Rules Math 101

Abdulaziz Alshahrani
Chapter R :
𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
1) The Absolute value : 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 |𝑥| = {
−𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
𝑝
2) 𝑞 ≠ 0 ( Always q not equal 0 )
𝑞
3) Distance between tow point a , b given by |𝑎 − 𝑏|𝑜𝑟|𝑏 − 𝑎|
4) In number line Always start from (− ∞) and ( a , b ] if x = we make ] or [ on
Interval notation
5) Exponent mean 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑥 another example 𝑥 3 = 𝑥 . 𝑥 . 𝑥 = 𝑥 3
6) 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑎 and 𝑎. 𝑏 = 𝑏. 𝑎
7) (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐 = 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) and (𝑎. 𝑏) . 𝑐 = 𝑎 . (𝑏. 𝑐)
8) 𝑎 + 0 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 + 𝑎 = 𝑎 Always the additive neutral number is 0
9) 𝑎 . 1 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 . 𝑎 = 𝑎 Always the multiplicative neutral number is 1
10) (+𝑎) + (−𝑎) = 0 Always any number sum with opposite equal 0
1 1
11) 𝑎 . = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 . 𝑎 = 1 Always any number multiple with opposite equal 0
𝑎 𝑎
12) 𝑎 ∙ (𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 + 𝑎 ∙ 𝑐
1
13) 𝑏0 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏−𝑛 =
𝑏𝑛
𝑏𝑚
14) 𝑏𝑚 ∙ 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑏𝑚+𝑛 if the number same ( b ) , and = 𝑏𝑚−𝑛
𝑏𝑛
𝑎 𝑚 𝑎𝑚
15) (𝑏𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑏𝑚.𝑛 and (𝑎𝑏)𝑚 = 𝑎 𝑚𝑏𝑚 and ( ) =
𝑏 𝑏𝑚
1
2
16) √𝑎 = 𝑎 2 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒 = √𝑎1 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑛
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑛 𝑛
17) 𝑎 = ( √𝑎 )
𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 √𝑎 𝑚 = 𝑎 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
18) 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 √𝑎 𝑛 = |𝑎| 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 √𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑎
𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 √𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑚 𝑚∙𝑛
19) √𝑎 ∙ √𝑏 = √𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = √ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 √ √𝑎 = √𝑎
√𝑏 𝑏
20) 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 (𝑛) 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 (𝑎) 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑛√+𝑎
𝑚
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
+ 𝑥𝑛
21) 𝑖𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 = 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑛
𝑥𝑛

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 ( 𝑛 ) 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑛 ( 𝑚 )

22) (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 2 − 𝑏2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 2 − 𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
23) (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2
24) (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2
25) 𝑎 3 + 𝑏3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 ) = 𝑎 3 + 𝑏3
26) 𝑎 3 − 𝑏3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 ) = 𝑎 3 − 𝑏3
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑑
27) ∙ = 𝑏 ≠ 0 , 𝑑 ≠ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ÷ = ∙ 𝑏 ≠ 0 , 𝑑 ≠ 0, 𝑐 ≠ 0
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎 ∙ 𝑛√𝑏𝑚 𝑦 𝑎 𝑎 ∙ (√𝑏+√𝑑)
28) 𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
√𝑏𝑦 𝑚 √𝑏𝑦 𝑚 ∙ √𝑏𝑚𝑦 √𝑏−√𝑑 (√𝑏−√𝑑)∙(√𝑏+√𝑑)
Chapter 1
1) 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 ≠ 0
2) 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖 = √−1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖 2 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 √−𝑏 = 𝑖√𝑏
3) 𝑞𝑢𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 ≠ 0
4) 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑥 2 = 𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = ±√𝑘
1 2
5) 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑖𝑠 [ (𝑏)] = 𝑧, 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 +
2
𝑧 = 𝑐+𝑧
−𝑏±√𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
6) 𝑞𝑢𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑏2 −
2𝑎
4𝑎𝑐
𝑛
𝑚 𝑚 𝑛
𝑚
7) 𝑢 = 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 (𝑢 ) = (𝑘)𝑚
𝑛 𝑛

𝑛
𝑚 𝑚 𝑛
𝑚
8) 𝑢 = 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 (𝑢 ) = ±(𝑘)𝑚
𝑛 𝑛

