{) < fixi) => / (x) is increasing on (0, co).
uurr
2. Case I When a>l: For any Xj, X2 e (0, co)

ad
Yo
X| > X2 => logfl X;^ > loga X2 => /(xj) > /(X2) => fix) is increasing on (0, co).
dY
Case II When a<l: For any Xj, X2 e (0, co)

Re
innd
Xi > X2 => logfl Xj < logfl X2 => f{xi) </(X2) => fix) is decreasing on (0, co)
FFi
16.4 NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS FOR MONOTONICITY

In this section, we intend to see how we can use derivative of a function to determine where it is
increasing and where it is decreasing.
THEOREM 1 (Necessary Condition) Let f (x) be continuous on [a, b]and differentiable on (a,b).
(i) If f (x) is strictly increasing on (a, b),thenf'(x) >0forallxîa, b).
(ii) If fix) is strictly decreasing on (a, b), then f (x) <0for all x sia, b).
PROOF Let X be an arbitrary point in (a, b). Since fix) is differentiable on (fl, b). So, it is
differentiable at x.
fix + h)-f(x)■,h>0 exists.

fix) = lim h
h-*0
(i) If / (x) is strictly increasing on (a, b), then

/ (x + h) >f (x) for all > 0
f(x + h)-f{x) > 0 for all /i > 0 ^ lim fix + h)-f{x)

h h
> 0 /' (.y) > 0.
uô
Since x is an arbitrary point of {a, b). Therefore, /' (y) > 0 for all y e {a,b).
(ii) If / (y) is strictly decreasing on {a, b), then
/ (y + h) <f (y) for all /z > 0
f(x + h)-f{x) < 0 for all /z >0 ^ lim fjx + h)-fix)
h h
<0 => /'(y) <0
h-*0
Since y is an arbitrary point of {a, b). Therefore, /' (y) < 0 for all y s {a, b).
Q.E.D.
REMARK Iff (y) is an increasing function on {a, b), then as shown in Fig. 16.17, the tangent at every
ww
point on the curve y =/ (y) makes an acute angle 0 with the positive direction ofx-axis.
Y
Floo
ee
F rFeer
oor r
rur
o
sk s ff
YYoou
>0or, /'(y)>0 foralIxe{a,b)

oooko
eBB
Iff (y) is a decreasingfunction on (a, b), then as shown in Fig. 16.18, the tangent at every point on the
curve y =/ (y) makes an obtuse angle 0 with x-axis.
uurr
tan 0 < 0 => <0 or, /'(y)<0 forall X e{a,b).

ad
dx
Yo
THEOREM 2 (Sufficient Condition) Let fbe a differentiable real function defined on an open interval
(a, b).
dY
Re
(i) If f'(x) > Ofor all x e (a, b), then f(x) is increasing on (a, b).
idn
FFin
(ii) Iff '(y) < 0 for all x s (a, b), then f{x) is decreasing on (a, b).
PROOF Let Yj, Y2 e(fl, b) such that y^ < Y2- Consider the sub-interval [yj, Y2] . Since f(x) is
differentiable on {a,b) and [yj, Y2] c (zz, Iz). Therefore, f(x) is continuous on [yi,Y2] and
differentiable on (yj, Y2). By the Lagrange's mean value theorem, there exists c s (yj, Y2) such
that
f{X2) -f{x{)
tie) =
Y2-Y1
(i) Since/ '(y) > 0 for all y e (a, b), so in particular, /' (c) > 0.
Now, /'(c) >0
/(Y2) -fjxi) >0
[Using (i)]
^2-^1
/(^2)-/(^l)>0 [●.● Y2 - Yj > 0 when y^ < Y2I

f(x2)>f{xi) or, f{x{)<f{x2)

Since x^, X2 are arbitrary points in {a, b). Therefore, Xi<X2^ f{x{) < f{x2) for all X2 e {a, b).
Hence, f{x) is increasing on {a, b).
(ii) Since / '{x) < 0 for all x e {a, b), so in particular, / '(c) < 0.
Now, /'(c) <0
< 0 [Using (i)]
Xi -Xi
/(^2)-/(^l) < 0 [*.● at2 - > 0 when Xj < X2]

/ {X2) < f{Xl) => f{Xi) > f{X2)
w
Since Xj, X2 are arbitrary points in(a, b). Therefore, Xi<X2^ /(^l) ^/(xi) for all x^^, X2 e {a, b).
Flo
Hence, /(x) is decreasing on {a, b).
COROLLARY Let f{x) be a function defined on (a, b).
reee
(i) I//'(x) > 0/or all x e{a,b) except for a finite number of points, where f'{x) =0, then f{x) is
FFr
increasing on ((a, b).
(ii) lff'{x)<0for all xe{a,b) except for a finite number of points, where /'(x) =0, then /(x) is
uurr
decreasing on {a, b).
for
In order to find the interval in which a given function is increasing or decreasing, we may use
kss
the following algorithm.

ooook
Yo
ALGORITHM
eB
Step I Obtain the function and put it equal to f (x).

Step II Findf'ix).
rr
Step III Put /' (x) > 0 and solve this inequation.
ou
ad
For the values ofx obtained in step III /(x) is increasing and for the remaining points in its
YY
domain it is decreasing.
nndd
Re

Fi
Type J ON FINDING THE INTERVALS IN WHICH A FUNCTION IS INCREASING OR DECREASING

EXAMPLE 1 Find the intervals in which /(x) = - x^ - 2x +15 is increasing or decreasing.
SOLUTION We have,
/(x)=-x^-2x+15=> /'(x) = -2x-2=-2(x + l)

For /(x) to be increasing, we must have
/'(x)>0
- 2(x +1) > 0
X +1 < 0 [■.' -2 <0 and ab >0, a <0 ^ b <0]
X < -1 => X e(-co, -1)
Thus, /(x) is increasing on the interval (- co, -1).
For /(x) to be decreasing, we must have
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
16.11
/'W<o
- 2(a: + 1) < 0
x + 1 >0
[■.'-2 <0 andab <0, a <0 ^ b >0]
x>-l^ a: e(-1, oo)
SO/ f{x) is decreasing on (-1, oo).
EXAMPLE 2 Find the intervals in which the function f{x) = 2x^ ~ 9x^ + Ux +15 is (i) increasing,
(ii) decreasing: [CBSE 2010,2011]
SOLUTION We have,
/(a:)=2a:^ +12a; + 15 => f'(x) = 6a:^-18a: + 12 = 6(a:^-3a: + 2)
(i) For f{x) to be increasing, we must have
w
f'{x)>0
6 - 3a: + 2) > 0
Flo
- 3x + 2 > 0
[●.● 6 > 0 6(x^ - 3x + 2) > 0 => x^ - 3x + 2 > 0]
e
(x-l){x-2)>0
ree
X < 1 or X > 2 => X e (- CO, 1) u (2, co). [See Fig. 16.19]
FFr
So, /(x) is increasing on (- oo, 1) u (2, oo).
±.
urr
<■ ■>
- CO
1
or 2
Fig. 16.19 Signs of/'(j:) for different values of X

CO
sf
(ii) For /(x) to be decreasing, we must have
kks
Yo
/'(x)<0
ooo
6 (x^ - 3x + 2) < 0
eB
x^ - 3x + 2 < 0 [●■■ 6 > 0 6(x^ - 3x + 2) < 0 ^ x^ - 3x + 2 < 0]

(x-l)(x-2)<0 1 < X < 2 => xe{l,2) [See Fig. 16.20]
ur
So,/(x) is decreasing on (1,2).

ad
YYo
+.
~>
-00 1 2 X
Fig. 16.20 Signs of f'{x) for different values of x

d
Re
in
EXAMPLE 3 Find the intervals in which the function f{x) = 2x^ + 9x^ + 12x + 20 is (i) increasing;
F
(ii) decreasing:
SOLUTION We have,
/(x)=2x^+9x^+12x + 20=> /'(x) = 6x^+18x + 12 = 6(x^ + 3x+2)
(i) For /(x) to be increasing, we must have
/'(x)>0
6 (x^ + 3x + 2) > 0
(x^ + 3x + 2) > 0 [-.■ 6 > 0 and 6 (x^ + 3x + 2) > 0 :.x^ + 3x + 2 > 0]
(x + 1) (x + 2) > 0 [See Fig. 16.21]
x<-2orx>-l A A
<●
xe(-co,-2)u(-l,co) - 00 -2 -1 cc
So,/(x) is increasing on(-oo, -2) u(-l, oo) Fig. 16.21 Signs of f'(x) for different values of x
(ii) For /(x) to be decreasing, we must have

/'(x)<0
6{x^ + 3.r + 2) < 0

+ 3x +2 <0 6 > 0 and 6 + 3x + 2) < 0 + 3x + 2 < 0]
(a: +1) (x + 2) < 0 [See Fig. 16.22]
-2<x<-l
- 00 -2 -1 CO
So,/(x) is decreasing on (-2, -1). Fig. 16.22 Signs of/'(jc) for different values of a:
F-XAMl’LE 4 Find the intervals in which f(x) ={x +1)^ (x - 3)^ is increasing or decreasing.
SOLUTION We have. [NCERT, CBSE 2001C 2011]
/(x)=(x + 1)3(x-3)3
ww
fix) = |3(x + 1)^£(x + 1)|(x-3)^+(x + 1)^ |3(x-3)2^(x-3)|
fix) = 3(x + 1)^(x-3)^ + 3(x + 1)^(x-3)^ = 3(x +1)^ {x - 3)^ (x+ l + x - 3)
fix) = 6(x + l)^(x-3)^(x-l)
FF loo
ree
For/(x) to be increasing, we must have
f'{x)>0
rFee
6(x + 1)2 (x-3)^ (x-1)>0
F
[v 6(x + l)^(x-3)^ >0forallx5t-l, 3]
oor r
rur
X -1 > 0 and x 5* -1, 3
X >1 and x^-1,3 => x e(l, 3) u(3, «>)
s ff
So,/(x) is increasing on(l, 3)u(3, oo).
k
For /(x) to be decreasing, we must have

YYoou
ookos
/'(x)<0
6(x + l)^ (x-3r (x-l)<0
BBo
=> x-1 <0andx9s-l, 3 [v 6 (x +1)^ (X - 3)^ > 0 for all x -1, 3]

re
=> x<l andx?t ~1, 3 => x e(-oo,-1) u{-l, 1)

ouur
So, fix) is decreasing on (- co, -1) u (-1,1).

ad
Find the intervals in which fix) = (x -1) ^ (x - 2)^ is increasing or decreasing.

Yo
LXAMI’LL 5
SOLUTION We have.
dY
/(x)=(x-1)3(x~2)2
Re
idn
3(x-1)2 |^(x-1)| (x-2)2+{x-1)^2x(a;-2)^(x-2)

FFin
=>
fix) =
fix) = 3(x-1)^(x-2)2+2(x-1)^(x-2) ^ _ 3) (33-_ g + 2x - 2)

/'(X) = (x-l)^(x-2)(5x-8)
For fix) to be increasing, we must have
/'(x)>0
=> (x-l)^(x-2)(5x-8)>0
(x -2) (5x -8) > 0 and x^l [v (x-1)^ >0forallx?il]
=> 5 (x - 8/5) (x - 2) > 0 and x 9^ 1
=> (x-8/5)(x-2) >0 and x^l [v 5>0]
=> X < 8/5 or X > 2 and x¥^l => x e (- 00,1) u (1, 8/5) u (2, co) [See Fig. 16.23]
So,/(x) is increasing on (-oo,l)u(l,8/5) u(2,co).
For fix) to be decreasing, we must have
/'(x)<0 CO 1 8
5
2 00
=> (x-l)^(x-2)(5x-8)<0 Fig. 16.23 Signs off'(x) for different values of x

{x - 2) (5x - 8) < 0 and .t 1 [v {x-lf >0 foralUîll

5(x - 2) (:c-8/5) < 0 and
(x - 8/5) {:t - 2) < 0 and x 1 [v 5>0]
:i:e(8/5,2) and x^l => xe(8/5,2) [See Fig. 16.24]
So,f{x) is decreasing on (8/5,2).
+
<- >
- CO
2 CO
Fig. 16.24 Signs of f'{x) for different vaiues of x
EXAMPLE 6 Find the intervals in which the function f{x) - x^ — is increasing or decreasing.
^ [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ww
SOLUTION We have,
f{x)=x^ => f'{x) = 4x^ -x^ = x^{4:c-l)
FF loo
For f{x) to be increasing, we must have
/'{x)>0 x^{4:c-l) >0 => 4x-l >0 and xiÔ [●.● x^ > 0]
ree
4x>l and => xe(l/4,oo)
reeF
So,/(x) is increasing on (1/4, oo). oroFr
r ur
For f{x) to be decreasing, we must have
s ff
f'{x)<0 => ;t^(4j:-l) >0 => 4x-l <0 and xÔ [●.● x^ >0 for all a: 0]
4x<l and => x<l/4 and xâO => x e(-oo, 0) u(0,1/4)
k
YYouo
kos o
So,/(x) is decreasing on (- oo, 0) u (0,1/4).

2x . .
BBoo
EXAMPLE 7 Find the intervals in which the function f{x) = In (1 + a:) - 2 + x

IS increasing or
r ee
decreasing.
[CBSE 2012, NCERT]
2x
SOLUTION We have, f{x) = In (1 + jt) -
2 + x. Clearly, / (a:) is defined for all x satisfying
ad
ouur
Yo
a: +1 > 0 i.e. x > -l.So, domain (/) =(-l , oo).

Now,
2:t
d
fix) = ln(l + x)-

Re
idnY
2 + X
‘jf-r,-,, (2 + x)><2-2x{0 + 1} 1
FFin
4
/'W =
1 + X dx
(2 + xf l + x (2 + x)2
f'ix) =
(2 + x)^ - 4 (1 + X) x^ X f 1
i2 + x)^(l+x) (2 + ;c)^(l + ;c) 1^2+ :c x + 1
For fix) to be increasing, we must have

/'(x)>0
^2
X
— >0
[2 + x x +1
1 x
> 0 and X ^0 >0 for all X 0
x + 1 2 + x
x + 1 >0 and x?^0=> x>-l and x?i 0 => x e(-l, 0) u(0, oo)
So,/(x) is increasing on(-l, 0) u(0, oo).
16.14
MATHEMATICS-XII
+\
EXAMPLE 8 Find the intervals in which f(x) = is increasing or decreasmg. [CBSE 2004]
X
4x^+1 4x^-1
SOLUTION We have, f{x) - X
= 4tX +
X
f{x) = 4-i x^ ■
+
/'(x)>0
+
<■ ●>
w
- 00 -1/2 1/2 CO
4x^ -1 Fig. 16.25 Signs of/i;r) for different values of x

>0
4,v^ -1 > 0
e
=> (2x-l)(2:c + l)>0
row
re
=> (x-l/2)(x + l/2)>0 => x<-l/2or,.r>l/2 >: e(-oo,-l/2) u(l/2, co) [SeeFig. 16.25]
So,/(x) is increasing on (-oo, -1/2) u(l/2, co).
FFllo
eeF
For/(A:) to be decreasing, we must have
u
f'ix)<0
4x^ -1
r
sFr
=> <0
.t"
4x^ -1 <0
kro x'^ > 0]
uor
offo
(2x-l)(2x + l)>0 => - => xg(-1/2, 1/2) [See Fig. 16.26]
2
kos
Y
+ +
Yo
< -'●o o >

eerBB
-1/2 1/2
oo
- CO CO
Fig. 16.26 Signs oif{x) for different values of x

rY
But, domain (/) = K - {0}. So,/(x) is decreasing on (-1/2, 0) w (0,1/2).

Determine the intervals in which the function f{x)=x‘^-8x^ + 22x^~24x + 21 is
u
EXA.V1PLE9
decreasing or increasing.
ou
ad
do
SOLUTION We have,
fix) = - 8x^ + 22x^ - 24x + 21
nY
fix) = 4x^-24x^ + 44x-24 = 4(x^-6x^+llx~6)=4(.Y-l)(x^-5x + 6)

nid
Re
For/(x) to be increasing, we must have + +

>
F
< o-
2 3
/'(x)>0
eo
Fi
- 08
4(x-l) (x^-5.y + 6)>0 Fig. 16.27 Signs otj\x) for different values of x
(x -1) (x^ -5x + 6) >0 [v 4>0]

(x-l)(x-2)(x-3)>0 =>l<x<2or,3<x<co => x e (1, 2) u(3, co) [See Fig. 16.27]
So,/{x) is increasing on (1, 2) u (3, co).
For fix) to be decreasing, we must have
/'(x)<0
4{x -1) (x^ -5x + 6) <0
(x-1) {x^-5x + 6)<0 [v4>0]
(x-l)(x-2)(x-3) <0 => 2<x<3 or, x<l => xe{2, 3) u(-co,l) [See Fig. 16.28]
So, fix) is decreasing on (2, 3) u (- co, 1).
+ +
<■ c --
-00 1 2 3 CO
Fig. 16.28 Signs of/(x) for different values of x

EXAMPLE 10 Find the intervals for which f(x)

- 2x^ is increasing or decreasing.
SOLUTION We have, f{x)=x‘^ ~2x^ => f'(x) = 4x^ 4y=4y(y^ -1)
/'{.r)>0 <-
— 00
-1 0 1 00
4x {.Y^-1)>0 Fig. 16.29 Signs of f'{x) for different values of x

Y (y^ -1) > 0
[v 4>0]
y(y-1)(y + 1)>0=> -1 <Y<0or, Y>1 => Ye(-1, 0)u(l,oo) [See Fig. 16.29]
So,/(y) is increasing on(-l, 0) u(l, oo).
For /(y) to be decreasing, we must have
/'(y)<0
ww
4y (y^ -1) <0
+ +
<■ ●o
-1- oo
0 1 CO
=i>
y(y^ -1) <0 [v4>0] Fig. 16.30 Signs of f'(x) for different values of x
y(y-1)(y + 1)<0=> y < -1 or, 0 < Y < 1 => Y e (- CO, -1) u (0,1)
Flo
[See Fig. 16.30]
So,/(y) is decreasing on (-co,-l)u(0,l).
e e
y-2
EXAMPLE 11 Determine the values of x afr ivhich afx)
rere
Y + l' Y 5* -1 /s increasing or decreasing.
=
rFF
y-2
SOLUTION We have, afx) = , X ^ ~1.
uur r
Y + l
foor
(y + 1)x1-(y-2)x1 3
fix) = , Y ^ -1.
(x + l)2
sks
(x + l)^
Yoo
3
ooko
Clearly,/'(y) = —2 > all Y -{-!}. So,/(y) is increasing on R - {-1}.

\X + 1)
eBB
2
EXAMPLE 12 Find the intervals in tuhich afx) ~ —
—+—,Y 0 IS increasing or decreasing.
uurr
SOLUTION We have,
ad
Y^ -4
Yo
2y^
dY
For/(Y) to be increasing, we must have

Re
/'W>0
innd
+ +
<■
- CO
-2 0 2 OO
FFi
2y2 Fig. 16.31 Signs off'{x) for different values of x
Y^ -4>0 => (y-2)(y + 2) > 0 => y<-2 or, x>2=> y e(-oo,-2) u(2, oo)
So,/(y) is increasing on (- oo, - 2) u (2, oo). [See Fig. 16.31]
For/{Y) to be decreasing, we must have
fix)<0 <●
Y
'-4 .
—^ <0
— CO -2 0 2 CO
2y2 Fig. 16.32 Signs of f'{x) for different values of x
Y^ -4<0 => (y-2)(y + 2)<0 => Y6(-2,2) [See Fig. 16.32]

But, domain (/) = R - (0). So, afx) is decreasing on (- 2, 0) ^ {0, 2).
EXAMPLE 13 Find the intervals in which the function f given by f (y) = y^ \ ,x^0is
(i) increasing (ii) decreasing [NCERT, CBSE 2009]
MATHEMATICS-XII
16.16
SOLUTION Clearly, domain (/) = R - {0}.

^ 1
Now, f{x)=X +—;r
(xUx^ + l {X^-D
/'W = 3^^-4- x^
-1) {x^+x^+l) = 3
(i) For / (x) to be increasing, we must have

/'(x)>0
+ +
<■
JxUx^^l (:r^-l)>0
— CO -1 0 1 CO
O t Fig. 16.33 Signs oif'(x) for different values of a:

0:4
JxUx^ + 1
ww
{x^ -1)>0 '● ^ -.4
X
> 0,
(x-l)(o: + l) >0 => o: e(-co , -1) u(l, oo) [See Fig. 16.33]
So,/(or) is increasing on(-co , -1) u(l, co)
Flo
e
(ii) For / (o:) to be decreasing, we must have
e
reer
f'(x)<0
+ +
rFF
<
-
- CO -1 0 1 CO
JxUx^+1 (o:^-l)<0 Fig. 16.34 Signs of/'(o:) for different values of jc

uur r
O j
ffoor
x^-KO < 0
sks
* O j
x4
YYoo
ooko
(x-l)(x + l)<0 => X€(-1,0)U(0,1) [See Fig. 16.34] [V x;^0]

eBB
Hence,/(x)is decreasing an (-1, 0) u(0,1).

EXAMPLE 14 For which values ofx, the function f{x) = — is increasing and for which values ofx,
x^ +1
it is decreasing.
uurr
f'{x) = (x^ + 1) X 1 -X(2x + 0) ^ (x^1-x^

ad
SOLUTION We have, /(x)=-^^—=>

Yo
x^ +1 + 1)^
dY
For /(x) to be increasing, we must have

Re
/'(x)>0 + +
innd
< o...
1-x^ -1 1
- 05 03
FFi
>0 Fig. 16.35 Signs of/'(x) for different values of x

(x^ +1)^
1 - x^ > 0 [v (jr2 + l)^>0]
-(x^-l)>0 => x^-l<0=> (x-l)(x + l)<0=> -l<x<l [See Fig. 16.35]
xe(-l,l)
So,/(x) is increasing on (-1,1).
For/(x) to be decreasing, we must have
/'(x)<0
+ +
<-
1-x^ -1 1
— CO 00
2<0 Fig. 16.36 Signs of/'(x) for different values of x

(:c2+l)
1 -x^ <0 [-.- (x^ + 1)^ > 0]
-(x^ -1) <0 =>x^ -1 >0 =>(x-l)(x + l)>0 => x< -lorx>l [See Fig. 16.36]
So,/(x) is decreasing on {- oo, -1) u (1, qo).

FXAMI'Lt 15 Find the intervals in zvhichf(x) = 2 In (x - 2) - + 4x +1 is increasing or decreasing.
SOLUTION Clearly, / (x) is defined for all x > 2.
Now, f{x) = 2 In (x - 2) - + 4x +1
2-2x (x-2) + 4(x-2) -2x^ +8a:-6
fix) = - 2x + 4 =
x-2 x-2 x-2
fix) =
-2{x^+Ax- 3) -2(a:-1) (a:-3)
x-2 x-2
For / (a:) to be increasing, we must have

-^{x-\){x-^) (a:-1)(x-3)
ww
/'(a:) > 0 => > 0 => < 0
x-2 x-2
X - 3 <0
[■●■ X € Domain (/)=> x>2=^ a:-1>0 and a: - 2 > 0]
FF loo
X < 3 ^ X e(2, 3) [v x>2]
So, / (a:) is increasing on (2, 3).
ree
For / (a:) to be decreasing, we must have
-2(x-l)(x-3) ix-l)(x-3)
f(x) < 0 => < 0 =>
reFe
> 0
a:-2 x-2
oroFr
r ur
=> X - 3 > 0
[■.' Forx>2,x-2>0 and x-1 >0]
s ff
^ x>3Â:e(3, co)
So,/ (a:) is decreasing on (3, x).
k
YYouo
koso
EXAMPLi; 16 Separate [0,7t/2] into subintervals in which f{x) = sin 3x is increasing or decreasing.
BBoo
[NCERTI
SOLUTION Wehave,/(x) = sin 3x. Therefore,/'(x) = 3 cos 3x.
r ee
Now, X€D(/) => 0<x<7t/2=>0<3x<37t/2.

ad
ouur
Since cosine function is positive in first quadrant and negative in the second and third
Yo
quadrants. Therefore, we consider the following cases.

Case I When 0 < 3x < n/2 i.e. 0 < x < n/6: In this case, we have
d
Re
idnY
0 < 3x < 7t/2 => cos 3x > 0 => 3 cos 3x > 0 => /' (x) > 0
Thus,/'(x) >0 for 0 < 3x < n/2 i.e. 0 <x < Jt/6.So,/(x) is increasing on{0, n/6).
FFin
Case II When n/2 <3x < 3n/2 i.e. tc/6 < x < jr/2: In this case, we have
n/2 < 3x < 3n/2=> cos 3x <0 => 3 cos 3x <0 => /'(x) <0
Thus, /'(x) < 0 for n/2 < 3x < 3n/2 i.e. n/6 < x < n/2. So,/(x) is decreasing on (n/6, n/2).
Hence, /(x) is increasing on (0, n/6) and decreasing on (n/6, n/2).
EXAMPLE 17 Find the intervals in which the function /given by
4sinx-2x-xcosx
fix) = ,0<x<2n [NCERTI
2 + cosx
is (i) increasing (ii) decreasing

SOLUTION We have.
4 sin X - 2x - X cos X
fix) =
2 + cos .X
(2 + cos x) (4 cos y - 2 - cos ;c + a: sin 3:) + (4 sin X - 2a: - X cos x) sin a:

=> /'W =
(2 + cos x)^
cos X (4 - cos x)
=> /'(X) =
(2 + cos x)^
(i) For/ (x) to be increasing, we must have
4 - cos X
cos X (4 - cos x) > 0 => cos X > 0 > 0
/' (x) > 0 =>
(2 + cos x)^ (2 + cos x)^
X 6(0 , n/2) u(3n/2,2n)
ooww
Hence, / (x) is increasing on (0 , ti/2) u (3n/2,2n).
(ii) For / (x) to be decreasing, we must have
cos X (4 - cos x)
/'(x)<0=> <0 => cosx<0 => xe(n/2, 3n/2)
(2 + cos x)^
e
ree
Hence,/ (x) is decreasing on(7r/2, 3n/2).
rFl
Fre
4
EXAMPLE 18 Separate the interval [0, ti/2] info sub-intervals in which f (x) = sin^ X + cos X ts
rrF
increasing or decreasing. [CBSE2000C]
SOLUTION We have, / (x) = sin^ x + cos^ x sffoo

ouur
/'(x) = 4 sin^ X cos x - 4 cos^ x sin x - 4 sin X cos X (cos x - sin x)
oksk
/ '(x) = - 2 (2 sin X cos x) (cos 2x) = - 2 sin 2x cos 2x = - sin 4x

Yo
oo
We have, 0<x<ti/2 ^ 0<4x<2ti.

Y
BB
Since sine function is positive in the first and second quadrants and negative in the third and
fourth quadrants. So, we consider the following cases:
rre
Case I When 0 < 4x < 7t i.e. 0 < x < ti/4: In this case, we have
ouu
Y
sin 4x > 0 => - sin 4x < 0 /' (x) < 0

ad
/'(x) < 0for0<4x<ni.e. 0 < x < k/4.So,/(x) is decreasing on [0, k/4].

dY
Case II When, .n<4x<2v: i.e. 7t/4 < x < n/2: In tris case, we have
innd
Re
sin 4x < 0 => - sin 4x > 0 => / '(x) > 0

/' (x) > 0 for 7u < 4x < 2n i.e. k/4 < x < n/2. So, / (x) is increasing on [n/4, n/2].
Fi
F
EXAMPLE 19 Find the intervals in which the function f given by f (x) = sin x + cos x , 0 < x < 2 tu's
increasing or decreasing. [NCERT, CBSE 2009,2017,2020]
SOLUTION We have,
/ (x) = sin X + cos X
n n 71
=> /' (x) = cos X - sin X = V2 cos X sm — sm X cos - = y/2 sin -x =—\/2sin X—
4 4J U 4J
n n n n In
Now, 0<x^2tc^0-—<x-—<271-— ^ -<x — —
4 4 4 4 4 4
For / (x) to be increasing, we must have

/'(x)>0
-\^sin(x-—]>0
4J
n
sin X — < 0
^
— <x — <0or, 7t<A: — < —
n K 7n
4 4 4 4
0<>:< —4 or, —4 cc<27u=>A:efo, —4; 5k
or,a:e^—,271 => a: e{0 ,:t/4) u{57t/4,2 ti)

Hence, / (a:) is increasing on (0 ,tc/4) u (5ti/4,2tc).
For / (a:) to be decreasing, we must have
fix) < 0
oww
fn ●
“V2sm (X r\ ●
<0=i>sm f a: —^ K
> 0=> Q<x — <7c=> - <a:<— => xe
K 5tc K 5rt'
4; 4; 4 4 4 4'T/
Hence, / (a:) is decreasing on (ti/4 , Sit/4).
e
EXAMPLE 20 Find the intervals in which f{x) = sin 3a: - cos 3x, 0 < a: < jr, is strictly increasing or
FFrlo
re
decreasing. [CBSE 2016]
ree
SOLUTION We have,
F
fix) = sin 3a: - cos 3a:
rF
f'(x) = 3 (cos 3a: + sin 3a:)
f 1
/'(a:) = 3V2 cos3x + ^ sin 3a: - 3V2 fsin-cos3A:
fsoor + cos—sin 3a:1 = SV2 sin f 3a: + —
ouur
IV2 V2 4 4 4;
skf
It is given that
ooko
13;i
0<A:<7t => 0<3a:<37u ^ — <3a: + — <3ti + — ^ — <3x
Yo
+ —<
4 4
Y
4 4 4 4
Bo
(i) For fix) to be strictly increasing, we must have

reB
/'{a:)>0
3V2sin I 3a: + —!> 0
uur
oY
4j
ad
71
=> sin 3x + ~ > 0
dY
4J
7t 7C K
=>—<3x + —<K or, 2k < 3x + ~ < 3k
innd
Re
4 4 4
3ti 7 71 1 Iti
Fi
7k 1 l7t tt'i 7k Htt

F
K
=> 0 < 3a: < or, — < 3?: < => 0 <a: < or, — <x < => a: € 0, - u
4 4 4 4 12 12 4; 12'I2
So,/(a:) is strictly increasing on 0,— u —
\ 4/ Vl2 12 ,
(ii) For fix) to be strictly decreasing we must have
f'ix)<0
I— ^ 71'
3v2sin 3x + — <0
4J
K
=> sin 3a: + — <0
4
71 7T 1371
^ 7c<3a: + —<27t or, 3tc<3a: + —<
4 4 4
3ti 7tc llTl K 7k 11k 7C 7k
\ /
llK
<3x < — or. < 3a: < 3ti =^> < a: < — or, < X < 7C ^ X € VJ 71
4 4 4 4 12 12 4'12 I 12 '
MATHEMATICS-XII
16.20
(k 7%^
So,f{x) is strictly decreasing on u
12
,n .
Type II ON PROVING THE MONOTONICITY OF A FUNCTION ON A GIVEN INTERVAL

EXAMPLE 21 Prove that the function f(x) =x^ - 3x^ + 3.y -100 is increasing on R. [NCERTl
SOLUTION We have,
f{x) = + 3X-100 => f’(x) = 3x^-6x+ 3 = 3(x-lf

Now, X G R => (j; -1)^ > 0 /'(i:) ^0.
Thus, / '(x) > 0 for all x e R. Hence,/(x) is increasing on R.
1 .
EXAMPLE 22 Let I be an interval disjointed from [-1,1]. Prove that the function f{x)=x + - IS
ww
[NCERT]
increasing on 1.
SOLUTION We have.
FF loo
x2-l
/W=X + - 1 ^/'(x)=l-^
x2
= x2
ree
x^-l
Now, x€/=>xg[-l,l] =>x<-lorx>l =>x^>l =:»x^-l>0 => ^^>0=> /'(x)>0
rFee
Thus,/ '(x) > 0 for all x € /. Hence,/(.x) increasing on I. oor rF
rur
s ff
EXAMPLE 23 Show that the function /(x) = - + 7 is decreasing for xeR- {0}.
3 3
k
SOLUTION We have, f{x) = -X + 7 => / '(x) = --^

YYoou
ookos
1<0 => /'(x)<0.

BBo
Now, X gR, X ^ 0 =>

X
re
Hence,/(x) is decreasing for x e R, x 9^ 0.

ouur
ad
EXAMPLE 24 Show that the function x + l/x is increasing for x >1.

Yo
1 l x 2-1
SOLUTION Let /(x) = x + -.
X
Then, /' (x) = 1 - —
X
= - x2
Yd
Re
2
idn
Now, x>l => x2>l => -—— >0 => /' (x) > 0. Hence, /(x) is increasing for x > 1.
FFin
x2
EXAMPLE 25 Show thatf(x) = tan"^ (sin x + cos x) is an increasingfunction on the interval{0, n/4).
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have, /(x) = tan ^ (sin x + cos x)

1 1
fix) = X — (sin X + cos x) = y X (cos X - sin x)
1 + (sin X + cos x)2 dx 1 + (sin + cos x)
cos X (1 - tan x)
fix) =
1 + (sin X + cos x)2
Now, 0<x<ii/4
1
=> cos X > 0, and 1 - tan X > 0 ['.● 0 < tan X < 1 for 0 < X < 7t/4]
1 + (sin X + cos x)
cos a: (1 - tan x)
->0 => fix) >0
1 + (sin X + cos x)
Thus, /'(a:) > 0 for all a: e(0, 7i/4). Hence,/(a:) is increasing on (0, rt/4).
4 sin 0
EXAMPLE 26 Prove that / (0) = - 0 is an increasing function of Qin 0 / ~ ■
2 + cos 0
[NCERT, CBSE 20111

SOLUTION We have,
4 sin 0
/(e) = -0
2 + cos 0
(2 + cos 0) (4 cos 0) + 4 sin^ 0 8 cos 0 + 4 4 cos 0 - cos^ 0
ww
=^>/'(0) = 1 = -1 =
(2 + cos 0)^ (2 + cos 0)^ (2 + cos 0)^
cos 0 (4 - cos 0) /
^/'(e) =
FF loo
>Oforall0e 0,— . [v cos0 > 0, 4-cos0 > 0 and 2 + cos 0 > 0]
(2 + cos 0)^ V
ree
Hence, / (0) is increasing on [0, ;t/2].
EXAMPLE27 Prove that the function f{x)=tanx-4^xisstrictl\/decrea singon{-n/3,n/3).
rFee
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
oor rF
rur
SOLUTION We have,/(a:) = tan a:-4a:
1 -4cosâ:
s ff
4 n
fix) =sec^ a:-4 = 2
— cos
2
X 4 (1—+ COSA: 1
—cosa:
COS X cos^ a: \ 4 COS^ AT V 2 A2
k
YYoou
Now,
ookos
—2 < cosa: <!=:»—< cosa: and — + i < — + cosa: < 1+1

71
a: 6 (-71/3, t:/3) => -— < a: < — =>
BBo
3 3 2 2 2 2 2
re
3 1
--cosa:<0 and 1 <- + cosa:<— => cosa: <0 and- + cosa:>0
2 2 2 2 2
ouur
ad
1 VI 4 fl VI
—+ COSA: <0 =>
Yo
— cosa:
k2
— cosa:
- + COSA: <0=>/'(a:)<0
JK2 cos^x ^2 / V
Hence, / is strictly decreasing on (-71/3,7t/3).

dY
Re
EXAMPLE 28 Show that f(x) =2x + cof^ a: + In ( -x] is incresing on R.

idn
FFin
SOLUTION We have, [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
/(a:) = 2A: + cot~Â: + ln ^|l+x^ -X
1 1 X
f ix)=2- -1
1+ Vi+a:^ -xWI + a:^
x-^|l+x^
fix)=2 ^ ^ -
1
+ 2-^^ ^
1 + a:^ V1+?-a: VT77 1+^^ Vi+?
1 1
f(x)= 1- 2 ^ 1- = > 0 for all a: e R => /' (a:) > 0 for all a: e R, x 9^ 0.
1 + x
y 'v >/l + x
Hence, f{x) is increasing on R.

MATHEMATICS-Xll
16.22
EXAMPLE 29 Test whether the function f{x) = x^ -8 is increasing on [1, 2].

SOLUTION We have,
fix) = - 8 => / '(x) = 3x^ => /' (x) > 0 for all x e [1, 2]
So,/(x) is increasing on [1,2].
EXAMPLE 30 Which of the following functions are decreasing on (0, n/2)7
(i) cosx (ii) cos2x (iii) tanx (iv) cos 3x [NCERTl
SOLUTION (i) We have, /(x)=cosx => /'(x)=-sinx
Now, X€(0,7t/2) => sinx>0 => -sinx<0 => /'(x)<0
So,/(x) is decreasing on (0, k/2).
(ii) Let fix) = cos 2x. Then, /' (x) = - 2 sin 2x.
ww
Now, X e (0, n/2) =>0<x<7t/2=> 0<2x<k=> sin2x>0=> 2 sin 2x < 0=> /'(x) <0
So,/(x) is decreasing on (0, n/2).
FF loo
(iii) Let fix) =tan x. Then, /'(x) =sec^ x.
Now, xe(0,7t/2)=> sec^ x>0=>/'(x) >0. So,/(x) is increasing on (0, tc/2).
ree
(iv) Let fix) = cos 3x. Then, /' (x) = - 3 sin 3x
Now, X e (0, n/2) => 0 < x < ji/2=> 0 < 3x < 3n/2 => sin 3x can be positive as well as negative
reFe
=> /' (x) = - 3 sin 3x can be positive as well as negative oroFr
rur
So,/(x) is neither increasing nor decreasing on (0, n/2).
s ff
EXAMPLE31 Prove that the function f{x)=x^ - x+lis neither increasing nor decreasing on (-1,1).
k
YYouo
ICBSE 2014, NCERTl

okso
SOLUTION We have,/(x) = x^ - X +1 => /'(x) = 2x-1 = 2 (x-1/2).

BBoo
Now, -l<x<l/2=>(x-l/2)<0=>2(x-l/2)<0=>/'(x)<0
r ee
and, l/2<x<l^ x-l/2>0=> 2(x-l/2)>0 => /'(x)>0.

Thus,/'(x) does not have the same sign throughout the interval (-1,1). Hence,/(x) is neither
ad
ouur
increasing or decreasing on (-1,1).

Yo
EXAMPLE32 On which of the following intervals is the function fix) = x^®"^ + sin x -1 increasing?
d
[NCERTl
idnY
Re
(i) (0, n/2) (u) in/2, Tt) (iii) (0,1) (iv) (-1,1).
99
SOLUTION Wehave,/(x) =x^°° + sin x-1 =>/'(x)=100x + COS X
FFin
(i)
n
=> 0 <x <- => x^^ >0 andcosx >0 => lOOx^^ + cos x>0 => /'(^) >0.
2
Thus, fix) is increasing on (0, n/2).

n 22 22
n n .99 — <x <n=> — <x< —
(ii) X € -,n => - <x <n =5>x >1
2 14 7
u 2
lOOx^^ >100 ...(i)

...(ii)
Again, xe(ji/2,7r) => -l<cosx<0 => 0>cosx>-l
From (i) and (ii), we find that for x e (u/2, n)
100 x^^ > 100 and cosx > -1
lOOx^^ + cos X > 100 -1 => lOOx^^ + cos X > 0 => / '(x) > 0
Thus, fix) is increasing on in/2,7t).
99
(iii) xe(0,l) => => 100;c >0
Again, x e (0,1)
X lies between 0 and 1 radian
=> X lies between 0° and 57® [v l°-57®]
a: lies in first quadrant => cos a: > 0
99
Are (0,1) =>100.i: >0 and cosx>0 => 100x^ + cosx>0 => /'(x)>0
Thus,/(a:) is increasing on (0,1).
(iv) We have seen in (iii) that f'{x) > OforO <a: <1. But,/'(a:) can be positive as well as negative
when-1 < a: <0. So,/'(a^) can be positive as well as negative for X g(-1, l).Hence,/(x) is neither
w
increasing nor decreasing on (-1,1).
Flo
Type I ON FINDING THE INTERVAL IN WHICH A FUNCTION IS INCREASING OR DECREASING
EXAMPLE 33 Determine the values ofx for which f (x) = x^, x > 0 is increasing or decreasing.
ee
SOLUTION Clearly,/(x) =x^ is defined for x > 0. So, domain/ =(0, oo).
Fr
Now, /(x) = x^ = gX log ar
/'(ar) = e^*o8^-£(xlogpX)
for
=> /'(x) =x'^ (1 + log^ x)
ur
dx

ks
Yo
/'(x)>0
oo
=>
x'^ (1 + log(, x) > 0
eB
1 + loge X > 0 [●.● x^ > 0 for X > 0]

loge X > -1
ur
-1
[●.● logfl x>N=> x>a^ for rt > 1. Here, e>l. So, logg x>-l=>x>e“^]
ad
=> X >e
Yo
^ xe(l/e, oo)
Thus, / (x) is increasing on (1 /e, oo).
d
Re
For / (x) to be decreasing, we must have

in
/'(x)<0
F
x^ (1 + logg x) < 0
1 + logg X < 0 [●●● x^ > 0 for X > 0]
-1
logg x<-l=>x<e => xe(0,1/e)
Thus, / (x) is decreasing on (0,1/e).

Hence,/(x) is increasing on (1/e, co) and decreasing on (0,1/e).
EXAMPLE 34 Find the intervals in which f (x) = —-— is increasingor decreasing.
logx
SOLUTION Note that the domain off (x) is the set of all positive real numbers other than unity
i.e. (0,1) u (1 , co).
Now, /(x) = ^ =^> /'(x) =

logx (log xf
16.24
MATHEMATICS-Xil

f'(x)>0
=>
\ogx-l >0
(log xf
log :c -1 > 0 [●.● (log x)^ > 0 for X > 0 , X 1]
log a: >1
[*.● logrt X > N => x>a
N
forfl>l.Here,e>l logeX>l => x>e^]
oww
xe{e, co).
So, / (x) is increasing on {e, oo).
For / (x) to be decreasing, we must have
fix) < 0
e
< 0
re
(log xf-
FFrllo
log X -1 < 0 [●.■ (log x)^ > 0 for X > 0, X 1]
eF
log X <1 => X <e^ => X e(0, e) - {1}
e
[●/ / (x) is defined for x > 0 , x 1]
ouru
r
So,/(x) is decreasing on (0, e) - {1}.
osrF
ffor
k x + a 2 ab ac
kso
EXAMPLE 35
If a, b, care real numbers, then find the intervals in which f{x) = ab x + b^ be
ooo
be x + c^
Yo
Y
ac
BB
is increasing or decreasing.
SOLUTION We have,
Y
r ree
x + a
2 ab ac
ouu
fix) = ah x + b^ be
ad
Ydo
ac be 2
X + c
2 ab
1 0 X + fl2 ab
nidn
0 ac x + a ac
x + b^ be
Re
=>
/'(x) = ab x + b"^ be + 0 1 0 + ab
F
0 0 1
Fi
ac be 2 ac be 2
x + c x + c
f '(x) = (x + &2) (x + c2)-b^ C^ +(x + fl2) (X + c2) - + (x + (j)2 (x + b)^ -fl2 b^

f'(x) = 3x^ + 2x(a^ +b^ + c^).
/'(x)>0 + +
3x2 ^ 2x (fl2 + c^) >Q

<r
- 00 0 CO
X- 3x + 2(fl2 +1j2 + c^) . >0 Fig. 16.37 Signs of/'(x) for different values of x
X < - — (fl2 + ;;2 + C^) or, X > 0 [See Fig. 16.37]

3
X e -00, - -(fl2
3
+fo2 +c2)'|u(0,
J
oo).
ry X
So, / {:>:) is increasing on -00, - — {a^+b^ + c^) u(0, oo)
3 )
)
For / (:c) to be decreasing, we must have +
O*
>
/'(-v) < 0 — CO 00
3-r^ + 2^: + c^) < 0

Fig. 16.38 Signs of/’(a:) for different values of x
X- 3x + 2{a'^ +b^ + c'^) ■ < 0
=> ~-{a^+b^ + c^)< x<Q [See Fig. 16.38]
ooww
3
X e + b^ + c^),0
V 3
f 2 0 9 9 ^
So, / (x) is decreasing on — {a +b + c ), 0 .
ee
V 3 J
2 \
— {a^ + b^ + c^) u (0, oo) and decreasing
r
Hence,
rFFl
f{x) is increasing on
ree
-CO, - on
F
3 )
-{a'^+b^ + c\ o\,
rF
3
Type II fsfoor
ON PROVING MONOTONICITY OF A FUNCTION ON A GIVEN IN'»'ERVAL
ouur
EXAMPLE 36 Show that for a>l, f{x) = sin x -cosx -2ax -^b is decreasing on R.
kosk
SOLUTION We have,
f{x) = fs sin X -cosx - 2ax + b

Yo
oo
Y
f (x) = Vs cosx + sin x-2a

BB
/'W = 2[V
1 .
rre
=> COSX + —sinx -2a

2
ouu
Y
/'(x)=2fsin-^ cosx + cos—sinx

7t . IX 7X
ad
=> -2a =2sin x + — -2/7 = 2-^ sin x +— -a

V >3 3 3) 3J
dY
K
f (x) < 0 for all X e R sin X+— <1 and a>l for allx eR
3J
innd
Re
Hence,/(x) is decreasing on R.
Fi
F
EXAMPLE 3"
Show that /(x) =cos (2x + 7x/4) is an increasing function on {3n/S,7n/8).
SOLUTION We have, /(x) = cos (2x + tx/4) => / '(x) = - 2 sin {2x + 7t/4)
Now,
X e(37c/8,77x/8) => Six/S <x <7ti/8 ^ 3ti/4 <2x <7tx/4
7c/4 + 3tc/4 < 2x + tc/4 <7tc/4 + tx/4 ^ tx < 2x + n/A < 2n t ■
sin (2x + 7c/4) < 0 [●-● sine function is negative in third and fourth quadrants]
- 2 sin (2x + n/4) > 0 => / '(x) > 0
Hence,/(x) is increasing on (3jc/8, 7tx/8).
EXAMPLE 38 Find the least value of 'a' such that the function f{x) =x^ + ax + 1 is increasing on[l, 2].
Also, find the greatest value of 'a 'for which f{x) is decreasing on [1,2]. [NCERT]
SOLUTION We have, /(x) = x^ + ox +1

/'(x)=2x + fl and/''(x) = 2forallx.
Now, /"(;c)=2foraUA:e(l,2)
/"(:c)>0foraUj:e[l,2]
=> f'{x) is an increasing function on [ 1,2]
=> / '(1) and/' (2) are the least and the greatest values of f'{x) on [1, 2].
As fix) is increasing on [1, 2]. Therefore, /' (:c) > 0 for all x e [1, 2]. This is possible when least
value of /' (a:) i.e. /'(I) > 0.
Now, /'(1)>0 => 2 + n>0 ^ a>-2
Thus, the least value of a is -2.
If fix) is decreasing on [1,2], then
fix) < 0 for all a: e [1, 2]
ww
=> Greatest value of / ’ (x) < 0 for x e [1, 2]
^ /'(2)<0 fix) is increasing on [1, 2] /' (2) is the greatest value of/{x)]
=> 4 + a<0=> a<-4.
So, the greatest value of a is -4.
Flo
e
NOTE (i) ax"^ + bx + c>0 for all x n > 0 and - 4ac < 0
eree
(ii) +bx + c <0 for all x => n < 0 and b - 4ac < 0
FFr
(iii) If the least value of fx) defined on [a, b] is positive, then fx) > 0for all x e [a, b],
oorr
uur r
(iv) If the greatest value of fix) defined on[a, b]is negative, then fix) <0 for all x e[a,b].
sf
EXAMPLE 39 Find the values 'a'for which the function f ix) =(o + 2) - 3ax + 9ax-l decreases
for all real values of x.
sk
Yoo
ooko
SOLUTION We have,
fix)=ia + 2) x^ - 3ax^ + 9ax ~1 => f' ix) = 3 ia + 2) - Sax + 9a
eBB
Since / (x) is decreasing for all real values of x. Therefore,

/' (x) < 0 for all X € K
uurr
ad
=> 3 (fl + 2) - Sax + 9fl < 0 for all x g R

Yo
ia + 2) x^ - 2ax + 3a <0 for all x g R

dY
=> a + 2<Q and 4a^ - 4 x (a + 2) x 3fl < 0 [*.● ax^ + + c < 0 for allx e R => a < 0 and Disc < 0]
Re
innd
=> a < - 2 and a^ - 3fl^ - 6a < 0

FFi
=> a < - 2 and - 2a^ - 6a < 0 4

— oo ■3 0
=> a < - 2 and - 2a (a + 3) < 0 Fig. 16.39 Signs of a(fl + 3) for different values of x
Now,
- 2a (a + 3) < 0
^ a (a + 3) > 0
^ a<-3or, a>0 [See Fig. 16.39]
^ a e( - CO, - 3) u (0, oo)
a < - 2 and -2a(a+3)<0=> a<-2 and a e (- oo, - 3) u (0, oo) => a g (- co, - 3).
Hence, / (x) decreases for all x g R, if a g (- oo, - 3).
EXAMPLE40 Find the values of kfor which f ix) = kx^-9kx^ + 9x + 3 is increasing on R.
SOLUTION It is given that / (x) is increasing on R. Therefore,
fix) > 0 for all X G R
3kx^ - I8kx + 9 > 0 for all x eR

kx^ - 6kx +3 > 0 for all X e R
9 /
fc>0 and 36A:^ ~12A:<0 [●.● flAT + bx + c> 0 for all a: 6 R =s> fl > 0 and Disc < 0]
k>0 and 12fc (3fc-1) < 0
fc > 0 and k{3k -1) <0
=> 3k-1 <0 [vfc>0]
k < - => cf e (0,1/3).
3
Hence, / (x) is increasing on R, if A: e (0,1/3).
ww
EXERCISE 16.2
BASIC
1. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing,
FF loo
(i) f(x) = 10 - 6a: - 2at^ [NCERT] (ii) f(x) =x^ + 2x-5 INCERT]
ree
(iii) fix) =6-9x-x^ [NCERT] (iv) /(a:)=2a:^-12a:^+18a; + 15
(v) fix)=5+36x+3x'^-2x^ (vi) fix) ==S+36x+3x'^ ~2x^
reFe
(vii) /(a:)=5a:3-ISa:^-120;r+3 (viii) f{x)=x^-6x^-36x + 2
oroFr
rur
(ix) /(a:)=2a:^-15a:^ + 36a: + 1 (x) f{x)=2x^+ 9x^+ 12X + 20 [CBSE2011]
s ff
ICBSE 2005,2010]
(xi) /(a:)=2a:^-9a:^+12a;-5 (xii) fix) = 6 + Ux+ 3x^ - 2a:^
k
YYouo
okso
(xiii) fix)=2x^ -2AX + 107 (xiv) fix)=-2x^ -9x^ -\2x^-\ [NCERT]

BBoo
(XV) fix)=ix-l)ix-2)^ (xvi) /(x)=AT^-12a:^ + 36X + 17 [CBSE2001]

r ee
(xvii) fix)=2x^ -2^x + 7

ad
ouur
(xviu) fix)^~x^ x + 11 [NCERT]

Yo
10 5 5
(xix) /(x)=x“^-4x (XX) ^x^--x2-6x + 7

d
2
idnY
Re
(xxi) /(x) =x‘*-4x^ + 4x^ +15 (xxii) /(x) =5x^/2-3x^/2, x>0

FFin
(xxiii) fix) =x^ + 6x^ (xxiv) / (x) = x^ - 6x^ + 9x + 15 [CBSE 2000,04]

(xxv) /(x)=lx{x-2))2 [NCERT, CBSE 2010,14]
(xxvi) /(x) = 3x^ -4x^ -12x^ +5 [CBSE 2014]
(xxvii) /(x)=|x^-4x^~ 45x^+51 [CBSE 2014]
2x
(xxviii) /(x) =log(2 + x)- , X eR [CBSE 2014]
2 +x
x^
(xxix) /(x)= —-X ^-5x^ + 24x + 12 [CBSE 2018]
2. Determine the values of x for which the function /(x) =x^ - 6x + 9 IS mcreasmg or
decreasing. Also, find the coordinates of the point on the curve y = x^ - 6x + 9 where the
normal is parahel to the line y = x + 5.
16.28
MATHEMATICS-XII
3- Find the intervals in which/(:t) = sin :c-cos x,whereO < a: <27tis increasing or decreasing.
(CBSE 2000,2010]
4. Show that/(A:) = is increasing on R.
5. Show that f{x) = a: 5^ 0 is a decreasing function for all x 0.
6- Show that f{x) = ln„ x, 0 < < 1 is a decreasing function for all x > 0.
7. Show that /(x) = sin x is increasing on (0, n/2) and decreasing on {n/2, n) and neither
[NCERT]
increasingnordecreasingin(0, ti).
[NCERT]
8- Show that/(x) = In sin xis increasing on (0,7t/2) and decreasing on {.r/2, ti).
9- Show that/(x) = x - sin xis increasing for allx eR.
oww
10- Show that/(x) =x^ -15x^ + 75x -50 is an increasing function for allx eK.
11- Show that/(x) = cos^ x is a decreasing function on (0, n/2).
12. Show that/{x) = sin x is an increasing function on (- n/2, n/2).
e
13. Show that /(x) = cos x is a decreasing function on (0, n), increasing in (- 7t, 0) and neither
FFrlo
re
increasing nor decreasing in (- tc , tc).
14. Show that/(x) = tan x is an increasing function on (- n/2, n/2).
rFee
15. Show that/(x) =(x -1) +1 is an increasing function for all x >0.
rF
16. Prove that the funchon/(x) =x^ -6x^ + 12x-ISisincreasingonR. [CBSE2002C1
17. State when a function /(x) is said to be increasing on an interval [a, b]. Test whether the
fsoor
ouur
function fix) = x^ - 6x + 3 is increasing on the interval [4,6].
skf
18. Show that/(x) = sin X-cos xis an increasing function on {-n/4, n/4).
ooko
Yo
19. Show that/(x) = tan~^ x - x is a decreasing function on R.

Y
Bo
X f
reB
20. Determine whether f{x) = - -

2
+ sin x is increasing or decreasing on V. - 3' 3)'
21. Find the intervals in which /(x) = In (1 + x) —— is increasing or decreasing.

oY
uur
1 +x
ad
[CBSE 2000 C]
dY
22. Find the intervals in which / (x) ={x + 2) e ^ is increasing or decreasing.

[CBSE 2000 Cl
innd
Re
23. Show that the function / given by / (x) = 10^ is increasing for all x.
Fi
F
24. Prove that the function / given by / (.x) = x - [x] is increasing in (0,1).
25. Prove that the following functions are increasing on R:
(i) /(x) = 3x^+40x^ + 240x (ii) /(x)=4x^-18x^ + 27x-27 [CBSE 20171
26. Prove that the function / given by / (x) = In cos x is strictly increasing on (- n/2, 0) and
strictly decreasing on (0, n/2). [NCERT]
27. Prove that the function/ given by/(x) = x^ - 3x^ + 4x is strictly increasing on R. [NCERT]
28. Prove that the function / (x) = cos x is:
(i) strictly decreasing in (0,7t) (ii) strictly increasing in (ti, 2ti)
[NCERT]
(iii) neitherincreasingnordecreasingin(0, 27t)
BASED ON LOTS
29. Show that/(x) = tan(sin x + cos x)is a decreasing function on the interval (jr/4, n/2).
30. Show that the function/(x) = sin (2x+7t/4) is decreasing on (3tc/8, 5tc/8).
31. Show that the function/(A:) = cot \sin x + cosx) is decreasing on (0, n/A) and increasing on
(tt/4, Tt/2).
32. Show that the function x - x +1 is neither increasing nor decreasing on (0,1).
Q 7 ^
33. Show that f{x) = x + 4r +11 is an increasing function for aMx eR.
BASED ON HOTS
34. Show that f{x) = x - at sin a: is an increasing function on (0, n/2).

