Fourier series in (−𝝅, 𝝅)

𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝐴 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑒𝑔. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥, 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 , 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

𝑶𝒅𝒅 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝐴 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑒𝑔. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥, 𝑥 3 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 , 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛.

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

(𝒊) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 (𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒)𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 (𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒) 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛.
(𝑖𝑣) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛.
(𝑣) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑.
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝐸 𝑂
𝐸 𝐸 𝑂
𝑂 𝑂 𝐸

𝑎 𝑎

(𝑣𝑖) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛

−𝑎 0

=0 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑

1
EM III_SMITA N
 ∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 )
2
𝑛=1
𝜋
1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝜋
𝜋
1
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝜋
𝜋
1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝜋

𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛

𝜋 𝜋
1 2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
−𝜋 0

𝜋
1
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝜋

𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 . ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡
𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝜋
2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

2
EM III_SMITA N
 𝜋
1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝜋

𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 . ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑏𝑛 = 0

𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
𝝅
𝟐
𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝝅
𝟎
𝝅
𝟐
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝝅
𝟎

𝒃𝒏 = 𝟎

𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑂𝑑𝑑
𝜋
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝜋
−𝜋
𝜋
1
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝜋

𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 . ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓
𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑎𝑛 = 0
𝜋
1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝜋

𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 . ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓

3
EM III_SMITA N
𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜋
2
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅
𝒂𝟎 = 𝟎
𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎
𝜋
2
𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

1) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 𝑖𝑛 (−𝜋, 𝜋)

Solution

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3

𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑥 3 = −𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

𝒂𝟎 = 𝟎
𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎

𝜋
2
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
𝜋
2
= ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

2 3
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 2
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= [(𝑥 ) ( ) − (3𝑥 ) ( ) + (6𝑥) ( 3 ) − (6) ( 4 )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛 0

4
EM III_SMITA N
 2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋
= [(𝜋 3 ) ( ) − (3𝜋 2 ) ( ) + (6𝜋) ( ) − (6) ( )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑛4

2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
= [(𝜋 3 ) ( ) + (6𝜋) ( 3 )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
= (12) ( 3 ) − (2𝜋 2 ) ( )
𝑛 𝑛

12 2𝜋 2
𝑛
= (−1) ( 3 − )
𝑛 𝑛

𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑛=1

∞
12 2𝜋 2 𝑛
= ∑(−1) ( 3 − ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=1

∞
𝑛
12 2𝜋 2
= (−1) ∑ ( 3 − ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=1

2) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| 𝑖𝑛 (−𝜋, 𝜋)

Solution
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥|

𝑓(−𝑥) = |sin (−𝑥)|

5
EM III_SMITA N
 = |−sin𝑥|

= |sin𝑥|

= 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

𝑏𝑛 = 0

𝜋
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
𝜋
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

2
= [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]𝜋0
𝜋
2
= [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 1]
𝜋
2
= [1 + 1]
𝜋
4
=
𝜋

𝜋
2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
𝜋
2
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin (𝐴 − 𝐵)

6
EM III_SMITA N
 𝜋
1
= ∫ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
𝜋
1
= ∫[sin(1 + 𝑛) 𝑥 + sin(1 − 𝑛) 𝑥]𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

𝜋
1 − cos(1 + 𝑛) 𝑥 − cos(1 − 𝑛) 𝑥
= [ + ]
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 0

𝜋
−1 cos(1 + 𝑛) 𝑥 cos(1 − 𝑛) 𝑥
= [ + ]
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 0

−1 cos(1 + 𝑛) 𝜋 cos(1 − 𝑛) 𝜋 1 1
= [ + −( + )]
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛

cos(1 + 𝑛) 𝜋 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋

cos(1 − 𝑛) 𝜋 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋

−1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 1 1
= [ + −( + )]
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛

−1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 1
= [ + ]
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 + 1 1 1
= [ + ]
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛

7
EM III_SMITA N
 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 + 1 1 − 𝑛 + 1 + 𝑛
= [ ]
𝜋 1 − 𝑛2

(−1)𝑛 + 1 2
= [ ] 𝑛≠1
𝜋 1 − 𝑛2

𝜋
2
𝑎1 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
𝜋
1
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝜋
= [ ]
𝜋 2 0

