LECTURE NOTES, COPY RIGHT DR RESPICIUS KIIZA, 2019

R-L CIRCUIT
R
t=0
L
Em sint  i

di
iR + L = Em sin t
dt Em L
Taking Laplace Transform on both sides K1 =
E  R 2  w2 L2
RI(s) + sLI(s) = 2 m 2
s  Em ( L  jR)
K2 = 
I(s) =
Em 2  R 2   2 L2 
 R
L  s   (s 2   2 ) Em ( L  jR)
 L K 3 = K 2* = 
K1 K2 K3 2  R 2   2 L2 
= + +
 R  ( s  j ) ( s  j )
 s  
 L LECTURE NOTES, COPY RIGHT DR RESPICIUS KIIZA, 2019
 L R
L
t Em jt
 i = Em 2 e  [(L – jR)e + (L + jR)e+jt
]
R  L2 2
2( R   L )
2 2 2

ej = cos  + jsin 

ej = cos   jsin 
e j  e j
cos  =
2
e j  e j
sin  =
2j
 L.Em   RL t R 
i= 2 e  cos t  sin t 
R   2 L2  L 
R L 1  L 
With cos  = , sin  = and  = tan  
R  L
2 2 2
R  L
2 2 2  R 
  Rt 
Em e L L L L R
i=  cos t  sin t 
R 2   2 L 
2 2 2
R 2  L E2CLT U R E N O TRE S2 , C OP Y2 LR I G H T D R R E S P I C R 2
  2
2
L 
L
IUS KIIZA, 2019 
 1  
R
t 
i = Em e L sin   sin  cos t  cos  sin t 
2 2 2 



R  L

1   RL t 
i = Em e sin   sin (t   ) 
R  L 
2 2 2


If the applied voltage is of the form Em sin(t + ),

then in the solution, we substitute for t the value
(t + ).
The current is given by
Em  
R

i=  sin t       e sin(   ) 
Lt

R 2   2 L2  
where  is defined as before.

LECTURE NOTES, COPY RIGHT DR RESPICIUS KIIZA, 2019

LECTURE NOTES, COPY RIGHT DR RESPICIUS KIIZA, 2019
 RC CIRCUIT
t=0

R
Em sint  i
C

1
C
iR + idt = Emsint

On taking Laplace transforms on both sides,

I (s) E
RI(s) +  2 m2
sC s  
 1   Em
I(s)  R    
 sC  s 2   2  Em .
RC CEm
 Em. s K1 = =
I(s) =  2 1  1   2C 2 R 2
 1  2 R   2 2 
R s  s   
2

 RC   RC 
K1 K2 K3 CEm (1  jCR)
=   K2 =
I G H T D
2 2 2

s
1 ( s  j ) s  j LECTURE N O T E S , C O P Y R2(1 CE SRP I C)I U S K I I Z A , 2 0 1 9
R R

RC K 3 = K 2*
 CEm 
t
Em
i(t) =  .e CR
 sin(t + )
1   2C 2 R 2 R  1 / ( C
2 2 2

 1 
where  = tan1  
 CR 

LECTURE NOTES, COPY RIGHT DR RESPICIUS KIIZA, 2019

LECTURE NOTES, COPY RIGHT DR RESPICIUS KIIZA, 2019
 RLC CIRCUIT

• The switch in the series RLC circuit is closed at t = 0. We are

interested in an expression for the current. We shall assume
all initial conditions are zero.
t=0 R

L
 e i
C

di 1
iR + L +  idt = Emsint
dt C
LECTURE NOTES, COPY RIGHT DR RESPICIUS KIIZA, 2019
On Laplace Transforming, we have

I (s)   
RI(s) + LsI(s) + = Em  2 2 
Cs  s  

Em / L
I(s) =
 2 1  2
 s  sL   ( s   2
)
 LC 
Em / L
I(s) =
 2 R 1  2
 s  s   ( s   2
)
 L LC 

LECTURE NOTES, COPY RIGHT DR RESPICIUS KIIZA, 2019

The 4 roots of the denominator are
2
R  R  1
j and  ±   
2L  2 L  LC
±j and  ±j
R
Where  = 
2L
2
1  R 
=  
LC  2 L 
 R  2 1 
The type of the solution will depend on the value    
 2 L  LC 
There are as before 3 possible cases.

LECTURE NOTES, COPY RIGHT DR RESPICIUS KIIZA, 2019

 2
 R  1
Case 1:   
 2L  LC
• In this case, the roots are real and distinct and we may
proceed as before to obtain the partial fraction expression
and the inverse Laplace Transform.
2
 R  1
Case 2:   =
 2L  LC
• Here, the 2 roots ( ± ) become identical and equal to 
only. This is a case of 2 repeated roots and the
procedures for solution have already been indicated.
2
 R  1
Case 3:   
 2L  LC
• The roots are complex conjugates as already indicated in the
case of D.C. R.L.C transient.
 2
 R  1
Case 3:   
 2L  LC
• The expression for the steady state current will be of the
form:
Em
Iss = sin(t ± )
R  ( L  1 / C )
2 2

  L  1 / C 
Where  = tan1  
 R 

This may be written in the familiar form

Em
Iss = sin(t ± )
R  (X L  XC )
2 2

• The expression for total current will then be the sum of iss and
one of the expressions in the DC-RLC transient case. The
three cases result as before in overdamped, critically damped
and under damped (oscillatory) solutions.