35. Find the value(s) of a for which f{x) =x^ - ax is an increasing function on R.
oww
36. Find the values of b for which the function f(x) = sin x -bx + c is a decreasing function
onR.
37. Show that f{x) = x + cos a: - fl is an increasing function on R for all values of a.
38. Let / defined on [0, 1] be twice differentiable such that | / "(a:) | < 1 for all x e [0,1]. If
e
/(O) =/(l), then show that \f'{x) \ <1 for all a; e[0,1]. [NCERT]
FFrlo
re
39. Find the intervals in which/ (x) is increasing or decreasing: [CBSE2014]
rF
ee
(i) f{x) =a:| a:|, a: €R (ii) / (a:) = sin AT +1 sin a: 1,0 < a: < 2;i
(iii) f{x) = sin a: (1 + cosa:), 0 < at < ^
rF
ouru
ANSWERS
1.
Increasmg Decreasing
fosor Increasing Decreasing
skf
(i) 3/2) (- 3/2,«)) (ii) (-1, oo) (-«=,-!)
ooko
{iii) (- 00, - 9/2) (-9/2, oo) (iv) (-co,l)u(3, co) (1,3)

Yo
Y
(v) (-2, 3) (-00,-2) w( 3, 00) (vi) (-2,3) (-00,-2) u(3, oo)

Bo
(vii) (- 00, - 2) u (4, «j) (- 2, 4) (viii) (- CO, - 2) u (6, oo) (- 2, 6)

reeB
(ix) (-00, 2) u(3, «)) (2,3) (x) (-a>,-2)u(-l,co) (-2,-1)

(xi) (-oo,l)u(2, co) (1,2) (xii) (-1,2) (-co,-l)u(2, co)
ooY
uur
(xiii) (- CO, - 2) u (2, co) {- 2, 2) (xiv) (-2,-1) (-00, -2) u( -1, oo)
ad
(xv) (-a),4/3)u(2,oo) (4/3,2) (xvi) (-00, 2) u(6, co) (2,6)

dY
(xvii) (- 00, - 2) u (2, co) (- 2, 2) (xviii) (- 2,1) u (3, co) (-00,-2) u (1,3)
innd
(xix) (1,oo) (-co,l) (xx) (-3,-l)u(2,oo) (_a>,-3)u(-l,2)

Re
(xxi) (0,l)u(2, co) (- 00, 0) u (1, 2) (xxii) (0,1) (l/«=)

Fi
F
(xxiii) (0, oo) (-«=, 0) (xxiv) (-00,-1) u(3, co) (1,3)

(xxv) (0,1) u (2 , co) (-00,0) u(l, 2) (xxvi) (-1, 0) u(2, co) (-oo,-l)u(0,2)
(xxvii) (-3, 0) u(5, oo) {- CO ,-3) u (0,5) (xxviii) (2, oo) (-«, 2)
(xxix) (-3, 2) u{4, oo) 3) w (2, 4)
2. Increasing on (3, oo) and decreasing on (- oo, 3); (5/2,1/4)
3. Increasing on (0, 3ti/4) u(7ro'4, 27t) ; decreasing on {3n/4,7n/4:)
17. Increasing 20. Increasing 21. Increasing on (0 , oo); decreasing on (-1, 0)
22. Increasing on (-oo, -1); decreasing on {-1, oo)
26. Increasingon (-oo,-1);decreasingon(-l,oo) 35. a<0 36. b>l
39. (i) Increasing for all a: € R

(ii) Increasing on (0, n/2), decreasing on {n/ 2, ;u), neither increasing nor decreasing on
(ti, 2n)
(iii) Increasing on(0, n/3), decreasing on (rt/3, n/2)
16.30 MATHEMATICS>XII
1. The values of 'a' for which the function /(x) = sin x - ax+ b increases on R are
2x^-1
2. The function f{x) = , a: > 0, decreases in the interval
3. The function g{x) = a: +—,

x
a: 9^ 0 decreases in the closed interval
1
4. The largest open interval in which the function f(x) = 2 decreases is
1 + a:
5. The set of values of x for which f{x) = tan x-xis increasing is
w
6. The set of values of 'a' for which the function/(a:) = sin x - cosx -ax + b decreases for all real
values of x, is INCERT EXEMPLAR]
Flo
7. The set of values of 'a' for which thef{x)-ax + b is strictly increasing for all real x, is
If kn is the length of the largest interval in which the function /(x) = 3sinx-4sin^x is
e
8.
rree
increasing, then k =
r FF
Xsinx + 6cosx
9. The set of values of X for which the function /(x) = is strictly increasing,
2sinx+ 3cosx
uurr
IS.
for
l/x
10. The largest interval in which f{x) = x is strictly increasing is
kss
ooook
Yo
ANSWERS
eB
1. {-CO,-1) 2. (l,co) 3. [-1,1] 4. (0, oo)
5. R =
|(2«-1)^ «ez| 6. (V2, oo) 7. {0, oo)
urr
ad
1
Yo
8. 9. (4, oo) 10. (l,e)

3
dY

Re
innd
Fi
question:
1. What are the values of 'a' for which / (x) = a* is increasing on R?
2. What are the values of 'a' for which / (x) = a^ is decreasing on R?
3. Write the set of values of 'a' for which / (x) = logg x is increasing in its domain.
4.
Write the set of values of 'a' for which / (x) = log^ x is decreasing in its domain.
5. Find 'a' for which f (x) =a{x + sin x) + fl is increasing on R.
6. Find the values of'a' for which the function/(x) = sin x-ax+ 4 is increasing function on R.
7. Find the set of values of V for which/(x) = b{x + cos x) + 4is decreasing on R.
8. Find the set of values of 'a' for which / (x) = x + cos x + ax + b is increasing on R.
9. Write the set of values of k for which / (x) = cfx - sin x is increasing on R.
10. If g{x) is a decreasing function on R and /(A:)=tan“^ State whether f (x) is

increasing or decreasing on R.
11. Write the set of values of a for which the function f {x) =ax + b is decreasing for all x sR.
12. Write the interval in which / (x) = sin x + cos x, a: e[0, tt/2] is increasing.
13. State whether / (x) = tan x - x is increasing or decreasing its domain.
14. Write the set of values of a for which / (x) = cos x-i- a x + b is strictly increasing on R.
ANSWERS
1. a>l 2. 0<fl<l 3. fl>l 4. 0 <1
ww
5. a e(0, oo) 6. fl e(-co, -1) 7. b e(- CO, 0) 8. a e(0, co)
9. k e(l, co) 10. Decreasing 11. a e(-oo, 0) 12. [0, Jt/4]
13. Increasing 14. fl e(-oo,
Floo
oo)
ree
F rFee
oor r
rur
s ff
osk
YYoou
oook
eBB
uur r
ad
Yo
dY
Re
idn
FFin
CHAPTE
IVIAXIMA AND MINIMA
17.1 INTRODUCTION
In the previous chapters, we have learnt about various applications of differentiation. In this
chapter, we will use differentiation to find the maximum and minimum values of differentiable
ww
functions in their domains. In the end of the chapter, we will discuss applications of maxima and
minima in solving some applied problems.
FF loo
17.2 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF A FUNCTION IN ITS DOMAIN
ree
MAXIMUM Let f (x) be a real function defined on an interval [a, b]. Then, /(x) is said to have the
maximum value in \a, b], if there exists a point c in [a, b] such that f (x) < f{c) for all x e {a, h].
reFe
In such a case, the number /(c) is called the maximum value of/(:e) in the interval [a, b] and the
oroFr
r ur
point c is called a point of maximum value of / in the A y
s ff
interval [a, b].
Consider the function / given by /(x) = -(x -1) +10.
k
YYouo
koso
Clearly, domain (/) = R = (- oo , oo). y=A^)

We observe that
Ac)
BBoo
-(x-l)^<0 forallxeR
r ee
X' 0 b X
-(x-l)^+10< 10 forallxeR ^ Y
ad
ouur
Fig. 17.1 Maximum value of/(x)ati = c

/(x)<10 for all X e R
Yo
/ (x) </ (1) for all X e R [v/(!)=-(!-1)2+10 =10]

d
Re
idnY
It follows from this expression that/ (1) = 10 is the maximum value of function/ and the point of
maximum value of / is x = 1. This fact is also evident from the graph of function / as shown in
FFin
Fig. 17.2.
f{x)== - (x-l)2+10
Fig. 17.2 Graph off{x) = - (x - 1)^ + 10

MINIMUM Let f (x) be a real function defined on an interval [a, b].Thenf (x) is said to have the minimum
value in interval [a, b], if there exists a point c e {a, b]such that f (x) >/ (c) for all x e [a, b].
In such a case, the number / (c) is called the minimum value of / (a:) in the interval [a, b] and the
point c is called a point of minimum value of / in the interval [a, b].
0 b
yy-
Fig. 17.3 Minimum value of/(x)atx = c
w
Consider the function / given by / (x) = +5. Clearly, domain (/) = R = (- co , cc).
Now,
Flo
>0 for all j: € K => +5 >5for all a: e R=>/ (a:) >5 for all x e R =>/{x) > /(O) for allx e R
e
reee
It follows from this expression and the above definition that
Jf[x) =
FFr
●y
the minimum value of fimction f{x)=x +5 defined on R is 5
and the point of minimum value of / is x = 0. This observation
for
ur
0,5)
is also evident from the graph of / (x) = x^ + 5 as shown in
X’ X
<■ ■>
kss
Fig. 17.4. 0
Yo
In the above discussion, we have seen that the function Y'

oo
f (jr) = - (x -1) +10, X e R has the maximum value but it does Fig. 17.4 Graph of/(x) = x^ + 5
eB
not attain the minimum value, because -(x-1) +10 can be

made as small as we please, which is also evident from the graph (Fig. 17.2). The function
/(x) = x^ +5 attains the minimum value 5 at x = 0, but it does not attain the maximum value at
ur
ad
any point in its domain. In fact, / (x) can be made as large as we please. From the graph of / (x)
Yo
(Fig. 17.4), we find that the values of / (x) are increasing rapidly. That is why it does not attain
the maximum value.
d
Re
Let us now consider the function / (x) = sin x defined on the interval [0,2 tt] .
in
Clearly, -1 < sin x < 1 for all x e [0, 2 7t]. So, -1 5/ (x) < 1 for all x e [0, 2tc].
F
Also, / - =1 and / — = -l.

■ÛJ ■’[ij
for all X e [0, 2;t]
\ / \^J
Thus, / (x) attains both the maximum value 1 and the

minimumvalue -1 in the interval [0, 2 ti] . Points x = Jt/2
and X = 3n/2 are respectively the points of maximum and
minimum values of / in the interval [0, 2 x]. This is also
evident from the graph of / (x) as shown in Fig. 17.5. Fig. 17.5 Graphof/(x) = siny,0 SxS2n
Now, consider the function/ given by / (x) = x^defined on
(- 2, 2). Clearly, it is an increasing function in the given interval. So, it should have the minimum
value at a point closest to - 2 on its right and the maximum value at a point closest to 2 on the left.
In fact, it is not possible to locate such points as shown in Fig. 17.6. Therefore, / (x) = x^ has
neither the maximum value nor the minimum value in the interval (- 2,2).
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.3
V A
[x) = ^
X' X
^ (-2,0) O (2,0) ^
yr
Fig. 17.6 Graph of f{x) =
It follows from the above discussion that a function / defined on an interval I.

(i) may attain the maximum value at a point in I but not the minimum value at any point in I.
ww
(ii) may attain the minimum at a point in I but not the maximum value at any point in I.
(hi) may attain both the maximum and minimum values at some points in I.
(iv) may not attain both the maximum and minimum values at any point in I.
Flo
Let us now discuss more examples on the maximum and minimum values of functions in their
domains.
e
eree
FFr
EXAMPLE 1 Find the maximum and the minimum values, if any, of the following functions
oorr
uur r
(i) f(x) = 3x^ + 6x+S,xgR (u) f{x) = -1 x- 11 + 5forallxeR
sf
(hi) /(x) = sin 3x + A,x g{-n/2 , n/2) (iv) f{x)=x^ +lforallxeR [NCERT]
sk
(v) fix) = sin (sin x)forallx eR (vi) f{x) =\x+3\forallx^R.

Yoo
oook
SOLUTION (i) We have, f{x) = + 6x + 8 = 3 (x^ + 2x +1) + 5 = 3 (x +1)^ + 5.

eBB
Clearly, 3 (x + 1)^ >0 for all i e R

=>
3{x + lf+5 > 5 foraU xeR => f(x)>f(-l) foraU xeR. [V /(-I) =5]
uurr
Thus, 5 is the minimum value of f{x) which it attains at a: = -1.

ad
Yo
Since f{x) can be made as large as we please. Therefore, the maximum value does not exist
which can be observed from Fig. 17.7.
dY
AY
Re
innd
(^*)=3(x+1)2+5
FFi
(-L5)
X' X
< >
(-1,0) 0
vr
Fig. 17.7 Graph of/(x) = 3(ar+ 1)^ +5
(h) Wehave, /(x) =-| x-11 + 5 foraU xeR.

Clearly, | x -11 > 0 for aU x e R
=> -|x-l|<0 foraUxeR=>-|x-l[+5<5forallxsR=> '^(x) <5 for all x e R.
So, 5 is the maximum value of/(x).
17.4 MATHEMATICS-Xtl
Now, f{x) =5=> - + 5=5=>|x-l| = 0::^ x = l.

Thus, /(x) attains the maximum value 5 at x = 1. Since /(x) can be made as small as we please.
Therefore the minimum value of/(x) does not exist (see Fig. 17.8).
(iii) We have, /(x) = sin 3x + 4 for all x e R
Clearly, -1 ^ sin 3x < 1 for all x e R
-1+4^ sin3x + 4<l + 4 forallxeR
3 < sin 3x + 4 <5 for all X € R ^ 3 </(x) <5 for all x e R.
Thus, the maximum value of/(x) is 5 and the minimum value is 3.
A V
ww
(-ji/6,3)
<0 *
FF loo
X' X <■
c X' o X
<■ —jr—71 7T TT 7t TT ->
ree
2 I 6 6 3 2
Fig. 17.10 Graph of f{x) = x^ + 1
reFe
Fig. 17.9 Graph of/(x) = sin 3x + 4
ororF
rur
K K
Now, /(x) = 5 sin 3x + 4 = 5 => sin 3x = l=> 3x=-^=^x 6

s ff
7t
So, fix) attains its maximum value 5 at x = —. (see Fig. 17.9).

k
6
YYouo
okso
TI n
Also, fix) = 3 => sin3x + 4 = 3=> sin3x=-l=> 3x = -^

=> x = -
6
BBoo
So, fix) attains the minimum value 3 at x = - —.

r ee
(iv) We have, fix) = x^ +1, x e R. Here, we obsenê that the values of fix) increase when the
ad
ouur
Yo
values of x are increased and /(x) can be made as large as we please by giving large values to x.
So,/(x) does not have the maximum value. Similarly,/(x) can be made as small as we please by
giving smaller values to x. So fix) does not have the minimum value also. (See Fig. 17.10).
d
idnY
Re
(v) We have, /(x) =sin (sinx), x e R. Clearly,

FFin
-1 < sin X < 1 for all x e R
sin (-1) < sin (sin x) < sin 1 for all x e R sin x is an increasing function on [-1,1]]
- sin 1 ^ fix) < sin 1 for all x e R A
This shows that the maximum value of /(x) is sin 1 and the
Rx)=|i + 3|
minimum value is - sin 1.
(vi) We have, fix) = |x + 3| for all x e R <

(-3,0) O X
X'
Clearly, I X + 31 >0 forallxeR ^ /(x)>0 for all xeR.

So, the minimum value of fix) is 0, which it attains at x = - 3. YSl,
Fig. 17.11 Graph ofRx) = |* + 3]
Clearly, /(x)=[x+ 3| does not have the maximum value.
(See Fig. 17.11).
EXERCISE 17.1
BASIC
Find the maximum and the minimum values, if any, zvithout using derivatives of the follozvingfunctions:
1, fix) =4x^ -4j: + 4on R 2. f{x) = - (x -1)^ + 2 on [NCERT]
3. fix) =1 AT + 21 on R 4. f{x) = sin 2x + 5 on R [NCERT]
5. fix) =1 sin 4a: + 31 on R [NCERT] 6. fix) =2x^+5 onR
7. /W=-lx + l| + 3onR[NCERT] 8. fix) = I6x^ ~ 16x + 28 on R
9, f ix) = x^ - Ion R
ANSWERS
1. Min. = 3, Max. dose not exist. 2. Max. = 2, Min. does not exist.
looww
3. Min. = 0, Max. does not exist. 4. Max. = 6, Min. = 4.
5. Max. = 4, Min. = 2. 6. Max and Min. both do not exist.
7. Max. = 3, Min. does not exist. 8. Min. = 24, Max. does not exist
9. Max. and Min. both do not exist.
ree
2. We have, fix) = - (a: -1)^ for all a: e R
eeF
Clearly,
r FF
<0forall ateR^ -(a:-1)^+2 < 2for all a: e R /(a:)<2 for all a:eR.
roFrr
So, fix) attains maximum value 2 at a:=1 and the minimum value does not exist as
/ (x) can be made as small as we please.
s fof
u
4. We have,/(x) = sin2x + 5, xeR.
k
Clearly, -1 < sin 2x ^ 1 for all x e R

kos o
YYouor
=> 5 -1 < sin 2x + 5 < 1 + 5 for all x e R => 4 </ (x) < 6 for all x g R.
BBoo
So, the minimum and the maximum values of / (x) are 4 and 6 respectively.
r ee
5. We have, / (x) = | sin 4x + 31, x g R. We know that

-1 < sin 4x < 1 for all X € R.
ad
ouur
=> 3-l< sin 4x+ 3^1 + 3 for all xgR

Yo
^ 2 < sin 4x + 3 < 4 for all X E R
=> 2 2 £/ (x) < 4 for all x g R
d
Re
dinY
So, the minimum and the maximum values of / (x) are 2 and 4 respectively.
7. We have, / (x) = -1 x +11 + 3, x e R. We know that
FFin
-1 X +1 I < 0 for all X E R ^ - |x +1[ + 3 < 3 for all x e R => / (x) < 3 for aU x e R.
So, the maximum value of / (x) is 3. As fix) can be made as small as we please. So, the
minimum value of / (x) does not exist.
17.3 LOCAL MAXIMA AND LOCAL MINIMA

In the previous section, we have discussed about the greatest (maximum) and the least
(minimum) values of a function in its domain. But, there may be points in the domain of a
function where the function does not attain the greatest (or the least) value but the values at
these points are greater than or less than the values of the function at the neighbouring points.
Such points are known as the points of local minimum or local maximum and we will be mainly
discussing about the local maximum and local minimum values of a function.
LOCAL MAXIMUM ^ function fix) is said to attain a local maximum at x^= a if there exists a
neighbourhood ia-3,a + S) of a such that
fix) < fid) for all X eia-d,a + S), x¥= a.
or, f{x)~f{a) < Qfor all X s{a-8, a -i- S), x*a.

In such a case, f{a) is called the local maximum value of f{x) atx =a.
LOCAL MINIMUM A function f{x) is said to attain a local minimum at x = a if there exists a
neighbourhood {a ~b,a + of a such that
f{x) > f{a) for all x e{a - b, a + S), x ^ a
or, f{x) -f{a) >0for all x e{a ~ b, a + S), x ^ a.
The value of the function atx = a i.e. f{a) is called the local minimum value of f{x) at x = a.
The points at which a function attains either the local maximum values or local minimum values
are known as the extreme points or turning points and both local maximum and local minimum
values are called the extreme values of f{x). Thus, a function AY
attains an extreme value at x = a if /(a) is either a local maximum
loow w
value or a local minimum value. Consequently, at an extreme
point 'a', fix) - /(a) keeps the same sign for all values of x in a
deleted neighbourhood of a.
In Fig. 17.12 we observe that the x-coordinates of the points A, C
ree
and £ are points of local maximum and the values at these points X
i.e. their y-coordinates are the local maximum values of /(x). The o
■>
rree F
r FF
x-coordinates of points B and D are points of local minimum and
Fig. 17.12
their y-coordinates are the local minimum values of /(x).

fofroF
u
NOTE By A local maximum (or local minimum) value of a function at a point x = a, we mean the greatest
ks
(or the least) value in the neighbourhood of point x = a and not the maximum (or the mmimum) in the
domain of the function. In fact a function may have any number of points of local maximum (or local
soo
minimum) and even a local minimum value may be greater than a local maximum value. In Fig. 17.12 the
YYouor
minimum value at D is greater than the maximum value at A. Thus, a local maximum value may not be
BBook
the greatest value and a local minimum value may not be the least value of the function in its domain.
r ee
It follows from the above definition that if a is a point of local maximum of a function/, then in
ouru
the neighbourhood of a the graph of / should be as shown in Fig. 17.13. Clearly, / (x) is
ad
increasing in the left neighbourhood (a - 6, a) of point a and decreasing in the right

Yo
neighbourhood of x = a.
/' (x) > 0 for X e (a - 6, a) and, /' (x) < 0 for x 6 (a, a + ^
d
Re
iYn
A y AY
FFind
>0
<0
>
o n-6 a + 5 X O fl-8 a + 8 1c
Fig. 17.13 Point of local maximum Fig. 17.14 Point of local minimum
This suggests that /' (a) must be zero.

Similarly, if a is a point of local minimum of a function /, then in the neighbourhood of a the
graph of / should be as shown in Fig. 17.14. Here, we observe that/ (x) is decreasing in the left
neighbourhood (a - 6, a) of A and increasing in the right neighbourhood (a, a + 5) of a.
17.7
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
/'(a:) <0 forx e(fl-6, (?) and,/’(.r) >0 for :x: e(fl, fl+6).
This also suggests that /' {ci) must be zero.
In view of the above discussion we state the following theorem (without proof) which is known
as the necessary condition for points of local maximum or minimum.
THEOREM Anecessary condition for â) to be an extreme value of a function f(x) is that f' (a) = 0,
in case it exists.
REMARK 1 This result states that if the derivative exists, it must be zero at the extreme points. A
function may however attain an extreme value at a point without being derivable thereat. For example, the
function f{x) - \ x\ attains the minimum value at the origin even though it is not derivable at x = 0.
w
y = -x !/ = ^
Flo
ee
o
t TT X
Fr
'k y for
ur
Fig. 17.15 Graph of/(x) = | x Fig. 17.16 Graph of/(x)=
REMARK 2 This condition is only a necessary condition for the point x = a tobe an extreme point. It is
ks
not sufficient i.e., f'{a)=0 does not necessarily imply that x-ais an extreme point. There are functions
Yo
for which the derivatives vanish at a point but do not have an extreme value thereat. For example,
oo
for the function f{x) = x^, we have /' (0) = 0 but at x = 0 the functiondoes not attainane.xtreme value
eB
(See Fig. 17.16). In fact on the left of point x = 0, the curve is concave down and on its right the cwve is
concave up. That is, the concavity off{x) changes x as increases through O. Such points are called points of
ur
inflection. If x = c is a point of inflection of a function f{x), then f"{c) = 0and f" (x) change its sign as x
ad
increases through 'c'.

Yo
REMARK 3 Geometrically the above condition means that the tangent to the curve y = f{x) at a point
where the ordinate is maximum or minimum is parallel to the x-axis.
d
As discussed in Remark 2 that all x,for which f '(x) = 0, do not give us the extreme values.
Re
REMARK 4
in
The values of xfor zvhich f'(x) = 0 are called stationary points or turning points and the corresponding
values offfx) are called stationary or turning values offix).
F
REMARK 5 The values of xfor which f'(x) = 0 or, f'{x) does not exist are knoion as critical points.
17.4 FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST FOR LOCAL MAXIMA AND MINIMA
In the previous section, we have seen that an extreme point (point of local maximum or
minimum) the derivative of the function either does not exist or in case it exists, it must be zero.
We have also seen that if a is a point of local maximum value of a function /, then there exists a
neighbourhood (r? - 6, n + 8) of r? such that
/' (x) > 0 for all X e (fl - 5, fl) [See Fig. 17.13]
and. /' (x) <0 for all X € (fl , fl + 5).
In case, a is a point of local minimum value of function /, then there exists a neighbourhood
(ii - 6, ^ of such that
/' (x) <0 for all X 6 (fl - 5, a)
and. f (x) >0 for all X 6 (fl, + 5) [See Fig. 17.14]
In the light of these observations, we state the following theorem (without proof) for finding the
points of local maxima or local minima.
THEOREM 1 (First derivative test) Let f be a differentiable function defined on an interval I and let a el.
Then,
(a) x = a is a point of local maximum value of f, if

(i) /' («)=0
and, (ii) /' (a:) changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through a
i.e.f (a:) > Oat every point sufficiently close to and to the left ofa,andf'{x) < Oat every point sufficiently
ooww
close to and to the right of a.
(b) xâisa point of local minimum value of f, if
(i) /' {a) = 0
and, (ii) f'(x) changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through a
e
ree
i.e. f (a:) <0at every point sufficiently close to and to the left of a, and f (a:) >0at every point sufficiently
rFl
close to and to the right of a.
Fre
rrF
(c) If f (fl) = 0 and f (a:) does not change sign as increases through a, that is, f (a:) has the same sign in
the complete neighbourhood of a, then a is neither a point of local maximum value nor a point of local
ouur
sffoo
minimum value. In fact, such a point is called a point of inflexion.
The above theorem suggests the following algorithm to find the points to local maxima or local
okks
minima of differentiable functions.

Yo
oo
Y
ALGORITHM
BB
Stepl Put y= fix)

rre
Stepn Find—.
dx
ouu
YY
ad
Step III Put ^

dx
= Oand solve this equation for X. Letc-\, Cn, c^,...,Cjfbe the roots of this equation. Points
CiC2,c^,...,Cfj are critical points (stationary values ofx) and these are the possible points where
dd
the function can attain a local maximum or a local minimum. So, we test the function at each
Re
iinn
one of these points.

F
Step IV Consider x = Cp
If ^ changes its signfrom positive to negative as x increases through c^, then thefunction attains
a local maximum atx = c^.
1
If ^ changes its sign from negative to positive as x increases through Cy then the function
attains a local minimum at x = Cy
If does not change sign as x increases through Cy then x = Ci is neither a point of local
dx
maximum nor a point of local minimum. In this case x = Ci is a point of inflexion.

Similarly, we may deal with other values ofx.
17.9
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
EXAMPLE 1 Find all the points of local maxima and minima of thefunction f{x) = x -bx +9a:-8.
[NCERT]
SOLUTION Lety-f{x)=x^ -6x^ + 9 - 8-Then, ^ =f{x) = Sx^-12x + 9 = 3{x^ -4a:+ 3).

The critical points of f{x) are given by /' (x) = 0 or, ^ = 0.
oww
Now,
dx
= 0 3(x^ -4x+ 3) = 0 X = 1, 3.
We have to examine whether these points are points of local maxima or local minima or neither
of them. +
ee
— oo 1 00
We have = 3{x-l)(x-3) Fig. 17.17 Signs of — for different values of x.
FFrlo
dx dx
r
rF
The changes in signs of ~ for different values of x are shown in Fig. 17.17. Clearly, ^
dx changes
ee
dx
sign from positive to negative as increases through 1. So, x = 1 is a point of local maximum.
ouru
rF
Also ,^
dx
changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through 3. So x = 3 is a point of
local minimum.
ffosor
os k
EXAMPLE 2 points of local maxima and local minima as well as the corresponding local
maximum and local minimum values for the function f{x) - (x -1) ^ (x +1)^.
ook
Yo
SOLUTION Lety=/(x)=(x-l)^(x + l)^. Then,

Y
Bo
= 3(x-l)^(x + l)^ + 2(x + l)(x-l)^ = {x-l)2(x + l) {3(x + l) + 2(x-l)}

reeB
dx
^y
oouY
= (x-l)^(x + i)(5x + l).

ur
dx
ad
At points of local maxima or local minima, we must have

dY
o 1
= 0 => (x-l)^(x + l)(5x + l) = 0 => X = 1 or, X = -1 or, X = --
5
dx
nidn
Re
Now, we have to examine whether these points are points of local maximum or local minimum
or neither of them.
F
Fi
Since (x -1)^ is always positive, therefore the sign of ^ is same as that the (x +1) (5x + 1). The
changes in signs of — for different values of x are shown in Fig. 17.18.
dx
4 4
-1 _1 1
5
dy
Fig. 17.18 Signs of ^ for different vaiues of x.
Clearly, — does not change its sign as x passes through 1. So x = 1 is neither a point of local
dx
maximum nor a point of local minimum. In fact, x = 1 is a point of mflexion.

Clearly, — changes sign from positive to negative as x passes through -1. So, x = -1 is a point of
dx
local maximum.
The local maximum value of/(a:) at :c = -l is/(-l) =(-2)^ (-1+ 1)^ = 0.

It is evident from Fig. 17.18 that ~ changes sign from negative to positive as x passes through
-1/5. So, x = -l/5 is a point of local minimum.
1 / 1^ 3456
The local minimum value of/(a:) at a: = — is/ — -
5 V 5/ 5 5 3125
EXA.MPLE3 Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function
f{x) = x^ -6x^ + 12X-8.
SOLUTION Lety=/(A:)=A:^-6A:^ + 12A:-8.Then,^
dx
= 3a:^-12a: + 12 = 3{x-2)^.
ooww
<^y + +
The critical points of y -f{x) are given by —

dx
= 0. - CC 2
>
CO
dy
<dy Fig. 17.19 Signs of -f for different values of x.
Now
^ dx
= 0 => 3(a:-2)^ = 0 => a: = 2. dx
e
We observe that — = 3 (x - 2)^ > 0 for all x^2. Thus, — does not change sign as x increases
ree
dx dx
rFl
through a: = 2.
Fre
Hence, a: = 2 is neither a point of local maximum nor a point of local minimum. In fact, it is a
rrF
point of inflection.
EXAMPLE 4 Show that the function f{x)=4x^-18x^+ 27x-7 has neither maxima nor
ouur
sffoo
minima. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have,
okks
y=f{x)=4x^-18x^ + 27x-7 => ^ =12a:^-36a: +27 = 3 (4x^-12a: +9) = 3 (2a:-3)^

Yo
oo
dx
Y
BB
dy
The critical points of y =f(x) are given by dA:
= 0.
rre
dy
= 0=> 3(2x-3)2=0=> 2a:-3 = 0=>a: = |. Clearly, ^ = 3 {2a:-3)^ > 0 for all a: |
ouu
Now,
YY
ad
dx
dy
Thus, does not change its sign as x increases through x = 3/2 as shown in Fig. 17.20. Hence,
dd
a: = 3/2 is neither a point of local maximum nor a point of local minimum. In fact, it is a point of
Re
iinn
inflection.
F
+ +
<- ■>
— CO 3/2 CO
dy
Fig. 17.20 Signs of for different values of x.
dx
EXAMPLE 5 Find the points of local maxima, local minima and the points of inflection of the function
f{x) =:^ ~5x^ +5x^ -1. Also, find the corresponding local maximum and local minimum values
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Lety =/(x) =a:^ -5a:^ +5a:^ -l.Then,
^
dx
=5a:^ -20a:^ +15a:^ =5Ar^ (x^ ~4x+3) =5x'^ (.r-1) (x-3)
The critical points of y =f{x) are given by —
dx
= 0.
dy
Now,
dx
= 0=i’ 5a:^ (^-1) (x-3) =0=> a: = 0, a: =1, a: = 3.
Clearly does not change its sign as x increases through 0. So, a: = 0 is a point of inflection.
" dx
+ +
<-— ■>
dy
It is evident from Fig. 17.21 that — changes its 0 1 3
— CO CO
dx
Fig. 17.21 Signs of — for different values of x.
dx
sign from positive to negative as x increases
through 1. So, x=l is a point of local maximum. Tlie local maximum value of f{x) is
/(l)=l-5 + 5-l = 0.
We observe, from Fig. 17.21, that ~ changes its sign from negative to positive as x increases
dx
through 3. So, ;r = 3 is a point of local minimum. The local minimum value of f{x) is
ooww
/(3) = 3^-5x 3^+5x 3^-1 =-28.
EXAMPLE 6 Find the local maxima or local minima, if any, of the function f{x) - sin x + cos x,
0 < a: < — using the first derivative test. [NCERT]
e
We have, y = f{x) = sin x + cos a: => ^ -
ree
SOLUTION cos x - sm X
rFl dx
Fre
The critical points of y =f{x) are given by ^ = 0.
rrF
dx
7t 7t
Now, — = 0 => cos X - sin a: = 0 => tan x = 1 =>x= — V 0<x<-
ouur
dx
sffoo4 2
Now, we will see whether x = ^ is a point of local maximum or a point of local minimum or none
okks
of these.
Yo
oo
Y
In the left neighbourhood ^ ~ ^ ha^ e

BB
rre
n
x<— => cosx>sinx=> cosx-sinx>0=> —>0
4 dx
ouu
YY
In the right neighbourhood of x = ^, we have

ad
71 dy
x>— => cosx<sinx=> cosx-sinx<0^ ^<0
dd
4 dx
Re
iinn
Thus, ^ changes its sign from positive to negative as x increases through So, /(x) attains a
F
7t
local maximum at x = —.
4
EXAMPLE? Find the local maximum or local minimum, if any, of the function f(x) = sin^ x + cos^ x,
0 < X < -^ using the first derivative test.
SOLUTION We have,
y = f(x) = sin^x + cos^x
'I 0 ^
= 4 sin ^ X cos x - 4 cos x sin x= - 4 cos x sin x (cos x - sin x)
dx
^y =_ - 2 sin 2x cos 2x = - sin 4x

dx
The critical points of y =f{x) are given by ^ = 0.

Now, ^ dx
= 0 - sin 4a: = 0 => sin 4a: = 0 => 4a: = tc => x=—
4
0 < x < — /. 0 < 4x < 2ti
2
In the left neighbourhood of x = ^, we have

dy <0
x<-=>4x<7i^sin4x>0^-sin4x<0=> ,
4 dx
7C
In the right neighbourhood of x = —, we have
x>— => 4x>71=> sin4x<0=> -4sin4x>0=^ ^>0

4 dx
ww
Thus, — changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through —. So /X
dx
7C
4
=
^ is a point of
local minimum. The local minimum value of / (x) at x = — is
Flo sm —
K
+
n
cos — Y_i1
e
4j
rere
EXAMPLES Find the ipoints at which the function/given by f{x) = (x-2)^ (x +1)^ has
r FF
(i) local maxima (ii) local minima (iii) points of inflexion [NCERT]
uurr
SOLUTION We have,
for
fix) = (x-2)^(x + 1)3
fix) = 4(x-2)^{x + 1)3+ 3(x-2)^(x + 1)2 = (x - 2)^ (x +1)^ (7x - 2)
kss
fix) = (x-2)2{a: + 1)2{x-2)(7x-2)

ooook
Yo
The critical points of /(x) are given by /' (x) = 0.

eBB
Now, /'(x) = 0 => X = 2,

urr
Since (x -2)^ (x +1)^ is always positive. So, sign of/' (x) depends upon the signof{x-2) (7x-2).
ad
2
Yo
The changes in signs of /' (x) as x increases through — and 2 are shown in Fig. 17.22.
dY
+ + +
—>
- oo -1 2 2 CO
Re
innd
Fig. 17.22 Signs of/'(x) for different values of x.

Fi
2 2 .
Clearly, /' (x) changes its sign from positive to negative as increases through —. So, X = —
7
IS a
point of local maximum.

We observe that /' (x) changes its sign from negative to positive as x increases through 2.
So, X = 2 is a point of local minimum.
There is no change in the sign of /' (x)as increases through-1. So,x =-1 is a point of inflexion.
EXERCISE 17.2
BASIC
Find the points of local maxima or local minima, if any, of the following functions, using the first
derivative test. Also, find the local maximum or local minimum values, as the case may be:
1. fix) = (x-5)4 2. fix) = x^ - 3x [NCERTl
3. /(x)=x^{x-l)^ 4. /(x)={x-1)(x + 2)2

5. /w = [NCERT] 6. f{x)=x^ -6x^ ■¥9x + \5

7. f{x) = sin 2^, 0<;c<71 8. f{x) = sin ;c - cos x,Q<x<ln INCERT]
f{x) = sin 2x - ^ < j: < —

7t
9. f{x) = cos x,0 <x <n 10.
2
71 7C
11. f{x) = 2sii\ x-x, — <;c< —
2 2
12.
f {x)=x -Jl -X ,0<x<l [NCERT]
r/ V X 2
Z
13. fix) = x^{2x-l)^ 14. -,x>0
ANSWERS
1. X =5 is a point of local minimum, local minimum value = 0.
w
2. X = -1 is a point of local maximum, local maximum value = 2
a: = 1 is a point of local minimum, local minimum value = - 2.
Flo
3. a: = 1 is a point of local minimum, local minimum value = 0
e
3 108
j is a point of local maximum, local maximum value = - 3125
x =
ree
FFr
4. a: = 0 is a point of local minimum, local minimum value = - 4
a: = - 2 is a point of local maximum, local maximum value = 0.
for
ur
5. Local maximum at a: = 0, Local maximum value = —
2
kkss
6. a: = 1 is a point of local maximum, local maximum value = 19
Yo
a: = 3 is a point of local minimum, local minimum value = 15.

oo
K
7. X = — is a point of local maximum local maximum value = 1
eB
37t
a: = — is a point of local minimum local minimum value = -1.
ur
ad
— is a point of local maximum, local maximum value = V2

YYo
8. a: =
a: = ^ is a point of local minimum, local minimum value = - V2.

d
Re
in
9. None in the interval (0,7t)

F
10. X = — is a point of local maximum, local maximum value = - —

6 ^ 2 6
^ is a point of local minimum, local minimum value = -

7C
X = ~
+ —.
11. X - — is a point of local maximum, local maximum value = -/3 - —
3 3
- 71
X = — is a point of local minimum, local minimum value = -V3+^.
3 3
2 2 V3
12. Local maximum at a: = — , Local Maximum value - —
3 9
1 1
13. Minimum at a = — , Local Minimum value = -
4 ' 512
14. Minimum at a = 2, Local Minimum value = 2
2. Wehave, f (x) = -3x^ f (x) = 3x‘^-3 = 3{x-l){3: + l)

The critical points of f{x) are given by /' (x) = 0.
Now, fix) = 0 => 3(x -1) (:r +1) = 0 => x = \,-l.
The changes in signs of /' (x) for different value of x are as shown in Fig. 17.23.
+ +
- 00 -1 2 00
Fig. 17.23 Signs of/'(j:) for different values of x.
Clearly, /' (x) changes its sign from positive to negative as x increases through -1. So, x = -1
ooww
is a point of local maximum with the local maximum value given by /(-I) = (-1) ^ - 3 (-1) = 2.
As /' (x) changes its sign from negative to positive as x increases through 1. So, x = 1 is a
point of local minimum with the local minimum value / (1) = 1 - 3 = - 2.
e
-2x
5. We have, /(x) = fix) =
+
ree
<■
x^ + 2 (x^ + 2)^ 0
rFl - * «>
Fig. 17,24 Signs of/'(x) for different values of x.
Fre
The critical points of /(x) are given by f'{x)= 0.
rrF
-2x
Now, fix) = 0 => = 0 => X = 0
(x^+2)^
ouur
sffoo
The signs of/'(x) for different values of x are shown in Fig. 17.24. Clearly,/'(x) changes its
sign from positive to negative as increases through 0. So, x = 0 is a point of local maximum
okks
with the local maximum value /(O) = 1/2.

Yo
ooo
8. We have, / (x) = sin x - cos x, 0 < x < 27t => /' (x) = cos x + sin x
BB
For a local maximum or minimum, we must have

3n 7 K
rr e
/'(x) = 0 => cos X + sin X = 0 => tan x = -1 => x = T'T

ouu
f 1 1 . nr . ( X + -
Tt
Now, /' (x) = cos X + sin X = V2 V2 = V2 sm
ad
YY
cos X + sm X
V2 4/
In the left neighbourhood of X = 3ji/4,wehave

dd
V2sinfx + -4/ >0=> fix) >0

3 7t 71
Re
iinn
X < => X + — < 7C =>

4 4 V
3 71
F
In the right neighbourhood of x = ~ , we have

3 7t 7t
X > => X + — > 71 => V2sin x + - <0=>/'(x)<0
4 4 ^ 4/
3tc 3 7C
Thus, /'(x) changes its sign from positive to negative as X increases through—. So,x = —
is a point of local maximum with the local maximum value given by

./ 3 . 3 K 3 TZ
sm - cos = V2
4 4
7 71
In the left neighbourhood of x = —, we have
7 K
X < => x + — <27i=>V2sin x + — <0^/'(x)<0
4 4 4/
7 7t
In the right neighbourhood of a: = — , we have
7 K ^ ■ f
X > ^ x + — > 2k =i> v2 sin -
x +— > 0 => /' (a:) > 0
4 4 4 J '
7 K
Thus, /' (x) changes its sign from negative to positive as x increases through —.
7 K
So, X =
^ is a point of local minimum with local minimum value given by
f7n\ . 7n 7 n
sm -cos = -V2.
4 4
12. We have
X 2-3x
ww
/ (x) = X ^1-x, X > 0 => f'{x)= ^1-x -
2^1-x " 2^l-x
2-3 j: 2
At critical points of /(x), we must have /' (x) = 0 =>■ = 0 => x = -
Floo
2^1-X 3
2 A
e
X —
2-3x
eere
+
Now, /' (x) = 3 . ^ <■
2^1^ ■ 2^1^
2/3
- CO CO
Fig. 17.25 Signs oif‘{x) for different values of x.
FFr
oorr
uur r
The changes in signs of /' (x) as x increases through 2/3 are shown below:
s ff
Clearly, /' (x) changes its sign from positive to negative as x increases through 2/3 . So,
● ● ■ ' /2^ 2
sk
X = 2/ 3 is a point of local maximum with the local maximum value / —

YYoo
V 3/ 3V3
ooko
17.5 HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVE TEST

eBB
As we have seen in the previous section that finding the local maximum or local minimum by
first derivative test is very time consuming and of course tedious for beginners because it is
uurr
slightly difficult to determine the change in the sign of / '(x) as x increases through the points
ad
given by/' (x) = 0. We have another test known as the Higher order derivative test which enables
Yo
us to find the points of local maxima or local minima more easily and more quickly.
THEOREM (Higher Order Derivative Test) Let f be a differentiable function defined on an interval I and
dY
Re
let c be an interior point of I such that

nind
^ (c) = Oand, (ii) f ” (c) exists and is non-zero.

n -
(i) /'(c) =/”(c)=/'"(c) =...=/
FFi
Then,
ifn is even and f ” (c) < 0 => x = cisa point of local maximum
ifn is even and f ” (c) > 0 => x = cisa point of local minimum
ifnis odd, x = c is neither a point of local maximum nor a point of local minimum.
This theorem suggests the following algorithm to find the points of local maximum and local
minimum.
ALGORITHM
Step I Findf'(x)
Step II Putf'(x) =0 and solve this equation for X. Let cj ,c„ be the roots of this equation. Points
C] ,C2,...,c„ are stationary values or critical points of f(x) and these are the possible points
where the function can attain a local maximum or a local minimum. So, we test the function at
each one of these points.
Step III Find f " (x). Consider x = Cj.

0, then x = cj is a point of local maximum.
If f"(cj)>0. then x = ci is a point of local minimum.
If fief) = 0, we must find f"'(x) and substitute in it cj for x.
Iff"'(ci) ^ 0,thenx- cj is neither a point of local maximum nor a point of local minimum and
is called the point of inflection.
Iff '"(cj) = 0, we must find fl^ (x) and substitute in it Cj for x.
If f (cj) < 0, then x = cj is a point of local maximum and if f (c^) > 0, then x = Cj is a
point of local minimum.
Iff^^{c{) =0, we must find f ^ {x),and so on. Similarly, the points may be tested.
POINT OF INFLECTION An arc of a curve y=f{x) is called concave upward if, at each of its points, the arc
lies above the tangent at the point (see Fig. 17.26).
w
YA YA
Flo
reee
FFr
o X o X
urr
Fig. 17.26 Concave upward curve
for
Fig. 17.27 Concave upward curve
If y =f{x) is a concave upward curve, then as x increases, / '(x) either is of the same sign and
kkss
increasing (see Fig. 17.26) or changes sign from negative to positive (see Fig. 17.27). In either case
f'{x) is increasing and so/"(x) >0.Thus, for a concave upward curve f"(x) > 0.
Yo
ooo
An arc of a curve y = /(x) is called concave downward if, at each of its points, the arc lies below the
eB
tangent at the point.

If an arc of a curve y =/(x) is concave downward, then as x increases,/'(x) either is of the same
sign and decreasing (see Fig. 17.28) or changes sign from positive to negative (see Fig. 17.29). In
r
either case/' (x) is decreasing and so/ " (x) < 0. Thus, for a concave downward curve/ " (x) < 0.
ou
ad
YY
YA YA
nndd
Re
Fi
■>
>
o X
O X
Fig. 17.28 Concave downward curve Fig. 17.29 Concave downward curve
POINT OF INFLEXION A point of inflection is a point at which a curve is changing concave upward to
concave downward, or vice-versa.
YA
<- >
. fic)
0 X
Fig. 17.30
A curve y =‘f{x) has one of its points a: = c as an inflection point, if

(i) f " (c) = 0 or is not defined and
(ii) f "{x) changes sign as x increases through x = c.
The later condition may be replaced by/'"(c) ^ 0 when/"'(c) exists.
Thus, x = cisa point of inflection if f "(c) = 0andf"'(c) ^ 0.
PROPERTIES OF MAXIMA AND MINIMA
(i) If f(x) is continuous function in its domain, then at least one maximum or one minimum
must lie between two equal values of f(x).
(ii) Maxima and Minima occur alternately, that is, between two maxima there is one
minimum and vice-versa,
(iii) If f(x) 00 as X fl or b and f'(x) = 0 only for one value of x (say c) between a and b, then
ww
/(c) is necessarily the minimum and the least value.
If f(x) as x a OT b, then/(c) is necessarily the maximum and the greatest value.
FF loo
ree
EXAMPLE 1 Find all the points of local maxima and minima and the corresponding maximum and
reeF
minimum values ofthefunction f(x) = - — x^ -8 x^ - — x"^ +105.
oroFr
r ur
SOLUTION We have. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
s ff
y +105 => /'(x) =-3x^-24x^-45x = -3x(x^ + 8x + 15)
k
YYouo

kos o
Now, /'(x) = 0 => - 3x(x^ + 8 X +15) =0 => - 3 x(x + 3) (x + 5) = 0 => x = 0, - 3, -5

BBoo
Thus, X = 0, X = - 3 and x = - 5 are the possible points of local maxima or minima.

r ee
Let us now test the function at each of these points. We have,

f'(x) = -3x^ -24x^ -45x => /"(x) = ~9x^ -48x-45
ad
ouur
Yo
At x = 0; We have, / "(0) = - 45 < 0.

So, X = 0 is a point of local maximum. The local maximum value of/(x) at x = 0 is/(0) =105.
d
Re
At x = -3: We have, /"(-3) =-9 (-3)^ -48 (-3) -45 = 18

idnY
>0
FFin
So, X = - 3 is a point of local minimum. The local nninimum value off(x) at x = - 3 is
/(-3)=-|(-3)^-8(-3) 3 «(_3)2+i05=^
2 4
Atx = -5: Wehave, / "(-5) =-9 (-5)^ - 48 (-5) - 45 = - 30<0

So, X = - 5 is a point of local maximum. The local maximum value of f(x) at x = - 5 is
/(-5) = -1 (-5)^ - 8 (- 5) 3 - ^ 5)2 + 105 = ^

EXAMPLE 2 Find all the points of local maxima and minima and the corresponding maximum and
minimum values ofthefunction f(x) = 2x - 21 x + 36x - 20.
SOLUTION Wehave, /(x) = 2x^-21 x^ + 36x-20 =>/'(x) = 6x^-42x+36
Now, fix) = 0 => 6x^-42x+ 36 = 0 => (x-l)(x-6) = 0 => x = 1, 6.
Thus, x = l and a: = 6 are the possible points of local maxima or minima.

Now, we test the function at each of these points.
We have, f"{x) = 12x-42.
Atx = 1: We have, / "(1) = 12 - 42 = - 30 < 0.
So, X = 1 is a point of local maximum. The local maximum value is /(I) = 2 - 21 + 36 - 20 = - 3.
Atx = 6: Wehave, /"(6) =12(6)-42 = 30 > 0
So a: = 6 is a point of local minimum. The local minimum value is
/(6) = 2(6) 21 (6)^ + 36 X 6 - 20 = -128.
EXAMPLES Find the points of local maxima and local minima, if any, of each of the following functions.
ww
Find also the local maximum and local minimum values, as the case may be:
(i) fix) = sin 2a; - x, where - ^ < a; < — (ii) fix) = sin a: +1 cos 2x, where 0 < a: < —
71
Flo
(iii) /(a:) =sin^ a: + cos'* X, 0<x < -^
e
eree
SOLUTION (i) We have, /(x) = sin 2x - x => /' (x) =2 cos 2x -1
FFr
n
uurr
fix) = 0 ^ 2cos2x-l = 0 => cos 2x = — =>2x = - — or, 2x = — ● <X 7I< 2x < 7t
^ 2 3 3
orr 2 2
n n
sfo
=> X — or, X =
6 6
kks
Yoo
71 71
Thus, X = — and x = — are possible points of local maxima or minima.
oooo
6 6
eBB
Now, we test the function at each of these points.

Clearly, fix) = -4 sin 2x.
urr
71 7t
—
At x = ~ x/6: We have, / = -4sin = -4x = 2 ^/3 > 0. So, X = - -6 is a point

n
V 6/ V 3, 2
ad
YYo
f 71 7C 41 71
of local minimum. The local minimum value is f — = sin
3; 6
+— =
^ I 6) 2 ê
dd
71
Re
= -2V3<0.
inn
At x = 7i/6: Wehave,/" — = - 4 sin — =

\ 6, 3 2
F
71 f 7r' . 71 TC V3 7T
So, X = — is a point of local maximum. The local maximum value is / — = sm
3 6 2 6
(ii) Wehave, fix) = sin x +cos 2x, where 0 < x <-^ fix) = cos X - sin 2x.
The critical points of fix) are given by /' (x) = 0.

fix) = 0=> cosx-sin2x = 0 => cosx-2 sinxcosx = 0 => cos x (1-2 sinx) = 0
7C 7C 7t
=> cos X = 0 or, 1 - 2 sin X = 0 => cos x=0 or, sinx=—=> x=— or x= — ●.● 0 < X < -
2 2 6 2
TZ
Thus, X = - is a point of local maximum or local minimum. Let us now test the function at this
point.
Clearly, / "(x) = - sin x - 2 cos 2x ^ f " — = - sin — - 2 cos — = i-2xi=-l<0
V 6/ 6 3 2 2 2
So, X = — is the point of local maximum.

6
PTTl i 7C 71 1 7t 1 1 (\ 3
The local maximum value is f — - sm — + - cos —
UJ 62 3 2 2V2 4
(iii) We have, f{x) = sin^ x + cos^ x, where 0<x<^.

/'(a:) = 4 sin^:ccosx-4 cos^x sin a: = -4 cos a: sin x{cos^ a: -sin^ a:) = -2 sin 2a: cos 2a:
=> / '(a:) =-sin 4a:.
At points of local maximum and minimum, we must have
ww
n
f'{x) = 0 ==* -sin 4a: = 0 => 4a: = tc => x = - 0 <X < 0<4x<2ti
4 2
Now, f"{x) = -4cos4x =>/"f-

V4
= -4 cos 71 = (-4)(-l) = 4>0
Flo
e
So, x = ~ is a point of local minimum and the local minimum value is
eree
f 7t
● 4 ^ 4 (1 f +fi-V= 4*^4
^ ^ ^2
FFr
/ T sm — + cos
4 4 IV2J ^V2,
uurr
EXAMPLE 4
orr
Find the points of local maxima or local minima, if any, of thefollowingfunctions. Find also
the local maximum or local minimum values, as the case may be:
sfo
(i) /(x) = sin X + cos X, where 0 < x < -^ (ii) f{x) = sin X - cos x, where 0 < x < 2tc
kks
Yoo
oooo
[CBSE2015]
(iii) /(x) = sin 2x, where 0 < x < 7t (iv) /(x) = 2 cos X + X, where 0 < x < tcv
eBB
71
(v) /(x) =2 sin X-X, <x <-.
2
urr
SOLUTION (i) We have, /(x) = sin x + cos x, where 0<x<^.

ad
YYo
/ ’ (x) = cos X - sin X.

The critical points of/(x) are given/'(x) = 0.
dd
7t
Re
/' (x) = 0 => cos X - sin X = 0 => cos X = sin X tan X = 1 => x = — v0<x<-
inn
4 2J
F
Thus, X = -^ is a point of local maximum or minimum.

/tj\ K %
Now, fix) = -sin X-cos X => f" — - sm — cos — = - V2 < 0.
U) 4 4
So, X = — is a point of local maximum.
The local maximumvalue is f —

71
sm — + cos —
7t
1 1 _ i = V2.
^ u 4 4 ■ ■ V2
(ii) We have.
/(x) = sin X - cos X, where 0 < x < 27t => /' (x) = cos x + sin x
At points of local maximum and local minimum, we must have
fix) = 0
3 7t 7tc
cosx+sinx = 0=> sinx = -cosx=> tanx = -l=>x = or, X = — [●.● 0 < X < 27t]
4 4
MATHEMATICS’XII
17.20
3k
Thus, x = — andx =
4 ^ are possible points oflocal maximum or minimum. Let us now test the
function at each of these points. Clearly, f"{x) = - sin x + cos x.
At x = 3k/4: We have,
3k
/
n
= -sm
. 3n
+ cos
3tc
L = __
— < 0. So, X = — is the point of local maximum.
. 4 , 4 4 “ V2 V2 V2
\ 1 _2 _ nr
The local maxunum value is / — = sm
4
-cos
V 4 ^
.7k 7ii 1 1 2
Wehave,/”f—'
7 71
oww
\4) = .sm_
4 + cos-=^ + ^=;^>0.
At x =
4
7k
So, the function attains a local minimum at x =
4
The local minimum value is / V ^4 y

. 7k 7k
^ ^ = -V2.
e
sm cos
4 4 V2 V2
ree
rFl
(iii) We have.
Fre
f{x) = sin 2x, where 0 < x < tu => / '(x) = 2 cos 2x.
rrF
At points of local maximum or local minimum, we must have
ouur
sffoo 71 3ti
/'(x) =0 => 2cos2x = 0 =>cos2x = 0 ^ [v0<x<7C.*.0<2x<2ti]
okks
Thus, X = - and x = — are possible points of local maximum or local minimum. Let us now test
Yo
4 4
ooo
the function at these points. Clearly, / "(x) = - 4 sin 2x.

eBB
At x =
4
We have, /"f-l =
V4y = -4sin^ = -4<0. So,x = îsa point of local maximum.
uurr
The local maximum value of /(x) is / \4>

j = sin -2 = 1.
ad
YYo
3tc . / 3 7t' 3 71 3tc

At x = —: We have,/' — = 4 sin — = 4 > 0. So, X = is a point of local minimum.
dd
4 I 4 J 2 4 '
Re
iinn
The local minimum value of/(x) is / 'll] = sm

. 37t
= -l.
F
. 4 , 2
(iv) We have, /(x) = 2 cos x + x, where 0<x<tc=> /'(x) =-2sinx + l

At points of local maximum and minimum, we must have
7C 5 7t
fix) = 0 => -2sinx + l = 0=> sinx = — =>x = — [v 0<X<7l]
2 6'~6
Thus, X = — and x = — are possible points of local maximiun or minimum. Let us now test the
6 6
function at these points.

Clearly, / "(x) = - 2 cos x
Atx = —:6 Wehave,/"f—l
^ {ej
= -2cos —-6 = -V3<0.So,x = -isa
6
point of local maximum.
^K^ _ K K nr K
The local maximum value of /(x)is/ = 2cos- + -= v3+-
6 6 6
vo>/
5n 5k
U = - 2 cos — = Vs > 0. So, a: = — is a point of local

Atx = —: We have, / — minimum.
6 6 6
5k A 5k 5k 5k
The local minimum value of f{x) is / — = 2 cos — + — = -V3 + —.
V 6 6 6 6
(v) We have,/(x) = 2 sin x-a:, where-k/2 < a: < k/2 => /'(^) = 2cosx-l
The critical points of f{x) are given by f'(x)= 0.
f'{x) = 0 => 2cosx-l = 0 cos X = 1/2 => x = ±k/3 [v-k/2<x<k/2]
Thus, X = ± k/ 3 are points of local maximum or minimum. Clearly, / " (^) = - 2 sin x.
At X = - n/ 3: We have,
/"(-K/3)=-2sin (-K/3)=2sin k/3 =2V3/2 = V3 >0.
ww
So, X = - k/ 3 is a point of local minimum.
The local minimum value is/(-k/3) = 2 sin (-k/3)-(-k/3) - -V3+k/3.
Atx = n/3: We have,/"(k/3) = -2 sin k/3 = - Vs < 0. So,x = k/3 is a point of local maximum.
Flo
The local maximum value is /(k/ 3) = 2 sin k/ 3 - k/ 3 = V3 - k/ 3.
e
eree
EXAMPLE 5 find the local maximum and local minimum values of
FFr
f{x) = secx + log cos X, 0 < X < 271. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
uurr
SOLUTION We have,
orr
/(x) =secx + 21ogcosx => /’(x) = secx tan x - 2 tan x = tan x(secx -2)
sfo
kks
Yoo
f'{x) = 0 =0^ tan X (secx -2) = 0 => tan x = 0 or sec x = 2 => tan x = 0 or cos ^ ~
oooo
K 5k
X = K, X = — [v 0<x<2k]
eBB
3' T
Thus, X = K, X = —,
3 3
— are possible points of local maximum and local minimum.
urr
Now, /' (x) = tan x (secx - 2)

ad
YYo
/"(x) = sec X (secx -2) + tan x secx = sec x (secx -2) + secx (sec x -1)
=>
/"(x) =2sec^x -2sec^x-secx
dd
Re
inn
Let us now investigate critical points for points of local maximum and local minimum.
K
= 2sec^ —-2 sec^ —-sec— = 2x 8-2x 4-2 = 6 >0
F
Atx = -: Weobtain,
3 ^ l3j 3 3 3
Thus, X = —3 is a point of local miniraum. The local minimum value of f{x) is given by
/f-'
u. = sec-^+ log =2 + log-^ =2-2 log2
At x=n: We obtain, f" (k) =2 sec^K-2 sec^K - sec k =-2-2 + 1 =-3 <0
Thus, X = K is a point of local maximum. The local maximum value of /(x) is given by
/(k) =secK + logcos k = -1 + log 1 =-l.
Atx = —:
3
Weobtain, f"(—
I 3 j = 2sec^ —-2sec^
3 —-secy
3 = 2(2)^-2(2)^+2=10>0
Stt
Thus, X = — is a point of local minimum.
rsji'i
The local minimum value is given by / — - sec —
3
+ logcos^—3 = 2 + log ”4 = 2-2 log 2.
V 3 ^
EXAMPLE 6 Show that none of the follozving functions has a local maximum or a local minimum:
(i) + .v^ + x + 1 (ii) e-'^ (iii) logx (iv) cos X, 0 < X < 71 [NCERT]
SOLUTION (i) Let/(a:) = + x +1. Then, f'{x) = 3x^ + 2x + 1.

At points of local maximum or minimum, we have
/' (,y) = 0 => 3x^ + 2x + 1 = 0
But, this equation gives imaginary values of x. So, /' (x) ^ 0 for any real value of x. Hence, / (x)
does not have a maximum or minimum,
(ii) Let/ (x) =e'^.Then, f'(x)=e^. Clearly, /' (x) Ofor any value of x. So,/(x) does not
ww
have a maximum or a minimum.
(iii) Let /(x) = log x.Then, /' (x) =”. Clearly,/'(x) 0 for any value of x e Domain (/).
Flo
So, / (x) = log X does not have a maximum or a minimum,
e
(iv) Let /(x) =cos .x. Then,/'(x) =-sin x. Clearly,/'(x) ^ 0 for any x e(0, tu).
rere
So,/(x) = cos X does not have a maximum or minimum on (0, tt).
r FF
EXAMPLE 7 Find the maximum profit that a company can make, if the profit function is given
P(x)=41 +24x-18x^. [NCERTl
uurr
for
SOLUTION We have,
2 /
P(x) = 41+24x-18x^ => —|P(x)| = 24-36 X and P (x) =

kss
- 36
dx\ ) dx^
ooook
Yo
For maximum or minimum, we must have

eBB
d
— P (x) = 0 => 24 - 36x = 0 => X = -
dx 3
urr
d^ f 2
Also, P (X) - 36 < 0. So, profit is maximum when x = —.
ad
dx^ 3
Yo
'Jx = 2/3
+ 24 x (2/ 3) -18 (2/ 3)^ = 49

dY
Maximum profit = (Value of P(.x) at x = 2/ 3) = 41

At what points, the slope of the curve y = ~x^ + 3x^ + 9x -27 is maximum? Also, find the
Re
EXAMPLES
innd
maximum slope. [NCERT EXEMPLARl

Fi
SOLUTION The slope m of the curve y = -x^ + 3x^ + 9x - 27 at point (.x, y) is given by
m = ^ = -3x^ + 6x + 9
dx
dm d}m
= -6x + 6 and = -6
dx dx^
For maximum or minimum values of m, we must have
dm
= 0=> -6x+6 = 0=>x=l
dx
d^m
Clearly, = - 6 < 0 for all x. So, m is maximum at x = 1. Putting x = 1 in (i), we obtain m = 12.
dx^
Puttingx = l in the equationy =-x^ + 3x^ + 9x-27, we obtainy = -16. Hence, the slope of the
given curve is maximum at tire point (1, -16) and the maximum value of the slope is 12.
EXAMPLE 9 Iff{x) = a log\ x \ + bx^ + xhasextremevalucsut X --1 and at x = 2, then find a and b.
SOLUTION We observe that f{x) is defined for all x # 0.
Now, f{x) = fl log I XI + + X => /' (x) = - + 2bx +1
X
It is given that /(x) has extreme values at x = -1 and x = 2.