1
= [−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 + 1]
2𝜋

1
= [−1 + 1] = 0
2𝜋

∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 )
2
𝑛=1

∞
4 (−1)𝑛 + 1 2
𝑓(𝑥) = +∑ [ ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
2𝜋 𝜋 1 − 𝑛2
𝑛=2
∞
2 (−1)𝑛 + 1 2
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ [ ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 1 − 𝑛2
𝑛=2

8
EM III_SMITA N
 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
3) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝜋 𝑖𝑛 (−𝜋, 𝜋)
𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋
Solution

𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝜋
𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋

𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑎𝜋
𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋

𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝜋 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋

𝑎0 = 0 𝑎𝑛 = 0

𝜋
2
𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

𝜋
2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
= ∫ 𝑎𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋
0

𝜋
2
= ∫(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋(𝑒 𝑎𝜋 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋 )
0

𝜋
2
= ∫(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋(𝑒 𝑎𝜋 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋 )
0

𝒂𝒙
𝒆𝒂𝒙
∫ 𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 (𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒙 − 𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒙)
𝒂 + 𝒃𝟐

9
EM III_SMITA N
 𝝅
𝟐 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝒆−𝒂𝒙
= [( (𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒙 − 𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙) − ( 𝟐 (−𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒙 − 𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙)]
𝝅(𝒆𝒂𝝅 − 𝒆−𝒂𝝅 ) 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒏𝟐 𝒂 + 𝒏𝟐 𝟎

𝟐 𝒆𝒂𝝅 𝒆−𝒂𝝅 −𝒏 −𝒏
= [ (−𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅) − (−𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅) − ( − )]
𝝅(𝒆𝒂𝝅 − 𝒆−𝒂𝝅 ) 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒏𝟐 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒏𝟐 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒏𝟐 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒏𝟐

−𝟐𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅 𝒆𝒂𝝅 𝒆−𝒂𝝅

= [ − ]
𝝅(𝒆𝒂𝝅 − 𝒆−𝒂𝝅 ) 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒏𝟐 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒏𝟐

−2𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝑒 𝑎𝜋 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋
= [ ]
𝜋(𝑒 𝑎𝜋 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋 ) 𝑎2 + 𝑛2

−2𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
=
𝜋(𝑎2 + 𝑛2 )

𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑛=1

∞
−2𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝜋(𝑎2 + 𝑛2 )
𝑛=1

𝜋 + 𝑥, −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
4) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝜋 − 𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
Solution

𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙

𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝜋 − 𝑥, −𝜋 < −𝑥 < 0
= 𝜋 − 𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋

10
EM III_SMITA N
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙.
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝒃𝒏 = 𝟎

𝜋
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
𝜋
2
= ∫(𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
𝜋
2 𝑥2
= [𝜋𝑥 − ]
𝜋 2 0

2 2 𝜋2
= [𝜋 − ]
𝜋 2

2 𝜋2
= =𝜋
𝜋 2

𝝅
𝟐
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝝅
𝟎

𝜋
2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫(𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= [(𝜋 − 𝑥) ( ) − (−1) ( )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0

11
EM III_SMITA N
 2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 1
= [ + 2]
𝜋 𝑛2 𝑛

2 1 − (−1)𝑛
= [ ]
𝜋 𝑛2

∞
𝜋 2 1 − (−1)𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ [ ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
2 𝜋 𝑛2
𝑛=1

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0

5) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥) = {
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋

Solution

𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙

𝑓(−𝑥) = cos (−𝑥), −𝜋 < −𝑥 < 0
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙.
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝒂𝟎 = 𝟎
𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎
𝜋
2
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
𝜋
2
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
𝜋
−1
= ∫ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
12
EM III_SMITA N
 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin (𝐴 − 𝐵)
𝜋
−1
= ∫ sin(1 + 𝑛) 𝑥 − sin (1 − 𝑛)𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

𝜋
−1 − cos(1 + 𝑛) 𝑥 − cos(1 − 𝑛) 𝑥
= [ − ]
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 0

𝜋
1 cos(1 + 𝑛) 𝑥 cos(1 − 𝑛) 𝑥
= [ − ]
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 0

1 cos(1 + 𝑛) 𝜋 cos(1 − 𝑛) 𝜋 1 1
= [ − −( − )]
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛

cos(1 + 𝑛) 𝜋 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋

cos(1 − 𝑛) 𝜋 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋

1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 1 1
= [ − −( − )]
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛

1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 1
= [ − ]
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 + 1 1 1
=− [ − ]
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 + 1 1 − 𝑛 − 1 − 𝑛
=− [ ]
𝜋 1 − 𝑛2
(−1)𝑛 + 1 2𝑛
= [ ] 𝑛≠1
𝜋 1 − 𝑛2
13
EM III_SMITA N
 𝜋
2
𝑎1 = ∫ −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

𝜋
−1
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

−1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝜋
= [ ]
𝜋 2 0

1
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 − 1]
2𝜋

1
= [1 − 1] = 0
2𝜋

∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 )
2
𝑛=1

∞
4 (−1)𝑛 + 1 2𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = +∑ [ ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
2𝜋 𝜋 1 − 𝑛2
𝑛=2

6) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| 𝑖𝑛 (−𝜋, 𝜋)

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝜋2 1 1 1
= 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ ….
8 1 3 5

Solution

14
EM III_SMITA N
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|

𝑓(−𝑥) = |−𝑥|

= |𝑥|

= 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

𝒃𝒏 = 𝟎

−𝒙, 𝒙<𝟎
|𝒙| = {
𝒙, 𝒙≥𝟎

𝝅
𝟐
𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝝅
𝟎

𝜋
2 𝑥2
= [ ]
𝜋 2 0

1 2
= [𝜋 ] = 𝜋
𝜋

𝜋
2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

15
EM III_SMITA N
 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= [(𝑥) ( ) − (1) ( )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0

2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 1
= [ − 2]
𝜋 𝑛2 𝑛

2 (−1)𝑛 − 1
= [ ]
𝜋 𝑛2

∞
𝜋 2 (−1)𝑛 − 1
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ [ ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
2 𝜋 𝑛2
𝑛=1

∞
𝜋 2 (−1)𝑛 − 1
𝑥 = + ∑[ ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
2 𝜋 𝑛2
𝑛=1

𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0

∞
𝜋 2 (−1)𝑛 − 1
0= + ∑[ ]
2 𝜋 𝑛2
𝑛=1

𝜋 2 −2 −2 −2
0= + [ + 2 + 2 + ⋯..]
2 𝜋 12 3 5

𝜋 2 −2 −2 −2
− = [ + 2 + 2 + ⋯..]
2 𝜋 12 3 5

16
EM III_SMITA N
 𝜋 2 −2 −2 −2
− = 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ ….
4 1 3 5

𝜋2 1 1 1
= 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ ….
8 1 3 5

7) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑛 (−𝜋, 𝜋)

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝜋2 1 1 1 1
= 2 − 2 + 2 − 2 + ⋯ ….
12 1 2 3 4

Solution

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2

= 𝑓1 (𝑥) − 𝑓2 (𝑥)

𝑓1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑓2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑓1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝒂𝟎 = 𝟎
𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎
𝜋
2
𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
𝜋
2
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

17
EM III_SMITA N
 2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= [(𝑥) ( ) − (1) ( )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0

2 −𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
= [ ]
𝜋 𝑛

(−1)𝑛
= −2 [ ]
𝑛

∞
(−1)𝑛
𝑓1 (𝑥) = 2 ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑛
𝑛=1

𝑓2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝒃𝒏 = 𝟎

𝝅
𝟐
𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝝅
𝟎
𝜋
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

𝜋
2 𝑥3
= [ ]
𝜋 3 0

2𝜋 2
=
3

18
EM III_SMITA N
 𝝅
𝟐
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝝅
𝟎
𝜋
2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= [(𝑥 ) ( ) − (2𝑥) ( ) + (2) ( )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0

2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
= [(2𝜋) ( 2 )]
𝜋 𝑛

4(−1)𝑛
=
𝑛2

∞
𝜋2 4(−1)𝑛
𝑓2 (𝑥) = +∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
3 𝑛2
𝑛=1

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓1 (𝑥) − 𝑓2 (𝑥)

∞ ∞
(−1)𝑛 𝜋 4(−1)𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 − − ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝑛 2 𝑛2
𝑛=1 𝑛=1

2
−1 1 −1 𝜋2
𝑥 − 𝑥 = 2 [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + ⋯ ] −
1 2 3 3
−1 1 −1
− 4 [ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + ⋯ . ]
1 2 3