9) 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 ≤ 0
10) 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑐 < 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 − 𝑐 < 𝑏 − 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏
11) 𝑖𝑓 𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 < 𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 ∙ 𝑐 < 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 <
𝑐 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏
12) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑐 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 < 𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 ∙ 𝑐 < 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 >
𝑐 𝑐
13) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 > 0 , |𝑢| = 𝑘 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑢 = 𝑘 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = −𝑘
14) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = 0, |𝑢| = 𝑘 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑢 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 < 0, |𝑢| =
𝑘 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
15) |𝑢| = |𝑤| 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑢 = 𝑤 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = −𝑤
16) |𝑢| < 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑘 < 𝑢 < 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑢| > 𝑘 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑢 <
−𝑘 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 > 𝑘
Chapter 2

1) 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
2) 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑚= ( , )
2 2
3) 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 (𝑎, 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 (0, 𝑏)
4) 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 (𝑥 − ℎ) + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
2

5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 ( ℎ , 𝑘 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑠(𝑟)

6) 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
7) 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
8) 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 {(𝑥, 𝑦), (𝑥, 𝑦)} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠 (𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 (𝑦)
9) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(0)
10) 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 = 𝐶
11) ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑘 , 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑚 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑥 =
𝑘 , 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
∆𝑦 𝑦2 −𝑦1
12) 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑚 = = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
∆𝑥 𝑥2 −𝑥1
13) 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑓(𝑥2 )−𝑓(𝑥1 )
14) 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑚 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1
15) 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
 1
16) 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑚1 = −
𝑚2
17) 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑖𝑠 (𝑓 ° 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
18) 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 (𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥 +
ℎ
ℎ, 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ))
Chapter 3

1) 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘

2) 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥
3) 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥(ℎ, 𝑘), 𝑥. 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) =
0 , 𝑦. 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑓(0)
−𝑏 −𝑏 −𝑏
4) 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ( , 𝑓 ( )) 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑖𝑠
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
5) 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑠 ( 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 , 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 , 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 , 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 )
6) 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑠 (𝑥 − 𝑐) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑓(𝑐)
7) 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 ∶
i) 𝐼𝐹 𝑓(𝑐) = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 (𝑥 − 𝑐)𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
ii) 𝐼𝐹 (𝑥 − 𝑐)𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑐) = 0
8) 𝑖𝑓 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒
( 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑓 (𝑥
− 𝑐)𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 … ) 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣 𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑦𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑦
𝑘
9) 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 ( 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦( 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 ), 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑦 ( 𝑦 = ) , 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑦 (𝑦 = 𝑘𝑤𝑥)
𝑥

Chapter 4

1) 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 , 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑤𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛 ′ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠

2) (𝑓 ° 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔
3) (𝑔 ° 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓
4) 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
5) 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓(𝑥)𝑏 𝑥
i) 𝑖𝑓 𝑏 > 1, 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
ii) 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑏 < 1, 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
iii) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑑 ( − ∞ , ∞)
iv) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 (0, ∞)
v) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑦 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒
vi) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ (0,1)
1 𝑥
6) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1 + )
𝑥
𝑎𝑠 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 ∞
𝑟 𝑛𝑡
7) 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 , 𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + ) 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑛
𝐴 = 𝑃𝑒 𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦
8) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥
9) 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
10) 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚 𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
1 1
11) 𝐼𝑛 ( ) = −1 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑒 −1 =
𝑒 𝑒
12) log 𝑏 1 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 log 𝑏 𝑏 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 log 𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏log𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥
13) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑒 𝑥
i) 𝑖𝑓 𝑏 > 1, 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
ii) 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑏 < 1, 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
iii) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑑 ( 0 , ∞)
iv) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 (−∞, ∞)
v) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒
vi) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ (1,0)
14) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
15) log 𝑏 (𝑥𝑦) = log 𝑏 𝑥 + log 𝑏 𝑦 ( 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 )
𝑥
16) log 𝑏 ( ) = log 𝑏 𝑥 + log 𝑏 𝑦 ( 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 )
𝑦
17) log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑝 = 𝑝 log 𝑏 𝑥 ( 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 )
log𝑎 𝑥
18) log 𝑏 𝑥 = ( 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 )
log𝑎 𝑏
19) 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑦 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
20) log 𝑏 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑦 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
21) 𝑦 = 𝑦0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑒 (𝐼𝑛 𝑏)𝑡
𝑐
22) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = −𝑏𝑡
1 + 𝑎𝑒