/ ' (-1) = 0 and /' (2) = 0
-a-2b + l =0 and ~ + 4b +1 0 => a + 2b =1 and a + 8b = -2
2
Solving these equations, we get: a = 2 and b=-l/2.

EXAMPLEIO It is given that at x = 1, thefunction x^ - 62x^ +ax + 9 attains its maximum valueon the
ww
interval [0,2]. Find the value of a. [NCERTl
SOLUTION Let /(x) =x^ - 62x^ + flx + 9. Then, / '(x) = 4x^ - 124x + a.
FF loo
It is given that /(x) attains its maximum at x = 1.
/'(I) = 0=>4-124 + fl = 0 => = 120
ree
rFee
ax -b
EXAMPLE 11 J/y = has a turning point P (2, - l),find the values of a and b and show
(x-1) (x-4)
F
oor r
rur
that y is maximum at P.
s ff
SOLUTION We have,
ax ~b ax -b
k
y =
YYoou
(x-l)(x-4) x^-5x + 4
ookos
^ _ (x^ -5x + 4)a-{ax~b) (2x-5)

BBo
dx
(x^ -5x+4)^
re
{4-10+ 4) a-{2a-b) (4-5) b

ouur
ad
dx Jp
(4-10 + 4)^ 4
Yo
Since P is a turning point of the curve (i). Therefore,

dY
Re
= 0 => -~ = 0 => & = 0 ...(iii)

idn
dx 4
FFin
ax -b
Since P(2, -1) lies on y = Therefore,
(x-l) (x-4)
2a-b 2a -b
-1 => -1 = => 2a-b = 2 ...(iv)
(2-1) (2-4) -2
From (iii) and (iv), we get a=l,b =0.Substituting the values of a andb in (ii), we get
dy _ (x^-5x + 4)-x(2x-5) -x^ + 4
dx
{x^-5x + 4f (x^ -5x + 4)^
dP-y _ (x^ -5x+ 4)^ (~2x) -(-x^ + 4) 2(x^ -5x + 4)(2x -5)
dx^ (x^-5x + 4)^
d^y _ -2x(x^-5x + 4) + 2(x^ -4) (2x-5)
dx2 (x^-5x + 4)^
f j2 \
(-2) (-4) = -1 <0
Now, = 0 and,
dx
A 2,-1) dx^
A2,-1) (-2)3
So, y is maximum at P when a=\ and b =0.
n V. l/e
EXAMPLE 12 Show that the maximum value of IS e
\xj
SOLUTION Leti/=— =x ^=e Differentiating with respect to x, we obtain

_ _
ww
dx dx
^ - e-^^°S^{l + ]nx)=-y{l + \nx)

dx
d^y _ y
Flo [Differentiating with respect to x]
e
(1 + In x) - ^
eree
dx^ dx X
x-^
^ = X ^ (1 + In x)^ - = x"-'^(l + lnx)2-x""^“^
FFr
dx^ X
oorr
uur r
At points of local maximum and local minimum, we must have
1
sf
^ = 0 ^ -y(l + lnx)=0 => l + lnx = 0=5‘ lnx = -l=> x = e~^ =
dx e
sk
Yoo
Now,
ooko
-l/e
d^y m
-1/e
1^^2 /^N-l/e-1 X 0-e^
“^+ 1 e-1 + 1 <0
eBB
1 + In - = -e
dx^ /x=l/e
\ej ej \e)
So, X = l/e is a point of local maximum. The local maximum value of y is obtained by putting
uurr
ad
x=l/e iny and is equal to

Yo
●1 IP
EXAMPLE 13 Show that sin^ 0 cos^ 0 attains a maximum, when 0 = tan
dY
Re
SOLUTION Let y = sin^ 0 cos'^ 9. Then,

innd
^ = p sin^“^ 0 cos 0 cos'^ 0 + sin^ 9 q cos^^^ 0 (- sin 9)

FFi
d0j
^ = psii,P-'0
d0
cos ^^'^Q-qsmP'^'^Q cos ‘I ^9 = sin^ Ôcos*^ ^0(p cos^0-^sin^0)
dy = sin^ 0 cos^ 0 pcos^ 0-gsin^ 0 = sinP 9 cos^ Q{p cot Q-q tan 0)
de sin 0 cos 0
For maximum or minimum, we must have

dy = 0
d0
sinP 0 cos‘i 0 (p cot 0 - ^ tan 0) = 0

sin^ 0 = 0 or, cos^ 0 = 0 or, p cot 0 - g tan 0 = 0
-1 P
sin^ 0 = 0 or, cos*^ 0 = 0 or, tan 9 = - => 0 = 0 or, 0 = — or, 0 = tan — = a (say)
}jq 2
Now, ^ = sinP 9 cos'^ 0 (p cot 9 - (J tan 0) ^ = y (p cot 0 - tan 0)
d^y _ dy
dQ^ ^
M0
(p cot 0 - g tan 0) + y (- p cosec^ Q - q sec^ 0)
d^y^
dS^ de ''e = a
-
v.--ys~ +sin^0cos^0 - p cosec^ 0 - g sec^ 0
''6=a p U
^ y
=j>
= 0 - sin^ 0 cos^ 0 (p cosec^ 9 + q sec^ 0) < 0
[d9^ 9= a
oww
Hence, y is maximum when 0 = a = tan-' I
V y'
EXERCISE 17.3
BASIC
e
1. Find the points of local maxima or local minima and corresponding local maximum and
ree
rFl
local minimum values of each of the following functions. Also, find the points of inflection,
Fre
if any:
rr F
(i) f{x) =x^ - 62x^ + 120a: + 9 (ii)/(a:) = - 6a:2 4-9a: + 15
ouur
(iii) /(x)=(x-1)(x + 2)2
sfoo
(iv) /(x)=2/x-2/x^,x>0
(V) /(x)=xc^ (vi) /(x) =x/2 + 2/x, X > 0
kks
Yo
oooo
(viii) /(x)=x^32-x^,-5<x<5
1/3
(vii) /(x)=(x + l)(x + 2) ,x>-2
2
eBB
(ix) /(x) = x^ - 2flx^ + X, > 0, X e R (x)/(x)=x + —, a>0, xÔ

X
(xi) f(x)=Xyj2-x^ -V2<X<V2

uurr
(xii) /(x) = X + ^1 -X, X <I

ad
2. Find the local extremum values of the following functions:

YYo
(i) /(x)=(x-l)(x-2)^ (ii) /(x)=x^l-x,x<l (iii) /(x)=-(x-l)3(x + l)2

dd
BASED ON LOTS
Re
iinn
3. The function y = a log x + bx^ + x has extreme values at x = 1 and x = 2. Find a and b.
F
4. Show that
log^ has a maximlun value at x = e.
X
INCERT]
5. Find the maximum and minimum values of the function /(x) = —— + X.
6. Find the maximum and minimum values of/(x) = tan x - 2x.

7. If / (x) = X + ax +bx + c has a maximum at x = -1 and minimum at x = 3. Determine
a, b and c.
8. Provethat/(x) =sinx + v^cosxhasmaximumvalueatx =—. INCERT EXEMPLAR]

6
ANSWERS
1. (i) Local Max. at X =1, Local Max. value = 68
Local Min. at x = 5, - 6; Local Min. values are - 316 and -1647.
(ii) Local Max. at a: = 1, Local Max. value = 19, Local Min. at a: = 3, Local Min. value = 15
(iii) Local Max. at a = - 2, Local Max. value = 0, Local Min at a: = 0, Local Min value = - 4
(iv) Local Max. at a = 2, Local Max. value =1/2
(v) Local Min. at a = -1, Local Min. value = -1 /e
(vi) Local Min. at a = 2, Local Min. value = 2
3
(vii) LocalMin.atA = -7/4, Local Min. value =-
44/3
(viii) Local Max. at a = 4; Local Max. value = 16, Local Min. at a = - 4; Local Min. value = -16
4.3
(ix) Local Max. at a = fl/3, Local Max. value = , Local Min. at a = ., Local Min. value = 0
27
loow w
(x) Local Max. at a = - fl. Local Max value = - 2a, Local Min. at a = a, Local Min. value = 2a
(xi) Local Max. at a = 1, Local Max. value = 1, Local Min. at a = -1, Local Min. value = -1
(xii) Local Max. at a = 3/4, Local Max. value = 5/4
2. (i) Local Max. value = 4/27 at a = 4/ 3, Local Min. value = 0 at a = 2
2
ree
(ii) Local Max. value = —P= at A = 2/ 3
rree F
r FF
(iii) Local Max. value 3456/3125 at a = -1/5; Local Min. value = 0 at a = -1
3. fl = -2/3,b=-l/6 5. Local Max. value = - 6 at a = - 4; Local Min. value = 2 at a = 0.
6. Local Max. value = -1 - 3k/2 at a = 3ti/4; Local Min. value = 1 - tc/2 at a = 7t/4.
fofr oF
u
7. a = -3,b = -a, c e R
ks
17.6 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES IN A CLOSED INTERVAL

YYouro
soo
Let y =/(a) be a function defined on b]. By a local maximum (or local minimum) value of a
function at a point c e [., b] we mean the greatest (or the least) value in the immediate
BBook
neighbourhood of a = c. It does not mean the greatest or the maximum (or the least or the
r ee
minimum) of/(a) in the interval b]. A function may have a number of local maxima or local
minima in a given interval and even a local minimum may be Y A
ouru
ad
greater than a local maximum.

Yo
Thus, a local maximum value may not be the greatest (the

maximum) value and a local minimum value may not be the
least (the minimum) value of the function in any given interval
d
Re
as shown in Fig. 17.31.

iYn
However, if a function /(a) is differentiable and consequently m

FFind
continuous on a closed interval [., b], then it attains the r >

o X
absolute maximum (absolute minimum) at stationary points Fig. 17.31
(points where /' (a) = 0) or at the end points of the interval
b]. Thus, to find the absolute maximum (absolute minimum) value of the function, we choose
the largest and the smallest amongst the numbers /(fl),/(cj),/(C 2), ●●●, /(qt)//(^) where
A = Cl, C2,q, are the stationary points.
We may use the following algorithm for finding the maximum (absolute maximum) and the
minimum (absolute minimum) of a function/defined on a closed interval b].
ALGORITHM
Step I Find f' (a)

Step II Put f' (a) -=0 and ifnd values ofx. Let cj ,C2, ■■■,€„ be the values of x.
Step III Take the maximum and minimum values out of the values f(a).f(cj), f(c2), f(c„). f(b).
The maximum and minimum values obtained in step III are respectively the largest (or absolute
maximum) and the smallest (or absolute minimwn) values of the function.

EXAMPLEi Findthemaximumandminimumvaluesoff{x) = -24a: + 107 in the interval [1, 3].
SOLUTION We have, [NCERT]
f{x)=2x^ -24X + 107 /'(x) = 6a:2-24
Now, f'(x) = 0 ^ 6:c^-24 = 0=> = ±2
But, x=-2z[l, 3]. So a: = 2 is the only stationary poiiit. Let us now compute the values oif(x) at
x = l,2, 3. We find that
ww
/(I) = 2-24 + 107 =85,/(2) = 2 (2)^ - 24 (2) + 107 =75
and. /(3) = 2(3)^-24x 3 + 107 =89
Clearly, largest of these values is 89 and the least is 75. Hence, the maximum value of/(x) is 89
Flo
which it attains at x = 3 and the minimum value is 75 which is attained at x = 2.
e
eree
EXAMPLE 2 Find the maximum and minimum values of f{x) = sin a; in the interval [n, 2k].
SOLUTION We have, f{x) = sin s:. Therefore,/' (x) = cos x.
FFr
At stationary points, we must have
uurr
371
f'{x) = 0 cos X = 0 => x = —
2 orr [v xe [71,2 7:]]
sfo
3t:
Let us now compute the values of /(x) at x = t:, 2k. We find that
2 '
kks
Yoo
. 3t:
oooo
/(t:) =sin 7t = 0,/ = sm

— = - 1 and /(2t:) = sin 2t: = 0.
V 2
eBB
The greatest and the least of these values are 0 and -1 respectively. Hence, the maximum value
of /(x) is 0 which it attains at x = re and 2t:, and the minimum value is - 1 which it attains at
urr
X = 3k/2.
EXAMPLES Find the absolute maximum value and the absolute jninunum value of the following
ad
YYo
functions in the given intervals:

n2
n
+ xîn[-2, 25]
dd
(i) /W= -r-x (ii) /(x) = sin X + cos x in [0, t:] [NCERT]
V2
Re
inn

F
fix) = . --X
2. j
+x/wherexE[-2,25] =>/'(x)=-2(l/2-x)+3x^=-1 + 2x+3x2
At the points of local maximum and local maximum, we must have
/'(x)=0 3x^ + 2x-1 = 0 => {3x-l)(x + l) = 0 => x = l/3,-l
The values of /(x) at these points and also at the end-points of the interval are computed as given
below.
^2 ^2
1
+ (-2)3 =^5-8=-
7
=_
1
1 _ 7
4'-^l3j U 3
+
4 3 J " 36 27 " 108'
+ {-l)^=^4 and,/(2.5)=f--2.5
157
+ (2.5)3
V2
157 7
Of these values, the maximum value of / (x) is and the minimum value is
4
157 7
Thus, the absolute maximum = and, the absolute minimum = —.
8 4
(ii) We have,
f{x) - sin X + cos :c, where e [0,7i] => f'{x) = cos;c-sinA:
The critical points off{x) are given by
/ '(x) = 0 =i> cos X - sin X = 0 => cos x = sin x => tan x=l=> x = t:/4
Let us now calculate the values of/(x) at the critical points and the end-points of the inter\'al.
/(O) =sin 0 +cos 0=1, /(;r/4) =sin tc/4 + cos tt/4 = V2 and,/(7c) = sin rt+ cos n = -l.
Of these values, the maximum and minimum values of / (x) are -Jl and -1 respectively.
So, absolute maximum = V2 and, absolute minimum = -1.
ww
EXAMPLE 4 Find both the maximum and the minimum value of 3x^ - 8x^ + 12x^ - 48x + 1 on the
interval [1,4],
SOLUTION Let /(x) = 3x“^ 8x^ + 12x^ -48x +1. Then,/'(x) = 12x^ -24x^ + 24x -48.
Thecriticalpointsof/(x)are given by/’(x) = 0.
Flo
e
Now, fix) = 0
eree
=> 12x^ 24x^ + 24x - 48 = 0
FFr
=> X 3-2x^+2x-4=0=:>x2(x-2) + 2(x-2)=0=>(x-2)(x^ + 2)=0 =>x = 2 [.-x^ + lÔ]
oorr
uur r
The values of/(x) at critical points and at the end-points of the interval are computed as follows:
sf
/(2)=-59, /(I) =-40 and /(4)=257.
Of these values the largest and the smallest values are /(4) = 257 and /(2) = -59.
sk
Yoo
So, the minimum and maximum values of/(x) on [1,4] are -59 and 257 respectively.
ooko
eBB
+ ^ cos 2x in[0, tc/2].

uurr
EXAMPLE 5 Findithe maximum and minimum values of f{x) = sin x

ad
Yo
SOLUTION We have, /(x) = sin x + ^ cos 2x. Therefore, /' (x) =

cos X - sin 2x.
dY
At stationary points, we have

Re
innd
n 7C 7C
●.● 0 < X < -
fix) = 0 => cos X - 2 sin X cos X = 0 => cos X = 0 or, sin X = —
2
=> X = — and x = —
2 6 2
FFi
Let us now calculate the values of /(x) at these points and at the end-points of the interval. We
find that
1 1
/(O) = sinO + ^cosO = f(^
. K \ 71 3 j 7t
= sin —+ —COS —=— and,/ — = sm — + — COS 7t = —
Z Z V O 6 2 3 4 ''Uj 2 2 2
3 1
Of these values, the leagest value is — and the smallest value is —. Thus, the maximum and
3 1 ^ .n ^
minimum values of f{x) are — and - respectively which it attains at x = —
6
and X = 0, x = —
2
respectively.
Find the maximum and minimum values of fix) = x^^ - x
20
EXAMPLE 6 in the interval [0,1].
SOLUTION Let/(x)=x^° -x^'^.Then, /'(x)=50x^^ -20 x^^.
At Stationary points, we must have
fix) = 0 => 50x^^ -20:c^^ =0 => (50a: 30 -20) = 0

30 /2^1/30
x = 0 or, 50a: = 20 ^ X = 0 or, a: =
>.5
The values of f{x) at these points and at the end-points of the interval [0,1] are as given below.
^2'll/30 ^2\50/30 2\20/30 3 (2
n2/3
Now,/(0) =0,/ —
w / 5J 5) “ sj ls“^ 5 l5
and,/(I) =1-1=0.
n1/3
3/2
Of these values, the maximum value is 0 and the minimum value is —
sis;
Thus, the maximum value of/(a:) in [0,1] is 0 and the minimum value of/(a:) in [0,1]
3/2 ^
w
5U
IS —
EXAMPLE 7 Find the maximum and minimum values of f{x) = x + sin 2a: in the interval [0, 2jt].
Flo [NCERTl
e
reee
SOLUTION We have, f{x)=x + sm 2x. Therefore,/'(x) =1 + 2 cos 2x.
FFr
/' (x) = 0 => 1 + 2 cos 2x = 0 => cos 2 x = - 2^
for
ur
2k Ak K 2k
2x = — or, 2x = — => X or, X [●.● 0 < X < 2;r 0 < 2x < 4k]
3 3 3 3
kkss
Let us now compute the values of /(x) at these stationary points and at the end-points of the
Yo
interval [0, 2k].

oo
Now,
n . ● n n ^
/(O) = 0 + sm0 = 0, / — = — + sm — = — + —, f — =— + sm
■ '2.K K ->[3 r(2K'\ 2k . 4k 2k
eB
— =
l3j 3 3 3 2 I 3 J 3 3 3 2
and. /(2tc) = 2tc + sin 4 7t = 27t + 0 = 2re.
ur
Of these values, the maximum value is 2jr and the minimum value is 0. Thus, the maximum
ad
value of /(x) is 2ti and the minimum value is 0.

YYo
EXAMPLE 8 Find the difference between the greatest and least values of the function f{x) = sin2x-x
o«[-7e/2, n/2], [NCERTEXEMPLARl
d
Re
SOLUTION We have, /(x) = sin 2x - x. Therefore, /' (x) = 2 cos 2x -1.

in
At stationary points, we must have

F
/' (x) =0 => 2cos2x-l = 0 => cos2x = i2 => 2x =-—3'

K 71 K
— => X = -
3 6 6
Let us now compute the values of /(x) at these stationary points and also at the end-points of
the interval [-k/2, ;t/2].
Now, /(x) = sin 2x -X
^/ 71^ . , . K K k\ K K V3 K
f — =sm(-7i) + - = -, / —
3j'^6 2 6
= sin + —
2j ^ ^ 2 2 I 6j
/ K~\
= sm
. K 71
V3 7t ^ rf^
and, f — = sm 71 —
71 7C
3 6 2 6 ^ \2 2 2
Of these values, the largest is ^ and the least is - —. So, the greatest and the least values of
7t
/(x) on [-7c/2, 7t/2] are 7t/2 and -ti/2 respectively. Hence, required difference = 7L
2)
EXAMPLE9 Sholo that f{x) =sin :r(l + cos x) is maximum at x=în the mterval[0, t:].
SOLUTION We have,
f{x) = sin X (1 + cos x).
in"^ X = cos X + cos x - (1 - cos x)
f'{x) = cos X (1 + cos x) - sin
/' (x) = 2 cos^ X + cos X -1 = (2 cos X -1) (cos x + 1).
/ =0 => (2 cos x-1) (cos x + 1) =0 => cos x = ^ or, cos x = -l =>

1 71
x =or,
3 x = 7t.
Let us now compute the values of x at these stationary points and at the end-points of the
interval. We find that
w
3 VI
/(0)=0,/U
K 7t
= sin — 1 + cos -—-— and /(tc) = 0.
V J 3^ 3J
Flo
3 VI 3 VI
Of these values, the maximum value is —. Hence,/(x) attains the maximum value — at
4 4
e
rree
X = 7c/ 3.
r FF
EXERCISE 17.4
BASIC
uurr
1. Find the absolute maximum and the absolute minimum
for values of the following functions
in the given intervals:
kss
x2
(i) fix) = 4x - y in [ - 2, 45] [NCERTl (ii) /(x)=(x-l)2 + 3in [-3,1] [NCERT]
ooook
Yo
(iii) fix) = 3x^ - 8x ^ + 12x^ - 48x + 25 in [0, 3] [NCERT]

eB
(iv) fix) =(x - 2) V^-1 in [1, 9]

2. Find the maximum value of 2x^ - 24x +107 in the interval [1,3]. Find the maximum value
urr
ad
of the same function in [- 3, -1]. [NCERTl

Yo
3. Find absolute maximum and minimum values of a function / given by

dY
fix) = 12x^^ ^ - 6x^'' ^, X e [-1,1]. [NCERTl

Re
innd
4. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of a function / given by

Fi
fix) =2x^ -15x^ + 36x +1 on the interval [1,5]. [NCERT]
BASED ON LOTS
5. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function / given by
fj
fix) = cos X + sin X, x e [0, ti]. INCERT]
ANSWERS
1. (i) Absolute Maximum = 8 at x = 4, Absolute Minimum = -10 at x = - 2

(ii) Absolute Maximum = 19 at x = - 3, Absolute Minimum = 3 at x = 1
(iii) Absolute Maximum = 25 at x = 0, Absolute Minimum = - 39 at x = 2
2 4
(iv) Absolute Maximum = 14VI at x = 9, Absolute Minimum =
3VI
atx = —
3
2. Maximum value = 89 at x = 3 in [1,3], Maximum value = 139 at x = - 2 in [- 3, -1]

3. Absolute Maximum =5/4, Absolute Minimum = 1

9 1
4. Absolute Minimum, value = — ai x = — Absolute Maximum value = 18 at a: = -1
4 8'
5. Absolute Maximum value = 56 at a: =5, Absolute Minimum value = 24 at a: = 1
17.7 APPLIED PROBLEMS ON MAXIMA AND MINIMA
In this section, we will discuss some applied problems on maxima and minima for which
following results will be very useful.
(i) For a square of side x: Area = x^, Perimeter = 4a:.
(ii) For a rectangle of sides x and y: Area = xy, Perimeter = 2 (a: + y).
(iii)
For a trapezium: Area = ^ (Sum of parallel sides) x (Distance between them).
w
'y
(iv) For a circle of radius r; Area = nr , Circumference = 2n r.
Flo
3 2
(v) For a sphere of radius r: Volume =—Ttr, Surface Area = 47ir .
^ 3
reeee
(Vi) For a right circular cylinder of base radius r and height h:
FFr
Volume = h, Surface = 2nrh+ 2tc , Curved surface = 2ii rh.
(vii) For a right circular cone of height h, slant height I and radius of the base r:
for
ur
Volume = — Kr h, Curved surface = n r/. Total surface = Ttr^ + nrl.
kkss
(viii) For a cuboid of edges of lengths x, y and z: Volume = xyz, Surface = 2 {xy + yz+ zx).
Yo
oo
(ix) For a cube of edge length x: Volume = x , Surface Area = 6 a: .

eB
V3 2
(x)
Area of an equilateral triangle =—^{Sidey.
+ f{x), {f (a:)}^, {f{x)]^^^, log f{x)
r
REMARK If kisapositiveconstant, thenafunctionoftheformkf{x),k

ou
ad
will be maximum or minimum according asf{x) is maximum or minimum provided thatf(x) > 0.
YY
ndd
Re

Fi
EXAMPLE 1 Find two numbers whose sum is 24 and whose product is as large as possible.
[NCERTI
SOLUTION Let the numbers be x and y. Then,
a: + y = 24 (given) ...(i)
Let P be the product of these numbers. Then,
p = Ary = a: (24 - a:) [Using (i)j
dP d^P
P = 24a: -x^ => = 24 - 2a: and = -2
dx dx^
dP
The critical points of P are given by dx
= 0.
dP
= 0 => 24-2a: = 0 => a: = 12
dx
U^P
Also, = - 2 < 0. So, P is maximum when A' = 12.
dx^
Putting = 12 in (i), we obtain y = 12. Hence, the required numbers are both equal to 12.
EXAMPLE2 Find two positive numbers xandy such that x + y = SOand xy is maximum. [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let P = It is given that x + y = 60. Therefore, x = 60 - y.
Now, P=xy^
dP d^P
P=(60-y)y3=60y3-y‘l => = 180y^ -4y^ and = 360y-12y^
w
dy rfy2
dP
The critical points of P are given by = 0.
dP
e
= 0.
^y
re
row
180y^ - 4y^ = 0 => 4y^ (45 - y) = 0 => y = 0, y = 45 => y = 45 y = 0 is not possible]
fd^P
eeF
Now, = 360 X 45 -12(45)^ = 12 x 45 (30 - 45) = - 8100 < 0
ullo
w /y = 45
FF
So, P is maximum when y = 45. Putting y = 45 in x + y = 60, we obtain x = 15.
srr
Hence, .xy is maximum when x = 15 and y = 45.
roF
k
EXAMPLE 3 Find two positive numbers x and y such that their sum is 35 and the product x^ y^ is
uor
maximum.
ofof [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let P = x^ y^. It is given that X + y = 35=> X = 35-y
Y
kos
Putting X = 35 - y in P = x^y^, we get

Yo
B
P = (35-y)V
oo
rY
dP
eerB
2(35-y)y5+5(35-y)V=(35-y) y^-2y+5(35-y)} = y4(35-y)(175-7y)

u
dP
= 7y^35-y)(25-y)
ou
^y
d
o
ad
dP
nY
The critical points of P are given by = 0.

(iy
nid
dP
Re
= 0 => 7y^ (35-y) (25-y) = 0 => y = 0, 25, 35

F
Fi
But, y = 0 and y = 35 are not possible. So, y = 25.

Now, = 28y 3 (35 - y) (25 - y) - 7y^ (25 - y) - 7y^ (35 - y)
dy2
^d^P
= -7(25)^(35-20) = -7 (25)^ (10) <0
w Vy=25
Thus, P has maximum when y = 25. Putting y = 25 in (i), we obtain x=10. Hence, x^y^ is
maximum when x = 10, and y = 25.
EXAMPLE 4 Amongst all pairs of positive numbers with product 256, find those whose sum is the least.
SOLUTION Let the required numbers be x and y. Then, xy = 256 (given)
Let S = X + y. Then,
256
S = x + [Using (i)j
X
dS 256 S 512
“ and,
dx X dx^ x^
dS
The critical points of S are given by — = 0.
dx
dS 256
— = 0 => 1 = 0 =5> = 256 => .r = 16
dx
d} S 512
Now, — > 0. Thus, S is minimum when x = 16.
dx^ (16)3 8
^x=16
Putting X = 16 in (i) we get y = 16. Hence, the required numbers are both equal to 16.
EXAMPLE 5
Find two positive numbers whose sum is 14 and the sum of whose squares is minimum.
ww
SOLUTION Let the numbers be x and y. Then,
x + y = 14
Let S be the sum of the squares of .r and y. Then,
S = + y^
Flo
e
S = + (14 - x)2 [Using (i)]
e
rere
S = Ix^- 28x +196 => — = 4x - 28 and
rFF
= 4
dx dx'^
dS
uur r
The critical points of S are given by — = 0.
dx
ffoor
dS
sks
= 0=>4x-28 = 0=>x=7
dx
Yoo
ooko
d}s
Clearly, = 4 > 0. Thus, S is minimum when x = 7.
dx^
eBB
Putting X = 7 in (i), we obtain y = 7. Hence, the required numbers are both equal to 7.
EXAMPLES The combined resistance R of two resistors and R2(Pi,i?2>0) is given by
uurr
1 J_ J_
ad
R Rj R2
Yo
IfRl + R2 =C(a constant), show that the maximum resistance R is obtained by choosing Ri =R2-
dY
SOLUTION We have,
Re
innd
1 1
+
— and Ri + R2 =C
FFi
R Ri ^2
1 _ R^ + R2 _ C c
R
[V R2=C-Ri1
^1 ^2 Rl R2 Rl (C-Rj)
R R^C-R^^ dR
= 1 -
2R 1
and
d^R 2
C dR-i C c
dR
The critical numbers of R are given by = 0.
dRl
dR
dRl
= 0 1 - ^
C = 0 ^ K,^ = £
2
d^R 2 C
Clearly, — < 0 for all values of R^ . Thus, R is maximum when Ri = —
dR? C ^ ^2
C C C
Putting Ri + R2=C , we get: ^2-^ .Hence, R is maximum when
R^=R2=C/2.
EXAMPLE 7 A beam of length I is supported at two ends and is uniformly loaded. IfW is the uniform load
- - ^ 1 TAr 2
per unit length, the bending moment M at a distance x from one end is given by M = — — lx — 2
Wx"^.
Find the point on the beam at which the bending moment has the maximum value.
SOLUTION We have,
WIx Wx^ _dM ^Wl - YJx d?-M

M = and = -W
2 2 dx 2 dx^
dM
ww
The critical numbers of M are given by dx
= 0.
dM Wl I
Now, = 0 => -Wx = 0=> = -
dx 2 2
Flo
d^M
e
Clearly, = - W < 0 for all values of x. Thus, M is maximum when x = l/2.
dx^
eree
Hence, the required point is at a distance of 1/2 from the supporting end.
FFr
EXAMPLE 8
Find the minimum value of ax+ by, where xy ~c and a,b, c are positive.
uurr
(CBSE2015,2020]
SOLUTION Let z = ax + by, where xy = c^. Then, orr
sfo
bc^
V xy =c^ => y =
kks
z = ax +
Yoo
X X
oooo
dz bc^ dh 2hc^
and—^
eBB
— =a-
dx dx^ x^
dz
The critical points of z are given by = 0.
urr
dx
ad
dz bc^ bc^ b
— =0 => a- - = 0 => A.'^ =
YYo
=t> x = ± - c
dx X a a
if rs2 -,
dd
b d^'^ 9 a Ct fii n c ■ ● ● r P
- c: We find that —^ = 2i)C^
Re
Atx = - > 0. bo, 2 is minimum at a: = cJ- .

inn
— X —
a dx^ b c c\b a
F
bc^
The minimum value of z is given by z =aj- c + -Mb = 2^c
b . ...
Putting X - -a c m (i)
a c
lb dh a a a
At .r = -. — c: We find that = 2bc^ - = -2-
„ C ● ●
- <0.So,2ismaximumatA: = -J- c.
i. P
a dx^ , bc^ \b c \b a
EXAMPLE 9 Show that all the rectangles with a given perimeter, the square has the largest area.
SOLUTION Let X and y be the lengths of two sides of the rectangle of fixed parameter P and let A
be its area. Then,
P = 2{x + y) and. A = xy ...(ii)
P
Now, P = 2(x + y) ^ y = - -a:
A fP d^ A
A = xy = X a:
Px
-x^ M ^ P 2x and = -2
V2 2 dx 2 dx^
dA
The critical points of A are given by dx
= 0.
dA
= 0^^-~2x = 0 => P = 4a: => 2x + 2y = 4x => 2x = 2y => x = ij
dx
d^ A
Clearly, = - 2 < 0. Hence, A is maximum when x = y i.e. the rectangle is a square.
dx^
EXAMPLE 10
Show that of all the rectangles of given area, the square has the smallest perimeter.
[CBSE2011]
SOLUTION Let ^ and y be the lengths of two sides of a rectangle of given area A, and let P be the
perimeter. Then,
A = xy ...(i) and, P = 2(;c + y) ...(h)
w
Now, A =xy=>y= —
X
f A\ dP ( d}p 4A
P = 2{x + y) = 2 x + - =>
Flo
dx = 2 1 —j and dx^ x^
xj I x^J
dP
ee
The critical points of P are given by dx
= 0.
Fr
dP f A
dx
= 0 => 2 1-4
x^
= 0 => 1-
4=0=>
x‘^
x^ = A => x^ = xy => x^y.
or
ur
d^P 4A
Clearly, = — > 0 for all positive values of a:. Hence, P is minimum when x=y i.e the
sf
dx^
rectangle is a square.
ok
Yo
EXAMPLE 11 Show that of all the rectangles inscribed in a given circle, the square has the maximum area.
Bo
[NCERT, CBSE 2002, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013]

SOLUTION Let ABCD be a rectangle inscribed in a given circle with centre at O and radius a. Let
re
AB = 2x and BC = 2y. Applying Pythagoras theorem in right triangle 0AM, we obtain

ou
OA^ = +OM^ => = x^ +y'^ y = â^ -x^

ad
Y
Let A be the area of the rectangle ABCD. Then,
= 4xy = 4x 4^ -x^
nd
A
Re
[Using (i)j
Fi
dA .2-2^2
= 4 a^-x^ ^ = 4)
dx
-x^
dA
The critical points of A are given by dx
= 0.
o
2y
dA y
= 0
dx ^—X—>M B
2x
a'^-2x^ a
4^-?= = 0 => a^ - 2x^ s: 0 => X =
P -^2 V2 Fig. 17.32
dA
Now,
dx
-x^
dÂ
= 4 -2x-2)(«2_;,2)-1/2
dx^
dÂ
= 4 - 4x (a^ - xY - 2x^) (-1/2) (a^ -x^)" ^^^ 2x)
dx^
dÂ -4x x(a^-2x^)
= ‘i\
dx^
(dÂ a a
Clearly, = -16 < 0. Thus, A is maximum when x - ● Putting x - in (i), we

dx^ V2
'x = a/ -J2
a
gety =
ww
V2
Now, x-y = a/-Jl => 2x = 2y = -Jla => AB = BC=> ABCD is a square.
Hence, area A is maximum when the rectangle is a square.
Floo
EXAMPLE 12 Show that the rectangle of maximum perimeter which can be inscribed in a circle of radius
a is a square of side yfla. [CBSE2002]
ee
SOLUTION Let ABCD be a rectangle in a given circle of radius a with centre at O. Let AB = 2x
and AD = 2y be the sides of the rectangle. Applying Pythagoras theorem in AOAM, we get
eer
AM^ + OM^ = OA^ => => y =
FFr
Let P be the perimeter of the rectangle ABCD. Then, oorr
uur r
P = 4x + 4y
s ff
P = 4x +
4^fl^ [Using (i)l
dP
4-îL=
sk
o
YYoo
2y
ooko
dx y
A B
►M
dP
eBB
The critical points of P are given by = 0. 2x

dx
dP
= 0 Fig. 17,33
uurr
dx
ad
4x
Yo
= 0
-x2
dY
4x a
=> - x^ = X => a^ -x^ = x^ => 2x^ 1
Re
a => X
■J2
nind
-x2
FFi
dP 4x
Now, 4.—
dx -x^
2__^(-X)
=>
d^P -p -x2 -4a^
dx^ 2
(.2-:.2)3/2
-4a^ -8V2 a
< 0. Thus, P is maximum when x =
^dx^ ^ x = a! 1 a
2x3/2 a
V2
a~ —
2
a a
Putting X = in (i), we obtain y =
V2 y/2'
Now, x-y= Oyfl => 2x=2y^ AB = BC => ABCD is a square.

2a
Hence, P is maximum when the rectangle is square of side 2x = = V2fl.
V2
EXAMPLE 13 AB is a diameter of a circle and C is any point on the circle. Show that the area of A ABC is
maximum, when it is isosceles. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let AB = 2a, AC = x and CB = y. Since AB is a diameter of the circle having centre
O and C is a point on the semi-circle ACB. Therefore, ZACB =
Applying Pythagoras theorem in AACB, we obtain

AB^ = + CB^ => (2fl)^ =x^ + y^ => y= a/4(J^-x^
Let A be the area of AACB. Then,
w
A=:-ACxCB = -xy
2 2 ^
A =—X [Using (i)]
Flo
2
x^
eee
V4fl^-x^ - _
dx 2
yjâ^-x^
Fr
dA
The stationary values of A are given by dx
= 0.
for
ur
dA 2a^.-x^
= 0 => = 0 => 2a^ =x^ => x = V2<?
dx
ks
-X
-x^ X -2x-{2a^-x^)x
Yo
2a'^-x^ ^ dÂ V4fl^-Ar^ x(6a^-x^)

oo
dA
Now,
ylAa^ -x^ If (4f-x2)3/2
eB
V4? -X
r y \
dÂ
r
Clearly, = -2 < 0. Thus, A is maximum when x = -J2a and y = -f2a.

ou
ad
dx^ 'x=4la
YY
Hence, the area of AABC is maximum when it is isosceles.
EXAMPLE 14 Tangent to the circle x^ + y^ = a at any point on it in the first quadrant makes intercepts
nd
Re
OA and OB on x and y axes respectively, O being the centre of the circle. Find the minimum value of
OA + OB.
Fi
[CBSE 20151
SOLUTION Let P (flcosG, flsinG) be an arbitrary point on the circle -\-y^ =a^.lf P lies in the
first quadrant, then 0 ^ 0 < k/2. The equation of tangent to x^ +y^ =a^ at P(i7cos0, flsinO) is
xcos8 + ysin0 = fl
The tangent to x^ + y^ = a^ aY
_at(xi,yi) isxxj-Hyyi _ B(0, a cosec 0)
This cuts X and y-axis at A {a sec 0, 0) and B (0, a cosec 0) P(fl cos 0, a sin0)
respectively. X’
O
i4(iJ sec 0,0)
<■ >
OA = fl sec 0 and OB = cosec 0 X
Let S = OA -t- OB. Then, S = a (sec 9 + cosec 0). I cos 0 + y sin 0 = fl

,2
dS
— =a (sec 0 tan 0 - cosec 0 cot 0)
dQ
Fig. 17.35
d^S
and. = (sec^0 + sec0tan^0 + cosec^ 0 + cosec 0 cot^ 0)
dQ^
For maximum or minimum values of S, we must have
dS
dd
= Q=> a (sec 0 tan 0 - cosec 0 cot 0) = 0 => tan ^ 6 = 1 => tan 0=1^ ® ~ ^
d^S
At 0 = —, we obtain: = a (2>/2 + V2 + 2V2 + V2) = 6yf2a > 0
4 ^/0^
Hence, S is minimum at 0 = - and the minimum value of S is given by
4
S = a( sec— + cosec —I
4
= 2V2 a
ww
4
EXAMPLE 15 If the sum of the lengths of the hypotenues and a side of a right angled triangle is given,
show that the area of the triangle is maximum when the angle between them is 71/ 3.
Flo
[CBSE 2009,2014,2016,2017]
e
SOLUTION Let ABC be a right angled triangle with base BC-x and hypotenues AC =y such
ree
that x + y = k, where A: is a constant. Let 0 be the angle between the base and hypotenues. Let A
Fr
be the area of the triangle. Then,
rF
A = -BCxAC
1
= i a:
uurr
2
for
=> a2
s
kks
a"
^{{k-xf-x^}
Yo
[v x + y = k]
oooo
x‘^-2kx^
eB
A^ ...(i)
4

ur
dA 2k^x - 6kx^
ad
2A
YYo
dx 4
dA k^x-3kx^
dd
dx 4A
Re
in
dA
The critical numbers of A are given by dx
= 0.
F
dA k^ x - 3fcc^ k
Now, = 0 => = 0 ^ a: = —
dx 4A 3
2f^f
dx
+ 2A
d^ A
dx^
2k^-12kx
4
...(iii)
k ^ = 0. Putting dA dÂ
When x = — = 0 and X = — in (iii), we get: <0.
3' dx dx 3 dx^ 4A
k k 2k
Thus, A is maximum when x = Putting .r = — in X + y = cf, we obtain y = —
3 3 3
k/3
In AACB, COS0 =
BC
^ cos 0 = — =>
X
cos 0 = 1^0=^.
AB y 2k/3 2 3
17.39
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
Thus, area of triangle ABC is maximum, when angle 6 between base BC and hypotenuse AB is
7c/3.
EXAMPLE 16 Prove that the area of right-angled triangle of given hypotenues is maximum when the
triangle is isosceles.
SOLUTION Let h be the hypotenues of the right-angled triangle, and let x be its altitude. Then,
Base of the triangle = - x^. Let A be the area of the triangle. Then, ...(i)
A = -xJh^ -x'^
2 ^
oww
dA h
dx 2 dx J
x^ 1 h^ - 2x^
e
dA — ■
re
FFrlo
dx 2 h^-x^ A B
Fig. 17.37
rF
ee
dA
The critical numbers of x are given by = 0.
dx
rF
ouru
dA 1 - 2x^ h
= 0 ^ ■ . = 0 => /j^ = 2x^ => X
fosor
dx 2 Jh^-x^ ■ V2
skf
ooko
Now, dA _1 I }?-2x^
Yo
Y
Bo
reeB
dÂ
dx^
i (-4AT) L=
.2
- X
+ (;,2 - 2x^) f-
K 2
il (;,2 - :f2)- 3/ 2 A
dx
0,2 _
ooY
uur
ad
dÂ 1 -4.T x{lp--2x^) ^ d^ A

= - 2 < 0.
dY
dx^ -x
dx^ 7 x =
h
V2
nind
Re
2^ h
h h
Thus, A is maximum when :c - . Putting X = in (i), we get: Base =
F
Fi
V2 V2 2 ^/2 ■
h
Therefore, AB = BC = Hence, A is maximum when the triangle is isosceles.
42-
EXAMPLE 17 Show that the surface area of a closed cuboid with square base and given volume is
minimum, when it is a cube.
SOLUTION Let V be the fixed volume of a closed cuboid with length x, breadth x and height y.
Let S be the surface area of the cuboid. Then,
y = X^y
and. S = 2 (x^ + xy + xy) - 2x^ + 4xy ...(ii)
Now, S = 2x^ + 4xy

17.40
MATHEMATICS-XII
S = 2x^ + 4x ^ V V = x^y ●
.^ Xv-2 x^
4V dS AV
S = 2x^ + => — = Ax - ...(iii)
X dx
dS
The critical numbers of S are given by —
dx
= 0.
dS 4V
—
dx
= 0 =>4x-
x^
= 0 => V = x^ => y = x^ => X = y. [V V=x^y\
oww
Differentiating (iii) with respect to x, we get
d^S
= 4 +
8V
= 4 + ^ =43^ (d^s\ = 12 > 0.
dx^ x^ x^ X dx^
y = x
e
Hence, S is minimum when length = x, breadth = ;c and height = :r i.e., when it is a cube.
re
FFrlo
EXAMPLE 18 open tank with a square base and vertical sides is to be constructed from a metal sheet
so as to hold a given quantity of water. Show that the cost of the material will be least when depth of the
rF
ee
tank is halfof its width. [CBSE 2007,2010,2018]
SOLUTION Let the length, width and height of the open tank be x, x and y units respectively.
ouru
rF
Then, its volume is x^ y and the total surface area is x^ + 4xy. It is given that the tank can hold a
ffosor
given quantity of water. This means that its volume is constant. Let it be V. Then,
os k
V = x^y
ook
Yo
The cost of the material will be least if the total surface area is least. Let
Y
y
S denote the total surface area. Then,
Bo
y
reeB
S = x^ + 4xy ●●●{ii)
y
X
y
X
We have to minimize S subject to the condition that the volume V is

oouY
ur
constant. T
ad
Now, Fig. 17.38

dY
S = +4xy
Sc = x^2 + 4V
nidn
[Using (i)l
Re
X
F
Fi
dS 4V d^S 8V
— = 2x~ —XT and
=>
dx x^ dx^ = 2 + ^
dS
dx
= 0.
dS 4V
Now, — = 0 => 2x-
dx ^2
- 0 => 2x^ = 4V => 2x^ = 4x^ y => X = 2y [●.● V = x^y]
d^ S 8V
Clearly, = 2 +
-^ > 0 for all X. Hence, S is minimum when x = 2y i.e. the depth (height) of
dx^
the tank is half of its width.
EXAMPLE 19 metal box with a square base and verticalsides is to contain 1024 cm^ of water, the
material for the top and bottom costs ? 5 per cm^ and the material for the sides costs ? 2.50 per cm^. Find
the least cost of the box. [NCERTEXEMPALRl
SOLUTION Let the length, breadth and height of the metal box be x cm, x cm and y cm
respectively. It is given that the box can contain 1024 cm"^ of water.
1024
1024 = x^y => y =
y
Let C be the total cost in ? of material used to construct the box.
y
Then, y
X
y
C =5x^ +5a:^ +"x4xy => C =10x^ +10xy

X
X
We have to find the least value of C.
Fig. 17.39
Now,
ww
C =10x^ + 10:ry
C=10x^+10a:x1^ [Using (i)]
d^C
Flo
10240 dC 10240 20480
C=10x^ + = 20x- -ând—^ = 20 +
e
X dx x^ dx^
eree
dC
The critical numbers for C are given by = 0.
FFr
dx
dC 10240
uurr
Now, = 0 => 20:r- = 0=> =512 => x^ = 8^ => x = 8
dx
orr
sfo
^ d^C 20480
Clearly, = 20 + > 0. Thus, the cost of the box is least when x = S. Putting x = 8
dx^ 83
kks
Yoo
yx=8
oooo
in (i), we obtain y = 16. So, the dimensions of the box are 8x8x16.
eBB
Putting X = 8 and y = 16 in C = lOx^ + lOxy, we obtain C = 1920.

Hence, the least cost of the box is ?1920.
urr
●y
EXAMPLE 20 An Open box with a square base is to be made out of a given quantity of card board of area c
ad
c3
YYo
square units. Show that the maximum volume of the box is cubic units.
[CBSE 2001C, 05,2012, NCERT EXEMPLARl

dd
Re
inn
SOLUTION Let the length, breadth and height of the box x, x and y units respectively. It is given
that the area of the card board is c^ sq. units.
F
2 1
X + 4xy - c
Let V be the volume of the box. Then,
= x^y ...(ii)
c
2 -X
2^
V = x^ [Using (i)I
4x
x3 dV c2 3x2 3x
V = —X- and
4 4 dx 4 4 dx2 2
dV
The critical points of V are given by ——
dx
= 0.
dV 3x2
Now, =0 => X = -i
dx 4 4 V3
fd^V -3c
Clearly, < 0. Thus, V is maximum when x = —f
dx^ 2V3 V3‘
Jx=c/-f3
Putting X = in (i), we obtain y = Putting x = and y = in (ii) the maximum
c
volume of the box is given by V = — x — = cubic units.
3 2 V 3 6/3
EXAMPLE 21 The sum of the surface areas of a rectangular parallelopiped with sides x, 2x and — and a
3
sphere is given to be constant. Prove that the sum of the volumes is minimum, ifx is equal to three times
the radius of the sphere. Also, find the minimum value of the sum of their volumes.
oww
INCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2016]
SOLUTION Let y be the radius of the sphere and let S be the constant value of the sum of the
surface areas of the parallelopiped and the sphere. Then,
f X x \ 0 9 7
e
S = 2 xx2x + 2xx— + —xx + 4;iy rs- S = 6x + 4rcy^ ...(i)
3 3 J
ree
rFl
Fre
Let V be the sum of the volumes of the sphere and the parallelepiped. Then,
4 ^ X
rrF
V = — Tiy +xx2xx —
3 ^ 3
ouur
sffoo
4 S-6x^ 2 3 S-6x^
V=-Ky^-i--x^
3 ^ 3 3
= — Tl
4jt 3
V S = 6A:^ + 47:y^ => y^ = 4n
okks
Yo
1
(S-6x2)3/2
ooo
=> V =
SyfH 3
eBB
dV
=>
dx
J^x-(S-6a:^)^/2(-12x)+-x3a:2
Sjn 2 3
=> dx
~{S-6x^)^^'^x + 2x'^ ...(ii)
uurr
dV
The critical numbers of V are given by = 0.
ad
dx
YYo
Now,
dV
%(S-6xY^^x + 2x‘^=0 =>
3x
dd
= 0 => - (S-6x^)^/2 =2x^

Vi
Re
dx
iinn
^(S-6r^)^/^=2x=> 9(S-6x^)=47tx^ [Squaring both sides]

F
in
9 (4Tty^) = 4ju^ => 9y- = x

^ => x=3y [Using (i)]
X 2 4tia,'^
Putting X = 3y or, y = — in (i), we obtain S = 6x + .
3 9
18x^
Differentiating (ii), we obtain:
dx^
3 (S-6x^)V2
Vji
+ 4x
Vi
When X = 3\/ or, xf - —, we obtain

3
1/2
d^V -3 Unx^ 18x^ 27x 27 X
+ 4x = -2x + + 4x = + 2x>0
dx^ Vi [ 9 Vi f ●- Vix jt n
^3
X 4 2
So, V is minimum when x = 3y. Putting :c = 3y or, i/ =—
— inV = — TW^ + —x^, we obtain
3 ^ 3
V=-K .f 2 3
- +-x"’ = -x^
2 ^ z'
1+
2n\
3 3J 3 3 27
Hence, the sum of the volume is minimum when x = 3y i.e. x is equal to three times the radius
of the sphere and the maximum value of the sum of the volumes is V = — a:
2 3
'i+^l
w
3 V 27;
EXAMPLE 22
Show that the triangle of maximum area that can be inscribed in a given circle is an
equilateral triangle.
SOLUTION Let ABC be a triangle inscribed in a given circle with centre O and radius r.
e
The area of the triangle will be maximum if its vertex A opposite to the base BC is at a maximum
e
distance from the base BC. This is possible only when A lies on the diameter perpendicular to
o
rw
BC. Thus, AD 1 BC. So, triangle ABC must be an isosceles triangle. Let OD = x.
r
Applying Pythagoras theorem in right triangle ODB, we get
F
OB^ = OD^ + BD'^ = x^ + BD^ => BD = ^jr^ -x^
ullo
FF
BC = 2BD = 2^r'^-x^
e
srre
Also, AD = AO + OD = r + X. Let A denote the area of A ABC. Then,
oF
1
k
^ (BC X AD)
A =
fofr
uor
A = -^ X 2 ^r^ -x^ .y{r + x)
o
(r + a:) yjr^ -x^
Y
kos
A =
Yo
rBB
dA 2 x{r + x)
oo
= [Differentiating with respect to a:]

eY
=> - a:
dx - X
re
2 2
dA r -rx - 2x
u
dx
d
ou
o
ad
dA
The critical numbers of A are given by = 0.
nY
dx
dA ^ -rx~2x^
= 0 => -
=0 (r-2A:)(r + A:)=0 => r-2.v = 0 => at=-^ [v r + A:?iO]
nid
Re
dx
F
Fi
2 2
dA r -rx - 2x
Now,
dx
d^ A (- r - 4.r) (r -rx- 2x ) x
+
dx^ (r2-x2)3/2
d^ A
= -2V3 <0
dx^
y x = r/2
^ => BD = -J3r
Y
Thus, A is maximum when x= —. Therefore, BD = - X
2 2
In A ODB, we obtain
BD f3r/2
tan 0 = => tan 0 = = V3 => e = 60° => ABAC = 0 = 60°
OD r/2
But, AB = AC. Therefore, ZB = ZC = 60°. Thus, we obtain ZA = ZB = ZC = 60°.

Hence, A is maximum when A ABC is equilateral.
EXAMPLE 23
A wire of length 36 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is to be made into a
square and the other into a circle. What should be the lengths of the two pieces, so that the combined area of
the square and the circle is minimum?
SOLUTION Let the length of a side of the square be x metres and the radius of the circle be
y metres. It is given that the length of tl\e wire is 36 m.
4x + 271 y = 36 => 2x + Tty = 18
Let A be the combined area of the square and the circle. Then,
A = + ny^ ...(ii)
ww
, 2 ri8-2xf
A = X +n [Using (i)]
7t
A = x^ +-{18~2x)^
Flo
n
e
dÂ
i(-2) =
dA 8
= 2x + ~{18-2x)(-2) = 2x--{18-2x) and. = 2- 2 + -
eree
dx 7t 7t dx^ 71 jt
FFr
dA
uurr
dx
dA
= 0 => 2x--(18-2x) = 0 => X =
36
orr
sfo
dx 7t 7t + 4
^dÂ 8 36
kks
Yoo
Clearly, = 2 + — > 0. Thus, A is minimum when x =

dx^ J jr = 36/n + 4
oooo
7t 7t+ 4
eBB
36 18
Putting X = in (i), we obtain y = . So, lengths of the two pieces of wire are
7U+ 4 7t+ 4
urr
36 144 18 36 71
4x = 4 X m and 27ty = 27tx m
7C+ 4 71 + 4 71+4 71+4
ad
YYo
Hence, the combined area of the square and the circle is minimum when the lengths of two
144 3671
dd
pieces are metres and metres.

71+4 7t+4
Re
inn
EXAMPLE 24
A figure consists of a semi-circle with a rectangle on its diameter. Given the perimeter of
F
thefigure, find its dimensions in order that the area may be maximum. [CBSE2002]
SOLUTION Let ABCD be a rectangle and let the semi-circle be described on side AB as diameter.
Let AB = 2x and AD = 2y. Let P be the perimeter and A be the area of the figure. Then,
2
P = 2x + 4y + 71X
2
and, A
= {2x)(2y) + ^ ...(h)
K X
Now A = —
7Ux2
A - X (P - 2x - 7C x) + [Using (i)] A B
2
2y
A = Px-2x^ -7CX
2
+
2
2
KX dA d?-A D -> 2jc <— c
A = Px - 2x^ - = P-4x-7ixand = -4-7t
Fig. 17.41
2 dx dx^
dA
= 0.
dA P
= 0 ^P-Ax-nx=0=>x =
dx 71+4
dÂ p
Clearly, = - 4 - 7t < 0 for all values of x. Thus, A is maximum when x =
dx^ 71 + 4
p P
Putting X = in (i) we get y = . So, area of the figure is maximum when dimensions
7T+ 4 2 (71 + 4)
2P p
of the figure are: Length = 2x = and Breadth = 2u = .
7X+ 4 ^ 71+4
EXAMPLE 25 A square piece of tin of side 24 cm is to be made into a box without top by cutting a square
ww
from each corner andfolding up the flaps to form a box. What should be the side of the square to be cut
off so that the volume of the box is maximum? Also, find this maximum volume.
SOLUTION Let X cm be the length of a side of the square which is cut-off from each comer of the
Floo
plate. Then, dimensions of the box as shown in Fig. 17.42 are Length = 24 - 2x, Breadth = 24 - 2a:
and height = x.
ee
24-2x- ->
eer
X
FFr
X
oorr
uur r
IN
X
s ff
. . .
! X
(<■ 24 cm
sk
YYoo
ooko
Let V be the volume of the box. Then,

eBB
dV
V = (24 - 2a:)^ x = 4x^ - 9Sx^ + 576x => = 12x^-192x + 576 and = 24x-192
dx dx^
uurr
dV
ad

Yo
dx
dV
= 0 => 12a:^ -192X + 576 = 0
dY
dx
Re
x^-16a: + 48 = 0=> (x-12)(a:-4) = 0 => x = 12,4

ind
FFin
But, X = 12 is not possible. Therefore, x = 4.

d^V
Clearly, - 24 X 4 -192 < 0. Thus, V is maximum when x = 4.
dx^ 7x = 4
Hence, the volume of the box is maximum when the side of the square is 4 cm.
Putting X =4 in =(24-2x) x, we obtain that the maximum volume of the box is given by
=(24-8)^x4 =1024 cm^.
EXAMPLE 26 A rectangular sheet offix perimeter with sides having their lengths in the ratio 8:15 is
converted into an open rectangular box by folding after removing squares of equal area from all four
comers. If the total area of removed square is 100 square units, the resulting box has maximum volume.
Find the length of the sides of the rectangular sheet.
SOLUTION Let the sides of rectangular sheet be 8fl and 15fl units respectively. Let the length of
each side of the squares of same size removed from each comer of the sheet be x units. Then, the
dimensions of the open box, formed by folding up the flaps, are:
17.46 MATHEMATiCS-XIl
Length = 15a - 2x, breadth = - lx, height = x

15a-lx
IH
Let V be the volume of the box formed. Then,

V = (15fl - 2x) {8a - 2x) x
ww
dV d^V
V = 120fl^ x-^8a-ip- + 4x^ = 120(1^ - 92ax + 12x^ and = - 92fl + 24:c
dx dx^
dV
Flo
dx
e
dV
= 0=> 120fl^-92fl.r + 12;c^ =0
eree
dx
5a
FFr
30fl^-23flA:+3;c^ = 0 => (5fl - 3a:) (6fl - a:) = 0 => x~(>a,x = —
3
uurr
But, a: = 6fl is not possible as for x = 6a breadth = 8a~l2a = -Aa, which is not possible.
orr
sfo
...
5a 5a d^V 5a
So, a: = — = -92a + 40a = -52a < 0. Thus, V is maximum when x= —.
3 3 dx^ 3
kks
Yoo
It is given that total area of four squares removed from each comer of the sheet is 100 sq. units.
oooo
25fl^
.-. 4a:^ =100=> A-^ =25=> = 25^t7^=9=5>i7 = 3
eBB
Hence, the dimensions of the sheet are 15a = 45 and 8a = 24.

urr
BASED ON LOTS
ad
YYo
EXAMPLE27 Find the volume of the largest cylinder that can be inscribed in a sphere ofradiusr cm.
[CBSE 2009, 2012]
dd
SOLUTION Let h be the height and R be the radius of the base of the inscribed cylinder. Let V be
Re
inn
the volume of the cylinder. Then,

V = TiR^h c
F
B'/
Applying Pythagoras Theorem in AOCA, we get

2
OA^ =OC^+CA^ => r^ = = r
2) 4
Substituting the value of R in (i), we get B

2^
V = K
2 -
^
-
h
4
V = nr^h--h^,
dV
Ttr
2 2>Tih^ and
d^V 3nh
4 dh 4 dl? 2
dV
dh
3 4r^
dV
s=0 => Ttr^ = 0 => /i^ = => /j=4
dh 4 3 Vs"
fd^V 2r
Clearly, = - -JSnr < 0. Thus, V is maximum when h =
[dh^ 2r ^/3●
73
2r (2
Putting h = in = r ^ - —, we ob tain R =
4 '
—r. Substituting the values of K ^ and h in (i).
41 1/3
we find that the maximum volume of the cylinder is given by
47cr^
V = nR^h ^ K (2~r 2V -:=
13 43 343 / V
EXAMPLE 28
Show that a cylinder of a given volume which is open at the top, has minimum total surface
ooww
area, provided its height is equal to the radius of its base. [CBSE2011,2014]
SOLUTION Let r be the radius and h be the height of a cylinder of given volume V. Then,
0 V
V
= nr^h => h = —^
e
Let S be the total surface area of the cylinder which is open at the top. Then,
ree
S = 2nrh + nr'^
rFl
Fre
V 1
S = 27rr X + nr lUsing (i)]
rrF
2
nr
2V 2 dS 2V d4s 4V
S = ■¥nr^, — + 2nr and -^ + 2;:
ouur
r dr
sffoo dr^ r^
The critical numbers of S are given by — = 0.

okks
dr
Yo
dS 2V
+ 2nr = 0 => V = 7cr^ => nr\ = Tcr^ z=> h = r [v V =nr^h]
ooo
— = 0 => -
dr
-j-
r^
BB
Clearly, —;r + 2n > 0. Hence, S is minimum when h = r i.e., when the height
rr e
dr'^ y r = h
h^
ouu
of the cylinder is equal to the radius of the base.

ad
YY
EXAMPLE 29 Show that the height of the closed cylinder of given surface and maximum volume, is equal
to the diameter of its base. [NCERT,CBSE2012]
dd
SOLUTION Let r be the radius of the base and h be the height of a closed cylinder of given
Re
iinn
surface area S. Then,

S-2nr^
F
S = 2nr^ + 2nrh => ft =

27tr
Let V be the volume of the cylinder. Then,

V = n r^h
2^
2 S-2nr
V = nr [Using (i)]
2nr
rS-2nr^ rS 3, —
dV = — , r 2 and. d^V
S 3ti
V = nr = - 6nr
2 2 dr 2 dr^
dV
The critical numbers of V are given by dr
= 0.
dV
Now, = 0 => 3nr^ = 0 => S = 6nr^ => 2nr^ + 2nrh = 6nr^ => h = 2r.
dr 2
d^V
Clearly, = - 6it r < 0 for all r. Hence, V is maximum when h = 2r i.e., when the height of
dr^
the cylinder is equal to the diameter of the base.
EXAMPLE 30 Show that the height of a cylinder, which is open at the top, having a given surface area and
greatest volume, is equal to the radius of its base. [CBSE 2004,2010]
SOLUTION Let r be the radius and h be the height of a cylinder of given surface S. Then,
S - 7ir^
S - nr^ + 2nrh => h ~ -(i)
2Ttr

V = Kr^ h
2^
2 S-nr
w
V = nr [Using (i)]
2nr
\
Sr-nr^ Sr nr^ dV S 3 2 ^
Flo
V = = -3nr
2 2 2 dr 2 2 dr^
ee
dV
dr
Fr
dV
= 0 => — =0 => S = 3nr^ nr'^ + 2nrh = 3nr'^ => r = h.
dr 2 2
for
ur
Clearly, = - 3rcr < 0. Hence, V is maximum when r = h i.e., when the height of the cylinder is
dr^
ks
equal to the radius of its base.