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0

19
EM III_SMITA N
 𝜋2 −1 1 −1
0 = − − 4[ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯.]
3 1 2 3

𝜋2 1 1 1
= 4[ 2 − 2 + 2 + ⋯.]
3 1 2 3

𝜋2 1 1 1
= 2 − 2 + 2 + ⋯.
12 1 2 3

𝑥(𝜋−𝑥)(𝜋+𝑥)
8) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑖𝑛 (−𝜋, 𝜋)
12

1 1 1 1
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 − + − + ⋯ ….
13 33 53 73

Solution

𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥)(𝜋 + 𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) =
12

−𝑥(𝜋 + 𝑥)(𝜋 − 𝑥)
𝑓(−𝑥) =
12

= −𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥)(𝜋 + 𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
12

𝒂𝟎 = 𝟎

20
EM III_SMITA N
𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎
𝜋
2
𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

𝜋
2 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥)(𝜋 + 𝑥)
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 12
0

𝜋
2
= ∫ 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥)(𝜋 + 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
12𝜋
0

𝜋
1
= ∫ 𝑥(𝜋2 − 𝑥2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
6𝜋
0

𝜋
1
= ∫(𝑥𝜋2 − 𝑥3 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
6𝜋
0

1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥

= [(𝑥𝜋 2 − 𝑥 3 ) ( ) − (𝜋 2 − 3𝑥 2 ) ( ) + (−6𝑥) ( )
6𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝜋
− (−6) ( 4 )]
𝑛 0

1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋

= [(𝜋 3 − 𝜋 3 ) ( ) − (𝜋 2 − 3𝜋 2 ) ( ) + (−6𝜋) ( )
6𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋
− (−6) ( 4 )]
𝑛

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
= [(−6𝜋) ( 3 )]
6𝜋 𝑛

21
EM III_SMITA N
 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
=−
𝑛3

(−1)𝑛+1
=
𝑛3

∞
(−1)𝑛+1
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑛3
𝑛=1

1 1 1 1
𝑇𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 − + − + ⋯ ….
13 3 3 53 73

𝜋
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 =
2

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 ∞
(𝜋 − )(𝜋 + ) 𝑛+1
2 2 2 = ∑ (−1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑛𝜋
12 𝑛3 2
𝑛=1

𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
× ×
2 2 2 = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + ⋯ ….
12 13 33 53 73

3𝜋 3 1 1 1 1
= 3 − 3 + 3 − 3 + ⋯ ….
96 1 3 5 7

1 1 1 1 𝜋3
− + − +⋯=
13 33 53 73 32

22
EM III_SMITA N
 9) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑥 − 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
Solution

𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑥 =
2

𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥 ) = = −𝑓(𝑥)
2

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝒂𝟎 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎

𝝅
𝟐
𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝝅
𝟎

𝜋
2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2
0
𝜋
1
= ∫[𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥]𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

𝒂𝒙
𝒆𝒂𝒙
∫ 𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 (𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒙 − 𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒙)
𝒂 + 𝒃𝟐

𝜋
1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
= [( 2 (𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 − 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥) − ( 2 (−𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 − 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥)]
𝜋 𝑎 + 𝑛2 𝑎 + 𝑛2 0

23
EM III_SMITA N
 1 𝑒 𝑎𝜋 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋 −𝑛 −𝑛
= [ 2 (−𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋) − (−𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋) − ( − )]
𝜋 𝑎 + 𝑛2 𝑎 2 + 𝑛2 𝑎 2 + 𝑝2 𝑎 2 + 𝑝2

−𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝑒 𝑎𝜋 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋
= [ 2 − ]
𝜋 𝑎 + 𝑛2 𝑎 2 + 𝑛2

−𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝑒 𝑎𝜋 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋
= [ 2 ]
𝜋 𝑎 + 𝑛2

−𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋(2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝜋)
=
𝜋(𝑎2 + 𝑛2 )

𝑓(𝑥 ) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑛=1

∞
−𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋(2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝜋)
=∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝜋(𝑎2 + 𝑛2 )
𝑛=1

𝜋
𝑥+ , −𝜋<𝑥 <0
2
10) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋
− 𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
2

Solution
𝜋
𝑥+ , −𝜋 <𝑥 <0
𝑓(𝑥 ) = { 𝜋 2
− 𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
2

24
EM III_SMITA N
𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙

𝜋
𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑥 + , −𝜋 < −𝑥 < 0
2
𝜋
= − 𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
2
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙.

