ARUL INSTITUTE, CHENNAI

+2 STATE BOARD – PHYSICS – CURRENT ELECTRICITY – PART 3

Wheatstone's Bridge

At Junction B, I1 – IG – I3 = 0

At Junction D, I2 + IG – I4 = 0

In the closed loop ABDA, I1P + IGG – I2R = 0

In the closed loop ABCDA, I 1P + I 3Q – I 4S – I 2R = 0

Substituting IG = 0,

I1 – I3 = 0 ; I1 = I3

I2 – I4 = 0 ; I2 = I4

I 1P – I 2R = 0 ; I 1P = I 2R

I 2R + I 3Q – I 4S – I 2R = 0

I 3Q – I 4S = 0 ; I 3Q = I 4S

I1 P I 2 R P R
= ; =
I 3Q I 4 S Q S
Metre Bridge

1 m Re sis tan ce

  → r

'AJ' m Re sis tan ce

  → r AJ

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Potentiometer

Bt
K

I Primary Circuit I

C D

Bt K

10V
Primary Circuit

C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 D

Secondary Circuit
6V
G HR
ε

Bt K

P.D across CJ = IR = Irl

C J D
l
ε = Irl
G HR
ε

Re sis tan ce
1 m   → r

'l ' m Re sis tan ce

  → rl
Comparison of emf of two cells

Bt K

C J D

ε1

M1 N1

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M N G HR

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M2 N2 tit
ε2
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 Bt K

P.D across CJ = Irl1 J

C D
l1
ε1
ε1 = Irl1
M1 N1
M N G HR
M2 N2

ε2

Bt K

P.D across CJ = Irl2 J

C D
l2
ε1
ε2 = Irl2
M1 N1
M N G HR
M2 N2

ε2
Measurement of internal resistance of a cell
Bt K1

C J D
l1
ε ∝ l1
ε
G HR
K2 Open

Bt K1

C J D
l2
V∝ l2
ε
r G HR
I K2 closed

EMF ε
Current = ; I=
Re sis tan ce R+r

ε
Potential Difference across R (V) = IR = R
R+r

εR
∝ l2
R+r
 ε l1 R + r l1 r l
= ; = ; 1+ = 1
εR l2 R l2 R l2
R+r

r l l   l −l 
= 1 –1 ; r = R  1 − 1  ; r = R  1 2 
R l2  l2   l2 

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Joule's Heating Effect

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EMF 
→ Current 
→ Thermal Energy tit
ns
Thermoelectric Effect

Thermal Energy 
→ EMF
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Joule's Law

I I

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Electric Potential Energy = Electric Power x Time
lI

W = VIt

H = VIt
ru

H = (IR)It = I2Rt
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