Yo
EXAMPLE 31 _ Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere
oo
2a
of radius a is [NCERT, CBSE 2001,2012,2013,2014]
VI-
B
re
SOLUTION height of the cylinder ABCD which is

Let r be the radius of the base and h be the
inscribed in a sphere of radius a. It is obvious that for maximum volume the axis of the cylinder
ou
must be along the diameter of the sphere. Let O be the centre of the sphere such that OL = x. By
ad
symmetry, O is the mid-points of LM. Applying Pythagoras Theorem in AALO, we get

Y
OA^ = OL^ + AL^ => = x'^+AL^ => AL = â^ -x^

nd
Re

V = n{Ahf^lM
Fi
=> V = n (AL)^ X 2 (OL) = n{cP' -x^).y2x= In (fl^ .r -
dV d^V
= 2n{cP' - 3x^) and = -12nx
dx dx^
dV
dx
dV a
= 0 =5- 2n{a^ - 3x^) = 0 => r =
dx ■ V3 Fig. 17.45
^d^V a a
Clearly, = -12 TUX < 0. Hence, V is maximum when x = and hence
dx^ V3 V3
7.x = fl/Vs
2a
LM=2x =
V3‘
In otherwords, the height of the cyclic of maximum volume is 2a/-J3.
EXAMPLE 52 Show that the semi-vertical angle of a cone of maximum volume and given slant height is
-1 1
tan“^ V2 or cos INCERT, CBSE 2011,2014]
V3‘
SOLUTION Let a be the semi-vertical angle of a cone VAB of given slant height 1.
In A AOV,
VO OA VO OA
cos a and sin a = => cos a = and sin a = => VO -1 cos a, OA = / sin a
VA VA I I
Let V be the volume of the cone. Then,

V = (VO)
1 7
V = — 71 (/sin a) (/ cos a)
w
3
1 ,3 . 2 dV
V = — 7t/ sm a cos a - sin ^ a + 2 sin a cos
3 da 3
Flo
dV_ .
e
2 2
- sin a + 2 cos
reee
sm a a
da 3
FFr
dV
The critical points of V are given by = 0.
da
dV for
ur
= 0
da
kkss
nP . 2 2
sm a - sin a + 2 cos a = 0
Yo
3
oo
Fig. 17.46
eB
2cos^ a = sin^ a => tan^ a = 2 => tan a = V2 ['.● a is acute.'. sin a 0]

1 1
[●.* tan a = -Jl]
ur
cos a
V3
●Jl + tan^ a
ad
YYo
Differentiating (i) with respect to a, we get

d^V nl^
< 2 2 2 Ttt 2 2
— (“3 sin a cos a + 2 cos'^ a -4sin acosa) = — cos a (2-7 tan a)
d
Re
3 3
in
1 -4ti/2
F
= -7c/3 (2-7x2) = <0.

3 V3 3V3
tan a = -Jl
Thus, V is maximum, when tan a = V2 or, a = tan“^ V2 i.e. when the semi-vertical angle of the
cone is tan"^ V2.
EXAMPLE 33 Shoiv that the semi-vertical angle of a right circular cone of given surface area and
maximum volume is sin -im [NCERTl
13
SOLUTION Let r be radius, I be the slant height and h be the height of the cone VAB of given
surface area S. Then,
S-itr'^
S - Tcr^ + Krl ^ =
Ttr

y = — nr^h
3
1
=> = -7.2,4 -r2) [v /2=r2 + /72] I
9 9
h
2
S - TO""
y2 =IL,4 -r2 [Using (i)]
9 nr A "V
Fig. 17.47
2 „4
y2 =
7T r (S-Tcr2)2 -71^ ,4
9 2 2
-9 S(Sr2 -27ir^)
7.^
ooww
Let Z = V' . Then, V is maximum or minimum according as Z is maximum or minimum.
dZ rf2z
Now, Z = -S(Sr2-27ir^)
9
=> dr ^ S(2Sr-STtr^) and dr2
-(2S-247ir2)
9
dZ
e
The critical numbers of Z are given by = 0.
ree
dr
dZ
rFl
Fre
Now, = 0 =>2Sr-87cr^ = 0=> S = 47rr2 => r2= — ...(hi)
dr 4t:
rrF
d^z'] S( S \
< 0. Thus, Z is maximum when r2 = —
Clearly, 25-247. X —
ouur
dr^ ''r 2_ S 9
sffoo 4t. 9 47.
4;.
9 9
i.e. 5 = 47tr . Hence, V is maximum when 5 = 4t. r
okks
.
Yo
Now, S = 4^nr^ => nrl+nr^ = 4nr^ => I = 3r.

oo
Y
1
BB
r r
sm a = —.Hence, V is maximum when a = sm
/ 3r 3 3J
rre
EXAMPLE 34 Show that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R is
ouu
8/27 of the volume of the sphere. [NCERT, CBSE 2008,2010 C, 2012,2013,2014,2016]

YY
ad
SOLUTION Let VAB be a cone of greatest volume inscribed in a sphere of radius R. It is obvious
that for maximum volume the axis of the cone must be along a diameter of the sphere. Let VC be
dd
the axis of the cone and O be the centre of the sphere such that OC = x. Then,
Re
iinn
VC = VO + OC = K 4- X = height of the cone.

Applying Pythagoras Theorem in AACO, we get
F
0A2= AC2+0C2 => AC2 = OA2-OC2=R2_;^.2

y = l7.(AC)2 (VC)
V = -3 7.(R2 -;c2)(K +x)
dV
dx
= -7.1^2
3
-a;2-2;r(R + .Y)
dV rf2y
-n{R^ -2Rx-3x'^) and ~k{-2R-6x)
dx 3 rfx2 3
dV
The critical numbers of V are given by dx
= 0.
dV
= 0
dx
=> R^-2Rx-3x^=0=> (R-3x){R+x) = 0^ R-3x = 0 ^ X = —3 [■.■ R+xÔ]
^d^V 4 R
Clearly, — R n < 0. Thus, V is maximum when x = —.
dx^ 3 3
/x=R/3
R
Putting a: = — in (i), we obtain
3
R\ 32nR^
V = Maximum volume of the cone = -n R^ R+ —
3 9 3J 81
ww
= Afi,K3l =
8
(Volume of the sphere).
27 U 27
EXAMPLE 35 Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of greatest curved surface which can be
inscribed in a given cone is half of that of the cone.
Flo
ICBSE 2010 C, 2012,2013,2020]
ee
SOLUTION and height h = VO. Let a cylinder of base
Let VAB be the cone of base radius r = 0A
rere
radius OC = x and height = 00' be inscribed in the cone. Clearly, AVOB ~ AB'DB.
rFF
VO ^ OB h
— B'D =
h{r-x)
B'D DB B'D
uurr
r - X r foor V
Let S be the curved surface area of the cylinder. Then,

ks s
S = 2tc(OC)(B'D) O'
Yoo
A'
h{r-x) 2nh 2
oook
S = 2 to: {rx - X )
r r
eBB
dS 2nh d^ S 4 n /z
(r - 2x) and X
dx r dx^ r
uurr
dS £- g a
ad
T
dx
Yo
dS 2nh Fig. 17.49

(r-2x) = 0=>x = -
dY
dx r 2
Re
d^ S
innd
- 4 Tl /z Y
Clearly, <0 for all X. Hence, S is maximum when ~ radius of the cylinder
dx^ r
FFi
is half of the radius of the cone.
EXAMPLE 36 Show that the volume of the greatest cylinder ivhich can he inscribed in a cone of height h
4 /l
and semi-vertical angle a is — nh tan a. Also, show that height of the cylinder is —.
27 3
[NCERT, CBSE 2001C, 2007,2008,2010,2017,2020]

SOLUTION Let VAB be a given cone of height h, semi-vertical angle a and let x be the radius of
the base of the cylinder B' DC which is inscribed in the cone VAB.
hxAVO' A'
O'A'
tana = = _^=> VO' = xcota=> 00' = VO-VO' = /z-xcota
VO VO’

V = tc(0'B')^(00')
V = Ttx^ {h-x cot a) -(ii)
dV d^V A' B'

= 2n xh - 3n x cot a and - 2nh-6nx cot a
dx dx^ X
dV
dx
A' c- B
dV 2h
= 0 => 27t x/i - Stt cot a = 0 => x = — tan a [●.● x 0]
dx 3 Fig. 17.50
(d^V 2h
Clearly,
dx^ x=
2h
tana
= K (2h -4/]) =-2nh <0. Hence, V is maximum when ^ ^ “●
w
3
2h
Putting X = —
3
tan a in (ii), the maximum volume of the cylinder is given by
Flo
2h 2h
V =: K — tan a h- — = —nh^ tan^ a.
L 3 3 ) 27
ee
2h , , , 2h h
Putting x=— tana in (i), we get: 00' = /i-xcota = n - ■— - —
Fr
3 3 3
Hence, height of the cylinder = 00' = —.

3
or
ur
sf
EXAMPLE 37 Let AP and BQ be two vertical poles at points A and B respectively. If AP =16 m,
ok
Yo
BQ = 22m and AB = 20m, then find the distance of a point R on AB from the point A such that
Bo
2 2
RP + RQ is minimum. [NCERT,CBSE 20101
SOLUTION Let K be a point on AB such that AR = x Then, RB = (20 - x) m.
re
Applying Pythagoras Theorem in A’s RAP and RBQ, we get

ou
=x^ +16^
ad
RQ^ =22^ +(20-x)^

Y
and. ...(h)
PR^-t-RQ^=x^+16^+ 22^+(20-x)^ = 2x^ 40X + 1140

nd
Re
Q
Let Z =Rp2 +RQ^. Then,
Fi
dZ d^Z
Z=2x^-40x + 1140 => = 4x - 40 and =4
3
dx rfx2
dZ
The critical numbers of Z are given by dx
= 0.
dZ
= 0=> 4x-40=0=> x=10
dx
d^Z
Clearly,
dx
^ = 4 > 0 for all x. So, Z is minimum when x = 10. Thus, RP^ + RQ^ is minimum
when, the distance of R from A is 10 m.
EXAMPLE 38 If the length of three sides of a trapezium other than base are equal folO cm, then find the
area of trapezium when it is maximum. [NCERT, CBSE 2010,2013]
SOLUTION Let ABCD be the given trapezium such that AD = DC =BC =10 cm. Draw
DP and CQ perpendiculars from D and C respectively on AB. Clearly, A APD = A BQC. Let
AP = X cm. Then, BQ = x cm.
Applying Pythagoras Theorem in A APD and A BQC, we obtain: DP =QC =^100 - x^.
Let A be the area of trapezium ABCD. Then,
10 cm
A =
^{AB +CD)xDP
A = i (10 +10 + 2x) X ^100 - x^ ●5/
ooww
A=(10 + x) ^100
10 cm
4 a: cm p
i xcm B
dA x(10 + x) _100-10a:-23:^
■^100 Fig. 17.52
dx
-JlOO-a:^ ■^jlOO-x^
e
ree
dA
rFl
Fre
dx
100-lOx-2:^2
rrF
dA
= 0 => = 0
dx
^100
ouur
sffoo
=> 100 - lQx-2x^ =0 =5* +5:r -50 = 0 => (x + 10) (x -5) =0 => x=5 [v x > 0 .-. x + 10 9^ 0]
dA 100-10x-2x^
okks
Now,
Yo
dx
VlOO-x^
oo
Y
BB
(100-10x-2x^)x
(-10-4x) +
dÂ -JlOO - x^ 2x^-300x-1000
rre
dx^ 100-x^ (100-x2)3/2

ouu
YY
ad
(dÂ] -30
<0
dx^ ^l75
Jx=5
dd
Thus, the area of the trapezium is maximum when x = 5. Putting x = 5 in (i), the maximum area is
Re
iinn
given by
F
A=| (10+5) ^100-25 =^^cm^

EXAMPLE 39
A telephone company in a town has 500 subscribers on its list and collects fixed charges of
? 300 per subscriber. The company proposes to increase the annual subscription and it is believed that
every increase ofX 1 one subscriber will discontinue the service. Find what increase will bring maximum
revenue? (NCERTEXEMPLARl
SOLUTION Let the increase of ? x in annual subscription of ? 300 maximize the profit of the
company. Due to this increase of ? x, x subscribers will discontinue the service. Therefore,
Number of subscriber using the service = 500 - x
Annual subscription of each subscriber = ? (300 + x)
Let R be the total annual revenue of the company. Then,
dR d^R
R=(500-x)(300 + x) =J» K =150000+ 200x-x^ => = 200 - 2x and = -2
dx dx^
dR
The stationary values of R are given by dx
= 0.
dR
= 0 => 200-2x = 0 => :r=100
dx
d^R
Clearly, = - 2 < 0 for all X So, R is maximum when x = 100.
dx^
Thus, the total revenue received will be maximum if annual subscription is increased by ?100.
EXAMPLE 40 Find the point on the curve = ^x which is nearest to the point (2,1).
SOLUTION Let P(.v, y) be a point on y^ =4xand i4(2,1) be the given point. Then,
w
f 2 n2
_ y
AP^ = {x-lf + {y-lf ^ AP^ '--2
4
+(y-l)2 [v y^ =4x x = y^/4]
Flo
Let Z = AP^. Then, Z is maximum or minimum according as AP is maximum or minimum.
ee
n2 ( 2
Now, Z =
y^
L„2 +(y-lf^
dZ
=2 y- -2lf^1+2(y-l)=^ -2 and.
d^Z 3y^
Fr
^y 4 U J ' 4 dy^ ~ 4
rfZ
The critical numbers of Z are given by for
= 0.
ur
dy
dZ y^— = 0=>y^=8=>y = 2
ks
= 0 ^
Yo
oo
3 (2)^
Clearly,
■—^— = 3 > 0. Thus, Z is minimum when y = 2.
eB
dy^ ^y = 2
Putting y = 2in y^ = 4x, we obtain .r = 1. So, the coordinates of P are (1,2). Hence, the point (1,2)
ur
ad
on y^ = 4x is nearest to the point (2,1).

Yo
EXAMPLE 41 A jet of an enemy is flying along the curve y = x +2. A soldier is placed at the point {Z, 1).
nd
What is the shortest distance between the soldier and the jet?
Re
SOLUTION Let P{x, y) be the position of jet and the soldier is placed at A (3, 2). Then, the
Fi
distance between the soldier and jet is given by
AP = ^(.v-3)2+(y-2)2 = - 3)2 + [vy = x2 + 2]

Let Z = AP^. Then, Z =(x - 3)^ +
Clearly AP is maximum or minimum according as Z is maximum or minimum.
dZ d^Z
Now, Z = (x-3)^ +x^ => dx = 2 (x - 3) + 4x^ and = 12x^ + 2
dx^
dZ
The critical numbers of Z are given by = 0.
dx
dZ
dx
= 0 => 2 (x - 3) + 4x^ = 0 =s» 2x^ + X - 3 = 0
(x-l)(2.x^ + 2x+ 3)=0 => x=l [●.● 2x^ + 2x + 3 = 0 gives imaginary values of x]
f d^z] = 12+2 = 14 > 0. Thus, Z is minimum when x = 1. Putting ^=1 in

Clearly,
dx^ yx = i
i/ = x^ + 2, we obtain i/ = 3. So, the coordinates of P are (1,3). Hence, AP is minimum when jet is
at the point (1,3) on the curve.
Putting x=l and y = 3 in AP =-J(x- 3)^ +(y-2)^, we obtain; AP =-J{l - 3)^ +1^ = VS.
Hence, the shortest distance = J5.
EXAMPLE42 Find the shortest distance between the line y-x = \ and the curve x = y .
SOLUTION Let P (f ^, t) be any point on the curve x = y^. The distance S of P from the given line is
f^-f + 1 f^-f + 1
w
S = [*.● -1 +1 > 0 for alU e P]
42 42 V2
^ dH
i = V2
Flo
and
dt ~ 42 dt^ 42
e
reee
dS
dt
= 0.
FFr
dS 1
— = 0=s-2f-l=0=>f =
dt 2
for
ur
d?-S
Clearly, = V2 > 0 for all t. So, S is minimum when ^ ■
kss
if ^1
Yo
oo
1 t^-t + \ 2) 2 3V2
Putting t = - in S = , the minimum value of S is S =
eB
42 42 8
EXAMPLE 43 Find the shortest distance of the point (0, c) from the parabola y = x, where
ur
0 < c <5. [NCERTl

ad
YYo
SOLUTION Let P {x, y) be any point on the parabola and Q (0, c) be the given point. Then,
Pq2 ^ .^2 + (y _ + (x^ - c)^ [vy = x^]
d
Re
PQ^=x^-x^ (2c-l) + c^
in
Clearly, PQ will be minimum when PQ^ is minimum. Let Z = PQ . Then,

F
YA
Z=x^-x^ (2c-l) + c^ VI
Q (0, d
dZ d^Z
= 4x^-2x(2c-l) and = 12x^-2(2c-l)
dx dx^
dZ <■ ■>
The critical numbers of Z are given by = 0. X' o X
dx
dZ y Y'
= 0
dx Fig. 17.53
4x^-2x(2c-l)=0
2c-l
2x{2x^ -(2c-l)} = 0 => x = 0,x=±^^^ => X = 0, X = ± a, where a =

V 2
^ 7 ^
Clearly, = 12a - 4a = 8a >0. So, Z is minimum at a: = ± a.
[dx^ = ± a
Hence, PQ is minimum at :r = ± a. Putting jc = ± a in PQ^ =x^ + {x^ - c)^, the minimum value
of PQ is given by
2c-1 f 2c-1 1 4c-1
PQ^=a^+{a^-cf=—^
2
+
2
-c
2
+- =
4 4
PQ =
2
Hence, the minimum distance is

2
EXAMPLE 44 Pind the area of the greatest isosceles triangle that can be inscribed in a given ellipse
having its vertex coincident with one end of the major axis.
w
[NCERT,CBSE 20101
2 2
X
SOLUTION
Let the equation of the ellipse be ^ ^ = 1. Let APQ be an isosceles triangle
Flo
a
having one vertex at A {a, 0). Let the coordinates of P be {a cos 0 , sin 0). Then the coordinates
of Q are {a cos 0, -b sin 0). Let A be the area of A APQ. Then,
eeee
A =
^ (PQ) {AM) = ^ (2& sin 0) (fl - fl cos 0) = ab (sin 0 - sin 0 cos 0)
Fr
Ay
dA
dQ
= ab (cos 0 - cos^ 0 + sin ^ 0) for B(0^ P(fl cos 0, b sin 0)
ur
dA X-
o X
= ab (cos 0 - cos 20)
Â'{-a.O) ■M . -jAia, 0) ^
kss
dQ
Yo
dA
oo
The critical numbers of A are given by dO

= 0. B'(0, -b) Q(fl cos 9, -b sin 0)
eB
vr
dA
= 0 Fig. 17.54
dQ
r
2k
ou
ad
ab (cos 0 - cos 20) = 0 ^ cos 0 = cos 2 0 => 0 = 27t - 20 => 0 = —

YY
dA dÂ
Now, = ab (cos 0 - cos 2 0)^ = (- sin 0 + 2 sin 20)
dQ dQ^
nd
Re
2k dÂ , . 2k _ . 4k^ , V3
For 0 = we obtain; = ab - sm — + 2 sm — = ab -2x <0
Fi
3' rf0^ 3 3J 2 2
Hence, A is maximum when 0 = 2k/ 3. The maximum area A is given by
A
A = ab
, .
sm
2k . 2k
sm — cos — = ab
2KA , y[3 '
^ X —
l] 3V3 ab.
3 3 3 J 2 2 2 4
2 2
EXAMPLE 45 Find the area of the greatest rectangle that can be inscribed in an ellipse = 1.
a
ICBSE 2013]
2 2
SOLUTION Let PQRS be a rectangle inscribed in the ellipse ^ ^ = 1. Let the coordinate of
a^ b^
P be (flcos0, cfsin0). Then, the coordinates of Q, R and Sare (-flcos0, l^sin 0), (-flcos0, Ijsin 0)
and {a cos 0, -b sin 0) respectively. Let A be the area of rectangle PQRS. Then,
17.57
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
A = PQ X PS = 2fl cos 9 X sin 0 = 2ab sin 20 ...(i) Q(- a cos 9, b sin 0) B P{a cos 6, b sin 0)
dA dÂ
= 4ab cos 20 and = - Sab sin 20 A
dO rf0^ <■ ■>
X' -4' X
dA
The critical numbers of A are given by = 0. S(flCos6,-fcsin 0)
(- a cos 0, -1> sin 0) B'
dQ
^Y-
dA
= 0 Fig. 17.55
de
K 3k K 3tc
=> cos 20 - 0 cos 20 = 0^ 20 = — or, — ^ 9 = — or, 0 =
2 2 4 4
ooww
fdÂ
Clearly, = - Sab sin — = - Sab < 0. So, A is maximum when 0 = —. Putting 0 = -^4 in (i).
dG^ e=~
IT 2 4
4
the maximum value of A is given byA= lab ^ = lab. Hence, the area of the greatest rectangle
e
ree
rFl
is lab sq. units.
Fre
EXAMPLE 46 A point on the hypotenuse of a right triangle is at distances a and b from the sides of the
rrF
2/3 4-
triangle. Show that the minimum length of the hypotenuse is {a 1j2/3)3/2_
INCERT, CBSE 2008]
ouur
sffoo
SOLUTION Let AOB be a right triangle with hypotenuse AB such that a point P on AB is at
distances a and b from OA and OB respectively, i.e. PL = a and PM = b.
okks
Let ZOAB = 0. In A's ALP and PMB, we obtain

Yo
oo
PL
Y
sin0 and cos 0 =

BB
AP
a
rre
sin0 = and cos 0 =

AP
ouu
Let I be the length of the hypotenuse AB. Then,

YY
ad
I = AP +BP
I = a cosec 0 + & sec 0
dd
O L A
dl Fig. 17.56
Re
iinn
= -acosec 0cot 0 + Ij sec 0 tan 0

dG
F
d^l
and. fl cosec ^ G + a cosec 0 cot^ G + b sec^ 0 + b sec 0 tan^ 0
dQ^
dl
The critical numbers of / are given by dG
= 0.
dl
= 0
dG
- fl cosec 0 cot 9 + sec 0 tan 0 = 0 => - fl cos 0 ^ & sin 0 = 0 => tanH = ^
sin^ 0 cos^ 0 b
^fl^
1/3
a
1/3 ^1/3
tan 0 = ^ sin 0 = and, cos 0 =
bj a 2/3 ^j,2/3
^l/3 n1/3
dh / a
Clearly, 7T > 0 for tan 0 = - . Thus, / is minimum when tan 0 = -
dQ ^ \b bJ
The mirdmum value of / is given by

n2/3 n2/3
I = a cosec Q + b secQ = a -JlTcot^ + b -îT'tan^~0 = aJl + fb
a
+ b,l +
KaJ Kb
2/3
/= (a + b2/3j3/2_
EXERCISE 17.5
BASIC
1. Determine two positive numbers whose sum is 15 and the sum of whose squares is
minimum.
2. Divide 64 into two parts such that the sum of the cubes of two parts is minimum.
3. How should we choose two numbers, each greater than or equal to - 2, whose sum is 1 /2 so
ww
that the sum of the first and the cube of the second is minimum?
4. Divide 15 into two parts such that the square of one multiplied with the cube of the other is
minimum,
5. (i) Of all the closed cylindrical cans (right circular), which enclose a given volume of 100
Flo
cm^, which has the minimum surface area? [NCERT, CBSE 2014]
e
ree
(ii) Amongst all open (from the top) right circular cylindrical boxes of volume 125ti cm^,
FFr
find the dimensions of the box which has the least surface area. [CBSE 2020]
6. A beam is supported at the two ends and is uniformly loaded. The bending moment M at a
uurr
distance x from one end is given by
orr Wx W x^
sfo
WL W 2
(i) M=^ X
2
a: (ii) M=—-
3
- 3
kks
Find the point at which M is maximum in each case.

Yo
oooo
7. A wire of length 28 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is to be made into a
square and the other into a circle. What should be the lengths of the two pieces so that the
eB
combined area of the circle and the square is minimum? [NCERT, CBSE 2007,2010]
8. A wire of length 20 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces will be bent into shape of
urr
a square and the other into shape of an equilateral triangle. Where the wire should be cut so
that the sum of the areas of the square and triangle is minimum?
ad
[CBSE 20051
YYo
9. Given the sum of the perimeters of a square and a circle, show that the sum of their areas is
least when one side of the square is equal to diameter of the circle.
dd
[NCERT, CBSE 2005,2011,2014]

Re
inn
10. Find the largest possible area of a right angled triangle whose hypotenuse is 5 cm long.
[CBSE 2000]
F
11. Two sides of a triangle have lengths'fl' and'b' and the angle between them is 6. What value
of 6 will maximize the area of the triangle? Find the maximum area of the triangle also.
[CBSE 2002 Cl
12. A square piece of tin of side 18 cm is to be made into a box without top by cutting a square
from each comer and folding up the flaps to form a box. What should be the side of the
square to be cut off so that the volume of the box is maximum? Also, find this maximum
volume. [NCERT]
13.
A rectangular sheet of tin 45 cm by 24 cm is to be made into a box without top, by cutting off
squares from each comers and folding up the flaps. What should be the side of the square to
be cut off so that the volume of the box is maximum possible? [NCERT]
14.
A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides, open at the top is to be constructed so
that its depth is 2 m and volume is 8 m^. If building of tank costs ? 70 per square metre for
the base and ? 45 per square matre for sides, what is the cost of least expensive tank?
[NCERT, CBSE 2009,2019]
15. A window in the form of a rectangle is surmounted by a semi-circular opening. The total
perimeter of the window is 10 m. Find the dimensions of the rectangular part of the
window to admit maximum light through the whole opening. +
[NCERT, CBSE 2000,2002,2011,2014]
16. A large window has the shape of a rectangle surmounted by an equilateral triangle. If the
perimeter of the window is 12 metres find the dimensions of the rectangle that will produce
the largest area of the window. [CBSE 2011]
17. Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere
2R
of radius R is [NCERT]
VI-
18. A rectangle is inscribed in a semi-circle of radius r with one of its sides on diameter of
semi-circle. Find the dimensions of the rectangle so that its area is maximum. Find also the
w
area.
BASED ON LOTS
Flo
19. Prove that a conical tent of given capacity will require the least amount of canvas when the
height is V2 times the radius of the base. [NCERT, CBSE 2007, 2011,2013]
ee
20. Show that the cone of the greatest volume which can be inscribed in a given sphere has an
Fr
altitude equal to 2/3 of the diameter of the sphere.
21. Prove that the semi-vertical angle of the right circular cone of given volume and least
curved surface is cot“^( V2). for [CBSE2014]
ur
22. An isosceles triangle of vertical angle 20 is inscribed in a circle of radius a. Show that the
area of the triangle is maximum when [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ks
Yo
oo
23. Prove that the least perimeter of an isosceles triangle in which a circle of radius r can be
inscribed is 6VIr. [CBSE 2016]
eB
24. Find the dimensions of the rectangle of perimeter 36 cm which will sweep out a volume as
large as possible when revolved about one of its sides. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ur
25. Show that the height of the cone of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of
ad
radius 12 cm is 16 cm. [CBSE2005]

Yo
26. A closed cylinder has volume 2156 cm^. What will be the radius of its base so that its total
surface area is minimum? [CBSE2000C]
nd
Re
27. Show that the maximum volume of the cylinder which can be inscribed in a sphere of
Fi
radius 5-VI cm is 500 Ticm 3 . [CBSE 2004]

2 2
28. Show that among all positive numbers a: and 1/with r + y =r~, the sum a: -i- y is largest
when x=y = rf -J2.
29. Determine the points on the curve = 4y which are nearest to the point (0,5).
30. Find the point on the curve = 4x which is nearest to the point (2,- 8). .
31. Find the point on the curve = 8y which is nearest to the point (2,4). [CBSE 2007]
32. Find itie point on the parabolas x^ = 2y which is closest to the point (0,5).
33. Find the coordinates of a point on the parabola y = x^+7x + 2 which is closest to the
straight line y = 3x -3. [CBSE 2015]
34. Find the point on the curve y^ = 2x which is at a minimum distance from the point (1,4).
(CBSE 2011]
35. Find the maximum slope of the curve y = - + 3x^ + 2x - 27.

fx'^
36. The total cost of producing x radio sets per day is ? — + 35x + 25 and the price per set at
\ ** )
which they may be sold is ? 50 - —I. Find the daily output to maximize the total profit.
{ JC fX
37.
Manufacturer can sell x items at a price of ^ 5 each. The cost price is ? - + 500
Find the number of items he should sell to earn maximum profit. [NCERT,CBSE2009]
38. An open tank is to be constructed with a square base and vertical sides so as to contain a
ooww
given quantity of water. Show that the expenses of lining with lead will be leash if depth is
made half of width.
39. A box of constant volume c is to be twice as long as it is wide. The material on the top and
four sides cost three times as much per square metre as that in the bottom. What are the
most economic dimensions?
e
40. The sum of the surface areas of a sphere and a cube is given. Show that when the sum of
ree
rFl
their volumes is least, the diameter of the sphere is equal to the edge of the cube.
Fre
BASED ON HOTS
rrF
41. A given quantity of metal is to be cast into a half cylinder with a rectangular base and
semicircular ends. Show that in order that the total surface area may be minimum, the ratio
ouur
sffoo
of the length of the cylinder to the diameter of its semi-circular ends is n:{n+ 2).
42. The strength of a beam varies as the product of its breadth and square of its depth. Find the
okks
dimensions of the strongest beam which can be cut from a circular log of radius a.
Yo
ooo
43. A straight line is drawn through a given point P (1,4). Determine the least value of the sum
BB
of the intercepts on the coordinate axes.

44. The total area of a page is 150 cm . The combined width of the margin at the top and bottom
rr e
is 3 cm and the side 2 cm. What must be the dimensions of the page in order that the area of
ouu
the printed matter may be maximum?

ad
YY
45. The space s described in time t by a particle moving in a straight line is given by
s =t^ - 40f ^ + 30 + 80f - 250. Find the minimum value of acceleration.
dd
46. A particle is moving in a straight line such that its distance s at any time t is given by
Re
iinn
4
-2t + 4t - 7. Find when its velocity is maximum and acceleration minimum.
F
ANSWERS
1. 15/2,15/2 2. 32, 32 11^1

U VsJ' V3
50\1/3
4. 6,9 5. (i) The cylinder with radius — (ii) Radius = Height = 5 cm
V 71 y
L L 28n 112
80V3 180
6. (i) x = - (ii)x=^ 7. m. 8.
m
71 + 4 71+4 9 + 4V3' 9 + 4^3
25 2 7T
10. —cm^
4
11. —, Area = — 12. 3 cm, 432 cm ^
2 2
20 10
13. 5 cm 14. ? 1000 15. Length - , Breadth =
7t+ 4 K + 4
12 18-6^3
16. 18. V2r, Area =r^ 24. 12 cm, 6 cm
6-73' 6-V3 72
{
26. 7 cm 29. (± 27^ 3) 30. (4,-4)
31. (4,2) 32. (± 272, 4) 33. (-2,-8)
w
34. (2, 2) 35. 5 at (1,-23) 36. 10 imits 37. 240
1/3 n1/3 ^l/3

9c 9c /32c
38. = - 3, cf = - 9, c e R 39. Length =2 — , Breadth =! — , Height =
16 16 81
e
2a 2
42. Breadth = , Depth = 2a 43. 9
73
e
3
o
wr
r
44. Length= 15 cm. Width = 10 cm 45. a = - 260 at f = 2
F
2
46. Velocity is max. at t = 2 - 73 , Acceleration is min. at f = 2
ullo
r FF HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
e
rsre
5. Let r be the radius and h be the height of the closed cylindrical cane of volume 100 cm .
Then,
oF
uo
k
100
Ttr^ h = 100 => = ...(i)
nr
2 oofr
sf
Let S be the surface area of the can. Then,
ko
Y
200
S = 2nr h + 2nr‘^ => S = + 2nr^ [Using (i)
BB
Yo
r
Y
oo
dS 200 S 400
^ + 4 71 r and dr^ -5- + 47C
er
dr
re
uu
dS
dr
od
Yo
ad
n1/3
dS 200 50
— = 0 ^
^ + 47tr = 0 => 4nr^ = 200 => r =
n
dr n
d^S /50V^^
ndi
Clearly, ^ > 0 for all r. Hence, S is minimum when r =

Re
\n J
F
dr
Fi
7. Let r be the radius of the circle and x meter be the length of each side of the square. Then,
14 - 2x
27cr + 4x = 28=> 7cr + 2A:=14^r = ...(i)
n
Let A be the combined area of the circle and the square. Then,
14-2x 2
A = nr^ +x^ n + X [Using (i)]
n
dA 8 d'Â 8
=> A = -(14 -2xf +x^ = -{7-x)^ + x^ ^ — {7 -x) + 2x and
n n dx n dx^ n
dA
= 0.
dA 8 28
= 0 => -~(7-x) + 2x = 0 => a: =
dx n Tt + 4
iP'A 8 28
Clearly, = — > 0 for all X. Hence, A is minimum when a: =
K 71 + 4
112 112 28 K
The lengths of two partions are 4a: = meter and, 28 - m respectively.
7t + 4 rt + 4 71 + 4
9. Let X be the length of the each side of the square and y be the radius of the circle. Let S be the
sum of their perimeters. Then,
S-4a:
S = 4A: + 27iy => y = 2n
...(i)
w
Let A be the sum of the areas of the square and the circle. Then,
A = a:^ + 7t y^ = a:^ + —
4 K
(S - 4a:)^ [Using (i)]
dA dÂ 8
roow
e
= 2 a.'- — (S - 4 a:) and = 2 + -
dx n dx^ n
re
dA
The critical numbers of A are given by dA:
= 0.
reF
dA
uFFll
= 0 => 2 a:- -iS-ix) = 0=> 7tA:-S+4A: = 0^ a: =
S
e
dx n 7C+ 4
d?-A S
Clearly,
sFr
= 2 + - > 0 for all x. So, A is minimum when x - and for this value of
dx^ 71 7t + 4
foro
1 4S S
uor
X the value of y is given by y =
fk
2 71 2 71
S-
71+4 2 (tt + 4)
okso
Clearly, x = 2y i.e. side of the square is equal to the diameter of the circle.
Y
Yo
Hence, A is minimum when side of the square is equal to the diameter of the circle.
oo
BB
12. Let the length of the each side of the square which is cut from each comer of the tin sheet be
X cm. By folding up the flaps, a cuboidal box is formed whose length, breadth and height
are 18 - 2.r, 18 - 2a: and x respectively. Then, its volume V is given by
rYree
ouu
V =(18-2a:)(18-2a:)a: = 324 a:-72 + 4 a:^

ad
dV
Ydo
dV
=> = 324-144x + 12x^ and = -144 + 24X
dx dx^
nidn
The critical numbers of V are given by

Re
dV
= 0 =i> 324 -144 X + 12 = 0 => x^ -12x + 27 = 0 => x = 3, 9.
F
dx
Fi
But, X = 9 is not possible. Therefore, x = 3. Clearly = -144 + 72 = -72 <0.

^ dx^ ^x=3
So, V is maximum when x = 3 i.e. the length of each side of the square to be cut is 3 cm.
13. Let the length of a side of the square be x cm and let V be the volume of the box. Then,
V = (45 - 2 x) (24 - 2x) x. Now, proceed as in Q. No. 10.
14. Let the length and breadth of the tank be x and y meters respectively. It is given that the
volume of the tank is 8m ^ and height is 2m.
4
2xy = 8=>xy = 4=>y= — -(i)
X
Let C be the cost of the tank. Then,

C = 70 xy + 45 (2 X 2y + 2 X 2x) = 70 xy + 180 y + 180 x
720
=> C = 280 + +180 X
X
[Using (i)]
17.63
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
dC 720 d^C 1440

— +180 and ●—^
dx dx^
dC
The critical numbers of C are given by dx
= 0.
dC 720
dx
= 0 =>
X
^ + 180 = 0=> x=2
d^C^
Clearly, - 180 > 0. So, C is minimum when x = 2.
7x = 2
720
Putting 3T = 1 in C = 280 + — + 180x, we get C = 1000. Hence, the cost of least expensive
tank is ^ 1000.
w
15. Let the width and height of window be 2.v m and y m respectively. It is given that the
perimeter of the window is 10 m.
Flo
2x + 2y-¥KX = 10 ^ y = 5 - (tth- 2) ...(i)
Let A be the area of the window. Then
ee
X X
Tt 0
A = 2xy + -x'^
Fr
=> A = lOx -{k + 2) x'^ + ^x"^
y
[Using (i)]
for
ur
dA d?-A
= 10 - 2x (n + 2) + Tt X and. = -2(jt+2) + ;i = -7i-4
dx dx^ -> 2x <-
ks
dA Fig. 19.57
Yo
dx
oo
dA 10
= 0=>10-2x(7t + 2) + 7tA: = 0=> X =
7U + 4
eB
dx
dÂ 10
Clearly, - 7c - 4 < 0 for all x. So, A is maximum when x =
r
dx^ 7t +
ou
ad
20
5(7t+2) _ 10 . Hence, the dimensions of the window are 2x and y =
y=5-
YY
(7t+4) Tt+4
17. LetOC =OG =xThen, AC = ■^R^-x'^.

nd
Re
Let V be the volume of the cylinder. Then.

Fi
V =n ^ 2x = 2n{R^ x-x^)
dV d^V
= 2 Tt(R^ - 3x^) and 12 K.X
dx dx^
dV
dV R
Now, = 0=>K^-3x^=0=> x^=
dx V3
(d^V -12TtR R
Clearly, < 0. So, V is maximum when x - and height of the
dx^ R V3 >/3
'x=-.
73
2R
cylinder ==2x = 73-
17.64
MATHEMATICS-Xn
19. Let r be the radius of the base h be the height and / be the slant height of the conical tent of
volume V and surface area S. Then,
1 ')
V = /lands = nr I
3
Now, S = nr I
=> = n^ r'^ => Z =n^ r\r^ + h\ where Z = h
=> 2 = 7C^ r2
9V^ ] 3V At B
V V = — nr^ h h=
T
0
3 7^2 r4 Fig. 19.59
ww
9^2 ^2 181^2 ^22 2 2 54V2
=> Z = 7^2 ^4 ^ = 47.2,3 -Y- and —^
r2 dr
Clearly, Z is maximum or minimum according as S is maximum or minimum.
Flo
dZ
The critical numbers of Z are given by dr = 0.
e
rere
dZ 18^2
= 0 => 4 7.2 = 0 => 4 7.2 =18 1/2^2 7.2 2-4 h^^h=^r
r FF
= n r
dr r^
d^Z 1/2
Clearly, = 127.2 r2 + 54
uurr
-T- > 0 for all values of V and r.
dr2 r‘*
for
So, Z and consequently S is minimum when h = -Jlr.
kss
35. Slope m of the curve is given by m = ^ = - 3;r^ + 6x + 2.

ooook
dx
Yo
dm d^m
Now, m = -3a:2 + 6A: + 2 =>
eBB
= -6x+6 and = -6
dx dx^
dm dm
The critical numbers of m are given by = 0. Now, = 0 ^ -6x + 6 = 0=>a: = 1.
urr
dx dx
ad
d^m
Yo
Clearly,
dx2 = - 6 < 0 for all X. So, m is maximum when x = 1. Putting x = 1 in the equation
dY
of the curve, we get y = -23. Thus, slope is maximum at the point (1, -23). The maximum
Re
innd
value of slope is m = 5.
36. Profit P is given by
Fi
/ 2
X X^
P = Revenue-Cost = 50— x- —+ 35x+25 ^ =? -x2+15x-25
1) 4 4
37. Suppose X items are sold to maximize the profit P. Then P = Revenue - Cost
f X \ f Y ^ 24 x2 dP 24 X rf2p 1
=> p^x 5 — - + 500 =>P = —X- -500 => and —s
100 5 5 100 dx 5 50 dx^ 50
dP
The critical numbers of P are given by dx
= 0.
dP n 24 X = ,.0 => X
= 0=> = 240
dx 5 50
d^P
Clearly,
dx2 = - ^ < 0 for all X. Hence, profit P is maximum when 240 items are sold.
17.65
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
43. The equation of a line passing through P(l,4) is y-4 = where m<0. Its
w-4
intercepts on the axes are and - {m - 4) respectively.
m
Let S be the sum of the intercepts. Then,

S 8
Ay and
?n-4 - 4 dS
S = -(m-4) = -m+ 5 — => = -1 +
3
m m dm m dm^ m
dS
The critical numbers of S are given by = 0.
dm
dS
Now
dm
= 0 => -l + -^ = 0 ^
m
= 4 => m = -2 {: m < 0]
ww
For m = = 1 >0. So, Sis minimum whenm = -2.
dm^
For m = - 2, The sum of the intercepts is given by S = 2 + 5 + 2=9.
FF loo
FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQ$)
ree
1
1- If/W = , then its maximum value is
4x^ + 2:c + l
reFe
-n n
2. The minimum value of /(x) = sin x in ~l'2 IS
oroFr
r ur
s ff
3. The maximum value of f{x) = sin x + cos 3: is
k
4. \i f{x) has the second order derivative at x = c such that/’(c) = 0 and f"{c) > 0, then c is a
YYouo
koso
point of
BBoo
5. If/'(x) changes its sign from positive to negative as x increases through c in the interval
r ee
(c - /i, c + h), then x = c is a point of

6. If/'(x) changes its sign from negative to positive as x increases through c in the interval
ad
ouur
{c-h, c + h), then x = c is a point of

Yo
7. The positive real number x when added to its reciprocal gives the minimum value of the
sum when, x-
d
Re
idnY
8. The real number which mrist exceeds its cube is
a,b, x > 0 takes on the least value at x equal to

FFin
9. The function/(x) =ax +—,

X
10. If 1/ = fllogx + i>x^ + xhas its extreme values at x =1 and x = 2, ihen{a,b) =

11. If the function f{x) = a sin x + —
3
sin 3x has an extremum at x = -^,
3 then a =
12. The maximum value of/(x) = x e~^ is
13. If the function/(x) = x^ - 62x^ +ax + 9 attains a local maximum at x = 1, then a =
14. If the sum of two non-zero numbers is 4, then the minimum value of the sum of their
reciprocals is
15. If X and y are two real numbers such that x > 0 and xy = 1. Then the minimum value of x +1/
IS
16. The number that exceeds its square by the greatest amount is
17.66
MATHEMATICS-XII
17. If m and M respectively denote the minimum and maximum values off{x) = {x -1)^ + 3 m
i
the interval [-3,1L then the ordered pair {m, M) =
- 2 250.
18. The minimum value of/(.v)=;r'^ + is
X
19. The maximum slope of the curve y = -x^ + 3x^ + 9:r -27 is
X 2
20. The function f{x) = — + — has a local minimum at x =
2 X
21. The least value of the function f{x) =ax + -(a>0,b >0, x>0) is
X
ooww
ICBSE 2020, NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ANSWERS
4
1. - 2. -1 3. V2 4. Local minimum 5. Local maximum
3
e
6. Local minimum 7. 1 8. 4 r 2 _i
ere
9. 10. 11. 2
V3 a 3' 6
1
rFl
Fre
1
12. - 13. 120 14. 1 15. 2 16. - 17. (3,19) 18. 75
e 2
rrF
19. 12 20. 2 21. l^fab
sffoo
ouur
kosk
question:
Yo
oo
Y
1. Write necessary condition for a point x = c to be an extreme point of the function / (x).
BB
2. Write sufficient conditions for a point x = c to be a point of local maximum.

rre
3. If / (x) attains a local minimum at x = c, then write the values of /' (c) and/ " (c).
ouu
Y
ad
4. Write the minimum value off (x) = x + — , x > 0.

X
dY
1
5. Write the maximum value of / (x) = x + —, x < 0.
innd
X
Re
6. Write the point where / (x) = x logg x attains minimum value.

Fi
F
7. Find the least value off(x) = ax + -, where a>0,b>0 and x > 0.

X
8. Write the minimum value of / (x) = x^.

9. Write the maximum value of /(x)=x^'^^.
logy
10. Write the maximum value of / (x) = ,if it exists.
X
ANSWERS
l./'(c)=0 2./'(c) = 0 and /"(c)<0 3. /'(c)=0 and /"(c)>0

4. 2 5.-2
\e e)
7.2-f^ 8. c -Me 9. 10. -

e
CHAPTER L8
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
18.1 PRIMITIVE OR ANTIDERIVATIVE
DEFINITION A function (j) (a:) is called a primitive (or an antiderivative or an integral) of a function f{x), if
ooww
(|)'(a:) =f{x).
4 j 4
X . . i- 3 1 “ ^ 3
For example , — IS a primihve of x , because — X .
4 dx 4:
e
ree
Let (j) (x) be a primitive of a function f(x) and let C be any constant. Then,
rFl
Fre
^{^{x)+C] =<^'{x) =f{x)
dx
[V <^'{x)=f{x)]
rrF
(|)(a:) + C is also a primitive off{x).
ouur
sffoo
Thus, if a function/(a:) possesses a primitive, then it possesses infinitely many primitives v/hich
are contained in the expression (j)(Ar) + C, where C is a constant.
okks
4 4 4
For example,—, — + 2, —-1 etc. are primitives of

Yo
4 4 4
oo
Y
BB
18.2 INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

rre
DEFINITION Letf{x) be a function. Then the family of all its primitives (or antiderivatives) is called the
indefinite integral of f{x) and is denoted by f{x) dx.
ouu
YY
ad
The symbol f / (a:) dx is read as the indefinite integral of / (.r) with respect to x.
dd
d (
Thus, — (j) (x) + C = /(x) <=> f(x)dx = isf(x)^C
dx K
Re
iinn
where ((»(x) is primitive of/(x) and C is an arbitrary constant known as the constant of integration.
F
Here, is the integral sign,/(x) is the integrand, x is the variable of integration and dx is the
element of integration or differential of x.
DEFINITION The process offinding an indefinite integral of a given function is called integration of the
function.
It follows from the above discussion that integrating a function /(x) means finding a function
<|)(x) such that (Kx) = /(x).
dx
18.3 FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

We know that
d
dx {Hx)}=f(x) ^ J/(x)dx = (t»{x)+C
Based upon this and various standard differentiation formulae, we obtain the following
integration formulae:
d / +1
= jc”, n ^ -1 \x^dx^ n + 1 + C,n^-1
dx n+1
df , 1 =-1
(ii)^ loge
dx[ X J ^dx = \oge\x\+C
(iii) A
dx fe’^dx=:e^+C
oww
d(
(iv) = a^, fl>0, jaUx = logfifl + C
dx logg a
(v) ~ (- cos jc) = sin :c

dx J sin xdx = -cos x + C
e
d
FFrlo
j cos AT da: = sin X + C
re
(vi) — (sin x) - cos X
dx
d 9
ree
F
(vii) — (tan x) =sec x
dx J sec^ xdx = tan x + C
d 9
rF
(viii) — (- cot x) = cosec x J cosec xdx = -cotx + C
dx
fsoor
ouur
(ix) — (secx) =secX tan X
dx J secxtan o:da:=secA: + C
skf
(x) — (- cosec x) = cosec x cot x J cosecAicot A:dA: = -cosec a: + C
ooko
dx
Yo
d
Y
(xi) — (log sin x) = cot x J cot a: do: = log I sin XI + C

Bo
dx
reB
(xii) dx
(- log cos x) = tan X J tan X dx = - log I cos XI + C
d
uur
oY
(xiii) — {log (sec x + tan x)} = sec x sec X dx = log I sec X + tan XI + C
ad
dx
(xiv) — {log (cosec x ~ cot x)} = cosec x J cosecxdx = log|cosecX-cot x| + C

dY
dx
d r 1 /
J ^
-1 X -1 X
innd
(xv) — sin dx = sin - +C

Re
dx{
Fi
F
d ^ -IX 1 1 -ifx^
(xvi)
dx ^
cos 1- dx = cos -
J
+C
/(xvu)
-N —
d (1^ -1 X 1 -l(x\
-tan
dxya 2
+ X
2 J dx = -tan -
a
+C
i d (1 ^ 1 -l(x'\
(xvm) — -cot
dx 2 2 f— dx = -cot - +C
a +x r + x^ «
(xix) _d fl -sec
-1 X 1 1 J 1
dx = - sec
-l(x\
- +C
dx ya
x^x^-a^ X ^x^ - a
, s d (\
\
-1 X 1 1 -ifx^
(xx) — -cosec
J- dx = - cosec - +C
dx\a
X^X^ a
J
Let us now discuss evaluation of some integrals based upon the above formulae.
18.3
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate the following integrals:

1 r 1
(i) dx (ii) ■Jx dx (iii) dx (iv) jdx (V)
x
4+ 1 5
SOLUTION (i) \ x^ dx = -4 + 1 + c = —+ c
5
[Using formula (i)]
^.1
x2
(ii) -fx dx- + C = 2,3/2 + C [Using formula (i)]
Ui 3
w
2
1
^dx={x-^^^dx = + C=2x^^^+C [Using formula (i)]
Flo
(iii)
-i+i
2
ee
-3+1
1 j f -3 j X 1
(iv) -J frx = X dx=--3 + c=- [Using formula (i)]
Fr
X
+ 1 2x
3+ 1 4
3 dx=
J X logfl*
3 logfl X dx = a logfl
(V) I a dx = X for — + c=—+ c [V a = X]
ur
3 + 1 4
gSlogeX _g41ogeX dx
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate:
ks
^31oggX _^21ogeX
Yo
oo
a
SOLUTION We know that e“ ^ =x
eB
3
^Sloggx _^41oggX (:c-l)
dx - x^dx = —+ C
- gSloge X _^21oge^ ^
X -X
2“^^ = x^ (x-1) 3
r
EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate:
ou
ad
2 2
(i) dx (ii) dx
Y
1 + cos 2x 1 - cos 2x
●y n
SOLUTION Weknowthat l + cos2x = 2cos xandl-cos2x = 2sin x.Therefore,
nd
Re
2 2 2
(i) dx = dx - sec x dx = tan x + C
1 + cos 2x 2 cos^ X
Fi
2 2
(ii) dx = dx = cosec X dx = - cot X + C
1 - cos 2x 2 sin^ X
EXAMPLE 4 Evaluate:
2 2
cos 2x + 2 sin x 2 cos X - cos 2x
dx [NCERT, CBSE 20181 (ii) dx
(i) 2 . 2
cos X sm X
2
SOLUTION (i) Weknowthat 1-cos2x = 2sin x.
2
f cos 2x + 2 sin x
dx
2
cos X
1 -2 sin^ X + 2 sin^ x 1
dx - sec
2
X dx = tan X + C
dx =
2 2
cos X cos X
2
(ii) Weknowthatcos2x = 2cos x-1.
18.4 MATHEMATICS-XH
2
2 cos X - cos 2x
dx = 2 cos^ x-{2 cos^ x-\) dx =
1
dx
. 2 . 2 . 2
Sin X sin X sin X
2
cosec X dx = - cot X + C
EXAMPLE 5 If a>[) and a^ \ evaluate the following integrals:

\ogeX dx
(i) (ii) (iii) j dx (iv) J 2
SOLUTION (i) We know that * = k.
qX loge a ' gloSe a
dx = j a^ dx =
ww
(i) dx = + C
logs «
a+ 1
a X
(ii) dx = X dx = + C
a + l
Flo (aef
e
(iii) dx = (ae)^ dx = + C
ree
log (ae)
Fr
(iv) We know that ^ ^
rF
X He 2 + 1 ;^.loge(2^)
uurr
f = {x^°^^^dx = + C = for + c
logc 2 +1 logs (2e)
s
EXERCISE 18.1
kks
BASIC
Yo
oooo
1. Evaluate each of the following integrals:

1 1
(i) x^ dx (ii) j x^^'^ dx
eB
(iii) -^dx (iv) dx

X ,3/2
1
(v) f 3^ dx (Vi) dx
(vii) j 3^^°^^^dx (viii) log;,..rdj:
ur
ad
YYo
2. Evaluate each of the following integrals:

ll + cos 2x 1 - cos 2x
(i)j
dd
dx (ii) dx
M 2
Re
2
in
2 2
cos 2x + 2 sin X 2 cos X - cos 2x
F
(iii) . 2
dx (iv) 2
dx
sm X cos X
_^5logeX 1
(v) dx INCERTI (vi) dx (vii) dx
g41ogei _^3IogeX a^ b"" X
ANSWERS
5
4 9/4
Mi)^.c (ii) ^
- X + C (iii) - (iv) --T+C
4a:
3
(v)^— + C 1/3
log 3
(vi) 3x + C
(Vii) ^ + C (viii) a: + C
2. (i) sin X + C (ii) - cos a: + C (iii) - cot a: + C (iv) tan X + C

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 18.5
3 -X I -X
n b
(vii) l^x+C
/
(V)-
V
+ C (Vi) + C
- log^ (ab)
2.(v)
^6 loge X _ ^5 loge a:
dx =
giose-^ . f X
6
-X
5
, f 2, X-
3
-
^cix = —; =- dx = X dx = — + C
^4Ioge.T _^3logeX _e‘ogeX
3 J X.4 -x.3 3 3
18.4 SOME STANDARD RESULTS ON INTEGRATION
THEOREM (i) — f{x)dx =f{x)

dx
ww
i.e., the differentiation of an integral is the integrand itself or differentiation and integration are inverse
operations.
Flo
(ii) k f(x) dx = k f(x) dx, where k is a constant
e
i.e., the integral of the product of a constant and a function = the constant x integral of the function,
rere
(Hi)
{/(x) ±g(x)}dx = ^ f(x) dx ± j g(x) clx
r FF
i.e., the integral of the sum or difference of a finite number offunctions is equal to the sum or difference of
the integrals of the various functions.
uurr
for
PROOF (i) Let f{x) dx = 4>(x). Then, by definition of an integral, we obtain
kss
d f
-r 4> (-Y) = fix) => ~ |/(:c) dx -fix)
ooook
Yo
dx
eBB
(ii) Let f{x) dx = ^ (x). Then, by the definition of an integral, we obtain

d f
urr
:r
dx\ J
ad
Yo
dx dx
= kf{x) [Using (i)]
dY
=>
k f(x) dx = k (t){x) [By definition of an integral]
Re
innd
k f(x) dx = k j fix) dx [V f(x)dx = m]

Fi
0
COROLLARY If/(x) = 1,then| k-dx = kj l-dx = k X dx-kx + C
Thus, integration of a constant k with respect to x is kx.

