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CHAPTER
Differentiation
2
2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY
2.2 THE DERIVATIVE
2.3 COMPUTATION OF DERIVATIVES: THE POWER
RULE
2.4 THE PRODUCT AND QUOTIENT RULES
2.5 THE CHAIN RULE
2.6 DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
2.7 DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Slide 2
CHAPTER IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND

Differentiation 2.8
2 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Implicit Functions
2.8 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND INVERSE Compare the following two equations describing familiar
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS curves:
2.9 THE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS y = x2 + 3 (parabola) and x2 + y2 = 4 (circle).
2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM
The first equation defines y as a function of x explicitly,
since for each x, the equation gives an explicit formula for
finding the corresponding value of y.
On the other hand, the second equation does not define a

function, since the circle doesn’t pass the vertical line
test.
Slide 3 Slide 4
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND

2.8 2.8
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Implicit Functions Implicit Functions
However, you can solve for y and find at least two
functions that are defined implicitly by the equation
x2 + y2 = 4.
Now, find the slope of the

tangent line to the circle
x2 + y2 = 4 at the point
Slide 5 Slide 6
2.8 2.8
Implicit Functions Implicit Functions
Alternatively, assuming the equation x2 + y2 = 4 defines This process of differentiating both sides of an equation
one or more differentiable functions of x: y = y(x), the with respect to x and then solving for y(x) is called implicit
equation is x2 + [y(x)]2 = 4. differentiation.
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
Slide 7 Slide 8

2.8 2.8
EXAMPLE 8.1 Finding a Tangent Line Implicitly EXAMPLE 8.1 Finding a Tangent Line Implicitly
Find y’(x) for x + y3 − 2y = 3. Then, find the equation of
2
the tangent line at the point (2, 1). Solution
Slide 9 Slide 10

2.8 2.8
EXAMPLE 8.1 Finding a Tangent Line Implicitly EXAMPLE 8.4 Finding a Second Derivative Implicitly
Find y’’(x) implicitly for y2 + 2e−xy = 6. Then find the value
Solution of y’’ at the point (0, 2).
Slide 11 Slide 12
2.8 2.8
EXAMPLE 8.4 Finding a Second Derivative Implicitly EXAMPLE 8.4 Finding a Second Derivative Implicitly
Solution Solution
Dividing out the common factor of 2 and differentiating again, we We now solve for y’’(x) to get
get
Slide 13 Slide 14

2.8 2.8
EXAMPLE 8.4 Finding a Second Derivative Implicitly Derivative of sin−1 x
Begin by recalling the definition of sin−1 x:
Solution
Substitute x = 0 and y = 2 into (8.3) to get

Keeping in mind that y = sin–1 x, differentiate the equation
sin y = x implicitly,
from which we conclude that
Substitute x = 0, y = 2 and y’(0) =1 into (8.4) to get
Slide 15 Slide 16

2.8 2.8
Derivative of sin−1 x Derivative of sin−1 x
Solving this for dy/dx, we find (for cos y ≠ 0) that This leaves us with
Notice that for y ∈ [−π/2, π/2], cos y ≥ 0 and hence,

Since y = sin–1 x,
Slide 17 Slide 18
2.8 2.8
Derivative of cos−1 x Derivative of tan−1 x
We leave it as an exercise to show that Recall that
Using implicit differentiation,
Slide 19 Slide 20

2.8 2.8
Derivative of tan−1 x Derivative of sec−1 x
You can likewise show that
Solve this for dy/dx,
This is left as an exercise.
Slide 21 Slide 22

2.8 2.8
Derivatives of cot−1 x and csc−1 x EXAMPLE 8.5 Finding the Derivative of an Inverse
Trigonometric Function
Compute the derivative of (a) cos−1(3x2), (b) (sec−1 x)2 and
(c) tan−1 (x3).
Slide 23 Slide 24
2.8 2.8
EXAMPLE 8.5 Finding the Derivative of an Inverse EXAMPLE 8.5 Finding the Derivative of an Inverse
Trigonometric Function Trigonometric Function
Solution Solution
From the chain rule, From the chain rule,
Slide 25 Slide 26

2.8 2.8
EXAMPLE 8.5 Finding the Derivative of an Inverse EXAMPLE 8.6 Modeling the Rate of Change of a
Trigonometric Function Ballplayer’s Gaze
Solution One of the guiding principles of most sports is to “keep
From the chain rule, your eye on the ball.”
In football, a goalkeeper stands 0.6 m from the right post

as a free kick is shot with a velocity of 40 m/s.
Assuming that the ball only moves horizontally, at what

rate does the goalkeeper’s angle of gaze need to change
to follow the ball as it crosses the goal line?
Slide 27 Slide 28

2.8 2.8
EXAMPLE 8.6 Modeling the Rate of Change of a EXAMPLE 8.6 Modeling the Rate of Change of a
Ballplayer’s Gaze Ballplayer’s Gaze
Solution Solution
Since the distance is changing with time, we

write d = d(t). The velocity of 40 m/s means
that dʹ(t) = −40.
When d(t) = 0 (i.e., when the ball is crossing the goal line),
the rate of change is
Slide 29 Slide 30

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CHAPTER

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Slide 2

CHAPTER IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND

On the other hand, the second equation does not define a

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND

Now, find the slope of the

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND

the tangent line at the point (2, 1). Solution

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND

Substitute x = 0 and y = 2 into (8.3) to get

Substitute x = 0, y = 2 and y’(0) =1 into (8.4) to get

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND

Notice that for y ∈ [−π/2, π/2], cos y ≥ 0 and hence,

Using implicit differentiation,

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND

This is left as an exercise.

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND

In football, a goalkeeper stands 0.6 m from the right post

Assuming that the ball only moves horizontally, at what

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND

Since the distance is changing with time, we

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