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝒃𝒏 = 𝟎

𝜋
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

𝜋
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

𝜋
2 𝜋
= ∫( − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2
0

𝜋
2 𝜋 𝑥2
= [ 𝑥− ]
𝜋 2 2 0

2 𝜋2 𝜋2
= [ − ]
𝜋 2 2

25
EM III_SMITA N
 =0

𝝅
𝟐
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝝅
𝟎

𝜋
2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫( − 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2
0

2 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= [( − 𝑥) ( ) − (−1) ( )]
𝜋 2 𝑛 𝑛2 0

2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 1
= [ + 2]
𝜋 𝑛2 𝑛

2 1 − (−1)𝑛
= [ ]
𝜋 𝑛2

∞
2 1 − (−1)𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ [ ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝜋 𝑛2
𝑛=1

𝟏𝟏) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝒊𝒏 (−𝝅, 𝝅)

Solution

𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑑𝑑

26
EM III_SMITA N
 ∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 )
2
𝑛=1

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (−𝜋, 𝜋)

𝜋
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝝅

1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝜋
= [ ]
𝜋 𝑎 −𝝅

1 𝑎𝜋
= [𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋 ]
𝑎𝜋

2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝜋
=
𝑎𝜋

𝜋
1
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝝅

𝒂𝒙
𝒆𝒂𝒙
∫ 𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 (𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒙 + 𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒙)
𝒂 + 𝒃𝟐

𝜋
1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
= [ 2 (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥)]
𝜋 𝑎 + 𝑛2 −𝝅

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟

27
EM III_SMITA N
 1 𝑒 𝑎𝜋 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋
= [ 2 (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 + 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋) − 2 (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋)]
𝜋 𝑎 + 𝑛2 𝑎 + 𝑛2

1 𝑒 𝑎𝜋 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋
= [ 2 (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋) − 2 (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋)]
𝜋 𝑎 + 𝑛2 𝑎 + 𝑛2

𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝑒 𝑎𝜋 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋
= [ 2 − ]
𝜋 𝑎 + 𝑛2 𝑎 2 + 𝑛2

2𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
=
𝜋(𝑎2 + 𝑛2 )

𝜋
1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝝅

𝒂𝒙
𝒆𝒂𝒙
∫ 𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 (𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒙 − 𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒙)
𝒂 + 𝒃𝟐

𝜋
1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
= [ 2 (𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 − 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥)]
𝜋 𝑎 + 𝑛2 −𝝅

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟

1 𝑒 𝑎𝜋 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋
= [ 2 (𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 − 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋) − 2 (−𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 − 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋)]
𝜋 𝑎 + 𝑛2 𝑎 + 𝑛2

28
EM III_SMITA N
 1 𝑒 𝑎𝜋 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋
= [ 2 (−𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋) + 2 (𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋)]
𝜋 𝑎 + 𝑛2 𝑎 + 𝑛2

−𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝑒 𝑎𝜋 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋
= [ 2 ]
𝜋 𝑎 + 𝑛2

−𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
=
𝜋(𝑎2 + 𝑛2 )

∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 )
2
𝑛=1
∞
2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝜋 2𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 −𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = +∑( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥)
𝑎𝜋 𝜋(𝑎2 + 𝑛2 ) 𝜋(𝑎2 + 𝑛2 )
𝑛=1

12) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟

𝑥 − 𝜋, − 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝜋 − 𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝜋
Solution
𝑥 − 𝜋, − 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
𝑓(𝑥 ) = {
𝜋 − 𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋

𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙

𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑥 − 𝜋, −𝜋 < −𝑥 < 0

= −𝑥 − 𝜋, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙.