(iii) Let J f{x) dx = ^ (x) and g(x) dx = \\i (x)
Then, ■î<îx))=f(x)
dx and ~
dx i^Vix)) = g(x)
ix Jx ^
=>
^{(|)(x)± v(x)l = /(x)±g(x)
[fix) ± g(x)] dx = (|)(x)±\[/(x) [By definition of an integral]
[fix) ± g(x)} dx = fix) dx ± gix) dx [Using (i)l
GENERALIZATION The above results can be generalized to the form

' {k^f{x)±k2f2{x)±...±k„f„{x)}dx = k^l fi{x)dx±k2j f2{x) dx ±... ±k^ j fn(x)
i.e., the integration of the linear combination of a finite number of functions is equal to the linear
combination of their integrals.
Type I PROBLEMS BASED ON I kf(x)dx=kl f(x)dx
oww
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate:
x+2
^ ^ xdx
(i) I dx (ii) 2 sin X dx (iii) 3 dx (iv) — sec
2
SOLUTION Using [ k f{x) dx = k j f{x) dx, we obtain
e
'
5+
re
FFrlo
(i) rfx = 4 f frx = 4 ^ + C = -x^ +C = -x^ +C
6 3
5 + 1
rF
ee
(ii) 2 sin X frA: = 2 sin X dx = - 2 cos x + C
rF
ouru
3*
3* ● 3^ frx = 9 f 3^ frx = 9
x+2
dx = + C
(iii) 3
fosor log 3
skf
(iv) ^
— sec ^ X dx = — [ sec^ X dx = — tan X + C
ooko
2 2 2
Yo
n + l
Y
n . X
Type n EVALUATION OF INTEGRALS BY USING X (Lx = - + C and ●'f -X dx= log- .r + C

Bo
« + 1
reeB
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate:
2 x^ +5x^ + 4x +1
(i) +5x^-4 + - dx (ii) dx (iii) (1 - x) Vx dx
ooY
2
X Vx
uur
X
ad
^2 \3
2 {l + xf dx
dx (V) “ dx (Vi)
dY
(iv) + X +
4x~ X J
x^-x^ + x-1
nind
Re
(vii) dx
x-1
F
Fi
SOLUTION (i) Let / = fx^+Sx^ -4. + -

7 2 dx. Then,
X 4x
/ = f x^ dx + [ 5x^ dx - f 4dx + f — dx + 5=rfx
X
I = x^ dx + 5 f x^ dx - 4 [ 1 dx + 7 f - dx + 2 x-'/^dx X
4 3 4
1 = - + 5x-—4x + 71og|x| + 2 + C = —+—x^-4x

4 3
+ 71og|
^
x|+4 Vx + C
4 3 1/2
x^+5x^ + 4x + l
(ii) Let I = 2
dx. Then,
X
1 =
r 4
X + 5 + — + —;r dx
1 . [Dividing each term by x^]
^ X^J
4 1
1 = xdx + 5dx + dx + dx
●’ X X
=> 1 = X dx +5 Idx + 4 — dx + { x~'^ dx

X J
2 -1
1
1 =—
2
+ 5x + 4 log I A' I + - +C =— + 5x + 4 logl a:|- + C
-1 2 a:
(iii) Let 1 = (1 -x) ^fx dx. Then,
1 =
(Va-A ^/a) <Â= f ^fxdx- rf:. =
3/2 5/2 3 5
+ C
^2
looww
1
(iv) Let / = dx. Then,
1 1 f A^
7 = A + - + 2
X
dx= x dx +
— frA + 2 J 1 ■ (iA = — + log I AI + 2a: + C
ree
2 1
(v) Let 1 = dx. Then,
ree F
A +
a:
2
J
r FF
6 + —r
1 + ^2 3 K
x^ dx + \ X ^ dx + 3 I x^ dx + 3
1 = ' 3a + —t- dx =
fofroF X '^dx
X^ x^
u
7 (
[x^
ks
-1^
a-5 7
1
7=^ + + 3 — ^3 ^ + C
X
+ A^ -- + C
kos o
7 -5 3 -1 7 5a^
YYouor
0- + x)^
BBoo
(vi) Let I = dx. Then,

r ee
1 + 2a + a‘
ouru
ad
I = dx
4x~
Yo
7 = ^ + 2 Va + a:
3/2
dx =
d
Re
a^/2 A^/2 //2

inY
7 = + 2x + C = 2a 4 ^3/2 ,^2^5/2 + C
FFind
1/2 3/2 5/2 3 5
A^ -a:^ +X-1
(vii) Let 7 = dx. Then,
A-1
7 =
r a^(a-1) + (a:-1)- dx -
(a^ + 1) (a-1) dx - A^ +1 frA: = ~
3
A-1 A-1 3
A^ + a:^ +1
EXAMPLES Evaluate: dx
A ^ -A + 1
A^ + +1
SOLUTION Let 7 = dx. Then,
A^ - A + 1
(a^ +1 + a)(a^ + 1-a) 3 2
A^ - A + 1— dx=j dx = j (A^ + A + l)rfA = ^H-^ + A+ C

7 =
(a^-a + 1)
Type 111 INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLE 4 Evaluate:
(i) (3sin x-2cosx + 4sec x-5cosec a:) (ii) + cos 2x dx
(iii) j ^1 - cos 2x dx (iv) + sin 2x dx
_ ^ cos X - cos 2x
(v) -<x<- ICBSE20191 (vi)
- sin 2x dx,— dx [NCERT EXEMPLARl
2 1 - cos X
2 2
SOLUTION (i) Let 1 = (3 sin X - 2 cos X + 4 sec x -5 cosec x) dx. Then,
1 = 3 sin X dx - 2 cos X frx + 4
A
sec
2
X dx - 5 cosec ^ xdx
ww
1 = - 3 cos X - 2 sin X + 4 tan X + 5 cot X + C
(ii) Let / = j + cos 2x dx = .J2 COS^ X dx = V2 I dx = V2 sin X + C cos X
(hi) Let / = f
Floo
- cos 2x dx = f ^2^^ x dx = ^f2 f sin x dx = - ^2 cos x + C
ree
j 2 2
(iv) Let I = f + sin 2x dx = ■y/sin x + cos x + 2sinxcosx dx
rFee
7 = (sin X + cos x) dx = sin X dx + j cos X dx = - cos X + sin X + C
F
oor r
rur
(v) Let I - ^1 - sin 2x dx = -jsin
. 2
X + cos X - 2 sin X cos X dx
s ff
J =
.^sin^ X + cos^ X-2sin XcosX dx = .J(sin X - cos x)^ dx = sin X - cos X1 dx
k
YYoou
ookos
Now, following cases arise:

BBo
Case I When sin X > cosx: In this case sin X - cos XI = sm x - cos x
7=1 I sin X - cos X1 dx = (sin X - cos x) dx = - cos X + sin X + C

re
Casell When sinx < cosx:7n this case \ sinx-cosx| = -(sinx-cosx)

ouur
ad
sin X - cos X1 dx = (sin X - cos x) dx = -(- cos x - sin x) + C

Yo
7 =
2
cosx-cos2x cos X -(2 cos^ x-1) -(2 cos x-cosx-1) dx
dY
dx = dx =
(vi) Let 7 =
Re
1 -cosx 1 - cos X - (cos X -1)

idn
(2 cos X +1) (cos X -1)

FFin
dx = (2 cos X + 1) dx = 2 sin X + X + C
(cos X -1)
EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate:
(i)
r
tan
2
X dx (ii) f cot^ X dx (iii) I sm
2 ^X cos X
cos 2x 2 + 3 cos X
(iv) . 2 ^dx (V) . 2
dx (vi) (2 tan X - 3 cot x)^ dx
sm X cos X sm X
cos 2x - cos 2 a
(vii) dx [NCERT, CBSE 2013]
cos X - cos a
2
SOLUTION (i) Let 7 = tan X dx. Then,
7 = J (sec^ X -1) dx = I sec^ x dx - 1 ● dx = tan X - X + C
(ii) Let 7 = cot^ x dx. Then,

2 r 2
I = (cosec -l)dx = cosec x dx - I ■ dx = - cot X - :c + C
1
(iii) Let I = . 2 2—X dx. Then,
sm X cos
.2 2
sm X + cos X
I dx
,2 2
sm X cos X
1 2 f 2
I = sec X ifx + cosec x dx = tan X - cot X + C
w
+
2 -"2 =
cos X sm" X
cos 2x
(iv) Let I = . 2 2—X dx. Then,
sm X cos
roow
e
2 . 2
cos X - sm
2—dx
re
. . 2
sm X cos X
reF
1 1
uFFll
7 =
. 2
^/x =
r
cosec
2
X frx - sec
2
X dx = - cot X - tan X + C
e
2
sm X cos X
2+3 cos X
sFr
(v) Let 7 = j ... 2
dx. Then,
sm X
foro
uor
7 =
2 3 cos X
fk dx =
2
. 2 . 2 (2 cosec X + 3 cot X cosec x) dx
okso
sm X sm X
= 2 J cosec^ X dx + 3 cosec X cot X dx = - 2 cot X - 3 cosec x + C

Y
7
Yo
oo
BB
(vi) Let 7 = J (2 tan x - 3 cot xf dx . Then,

(4tan^x + 9 cot^x-12 tanxcotx) dx= j {4(sec^x-1) + 9 (cosec^x-1)-12) dx
rYree
7 =
ouu
7 = (4 sec^ X + 9 cosec^ x - 25) dx = 4 tan X - 9 cot X - 25x + C

ad
Ydo
cos 2x - cos 2 a
(vii) Let 7 = j dx. Then,
nidn
cos X - cos a
(2 cos^ X -1) - (2 CQs^ g -1)

Re
2 2
dx - ● 2 (cos x-cos a) dx
F
Fi
cos X - cos a cos X - cos a
7 = 2 J (cos X + cos a) dx = 2 f cos x dx + 2 f cos a dx

7 = 2 cos X dx + 2 cos a 1 ■ dx = 2 sin X + 2x cos a + C
EXAMPLE 6 Evaluate:
1 1 sm X sec X
(i) dx (ii) dx (iii) dx (iv) dx
1 + sin X 1 + cos X 1 + sin X sec X + tan x
1
SOLUTION (i)Let7=j 1 + sin X
dx. Then,
1 1 - sin X - sm X , f 1 -sm X
7 = X dx = dx= - dx
1 + sin X 1 - sin x 1 -sin"^ X cos
2
X
f sm X 2
dx -1 tan X sec X dx = tan x - sec x + C
7 dx -
cos X cos
^X dx = sec X
1
(ii) Let 1 = dx. Then,
1 + cos X
1 1 - cos X 1 - cos X
J = X dx = dx
2
1 + COS X 1 - COS X 1 - COS X
1 - cos X 2
I dx = cosec X dx- cot x cosec X dx = -cotx + cosec a: + C
. 2
sm X
sin X
(iu) Let / = dx. Then,
1 + sin a:
ooww
. 2
sin a: (1 - sin a:) dx =
sm a: - sm x
dx
1 =
(1 + sin x) (1 - sin x) 1 - sin^ x
. 2 . 2
sm X - sm sm X sm X
I = -dx = dx
2 2 2
e
cos X cos a: cos x
ree
2
(sec^x-1) dx
=>
rFl
I = tan X sec X dx- tan X dx = tan X sec X dx-
Fre
secX tan x dx- sec ^ xdx+ { l-dx = secx-tanA: + x + C
rrF
=> I =
sec X
(iv) Let I = dx. Then,
ouur
sec X + tan x
sffoo
2
sec X (sec x - tan x) r sec X - sec X tan x
dx = dx
okks
1 =
2 ,.2
(sec X + tan x) (sec x - tan x) sec X - tan x
Yo
ooo
sec X tan x ifx = | sec ^ X dx-

2
I = sec X - secx tanxdx = tanx-secx + C
BB
rr e

ouu
EXAMPLE 7 Evaluate:
ad
YY
. 6 6
sm X + cos X 1 + cos 4x
dx ICBSE 20141 (ii) dx
(i) . 2 2 cotx-tanx
sm X cos X
dd
1
Re
dx
iinn
(iii)
tan X + cotx + secx + cosec x
F
. 6 6
sm X + cos X
SOLUTION (i) Leti = . 2 2
dx. Then,
sm X cos X
I =
(sin^ X + cos^ x)^ - 3 sin^ x cos^ x (sin^ x + cos^ x) dx Using :£i^ +b^
= (a + b)^ -3ab (a + b)
. 2 2
sm X cos X
2 2
l-3sin xcos x 1
sin^ X cos 2 X Î
1 = dx =
. 2 2
sm X cos X
.. 2 2
(sec^ X + cosec^ x - 3) frx = tan x - cot x - 3x + C

sm x+cos X
. 2 2
- 3 [ dx =
sm X cos X
1 + cos 4x
(ii) Let I = dx. Then,
cot X - tan X
18.11
2
2 cos 2x cos X sin x
I = dx = cos 2x sin 2x dx=-
2 . 2 sin 4cX dx = ~— cos 4x + C
cos X - sm X 2 8
1
(iii) Let I - -dx. Then,
tan x + cot x + secs: + cosec x
1 sms: coss:
I = dx =
sms: cosx 1 1
dx
.2 2 .
-- + 1- sm sr + cos s: + sms:+cosx
cosx sms: coss: sins:
2sins: coss: 1 (1 + 2 sin X cos s:) -1
=> dx = — dx
2 1 + sin s: +coss: 2 1 + sin s: +coss:
ww
2 2
1
I = - (sin s: + cos s + 2sins:coss:)-l dx = —
1 (sins: + coss:)^ -1^ dx
2 J 1 + sin sc + coss: 2 sins: + coss: + l
I
1
= - (sins: + cos sc) +1) (sin s: + cos s- -1)
— dx = —
1
(sin s: +coss:-1) dx
Flo
2 sins: + cossc + l 2
e
1
eree
1 = —
2
(-coss: + sins:-s:)+C
FFr
EXAMPLE 8 Evaluate:
uurr
(i) in ^ (cos s:) cfs:, 0 < s: < ti [NCERT] (ii) tan
-1
orr
1 - cos 2s:
● dx, 0<x<k/2
sfo
1 + cos 2s:
kks
tan ^ (sec s: + tan s:) dx, - n/2 <x< n/2

Yoo
(iii) [CBSE 2003]
oooo
SOLUTION (i) Let / = sin'^ (cos x) dx. Then,

eBB
71 2
7t n
I = sin sin - - s: > dx = — X dx = — l-dx-\ xdx - -X- — + C
urr
.2 .2 2 J 2 2
ad
YYo
-1 1 - cos 2s:
(ii) Let =I tan
1 + cos 2s:
■ frs:.Then,
dd
Re
9
inn
2 sin'^ X 2
I = tan ^ dx = tan ^ (tan x) dx ^ \ xdx =— +C
P
2
F
cos X 2
-1
(iii) Let / = tan (sec x + tan x) dx. Then,
-1 1 + sin s:
I = tan dx
cos X
TC
2 n X
1 - cos + X 2 sin
-1
2 4 *^2
I = tan dx = tan ^ dx
n
n X
sm - + X 2 sin, - + - cos - + -
12 U 2 U 2
2
I = , -1 ^ n X , K +, —
s: dx
, =—
K 1 j X ^
tan < tan — + — y dx = — 1-dx + — s:cfs: = -s: + — + C
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4
MATHEMATICS-XII
18.12
-1 1 - sin X
FXA:.TIE9 Evaluate: tan ● dx, - n/2 <x<nil [CBSE 2003, 2006]
V + sin X
-1 1 - sin X
SOLUTION Let I = tan ■ dx. Then,
P + sin X
TC 2 ^
1 - cos — X 2 sin
^2 -1 4 2,
I =
^tan -1 dx = tan dx
cos 2 T} _X_
n
1 + cos —X 2
2 4 2
ww
2
^ -1 ● tan Jt X Jl X j ^ ^ I
dx = - X +C
U"2j
I = tan
4 2 4 4
Flo
I I/pf? rV INTEGRATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
e
rere
X m
+ x^"+m" frx
r FF
“ log ^ dx (ii) — H
(i) + e
m X
uurr
log a alogx dx. Then,
foor
SOLUTION (i) LetJ = + e + e
[V e‘“S^ = ?vl
a a
logfl {a^ + x'’ + fl'’) dx
1
kss
/ = + e dx =
Yoo
ooook
X fl + l
a X
J = dx+ \ x^ dx + a^ dx = + a‘^ X + C
log a fl + l
eBB
X m m
(ii) Let I = — + — + X + dx. Then,

m X
uurr
m+ 1
x^ X
X
ad
if X dx + m ●’f - dx + f x'" dx +
- dx = — + m log I X1 + - + C
Yo
I =
Ml ●’ X 2m m+1 logm
dY
2^ + s’" dx
Re
(i) dx (ii)
innd
EXAMPLE n Evaluate:
5"^ fl^ b""
Fi
2^ + 3^
SOLUTION (i) Let/ = dx. Then,
5"
/ =
2^ 3^
dx
r2f
+
r3f dx = (2/5)^ ^ (3/5)^ + C
5^ 5^ 5 V.
5 / logg(2/5) logg(3/5)
(fl^+&y dx. Then,

(ii) Let / = X J X
a b
2x 2x
fl + b + 2fl^ b^
I = dx
X r X
fl b
/
fl
— +
b
t,*
-
h 2 dx =
, a
+
b
+ 2 > dx = (fl/b)^ ^ (b/fl)^ + 2X + C
fl
X
Ibj fl loge (a/b) loge (b/fl)
Type V MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

EXAMPLE 12 Evaluate: (i) {x^ + x^ + 1) d (x^) (ii) J sm{e^)d{e^)
SOLUTION {i)Letx^=t. Then,
x3 .2 6 4
1
' + x^ + l)dix^) =f {t^ + t + l)dt = t X
2
3 2 3 2
(ii) Lete^=LThen, I = J sin = j sin i df = - cos f + C = - cos (e^) + C
oww
EXAMPLE 13
///' (x) = 3x^~~ and f (1) = 0, find f (x).
X
SOLUTION We know that f (x) = f (x) dx
e
-2
fix) = j dx = 3 -2 ^ + C
re
- -
X 3 -2
FFrllo
fix) = x^+^ +C
rF
-(i)
ee
x'^
/(I) = 1+1+C
ouru
[Replacing X by 1]
sor rF
0 = C + 2 => C = -2
[v/(D = 0]
fix) = x^+\-2 X
kffo [Putting C = - 2 in (i)]
EXERCISE 18.2
os
ook
BASIC
Yo
Y
Evaluate the following integrals (1-44):

Bo
2^ + 5- 1
|Vx (ax^ +bx + c)| dx

reeB
1. (3x^ + 4fx+5) dx 2. dx 3.
X ;,V3
ouY
ur
m
4.
i2-3x){3 + 2x)il-2x)dx 5. — + — + + x^” + mx dx
ad
Yo
X m
x2
d
6. xr-^r dx [NCERT] 7. (1 + x)^ dx 8. 2 +e

. ,Iog e
X + ● dx
Jx~
nidn
'X
2J
Re
9. j (x^ + + e^) dx rf X 3 2 1
1 +1
F
I
Fi
10. Vx — dx 11. dx
X) X)
x^ + 1 X ^^'^ + 4x + 2 dx
12. dx 13. 14. f a+ dx
x^ +1
15. Vx (3 - 5x) dx (x + 1) (x-2) x^ + X ^ + 2

16.
4x~
dx
17. j X
2
dx
2x^+7x^ + 6x^ 5x^+12x^+7x^

18.
(3x + 4)^ dx 19. dx 20. dx
x^ + 2x X
2
+x
.. 2
sin X
21. dx 2 2
22.
1 + cos X
(sec X + cosec x) dx
3 3
5cos^x + 6sin^
sin x~cos^^^ [NCERT] 24. J
23. 1 - cos 2x
■ 2 ~dx 25. dx
0-2 2 1 + cos 2x
sm xcos X 2 sin X cos X
18.14 MATHEMATICS-XH
1 1 1
dx 27. dx 28. dx
26.
1 - cos X 1 - sin X 1 + cos 2x
1 x'^ +Sx-7 + x^ / dx
29. dx 30.
1 - cos 2x 2x^
1 - cos x 5
31. dx [NCERT] 32. ■ 3sinx-A cosx + —-— + tan'^:t-cot'^ x dx
2
1 + cos X cos X sm X
33. If/'W =x and/(l) ,find/(a:).

x^ ^
34. If/'(x)=x + b,/(l)=5,/{2)=13,find/(4 35. If/' (:>:) = 8 -2x,/(2) = 8,find/(4
f' \
36. If/' (x) =fl sin x+b cos xand/' (0) =A,/(O) = 3,/ - =5, find/(x).
w
1
37. Write the primitive or anti-derivative of f{x)=4x
Flo
e
reee
BASED ON LOTS
FFr
cos X cot X
2 dx
dx or
38. (tan X + cot x) dx 39.
1 - cos X cosec X - cot X
2 . 2 for
ur
tan X cosec X
cos X - sm dx
- dx 41. dx 42.
40. cosec X - cot X
+ cos 4x sec X + tan x
kss
sin 2x ^-1 sin 2x

44. cos ^ (sin x) dx
Yo
. -1
dx 45. cot dx
43. tan
oo
1 - cos 2x
1 + cos 2x
eB
. -1 2 tan X
dx 47
r (X^+8)(X-1) dx 48. (a tan x + cot x)^ dx
46. sm
1 + tan^ X ■ x^ - 2x + 4
ur
ad
cos X
dx [NCERT]
YYo
49.
1 + cos X
ANSWERS
d
Re
2*
+ 5 log X - —2 x^^^ +C
in
1. 2.
3 3 log 2
F
3. 4. 3x"' + -x^-'^x^
3 2
+ 6x + C
7 5 3
2 I m + 1 2 2
m X mx
5. m log I XI + — + + + C 6. — 2x + log 1 XI + C
2 2
2m log m m +1
3 2
1 e
7. 2^+ 2x 3/2 + 56 ^5/2^27 ^7/2

X X
8. — + — + + C
3 2 ^ 'll 2
log 2
e + 1
X
9. + X +C 10.
e 4-1 9
2 x^ x^
+ C 12. — + X4-C
11. 2 Va: - 5 3
1/3
13. 3x
7
+ +C 2^3/2
14. 2Jx + 2x + - + C
3
15. 2%
3/2
-2x
5/2
+ C 16. 2^5/2
5 3
4 .-3
i(3;c + 4)^+C
a: X
17. 18.
4 3 a:
1ft 2 3 +-X
3 2 +C
^
19. -a:
3 2
20. lx^ + -x^+C
3 2
21. a: - sin a: + C 22. tan a: “ cot a: + C
23. sec a: + cosec x + C 24. - — cosec a: + 3 sec a: + C

2
25. tan a: - x + C 26. -cotx-cosecx + C
ww
27. tan X + sec X + C 28. - tan X + C
2
1 1 x^ 7 X
Flo
a
29. — cot X + C
2
30. - - 3x + 5 log X + - + + C
2 2 X log a
ee
31. 2 (cosec X - cot x) - X + C
rere
32. - 3 cos X - 4 sin X + 6 tan x + 7 cot x + C
r FF
,, x^ 1 1 34.
x^ 13
—+ —x-2
2 X 2 2
uurr
35. 2x‘^-x^-20
foor
36. /(x) = 2 cos X + 4 sin X +1
2x3/2 + 2x^^^ +C
ks s
37. 38. tan x - cot x + C
3
Yoo
oook
39. - cosec X - cot X - X + C 40. 4* + C

42
eBB
4 J. sec X - tan x + x + C 42. - cot X - cosec x + C

uurr
43. ~ + C 44. + C
2 2 2
ad
x^
Yo
45. — +C
2
46. x^ + C
dY
x^ x^
Re
48. tan x - cot x - {a^ +b^ - 2ab) x + C

innd
47. —+ —-2x + C
FFi
49. “ cosec X + cot X + X + C
18.5 GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

In order to understand the geometrical meaning of an
indefinite integral, let us consider a
function/given by/(x) = -2x.
Clearly,
» 2
/ (x) dx = - X + C, where C is the constant of integration.
Let us now consider the family of curves given by y = / (x) dx or, y = - x^ + C.
2
Clearly, y = - x + C represents a family of parabolas having their common axis of symmetry
along y-axis as shown in Fig. 18.1.
In other words, each integral of /(x) = -2x represents a parabola with its axis of symmetry along
y-axis.
Let us now consider the points of intersection of each of these parabolas with a line parallel to
y-axis (a line orthogonal to the axis representing the variable of integration). Let x=-a be a line
parallel to y-axis which cuts the parabolasy = - .r , Y
K A x = a
y = -x^+\, y = -:r^ + 2, y = -A:^ + 3 etc. respectively at

points r F2 ' ^3 ' ^4 points, we have P-
^^-2a X' X
dx P\
■>
That is the slopes of the tangents to the parabolas at ^ V
, ?2 , P3 , F4 etc. are same. Consequently, tangents at y = -x^ + 2

, ?2 / P3 / P4 etc. are parallel. y = -xP' +1/
Thus, the indefinite integral of a function may be interpreted y = -^2
ww
geometrically as follows: V
The indefinite integral of a function represents geometrically a

family of curves having parallel tangents at their points of Fig. 18,1
Flo
intersection zuith the lines orthogonal to the axis representing the
variable of integration.
e
rere
18.6 COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION
r FF
Following points will help us to understand the difference between the differentiation and
integration,
uurr
for
(i) The operations of differentiation and integration are defined on functions,
(ii) The derivative of a function, when it exists is a unique function whereas the integral of a
function is not unique. In fact there are infinitely many integrals of a function such that
kss
Yoo
any two integrals differ by a constant,

ooook
(iii) The derivative of a function at a point (if it exists) is meaningful but the integral of a
eBB
function at a point does not have any sense,

(iv) Every function is not differentiable. Similarly, every function is not integrable.
(v) The derivative of a function at a point determines, the slope of the tangent to the
uurr
corresponding curve at that point. The integral of a function represents a family of curves
ad
Yo
having parallel tangents at the points of intersection of the curves of the family with the
lines orthogonal to the axis representing the variable of integration,
dY
(vi) The processes of differentiation and integraUon are inverse of each other,
Re
innd
(vii) The operations of differentiation and integration are operations on functions,

Fi
(viii) Both the operations are linear.

i.e.
dx dx dx
and. (f{x)+g {x)) dx = / (x) dx+ g {x) dx
(ix) The constant can be taken out side the differential as well as integral sign.
i.e. ^{kf(x))=k-îf{x))
dx dx
and, \●’ k f {x) dx = k \ f (x) dx
(x) Differentiation and integration both are processes involving limits.
18.7 METHODS OF INTEGRATION
We have the following methods of integration:
(i) Integration by substitution (ii) Integration by parts
(iii) Integration of rational algebraic functions by using partial fractions.
We shall now discuss these methods in the sections to follow:
18.8 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
In section 18.4, we have considered the problems on integration of functions in standard forms
and the problems involving combinations of these functions. Integrals of certain functions
cannot be obtained directly if they are not in one of the standard forms given in section 18.4, but
they may be reduced to standard forms by proper substitution. The method of evaluating an
integral by reducing it to standard form by a proper substitution is called integration by
substitution.
If (j) (a:) is a continuously differentiable function, then to evaluate integrals of the form
(x) dx, we substitute ^{x) =t and (x) dx = dt.
ooww
This
substitution reduces the above integral to J / (t) dt. After evaluating this integral we
substitute back the value of t.
18.8.1 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM J / (ax + b) d\
e
ere
THEOREM 1 // f(x) dx = (|i(a:), then \ f{ax + b) dx = ~^{ax + b)
rFl a
Fre
PROOF
Let/=J f{ax+b)dx andletax+b =t. Then, d (ax+ b) =dt a dx = dt ^ dx=~dt
rrF
a
1
Substitutingax + b=t and dx = dt, we get
sffoo
ouur
a
I =
f{ax + b)dx = -f■’ f{t)dt = -<^{t) = -a ^(ax + b)
kosk
a
Yo
n + l Q.E.D.
THEOREM 2 Prove that f {ax + bf dx = (ax + b)
oo
Y
+ C, n¥=-l
BB
a (n + l)
rre
Let ax+ b= t. Then, d {ax + b) = dt=> a dx = dt => dx = - dt.

a
ouu
Y
ad
Puttingax + b =t and dx=-a dt, we get

dY
n + l n + l
1 t (aa: + b)
{ax + bf dx = - f f dt — X + C = + C
innd
a ●' a « +1 a {n +1)
Re
Q.E.D.
^ dx = -]n \ ax + b\+C
Fi
THEOREM 3 Prove that

F
ax +-b a
PROOF Let ax + b=t. Then, d{ax + b)=dt => adx^dt => dx=- dt. Putting ax + b=t, and
a
dx = -a dt, we get
i .J - -1
dx
1
-dt =
1 1
ax+b a ■’ t a
ln|f|+C = -a ln|flA: + bj+C
Q.E.D.
1
THEOREM 4 Prove that
sin {ax + b)dx = -~a cos {ax + b)+C.
PROOF Let ax + b=t. Then, d{ax+b) = dt ^ a dx =dt ^ dx =—dt. Putting ax + b=t and
1 ^
dx = ~a dt, we get
1
I sin {ax + b) dx a
sin t dt = - - cos t + C =
a
- COS {ax + b) + C
a Q.E.D.
On comparing these three results with

n + l
n , X 1
x dx = - + C, - frx = log I XI + C and. sin xdx = - cos x + C
n + 1 X
respectively we find that if x is replaced hyax + b, then the same formula is applicable but we
must divide by the coefficient of x or derivative of {ax + b) with respect to x i.e., a.
w
Thus, in any of the fundamental integration formulas given in section 18.3 if in place ofx we have ax + b,
then the same formula is applicable but we must divide by coefficient ofx or derivative of (ax + b) I.e.
' a.
We give below a list of some of them which are frequently used.
n+1
{ax + b) 1
dx = -]n\ax + b\ + C
e
{ax + b)" dx =
roow
(i) + C,n?t-1 (ii)
a{n + T} ax+ b a
re
bx+ c
1 ax+ b bx+ c 1 a
ax+ b dx=-- + C, a>0 anda^l
(iii) e dx = ~e + C (iv) a
b In fl
reF
a
uFFll
e
(v) Jf sin {ax + b) dx = --cos{ax + b)+ C (vi) cos {ax + b) f/x = - sin {ax + b) + C
a a
9 1
sFr
(vii) Jf sec^ {ax + b) dx =-a tan {ax + b) + C (viii) cosec {ax + b)dx = -~a cot {ax + b)+C
foro
fk
uor
(ix) f sec (flx + b) tan {ax + b)dx = -sec
a
{ax + b) + C
okso
1
(X) cosec {ax + b) cot {ax + b) dx = —a cosec {ax + b) +C
Y
Yo
oo
reeBB
(xi) ■*
tan {ax + b) dx~--\n\
a
cos {ax + b)\ + C
rY
(xii) Jf cot {ax + b)dx = ~]n\sin

a
(ax + b) | + C
ouu
(xiii) sec {ax + b) dx = -a In 1 sec {ax + b) + tan (ox + b) | + C

ad
Ydo
(xiv) ■'f cosec (flx + b) dx = -a In | cosec {ax + b) - cot {ax + b) | + C.

nidn
Following examples illustrate the applications of these formulae to evaluate integrals.

Re
F
Fi
Type I EVALUATION OF INTEGRALS DIRECTLY BASED UPON ABOVE GIVEN FORMULAE

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate:
1 1
(i) - (2x - Sf + ^3x + 2 ● dx
(7x-5)^ ^px-4: 2-3x
2x-3 3x+ 2
(iii) dx
(ii) e dx [NCERT] a
1 1 1
SOLUTION (i) Let / = (2x - 3)^ + +
^3x + 2 ● dx. Then,
(7x-5)^ 2-3x
1
' (2x-3f dx + j (7x-5)~^ dx-i-l (5x-4)
/ = -1/2
dx +
2-3x
rfx +
^3x + 2 dx
1 = (2x-3f , (7x-5)~'^ (5x-4) 1/2
1 (3x + 2)
3/2
2x 6 7x-2
log I 2 - 3x I + 3
+ C
-3
5x- 3x-
2 2
f 2x-3j 1 2x-3
+ —
-1 log I 2 - 3 a; I +1 (3x + 2) ^^ + C
(ii) — X e + C
2
3x+2 1 3x+ 2
(iii) dx = X a + C
3 log a
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate:
ww
(i) f sec^(7-4x)dx INCERT, CBSE 2009] 1
2
dx
Sin X cos X
(iii) I cosec^{3x+2) frx INCERT]
Floo
(iv) sin (fix + b) cos (ox + b) dx INCERT]
sin 4x sin 4x
ee
(v) dx (Vi) dx
sin 2x cos 2x
eer
1
SOLUTION (i) f sec^ {7 - 4x) dx = ~ 4 tan (7 - 4x) + C
FFr
1
oorr
uur r
(ii) Let / = . 2 — dx. Then,
sm X cos X
s ff
4
1
= J 2
dx
sk
(2 sin X cos x)
YYoo
ooko
1
/ = 4 rfx = 4 cosec 2 2x
o j = -—
ax 4 cot 2x + C = - 2 cot 2x + C
● 2
eBB
sm 2x 2
(iii) j cosec^ (3x + 2) dx = - -3 cot (3x + 2) + C

uurr
(iv) Let 1 = sin (ax + b) cos (ox + b) dx. Then,

ad
Yo
1 r 1 1
I = - 2 sin (ax + &) cos (ax + b) dx = —
2
sin 2 (ax + b) dx = - cos (2ax + 2b) + C
2 4a
dY
sin 4x
Re
(v) Let I = dx. Then,

ind
sin 2x
FFin
2 sin 2x cos 2x 2
I
=1 sin 2x
dx - 2 cos 2x dx = — sin 2x + C = sin 2x + C
2
sin 4x
(vi) Let / = dx. Then,
cos 2x
2 sin 2x cos 2x
/ dx = 2 sin 2x dx = - cos 2x + C
cos 2x

8 8
sin X - cos X
EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate: INCERT]
2—
1-2 sin^ X cos X
● 8 8
sm X - cos X
SOLUTION
Let I = j 1-2 sin ^ X cos^ x
dx. Then,
MATHEMATICS-Xll
18.20
I =
(sin^ X + cos^ x) (sin"^ x - cos*^ x) dx
(sin^ X + cos^ - 2 sin^ 'x cos^ x
=> I =
(sin'^ X + cos"^ x) (sin ^ x + cos^ x) (sin^ x - cos^ x) dx =- cos 2x dx = - —sin 2x + C
. 4 4 2
sm X + cos X
EXAMPLE 4 Evaluate: yl + sin x frx, 0 < x < tt/2

SOLUTION Let ^ = | .Jl + sin x frx. Then,
2 X 2 X - ^ . X X,
I = sm — + cos — + 2 sm — cos — frx
M 2 2 2 2
X- xf X - ■ ^ j X . - r
— dx+
X .
sm — dx
w
I = cos — + sin — dx = cos — + sm — dx = cos
2 2
2 2; 2 2,
X r X XI
= 2 sin - ± 2 cos - + C =2 sin - ± cos - + C
Flo
I
2 2 2 2J
EXAMPLES Evaluate:
ee
1 1
dx (ii) dx
Fr
(i)
^3x + 4- ^3x + l
1
SOLUTION (i) Let / = for dx. Then,
ur
^3x + 4-.J3X + 1
^3x+“4 +J3x + 1 V3x + 4+^3x + l
ks
7 = iix =
(3x + 4)-(3x + l)
Yo
^3x + 4 +^3x + l / V ^3x + 4

oo
V *
eB
7 = ~3 j {^3x + 4 + J3x'+1} i7x ^ j ^3x + 4 J -/3xTT dx

r
3/2 3/2
ou
(3x + 4) (3x + l)
=A {(3:c + 4)^^^ + (3x + +C
ad
1 1
7 = - + — + C
3 3 X
3 3 3x3 27
Y
2 2
1
nd
dx. Then,
Re
(ii) Let 7 =
Fi
dx - dx
I =
{p^-p-2x) (1 -2x)-(3-2x)
1 1
2 P^dx + - ^3 -2x dx
3/2 3/2
7 = -
1 (l-2x)
3
1- + -
1 (3-2x)
3
UC =
7(1-2x)
6
3/2_l(3_2:t:)
6
3/2
+ C
2 2
-2x- -2x
2 2
1+ X
8 + 4
EXAMPLE 6 Evaluate: dx
2^
1+ X 1-x
8 + 4
SOLUTION Let / = dx. Then,
2^
23.r+ 3 2a-
1 dx
2-r
2a: + 3
2a: + 3 2- 3x 2 22- 3ar 22a: + 2 22 - 3.r
1 2 + 2 dx - + C = + c
2 In 2 (- 3) In 2 In 2 3 In 2
EXERCISE 18.3
BASIC
1 1
1.
{2x - sf + .j3xT2 dx 2.
(7x-5)^ -4
dx
1 1
3. dx 4. sin X + cos 2x dx
2-3:c ^x~-2
ww
1 + cos X 1 - cos X
Ml -cosx
dx [CBSE2000] 6.
1 + cos X
dx
Flo
1
7.
1 + cos 3x
dx 8. tan^ (2x - 3) dx INCERT]
e
ree
BASED ON LOTS
Fr
rF
x+ 3 1
9. T dx 10. dx
4
^X + 1 + yfx
uurr
(x + 1) for
1 2x
11. dx 12.
^2x + 3 + ^2x — 3
2
(2x + l)
s
kks
1 1
Yo
13. îx 14. dx

oooo
+ a + ^x + b
X
1 - sin -
2
eB
^2
1
+1)^ dx
X
15. 16. e + — dx
X
e
ur
1 + cos 4x
ad
1
17. I dx dx ICBSE2002J
YYo
18.
cot X - tan X
1
dd
19. - dx [NCERT]
2
Re
cos X (1 - tan x)
in
ANSWERS
F
^ (2x-3f 2
12
+ -(3x
9
+ 2)^^^+C 2.
-i(7.-5)-^.|V5 x-4 +C
-|log|2-3A:| + |^/3r^ + C
1
3. 4. cos 2x + C
2V2
fx\ fx\
5. - 2 cot — -X +C 6. 2 tan -x+C
2J 2
1 - cos 3x 1
7. + C 8. — tan (2x - 3) - x + C
3 sin 3x 2
|(.v + l) 3/2 _^3/2

2 2
9. - + C 10. - + c
2(x + l)^ 3(x + l)^ 3
|(2x+3)^^^-(2x-3)
1
11. 3/2
+ C 12. ilog|2x + ll + + C
18 2 ' 2(2x + l)
2 3/2 3/2
13. {x + a) + C 14. 2 tan — + sec — +C
3{a-b) 2 2J
15. 16. le^^ + 2x-ê -2x + C
3 2 2
18. 3/2 3/2

17. cos 4x + C + (a: + 2) + C
8
1 7t
19. — tan —+ x + C
2 4
Pix)
18.8.2 EVALUATION OF INTEGRALS OF THE FORM n ' » e N , WHERE p (i) IS A POLYNOMIAL
(ax^ b)
looww
In order to evaluate this type of Integrals, we may follow the following algorithm.
Step I Check ivhether degree of P (%) ^ or <n.
Step II If degree of P (x) <n, express P (x) in the form
n-1
ree
Aq + A-[ {cix + b) + A2 {(IX + b) +... + Af^ _ ^ {ax + b)
P{x) ^0 ^2 Ai-1
ree F
Step III Write
{ax + b)
tt
as
{ax + b)
n
+
r FF
{ax + b)
n-l
+
{ax + b)
n-1
+... +
ax+ b
Step rv Evaluate
fofroF
u
P{x) 1 1
dx=AQ ^J {ax — dx + A-^ ^dx + ... + Ai-l dx
ks
ax + b
+ b)
n n n -
{ax + b) {ax + b)
P{x)
kos o
YYouor
Step V If degree of P{x)>n, then divide P {x) by {ax + bf and express H

as
{ax + b)
eeBBoo
R{x)
QW + n ' where degree ofR (x) is less than n.
(flx + b)
r
ouru
R{x)
ad
Step VI Use step II and III to evaluate dx

Yo
n
{ax + b)

d
Re
inY
FFind
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate:
3
X X-1
(i) dx (ii) dx
(x + Z)^ X + 1
3
X
SOLUTION (i) Let I = dx. Then,
(x + 2)^
1 =
\{x + 2)-2\l^dx = (x + 2)^-6(x + 2)^ + 12 (x + 2)-8 dx
(x+zf (x+2)^
j[dx = log|x + 2| + ^^
1 6 12 8 6 8
=> 1= I
x + 2 {x + 2f {x + 2f (x + 2) {x + 2f 3(x + 2)
x-1
x +\ ^
l(* + l)-21^
^=1 dx
(x + 1)^
I = {x +1)^ Cl (x +1)^ X 2 C2 {x +1)^ X 2^ C3 (x +1) X 2^ C4 (2)^ dx
{x + lf
I =
(x + 1)^-8(a: + 1)^+24(x + 1)^-32(;c + 1) + 16 dx
(X + lf
8 24 32 16
1 = n- dx
w
x +\
(x + 1)^ {x + lf {x + lf
24 16 16
/ =a:-8 logi x + l\— 3^^
Flo
x+1
(:t + l)^ 3(a: + 1)
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate:
reeee
ax + x+2 2 + x + x^ 2x-l
(i) 2 <^x (ii) dx (iii) + 2 dx
FFr
{cx + d) ■’ {x + lf x^(2 + x) {x + iy.
ax + b >v
SOLUTION (i) Let I = dx for

{cx + d)^
ur
Let ax + b = ^(cx + ii) + )i. On equating coefficients of like powers of X, we get
kkss
be - ad
a Xc and b = Xd + \i X = - and )i =
Yo
c c
oo
ax + b X(cx + d) + \i 1 1
1 = dx = dx = X dx + ^ dx
eB
{cd + d)'^ {cx + d)^ ●' cx + d

^ {cx + d)^
a . I {be-ad) 1
I = -c log I cx + d I - + C =
~2 log |cx + ii! =—X — + C
r
c{cx + d) cx + d
ou
c c
ad
ALITER Let
YY
ax + b
I =
Y dx. Then,
{cx + d)
ndd
Re
h
X + -
a
I = [Making coefficient of x uiuty in the numerator]
Fi
a
2
(cx + d)
be
cx +
« r a
=> I = [Making c as the coefficient of x in the numerator]
c 2
(cx + d)
a
{cx + d) + ’’‘-d
a
I = dx [Adding and subtracting d in the numerator]
c
(cx + d)^
a 1 {be - ad) 1
I = — dx + dx [Separating the integrals]
c (cx + d) c
(cx + d}^
a . I ,, {be-ad) 1
I =
-2
c^
log I cx + d] y
2—''T—
(cx + d)
+ C
-
(ii) Let X + 2 = X(x + l) + )i.On equating the coefficients of like powers of x on both sides.
we get
X = 1 and 2 = X + |i=>X = l, }i=l

x + 2
dx =
+1) + dx =
X
dx
I =
(x^l)^ (^ + 1)^ x + 1
(x + lf
1 1
I = x(^ ——
X-hi
dx + n
(x + 1)
2dx = Xln|a: + l|- :c ^+ l + C = ln|a: + l|- x + 1 + C
x +2 (x + l) + l 1
ALITER I =
2 = dx = \ ■I —
x+1
dx = In I X +11 - —+ C
(X + 1) (x + 1)^ (x + 1)^ x +1
2 +x + x^ 2x-l
(iii) Let I = dx. Then,
x'^(2 + x) (x + 1)
ww
I =
(2 + x) + x^ 2 (x + 1)-3 ■ dx =
1 1 2 3
dx
2 ^
x^ (2 + x) (x + l)2 2 + X x + 1
(x + 1)^
Flo
.
ee
I = -- + ln|2 + x| + 21n|x + l|+ + C
rere
X
r FF
EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate:
X
2
X^ +1
(i) f dx ICBSE 2006]
uurr
dx
(ii) 2 dx (iii)
(a + afx)
foor (x + vi^
3
ks s
X
SOLUTION (i) Let! = dx. Using long division method, we obtain
(x + 1)^
Yoo
ooook
3
X 3x+2 3(x + l)-3 + 2- =x-2 +
3 1
eBB
= X-2 + = X-2 +
(^ + 1)^ (^ + 1)^ (x + 1)^ x + 1
(x + l)2
2
1
^ dx = {■ X-2+ x +^ 1
1
uurr
2 ( dx = -—2x+31n|x + ll + +c
(x + 1)^ (x + l)2J 2 x +1
ad
Yo
(ii) Let I = ^ dx. Using Long division method, we get

dY
(a + afx)^
Re
innd
2
2a a
X -
2
^-1 a (2fax + a)
FFi
X 1
(a + bx)^ tP" (fax + fl)^ (fax + a)^

2 2
X 1 a
2{bx + a) - a _ 1 2a 1 a 1
(a + afx)^ af^ af^ (fax + a)'^ b^ b'^'' bx +a (bx + a)^

2 2
X 1 2fl 1 a 1
I = dx - dx
(fl + afx)^ Jy2 bx + a b^ (fax + fl)^
2
, 1 f -2 j 2a 1 a 1
1=^1 1 ● frx - ^ dx + ^ dx
fa^ ●’ af^ ^ fax +
fa^ ●' (fax + fl)^
2 2
X 2fl 1 ,, , 1 1 a
/ =
In afx + i7|--*^x + C fax - 2fl In I afx + - +C
fa^ af^ af^ bx + a bx +a
ALITER We have.
2
I =
X
dx =i 1 f (b^
dx = —:r
+ 2abx + a^) - {2abx + a^) dx
{a+bxf b^ ■' {a + bxf
2 i
{bx + af
I = ^
1 f {bx + a)^-\2a{bx + a)-2a^+ a^] dx= -z- 1 (bx + a)'^ - 2a {bx + a) + a^ dx
b^ {bx + a)^ b^ {bx + a)^
2 2
1 2a
1-
a
dx = l ■ x-
2a
— In I + fll-
a
■ +C
b^ J bx + a
{bx + of' b^ b b {bx + a)
2
a
bx - 2a)n\bx + a\- + C
b^ bx + a
w
(iii) Let 7 = f Z±i dx. Then,
{x + lf
Flo t x^ + l + 2x-2x r (3: + !)^ -2x 2x
reeee
I = dx = dx = 1 - dx
{x + lf {x + lf {x + lf
FFr
X {x + l)-l
1 = 1-dx-2
{x + lf
dx =
l-dx-2 I {x+lf dx
for V
ur
I = ●'{ l-dx-2 J\ \I —
1
dx
x+1 (x + lf
kkss
Yo
1 1 2
I = ldx-2
oo
dx + 2 dx = A:-21n|A: + l|- + C
x + 1
{X + if x + 1
eB
EXAMPLE 4 Evaluate:
3 7 6
X X X
r
(i) dx (ii) dx (iii) dx

ou
ad
x + 2 x + 1 x-1
YY
SOLUTION (i) Using long division method, we obtain

3
x 8
-2x + 4-
ndd
Re
x+2 x + 2
3 3
Fi
x 8
dx = < X ^ - 2x + 4 - ● dx = - -x^ + 4x-8 ln|x + 2|+C
x + 2 x + 2 3
3
X
ALITER Let I = dx. Then,
x + 2
7 =
(x^ +2^)-2^ dx =
(x + 2)(x^-2x + 4) 8 ● dx
x + 2 x + 2 x+2
3
8
J x^ - 2x + 4 - x + 2
X
7 = ● dx =
3
-x^+4x-81n|x + 2|+C
(ii) Using long division method, we have

7
X
x^-x^ + x^-x^ + x ^-x + 1 —
x + 1 X + 1
7
X 1
dx = ■ -h -X + 1 - ■ dx
J X +l X + 1
7 7 6 5 4 3 2
X , X X X X X X
dx + + + X - log I +1| + C
x + l 7 6 5 4 3 2
7
X
ALITER Let I = dx. Then,
J x +l
I = dx =
x^+1
dx -
1
dx =
X —(-if rfx -
1
dx
x + l x + l x + l x-i-l) x + l
n n
X a n-l n-2
ww
= x + X a
1
7 = (x^ - x^ + x^ - x^ + x^ - X +1) dx - x + l
dx x-a
H - 3 _2 n-2 . «-l
+ X fl +... + xa + fl
Flo
7 6 5
X X X X
+ X - log IX +1| + C
e
^
7 6 5 4 3 2
eree
X
6
x^-lSl^ 1
dx
dx = dx =
FFr
(iii) Let; = 4*
x-1 x-1 x-1 x-1
oorr
uur r
x” - a” n-l . n-2 n- 3 2
= x + X a + x a
sf
/ =1 ■ x^ + x*^ + x^ + x^ x-1
x-a
sk
n-2 . _n-l
Yoo
+ ... + Xi7 + a
ooko
x^ x^ x^ x^ x^ 1 I II r
eBB
6 5 4 3 2 &i '
EXERCISE 18.4
uurr
ad
BASED ON HOTS
Yo
x^+5x + 2 X
3
x^ + X + 5
1. dx 2. dx 3. dx
dY
x + 2 x-2 3x + 2
Re
x^ + 3x -1
innd
2x+ 3 f 2x-l
dx dx
4.
jdx 5. 6.
(a:-if
(x + lf
FFi
(x-1)
ANSWERS
2 3
— + x^ + 4x + 8 log I X - 21 + C
X
1. + 3x - 4 log I X + 21 + C 2.
3
2
2
r 1 43 5
3 — + — x + — log|3x + 2|+C 4. 21oglx-ll- + C
6 9 27 ' x-1
3 1
5. X + log IX +1| + +C 6. -
x-1
+ 2 loglx -1| +C
<tv + b
18.8.3 EVALUATION OF INTEGRALS OF THE FORM
(rt.r + b) .Jcx +'d dx AND | oLv
.Jcx + d
In order to evaluate this type of integrals, we may use the following algorithm:
ALGORITHM
Step I Write (ax + b) in terms of (ex + d) as follows: (ax + b) = Xiax + d) + \i

Step II Find X and ja by equating coefficients of like powers of x on both sides.
Step III Replace ax + b by X{cx + d) + p in the given integral to obtain
(ax + b) ^cx + d dx = |a.(cx + d)+p J CX + d dx
3/2
= {cx + d) dx + p ^cx + d dx
2X 5/2 , 2p
= — (ca: + df' ~ +
5c 3c
(cx + d)^^^ +C
ww
ax + b X{cx + d) + p 1
dx = j dx= X
^cx + d dx + p dx
^cx + d ^cx + d
= n: (cx + d) 3/2 , 2^ (CAT+ d)
2X 1/2
+ C
Flo
3c c
e
Following examples will illustrate the above procedure:
eree
FFr
uurr
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate: (i) j x dx orr
(ii) I (7a:-2) ^3x + 2 dx
sfo
SOLUTION (i) Let 1 = j x ^x + 2 dx. Then,
kks
Yoo
I = f {{x + 2)-2} dx [v X = (x + 2)-2]

oooo
I = {{x + 2f^^-2(x + 2)^^^}dx= -5 {x + 2f^^~-3 (x + 2) 3/2 + C

eBB
(ii) Let / = (7a:-2) ^3x + 2 frx.Let7A:-2 = X.(3a: + 2)+p

urr
On equating the coefficients of like powers of x on both sides, we get

ad
YYo
3X = 7 and -2 = 2X + p=>X = — and ji = - —

3 ^ 3
3/2
{X(3x + 2) + p} ,j3xT2 dx + p (3x + 2)^''^l dx
dd
I f?.(3x + 2)
Re
inn
5/2 3/2
, (3x + 2 (3x+ 2)
}+C= — (3x + 2) 5/2_i0
14
(3x^2) 3/2
F
I =
X —g
-X 3
● +|i
3x1 45 27
+ C
2 2
ALITER Let I =
(7x-2) ^3x + 2 dx. Then,
\
1 = 7 x-17 jI y3xT2dx=| -3y 3x- 17T] V3x + 2 dx =13J 3X + 2-2- —

7)
J3x + 2 dx
3 (3x + 2)-f^ ^ X + 2 dx = —
3
(3x+ 2) 2^
t-
dx
5/2 3/2
_ .
^ I 7
= — < (3x + 2)= 20 X
(3x + 2)
[+C = — (3x + 2)
14 5/2 40
(3x + 2)^^^+C
3
3x1 7 3
— X 3
45 27
2 2
X x +1
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate: (i) dx (ii) dx
72^
X
7TT2
{x + 2)-2 dx =
2
dx
I =
3/2 1/2
{x + 2) ,1 ix + 2)
|(x.2)
3/2 1/2
/ = <
1
KC = - 4 (x + 2) + C
3
2 2
w
x + 1
(u) Let I = dx. Then,
72^
I = -
Flo1 2x + 2
dx - —
1
rf,v = 1 72^+ 72^
^ dx
e
2
727^ 2
72?^ 2
rree
r FF
72*-! *+|2
1 1
I dx
2
72?^
uurr
for
3/2 1/2
(2x-l)
I = -
1 (2x-l) + —
3
+ C = 1 (2x-l) 3/2 3
+ ^ (2x-l)
1/2
+ c
kss
2 3 2 6 2
2x - 2x -
ooook
2 2
Yo
eB
EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate: j- 8x + 13 dx
J 74^77
urr
ad
Yo
8x + 13
SOLUTION Let I = dx. Let8x + 13 = ^(4x + 7) + p
dY
74777
Re
innd
(Dn equating the coefficients of like powers of x on both sides, we get

8 = 4X., 13 = 7X+p=> X = 2 and p = -1
Fi
Replacing 8x +13 by X (4x + 7) + p in the given integral, we obtain

X(4x + 7) + p
/ = dx =
X ^4x + 7 + ● dx
74777 ^/47T7
1
I = X
^4x + 7 frx + p dx
74777
3/2 1/2
(4x + 7) (4x + 7)
I (4x+7)^^^ (4x + 7)
1/2
7 = X + p + C = + C
”771 4x
1
2 2
8X + 13
ALITER Let / dx. Then,
74777
13
■T + —
8 dx
I
74FT7
13 13
4a: + (4x + 7)+ - -7 (4a: + 7) - -
I
8
2^ dx = 2 12 dx = 2 2 dx
4
i/4?T7 Tirry
1 1
I = 2 I UiTTy ^ ^+7 X ■ 7 dx
3/2 1/2
(4a: + 7) 1 (4a: + 7) 1 3/2 1 1/2
ww
I = 2 + C = - (4.V + 7) -- (4a:+ 7) + c
3 2 3 2
4x 4x -
2 2
a:
EXAMPLE 4 Evaluate: dx.
Flo
.X + fl +
e
eree
X
SOLUTION Let I = dx. Then,
yjx + a + ^x + b
FFr
uurr
X
I = dx =
orr dx
sfo
|v^ +7^1 jv V^}
a -b
X + a
kks
Yoo
1 r f
V a: + fl
/
- a: ^x + b^ dx
r-
oooo
a -b
j(A: + fl-fl)7^ (x + b - b) ^x + b^
1
eBB
I = a - dx
a -b
|(A: + fl) ^x + a-{x-i-b) I’V^}

1 3/2 3/2
7 = rfA:
urr
-a +
a -b
ad
YYo
1 2 5/2 2fl 2b
7 = - (x + fl) {X + af^^--{x + bf^^ + îx + b) 3/2 + C
a -
b [5 3 5 3
dd
EXERCISE 18.5
Re
inn
BASED ON LOTS
F
a:-1 x a: + 1
4. dx
X 7^ + 2 dx dx
1. 2. £7a: 3.
BASED ON HOTS
2x + l 3a:+ 5
7. do:
5.
(a: + 2) 73^ + 5 6.
pin /TT?
2-3x a:
8. dx 9.
(5a: + 3) 72a: -1 frA: 10.
■JxT^ ~yjx + b
dx
pm
ANSWERS
2
1. ^(x
5
+ 2) 5/2 4
3
2. -(x
3
+ 4)^^^-10(x + 4)^^^+C
3.^{x-8) ^x + 4+C 4 i (2:^+3) 3/2 ^(2x+3)

D
1 1/2
+ C
5. 135
(9x + 20)(3a: + 5)^^^ + C 6.
^{6x + l)^[3x+2+C
(7x + 17)+C
8. I (8 - 3a:) + 3a: + C
9.^ (3a:+ 4) (2x^1)
3/2
+ C
1 2, .5/2 2fl, , 3/2 . 2 5/2 2& 3/2I

10. + (a: + fl) +c
a-b 5 3
18.8.4 EVALUATION OF INTEGRALS OF THE FORM j sin"'*4*, j cos'" WHERE ». £4, »« eN
ww
To evaluate integrals of the form sin”' x dx, cos”* x dx where m < 4, we express sin'” a: and
m
cos
X in terms of sines and cosines of multiples of x by using the following trigonometrical
identities:
Flo
1 - cos 2a: 1 + cos 2a:
(i) sin^ a: =
2
e
(ii) cos X =
ree
2 2
(iii) sin 3a: = 3 sin x - 4 sin x (v) cos 3x = 4 cos X - 3 cos x.
Fr
rF
uurr
s for
kks
Yo
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate:
oooo
(i) sin^ X dx cos^ X dx INCERT]

.2 2 .
(ii) (iii) sm X cos X dx
eB
2
SOLUTION (i) Let/ = sin X dx . Then,
1 +C
ur
1 - cos 2x sin 2x
I = dx = —2Jf (1 - cos 2x) dx = —2 X -
ad
2 2
YYo
* 2
(ii) Let I = cbs X dx. Then,
dd
1 + cos 2x sin 2x
Re
/ = iix = — f (1 + cos 2x) dx = ~ + C

in
X +
2 2J 2 2
F
2 2
(iii) Let I = sin x cos x dx. Then,
If 2
I = — (2 sin X cos x) dx
4 J
1 f 2 1 1 - cos 4x sin 4x
/ = - sin 2x dx =- dx = —\
8^
(1 - cos 4x) dx = —8 X - + C
4 4 2
4 J
EXAMPLE 2 Eufl/uflte;
(i) J sin^ xdx [NCERT]

C 3 . 3
(ii) cos X dx (iii) sm X cos ^xdx [NCERT]
SOLUTION (i) Let / = f sin ^ x dx. Then,
3 sin X - sin 3x
dx = i I (3 sin x - sin
1 cos 3x
I = 3x) dx = - - 3 cos X + + C
4 4 3
3
(ii) Let I = COS X dx. Then,
cos 3x + 3 cos X 1 1 sin 3 X

1 = dx = — cos 3x + 3 cos X dx = — + 3 sin X ^ + C
4 4 J 4 3
,. 3
(iii) Let I = sm X cos ^ X dx. Then,
3 sin 2x - sin 6x
/ = —8 Jf (2 sin X cos x)^ dx = —8 J{ sin^ 2x dx = -8 4
dx
/ = i (3 sin 2a: - sin 6x) dx = cos 2x + — cos 6a: I + C

32 32 2 6

EXAMPLES Evaluate:
w
(i) sin^ X dx [NCERT, CBSE 2000,2004] (ii) f cos^xdx [CBSE 2000,2003]
f 4 4
(iii) sin X cos a: dx
SOLUTION
Flo (i) LetJ = sin^ X dx. Then,
reeee
1 - cos 2x ■ 2 Q 1 - cos 20
FFr
7 = dx *.● sm 0 =
2 2
1 - 2 cos 2a: + cos^ 2x dx for

ur
1 + cos 4a:
1 - 2 cos 2a: + dx = — f 2 - 4 cos 2 a: +1 + cos 4a: â:
8 J
kkss
4 2
— j 3a: - 2 sin 2x + sin 4x

Yo
1 f
7 = 3-4 cos 2a: + cos 4a: dx = S- +c
oo
8 8 4
eB
(ii) Let 7 = cos^ X dx. Then,

n2
1 + cos 2 a: 1 + cos 20
■.* cos^ 0 =
r
7 = dx
ou
ad
2 2
If 2 1 1 + cos 4a:
YY
7 = — 1 + 2 cos 2a: + cos 2a: â: = - 1 + 2 cos 2a: + dx

4 4 2
ndd
sin 4a:
/ = 1
Re
3 + 4 cos 2a: + cos 4tX dx = — ■> 3x + 2 sin 2a: + + C

8 8 4
Fi
4 4
(iii) Let 7 = sin x cos X dx. Then,
16
(2
^
sin X cos a:)^ dx = —
16 J
{ (sin 2x)^ j7a: = —
16
(sin^ 2a:)^ dx
1
1 - cos 4a:
^
dx
16 2
1 f 1 1 + cos 8a:
7 =
64
(1 - 2 cos 4a: + cos^ 4x) dx = 64
● 1 - 2 cos 4a: +
2
dx
1
— sin 8x I + C
, / 1
I = 3-4 cos 4a: + cos 8a: dx = 3a: - sin 4a: +
128 J 128 8
EXERCISE 18.6
BASIC
1. m^(2A: + 5) dx [NCERT] 2. sin^ (2a: +1) dx [NCERT]

2 . 2 X , 2 —
^ dx
j
3. sin b X dx 4. sm - dx 5. cos
2 2
2
6. COS nx dx 7. sm x
^1 - cos 2x dx
BASED ON LOTS
sin 3x cos 3a:

8. cos^ 2x dx [NCERT] 9. smA:
dx [CBSE2022] 10.
cos a:
dx
ANSWERS
sin 2&a:
1. -sin
2 8
(4 a: +10) + C 2. 8
cos (2a: + 1)h-^cos(6a:+3)+C
24
3.^-
2 4b
+ C
1 sin 2x
4. - (x - sin x) + C 5 —i (x + sin
i
a:) + C
X
6. — + — sin 2nx + C 7. -4= X + C
2^ ^ 2 42 2 V2
ww
2 4n
3x sin 4 X sin 8 x
8. + + C 9. x+sin2x + C 10. sin2x-x + C
8 8 64
Flo
e
^ (2x + 5) dx = i jl - cos {4x +10)j dx ^sin (4x + 10)| +C
1
ree
1. sm X -
2
Fr
rF
2. I = sin^ (2x + 1) dx = — 13 sin (2x +1) - sin 3 (2x +1)| dx
uurr
4
1 r
for
I
4 j 3 sin (2x +1) - sin (6x + sj dx = - cos (2x + 3) + C
s
kks
\2
1 + cos 4x
cos^ 2xdx = (cos^ 2x)^ dx =
Yo
8. I = dx
oooo
1 2 1 1 + cos 8 X
eB
(1 + 2 cos 4x + cos 4x) dx = — 1 + 2 cos 4x + dx

4 2
(3 + 4 cos 4x + cos 8x) dx = —8 [ 3x + sin 4x + —8 sin

1
ur
1 8x + C
8
ad
YYo
18.6.5 EVALAUTION OF INTEGRALS OF THE FORM sin iiix cosnx dx, sin mx sin nx dx,
cos mx cos »x d.r

dd
Re
To evaluate this type of integrals we use the following trigonometrical identities to express the
in
products into sums.

