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Linear Transformations
6.1 Introduction to Linear Transformations
6.2 The Kernel and Range of a Linear Transformation
6.3 Matrices for Linear Transformations
6.4 Transition Matrices and Similarity
MAT1041 - Chapter 6 1
6.1 Introduction to Linear Transformation
Learn about functions that map a vector space V into a
vector space W --- T: V W
V: domain of T
range
v
w image of v
T: V W
W: codomain of T
Map
If v is in V and w is in W s.t. T(v) = w, then w is called the
image of v under T.
For any vector v = (v1, v2) in R2, and let T: R2 R2 be defined
by T(v1, v2) = (v1 v2, v1 + 2v2).
Linear Transformation
Let V and W be vector spaces. The function T: V W is
called a linear transformation of V into W if the
following two properties are true for all u and v in V and
for any scalar c.
1. T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v)
2. T(cu) = cT(u)
Show that the function T(v1, v2) = (v1 v2, v1 + 2v2) is a linear
transformation from R2 into R2.
Let v = (v1, v2) and u = (u1, u2)
Vector addition: v + u = (v1 + u1, v2 + u2)
T(cv) = (cv1 cv2, cv1+ 2cv2) = c(v1 v2, v1+ 2v2) = cT(v)
Therefore T is a linear transformation.
MAT1041 - Chapter 6 6-6
Section 6-1
3 0 6
2
T ( v) Av 2 1 3
1
1 2 0
Therefore, T(2, 1) = (6, 3, 0)
Example 5 (cont.)
Show that T is a linear transformation from R2 to R3.
1. For any u and v in R2, we have
T(u + v) = A(u + v) = Au +Av = T(u) +T(v)
2. For any u in R2 and any scalar c, we have
T(cu) = A(cu) = c(Au) = cT(u)
Ex 8: A projection in R 3
1 0 0
The linear transformation T: R3 R3 given by A 0 1 0
is called a projection in R3. 0 0 0
If v = (x, y, z) is a vector in R3, then T(v) = (x, y, 0). In other words, T
maps every vector in R3 to its orthogonal projection in the xy - plane.
z
( x, y, z )
y
x T ( x, y , z )
( x, y,0)
(0,0,0)
x y
MAT1041 - Chapter 6 6-20
Section 6-2
Sol: The kernel of T is the set of all x = (x1, x2, x3) in R3 s.t.
T(x1, x2, x3) = (0, 0). That is,
x1 x1 t
1 1 2 0
1 2 x2 x2 t , t R
3
x3 0
x3 t
Therefore, ker(T) = { t (1, 1,1): tR } = span{ (1, 1,1) }
Example 6 (cont.)
x1 0 x1 2 1
1 2 0 1 1 1 2
2 1 3 1 0
x2 0 x2
x3 0 x3 s 1 t 0
1 0 2 0 1
4 4
x 0 x 0 4
0 0 0 2 8
x5 0 x5 0 1
Thus one basis for the kernel T is given by
B = { (2, 1, 1, 0, 0), (1, 2, 0, 4, 1) }
Solution Space
A basis for the kernel of a linear transformation T(x) = Ax was
found by solving the homogeneous system given by Ax = 0.
ker(T) is a subspace of V.
Figure 6.6
Kernel ker(T) is a subspace of V
V Codomain
0
Domain T: V W
W
Range
range(T) is a subspace of W
Column Space
To find a basis for the range of a linear transformation defined by
T(x) = Ax, observe that the range consists of all vectors b such that
the system Ax = b is consistent.
a11 a12 a1n x1 a11 a1n b1
a a22 a2 n x2 a a b
Ax 21
x1 21 xn 2 n 2 b
am1 am 2 amn xn m1
a amn bm
1 2 0 1 1 1 0 2 0 1
2 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 0 2
A
1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 4
0 0 0 2 8 0 0 0 0 0
One basis for the range of T is
B = { (1, 2, 1, 0), (2, 1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0, 2) }
rank(T) + nullity(T) = n
or
dim(range) + dim(kernel) = dim(domain)
dim(kernel) = n – dim(range) = 5 – 2 = 3
One-to-One Mapping
A linear transformation T :VW is said to be one-to-one if and
only if for all u and v in V, T(u) = T(v) implies that u = v.
V V
W W
T T
Example 10
The linear transformation T: Mm,n Mn,m given by T ( A) AT is
one-to-one because its kernel consists of only the m n zero matrix.
Proof:
」If T is one-to-one, then ker(T) = {0} and dim(ker(T)) = 0. In
this case, dim(range of T) = n – dim(ker(T)) = n = dim(W).
By Theorem 6.7, T is onto.
Example 11
The linear transformation T:RnRm is given by T(x) = Ax. Find the nullity
and rank of T and determine whether T is one-to-one, onto, or either.
1 2 0 1 2 1 2 0
1 2 0 0 1 1
(a) A 0 1 1, (b) A 0 1, (c) A , ( d ) A
0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Once you know the image of every vector in the basis, you can use the
properties of linear transformations to determine T(v) for any v in V.
MAT1041 - Chapter 6 6-43
Section 6-3
1
2 n
m1 m 2
a a a mn n
v m1
a m2
a amn
v1T (e1 ) v2T (e 2 ) vnT (e n ) T ( v)
MAT1041 - Chapter 6 6-45
Section 6-3
Example 1
Find the standard matrix for the linear transformation T: R3R2
defined by T(x, y, z) = ( x – 2y, 2x + y)
Sol: 1
1
T (e1 ) T (1, 0, 0) (1, 2) T (e1 ) T 0
0 2
0
2
T (e 2 ) T (0, 1, 0) (2, 1) T (e 2 ) T 1
0 1
0
0
T (e3 ) T (0, 0, 1) (0, 0) T (e3 ) T 0
1 0
MAT1041 - Chapter 6 6-46
Section 6-3
Example 1 (cont.)
1 2 0
A T (e1 ) T (e3 )
T (e2 )
2 1 0
Note that
x x
1 2 0 x 2 y
A y y
z z
2 1 0 2 x y
which is equivalent to T(x, y, z) = ( x – 2y, 2x + y).