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑑𝑑

29
EM III_SMITA N
 𝜋
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝜋

𝜋
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝜋

0 𝜋
1
= [ ∫(𝑥 − 𝜋)𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ]
𝜋
−𝜋 0

0 𝜋
1 𝑥2 𝑥2
= [[ − 𝜋𝑥] + [𝜋𝑥 − ] ]
𝜋 2 −𝜋
2 0

1 𝜋2 2 2
𝜋2
= [− − 𝜋 + 𝜋 − ]
𝜋 2 2

1 2𝜋 2
= [− ]
𝜋 2

= −𝜋

𝜋
1
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝜋
0 𝜋
1
= [ ∫(𝑥 − 𝜋)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥]
𝜋
−𝜋 0

30
EM III_SMITA N
 0
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
= [[(𝑥 − 𝜋) ( ) − (1) ( )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 −𝜋
𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
+ [(𝜋 − 𝑥) ( ) − (−1) ( )] ]
𝑛 𝑛2 0

1 1 (−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛 1
= [ 2− − + 2]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑛

1 2 − 2(−1)𝑛
= [ ]
𝜋 𝑛2

2 1 − (−1)𝑛
= [ ]
𝜋 𝑛2

𝜋
1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝜋
0 𝜋
1
= [ ∫(𝑥 − 𝜋)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥]
𝜋
−𝜋 0

0
1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
= [[(𝑥 − 𝜋) ( ) − (1) ( )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 −𝜋
𝜋
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
+ [(𝜋 − 𝑥) ( ) − (−1) ( )] ]
𝑛 𝑛2 0

1 1 (−1)𝑛 1
= [𝜋 − (2𝜋) −𝜋 ]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

31
EM III_SMITA N
 1 −2𝜋(−1)𝑛
= [ ]
𝜋 𝑛

−2(−1)𝑛
=
𝑛

∞
𝜋 2 1 − (−1)𝑛 −2(−1)𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = − + ∑ [ ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
2 𝜋 𝑛2 𝑛
𝑛=1

13) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (−𝜋, 𝜋) 𝑎𝑛𝑑

Solution
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝒃𝒏 = 𝟎

∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 )
2
𝑛=1

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (−𝜋, 𝜋)

𝜋
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

2
= [(𝑥)(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − (1)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)]𝜋0
𝜋

32
EM III_SMITA N
 2
= [(𝜋)(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋) − (1)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋)]
𝜋

2
= [𝜋]
𝜋

=2

𝜋
2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin (𝐴 − 𝐵)

𝜋
1
= ∫ 𝑥[sin(1 + 𝑛) 𝑥 + sin(1 − 𝑛) 𝑥]𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

𝜋
1
= ∫[𝑥 sin(1 + 𝑛) 𝑥 + 𝑥 sin(1 − 𝑛) 𝑥]𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

1 −cos (1 + 𝑛)𝑥 −sin (1 + 𝑛)𝑥 −cos (1 − 𝑛)𝑥

= [(𝑥) ( ) − (1) ( ) + (𝑥) ( )
𝜋 1+𝑛 (1 + 𝑛)2 1−𝑛
−𝑠𝑖𝑛 (1 − 𝑛)𝑥 𝜋
− (1) ( )]
(1 − 𝑛)2 0

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟

33
EM III_SMITA N
 1 −cos (1 + 𝑛)𝜋 − sin(1 + 𝑛) 𝜋 − cos(1 − 𝑛) 𝜋
= [(𝜋) ( ) − (1) ( ) + (𝑥) ( )
𝜋 1+𝑛 (1 + 𝑛)2 1−𝑛
− sin(1 − 𝑛) 𝜋
− (1) ( ) − (0)]
(1 − 𝑛)2

1 cosnπ cosnπ
= [(𝜋) ( ) − 0 + (𝜋) ( ) − 0]
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛

𝜋cosnπ 1 1
= [( )+( )]
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛

1 1
= (−1)𝑛 [ + ]
1+𝑛 1−𝑛

1−𝑛+1+𝑛
= (−1)𝑛 [ ]
1 − 𝑛2

2(−1)𝑛
= 𝑛≠1
1 − 𝑛2

𝑖𝑓 𝑛 = 1

𝜋
2
𝑎1 = ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
𝜋
1
= ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0

1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝜋
= [(𝑥) ( ) − (1) ( )]
𝜋 2 4 0

34
EM III_SMITA N
 1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋
= [(𝜋) ( ) − (1) (− ) − 0]
𝜋 2 4

1 𝜋
= [− ]
𝜋 2

1
=−
2
∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 )
2
𝑛=1

∞
2 2(−1)𝑛
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + ∑ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥)
2 1 − 𝑛2
𝑛=2

∞
1 2(−1)𝑛
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + ∑ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥)
2 1 − 𝑛2
𝑛=2

35
EM III_SMITA N