F
2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A-B); 2 cos A sin B = sin (/I + B) - sin {A - B)
2 cos A cos B = cos (/I + S) + cos {A - B); 2 sin A sin B = cos {A -B) - cos {A + B)

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate:
(i) sin 4x cos 3x dx (ii) sin 3x sin 2x dx [CBSE 2022]
(iii) sin 3 X cos 4x dx [NCERT] (iv) J cos 2x cos 4x dx [CBSE 2007]
SOLUTION (i) Let 1 = sin 4x cos 3x dx. Then,

cos 7x
/ =1 2 sin 4x cos 3x dx = — f (sin 7 x + sin x) dx = — - cos X ^ + C
2 2J ' 2 7
(ii) Let I = sin 3x sin 2x dx. Then,
J (cos X - cos 5;i :) ~ ^ |

1 sin 5a:
; =1 2 sin 3a: sin 2xdx= — sm X + C
2 2 5
(iii) Let / = sin 3a: cos 4a: dx. Then,
1 = 1 2 sin 3a: cos 4a: dx

2
cos 7 a:
7 = ^ jsin 7x + sin {- x) j dx
1 1
(sin 7x - sin x)dx = — + cos x \ +€
2 2 7
(iv) Let I = cos 2x cos 4x dx. Then,
ooww
1 sin 6x sin 2x
/ = ! 2 cos 4x cos 2x dx = —2 f (cos 6x + cos 2x) dx = + C
2 ●’ 2 6 2 1
e
ree
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate:
rFl
Fre
(i) cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x dx [NCERT] (ii) sin X sin 2x sin 3x dx [CBSE 2012, NCERT]
rrF
SOLUTION (i) Let / = cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x dx. Then,
ouur
I =
1
sffoo
^ j (2 cos 4x cos 2x) cos 6x dx
If 1 r 2
okks
=> I = — (cos 6x + cos 2x) cos 6x dx= - (2 cos 6x + 2 cos 6x cos 2x) dx
2 4 *'
Yo
oo
1 sin 12x sin 8x sin 4x

Y
I = - 1 + cos 12x + cos 8x + cos 4x = — ■ x + + C

BB
4 4 12 8 4
rre
(u) Let I = sin X sin 2x sin 3x dx. Then,

1
ouu
I = (2 sin 2x sin x) sin 3x dx

YY
ad
2^
I =
^ (cos X - cos 3x) sin 3x dx = ^ (2 sin 3x cos x - 2 sin 3x cos 3x) dx
dd
Re
iinn
cos 4x cos 2x cos 6x

I = — (sin 4x + sin 2x - sin 6x) frx = — + + C
4 4 4 2 6
F
sin 4x
sm X
sin 4x
SOLUTION Let / = dx. TTien,
●’ sm X
2 sin 2x cos 2x 4 sin X cos x cos 2x

dx = dx
sm X sm X
sin 3x
1=2 2 cos 2 X cos X dx = 2 (cos 3 x + cos x) dx = 2 + sin X ^ + C
3

COS 5x + cos 4x
EXAMPLE 4 Evaluate: dx [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
1-2 COS 3x
cos 5a: + cos4a:

SOLUTION Let/ = J 1 - 2 cos 3a:
dx. Then,
1 =
sin 3x (cos 5x + cos 4a:) dx
sin 3x -2 sin 3x cos 3a:
3a- 3a: 9x X
. 3x 3x 9x X
2 sin cos 2 cos — cos -
2 2)
sm — cos — cos — cos -
I =
2 2 J dx= ^
2 2 2
^dx
- ^2 cos —
9x sin
. 3x-
sin 3a: - sin 6x
2 2
3a: X sin 2a:
I = - 2 cos — cos — dx=~ (cos 2a: + cos x) dx= - + sin X +C
3 2 2 2
EXERCISE 18.7
ww
BASIC
Integrate the following integrals:
Flo
1. sin 4a: cosVxdx [CBSE 2007] 2. cos 3x cos 4a: dx
ee
3. cos mx cos nx dx,m*n 4. sin mx cos nx dx, m^n
eer
BASED ON LOTS
FFr
5. sin 2a: sin 4a: sin 6x dx
6. J sin X cos 2a: sin 3a: dx
oorr
uur r
ANSWERS
s ff
1 1 1 1
1. — cos 11 a: + — cos 3a: + C 2. — sin 7a: -f — sin 'A + C
sk
YYoo
22 6 14 2
ooko
3.
1 sin(m + K)A: sin(m-«)A: 4.
1 cos (w + «) a: cos (m -n) x
— < +C < —
>+C
eBB
2 m + n m-n 2 m + n m-n
5. —cos8x +
1
cos12a:- cos4a: + C
1
6. a:
— H
1
sm 4a:
. . 1 . , 1 . -
sm 6a: — sm 2a: + C
^
uurr
32 48 16 4 16 24 8
ad
/■(.V)
18.8.6 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM |
Yo
dx
fix)
fix)
dY
THEOREM 1
dx = log\f{x)\+C
Re
fix)
innd
PROOF Let/ =
fix)
dx. Putting/ (a:) = f and /' (.a) dx = dt, we get
FFi
fix)
I =
J ^dt = In f + C = In 1/ (a:) I + C Q.E.D.
REMARK It followsfrom the above theorem that if the numerator in integrand is exact differential of the
denominator then its integral is logarithm of the denominator.
SOME STANDARD RESULTS
THEOREM 2 Prove that: tan xdx = - log | cos x\+C or, tan X dx = log | sec a: | + C
sm X
PROOF Let I =
tan X dx. Then, 1 = J cos X
dx
dt
Let cos a: = f. Then, d (cos x) = dt ^ - sin x dx = dt ^ dx = -
sm X
Putting cos x=t, and dx = - dt/sin x, we get

f sm a: dt
I = X — -dt = - In I i I + C ~ - In I cos XI + C
COS X sm X t
Hence, tan X = - In I cos x\+C or, tan X dx = In I sec XI + C

Q.E.D.
THEOREM 3 Prove that: cot X dx = In I sin x | -f C.
PROOF Let 1 = cot X dx. Then, / = J sin

^ dx.
X
dt
Let sin X = t. Then, d (sin x) = df => cos x dx = dt^ dx =
cos X
ww
Putting sin X = t, and dx = dt/cos x, we get
cos X dt 1
1 = dt - ln|/| + C = ln|sinx| + C
t cos X t
Flo
Hence, cotxdx = ln|sinx|+C. Q.E.D.
e
ree
THEOREM 4 Prove that: sec x dx = In | sec x + tan x | + C.
FFr
● sec X (sec x + tan x)
PROOF Let I = j sec X dx. Then, I = dx
uurr
(sec X + tan x)
Let sec X + tan x = t. Then, orr
sfo
2 dt
d (sec X + tan x) = dt => (sec x tan x + sec x) dx = df => dx =
kks
sec X (sec x + tan x)
Yo
oooo
dt
Putting sec X + tan x = t and dx = , we get
sec X (sec x + tan x)
eB
7 =
sec X (sec x + tan x) dt 1
-df = ln|f|+C = ln|secx + tan x | + C
t sec X (sec x + tan x) t
ur
ad
Hence, sec X dx = I sec X + tan XI + C.

YYo
Q.E.D.
THEOREM 5 Prove that: cosec X dx = In I cosec x - cot x | + C.

dd
Re
cosec X (cosec x - cot x)

inn
PROOF Let 7 = cosec X dx. Then, 7 = J cosec X - cot X

dx
F
Let cosec x - cot x = t. Then,

2 dt
d (cosec X - cot x) =dt (~ cosec x cot x + cosec x) dx-dt=> dx =
cosec X (cosec x - cot x)
dt
Putting cosec X - cot X = t and, dx = we get
cosec X (cosec x - cot x)'
I =
cosec X (cosec x - cot x) dt
cosec X - cot X (cosec X - cot x) cosec x

1
7 = -df=ln|7|+C =ln| cosec x - cot x | + C
t
Hence, cosec X dx = In I cosec x - cot x | + C Q.E.D.

ALTERATiVE FORMULAE FOR

cosec-Vii.v AND| sec x lix
1 1
Let I = cosec X dx = dx ~ dx. Then,
sin X 2 sin x/2 cos x/2
sec^ x/2 2 X
I = dx Divide both numerator and denumerator by cos —
2 tan x/2 2
X XI 1 2 X 2dt
Let tan — = t. Then, d tan — - dt ^ — s&c — dx = dt ^ dx =
2 X
2 2J 2 2
sec -
2
X 2dt
Putting tan — = t and dx 2X' we get
ww
2
sec
2
1
1 rff = In t\ + C = In tan —
2
+C
Flo
t
e
eree
Hence, cosec X dx = \n tan — +C
2
FFr
% n x'l
sec X dx = cosec — + X dx = log tan h — + C [Using (i)]
uurr
.2 4 2
orr
sfo
Hence, sec X frx = In tan - + - + C
U 2
kks
Yoo
oooo
eBB
Type I PROBLEMS BASED ON I tan.Y<t.v, [ cotY</.v, | sec.V(/x, J cosec x </.v

urr
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate:
ad
YYo
1 1 1 - cos 2x 1 + cos X
(i) dx (ii) dx (iii) (iv) dx
^1 + cos 2x cos X
■y 1 + cos 2x P- cos X
dd
Re
inn

1 1 1 1
sec X dx = In I sec X + tan x| + C
F
dx = dx -
^1 + COS 2x COS
2
X
V2 " V2
1 1
rfx = 4
X X
(ii) dx - cosec - frx = V2 In cosec — cot — + C
cos X
O2 sm
. 2 X- 42 J 2 2 2
1 - cos 2x 2sin^ X
(iii) dx =
2
dx - tan X frx = In I sec XI + C
y 1 + cos 2x P cos X
n
2cos 2X●
1 + cos X
(iv) dx = 2- d.r = cot — dx - 2 In sin — + C
^1- 2 2
1
cos X 2X
2 sin
2
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate:
1 1
(i)J + sin 2x
dx (ii)
- sin X
dx
1
+ sin 2x
1 1
I = dx = dx
7t 2 n
1 - cos + 2x 2 sin - + X
V 2
1 4
1 71 n
1 = cosec — + X = tan + C
" V2 J ^4 ‘ V2 8 2
ww
1
- sin X
FF loo
1 1 1 7C X ,
I = dx = iix = sec — + — dx
71 2 n X 42 4 2
2 cos
ree
1 + cos - + X
^2 '4^2
rFee
3tc
i In
X
I = tan —+—+— +C=V21n tan + — +C
V2 4 8 4J 8 4
F
oor r
rur
s ff
EXAMPLES Evaluate:
k
sin (x - a)
YYoou
sm X
(i) dx (ii) dx [NCERT, CBSE2004]
ookos
sin X sin (x - a)
BBo
1
(iii) dx
sin (x -fl) sin (x -b)
re
sin (x -fl)
SOLUTION (i) Let / = dx . Then,
ouur
ad
●' sin X
Yo
sin X cos a - cos x sin «

dx = cos a dx - sin a cot x dx
sin X ●' *'
dY
Re
I = cos a 1 ● frx - sin a cot x iix = x cos - sin fl In | sin x | + C

idn
sin X
FFin

sin (x -fl)
sin {(x - a) + fl} dx
^-1 sin (x - a)
● sin (x - a) cos a + cos (x - a) sin a
I = dx = {cos 77 + cot (x - 77) sin 77} dx
sin (x -71)
I = cos fi f 1 ● frx + sin 77 f cot (x - 77) frx = X cos 77 + sin 77 In | sin (x - tj) | + C
1
sin (x -77) sin (x-b)
I
1 sin {(x-ij)-(x-77)} dx
sin (77 -b) sin (x-77) sin (x-b)
I =
1 sin (x - b) cos (x-a)- cos (x - b) sin (x - 77) Tix
sin (77 - b) sin (x-77) sin (x-b)
1
I = {cot {x-a)~ cot {x - b)} dx
sin {a -b)
1
I =
sin {a -b) jin I sin (x-fl) I-In I sin (:c-b)|j + C
sin (a: - a)
1 = cosec (fl - b) In + C
sin (x -b)
EXAMPLE 4 Evaluate:
1 1
(i) dx (ii) dx [NCERT]
sin (x-a) cos{x -b) cos (x - a) cos (x - b)
1
SOLUTION (i) Let/ = dx . Then,
ww
sin (x -fl) cos {x -b)
1 cos {a -b) 1 cos {(x ~b) -(x ~fl)}
I = dx = dx
FF loo
cos {a - b) sin (x-a) cos(x-b) cos (a - b) sin (x-a) cos(x-b)
1 cos (x - a) cos (x - &) + sin (x - a) sin (x - b)
ree
/ = dx
cos (a-b) sin (x-fl) cos (x-b)
rFee
I cot (x-a) + tan (x - ij)| dx
1
I =
cos (a-b)
F
oor r
rur
cos (a - b) I loge 1sin (x - fl) I - log^ | cos (x - /) | |
1
I = + C
k s ff
1 sin (x - a)
YYoou
I = log + C
ookos
cos (a - b) ^ cos(x-&)
BBo
1
(ii) Let / = dx. Then,
cos(x-fl) cos (x-b)
re
1 sin (a-b) 1 sin {(x -b) -(x -fl)}

ouur
/ = dx = dx
ad
sin (a - b) cos(x-fl) cos (x-b) sin (a - b) cos(x - a) cos (x -b)

Yo
I =
1 sin (x - b) cos (x-a) - cos (x - b) sin (x - a)
dx
●' cos(x -fl) cos (x-b)
dY
sin (a - b)
Re
idn
1
=> I =
I ■ tan (x -b) - tan (x - a)| dx
FFin
sin (a -b)
1
/ {- loge I cos (x - b) I + logg I cos (x - fl) j) + C
sin (a -b)
I =
1 cos (x - a)
log + C
sin (a -b) ^ cos (x-b)
sin (x + a)
sin (x + b)
sin (x + fl)
SOLUTION Let/ = dx. Then,
*’ sin (x + b)
sin (x + b + fl - b) sin {(x + b) + (a-b)}
I = dx - dx
sin (x + b) sin (x + b)
sin {x + b) cos {a-b) + cos (:t + b) sin {a - b)

=> 1 =
sin (x + b)
=> I = Icos (a - b) + cot (x + b) sin (a - b)] dx = cos (a-b) l-dx + sin(a-b) cot(x + b)dx
1 =x cos (a ~b) + sin (a-b) logj. |sin (x + &) | + C

r /’(-v)
Type II EVALUATION OF INTEGRALS BASED UPON J /(.V)
- dx = logf I/(a-) I + C
In order to evaluate this type of integrals, we may use the following algorithm:
ALGORITHM
oww
Step I Obtain the integral, let it be I =
f fix) dx
fix)
Step II Put f (x) =t and replace f ’ (x) dx by dt to obtain I = - dt

t
e
FFrlo
re
Step III Evaluate integral obtained in step II to obtain I = log^ 1 f I + C
Step IV Replace tbyf (x) in step III to get I = log^ [/ (x) | + C
ree
F
rF
fsoor
ouur
EXAMPLE 6 Evaluate:
skf
2
2x + 5 1 - tan X sec X
(i) dx (ii) dx (iii) dx
ooko
x^ +5X-7 1 + tan X 3 + tan X

Yo
Y
X -A
Bo
-e
(iv) f - dx fNCERT] (v) f c^*°S^(xSl)”^dx [NCERT]
reB
e^ + e ^
2x + 5
SOLLinON (i) Let I = dx
uur
oY
x^ + 5x -7
ad
dt
Let x^ + 5x - 7 = t. Then, d (x^ + 5x - 7) = df ^ (2x + 5) dx = dt^ dx =
dY
2x + 5
dt
innd
Putting x^ + 5x - 7 = t and dx = 2x + 5' we get

Re
Fi
F
2x + 5 f 1
I = dx = -dt = logg 111 + C = logg I x^ + 5x- 71 + C
x^ +5x-7 t
1 - tan X cos X - sm X
(ii) We have, f = J 1 4- tan X

dx =
cos X + sm X
dx. Let cos X + sin x = t. Then,
dt
d (cos X + sin x) = dt => (- sin x + cos x) dx = dt=> dx =
cos X - sm X
dt
Putting cos X + sin x = f and dx - , we get
cos X - sm X
1 - tan X
I = dx = - dt = logg 111 + C = logg I cos X + sin x | + C
1 + tan X t
2
sec X
(iii) Let / = dx. Let 3 + tan x - t. Then,
3 + tan X
18.40 MATHEMATICS'XIl
2 dt dt
rf(3 +tan;c) =dt =?● sec xdx = dt=> dx = Putting tan x -1 and dx = —^ , we get
sec X sec"^ X
2
sec X dt
I =
3 + f
X
sec
2
X
I - ln|3 + t|+C = ln|3 + tan x\+C
X - X
e -e
(iv) Let 1 = dx.
+ e ^
dt
Let + e ^ = t. Then, d {e^ + e~^) = dt=> {e^ - e ' *) dx = dt => dx =
ooww
X - X
e -e
dt
Putting + e ^ = t and dx = X —, we get
e -e
e
X - X
dt
ere
e -e
I = dx = —t = ln|t| + C = ln|e^ + r^|+C
^ +e ^
rFl
Fre
rrF
3
X
(v) Let I = dx = dx
sffoo xUl ;cni
ouur
dt
Let x^ + 1 = t. Then, d {x^ + 1) = dt=^ dx = dt^ dx = - ■. Putting +1 = t and
kosk
4x^
dt
Yo
dx = , we get
oo
4x3
Y
BB
1 1
-df = In I f I + C = i4 In (x^ +1) + C
rre
4-' t 4
ouu
Y
ad

dY
EXAMPLE 7 Evaluate:
1 sin 2x
(i) dx (ii) dx [CBSE 2005]
innd
2 2 2 2
Re
1 +e ^ a sin x +b cos x
Fi
tan X
F
sinx-xcosx
(hi) 2
dx (iv) dx [CBSE 2015]
a+ b tan x x(x + sinx)
X
1 1 e
SOLUTION (i) Let / = dx = dx = dx
1 + e + 1
X
e
dt dt
Lete^ +1 =LThen,d(e^ + 1) = dt=> e^dx = dt=> dx = —. Puttingl + e^ =fanddx = — , we get
e e
dt 1
I = dx = -dt = ln|f|+C = ln|l + e^|+C
e^ + 1 ~7 t
sin 2x 2 2 2 2
(ii) Let 7 = 2 2 2 2
dx. Let a sin x +b cos x = t. Then,
a sin x + b cos x
dt
d {a^ sin^ X + b^ cos^ x) = dt ^ (a^ -b^) sin 2x dx = dt=> dx =
{a^ -b^) sin 2x
2 2 2 2 dt
Putting a sin x +b cos x = t and dx = , we get
-b^) sin 2x
sin 2x dt
I =
t 2 2
2 sin X cos a: (fl -b )
1 1
-^^\n\t\ +C =
1 2 2 2 2
/ = ~ dt =
Înjii sin x + b cos a:]+C
{a^-b^) t
(«-n ia^'b^)
oww
tan x
(iii) Let I = . Then,
a + b tan^ x
sinATcosA: , sin X cos X 1 r sin 2a:
1 =
—^X dx = dx = — dx
e
2 2 2 “y
a cos a: + & sin x 2 a cos a: + b sin"^ x
FFrlo
sm
re
a +b
2
cos a:
ree
F
1 2 2
I = In I a cos a: + b sin x\ + C [See (ii)]
2(b-a)
rF
sin a:-a: cos a:
(iv) Let I = dx. Then,
fsoor
ouur
a: (a: + sin a:)
skf
(a: + sinx) -x-xcosx (x + sin x) -X (1 + cosx) 1 1 + cos X
1 =
dx =| dx = dx
ooko
x(x + sinx) X (x + sin x) X x + smx

Yo
Y
X
J = In I XI - In (x + sin x) + C = In + C
Bo
reB
x + smx

uur
oY
EXAMPLE 8 Evaluate:
ad
(i) tan X tan 2x tan 3x dx (ii) tan (x - 0) tan (x + 0) tan 2x dx

dY
SOLUTION (i) We know that

tan 2x + tan x
innd
tan 3 X = tan (2x + x) = - ^ tan 3x (1 - tan 2x tan x) = tan 2x + tan x

Re
1 - tan 2x tan x
Fi
F
=> tan3x-tan3xtan2xtanx = tan2x + tan X => tan 3xtan2xtanx = tan 3x-tan2x-tanx
/=! tan X tan 2x tan 3x dx

=> / = (tan 3x - tan 2x - tan x) dx = - — log^ | cos 3x| + — logg | cos 2x| + logg | cos x] + C
3 2
(ii) We know that 2x = (x - 0) + (x + 0)

tan 2x = tan {(x - 0) + (x + 0)}
tan 2x =
tan (x - 0) + (x + 0)
1 - tan (x - 0) tan (x + 0)
tan 2x - tan (x - 0) tan (x + 0) tan 2x = tan (x - 0) + tan (x + 0)
tan (x - 0) tan (x + 0) tan 2x = tan 2x - tan (x - 0) - tan (x + 0)
/ = j tan (x - 0) tan (x + 0) tan 2x dx = j {tan 2x - tan (x - 0) - tan (x + 0)) dx
I = - In I cos 2x{ + In I cos (x - 0) | + In | cos (x + 0) | + C
1/2
E>'vMrLL9 Evaluate: 1 + 2 tan X (tan x + sec x) dx
1/2
SOLUTION Let I =
11 + 2 tan ;c (tan x + sec ar) 1/2
dx. Then,
1/2
2 2
I = 1 + 2 tan^ x + 2 tan x sec x dx = 1 + tan x + tan x + 2 tan x sec x dx
1/2 1/2
j(sec X + tan x)^ j

2 2
=> 7 = sec X + tan x + 2 tan x sec x dx rfx
=> I = (sec X + ian x) dx = In [ sec x + tan x | + In | sec x| + C
ww
sin 2x
EXAMPLE 10 Evaluate: rfx
7C n
sin X — sin X + —
3J 3J
Flo
sin 2x
SOLUTION Let I = dx. Then,
e
n %
sin X — sin x + —
ree
3> 3
Fr
rF
n 7C
sin ^ X — + X + —
uurr
3 3J
I =
7t
dx for
Sin X — sin X + -
s
3J 3J
kks
71 7C 7C jt
Yo
oooo
sin X — cos X + — + cos X — sin X + —

3 3 3J 3J
I =
eB
7C It
sm X - Sin X + -
3J 3j
/
ur
n n n K
1 = ● cot X + — + cot X — V dx = In sin x+ — + In sin X — + C
ad
3j 3j 3J 3.
YYo
EXERCISE 18.8
dd
Re
BASIC
in
Evaluate the following integrals:

F
1 1 1 + cos 2x
1,
J - cos 2x
dx 2.
I + cos X
dx 3.
■y 1 - cos 2x
dx
3.r
1 - cos X e sec X tan x
4. dx 5. dx 6. dx
3x
P + cos X e + 1 3 sec X + 5
1 e^ + 1 9.
1
/. dx 8. dx dx
x(3+ logx) + x X log X
2x
cos X 1 - sin X e
10. dx II. dx 12. dx
2x
2 + 3 sin X X + cos X e -2
2 cos X - 3 sin X cos 2x + X +1

dx [NCERTl 14. dx
6 cos X + 4 sin X x^ + sin 2x + 2x
- sin a: + 2 cos x cos 4a:-cos 2x sec X

15. dx 16. dx 17. dx
2 sin AT + cos a: sin 4 a:-sin 2 a: log (sec a; + tan x)
2
cosec X cosec X 1-sin 2a:
dx dx
18. 19.
1 + cot a:
20.
^dx ICBSE 20001
log tan - a: + cos X
2
1 + tan X sin 2a: a: + 1
21. dx [CBSE2000] 22. 2 2 2
dx 23. dx
x+ logsecA: +i> sin a: X (a: + log x)
2 2
1 sec X 2 cos 2x + sec x
24. I dx 25. dx 26. dx
Jl -x^ (2 + 3 sin ^ x) tan X + 2 sin 2x + tan x - 5
ww
BASED ON LOTS
sec X f cos 2x
dx
27.
sec 2 X
28.
jdx INCERT]
(cos X + sin x)
Flo
sin (x -fl) sin (x - a)
e
29. dx 30. dx ICBSE 2006,2013,2015]
ree
sin (x -b) sin (x + a)
Fr
1 + tan X cos X f 1 - sin 2x
rF
31. dx 32. dx 33. dx
1 - tan X cos (x - a) 1 + sin 2x
uurr
1 - cot X sec X cosec x
for sin 2x
34.
1 + cot X
dx 35.
I log (tan x)
dx 36.
flcos
2
x + efsin
2
X
dx
s
kks
a 1 cot X
dx dx [CBSE 2003] dx
Yo
37. 38. 39.

oooo
b + ce^ e^+1 log sin X

eB
BASED ON HOTS
1 1
40. dx (NCERTJ 41. dx
ur
cos {x + a) cos(x + &) X log X log (log x)

ad
YYo
42.
10 x^ +10^ logg10 dx 43.
sin 2x
dx
10
10^+ x sin 5x sin 3x
dd
1 + cot X
Re
cos {x + a)
dx [CBSE 2000] dx
in
44. 45. [CBSE 20191

X + log sin X sin {x + b)
F
1
46. dx 47. tan 2x tan 3x tan 5x dx
■Jxi^fx + 1)
sin 2x
48. {1 + tan X tan (x + 0)1 dx 49. dx
n 7t
sm X — sin X + —
6.
X-1. e-l
e + X 1
50.
+ x^
dx 51.
sm X cos
^ dx 52. J
X cos 3x - cos X
dx
ANSWERS
1 , , X 71
1. log tan -
2
+ C 2. -J2 log tan - + -
4 4
+C 3. log I sin X [ + C
6. 1- log j 3 sec X + 51 + C
4- - 2 log cos ^ ^ |log|e
3x
5.
+ 1|+C
log I 3 + log x| + C 8.
log I + a: I + C 9- log|logx|+C
11.
10.
—3 log I 2 + 3 sin a: I + C log I X + cos X [ + C
2x 1
13.
12.
-2| +C — log I 2 sin X + 3 cos x | + C
14.
^ log I + sin 2x + 2x ] + C 15- log I cos X + 2 sin X [ + C
16.
— log I cos 3-t I + C 17. log i log (sec X + tan x) [ + C
ww
3
18. log log tan ^ + C 19. - log 11 + cot XI + C
Flo
20. log I X + cos^ X1 + C 21. log 1 X + log sec XI + C
e
eree
22. -L log (fl^ + sin^ x) + C 23. log IX + log XI + C
FFr
24.
—log|2+3sin ^x| + C 25. log I tan x + 21 + C
uurr
3
26. log I sin 2x + tan X - 51 + C 27. 2 sin X - log | sec x + tan x | + C orr
sfo
28. log I sin X + cos X1 + C 29. X cos (b - a) + sin (b - a) log | sin (x - ia) | + C
kks
Yoo
30. X cos 2a - sin 2a log [sin (x + a) | + C 31. - log I cos X - sin XI + C

oooo
TC
32. (x - a) cos a -sin a log | sec (x - fl) [ + C 33. log + C

eBB
34. - log I cos X + sin XI + C 35. log (log tan x) + C

urr
1 2 2
36. log I fl cos X + b sin x | + C 37.
--b log|iJe~^ + c| +C
ad
b -a
YYo
38. -log|l + e”^|+C 39. log I log sin x| +C

dd
1 cos (x + b)
40. 41. log {log (log x)} + C
Re
log +C
inn
sin (a-b) cos(x + fl)

F
1 1
42. logjlO^ + x^°|+C 43.
—3 log I sin 3x I —5 log I sin 5x I + C
44. log ] X + log sin x | + C 45. cos (a-b) log sin (x + b) -x sin (a-b) + C
46. 2 log I +11 + C
1 1 1
47.
-5 log [sec 5x| —2 log I sec 2xj —3 log [ sec 3x| + C
cos X
48.
cot 8 log + C 49. log^ sin^ X--4 +C
cos (x + 0)
. X
50.
-e log I + x"^ I + C 51.
sec X + log tan — + C
log I sec X + tan x || + C

1
52. ± cosec X -
4
sec X cos 2x O
2 cos
2 x-1T
sec 2 a: rfx = I
27. dx = rfx = 2 cos X -ssc X dx
cos X cos 'A
= 2 sin A - In tan +C
{4 2)
cos 2a cos 2a
28. Let I = 2
rfA. Then, I = dx
(cos A + sin a) 1 + sin 2a
Let 1 + sin 2a = t. Then, fr (1 + sin 2a) = dt or, 2 cos 2a dx = dt
I = —2 Jf -^ dt = —2 In I' f I' + C = —2 In 11' + sin 2a I
w
+C
2 . 2
cos 2a cos A - sin cos A - sin A
ALITER I =
2 frA = -dx = dx
Flo
(cos A + sin a) (cos A + sin a) cos A + sm A
eeee
/ = In cos A + sin a +C
Fr
1
40. Let/ = dx. Then,
cos (A + fl) cos (x + b)
for
ur
I =
1 sin {(a + /;) - (a + a)}
dx
sin {b - a) cos (a + a) cos (a + b)
ks
1 sin (a + cos (a + a) - cos (a + b) sin (a + a) rfA
I =
I
Yo
sin {b - a) cos (a + a) cos (a + b)

oo
j I tan (x + b) - tan (a + a)j

1
1 = dx
eB
sin (b - a)
sin (b - a) j-In cos(a + b) + In cos (a + a)| + C = sin (a -b)

1 1 cos (x + b)
I = In +C
ur
cos (a + a)
ad
Yo
.2 2
1 sm A + cos A
50. / = — dx- dx = (sec A tan a + cosec a) dx
2
sm A cos A sm A cos A
d
Re
in
= secA + ln tan— +C
2
F
. 2 2 . . 2 2
1 sm A 4- cos A sm ■ A + cos
^ frA
J
51.
cos 3a - cos A dx = j - 2 sin 2a sin A
dx =
- 4 sin
2
A cos A
—
i I log (secA + tan a) -cosec a| + C

\
sec A + cosec A cot A dx=-
4J
18.8.7 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM I |/(.v))" /'(a)

11+ 1
(fix)}
THEOREM {f(x)ff'(x)dx = n + 1
,71^-1
PROOF Let / = {f{x)f f' (a) dx. Putting /(a) = t and /' (a) dx = dt, we get
n + 1 n+ 1
t
I =
I {f(x)f f ’ (X) dx dt =
n + 1
+ C _
n + 1
+ C,n=^-1.
Q.E.D.

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate:
(i)
3x + l
in X cos X dx (iii) tan
3
X sec
2
x dx (iv)
(log xf dx
jdx (ii)
{3x^ + 2x + l) X
3x + l
SOLUTION (i) Let 1 =
(3x^ + 2x + l)
■j dx. Let 3:^^ + 2x + \ = t.Then,
oww
dt
d{3x^ + 2x + \) = dt => (6:t + 2) dx = dt ■=> dx =
2{3x+\)
dt
Putting 3x^ +2x + l =t and dx = 6x + 2' we get
e
FFrlo
dt 1
3x + l 1
^dt = -^
re
I = t + C = + C
''2i3x + l)~2 2 -2 At 4^{3x^ + 2x + lf
ree
F
dt
(ii) Let 1 = sin ^ X cos X dx. Let sin x = f. Then, d (sin x)-dt=> cos x dx = dt => dx = cos
rF
a:
dt
fsoor
ouur
Putting sin a: = f and dx = cos X
, we get
skf
. 4
dt sm
sin ^ X cos x dx = t^ cos X X t^dt= — + C =
ooko
1 =
Yo
cos X 4 4
Y
dt
Bo
(iii) Let / = tan ^ x sec^ x dx. Let tan x = f. Then, d (tan x)=dt=> sec^x dx = dt=> dx =
reB
2.'
sec X
2
Putting tan X = t and dx = dt sec x, we get
uur
oY
4
tan X
ad
/ =
tan ^ X sec^ x dx = f^ sec^ x x —-jt^dt
sec"^ X
= —+ C =
4 4
+ C
dY
(log x)^
innd
dx. Let log X = t. Then, d (log x) = dt => - dx = dt => dx = X dt.

Re
(iv) Let/= X
X
Fi
F
Putting log X -1 and dx = x dt, we get

I - — xdt = dt =
t^
—+ c _= (log^ + C
X 4 4
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate:
4 (sin ^ x) ^ log V tan^^ J dx sm X

dx
(i) dx (ii) (iii)
sm X
^3 + 2 cos X
4(sin"^x)^ dx. Let sin" ^ x = t.Then, d (sin" ^x) = dt
SOLUTION (i) Let / =
1
dx = dt => dx =
^1 - x^dt. Putting sin"^ x = t and dx = -x^ dt, we get
I =
1-x
= Vl = 41 f ^ = t‘^ +C = (sin ^ x)^ + C
log tan ^
(ii) Let I =
n 2 dx. Let log tan ~ Then,
sm X
1 2 X 1
d log tan — = dt => sec —x — dx = dt^ dx = sin x dt
I 2 tan
X 2 2
2
oww
Putting log tan — = t and dx = sin a: dt, we get
t 1
/ = sin X dt = tdt = — +C = — log tan — + C
sm X 2 2[ ^ 2
e
FFrlo
re
sm X
(iii) Let 7 = dx. Let 3 + 2 cos x = f. Then,
cos X
ree
F
df
d(3 + 2cosx) =dt=> -2sinxdx = dt=> dx = -
rF
2 sin X
dt
Putting 3 + 2 cos x = f and dx = - fsoor we get
ouur
2 sin X ^
skf
1/2
sm X dt 1 r tX-1/2 1 t
7 = dt = — X
+ C = - ^Ji + C = - ^3 + 2 cos X + C
ooko
2 sin X 2 2 1/2
Yo
Y
EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate:
Bo
reB
(i)
(1 + log xf sec^ (2 tan ^ x)
dx [NCERT,CBSE2()0y] (ii) dx
X
l + x^
uur
oY
2
● tan X sec X
ad
3
(iii) dx (iv) sec X tan x dx
{a + b tan^ x)^
dY
SOLUTION (i) Let

(1 + log x)^ dx. Let 1 + log X = f. Then,
innd
Re
X
Fi
F
d (1 + log x) = dt => -X dx = dt => dx = X dt. Putting 1 + log x -1 and dx = = x dt, we get
I = — X X dt = ^f t^ dt = —+C =
(1 + logx)^ + C
X 3 3
(ii) Let 7 =
sec^ (2 tan ^ x) dx. Let 2 tan
-1
X = t. Then,
1 + x^
d (2 tan ^ x) = dt ^ ^ 2 dx = dt => dx =
2
dt.
1+x
1 + x^
Putting 2 tan ^x=tanddx = —— dt, we get
sec^ t 1 + x^
7 = irx dt = —2J[ sec^ t dt = i2 tan t +C =
^ tan (2 tan ^ x) + C
l + x^ 2
2
tan X sec x 2
(iii) Let 1 = 2 2 dx. Let a + b tan x = t. Then,
(a + h tan x)
2 2 dt
d{a + b tan x) dt 2 b tan x sec x dx = dt ^ dx = 2
2h tan x sec x
2 dt
Putting a+ b tan x=t, and dx = 2 , we get
2b tan x sec x
, 2
tan x sec x dt 1 —2 1
I = f t ^dt=^—— + C
X ^
t^ 2fc tan X sec x 2b J f2 2b 2bt
ww
1
/ = - + C
2b{a + b tan^ a:)
3 f 2
(iv) Let 1 = sec a: tan a: = I sec x (sec a: tan a:) dx
Flo
e
dt
eree
Let sec X = f. Then, d(secx) = dt=> sec x tan x dx = dt => dx =
sec X tan x
FFr
dt
Putting sec x = t and dx - , we get
uurr
sec x tan x
orr
2 1 3
sfo
I = dt = — + C = -sec"^ x + C
3 3
kks
Yoo
EXAMPLE 4 Evaluate:
oooo
-1 3
2 tan
(i) j sin dx (ii) e ^ cosec^ (2e ^ +5) dx (iii) X dx
eBB
1 + x^
3 . 4 .
SOLUTION (i) Let I = X sm X dx.
urr
1
Let x^ = f. Then, d(x^) = dt^ 4x^ dx = dt => dx = 3^^
ad
YYo
4x
1 = X
3 .
sm t X
, dt _ 1 f sin f df = —1 cos t + C = 1 cos X 4 + ^
— C
dd
4x^ 4 4 4
Re
inn
(ii) Let 1 = e ^ cosec^ (2e ^ +5) dx.

F
df
Let2e”^+5=t Then, d{2e *+5) = dt^ -2e ^ dx = dt => dx = -
2e ^
dt 1
I = e cosec
2 .
t - cosec^ t dt= — cot t + C = — cot (2e '^ + 5) + C
2e * 2 2 2
-1 . 3
2 tan
(iii) Let 1 = x ~dx.
1+/
(1 +
Let tan ^ x^ =f.Then,d(tan ^x^)-dt^ ^ dx = dt^ dx = dt
1 + x
-.0
3x2
1 + x^
dt = -3 \ tdt = +C = i6 {tan"^ x^}^ +C
2 t
/ = X X
A ^
1 + x^ 3x2 6
EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate:
(i) ^tan X (1 + tan^ x) dx (ii) {f {ax + b)}” f {ax + b) dx ,n ^ -1 [NCERT]
SOLUTION (i) Let / = ^tan x (1 + tan^ x) dx X sec^ X dx

2
Putting tan x=t and sec x dx = dt, we get
3/2
t 2 3/2
I = dt = + C = — (tan x) + C
3/2
(ii) Let/= If {ax + b}}'^ f' {ax + b) dx.Fut\:mgf{ax + b) = tand f'{ax + b).adx - dt, weget
«+ 1 n+ 1
j = 1 t'^dt = -
1 t if{ax + b)}
ww
+ C = + C,tl¥‘ -1
a a n + l <7(w + l)
FF loo
EXAMPLE 6 Evaluate:
ree
~x
sin 2x 7^ V
(i) 2 (ii) I 2^ T 2^ dx
rFee
{a + b cos x)
oor rF {x^-x}
1/4
rur
1
(iii) dx, a ^ nu, neZ [NCERT] (iv) dx
■^sin^ X sin (x + a)
5
s ff
X
sin 2x 2 sin X cos x

k
SOLUTION (i) Let / = J jdx =J 2 dx

YYoou
okos
{a + b cos x) {a + b cos x)
BBoo
Putting a + b cos x=t and -b sin xdx-dt or, dx = - dt/b sin x, we get
r ee
2 sin X cos x dt
I = X — — — ● cos X dt
b sin X b ●’
ouur
ad
dt = -i 1
Yo
t -a
--f- -
a
=> I = dt V a + b cosx = t cos x =
J t t b
Yd
Re
2 , I ,I a
^jlogld
a
I = -
idn
+ C = - ■ log I fl + b cos XI + >+C

a + b cos X
FFin
2^ r 2^
(ii) Let I = 2^ 2^ 2^ dx. Let 2^ = t. Then,
~x
d 2^ 2^^
= frf=> 2 2^ 2"^(log2)^dx = dL
2* -X
2^ 2^
Putting 2 = t and 2 2^ 2^ (log 2) ^ dx = dt, we get
1 1 2^
I = 2^ + C
(log 2) (log 2) (log 2f
(iii) We find that
sin^ X sin (x + a) = sin^ x(sin x cos a + cos x sin a) = sin^ x(cos a + cot x sin a)
1
I = dx
in ^ a: sin (a: + a)
2
1 cosec X
I = dx = dx
sin^ X ,^^cos"aTcoFx~sirra ^cos a 4- cot X sin a

2
Putting cos a + cot a: sin a = f and, - cosec x sin a â: = dt, we get
1/2
1 1 -1/2 1 t
1 =
I sm a
dt = -
sin a
t dt = -
sin a 1/2
+ c
ooww
1/2
7 = - 2 (cosec a) + C = - 2 cosec a (cos a + cot x sin a) + C
n1/4
1
^ ^--3
(iv) Let 7 = dx = Jf -fi-- 1
dx
e
5 5 4 .3
x X ^ J
ree
rFl 4
Fre
Let 1 - = t. Then, d 1 = dt => dx = dt=^ dx- — dt
4 'A
x'^ x'^
rrF
X ^
( l)
ouur
Putting 1 —T =i and, dx = — dt, we get
sffoo
X J
1 f- + c
= A(5/4^C = Afl
okks
=if
Yo
3 ;c‘> 3> 15 15 3
ooo
X
BB
4 9
sec X COS X
rr e
^tanx sin X
ouu
4
ad
YY
sec X 2
SOLUTION (i) Let 7 = dx. Putting tan X = f and sec xdx = df,weget
^tan X
2
f 1 + tan^ X 1 + f^
dd
4
sec X df sec X
7 = dt = dt = dt
Re
iinn
sec
2
X V< Vf Vi
F
- 2^ 5/2 X + C
)dt = 2f^^^ +C = 2.^ X + —5 tan
-1/2 3/2
/ = it + t
9
COS X
(ii) Let 7 = dx. Putting sin X = t and cos x dx- dt, we get
sm X
(1 ~sin^ x)^
9 8 2.4
cos X dt cos X (1-n dt
I = X dt = dt =
t cos X ■’ t t t
=> 7 = dt = - - 4t + 6f ^ - 47^ + f dt
7 7
1 ,8
7 = log|7|-27^+|7^--7^ + 3 8
r +C
2 3 . 4 2 . 6 1.8
7 = log I sin XI - 2 sin X + — sm
2
X — sm
3
x + — sm
8
X +C
1
1
SOLUTION Let dx. Then,
^(x-l)^x+2f
1 1 x-1
Y 3/4 1
dx = dx = dx
x3/4 X 2
^-1
^3 x-l
X+2
{x + 2f
8
(x + 2)2
oww
4
(X + 2)
1 x + 2 X + 2
x-l 3 3 3 1
Let = f or, 1 - = t. Then, d 1- = dt=> dx = dt=> tix = —rft.
x + 2
(x + 2) 2 3
x + 2 x+ 2
(x + 2)
ee
x-l 1 1
Putting
FFrlo
= t and Trdx - —dt, we obtain
x +2
(x + 2) 2 3
r
rF
ee
n1/4
-3/4 4 X-l
t dt + C= - + c
3 3 3 x + 2
rF
ouru
EXAMPLE 9 Evaluate: (i) x^(l + logx)dx
ffosor (ii) x^^ (1 + log x) dx
os k
SOLUTION (i) Let x^ = f. Then,
d (x^) =dt => d = dt => dx = dt=> x^(l + logx) dx = dt
ook
Yo
Y
I = x'^ (1 + log) dx = dt = t + C = x^ + C
Bo
reeB
(ii) Let i = J x^^ (1 + log x) dx. Putting x^ = t and x^(l + log x) dx = dt, we obtain
ooY
1 = x^' x^ (1 + log x) dx = f t dt = i t^ + C = - (x^)^ + C = - x^^ + C

uur
2 2 2
ad
X
dY
x--\/x^~^
nind
Re
X
x-V? -1
F
Fi
7 =
X
X
x +
Vx^-1 ^ r x{x + ^lx^-l) dx - x^ + X -1 dx
X - x + Vx^-1 x^-(x^-l)
Vx^ -1 xdx = —+ - f .yji dt, wheref =x^ -1
2
7 = X dx +
3 2J
3/2
+C
3 3 3 3
3
EXAMPLE 11
Evaluate: | —^ sm x+smx
dx
3
cos X
. 2
sm X + sm X
18.52 MATHEMATICS-XH
I =
cos
2
X
cosx dx =
(1 -sin^x) cos X dx
■' sinx (sinx + l) sin X {1 + sin x)
Let sin X = t. Then, d (sin x) = dt or, cos x frx = dt, we obtain

1-t^ ( 1
J =
t(l + f) t df=| —1 df = log| 11-f+ C = logl sin x|- sin X + C
EXERCISE 18.9

log^ dx
If + e^
2
1. e^ dx 3. ?/cos X sin X dx
ww
X
X sin ^x.2
e
5.
,3 2 . 6. } dx
4. dx cot X cosec X dx
FF loo
Xv2
(1 + 0
ee
1 + sin X 1 1
7. dx 8. dx 9. dx
^tan ^ X (1 + x^)
ee r
- cos X
-^1 “X^ (sin ^ x)^
FrF
10.
1
(log x)^ dx 11. sin^ X cos X dx oor r 12. tan^'^^ X sec^ x dx
rur
X
s ff
1 + cos X cos X - sin X sin 2x
13. 14. dx INCERT] 15. 2 dx
■jdx 1 + sin 2x {a + b cos 2.x)
(x + sin x)
k
YYoou
ookos
log 17.
sin X
18. X
3
cos X
4 .
dx
16. dx
jdx
BBo
X
(1 + cos x)
re
.-1 2 3
19.
X sin
i-dx 20. x^ sin (x^ +1) dx 21. x^ e^ cos(e ) dx
ouur
ad
Yo
22. 2x sec^ (x^ + 3) tan (x^ + 3) dx

l(\
dY
x + 1 1
(X + log xf- dx [MIERT, CBSE 2002C]
Re
23. 24. — cos dx

idn
z
X X
FFin
Jx , Jx\
25. e^ cos{e^ ) dx 26.
sin
-dx (NCERT, CBSE 2009]
Vx
. -1
£dx
m
e sin cos
27. ^ dx 28
●J INCERT, CBSE 2009]
-1
29. sin (log x) dx 30.

e
m tan x
dx [NCERT] 31.
(sin ^ x)^ dx
X 1 +x^
2
32. sin (2 + 3 log x) dx 33. X e^ dx
X
34.
sec
dx [CBSE 2000] 35. {1 + yfxf dx
4x~
BASED ON LOTS
1
log 1+ -
36. ^dx 37.
c cot a:
dx 38.
tan a:
dx
X (I+ x) yjs'mx -Jcosx
3 ... 3
39.
r cos X
dx 40.
sin X
dx ^tanx
41. (i) dx [NCERTl
●Js^x ^Jcosx smA: cosa:
3
-Jcotx X
(ii) rfA' 1CBSE2022J 42. 43. (4 a: + 2) + a: +1 dx
sm a: cos AT T
[NCERT]
ww
4a: + 3 2
cos
44. dx 45. c sin 2a: dx 46. cotA:logsinA:dA: (NCERT)
^2x^ + 3a: + 1
Flo
47. secA: In (sec a: + tan x) dx [NCERTl
e
48. J cosec X log (cosec x - cot x) dx
2x
ree
49. dx [CBSE2020]
Fr
-1
rF
-1 2
(x +1) r (X + 1) X tan
uurr
50. dx 51. dx
2 . .t^ 52. — dx
COS {xe ) sin^ (xe'^) for 1 + x^
1
53. dx
54. I tanxsec^xvl- tan ^x dx
s
1 + Vx
kks
Yo
sin {l+(logx)^} dx
oooo
5
r 4 cos X
55. logx 56. I sec X tan x dx 57. dx [CBSE2005]
X sm X
eB
T f a:^ + 2
(
58. 5
x+ tan
-1
dx
sin (tan ^ x)
59. dx ICBSE 2002]
77T l+x2
ur
ad
YYo
2x
X e
60. 3
dx 61. dx 62. tan 2x sec 2x dx
Va'^+a^+V? -a
2
1 + e^
dd
Re
[NCERTl
in
eX
X +
/ s'" 5"^rfx
F
63. dx 64.
x + 2
1
65. dx INCERT EXEMPLAR] 66. dx
X
5
1
4x^ ^5-x^ dx
x
67. dx 68. dx 69.
(x +1) (x^ + 2 X + 2)
1 ■ 5
1 sm X
70. dx 71. dx [NCERT] 72. ■z— dx
4 .
cos X
ANSWERS
(log xf 3 5/3
1.
2
+ C 2. -(l
3
+ e^)3/2 + c 3. — cos X + C
5
MATHEMATICS-XII
18.54
1 sin Xs2
4. + C 5. - — cot^ :c + C 6. r+c
4
(1 + e^)
7. 2^x-cosx + C
8. -
sin X
9- 2ytan^ j: + C
12. -tan^^Â: + C
10.
^{logxf+C
-1
11* — sin^ x + C
6
1
5
1
13. 14. - +C 15. + C
2 (a: + sin x) (sin x + cos x) 2b {a+ b COS 2x)

1
18. — sin x^ + C
ooww
17. + C
18- (log +C 1 + cos X 4
1
19. i4 (sin ^ x^)^ + C 20. - —4 cos (x^ +1) + C 21.
— sin {e^ ) + C
3
/
1 ( 1 1 . 2
—3 (x + log x)^ + C
e
22. — sec^ (x^ + 3) + C 23. 24.
2l X
— sm
4 ^ )
+ C
re
3
. -1
rFFl
ree
1
25. 2sin(e'^)+C
m sm
26. - 2 cos Vx + C 27.
F
— e
m
rF
-1
1 »n tan
28. 2 sin +C 29. - cos (log x) + C
30. —e * +c
m
fsfoor
ouur
1
31. i (sin ^ x)^ + C 32. - —
3
cos (2 + 3 In x) + C 33. -e
2
+C
kosk
2
1 f r 1
-{l + 4xf+C --\]n 1+- + C
Yo
36.
34. 2 tan Vx + C 35.
2[ I ■
oo
3
Y
BB
2 2 5/2
2 + C
37. + C 38. + C
39. 2 ^ ~5
^sin X
rre
2 5/2
(ii) -2-v/cotx+C
oYuu
40.
2 ^cosx + - cos a: + C 41. (i) 2 ^tan x+C
ad
(1 + 2x^)
dY
42.
2+C
43. i3 (x^ + X +1) 3/2 + C
44. 2 ^2x^ + 3x +1 + C
4 (x^ +1)
innd
Re
— I log 1 sec X + tan X 11

2
46. 11 log I sin X || +C 47. + C

cos X
45. -e + c
Fi
F
|}%C
3 2_ 2/3
● |{logl
48 cosec X- cot X
49. +C
2
50. tan (xe^) + C 51. -cot(xe^)+C 52. i(tan"^

4
xV+C
53. 2V^-21nll+Vx|+C54. -i(l-tan^x)
3/2
+ C 55. -icos{l
2
+(lnx)^} + C
56. itan^x + -tan^x
4
+ C 57. lsin^x-sin^x
4
+log | sinx|+C
2
-1
58. 4(5
In 5
x+ tan
■^) + C 59. - cos (tan ^ x) + C
4Kx2 + .2)3/^-(x2-«2)3/2}^C
61.
60. - log (1 + +C
6a
1 3 1 -1
62.-sec 2x — sec2;c + C
6 2
63. (j: + 1) + 2 1 - 2 log | a: + 21 - 2 tan ^[x7T + c
/
64.
Ooge ?') 65. ^ sec~^ {x^) + C 66. 2 -1-2 tan-i V?-l+ C
X + 1
67. log + C 68. 2(1+:.3 3/2 + C
x^ + 2x +2 9 3
es.Us-x^f^
5
20 2v3/2
+ c 70. 21og|l + V?|+C
ww
1/4
f 1
71.- 1-t-^
2 1
+ C 72. - cos x - + C
X J cos X ■5
3 cos
3 x
Flo
P{x)
18.8.8
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM j (n.v + bf P {x) dx, | dx, WHERE P (.V) IS A
e
n
(ax + b)
eree
POLYNOMIAL AND n IS A POSITIVE RATIONAL NUMBER
FFr
In order to evaluate this type of integrals, we may follow the following algorithm.
uurr
ALGORITHM
t-b
orr
sfo
Step I Substituteax + b-t or, x = and dx = - dt
a a
kks
Yoo
n+ 1
t
Step II Simplify the integrand in terms oft and integrate with respect to t by using \ l^dt
oooo
+ c.
n + 1
Step III Replace tbyax + b

eBB

urr
ad
YYo

2
dd
X
Re
inn
2
F
x
SOLUTION Let / =
dx. Substituting x+2 = t and dx = dt, we get
(t-2f - 4f + 4
=J
1 dt 3/2 -1/2
dt = (t ) dt
-tf
/ = 52,5/2_8^3/2^g^ 1/2
I (..2)
+ C =
5/2 8 3/2
3 3(-2)
+
8 ^x + 2+C
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate: j x^ ^1 + x dx
SOLUTION Let / = X + X
dx. Substituting l + x = t and dx = dt, we get
I = (t-lft/dt = {t^ -2t + l)^ dt = (f
5/2
-2f dt
I = 1 t^/2_4^5/2 2 3/2
^ (1 + ^) I (1 + + 1 (l+:c)
+ C = 7/2 5/2 3/2
+ c
7 5 3 D
EXAMPLES Evaluate: x{\-xf dx

SOLUTION Let I = X (1 - x)” dx. Substituting 1 - :c = f and dx = - dt, we get
/ = - f (1 -f) = - f (f" -f”"" b dt
n+ 1 ,n+ 2
t t
-U- (i-i) n+ 1 n+2
J = - + C = + C
n+1 n+2 n + 1 » + 2

5
X
x + 1
w
5
SOLUTION Let/ = ■’f —

X +1
dx. Substituting x + 1 = t and dx = dt, we get
Flo
{t-lf
I = dt = - f^Co -^Cj t^ + ^C2 t^ -^Cg + ^C4 f -^Cg) dt]dt
e
t t
rree
I = i(f^-5f‘*+10f3-10f2+5f-l) dt
r FF
t
1^
I = _5^3 -lOt+5 — dt = —t3-5t^+5t-log|fl+C
uurr
5 4
for
3
/ = -5 (X +1)^ - -4 {x +1)^ + —3 (:c +1)3 -5 (X +1)^ + 5 (x +1) - log 1 +11 + C

kss
ooook
Yo
EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate: ^ dx
{a + bx)
eB
„2
SOLUTION Letl = — dx. Substituting a + bx = tandd(a + bx) =dt or, bdx = dt, we get
urr
(fl + bxr
ad
2^
t^ -2at + a^ H 2fl a
dt = X
Yo
I = 1 + -rr dt
h^t^ b b3 f
dY
2 2
Re
I = 4 U-2fllog|f|- — ^ +C = 4r ■ (fl + bx)-2flloglfl + i»x|- a + bx ^ +C

a
innd
b^ t
Fi

1
EXAMPLE 6 Evaluate: dx [NCERT, CBSE 2022]
1/3
+ X
1 1
SOLUTION Here, the exponents of x are — and — and the LCM of dieir denominators is 6.
So, to remove fractional exponents, we substitute x=t^ and dx = 6t^ dt.

1 6t= (3
dt = 6f dt
I =
X
1/2
+ X
1/3
dx =
^dt = 6 f+ 1 f+ 1
1
I = 6 t^-t+1- dt
f+ 1
■ +
C = + 6x^^^-6log\x^^^ +1\+C
3/4
l + x
Here, the LCM of the denominators 2 and 4 of the exponents ^ and is 4. So, to
SOLUTION
remove fractional exponents, we substitute x=t* and dx = 4t^dt.

(5
^=1 l +x
3/4
dx =
1+t
3 4i^* = 4 dt-4 t^dt
w
Let f ^ +1 =H.Then 3t^dt = du or, t^dt = —du.
3
u~l
/=4| ^ — du = —
1--u j du = Io (w-lnM)+C = |-|{f ^+1)-In +1)1+C
Flo
u 3 3^ I 3 1, J
4 fr..3/4
eee
f =- X + 1 -In x^^^+1 + C
3
Fr
EXAMPLE 8 Evaluate:
4x~ dx
Vx for
ur
x^'^-x^'^ dx. Clearly, the LCM of 2 and 3 is 6. So, by putting x = t^
SOLUTION Let I =
ks
Yo
and dx = 6f^ dt, we get

oo
t^ r f^-1+1 f6_i6
eB
^ =1 t^-t J ● 6t^ dt
1
= 6
t-1
dt = 6
f-1 dt = 6j t-1 f-1
dt
t6 ^5 ^3 ^2
ur
1
/ = 6 f
ad
f-1
Yo
X ^1/3
I = 6< — +
6 5 2 +x^^^ + log(x'^'^-l)^+C
d
3
Re
in
1
F
^x + 1 + ^x + 1
1
SOLUTION Let
dx. Here the exponents of (1 + ;c) are - and - and the LCM of
^/x+T + ,yxTT 2 3
their denominators is 6. So, we substitute x + 1 = f^ and dx = 6t^dt.

f3 t^ +1-1
/ =
.^6f^ dt= 6
r + r t + 1
dt= 6
t + 1
dt
1
/ = 6
f+ 1 f+ 1
dt = 6 \ ~t + l)dt~6 f —df
f+ 1
I = 6 ^-~jf2 + t -61og|f + l|+C =2f^-3f^ + 6f-61og|f + ll+C

1/2 1/3 1/6
/ = 2 (x +1) -3(x + l) + 6 (x +1) -61og|(x + l)^^+l| + C
EXERCISE 18.10
BASIC
2 2
X X
dx
1.
^x + 2 dx dx
BASED ON LOTS
2x-l x^ + 3x + l
dx 5. f {Ix^ 4- 3) .Jx + 2 dx 6.J {x + lf dx
{x-lf
x^
dx 8. f x{l-x)^^ dx
BASED ON HOTS
1
w
1
dx 10. dx
^ ^fx+^
ANS WERS
Flo
8
l.| + -^(x + 2f^ *^{x + 2)

3/2
+ C 2. —(3x^ + 4:c + 8)^/^ + C
e
X3
rree
32
3/2
(3x + 4)^^^+C 4.- x-1 + 2 log [ X “ 11 + C
r FF
27
22
5,i(x + 2P-f(. + 2)
5/2 3/2
uurr
+ loglj: + l|+C
+ -(X.2) + C
for 6. a: +
X +1
7_ 4 (3x^ + 4x + 8) ^/i4x + C ^(1-x)^^ (l + 24x) + C

kss
8.-
600
ooook
Yo
1/3
9. 2-Jx -4x^^^ + 4 log 11 + I +C 10. 3x^^^ + 31og {x -D + C
eB
in 2>t m 2n
18.8.9 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM tan x sec cot ■ Xcosec Xdx; m,neN
In order to evaluate this type of integrals. We may follow the following algorithm.
urr
ad
ALGORITHM
Yo
Step I Write the given integral as I = tan’” X (sec^ x)^” sec ^ X dx

dY
Step U Pwf tan X = t and sec^ xdx = dt and write the integral as
Re
innd
tan”' X (sec^ x)” ^sec^x dx = tan”'x(l + tan^ x) sec^xrfx =ff’"(l+tV

tt-l
Fi
2xn-l
Step ID Expand (1 + f ) by binomial theorem in step II and integrate.
Step rv Replace t by tan x in step III.

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate:
(i) tan” X sec^ x dx (ii) tan^ X sec^ x dx (iii) I sec^ x dx

SOLUTION (i) Let/ = tan” X sec^ x dx. Substituting tan x = t and sec^ x dx = dt, we get
n + 1
t 1 «+ 1
I = dt = -+C = tan X T C
ti + 1 « + l
2 4
(ii) Let I = tan xsec x dx.Then,
1 =
tan^ xsec^ xsqc^ xdx = \ tan^ x(i + tan^ x)sec^ xdx
Substituting tan a: = f and sec xdx = dt, we get
1 3 1 S
I = (1 +1^) dt = (f^ +t‘^)dt = — — + C = — tan x + - tan^ x + C
3 5 3 5
(iii) Let I = SGC^ X dx. Then,

2 2 f 2 2
I = sec xsec X dx = (1 + tan x) sec x dx
ww
fy
Putting tan a: = f and sec xdx = dt, we get

2 1
I = {l+t)dt=t + — + C= tan X + — tan ^ a: + C
Flo
3 3
e
eree
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate:
(i) cot^ X cosec^ x dx
FFr
(ii) cosec"^ x dx
uurr
2 4
SOLUTION (i) Let I = cot X cosec X dx. Then,
orr
sfo
2 2 2
I = cot X cosec X cosec x dx
kks
Yoo
I =
cot^ X (cot^ X +1) cosec^ x dx = j (cot^ x + cot^ x) cosec^ x dx
oooo
Substituting cot X = t and -cosec^xdx = dt, weget

eBB
.5.3 - , D
I = - ' (f^ +1^) dt = ~ - — + C = -35 cot^ X - — cot^ x + C
urr
3
ad
(ii) Let / - cosec^ X dx. Then,

YYo
2 2 2 2
I = cosec X cosec x dx = (1 + cot x) cosec X dx
dd
Re
inn
Substituting cot X = f and - cosec x dx = dt,weget

F
I = - (l + t^) dt = -t- + C = -cotx — cot^x + C

3 3
EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate: f X 8 4 j
tan X sec x dx [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let/ = tan^ xsec^x dx. Then,

r B 2 2 8 2 2
I - tan X sec x sec'^ x dx = tan X (1 + tan x) sec x dx
Let tan x=t. Then, d (tan x) = dt => sec^ x dx = dt

,, t^ + -t + C= — tan^x + —tan^^x + C
11
1 = t® (1 +1^) dt = f f® + f 10 dt=—
9 11 9 11
2m +1 2(1 + 1
18.8.10 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM Ian .V sec V dx. WHERE m, n ARE NON-NEGATIVE
INTEGERS
In order to evaluate this type of integrals, we may follow the following algorithm.
ALGORITHM
Step I Write the given integral as I = (tan^ x)"' (sec x)^ sec x tan x dx
Step II Substitute sec x=tand sec a: tan xdx = dt and write the integrals as
I = {sec^x~l)"^ (sec sec X tan X frj: = (t^-I)'” f” dt
Step ni Expand (f^ -1)"* by binomial theorem in step II and integrate.
ww
Step IV Replace t by see x in step III.
Flo
e
eree
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate: tan xsec x dx ICBSE 2020]
FFr
SOLUTION Let / = tan xsec x frx.Then,
uurr
A ^
I = tan X sec x (sec x tan x) dx =

orr
(sec x-1) sec X (sec X tan x) dx
sfo
Substituting sec x = f and sec x tan x dx = dt, we get
kks
= J {t*-hdt = y - —3 + C = - sec^ X - — sec^ x + C

Yoo
/
oooo
5 3
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate: sec" x tan x dx

eBB
SOLUTION Let/ = sec" X tan X dx.Then,

urr
^ X (sec X tan x) dx
II -
I = sec
ad
YYo
Substituting sec x = f and sec x tan x frx = dt, we get

n-1 f” 1
I = t dt - — + C = - sec" X + C
dd
n n
Re
inn
F
18.8.11 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM j tan".rrf.v,J coi" x dx

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate:
(i) [ tan^xrfx (ii) tan*^ x frx [NCERT] (iii) cot^ X dx (iv) cot^ X dx
SOLUTION (i) Let / = | tan ^ x dx. Then, 2
I = tan^ X tan X dx = j (sec^ x-1) tan x dx = tan X sec x dx - tan X dx
Putting tan X = t and sec^ x dx = dt in first integral, we get
1 2
-tan a: + log I cos a: + C
I = t dt - tan X dx =
Y + log I cos x| + C = 2
(ii) Let I = tan'^ X dx.Then,

2 2 f 2 2 2 2 2
I = tan XX tan x dx= tan x (sec x-1) dx = (tan X sec X - tan x) dx
tan ^ X sec^ x dx - J tan ^ x dx

2 2 f 2
1 = tan X sec x dx - (sec x -1) dx
2
Putting tan x = f and sec dx = df in first integral, we get
I = t^dt- 2 tan^ X
(sec X -1) dt = (tan x - x) + C = - tan X + X + C
3 3
(iii) Let I = cot^ X dx. Then,

2 2 2
I = cot X cot X dx - (cosec X -1) cot X dx = (cot X cosec X - cot x) dx
2
I = cot X cosec X dx - cot X dx
w
Substituting cot x = f and - cosec x dx = dt in first integral, we get
1 2
Flo
I = - t dt-
cot X dx = - — - log I sin XI + C = - - cot x - log [ sin x | + C
(iv) Let/ = cot^ X dx. Then,
ee
Fr
2 2 2 2 r 2 2 2
/ = cot X cot X dx ~ (cosec x-l)cot xdx = (cot x cosec x-cot x) dx
/ =
cot^ X cosec^ X dx - j cot^ x dx = | cot^ x cosec^x dx - (cosec^x -1) dx
for
ur
Substituting cot x = f and - cosec xdx = dt in the first integral, we get
s
I = - f df - f (cosec^ X -1) dx = - ^3 -(- cot x - x) + C = - -3 cot^ x + cot x + x + C
ok
Yo
Bo

re
n-l n-1
EXAMPLE 2 Prove that: tan” x dx = —— tan X - tan X dx
J n-1
ou
ad
SOLUTION Let /n tan” X dx.Then,

Y
n-2 2 r n-2 2
/.n tan X tan X dx = I tan x(sec x-1) dx
n-2 2 r n-2
nd
Re
^n tan X sec X dx - I tan X dx
2
Fi
Substituting tan x = f, sec x dx = df in the first integral on the right hand side, we get
fi-l
n-2 t n-2
/H tan X dx =
n-1 -I tan X dx
n 1 n-1 n-2
tan xdx = tan X - tan X dx
n-1
EXERCISE 18.11
BASED ON LOTS
Evaluate the following integrals (1-12):

tan ^ X sec^ x dx 4
1. 2. tan X sec x dx
3. J tan^xsec^xdx
sec^ X tan x dx 5. tan^ X dx
4.
6. J ^tanx sec^ X dx
7. sec^ 2x dx 8. cosec"^ 3x dx 9. cot” X cosec^ X dx,« -1
10. cot^ X cosec^ X dx 11. cot^ X dx 12. COt^ X dx

4
13. If4-(f(:c)) = ândF — =—,^ then find F(x). ICBSE2022]

dx cosec^x
ANSWERS
, — tan^ x + C 2. — tan^ x + — tan^ x + C

4 2 4
1
— tan^ ;c + - tan^ x + C 4. — sec ^ x+C
oww
'●6 I 8 6
1 2 1
1 tan
. 4 3/2
x +- x +C
— x - — tan X + log I sec x| + C ^■3
tan
=●1 7
— tan 2a: + — tan ^ 2x + C 8. - — cot 3x cot^ 3x + C

^●2
e
6 3 9
re
1
9. - cot
n+ 1
X + C 10. - ~ cot^ X- - cot^ x + C
FFrllo
n + \ 6 8
rF
1 c 1 3
1 .4 1 2
— cot x + — cot X - cot x-x + C
ee
11. - — cot X + — cot X + log 1 sin XI + C 12.
5 3
4
ouru
1 3 2
13.fw4
sor rF
— tan X - tan x + x + —
3
18.8.12 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM | Sin

si
in II
.r cos x dx, m, neN
kffo
In order to evaluate the integrals of the form sin”* X cos” X dx, we may use the following
os
algorithm.
ook
Yo
Y
ALGORITHM
Bo
X cos” X dx.
. m
Step I Obtain the integral, say. sm

reeB
Step II Check the exponents of sin x and cos x.

ouY
Step III If the exponent o/sin x is an odd positive integer put cos x = f.
ur
If the exponent of cos X is an odd positive integer put sin x = t.

ad
Yo
If the exponents of sin xandcos x both are odd positive integers put either sin x = tor,cos x = t.
d
m «
If the exponents of sin xandcos x both are even positive integers, then express sin ' x cos xin
nidn
terms o/sines and cosines of multiples of x by using trigonometric results or De' Moivere's
Re
theorem.
F
Fi
Step rv Evaluate the integral obtained in step III.

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate:
(iii) I sin ^ X cos^ x dx

r ● 2 5 j
(i) sin ^ X cos^ X dx (ii) sm X cos X dx
. 3
SOLUTION (i) Let J = J sm' x cos X dx. Here, power of sin x is odd, so we substitute
dt
cos X = t => - sin X dx = dt => dx = -
sm X
dt
I = sin^ X t^ - sin^ X dt =- (1-f^) t^df = - (t^-t^) dt
sm X
5 7
I =-L + L + c=-
COS X cos X
+ + c
5 7 5 7
2 5
(ii) Let I = sin cos x dx. Here, power of cos x is odd, so we substitute
dt
sin X = cos X dx = dt dx =
cos X
,2 5 dt
1 = t cos X
cos X
' -sin^ xf dt = {(1 -t'^f dt
3 . 7
sm X 2 5
+f^) dt =
sin
1 = sin .r + - +C
3 5 7 3 5 7
w
3 5
(iii) Let 1 = sin X cos X dx. Here, powers of both sin x and cos x are odd. So we can
dt
substitute either sin j: = f or, cos x=t. Putting cos x=t and -smxdx = dt or, dx=~ —
Flo
, we get
sin X
dt
reeee
. 3 ,5 5
I = sin xt X -
sin X
t sin" X dt = - t^{l-t^)dt = -f {t^ ~i^)dt
FFr
t^ t 8 cos
6
X COS’ X
8
I = _^ + L.4.C = - + 4-C
6 8 6 8 for
ur
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate: COS
3 X.. e. log sin X dx.
kkss
3 log sin X j f 3 j
SOLUTION We have, I = COS X e ° dx = cos X sm X dx
Yo
oo
Putting cos X = f and -sinxdx = dt or, sin xdx = - dt, we get

eB
4
t^
I = ~ t^ dt = + C = -
COS X
+ C
4 4
r
. in n
18.8.13 TO EVALUATE INTEGRALS OF THE FORM .rcos X fr.T, WHEREw./igQ SUCH
ou
sin
ad
THAT m + 11 IS A NEGATIVE EVEN INTEGER

YY
ALGORITHM
ndd
Re
2
Step I Change the integrand in terms of tan x and sec X by, dividing numerator and denominator by
COS* X, where k--{m + n).
Fi
Step II Substitute tan x = t.

. 4
sm X 1
EXAMPLE!
Evaluate: (i) 8
dx (ii) dx
COS X ... 3 5
sm X cos X
. 4
sm X
SOLUTION (i) Let I = 8 dx. Here A: = - (m + n) = - (4 - 8) = 4. Dividing numerator
COS X
!!●
and denominator by cos^ x, we obtain

. 4
Sin X
4
cos X 4 4 4 2 2
I =
8
dx = tan a: sec x dx = tan X (1 + tan x) sec a; dx
COS x
4
COS x
4 2 2
1 = tan^ (1 + tan"^ x) sec x dx
Putting tan X = f and sec^ xdx = dt, we get
oww
.5 .7 5 7
tan X tan x
1 = t^{i+ndt = -+-+C
5 7
= 5
+
7
+ C
1 1
(ii) Let ! = dx. Then, I = . 3/2 dx = j sin ^^^xcos ^''^xdx
e
. 3 5 Sin X cos
Sin ■ X cos X
re
FFrllo
3 5
Here k = -(m + n) = - = 4. Dividing numerator and denominator by cos^ x, we obtain
rF
2 2
ee
(1 + tan^ x)
4
sec X 2
sec X dx
ouru
/ = dx =
^tan 3/2
sor rF
X
2
Putting tan X = t and sec xdx = df,weget
kffo
3/2 2
^ f 2
+ -(tanx)^'^^+C
I =
dt =J (f + C=-
os
" t
3/2 Vf 3/2 ^tan X 3
ook
Yo
Y
4/3 8/3
X dx
Bo
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate: sec X cosec

reeB
4/3 8/3
SOLUTION Let I = sec X cosec X dx . Then,
ouY
ur
1 -4/3 . -8/3
I = dx = cos X sm X dx
ad
4/3 . 8/3
Yo
cos X sm X
d
Herefc = -(w + n) =
4_8' = 4. So, we divide both numerator and denominator by cos 4 x.
nidn
3 3.
Re
(1 + tan^ x) sec^x dx. Putting tan x = f and sec^x dx = dt, we get

4
F
Fi
sec X
dx =
tan»/'x tan«/^x
-8/3 -2/3 3 ^-5/3 + 3t
1/3
+ c
I = dt = (t + f ) df = - - f
8/3 5
f
3 -5/3 1/3 x + C
=> / = — tan X + 3 tan
5
. 2
sm
^
— dx
j
EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate:
! cos
14
X
.. 2
sm X . 2/3 14/3
SOLUTION Let r = j 3 cos
14
X
dx = sin X cos X dx
Here, the sum of the exponents of sin x and cos :c in - 4, which is a negative even integer. So, we
divide and multiply by cos'* :c to get
● 2/3
2/3 -14/3
j sin
4 4 sm X 4
1 = a: cos X cos X sec X dx = sec dx
COS 2/3^
2/3 2 2
=>
= 1 tan x{\-¥ tan x) sec x dx
I
Putting tan a: = f, and sec^ x dx = dt, we get

Z=f 3 *5/3 +, 3 fji/3 -hC =ltan^/3;,-HAtan**/5 x +C
5 11 5 11
ww
EXERCISE 18.12
BASIC
Flo
e
4 3
1. sm X cos a: dx 2. f sin^ X dx 3. cos^ X dx
eree
4. sm a: cos a: dx 5. sin^ a: cos^ a: dx 6. - 3 5 j
sm X cos X dx
FFr
uurr
BASED ON LOTS
orr
f 7
sfo
7. I cos X dx 8. X cos ^ x^ sin a:^ â: 9. sin^ X dx
kks
Yoo
I
BASED ON HOTS
oooo
1 1 1
10. dx 11. dx 12. dx
eBB
. 4 2 3 5 .. 3
sm X cos X sm X cos X sm X cos X
J ^~3“ [NCERT]
urr
sin X cos X
ad
YYo
1 C 1 7 2
1. - sin X- - sin^x + C 3
- cos^ XI + C
dd
2. - cos X cos X +
5 7
Re
3 5
inn
. 6
2 . 3
~ sin^ x+C
sm X
F
3. sm X— sm x + 4. + C
3 5 6
7 9
cos X cos X 1 6 1 8
5. - ^ +C 6. — cos X + — cos X + C
7 9 6 8
3 3 . 5 1 7 1 4 2.-.
7. sin X - sin x + - sm X- -sin'^ X + C 8. — cos x+C
5 7 8
9. -cosx + cos^ x--|cos^ x + ^cos^ x + C 10. --cot^ x -2 cot x + tan x + C

5 7 3
1 —7 3 2 1 4
11.
(tan x) +3 log | tan x| + — tan X + - tan x + C
4
1 1 2
12. log [ tan X [ - + C 13.
—2 tan X + log I tan XI + C
2 tan^x
[Diving numerator and denominator by cos^ x]

r sec :c
13. / = dx
sm X cos X
tan x
(1 + tan^ x) 2 \ + t^ 2
I
=1 tan X
sec X dx =
t
dt, where f = tan X and dt =sec xdx
1 1 2
1 = - + t dt = —K log t + C = — tan x + log tan x + C
t 2 ^ 2
ww
18.9 EVALUATION OF INTEGRALS BY USING TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS
In this section, we will discuss evaluation of integrals by using trigonometric substitutions.
Following are some substitutions useful in evaluating integrals.
Substitution Expression Substitution
Expression
Flo
e
a~x a + X
X = a cos 2 0
eree
(i) a + X X = fl tan Q or a cot 0 (iv) {I + X
or.
fl -X
FFr
^{x - a) (x -p) x = a cos^0 + psin^0.
- a
(ii) fl^ - x^ X = fl sin 0 or a cos 0 (V).T or.

uurr
^P-x
orr
sfo
(ui) x^ - fl^ X = fl sec 0 or a cosec 0
Let us discuss some problems on evaluation of integrals by making above substitutions.

kks
Yoo
oooo
eBB
Ttjpe I EVALUATION OF INTEGRALS BY MAKING SUBSTITUTION v = sin 0 or, .v = ji sin^ 0

urr
1
ad
(fl'-x2)3/2
YYo
1
SOLUTION Let I = dx and x = flsin 0. Then, dx-d (flsin 0) => dx = acosO dQ.
dd
Re
inn
dQ = ^ sec^ 0 dQ
1 flCOS0
1 = ACOS0 do =
,2 2 . 2a\3/2 a 3 cos 3 a
0
F
(fl -fl sin 0) fl
1 1 sin0 X X
/ = -^tan0 +C = +C = +C
+C = —
fl^ A' ●\jl -sin^ 0
2
a
a
1 a
2
X
EXAMPLE 2
Evaluate: J dx.
Vi-?
2
X
SOLUTION Let I = dx and x = sin 0. Then, dx = d (sin 0) = cos 0 dQ.
■ 2q
sin^0rf0=^ j (1-cos 20) dO

sm 0
^=1 COS0 d0 =
yl-sin^ 0
1 1 1 -1
/=— 0-—sin20 +C =—0-—sin0 cos 0+C =—si X- —X +C
2^ 2 2 2 2 2
r X ^-3x + l
EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate: dx. ICBSE2015]
-3x + l
SOLUTION Let / =
dx and x = sin 0. Then, dx = d (sin 0) = cos 0 fr0.
w
t sin^0-3sin0 + l
I =
cos 0 fr0 = I (sin ^ 0 - 3 sin 0 +1) frO
1 -cos20 1
1 = -3 sin 0 + 1 dQ = —
e
2
(3 - 6 sin 0 - cos 20) dQ
2 ●’
e
/=i 30 + 6cos0-—sin20 +C - 30+6 Vl“Sin^0-sin 0 ^1 -sin^
wr
lloo
0 ■ +C
r
n ^ y 2
eF
/ = —2 ■] 3 sin ^ x + 6 VT7
u
+C
r FF
EXAMPLE 4 Evaluate:
2
●Jl -X
dx
rrse
uo
2 2
koF
X X
SOLUTION Let I = dx =
●’ Vl ^dx.
oofr
Let Vx = sin 0 or, X = sin^ 0. Then, dx=d{sm^ 0) = 2sin 0cos0 frO.
sf
ko
Y
■ (sin^0)^
B
1 =
sin^ 0 d0 = 2 (1 - cos^ 0)^ sin 0 dQ.
Yo
2sin 0 COS0 fr0 = 2

BY
■\jl -sin^ 0
oo
er
Let cos 0 = u. Then, d (cos 0) = du or, - sin 0 fr0 = du.

re
5^
uu
2 3 u _
J=-2f (1-hV du = -l\ (1-2w^+h^) du =-2 u—11+— +C
od
3 5
Yo
ad
^ - ““ w (15 -IOh^ + 3u^)+C = (15-lOcos^ 0+ 3cos^ 0) cos0 + C

n
15 15
^ |l5-lO(l-sin^0)+3(l -sin^0)^ 1 -sin^ 0 +C

ndi
I=-
Re
15
F
— js + Tsin^ 0+3 sin^ oj-^l -sin^0 +C

Fi
/=-
I = —^
15
Is + 4sin^0 + 3 sin^ 0 Wl-sin^0 + C = -—(8 + 4a:+3x^) VT^ + C
J ^5
Type II INTEGRALS BASED UPON THE SUBSTITUTION a: = «tan 0 OR, * = «tan ^ 0

1
{a^ + x^y
1
SOLUTION Let/ =
dx and x = tan 0. Then, dx = d{a tan 0) = a sec^ 0 dQ.
1
(fl^+fl^ tan^0)^ a sec^ 0 d0 = -^

/ = cos^ 0d0 = — (l + cos20)rf0
a 2.3
1 1 tan 0 1
tan-l^-+
ax
0 + —sin20 +C = 0 + +C=
2 1 + tan^0 2.3 a
a
2
+x
2
MATHEMATICS-XII
18.68
EXAMPLE 6 Evaluate: T—rdx

4 . .6
X +x
1
^dx =
1
SOLUTION Let I = dx. Tlien, I = dx
X
4
+x
6
X
4
+X x^{l + x^)
Let X = tan 0. Then, dx = sec^ 0 dQ.
1 1
1 = dx = sec^ 0 d0 = cot^ 0 dQ
x^(l + x^) tan^0 (1 + tan^0)
1 - cot^ 0 (cosec^ 0 -1) fr0 = cot^ 0 cosec^ 0 dQ cot^ 0 dQ
1 = cot^ 0 cosec^ 0 fr0 - (cosec^ 0 -1) d0

t^dt - (cosec^ 0-1) dQ. where t = cot 0
w
I=-
1 1
I=-
1 ,3
t -(-cot0-0)+C =--cot^0 + cot0+0+C = - 3x^ + — + tan ^X+C
Flo
3 3
Type III EVALUATION OF INTEGRALS BY MAKING SUBSTITUTION .v = <? secO OR, .r = a sec" 0
ee
1
3 -H 2
Fr
X ix -a
1
SOLUTION Let I = dx and x = fl sec 0. Then, frx = sec 0 tan 0 dQ.
for
ur
1 f
a sec 0 tan 0 d0 = -^
1
I = cos^ Q dQ = (1 + cos 20) dQ
2a^
ks
{a sec 0) ^ ViT^sec^ Q-a^ a^

Yo
oo
1 r 1 'l 1 -IX a [~2 ^ +C

I = — 0 + —sin20 +C = ^(0 + sin0cos0)+C =—A sec -a
eB
la^ 2 la 3 2a"^ a x^
1
!~4
r
X Vx -1
ou
ad
1 1 1
SOLUTION Let dx. Then, I = dx = X dx
YY
X yjx^ -1 xj(x^f-l
sec0 tan0
nd
Re
Let x^ = sec 0. Then, d (x^) = d (sec 0) or, 2x frx = sec 0 tan 0 dQ or, dx = lx
dQ.
Fi
1 1 1 1 —19
1
1 = X — sec0 tan 0 i/0 = — l-d0 = — 0 + C=—sec ^x^+C
1 1
sec0 -\/sec^ 0-1 ^
2
1 1 2
ALITER I = xrfx = - dt, wheref = x
X -1
2
t^^t^-l
=> I, = —sec
1 ^t + C = — sec~^ x^ + C
2 2
1 ●
in 0 orx =<? sinO
Type I INTEGRALS BASED ON THE SUBSTITUTION x = a sm
X
4x3/2
(1-x’)
X X
SOLUTION Let 1 = dx.
4x3/2 3/2
(l-x’)
|.-uV}
18.69
COS0
Let = sin 0. Then, d {x^) = d (sin 0) =>2xdx = cos QdB=> dx = 2x
dx
2
COS0 1 1 1 sin 0
/ =
X
dx = sec^ 0 fr0 = tan 0 + C= — +C
/I ■ ^ Q\ 3/2 '2_x 2
(1-sin 0)
2 2
-yl -sin^ 0
7
X
2.5
SOLUTION Let X = sin 0. Then, dx = d (sin 0) = cos 0 dQ.

X
7
sir7 0 tan^ 0 sec^ 0 dQ
I = dx = cos 0 fr0 =
(1-0
2.5
(l-sin^0)^
dll
Let tan 0 = it Then, sec^ 0 d0 = frw or, dQ -
ww
sec 0
8 8
sin 0 1 X
I = u du= — +C = —tan^0 + C = — - +C=- +C
8 (l-sin^0)^ 8(l-xY
FF loo
8 8
e
(1 + V^).^
e re
-X
SOLUTION Putting x = sin^ t and dx = 2sint cos t dt,
FrFe
we get
1
oor r
rur
1
I =1 dx = J\ I 2 ^
2 sin t cos t dt
s ff
(1 + Vx) (1 + sin f) V sin t - sin t
1 1 - sin f
dt = 2 (sec^ t - tan t sec t) dt
k
I = 2 dt = 2
YYoou
2 .
1 + sin f cos t
ookos
BBo
sint 1 X 2
+C = 2 + C
1=2 (tan f - sec f) + C = 2
■Jl -sin^t -\/l -sin^t ^ p-x
re
INTEGRALS BASED ON THE SUBSTITUTION .x = fl tan 0 OR a: = rt tan ^ 0

ouur
Type II
ad
Yo
1
jdx
(x^ + 2x + 2)
dY
1 1
Re
SOLUTION Let I =
y dx. Then, 1 = ^dx
idn
(x^ + 2x + 2)
|(a: + 1)^+1^|
FFin
Let X +1 = tan 0. Then, d(x + l) =d (tan 0) => dx = sec^ 9 dQ.

1
1 =
(tan^0 + l)^
secê fr0 =1 cos^ 0 d0 j (1 + cos 20) dQ
1 r 1 ^ 1 tan 0 x +1
I=- 0 + -sin20 +C=- 0 + + C = —2 ■ tan ^ (x +1) + +C
2 2 2 1 + tan ^ 0 x^+2x + 2j
1 + x^
EXAMPLE 13 Evaluate : dx
(1 - x^) ^1 + x^ + x^
1 + x^
(1-x^) .Jl + X^+X^
18.70
MATHEMATICS’XII
,2
I = dx
[Dividing andD^ by x^]
{1 1 + x^ +x^
a: ) ]j X
2
1
1+^ 1
1+ ^ dx
X
I = - dx = -
1
if +
2 \
1 ^ J
2+1
oww
X X +
xj X
X — a: — 3
a:
1 ^ 11 1
Let X — = t. Then, d x —
X
-X i =df => 1+4
v2 X
dx = dt.
e
re
dt u du
I = - , where f + 3 = m^ and 2t dt - 2u du
FFrllo
t + 3 (w^ - 3)
rF
ee
I = -
1
du - -
U--J3 + C
ouru
f-3 2^3 u + -\f%
sor rF 2 1
2+1-V3
kffo X + —
I = -
1 + 3-V3 1 II X
=>
log +C = - log + C
2j3 2^3
os
+ 3 + V3
^ + 1 +^/3
2
ook
AT +
Yo
Y
X
Bo
x-1
reeB

2
{x +1) + X" + X
ouY
ur
X-1
ad
SOLUTION LetJ =
Yo
dx.
(x +1) -Jx^ + X" + X

2
d
nidn
x^ -1
Multiplying the Nând by (x+ 1)
Re
=> / = dx
(x + 1)^ +x +X
2
F
Fi
/ tix
(x^ + 2x +1) ^
2
+ X + X
[Dividing and by x^]

X
/ == dx
1
X + - + 2 X + - + 1
X X
Letx + - + l=f.Then,dfx + - + ll = d(f)=>fl-4|t^x = 2l frl

X I X j ^ ;,2j
2tdt 1 1
^=J f+1
dt = 2tan"^(0+C= 2tan~^ X+-+1+C
(f + X
EXERCISE 18.13
BASED ON HOTS

7
cos ■ 2cot ^ ^
2
X X 1+X
M dx 2. dx 3. ● dx
(a^-x^y l-x
+ x 1
M X
4
dx 5.
Y + 2X + 10)
ANSWERS
ww
8 2
1 X
1. , ^ -sin-'i + C 2. +C 3. —+ C
8fl^ (a^-x^) 2
Flo
1 -ix + l 3(x + l)
e
4. +C 5. — tan +C
x^ + 2x + 10
ree
3 3 54 3
X
Fr
rF
18.10 SOME SPECIAL INTEGRALS
uurr
Let us discuss problems on evaluation of integrals by making above substitutior\s. for
THEOREM
For any constant a, prove the following:
s
-l( x] 1 . 1
kks
1
—77 dx = - tan
j ^ . + C (ii) log -
- a
+ C
(i)
Yo
2 2 2 2a X + a
oooo
a X -a
1 -ifx^
eB
a + X
(iii) + C (iv) dx-sin + C
a-x 2
-X
ur
(v) J JaÎ ^+ x'^-_dx = lo^\x + ^ + x 2 'I + C (vi) log\x + -Jx^~Y\ + C

ad
dx -
^ J n 1
YYo
X -a
dx=a sec^ 9 d 9, we get

dd
PROOF (i) Let / = —_ ^x. Putting jc = fl tan 0 and

Re
x^ + a^
in
asec^ 9 d 0
F
1 1 1
/ = l-d0 = - 9 + C= - tan
-1 X
- +C tan 0 = — =o 0 = tan ^ —
a^ + a^ tan^ 0 a a a a a a
-ifx^ + C
-—=- dx = - cot
Similarly by making substitution j: = a cot 0, we obtain: 2
a-+x^ a
(ii) We find that

1 1 1 1 1
2
X -a 2 (x-a){x + a) 2a x-a x + a
1 1
I = dx -
= ::r
x^-a^ 2fl x-a x+a 2a x-a x + a
^|log|x-fl]-log|x + fll|+C = ^log ^

-a
I = + C
x + a
18.72
MATHEMATICS-Xll
(iii) Clearly, a- ^-x^

1 1 1 1
{a-x){a + x) la a-¥x a-x
1 = f 1 ^ =
dX 1 < — dx +
1
dx ■
●' 2«1 a + X a-x
i|log|fl + ;c|-log|fl-x||
1 a + X
I = + C = log + C
la a-x
(iv) Let I = Putting j: = fl sin e and dx=a cos 0 d0, we get

-X
ooww
cos 0 d 0
I = 1 -d0 = e + c
^~a^ -a^ sin^ 0

/ =
. -ifx^
sin
X -1 X
+ C ●●● X = sin 0 ^ sin 0 = — => 0 = sin
e
a a
ree
Similarly, by making substitution x = a cos 0, we obtain
rFl 1 -iTx^
Fre
dx = cos + c
2 2 a
rrF
a -x \ ” /
1 2
(v) Let I =
^ ^ dx. Putting X = tan 0 and dx = a sec 0 d0, we get
ouur
a + X
sffoo
1
I = a sec^ 0 d0 = sec 0 d0
okks
.J? + tan^ 0
Yo
oo
Y
I = log |sec 0 + tan 91 + C = log I tan 9 + ^ + tan^ 0 j + C

BB
2
rre
2 +C= log|x + .Jfl^ + x^| - log a + C

, , X , X
I = log - + 1 + — tan 0 = —
a
ouu
a a
YY
ad
=>
I = log I X + ■â^ + x^ I + C;i, where = C - log fl
dd
(vi) Let I =
Ix^-a
^ dx. Putting X = fl sec 0 and dx = fl sec 0 tan 0 d 9, we get
Re
iinn
1
F
1 =
fl sec 0 tan 0d0 =|sec0d0 = log | sec 0 + tan 01 + C
■Ja^ sec^ 0
2
/ - log I sec 0 + Jsec^ 0 -11 + C = log -

X
+ 1 +C sec 0 = —
a a
1 =
log\x + ^ ^ I - log + C = log I X + ^ -a -a
2
I+ , where Cj = C - log a.

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate:
1
(i) (ii) dx (iii) -—2 dx
4 + 9x ^ 9x^-4 16-9x^
SOLUTION (i) Let I = -—2

4 + 9x
Then,
:c ^ 1 -1 f —
3x
jdx=lx
1 1 1 , -1 + C
dx=- — tan — + C = — tan
9J 4
- + X
2
9*’ (2/3)^+ x 9 (2/3) 2/3 6 2;
9
1
(u) Let I = Then,
9x^-4
2
X —
3x-2
i iog
1 j =-x
1 1 3
-dx + C
9 ●' x^-{2/3) 2x
2 iog
- X + —
2
+ C =
12 3x + 2
3 3
w
(hi) Let I = -—^ dx . Then,
16-9x^
Flo
4
— + X
1 4+ 3x
7=1 1
dx = —
1 1
dx = —X
3
+ C = tt1oS + c
ee
9J 16 4
X
2
f4"l^ -X
2 9
2 — X
24 4-3x
Fr
9 3 3
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate:
for
ur
1 1 1
(i) = dx {NCERT, CBSE 2020] (h) dx (iii) dx
^9-25x Jl6x^ + 25
2
-9
ks
1
Yo

oo
J9 - 25?
eB
1 1 ^ = -1 sm
. -1 - 1 . -1 fSx
I = -5 Jf ^
X
dx dx + C = -sm + C
f9 2 5
3^^ 2 5
V
3/5 y 5
r
V25 -X
ou
ad
YY
1
(ii) Let I = dx . Then,
Jl6x^ + 25
nd
Re
Z=i 1 1 , 2 1 4x + yjl6x^ + 25
Fi
dx = - log X + X +
+ C=-Iog + C
4
X
2
+
4
1 .4y 4 4
UJ
/ = —4 log 4x + ^|l6x^ + 25 4
log 4 + C = —log
4
4x + -Jl6x^ + 25 ,
1
where C-^ = — log 4 + C
4
1
(hi) Let / - dx. Then,
●^4x^-9
1 1 1
dx dx
2J [1~9 2
2 31^
f 4
f - 12
=> / = 1 , 2
-2 log :r + a: -
1
+ C = ~\o% x +.
r? 9
— +C = —log
1 2a:+ V4:c^ + 9 + C
2
2 ^1 V 4 2 ® 2
=> / =^log
2 2X + -J -9 -—log
2 2+C = ilog
2 2x + '\l4:x‘^ -9 +Cj, where Ci=~—log2
2 +C

4
X
l-XAMPLE 3 Evaluate: dx
ww
X
x^-1 + 1
1 dx
Flo
AT^ + 1
e
/-I 3
ree
1 1
dx = (a:^ -1) â: +
X —1
I = dx = x+tan x +C
3
Fr
+1
rF
EXERCISE 18.14
uurr
BASIC
s for
kks
1 1 1
dx 2.
a^x^-b ^dx 3. I a^x^+b jdx
Yo
oooo
2 ,2 2
a -0 X
eB
4. r “1 j 5.
1
dx [NCERT] 6.
1
dx
s
X 4- 4
77777
ur
1 1 1
7. dx 8. dx 9. dx
ad
77777 777777
YYo
-1
dd
BASED ON LOTS
Re
X^-fl
in
10. dx [CBSE2002C1
x^+l
F
ANSWERS
a+ bx ax-b
1.
2ab a ~bx
+ C 2.
Vlog
2 ab ax+ b
+ C
3.
1
— tan
-ifax\ + C 4. + C
ab & J 2
5- ~ log I 2x + ^4x^ +1 I + C 6.
i log bx + -â^ +i)^ x^ + C
1 . -lfl?x^
7. - sm — + C
J 8. -log (2-x) + ^(2-x)^+l +C

x^ 1
log 2-x + ^(2-x)^-l +C 10. ^-;c + 2tan"^x + C
3
X ^-1 dx
, 5
- +C
4. = = 1 - dx= 1 - dx -5 ^ dx=x-~ tan
A.' +4 + 4 x^+2^ 2 12,
dx = ^ log 2x + +C
1 1
5.J dx -
-Jl + 4^2 ^l+(2x)^

= fr(2-a:) =-log (2-a:) + -^(2-a:)^ + 1 +C
1 1
8. dx = -
^{2-xf+l ^(2-xf+l
= d(2 - a:) =-log 2~x + ^(2-x)^ -1 +C
1 1
9. dx = -
^(2-xf-l^ J(2-xf-l
w
1
18.10.1 EVALUATION OF INTEGRALS OF THE TYPE J dx
Flo
ax
2 + Ii.V
, -t- c
2
e
To evaluate this type of integrals we express ax +bx + c as the sum or difference of two
reee
squares by using the following algorithm.
Fr
ALGORITHM
2
Step I Make the coefficient of x unity, if it is not, by multiplying and dividing by it.
for
ur
Step II Add and subtract the square of the half of coefficient of x to express ax' +bx + c in the form a
b 4ac -b^
ks
X + — +
Yo
2«, 4«2
oo
Step III Use the suitable formula from the following formulas:
eB
r 1 ^ . -1 fx
2^ = aY
a + x
^ dx = - tan - +C, + C
a^ + x^ « a a -X a-x
ur
ad
1 , X -a
Yo
2a
log -
X + a
+ C.
d
Re
in
F

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate
1 1 1
(i) dx (ii) dx (iii) 2dx
x^ - X +1 2x^ + X-1 3 + 2x -X
1
SOLUTION (i) Let / dx. Then,
x^ - X +1
1 1
I = dx = dx
X
2
-x + 1 1 + ,1 (X-1/2)^+ 3/4
4 4
1 -1 x-12 -if 2x-l
I = dx=—^ tan +c = 4 tan + c
(X-1/2)^+(73/2) 2 V3/2 73/2^ 73 73 J
1
(ii) Let / = dx . Then,
2x^ + x-l
i — ^dx
2 2
1 f 1 1
I = - dx
2
%■ + x/2 + (1/4)^ -(1/4)^ -1/2 2’’ (,v +1/4)2-{3/4)^
1 x +1/4-3/4 1 :t-l/2 1 2x-l
I =-x log + C = -log + C = - log + C
2 2(3/4) x +1/4+ 3/4 3 :c + l 3 2(a: + 1)
1
(iii) Let 1 = j dx. Then,
3 +2a:-a;
1 1 1
/ = dx - dx = dx
-{x'^ -2x-3) -(x2-2a: + 1-1-3)
|(x-1)2-22|
ww
1 2 + (;f-l) 1 x + l
1 =
jdx = + C = - log + C
22-{x-1)
Floo
2(2) 2-(a:-1) 4 3-a:
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate:
e
eere
1 1
(i) dx [NCERT] (ii) dx
3a;2 +13a:-10 4a:2 -4x+ 3
FFr
1 1
(iii) [CBSE 2002, 2017] (iv)
oorr
uur r
a:^ + 4a: + 8 9a:2 + 6a: +10
s ff
1
3a:2+13a:-10
sk
YYoo
ooko
1
dx
3 ●' 2 13 10
eBB
X + - X
3 3
1 1 1
dx = —
i7 dx
uurr
3 2 13 101 3
ad
6J [6
a: + — x + X +
3 6J 3j
Yo
13 17
x +
a:-4/6 3a:-2
dY
1 6 6 1 1
log + C = —log + C=—log + C
Re
\
3 13 17 17
17 17 x +5 3 (x + 5)
nind
2 a: + — + —
6 6
6 J
FFi
1
(ii) Let / = rfx. Then,
4x2 _ 4^ ^ 3
1
rfx = i 1
dx = -
1
dx
2 1 1 3
4
x2 -x + 3/4 4
X -x + + ~
4
1^^ 1
\ I
4 4 4 X — +
2
=>
1
tan
-1U-1/2
+ C =
1
tan
-if 2x-l' + c
4 "" (1/V2) ^ 1/V2 2V2 V2
1
(iii) Let I = fix. Then,
x2 + 4x + 8
/ =
1
dx =
1 -1 / X + 2
2 ^ dx = — tan + C
X + 4x + 4 + 4 ●' (x + 2)2+2 2 2 I 2
1
(iv) Let / = dx. Then,
9x^ + 6:c +10
1 1
dx =- dx
9^ J X 2 +—x+—
2 10 1
9^ J X 2 +-x+—
2 1 10
+ -
3 9 3 9 9 9
1>
X-i- —
1 1 .
r=i 1
dx = —X i tan-' 3 + C = — tan + C
9 J r
X
1^' + 1^
+ —
9 1 1 9 . 3
3J
EXERCISE 18.15
ww
1 1
1.
dx 2. Î -2 dx 3.
2^^
FF loo
+ 12;c + 5 a:^-10a:+34 1 + x-x
1 1 x +1
dx 5. dx [NCERT] 6. dx [CBSE2020]
ree
4.
-;c-l 4- 6a: +13 (x + 2) (x+3)
ANSWERS
reFe
2x + l 1 . -1 x-5 1 J5-1 + 2X
1. + C 2. — tan + C oor rF 3. log + C
rur
8 2x + 5 3 3 V5 Vs +1 - 2x
s ff
x-1 1 -1 f X + 3 + C
4. + C 5. tan 6. log +C
k
3 2x + l 2 2 J x +2
YYoou
okso
BBoo
1
18.10.2
INTEGRALS REDUCIBLE TO THE FORM j (7.v“ + b-X + c
dx
r ee
Following examples will illustrate the procedure of evaluating the above type of integrals.
ouur
ad
Yo

d
idnY
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate:
Re
X
X e sm X
(i) dx (ii) dx (iii) dx (iv) dx
FFin
2 8
X^ + X^ + 1 1 + cos X 4 + X
X X
SOLUTION (i) Let I = dx = dx
x^ + x^ + 1 (x^)^ + x^ + 1
dt
Let x^ =f. Then,rf(x^) = dt^2xdx = dt=>dx = 2x
X
iL 1 1 1 1
I =
f'^+f + l
X
2x 2
dt
2 ^dt
+ f + 1
f +
1^^ fV3 +
2j 2
r 1 1 -1
I +c =4 -1 f 2f + 1 1 ●1 f 2x^ + 1
I =-X —^ tan tan + c = tan + C
2 V3 V3 V3 I ^/3 ,/3 V3
2 2 j
X X
e e
(u) Let I = dx = dx. Let = t. Then, d {e^) = dt=> e^dx = dt
(eV + 6/+5
dt 1 ^ + 3-2 1 + 1
1 =
^dt = 2x2 + C=-Iog + C
+ 6t + 5 Mt + 3)^ - 2 f + 3 + 2 4 +5
sin X
(iii) Let I = ^rfx.Letcosx = t Then,d(cosx) = dt=> -sin xdx = dt dx = -dtsm x
1 + cos x
f sin x dt
1 =
sm x “ 1+f
2 dt =- tan“^ (t) + C = - tan”^ (cos j;) + C
ooww
2:^3 2:^3
(iv) I = 8
dx = dx.
4 + a: 2^+(x^)
dt
LetA:'^ = f. Then,ti(A:^) = dt=>^x^ dx = dt=>dx =
e
4x^
ree
rFl 2a:^ dt If 1 1
/ \
1 . -if —t\ +C„ - ~1 -I —
X^
f 4\
„
Fre
I = _x—5-=- ^rft = -x-tan tan +C
4 + t^ 4x^ 2^ 2^+t^ 2 2 v2. 4 2
rrF
- X
1
ouur
sffoo e
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate: (i) dx
(ii) j -2x
dx
X {6 (log + 7 log X + 2} 16 + 9e
1
okks
SOLUTION (i) Let I = dx

X (6 (log x)^ + 7 log X + 2}
Yo
ooo
BB
Let log X = L Then, d (log x) = dt=> — dx = dt^ dx = xdt

X
rr e
1
I = dt
6t^ +7t + 2
ouu
ad
YY
i = i 1
dt =-
1
dt =
1
2^^
6^ I+l 6-' /
t + — 7 _ 4^ t +
7^" n
6 3
121 3 144
dd
12 12
Re
iinn
t + ^-1 2t + l
1 12 12 2 log X +1
F
I = -X
6 1
log 7
t + — +
^ +C = log 3^ + 2
+ C = log
3 log X + 2
+ C
2
12 12 12
-X - X
e e
(ii) Let/ = -2x
dx = dx. Let 3e ^ = t. Then,
16 + 9e 4^+(3e"^)
dt dt
d (3e~ ^) = dt =x> -3e~ ^dx = dt => dx = - Putting 3e ^ = t and dx = - — ,weget
3e 3e
- X
e dt 1 dt 1 1
:. I =
16+ f^ 3 16+ f^ ^dt
3e * 3
(4)^+f
r 11. ^ 1 ,tan -1 f —
3/ 1 -1 3e~^
=> I X — tan + C = + C = tan + C
3 4 4; 12 k4 12 4
1 1
EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate: (i) dx ICBSE 2000C] (ii) dx
x(x" +1) X {x^ +1)
n-l
1 x
SOLUTION We have, I = dx = dx
x (/ +1)
« / n , IS
x (x +1)
H-1 dt
Let a:” +1 = t. Then, d (a:” +1) = dt^nx dx = dt=> dx =
n-l
nx
1
I = dt [v / + l=f A:"=f-1]
n x" t n (f-l)t
1 1 1 dt 1 1
dt = -
I = -
^dt
ooww
n t^-t n
t^-f + 1/4-1/4 n
(t-1/2)2-(1/2)
It
1 f-1/2-1/2 1, t-i
I =-x + C=-log + C = - log — + C
n 2(1/2) f-1/2 + 1/2 n t n ^ a:" +1
4
e
1 X
(ii) 1 = dx = dx
re
X (X^ + 1) x^ {x^ + 1)
rFFl
ree
F
dt
Let +1 = t. Then, d (x^ +1) = df => 5x^ dx = dt^ dx =
5x^
rF
\dt=l5^
1 1 r 1
dt = - dt
5^ tx.5 c;
f(t-l)
fsfoor 5J t^-t
ouur
1 1
kosk
S*" t^-t + l/A-l/A S’* (f-1/2)2-(1/2)2
Yo
1 f-1/2-1/2 f-1 1 x^
I log
oo
Y
I =-x + C = + C =
-log -5—+ + c
BB
5 2(1/2) f-1/2 + 1/2 t 5

rre

oYuu
' sinx+cosx
EXAMPLE4 Evaluate: dx
ad
9+ 16 sin 2x
dY
SOLUTION We observe that sin x + cos x occurs in the derivative of -cos x + sin x. So, we express
9 +16 sin 2x in terms of -cosx + sin x as follows.
innd
Re
2 2
(-cosx + sinx) =l-sin2x or, sin 2x =1-(-cosx + sin x)
Fi
F
9 +16 sin 2x = 9 +16 jl -(cosx + sin x)2|

smx + cosx smx + cosx
= 25-
|4(-cosx +sinx)|
Thus, ^=J 9 + 16sin 2x
dx =
25-
|4(-cosx +sinx)|
Let 4 (-cosx + sin x) = t. Then,
dt
rf{4(-cosx+sinx)| =rff or,4(sinx + cosx) frx = frf or, dx =
4 (sinx + cosx)
smx + cosx dt
J = X
25-r 4 (sinx + cosx)

1 1 5 +f 5+ 4 (-cosx + sinx)
I=- - df = —X —log
4’’ 25-f 2 4 10 ^ 5-f
+ C =-^log
40 5-4 (-cosx + sinx)
+C
1
smx+sec:t
1
smA: + secA:
cos a: 2 cos X ● (cos a: + sin a:) + (cos X-sin a:)
^=1 1 +sin a: cos a:
dx =
■* 2 + 2sinA:cosx
dx =
2 + 2 sin X cos x
dx
cosAT + sinA: cos X - sin X

7 = dx + dx
2 + 2sinxcosx 2 + 2sinxcosx
COSX+ sinx cosx-sinx
7 = dx + dx
3-(l -2sinx cosx) 1 + (1 + 2 sin X cos x)
(cosx + sin x) cosx-smx
7 =
3-(sinx-cosx)
2* + l 1 + (sin x +cosx)
^dx
ww
7 =
(V3)^
^ jdu-\-
-u l+v
dv, where w = sin x - cosx and u = sin x + cosx
1 , V3 + u + tan ^v + C = ■/3 + (sin X - cos x)
FF loo
1
7 = log + tan ^(sinx + cosx) + C
2yf3 V3 -u 2V3 V3-(sinx-cosx)
ree
EXERCISE 18.16
BASIC
reFe
Evaluate the following integrals: oroFr
rur
2 X
sec X e cos X
1. dx 2. dx 3. dx
s ff
1 - tan^ X 1 + e
2x
sin
2
X + 4 sin X + 5
X 3x
k
e 1
YYouo
e
4. dx 5. dx 6. dx
okso
e^'+5e^ + 6 4 ^
6 X
-9 + e *
BBoo
X 3x^ 2
dx dx
7. 8.
9-J -6
r ee
12 _o
X + 2x + 3 1 +x X
1 X
ad
ouur
10.
-6 6^^ 11. dx 12. dx [CBSE 2007]
X (x^ +1) x^-x^+l
Yo
X + a
X
X e
13. dx 14. — dx [CBSE 2022]
3x^ -18x^ +11
d
(1 + e^) (2 + e^)
idnY
Re
. 2 2
tan X sec x
FFin
15. dx [CBSE 2019]

1-tan^x
BASED ON LOTS
1
16. dx
cos X + cosec X
ANSWERS
x\
1 , 1 + tan X
1. - log + C 2. tan ^ — + C 3. tan ^ (sin x + 2) + C
1 - tan X 1
V /
3x
e"' +2 2e -3
4. log + C + C 6. tan ^ (e^) + C
+ 3 2e^^ + 3
f 2
1 -1 X^ + 1 1 x^
—2 tan ^ (x^) + C
- a
7. tan +C 8. 9. log —
2V2 V2 X + fl
3
s') f 2
1 -1 Ix'^
10. ^ _ tan ^
1
11. 12. + C
Tlog — + c tan
3 a® a o Y + V3 V3
2 - 4
X - 3 -
V3 V3 1 +/ 1 1 + tan ^ X
13. log 4 +C 14. log + C 15. - log +C
48
X - 3 + 2 + e^ 6 1 - tan ^ a:
V3
1 , Vs + sinx-cosA:
16. -7= log -tan \sinx + cosx) + C
2V3 V3-sinx+ cosx
1
18.10.3 INTEGRALS OF THE TYPE dx
Jax^ + bx+ c
looww
In order to evaluate this type of integrals, we may use the following algorithm.
ALGORITHM
2
Step I Make the coefficient ofx unity, if it is not.
ree
Step II Find half of the coefficient ofx.
1
Add and subtract — Coef.f of x inside the square root to express the quantity inside the
reeF
Step UI
2
r FF
bf 4ac-b^ 4flc-b^ fofroF f b x2
square root in the form x+— or. X + —
2a 4^2 4.2 2a,
u
ks
Step IV Use the suitable formula from the following formulas:
Ia^/+ x^ = log ^ + C, J === dx=log x + ^ -.2 +C

kos o
YYouor
X -a
BBoo
1 .-1
i +C
r ee
dx - sin
2 2
a -X V " y
ad
ouur
Yo

d
Re
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate:
inY
1 1 1 1
(i) dx dx
FFind
(ii) dx (iii) dx (iv)

P-l){x-2) V9 + 8x-x2 ^x (l-2x) + 3.X-2
[NCERT]
1
p-\) (x-2)
1 1 1
I = dx = dx dx
■Jx^ -3x + 2 'x2-3x.^-^^2

r
4 4
2J 2J
(■ 3^ 3)^ 3^
/ = log X
2
+
t 2 2)
+ C =log X
2)
+
^x2 -3x + 2 +C
1
J9 + 8X- x2
1 1
I = dx = dx
mX -8x~9 - 8x +16 ~ 25
V
1 1 . -ifx-4
1 =
dx = j dx = sin + C.
f~l(^4f-5^} 1
yj5^-(X-4f
5

(1 - 2x)
1
dx
^x-2x^ 1 1 1
ooww
dx = dx
42 42
-i X
2 X
+ (1^ X-
4j
1 1
2 4 4
1 . -1 x-1/4
e
1 1
=> 1 = dx = sm + C = ^sin"^ {4x-l) + C.
ree
^42 42 1/4 42
rFl
Fre
X
Vl4j 4j
rrF
1
(iv) Let 1 = dx. Then,
^2x^ +3x-2
ouur
sffoo
1 1 1
dx = dx
V2 x^ + -x-l V2
okks
9
2 x + — - -1
Yo
t 4; 16
ooo
BB
3 ^
1 = 4 1
dx = x + ~ +
9
a:^ + -x-1 +C.
3
42 3\^ 42 4 J ^ 2
rr e
X +
1 4 14
ouu
ad
YY
1 1
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate: (i) dx [CBSE2001C] (ii) dx
.Jix-a){x~b) ■Jx^ -4x + 2
dd
1
Re
iinn
yj(x-a) (x-b)
F
1
I = dx
^Jx^ -x(a + b) + ab
1 1
=> 1 =
/ .\2
dx = j n2
dx
a +b a +b a +b ' a-b
^ - A:(fl + b) + + ab
f
■ x~
1
2 2
I 2 I 2
2 ^2
a +b a +b a-b
=> I = log X- > + X - + C
2 I 2 2 )
2x~a~b {x-a)+{x-b) + 2 .Jjx-a) (x-b)

=> / =* log
2
+
.J{x-a)(x-b) +C = log 2
+ C
/ a2
=> I
= log ^ a + -log 2 + C=2 log yjx-a + ^x-b +C, whereCj = C-log 2
1
Jx^ -4x+2
1 1
I = dx = dx
-4:c+ 4-4 + 2
=> 1 =
log {x-2)-^îx-2f-{^f + C = log X -2-i- ^x^ -4x + 2 + C
ww
EXERCISE 18.17
BASIC
Flo
ee
1 1
eer
1. dx 2. dx [NCERT]
^2x-x^ -Js + 3x -x^

FFr
oorr
uur r
1 1
3. dx (CBSE 2009,2019] 4. dx
s ff
yj5-4x- 2x^ ■sjsx^ +5x + 7
sk
YYoo
1 1 1
5. 6. dx 7. dx
dx, (P > a)
ooko
^(x - a) {p - x) ^7 -3x- 2x'^ ^16 -6x-x^

eBB
1 1
8. I dx [NCERT, CBSE 2002] 9. dx [NCERT]
J? -6x- x^ ^5?
uurr
-2x
ad
ANSWERS
Yo
'2x-3 , 1
dY
. -1 -1
1.
in"^ (a:-1)+C 2. + C
I V4l
sm ●3- -r= Sin
V2
Re
innd
FFi
4. 1 , 5 2 5 7 ^ 5. 2 sin
-1 x-a
+ C
7= log x + - + , X +—X + — +C
>/3 6 ) 3 3 P - a
1
sin
. _i 4a: + 3
+ C 7.
. -ifx+3
sin + c 8. . -lfx+3] +
sin C
V2 5 j- 4 J
-2x
9. 1 , 5a:-1 + C
1
18.10.4 INTEGRALS REDUCIBLE TO THE FORM j dv
(LY^ + b.X+ C
Following examples will illustrate the procedure of evaluating this type of integrals:
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate:
X 2
e X
(i) dx (ii) dx
w
.2x
2
sec X 1
(iii) dx [NCERT] (iv) dx
^16 + tan^ X x^(\ogxf -5
e
X X
e e
e
SOLUTION (i) Let I = dx = dx
o
2x
wr
4-e -(<!*)
r
dt
Lete^ = t. Then,d{e^) = df ^ dx = df ^ dx = —
F
e
ullo
r FF1 =
dt dt .
sin
-1 {n + C = sin
. -1
^
e
X >
+ C
e
l 2J 2
rsre
2 2
oF
uo
k
X X
(ii) Let I = dx = dx
^/]T7 oofr dt
Letx^ = t. Then, = df=> 3x^ dx = dt=> dx =
sf
ko
Y
n 2
3x
BB
dt 1 . 1 .
Yo
\i)^C = ^ {x^)+C
Y
— sin — sin
oo
3 3 3
er
re
2 2
sec x sec X
uu
(iii) Let, I = dx = dx.
●jlS + tan^ X -^4^ + tan^ X

od
Yo
ad
2 dt
Let tan x = f. Then, d (tan x) =dt=> sec x dx = dt=> dx =
n
2
sec X
dt dt
log t + ^4^ + t^ + C = log tan ;c + -Jl6 + tan^ x + C
ndi
I =
Re
F
Fi
1 1
(iv) Let 7 = dx. Let log X = t. Then, d (logx) =dt=> — dx = dt=> dx = xdt
X J(log xf
X
-5
1
7 =
= = log|t + -Jt^-5| + C=Iog log X + ^(log xf -5 + C
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate:
X
a 2x
(i) dx (ii) dx [CBSE2005]
2x 4
-a - X
X
e cos X
(iii) dx [CBSE 2009] (iv) dx
yjs-Ae"" -Jsin^ X - 2 sin x -3

2x
-e
sin 2x cos 2x
(V) ~ dx [CBSE 2016] (Vi) dx
1 3
V
- X
X
■J9 - cos^ 2x
X
n a
SOLUTION (i) Let I = dx ~ dx.
lx
1 - n
dt
Let - t. Then, d = dt-^ log^ a dx = di^ dx =
a'^ loge a
X
a dt 1 dt 1
I =
sin (f) + C = — sin“^ («*) + C
oww
X
log fl logfl logo logrt

2x 2x
(ii) Let I = dx - dx.
4
-X
e
dt
LetA:^ = f. Then,(f(x^) = dt=x>2xdx = dt=>dx =
re
FFrlo
2x
1 1 1
rF
.,= j dt= I
ee
1 dt
1
rF
1 4 4
ouru
1 1 1
1 = dt = dt = dt
fosor 5 r
skf
f 4- f + - f+
2) 4 V 2j
12 2
ooko
Yo
. -ift + 1/2' + C
Y
. -1 2f + l
/ = sin = sin + C = sin + C
Bo
^ V5/2 I ^
reeB
X X
e e
(iii) Let 1 = dx = dx.
ooY
^5-4e^-(e’‘f
uur
lx
-e
ad
Let = f. Then, d{e^) = dt dx = dt => dx = ^

dY
e
1 1 1
^=I dt = dt
nind
Re
^5-4f-(^ ^-(f^+4f-5) ^-((( + 2)^-3^}

F
Fi
I =
1
dt = sin ^
1 + 2 . -1 + 2'
+ C = sin + C
3 3
cos X
(iv) Let 1 = dx. Let sin x=t. Then,
^sin^ x-2sin x -3
dt
d(sin x) =dt => cos x dx -dt ^ dx =
cos X
dt dt dt
I
I
-2f-3 t^-2f + l-l-3 ■J(f-1)^-2^
I =
log|{f-l) + ^(f-l)^-22!+C
I =
log|f-l + ^ 21 - 3 I + C = log (sin 3: -1) + .^sin^ Jir-2 sin x - 3 +C
MATHEMATICS>XII
18.86
^ j dx.
(v) Let 7 =
a
3 ^dx =
-X ^2 /
3/2
(7
2
) = df => —x^^^ dx = dt=> dx =
3/2 3/2 dt
Let X = t. Then, fr (:c
2 3-Jx
^3/2
,, 2.-1 + ^2.-1
2 1
at = — sin C = — sin + C
3 3/2 3 3/2
3
a
3/2^^ a a
sin 2x cos 2x sin 2:t: cos 2x

dx. Then, 7 = dx
(vi) Let 7 =
cos^ 2x ^3^ -(cos^ 2j:)^
w
Putting cos 2x = t and - 4 sin 2x cos 2x dx - dt, we get
1 1
f 1 N
t cos^ 2x
Flo
1 = - dt = - sm + c = - sm + c
4 4 3j 4 3
eeee
Fr
1
dx
EXAMPLES Evaluate:
(i) ^sec x~l dx for (ii)
1 -e
2x
ur
1 - cos X
SOLUTION (i) Let 7 = I ^sec x -1 dx = dx. Then,
ks
cos X
Yo
2
oo
(1 - cos x) (1 + cos x) dx =
1 - cos X
— dx =
sin X
dx
7 =
2
cos X (1 + cos x)
eB
cos X + cos X cos X + cos X
df
Let cos X = t. Then, d (cos x) = dt => - sin x dx = df => dx = - sm X
ur
ad
1^ if if
Yo
-dt dt
+ C
/ = = -log t +-
t H
if if
2
t 2j u
2 J
d
2 j
Re
in
f 1
=> 7 = -log t+- + Jt^ +1 + C = - log cos X + ^ +-J cos ^ X + cos X + C
F
2 , ^ J
-X - X
1 1 e e
dx - dx = dx = dx
(ii) Let 7 =
h-A-2jr
2x -2x
1 -e e -1
dt
Let e ^=t. Then,d(e ^) = dt => -e ^ dx = dt dx = - - X
e
- log f + -Jt^ -1 +C = -Iog e ^ + Je

dt -2x
7 = - -1 +c
sin (x - a)
EXAMPLE 4
Evaluate: | dx
^ sin (x + a)
SOLUTION Let / =
sin {x - a)
dx
sin (x + a)
sin {x - a) sin (a: - a) sin (a: - a) sm a: cos a - cos a: sm a

=> I =
sin(x + a) sin (a: - a)
dx =
I . 2 . 2
dx
=J I . 2 .. 2
dx
Vsm AT-sin a Vsm A:-sm a
sin X cos X
=> / = cos a dx - sin a dx
2 2 .2 . 2
- cos X -1 + cos a sm X ~ sm a
sm X cos X
I = cos a dx - sin a dx
J I 2 2~~
oww
. 2 . 2
V cos a - cos X sm X - sm a
In the first integral we put cos x = t, so that - sin x dx - dt and in the second integral we put
sin X - u, so that cos xdx = du.
dt du
e
/ = - cos a
J
FFrlo
- sm a
Jcos^ a-t^
re
2 . 2
u - sm a
ree
F
t I 2 ! 2
I = - cos a sin ^ - sm a
log u-h Ju - sin a +C
rF
cos a
fsoor -sin a log sin X +-Jsm^ X-sin^ a +C

, . -1 cos X
ouur
1 = - cos a sm
cos a
skf
smx + cosx
ooko
EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate : dx
INCERT EXAMPLAR]
Yo
Vl + sin 2x
Y
Bo
smx + cosx
SOLUTION LetJ =
Vr+'sin2x dx. Here, the integration of the numerator of the integrand is
reB
- cosx + sinx. That is the numerator of the integrand occurs in the derivative of -cosx + sin x.
uur
oY
So, we express 1 + sin 2x in terms of -cosx + sin x. We observe that (-cosx + sin x)^ = 1 - sin 2x.
ad
Therefore, we write 1 + sin 2x = 2 -(1 - sin 2x) = 2 - (sin x - cos x)

dY
smx + cosx
1 = dx
-^2-(sinx-cosx)^
innd
Re
Fi
F
Let sinX-cosX = f.Then, d (sinx-cosx) = or, (cosx + sinx) dx = dt

1 t
1 = dt = sin~^ +C
\/2 V2
^(sinx-cosx) ● +C =sin
-1 -1 TT
/ =sin sm X- >+C
U/2
EXERCISE 18.18
BASIC

2 X
X sec X e
1. dx 2. dx
/ 4 INCERT, CBSE 20191 3.
^4 + tan^ X
4 2x
^jx + a
cos X sin X X
4. dx 5. dx 6. dx
^4 + sin^ X y4cos^ X -1
1 sin 8 x cos 2x
7. dx 8. dx 9. dx
x^4-9 (log xf ■J9 + sin^ 4 X ysin^2j: + 8

sin 2x sin 2x cos X
10. dx 11. dx 12. dx
■Jsin‘^ X + 4 sin^ x - 2 ■Jcos^ X - sin^ X + 2 sin^ X

1 1
13. dx 14. dx
^2/3 .^(1 -x^) {9 +(sin ^x)^}
oww
BASED ON LOTS
COS X
15. dx 16.
^cosec X -1 dx
yjsin^^c-2 sin X- 3
e
ree
rFl
sin X - cos X
dx ICBSE2011) 18.
cos X - sin X
dx
Fre
17.
^sin 2x V8^-sin2x
rr F
ANSWERS
ouur
sfoo
1. i log x^ + -J? + a^ + C 2. log tan X + + tan^ x + C
kks
oooo
Yo
3. sin"^ — +C 4. log sin X + -J4 + sin^ x + C

eBB
4
^ /
2^
. ^ ● -1
uurr
5. -
^ log 2 cos X + X -1 + C 6. — sin
2 2
ad
YYo
1 sin
. -1 f 3 log^ X
7. - + C 8.
^ log sin^ 4x + ^9 + sin*^ 4x +C
dd
3 2
Re
iinn
9. log sin 2x + -Jsin^2x +8 + C 10. log sin^ X + 2 + ^sin^ x + 4 sin^ x - 2 +C

F
2 1
11. - log cos X + —
2;
+
-Jcos^ X + COS^ X +1 + C
-1 sin X 1/3 2/3
12. sin + C 13. 3 log X" ” + Jx -4 +C
2
14. log sin ^ X + J9 + (sin ^ x)^ + C 15. log (sin X -1) + -^sin x - 2 sin x - 3 + C
/ 1 \ j X
16.log sinx + - +Jsin x+sinx +C 17.-log (sin x + cos x) + .^sin 2x +C
2/
18. sin
-^(sinx+cosx)|+C
px - q
18.10.5 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM iix
a.v“ + bx -r c
To evaluate this type of integrals, we use the following algorithm.

ALGORITHM
Step I Write the numerator px + qin the following form:

Id 2
px + q = A. +&X + C) ■ + p i.e. px + q = X{2ax + b) + \x
Stepn Obtain the values of X and p by equating the coefficients of like powers of x on both sides.
Step III Replace px + q by X {lax + ef) + ji in the given integral to get
f + lax + b 1
w
dx = X dx + p. dx
2 2 2
ax +bx + c ax +bx + c ax +bx + c
Step IV Integrate RHS in step III and put the values of X and p obtained in step II.
Flo
Following examples illustrate the above algorithm.
ee
Fr
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate: for
ur
X 4x + l lx-3
(i)
x'^ +X + 1
dx (ii)
x'^ + 3x + 2
dx
(iii) J dx
ks
+ 3X-18
Yo
oo
SOLUTION (i) Let x = X dx

(3:^ + a: + 1) + p. Then, x = X (lx + 1) + p
eB
Comparing the coefficients of like powers of x, we get

1
1 2 X and ^+p=0=>X.= — and p = -X =
ur
2
ad
X 2x + l 1
Yo
I = dx dx
x'^ +X + 1 ‘ x^+x + 1 2 X
2
+X + 1 2-' X
2
+X + 1
1
j- lx + 1 1
d
/ = dx-~
Re
dx
1 X^ + X + 1 2 n 3
in
X + x + - + —
4 4
F
2a;+ 1 1 1
I = dx —
a:^ + a: +1 2 ●’ y dx
a: + - +
V3
2
i log I a:^ + a: + 11 -1 a:+ 1/2

1 1
I = tan + C
2’‘(JV2)
1 2 1 -1 2a: +1
I = — log I a: + X + 1\ tan + C
V3 V3
(ii) Let 4:X + l=X~{x^ + 3x + 2) + p.Then, 4a;-f-1 = X(2a: + 3) + p.
Comparing coefficients of like powers of x, we get: 2X = 4 and 3X + p= l =>X = 2 and p = ~5

4a:+ 1 2 (2a:+ 3)-5 dx = 2

2a:+3
dx-5
1
dx
/ = dx =
+ 3-.C + 2 x^ + 3x + 2 X + 3x + 2 x^ + 3x + 2
1
dx
1=2 log ] + 3a: + 21 -5
x^ + 3x + (9/4)-(9/4) + 2
1
I = 2log|x^ + 3x + 2!-5 2
(x+3/2f-(l/2)
3 1
X H
1
1 = 2 log I x^ + 3x + 21 - 5 X
2 2 + C
log 3 1
2(1/2) X + — + -
ooww
2 2
x + 1
/ = 2 log I x^ + 3x + 21 - 5 log x + 2
+ C
(iii) Let 2x - 3 = X — (x^ + 3x-18) + n-Then, 2x - 3 = X(2x+3) + ^.
e
dx
ree
rFl
Comparing coefficients of like powers of x, we get
Fre
2 X = 2 and 3X + |i = -3=>X = l and g = - 6
rrF
2x-3 2x + 3 - 6 2x+3 1
I = dx = dx = dx-6 dx
x^ + 3X-18 sffoo x^ + 3X-18 x^ + 3x-18 x^ + 3x-18
ouur
1
I = log[x^ + 3x-18|~6 7 9 9
dx
x^ + 3x + ----18
okks
4 4
1
Yo
/ = log I x^ + 3x-181 - 6
oo
■a J
Y
3 ( 9'\
BB
X + -
2>
rre
3 9
X +
7 = log]x^+ 3x-18|-6x~^ log 2—2 +c

ouu
YY
3 9
ad
2 - X + - + -
2 2
dd
x-3
J = log I x^ + 3x -181 - —3 log + C
iinn
Re
X + 6
F
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate:
3
2 sin 2 (J) - cos (j) X + X 1
dx
(i)j d(j) (ii) dx [CBSE 2022] (iii)
6 - cos
2
<|) - 4 sin ^ x^-9 2 + 3 +1
2 sin 2 <|i- cos ^

SOLUTION (i) Let 7 = 2
d^. Then,
6 - cos (|) - 4 sin (j)
(4 sin 4-1) cos 4 (4 sin 4“1) cos 4
7 rf4 = 2
rf4
6 - (1 - sin^ 4) - 4 sin 4 sin 4“4 sin 4 + 5
Putting sin 4 = f and cos ^d ^ = dt,-we get
4f-l
I = dt
7^ - 4f + 5
Let (4f-l) = X —(f^-47
dt
+ 5)+n => (47-1) = X(27-4) + n.
Comparing coefficients of like powers of 7, we get: 2X, = 4, -4X + |i = -1 => 'k = 2, p. -7
X{2t-^) + li 2i-4
^ =J ^^-4^ + 5 di - 2 j ^2 -4^ + 5
dt + 7j^ T-i
r-4t+5
dt
1
I = 21og|i^-4f + 5|+7 J (^-2)^ + 1^ dt = 21og|f^-4t + 5|+7ten”^(f-2) + C
/ = 2 loglsin^ <j)-4 sin <|) + 5|+ 7 tan"^ (sin <j)-2)+ C
3
(ii) Let J=j -9

dx. Then,
^ =J
r
^ x^-9 dx and ^2 j “4 -9 dx.

dx=Ii + l2 (say), where Jj = f
;c^-9 J -9
ww
Puttmgx^ -9=f and4>:^ dx^dt,weget
dt
, f
= J -J-x 4*5
Flo
e
ree
Putting = f and 2xdx *= df, we get
Fr
5-3
rF
^ . If dt 1 1, t-3
^2 “ ^J “4^—“
-9 JJ '-35 2^ ,2 i+3=5'°8^*‘ + 3
uurr
for
5-3
Hence, J
= Ii + /2 = llog|**-9| + ^log^
s
+ C
kks
^ A-* a: + 3
Yo
oooo
(iii) We have.
e-5>^
eB
1
' =/ 2e^^ + 3e^+l ^ - f 2 3 + 1
dx = j 2+3e-^ + e-^^
dx
ur
ad
dt
Let e"^=f. Then,d(e“^) = dt=> -e~^ dx = dt=> dx =
YYo
e-^
-tdt t
--I2t dt
dd
2 + 3t + t^
Re
r + 3t + 2
in
Let t = X- (2t + 3) + )Li. Comparing the coefficients of like powers of t, we get

F
2X = 1, 3X + 11 = 0=> X = 1/2, |i = -3/2

X(2t+ 3) + p 2t+3 1
/ = -j t^ + 3t +2 dt = -^1 ^2r + 3t + 2 df-|ii J t^ + 3t +2
dt
I = _if- 2t + 3 dt + .5f 1
df
2*' t^ + 3t + 2 2 J (f+3/2)2-(1/2)2
I = -ilog
2
f2 + 3f + 2 +-X
2
1 , 2
Xf+ —+
3 -1
2
+ C
2
2 2
■^+1
7 = -i2 logic -2x
+ 3c“^ + 2j + -log
2
-
e~^+ 2
+ C

3
X
EXAMPUI3 Evaluate: dx INCERT EXEMPLARI
X* + 3x^ + 2
3 2
X 1
SOLUTION (i) Let / = dx. Then,/= — 2x dx.
+ 3x^ + 2 2
{x^f+ 3x^ + 2
Let x^ -1. Then, d = dt or, lx dx = dt
3 1
dt =-f (2t + 3) - 3
If 2f+3
.. r =l
t
dt=- dt
2-’ t^ + 3t + 2 4 J t^ + 3t + 2 4-’ r + 3t + 2 4-’ f^ + 3 + 2
ww
If 2f+3 3 1
I =- dt — dt
4^ r + 3f+2 4
t+ -
2J U,
Flo
3 1
f +
e
I =-logl(^ + 3t + 2|--log 2 2
+ C =-log I + 3a'^+2|log +C
eree
4 4 . 3
t+ +
1 4 4 x^ + 2
2 2
FFr
EXERCISE 18.19
uurr
BASIC
orr
sfo
x x + 1 :r - 3
1. dx ICBSE 20221 2. dx 3. dx
.T^ + X + 3 x^ + 2x-A
kks
x^ + 3y + 2
Yoo
oooo
.Y-1 2y
f 2y-3
4. rfY 5. dx 6.
-^dx
3y^ - 4y + 3
eBB
+ 6y +13 2 + Y -Y
1 - 3y 2y + 5 ax^ +bx
7. dx
8.j dx 9.
idx
urr
^ 3y^ + 4y+2
4
Y -Y - 2 Y + C
ad
(3 sin Y - 2) cos y y + 2
YYo
10. dx [CBSE 2013,2016] 11. dx ICBSE 2007]

5 - cos
2
Y - 4 sin Y 2y^ + 6y + 5
dd
5y-2 y +5
12.
J 2 dx [CBSE 2013,2014] 13. J 3y^+13y-10 dx [CBSE 2017]
Re
inn
1 + 2y + 3y
(3siny-2) cosy y +7
F
14. dx [CBSE 2017] 15. dx [CBSE 2017]

13-cos
2
Y-7sinY 3y^ + 25y + 28
3y+5
16. j y^ + 3y-18
dx [CBSE 2019]
BASED ON HOTS
Y
3
y^-3y dx
17. dx 18.
Y^ + Y^ + 1 y^ + 2y^-4
ANSWERS
Y + l 1 2y + 1
I. |log|Y^ + 3Y + 2[-|log
-1
y+2
+ c 2. log] .Y^ + Y + 3j+ Vii tan
Vn
+ C
X + 1 -^|5 -\(x+3)
3. -2 log I Y^ + 2y - 41 - ^ log
Y + 1 + fS + C 4. log I Y^ + 6y +131 -^ tan 2 )
+ C
/5 -1 f 3x - 2 1 +a:
5. i log I 3^2
2 1
-4.V+ 3| tan + C 6. - log I 2 + a: - a: j + —3 log + C
15 V5 2-a:
7. -
llog|3x^ + 4A: + 2|+^ tan
-l( 3a:+2
V2 J
+ C 8. log I a:^ x-2| + 21og ^ +C a: +1
2'\
9. log I I + ^tan-' ^ +C 10. 3 log] 2 - sin a:| +
4
+ C
2c c 2 - sin X
^ log {2x^ + 6x + 5) + -^
-1
11. tan (2a: + 3)+C
ww
11 -1 3a:+ 1
ilog|3A:^ + 13A:-10| +-log
3x-2
12. — log +2x + l - tan + C 13. +C
3V2 6 6 3(x + 5)
14. 10 log (4 - sin a:) -7 log (3 - sin a:) + C 15. —3 logi 3.Y + 4| + C
Flo
ee
f 2
-1 2a:^+1
|log|x^ + 3A:-18| + ^
a:-3
^logl x^ + a:^+1|- 43
1
rere
16.
log +C 17. tan +C
x +6 V3
]ao^\x^ + 2x^ -A\~ log x^ +1-45

r FF
uurr
18. +C
foor
x^ +1 + 45
ks s
P{x)
18.10.6 INTEGRALSOFTHEFORMf Jx. WHERE P(x)\S A POLYNOMIAL OF
Yoo
i7.v~ ● in ■
ooook
DEGREE TWO OR MORE
To evaluate this type of integrals we divide the numerator by the denominator and express the
eBB
integrand as
R(x-)
Q(-t) + , where R (a:) is a linear fimction of x.
uurr
2
ax +bx + c
ad
P{x) R{x)
Yo
2 dx - Q (a:) dx + 2
dx
i7A‘ +bx + C ax +bx + c
dY
Now to evaluate the second integral on RHS apply the method discussed earlier.
Re
innd

FFi
a:^ + a: + 1 x^ + 5a: + 3
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate: (i) dx (ii) -dx
J X2 -11 a:^ + 3.y + 2
3
X + Y + 1
Y^ -1
2y + 1
I =
J X + dx
2y 1 X^ 2 I Y-1
y + logl^ -l| + -log

I = Y dx + dx + dx = + C
x^-l /-I x + 1
+ 5% + 3
(ii) Let / = I x^ + 3x +2
dx. Then,
I
= J 1 +
2x + l
I dx = 1 dx -b
2X+3-2
dx
X + 3x + 2 x^ + 3x + 2
2x+3 1
I = 1-dx + dx-2 dx
x^ + 3x + 2 + 3a: + 2
1
I = X + log I + 3a: + 21 - 2 jdx
a:+
3)^
-
fl)
ww
2> 2J
3 1
a: H
I = :c + log I a:^ + 3a: + 21 - 2 X 2

3
Flo
1
2 a: + — + -
e
2 2
UJ
eree
A + 1
I = a: + log I a:^ + 3a: + 21 - 2 log + C
FFr
a + 2
uurr
orr EXERCISE 18.20
sfo
BASIC
Evaluate thefolloiving integrals:

kks
Yoo
f a:^ + a: +1 r a:^ + a: -1
oooo
1. 2
dx 2. ~2
dx 3. dx [CBSE2010]
-X X + a: - 6 a: (1 - 2 :c)
eBB
2
X
dx dx
4. [NCERT] 5.
a:^-5;c + 6 a:^ + 7 a: + 10
urr
x
2
+ a: + 1 {x-lf a:^ + a:^ + 2 a: +1
ad
dx dx dx
YYo
6. 7. 8.
a:^ - x + 1 + 2 X + 2 - a: +1
x^ (x^ + 4)
2
r x^+1
dd
X
9. dx 10. <â^[CBSE 20051 11. dx ICBSE2020]
Re
x^ + 4 x^+6x + 12 x'-x
inn
ANSWERS
F
2 x-1 x-2
1. x + log|x -x|+21og + C 2. A: + log + C
X X + 3
1 3
3. — X + log I XI — log 11 - 2 XI + C 4. X - 5 log IX - 21 +10 log IX - 31 + C
2 4
x + 2
|log|ar^+7j: + 10|+ ^
29
5. log x+5
+ C
2 2 —1 2x-l
6. X + log I X - X +11 + tan + C
V3 -J3
7. X - 2 log I x^ + 2x + 21 + 3 tan ^ {x + 1) + C
1 2 2x-l "l
+ 2x + ^2 log I x^ - X + 11 + -^V3
-1
8. tan + C
2
V3 J
9.1x5 --x^ +20x-40tan -1

5 3 2 >
x-l
10. X
- 3 log I x^ + 6x +121 + 2^f3 tan ^ + C 11- X + log X
+C
px+ ?
18.10.7 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM j dx
yjax^ + bx + c
In order to evaluate this type of integrals, we use the following algorithm:
ALGORITHM
Step I Write the numerator px + cj in the following form:
ww
px + q = X I[ax
— (ax^ +bx-h c) J ■ i.e. px + q = X (lax + b) + p
FF loo
Step II Obtain the values ofX and p by equating the coefficients of like powers of x on both sides.
Step in Replace px + q by X (lax + b) + p in the given integral to get
ree
px + q lax + b 1
dx = X
dx + \x j dx
■Jax^ +bx + c âx^ +bx + c âx^ +bx + c
rFee
Step IV Integrate RHS in step III and put the values of X and p obtained in step II. oor rF
rur
s ff
k
YYoou
7'
ookos

BBo
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate:
lx+3 f |l + x
re
x + 2
(i) dx (ii) dx [CBSE 2010] (iii) dx
■Jx^ + 4x + 1 ^jx'^ + 5x + 6 X
ouur
ad
d T
Yo
SOLUTION (i) Let 2x + 3 = X —(x + 4x + 1) + p.Then,2x + 3 = >.(2x + 4) + p.

dx
Comparingthecoefficientsoflikepowersofx, weget:2^ = 2 and 4A. + p = 3=> X. = l andp =-l

dY
Re
2x+ 3 r (2x + 4)-l

idn
2x + 4 1
I = dx = dx =
dx-j dx
yjx^ + 4x + l
FFin
-Jx^ + 4x + 1 ^x^ + 4x +1 Vx^ + 4x + l

dt r 1 2
1 = dx, where f = x + 4x +1
-Ji
^(x + 2f-(43f
1 =lfi-\og (x + 2) + yjx^ +4x + l +C=lyjx'^ + 4x + l -log| x + 2 + ^jx^ +4x + l\+C
rf 2
(ii) Letx + 2 = ^ —(x +5x + 6) + p.Then, x + 2 = A. (2x + 5) + p. Comparing the coefficients of
dx
1 1
like powers of x, we get: 1 = IX and 5?i, + p= 2 =>
^ ~ 2 ^ ~ ~'l
x + 2 12^(2x + 5)^2
-1 1 2x + 5 1' 1
dx =1 ldx = dx — dx
^x^ +5x + 6 ^x^ +5X+6 ^ ^x^ + 5x+6 ^ -Jx^ +5x + 6

=> / = - 1 f ^ 1 r 1
where t = x
2
+ 5a: + 6
2 ‘ 2 5^^
a: + -
2 2J
5^
I =yli~\og
2
x + -
2;
+ ^jx^ +5x + 6 +C--Jx^ + 5:r + 6log +5j:+ 6 +C
1+X \+x l+x 1 + a: f 1 +A-
(iii) Let I = dx = dx = dx = dx
V ^ a: ""-^1 + a: (1 + x) X
2
+ a:
d 7
Let x + 1 =X—{x^ ■¥ x) Then, X +1 =X.(2a: +1) + ji.
dx
ww
get; 1 = 2A, and X + p =1=> ^ = ^,)a
2' = —
1
Comparing the coefficients of like powers of x, we 2
1 1
/TT7 a: + 1 i(2x + l) + -2 2a:+ 1 1

dA:=f 2 dx = —\
Flo
I = dx = dx + — dA:
2 2 2 J 2 2 2
e
a: + a: X +x a: + a: a: + a:
eree
r 1 f 1 1 2
^ J = — dA:, where f = a: + a:
FFr
2J Vf 2
x + -
uurr
2 2
orr
V “/
1 ( 1 'i r~i
sfo
a: + —2, + -^x^ + X +C=-Jj^+x-h -log
1
I = ^ + —2 log a: + -LJ +^x +a:+C
L \
kks
Yoo
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate:
oooo
2 .2
<2
(i) (ii) — dx
eBB
X
fl + X
^ +X
fl - a -
i=2 dx. Then,
a - a-x
SOLUTION (i) Let I = f

urr
-dx = -dx =
Tl a + X a + X a-x 2
a -X
ad
YYo
a X
I = dx - dx
2 2 2 2
fl -X iJ -X
dd
Re
-2x
inn
1 -2x
I a dx + - dx = a sin dx
2 2 2 2 2 V a
“ y 2 2 2
F
fl -X a -X fl -X
2 2
Putting a - a:
= f and - 2x dx = dt, we get
1/2
. -1 ^ X 1 dt 1 t
/ fl sm + — fl sm + — + C
(7 2J 2 1/2
-hâ^-x^ +C
. -1 X
sm + + C = i7 sm
0/ a
V ” /
2 2
a — X 2 dt
(ii) Let I = —^
+ X
dx. Putting X = t, and 2x dx = dt or, dx = 2x' we get
a dt 1 a a -t
I dt = - dt
la^^t 2x 2 +t 2 a^+t -t
2
1 a a 1 tdt
1 = - dt--
2 ■> 2 2
1 -It
/ df + - dt
2 4
r 1 2 . -1 i 1 r du
I = — a sin + - , where -t'^ = u
2 fl
2
4J v«
1/2
oww
r 1 2 . -1 f 1 u
I = — a sm + - + C
2 2
<1 4 1/2
/● > 2^\
^/7^+c=
, 1 2 . -1 t 1 1 2 . -1 X
1 = — a sin + - — a sm —
2
2 ^
e
2 2 2 2
a
re
FFrlo
EXERCISE 18.21
BASIC
rF
ee
X 2;c + l x +1
rF
1. dx 2. dx 3.
ouru
■Jx^ + 6ar +10 Jx^ + 2x-l
fosor j4 + 5x-x^
6a: -5 3x + l x
4.
dx 5. j dx 6. dx
skf
■^3x^ -5x + l yj5-2x-x'^ Js + X - x^
ooko
x + 2 x + 2 x-1
Yo
7. dx 8. dx [NCERT] 9. dx INCERT]
Y
^ + 2X-1 -J?+l
Bo
reeB
X x + 1 2x + 5
10. dx 11. dx 12. dx
■Jx + X + 1 ●Jx^ + 2x + 5
ooY
uur
3x + l 1 -X 2x + l
ad
13. dx 14. dx 15. dx [CBSE2000]

■j5-2x-x^ ' P + X
■Jx^ + 4x+ 3
dY
2x+ 3 5x + 3
16. dx [CBSE2001] 17. dx ICBSE2011,12]
nind
Re
■Jx^ + 4x + 5 -Jx^ + 4x + 10
F
Fi
x +2
18. [CBSE 2013]
p^ + 2x+3
ANSWERS
1- yjx^ + 6x +10 - 3 log ] {x + 3) + -Jx^ + 6x +10 | + C

2. 2 ^x^ + 2x -1 - log I X +1 + ^x^ + 2x -1 [ + C
f~Z 2 + 7- sm
. -if —p=-
2x-5
3. - J4 + 5X-X
^ 2 I Vii
+ C
4. 2 ^3x^ -5x + l + C
1 . -if2x-l^
5.-3 ^5^2x-x^ - 2 sin“^
x + 1
V6
+ C 6. -
^8 + x-x'^ + — sm
2 ,|33
+ C
7. ^x^ +2X-1 + log I {x +1) + ^x^ +2X-11 + C 8. ^ -1 +

2.T+1 n r
9. yjx^ +1 - log [ ;c + yjx^ +11 + C 10.
log
2
+ -<Jx +X + 1 ^ +c
11.
■Jx^ +1 + log I X + Jx^ +1 [ + C 12. 2 ■Jx‘^ + 2x+5 + 3 log 1 X +1 + ■Jx'^ + 2x + 5 | +C
x + 1
13. - 3 Js-2x- x^ - 2 sin”^ V6 + C 14. sin
^ X + -Jl -X' + C
15- 2 yjx^ + 4x + 3 3 log IX + 2 + -Jx^ + 4x + 3 I + C
16. 2-Jx^ + 4x + 5 - log X + 2 + Jx^ + 4x +5 + C
ooww
l^. 5 + 4x + 10 - 7 log X + 2 + + 4x +10 +C
18. ■yjx^ + 2x + 3 + log {x +1) + -Jx^ + 2x+ 3 + C
e
ere
rFl 1 1
Fre
18.10.8 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM ilx, (ix,
a + ,b sm
. 2 .T
2 , 2
rt sin X + b cos x
rrF
1 1 1
dx, — dx
2“
(7+1? COS“ X {a sin X + b cos .v)^
sffoo a + ,b sin
■ 2 X + C COS X
ouur
To evaluate this type of integrals we use the following algorithm.
kosk
ALGORITHM
2
Yo
Step 1 Divide numerator and denominator both by cos x.

oo
Y
2 2
Replace sec x, if any, in denominator byl + tan x.
BB
Step II
Step III Put tan x = f so that sec xdx = dt. This substitution reduces the integral in the form
rre
1
dt.
ouu
aP" +bt + c
Y
ad
Step IV Evaluate the integral obtained in step III by using the methods discussed earlier.
dY

innd
Re
Fi
F

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate:
1 1
(i) — dx (ii) dx
2 2
sin^ X + b^ cos X 1 + 3 sin X + 8 cos x
sm X 1
(hi)
sin 3x
dx (iv) jdx
(2 sin X + 3 cos x)
2
SOLUTION (i) Dividing the numerator and denominator of the given integrand by cos x,
we get
2
1 sec X
I =
a
2
sin
2
X +b
2
cos
2
x
dx = j a ^ tan ^ x + b y dx
2
Putting tan X = t and sec xdx=df,weget
dt 1 f dt 1 1 t
I = X tan ^ + C
a t^+(b/af a2 b/a b/a
1 if at 1
I = — tan + C = — tan -1 [ fl tan X + C
ab J ab
(ii) Dividing the numerator and denominator of the given integrand by cos x, we get
1
/ = dx
2 2
1 + 3 sin a: + 8 cos x
2 2 2
sec X sec X sec X dx
I = dx = dx -
2 2
sec X + 3 tan a: + 8 1 + tan ^ a: + 3 tan ^ a: + 8 4tanÂT + 9
2
Putting tan x = t and sec x dx = dt, we get
dt 1 dt 1 1 1 t
1
ww
— X tan + C
4f^ + 9 4’’ t^+(3/2)^ 4 3/2 3/2
/. = -
1 tan -1 ^2^^
— - = -1 tan
+C , -1 f 2 tan a: + C
FF loo
6 3J 6 3
ree
sm X sm X
(iii) Let I =
sin 3x
dx =
3 sin X - 4 sin
3
x
dAT = j 3-4 sin^ X
dx
reFe
2
sec X 2
I = dx
2 2 [Dividing numerator and denominator by cos x]
ororF
rur
3 sec X - 4 tan x
s ff
2
Putting tan X = f and sec xdx= dt, we get
k
dt dt 1
YYouo
I = dt
okso
3{l+t^)-At^ 3-t^
BBoo
I =
1 ^f3 +1 ■/3 + tan X
log + C = ~T^ log + C
r ee
2y/3 ■j3-t 2^3 43 - tan X

ad
ouur
(iv) Dividing the numerator and denominator by cos x, we get

Yo
2
1 sec X
1 =
2 dx = 2
d
(2 sin X + 3 cos x) (2 tan X + 3)

idnY
Re
Putting tan x = t and sec^ x dx = dt, we get

FFin
dt 1 1
/ + C = - + c
(2/ + 3)^ 2 {2t + 3) 2 (2 tan x + 3)
1 1
EXAMPLE! Evaluate: (i) dx (ii) dx
3 + sin 2x 2-3 cos 2x
SOLUTION (i) Let

1 1
^ =1 3 + sin 2x
dx =
2 2
dx
3 (sin X + cos x) + 2 sin x cos x
2
sec X 2
/ = dx [Dividing numerator and denominator by cos x]
3 tan ^ X + 2 tan X + 3
Putting tan x = t and sec^ x dx= dt, we get

dt 1 dt dt
I =
2>P- + 2f + 3 3J ,2^2 t + \ if 2V2f
3 ^ + +
3j 3
1 1 . -1 ^+3 1 -1 3t + l 1 -1 f 3 tan x + \
=> / = X T tan + c = tan + C = tan +C
3 f2V2 2 V2 2V2 2 V2 2V2 2^/2

3 3
1
(ii) Let 1=1
ww
dx. Then,
2-3 cos lx
1
I = dx
2-3 (cos^ a: - sin ^ x)
Flo
2
e
sec X 2
I rfx [Dividing numerator and denominator by cos x]
eree
2 sec^ X - 3 + 3 tan^ x
2
FFr
2
sec X sec X
I = dx = dx
uurr
2 (1 + tan^ x) - 3 + 3 tan^ x 5 tan ^ X -1
2
orr
sfo
Putting tan X = f and sec x dx = dt, we get
1
t -
kks
Yoo
dt 1 dt 1 1 Vs
/ = log
oooo
— X
●* 5t^-l 3 1
\2 S
^ 1 t +
t^- 2
'Vs
eBB
V5
1 -J5t-l + C =
■JS tan X -1 + C
/ = log
urr
2^/5 ^/5f+ 1 2^/5 ●>/5 tan X +1

ad
EXERCISE 18.22
YYo
BASIC
dd

Re
inn
1 1 2
1. dx 2. dx 3. dx
2 2
4 cos^ X + 9 sin^ X 4 sill X + 5 cos X 2 + sin 2x
F
cos X 1 1
4. dx 5. dx 6. dx
cos 3x 1 + 3 sin
2
X 3 + 2 cos^ X
1 sin 2x 1
7. dx 8. -— dx 9. dx
2 . 4 4
cos 2x + 3 sin x sm X + cos X cosx(sinx + 2cosx)
1 1
10. dx 11. dx
2
sin X + sin 2x (sin X - 2 cos x) (2 sin x + cos x)
ANSWERS
1. - tan ^
3 tan X
+ C 2.
1
tan
-l( 2 tanx' + C 3.
2
tan
-1 2 tan x +1
+C
6 2 2^/5 I V5 J V3 V3
1 + -/3 tan X + C 5. —1 tan 1 1 -1 ■fS tan X + C
(2 tan x) + C 6. -1= tan
1 -^[3tanx 2 Vl5 Vs
1
tan ^ {■yjl tan x) + C 8. tan ^(tan^.r)+C 9, log I tan X + 2j + C
1 tan X - 2
10. I log
tan X
+ C 11. -log + C
tan X + 2 2 tan X + 1
] 1 1
18.10.9 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM J a sin X + b cos x dx, I a + b sin x
. I a + b cos X
- dx,
1
dx
rt sin X + /? cos x + c
To evaluate this type of integrals we use the following algorithm.
ww
ALGORITHM
2 tan x/2 1 - tan^ x/2

Step I Put sin X = and, cos x = and simplify.
1 + tan^ x/2 1 + tan^ x/2
Flo
Replace 1 + tan ^ — in the numerator bu sec^ —.
e
Step II
2 ■' 2
eree
X 1
Step III Put tan — = t so that — sec ^ - dx =dt. This substitution reduces the integral m the form
FFr
2 2 2
1
uurr
dt.
aP" + bt + c
orr
sfo
Step rv Evaluate the integral obtained in step III by using methods discussed earlier.
kks
Yoo
oooo
eBB

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate:
urr
1 1 1 + sin X 1
(i) dx (ii) dx (iii) dx (iv) I 1 - 2 sin X dx
ad
1 + sinx + cosx 2 + cos X sin x(l + cosx)

YYo
2 tan x/2
and cos x =
1 - tan^ x/2
SOLUTION (i) Putting sin x = , we get
1 + tan^ x/2
dd
1 + tan^ x/2
Re
inn
1 1
I = dx = dx
1 - tan^ x/2
F
1 + sin X + cos X 2 tan x/ 2

1 +
1 + tan^ x/2 1 + tan^ x/2
1 + tan^ x/2 dx =
sec^ x/2 dx
I =
1 + tan^ x/2 + 2 tan x/2 +1 - tan^ x/2 2 + 2 tan x/2
X 1X 2 X 2 X
Putting tan — = t and — sec — dx-dt or, sec —
2
dx-2dt, we get
®
2 2
2dt
= log! t + 11 + C = log tan ^
I = - + 1 +C
2 + 21 f+ 1
1 1 1 -tan^ x/2
(ii) Let I = dx - dx cos X =
2 + cos X 1 “ tan^ x/2 1 + tan^ x/2
2 +
1 + tan^ x/2
18.102
MATHEMATICS-XII
I =
1 + tan^ x/1 dx =
sec^ xfl dx
2(l + tan^;t/2) + l-tan^x/2 tan^ x/2 + 3
Putting tan :t/2=f and(l/2 sec^ (;r/2) =df or, sec^ (x/2) fr;c = 2rf/, we get
Idt
i = 2 f tjt 2 tan ^ t +c=4 tan
-1 f tan x/2 + C
+ 3 + (V3)^ V3 V3 V3 V3
(iii) Let / =
1 + sinx 2 tan x/2 1-tan^ */2
rfx.Putting sinx = and cos x = , we get
sin x(l + cosx) 1 + tan^x/2 1 +tan^ x/2
ww
2 tan x/2
1 +
/ =
1 + tan^ x/2 dx
2 tan x/2 1 - tan^ X
1 +
Flo
1 + tan^ x/2 1 + tan^ x/2
e
\
eree
(1 + tan^ x/2 + 2 tan x/2) (1 + tan^ x/2) (1 + tan x/2)^ sec^ x/2
I =
dx = j dx
FFr
2 tan x/2 (1 + tan^ x/2 +1 - tan^ x/2) 4 tan x/2
uurr
Putting tan x/2 = t and (1/2) sec^ (x/2) dx = dt or, sec^ (x/2) dx = 2 dt, we get
orr
sfo
I =
(1 + 0^ 2dt = -
1 l+f^ + 2f
dt = -
1 r 1
+ t + 2 dt
kks
4t 2 2
Yoo
t t
oooo
1 tan^ x/2
“■ logKI + y
/ + 2f + C = — ● log I tan x/2 j + + 2 tan x/2 ? + C
eBB
1 2 tan x/2
urr
(iv) Let I = dx. Putting sin X = , we get

1 - 2sin X
1 + tan^ x/2
ad
YYo
1
dx =
1 + tan^ x/2 dx ~
sec^ x/2 dx
4 tan x/2
1 + tan^ x/2 -4 tan x/2 1 + tan^ x/2 - 4 tan x/2
dd
1 -
1 + tan^ x/2
Re
inn
1 2 2
F
Putting tan x/2 = f and — sec (x/2) dx = dt or, sec (x/2) dx = 2dt, we get
2 1 1
I
=1 dt = 2
t^-4f+ 4- 4 + 1
dt = 2
^dt
1 + - 4f (f-2)^-(V3)
/ = 2x
1 t-2-V3 tan x/2 - 2 - -v/3
log + C = ■
+ C
2^3 f-2+V3 V3 tan x/2 - 2 + ./3
EXERCISE 18.23
BASIC

1 1 1
1.
5 + 4 cos X
dx [CBSE 2003] 2. ●' 5 - 4 sin X
dx 3. dx
1-2 sin X
1 1 1
4. dx 5. dx 6. dx
4 cos X -1 1 - sin jc + cos 3 + 2 sin x' + cos x
ICBSE 20041
1 1 1
7. dx 8. dx 9. dx
13 + 3 cos a: + 4 sin cos X - sin X sm x + cos x
1 1 1
10. dx II. dx 12. dx
5 - 4 cos a: 2 + sin a: + cos x sin X + cos x
1 1 1
13. dx 14. dx 1.^. dx
Vs sin a: + cos x sm x -V3 cos X 5+7 cos a: + sin X
ANSWERS
ww
2
1. — tan
-\f tan x/2 2. — tan
2 -1^5 tan x/2 -4 + C
+ C
3 3 3 3
Flo
tan - —2 - V3 Vs + V5 tan x/2
3. 2 4. + C
+ C
ee
V3 tan — - 2 + Vs Vl5 Vs - Vs tan x/2
rere
2
rFF
— 1 .X
5. 6.
- log 1 - tan -I
2
+C tan 1 + tan —
2
+C
uurr
foor
1
7. - tan -\[5 tan x/2 + 2 + C 8. V2 + tan x/2 +1 + C
V2 - tan x/2 -1
ks s
6 6 V2
Yoo
oook
V2 + tan x/2 -1 2 1 x'l

9.
t log
V2 V2 - tan x/2 +1
+ C 10. — tan ^ 3 tan- +C
2j
eBB
V2 tan -1 (tan (x/2) + 1

11. + C 12.
1 1 + Vs tan x/2 + C
Tlog
uurr
V2 2 3 - Vs tan x/2
ad
Yo
13.
1 rx 71
14.
X 7C
— log tan —+— + C xlog tan + C
.
2 B 2 12 2 2 6
dY
Re
tan x/2 + 2
innd
1
15.
^log^ + C
5 tan x/2 - S
FFi
1
18.10.10 ALTERNATIVE METHOD TO EVALUATE INTEGRALS OF THE FORM dx
ti sin -V f b cos .v
To evaluate this type of integrals, we substitute
■yja^ + and, 0 = tan

-1
a = r cos Q,b =r sin 0 so that r =
a
sin X + b cos x = r cos 0 sin x + r sin 0 cos x = r sin (x + 0)

1 1
So, I = .. = 1 dx - cosec (x + 0) ^^x
a sin x + b cos x r sin (x + 0) r
r
/ = - log tan
1 1 L f —^ +—
0
+ c =
1 1
= log tan
. ^
— + — tan
1 . ●lb
+ C
r ® 2 2 2 ^ 2 2 a


1 1
V3 sin X + cos X sin X + V3 cos X
SOLUTION (i) Let ^[3 = r sin 0 and 1 = r cos 0. Then

r and tan 0 =
V3 => r = 2 and 0 = —
n
1 3
1 1
I = dx dx
sin X + cosx r sin 0 sin x + r cos 0 cos x
ooww
1 J If ,■ It .( ^ X Q'
dx = - sec (x - 0) flx = - loe tan —+ + C
r *' cos (x - 0) r ●* r ^ [a 2 2)
1,ioe
I = — . X K
+ C = — lo2
1 f X
tan — + — tan — + — + C
[a '*'22 6
e
2 ^ 2 ^ 2 12
ree
rFl
(ii) Let 1 = r cos 0 and ^f3 =r sin Q. Then, r = ^1^ +(V3)^ and tan 0 V3 TC
Fre
=> r = 2 and 0 = —
1 3
rrF
1 1 1
I =
sin X + ^/3 cos X
dx = -
sin X cos 0 + cos x sin 0
fix =
7I sin (x + 0)
dx
ouur
sffoo
I
1
= - cosec (x + Q) dx = -log tan - + —
1 , , fx 0 + C = 1 1
— log tan
. f —X +—
7t +c
r ® I2 2 2 ® I2 6
okks
r
Yo
a sin X + b cos x
oo
Y
18.10.11 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM dx

BB
c sin X + fr cos X

rre
ALGORITHM
ouu
YY
Write, Numerator =\(Dif.f of denominator)+ (Denominator)

ad
Step I
i.e. asm x + b cos x = X{c cos x -
sin x) + |i (c sin x + d cos x)
dd
Step II Obtain the values ofX and p &y equating the coefficients of sin x and cos x on both the sides.
Re
iinn
Step III Replace numerator in the integrand b\/X{c cos x - d sin x) + |i (c sin x + d cos x) to obtain
fl sin X + b cos x f c cos X - d sin x c sin x + d cos x
F
dx~X dx + p
c sin X + d cos x c sin X + d cos x c sin X + d cos X ^^x
= X log I c sin X + cos x| + ji X + C


■ 3 sin X + 2 cos X 1
3 cos X + 2 sin x 1 + tan X
3 sin X + 2 cos x
SOLUTION (i) Let 7 = I 3 cos X + 2 sin X
dx
Let 3 sin X + 2 cos X = X. -^

dx
(3 cos X + 2 sin x) + |i (3 cos x + 2 sin x)
i.e. 3 sin X + 2 cos x = X (- 3 sin a: + 2 cos a:) + )i (3 cos a: + 2 sin a:)

Comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos x on both sides, we get
12 5
-3X,+ 2u = 3 and 2^+3u = 2^ u = — and >. = -
13 13
>. (- 3 sin a: + 2 cos a:) + p (3 cos a: + 2 sin a:) dx
I =
3 cos a: + 2 sin x
- 3 sin a: + 2 cos x dt
/ = |A 1 - dx + k dx =)aa: + X —, where f = 3 cos a: + 2 sin a:
3 cos a: + 2 sin a: ●’ t
12 5
I = jA a: + X log |f|+C = — X - — log I 3 cos a: + 2 sin a: | + C
13 13
1 cos X
(ii) 1 = dx = dx
1 + tan X cos x + sin x
ww
Let cos X = X — (cos x + sin a:) + p (cos a: + sin a:). Then,
dx
cos X =>, (-sin cos at)+ p (sin a: + cos a:)
Flo
Comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos x on both sides, we get:
1
e
- A. + p = 0 and ^ + fi = l=>^ = p
eree
2
cos a: 1/2 (- sin a: + cos a:) +1/2 (cos a: + sin a:)
FFr
I = dx - dx
cos a: + sm a: cos X + sm X
oorr
uur r
1 - sm a: + cos x If cos a: + sm a:
dx + — dx
2 ●' cos a: + sin X 2 ●' cos X + sin X
sf
dt 1 f
/ =1
sk
1 ● dx, where t = cos x + sin x

Yoo
-f —
2J
oook
I = -
2 log61111 I + -
x +C = — X + — log I sin X + cos x I + C
eBB
2 2 2^' '
1
uurr
1 + cot X
ad
1 1 sm X
SOLUTION Let / = I dx =
I dx = dx
Yo
1 + cot X cos X sm X + cos X

1 +
dY
sm X
Re
Let sinx = X.—(sinx + cosx) + p (sinx + cosx) i.e. sinx = ^(cosx-sinx) + p (sinx + cosx)
innd
dx
FFi
Comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos x on both sides, we get

0 = X + |A and 1=-A. + |a ^X = -1/2,p = 1/2
● X (cos X - sin x) + p (sin x + cos x) dx-X cos X - sm X sm X + cos X
I = dx + \i dx
sm X + cos X sm X + cos X sm X + cos X
=> I = -1X r h p 1 ● dx, where t = sin x + cos x

t
=>/=>. logi f| + p X+ C = -(1/2) logi sin X + cos x| + (1/2) X + C

a sin .Y + b ccxs .t + c ,
18.10.12 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM
J — —
p sin X + q cos .v + r
ax

ALGORITHM
Step I Write: Numerator = X (Diff. of denominator) + p (Denominator) + v

i.e. a sin x + b cos x + c = X(p cos x - q sin x) + p (p sin x + q cos x + r) + v
Step II Obtain the values ofX and \i by equating the coefficients of sin x and cos x and the constant
terms on both the sides.
Step III Replace the numerator in the integrand by X (p cos x-q sin x) + p.{psiax + q cos a: + r) + v
to obtain
f a sin X + b cos x + c
/ = dx
p sin X + q cos x + r
p cos x-qsm X p sin X + q cos x + r 1
I = X dx-hp + v dx
p sin x + q cos x + r p sm X + q cosx + r p sin X + q cos x + r
1
1 = Xloglp sin X + q cos ;i: + r| + |iA: + v dx
psin X + q cos x + r
ww
Step IV Evaluate the integral on RHS in step III by using the method discussed earlier.
The following example will illustrates the procedure.
Flo
e
eree
FFr
3 COS a: + 2
EXAMPLE Evaluate: dx
uurr
sin X + 2 COS x + 3
SOLUTION Let I =
3 COS X + 2
dx orr
sfo
sin X + 2 cos x + 3
Let 3 cos x + l-X(sin x + 2 cos x + 3) + p (cos x -2 sin x) + v

kks
Yoo
oooo
Comparing the coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant term on both sides, we get
6 3 8
eBB
X-2|i=0, 2X + p=3, 3X + v = 2^X = — - — and v =

5 5 5
I =
X (sin X + 2 cos x + 3) + p (cos x - 2 sin x) + v dx
urr
sin X + 2 cos x + 3
ad
cos X - 2 sin x 1
YYo
I = X dx + p dx + v dx
sin X + 2 cos X + 3 sin X + 2 cos x + 3
1
dd
I = ^ X + p log I sin X + 2 cos x + 31 + v where = dx

Re
sin X + 2 cos x + 3
inn
2 tan x/2 1 - tan^ x/2

F
Putting sin X = and cos x - , we get

1 + tan^ x/2 1 + tan^ x/2
1
I1 dx
2 tan x/2
+
2(l-tan^x/2) + 3
1 + tan^ x/2 1 + tan^ x/2
1 + tan^ x/2 dx =
sec^ x/2 dx
^ h =
2 tan x/2 + 2-2 tan^ x/2 + 3 (1 + tan^ x/2) tan^ x/2 + 2 tan x/2 + 5
X 1 2 X 2 X
Putting tan —=t and — sec — dx = dt or, sec — dx-1 dt, we eet
2 2 ^
.. ^ 1
tan - +1
2dt dt 2 -iff + l ^tan -1 2
I1
=1 f^ + 2f+5 (f +1)^ + 2^
= — tan
2 2
=
2
i. ^ 1
tan - +1
/ = X a: + )i log [ sin x + 2 cos a: + 31 + v tan ^ 2
2
+ C
i. ^ 1
tan - +1
6 3 8
o, -1 2
1 = — a: + —log sina: + 2cosar+3 —— tan +C
5 5^ 5 2
EXERCISE 18.24
BASIC
ooww
1 1 3 + 2 cos X + 4 sin x
1. dx 2. dx 3. dx
1 - cot X ^ 1 - tan X 2 sin X + cos x + 3
1 5 cos X + 6 2 sin X + 3 cos x

dx
5. J dx dx
e
4. 6.
p + g tan X 2 cos X + sin x + 3 3 sin X + 4 cos x
ree
rFl 1 2 tan X + 3
1
1
Fre
7. dx 8. dx dx
3 + 4 cot X 3 tan X + 4 4 + 3 tan X
rrF
8 cot X +1 4 sin X + 5 cos x
10. dx 11. dx
3 cot X + 2 ** 5 sin X + 4 cos x
ouur
sffoo
ANSWERS
1 1 , , .
okks
1. :^x + -ôg\smx- cos XI +C 2. — X - — log I sin X - cos x I + C

2 2®
Yo
—if X
oo
P o
Y
3. 2x - 3 tan tan — +1 + C 4.
—2 ^ —2 log I P COS X + g sin XI + C
BB
2
P +<? P
rre
18
5. 2 X + log I 2 cos x+sinx + 3|+C 6. —:c + — log i 3 sin X + 4 cos x I + C
25 25 '
ouu
3 4 18
YY
ad
7. —X- — log I 3 sin X + 4 cos XI + C 8. — X + — log 1 3 sin X + 4 cos XI + C

25 25 25 25 ® '
4 3
9. — x + — log I 4 cos X + 3 sin XI + C 10. 2 x + log | 2 sin x + 3 cos x | + C
dd
25 25
40
Re
iinn
9
11. —x +
41
—
41
log 15 sin X + 4 cos x | + C
F
18.11 INTEGRATION BY PARTS
THEOREM If u and V are two functions ofx, then

( \ f du
uv dx = u
I. & -j \
V dx[ dx
J ^
dx
i.e.
The integral of the product of two functions = (First function) x (Integral of second function)
Integral o/| (Dijf. offirst function) x (integral of secondfunction) |

PROOF For any two functions / (x) and g (x), we know that
dx dx (x)| + g{x)-f{f
dx (x)|
dx (x)l +g{x)-fif{x)]\dx=f{x)g (I)
dx
f{x)~{g(x)\
dx
\ dx+ f \g{x)-4- {/(jv)l dx I dx=f{x)g{x)
{/ (^') ■ ^ {g (^)l I dx =f (x) ■g (x) (a:) ● ~ {f (a:) | dx
Let / (x) = u and —
dx
(x)} = y so that g (x) = V dx. Substituting these in (i), we get
du
uv dx = u V dx ■ - — V dx> dx
dx
NOTE 1 Proper choice offirst and second function —
ooww
Integration ivith the help of the above rule is called the integration by parts. In the above rule there are tivo
terms on RHS and in both the terms the integral of the second function is involved. Therefore in the
-1 -1
product of two functions if one of the two functions is not directly integrable (e.g., log x, sin " x, cos ' x,
tan ^ X etc.), we take it as the firstfunction and the remaining function is taken as the secondfunction. If
e
there is no other function, then unity is taken as the second function. If in the integral both the functions
ree
rFl
are easily integrable, then the first function is chosen in such a way that the derivative of the function is a
Fre
simple ^notion and the function thus obtained under the integral sign is easily integrable than the
rrF
original function.
NOTE 2 VVe can also choose the first function as thefunction which comes first in the word ILATE, where
ouur
I - stands for the inverse trigonometric function {sin~^
sffoo x, cos ^ X, tan ^ X etc.)
L - stands for the logarithmic functions
okks
A - stands for the algebraic functions

Yo
T - stands for the trigonometric functions

oo
Y
E - stands for the exponential functions

BB
rre

ouu
YY
ad
EXAMPLE 1 Eval

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CLASS XII (Code 041) VOLUME-1

Dr. R.D. SHARMA

B.Sc. (Hons) (GoldMedalist),M.Sc. (GoldMedalist), Ph.D.

Professor and Head of Department of Sciences and Humanities

Aryabhatt DSEUAshok Vihar Campus, Delhi

DHANPAT RAI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD.

3. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 3.1-3.97

4. ALGEBRA OF MATRICES 4.1-4.63

10. DIFFERENTIATION 10.1-10.107

11. HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES 11.1-11.19

12. DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURER 12.1-12.21

13. DIFFERENTIALS, ERRORS AND APPROXIMATIONS 13.1-13.9

14. MEAN VALUE THEOREMS 14.1-14.17

15. TANGENTS AND NORMALS 15.1-15.39

16. INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS 16.1-16.31

17. MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.1-17.66

18. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 18.1-18.180

1.1 Introduction 1.1

1.2 Recapitulation 1.1

2.1 Introduction 2.1

2.3 Kinds of Functions 2.11

2.4 Composition of Functions 2.27

3.4 Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 3.19

4. ALGEBRA OF MATRICES 4.1-4.63

4.1 Matrix 4.1

4.2 Types of Matrices 4.2

4.3 Equality of Matrices 4.3

4.4 Addition of Matrices 4.9

4.5 Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar (Scalar Multiplication) 4.10

4.7 Multiplication of Matrices 4.18

4.8 Ttranspose of a Matrix 4.46

4.9 Symmetric and Skew-symmetric Matrices 4.51

5.1 Determinants 5.1

5.2 Singular Matrix 5.5

5.3 Minors and Cofactors 5.5

5.4 Properties of Determinants 5.11

5.5 Evaluation of Determinants 5.16

5.6 Applications of Determinants to Coordinate Geometry 5.63

5.7 Applications of Determinants in Solving a System of Linear Equations 5.67

6. ADJOINT AND INVERSE OF A MATRIX 6.1-6.36

6.1 Adjoint of a square Matrix 6.1

6.4 Elementary transform.ations or Elementary Operations of a Matrix 6.27

7. SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS 7.1-7.20

7.1 Introduction 7.1

7.3 Solution of homogeneous system of linear equations 7.17

8.2 Continuity at a point 8.2

10.1 Introduction 10.1

10.3 Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric functions from First Principles 10.4

10.5 Differentiation by using Trigonometrical Substitutions 10.36

10.8 Logarithmic Differentiation 10.68

10.9 Differentiation of Infinite Series 10.85

10.10 Differentiation of Parametric Functions 10.88

11. HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES 11.1-11.19

11.1 Definition and Notations 11.1

12, DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURER 12.1-12.21

12.1 Derivative as a rate measurer 12.1

12.2 Related rates 12.5

13. DIFFERENTIALS, ERRORS AND APPROXIMATIONS 13.1-13.9

13.1 Differentials 13.1

14. MEAN VALUE THEOREMS 14.1-14.17

14.1 Rolle's Theorem 14.1

15.1 Preliminaries 15.1