BEEE102L-BEE

Module 3: Magnetic Cir-

cuits

1
 Module 3
Magnetic Circuits
Magnetic field; Toroidal core: Flux density, Flux linkage; Magnetic circuit with airgap;
Reluctance in series and parallel circuits; Self and mutual inductance; Transformer:
turn ratio determination
 Introduction
• Conductively coupled circuit means that one loop
affects the neighboring loop through current
conduction.
• Magnetically coupled circuit means that two loops,
with or without contacts between them, affect each
other through the magnetic field generated by one of
them.
• Transformer is a static electrical apparatus designed
based on magnetic coupling for stepping up or down
ac voltages or currents.
• Transfers energy from one circuit to other circuit.
 Module 3
Magnetic Circuits
Self inductance
When the current flowing through the coil changes flux also changes an emf is
induced in the coil known as induced emf.
𝑑𝜙
𝑒∝ 𝑑𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑒∝
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜙
𝑒=𝑁 𝑑𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑒=𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑖
𝑁 =𝐿
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑁𝜙
𝐿=
𝑖
It is the ratio of flux linkage to current.
 Module 3
Mutual Inductance
Case 1

𝑑 𝜙12 𝑑 𝑖1
𝑒2 ∝ 𝑒2 ∝
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝜙 12 𝑑 𝑖1
𝑒 2=𝑁 2 𝑒 2=𝑀
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Flux produced coil 1 linking with coil 2.

𝑑 𝜙 12 𝑑 𝑖1
𝑁2 =𝑀
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑁 2 𝜙12 R-Reluctance
𝑀=
𝑖1
 Module 3
Mutual Inductance
Case 2

𝑑 𝜙21 𝑑 𝑖2
𝑒1 ∝ 𝑒1 ∝
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝜙21 𝑑 𝑖2
𝑒 1=𝑁 1 𝑒 1=𝑀
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Flux produced coil 2 linking with coil 1.

𝑑 𝜙12 𝑑 𝑖2
𝑁1 =𝑀
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑁 1 𝜙 21
𝑀=
𝑖2
 Module 3
Co-efficient of coupling (k)
The fraction of the total flux produced by one coil linking another coil is called co-
efficient of coupling.
k= 𝝓𝟏𝟐 =𝒌 𝝓𝟏 𝝓𝟐 𝟏=𝒌 𝝓𝟐

2𝑁 1 𝑁 2 𝑘 𝜙1 𝑘 𝜙 2
𝑀 =
𝑖1 𝑖2
𝑀 2=𝑘2 𝐿1 𝐿 2 The value of k depends on the spacing between the coils.

𝑀 As spacing increases K decreases. K is always positive

𝑘=
√ 𝐿1 𝐿2 and its maximum value is 1.

The maximum mutual inductance occurs, when k=1. 𝑀 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =√ 𝐿1 𝐿2

 Module 3
1. Obtain the maximum possible mutual inductance between two
coils of inductance 16H and 4H.
Sol:
𝑀=𝑘 √ 𝐿1 𝐿2
The maximum mutual inductance occurs, when k=1.

𝐿 1=16 𝐻 , 𝐿 2= 4 𝐻

𝑀 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =√ 𝐿1 𝐿2=√ 16 × 4=8 𝐻

 Module 3
2. Two inductively coupled coils have self inductance =50mH and . If the co-efficient of
coupling is 0.5.
(i) Find the value of mutual inductance between the coils
(ii)What is the maximum possible mutual inductance.
Solution
𝐿1=50 𝑚𝐻 , 𝐿2=200 𝑚𝐻

𝑀=𝑘 √ 𝐿1 𝐿2
(i)

(ii) The maximum mutual inductance occurs, when k=1.

𝑀 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =√ 50 ×10
−3 −3 −3
×200 ×10 =1 00 ×10 𝐻
 Module 3
The number of turns in two coupled coils 500 turns and 1500 turns respectively. When 5A
current flows in coil 1, the flux in the coil is 0.6 and the flux linking the second coil is 0.3
Determine , M and k.
Solution:

0.6
0.3
(i)
𝑁 2 𝜙12 1500 × 0.3 ×10 −3
𝑀= = =0.09 𝐻
𝑖1 5

(ii)
𝑁 𝜙1
𝐿 1=
𝑖1
 Module 3
𝜙1=𝜙 1 1+ 𝜙 1 2
−3 −3
𝜙1=0. 6 ×10 +0. 3 ×10
−𝟑
𝝓𝟏=𝟎 .𝟗 ×𝟏𝟎 𝑾𝒃
𝑁 𝜙 1 500 × 0.9 ×10− 3
𝐿 1= = =0.09 𝐻
𝑖1 5

k=

𝑀 =𝑘 √ 𝐿1 𝐿2
0.826H

=0.09H,
 Module 3
Determine the equivalent inductance of series opposing combination.

𝐿1=5 𝐻 , 𝐿2 =7 𝐻 , 𝑀 =4 𝐻
𝑳=𝑳 𝟏+ 𝑳𝟐 − 𝟐 𝑴
𝐿=5 +7 −2 × 4=𝟒 𝑯
Two coils connected in series have an equivalent inductance of 0.8H when connected in
aiding and an equivalent inductance 0.4H when connected in opposition. Calculate the
mutual inductance.
0.8=𝐿1 + 𝐿2+ 2 𝑀
0.4= 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 − 2 𝑀
Solving we get

4M=0.4H
M=0.1H
Two coupled coils of self inductance and are coupled in (i) Series aiding, (ii) Series
opposing, (iii) Parallel aiding, (iv) Parallel opposing, if the mutual inductance is 0.5H, find
the equivalent inductance in each case.
Solution:
, M=0.5H (iii) Parallel aiding
𝟐
(i) Series Aiding 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 − 𝑴 𝟐 ×𝟒 − 𝟎. 𝟓
𝟐
𝑳= =
𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳 𝟐 −𝟐 𝑴 𝟐+ 𝟒− 𝟐 ×𝟎 . 𝟓
𝑳=𝑳 𝟏+ 𝑳𝟐 +𝟐 𝑴

𝑳=𝟐+ 𝟒+𝟐 ×𝟎 . 𝟓=𝟕 𝑯 𝑳=𝟏 . 𝟓𝟓 𝑯

(iv) Parallel Opposing
(ii) Series opposing 𝑳 𝟏 𝑳𝟐 − 𝑴
𝟐
𝟐× 𝟒 −𝟎 . 𝟓
𝟐

𝑳=𝑳 𝟏+ 𝑳𝟐 − 𝟐 𝑴 𝑳= =
𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳 𝟐+𝟐 𝑴 𝟐+ 𝟒+𝟐 ×𝟎 . 𝟓
𝑳=𝟐+ 𝟒− 𝟐 ×𝟎 . 𝟓=𝟓 𝑯
𝑳=𝟏 . 𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟏 𝑯
 Module 3
Two coupled coils with = 0.02H, are connected in series aiding arrangement. Obtain
the equivalent inductance.
Solution:
= 0.02H,

𝑳 𝒆𝒒=𝑳 𝟏+ 𝑳𝟐 +𝟐 𝑴 𝑀 =𝑘 √ 𝐿1 𝐿2

𝑀 =𝑘 √ 𝐿1 𝐿2=0.5 √ 0.02 × 0.01=0.00707 𝐻

=0.044H

0.00707H, =0.044H
 Module 3
Two coils are wound on a core as shown in figure. The reluctance of the core is
19000 AT/Wb. The no. of turns in the primary coil is 400 and secondary coil is 600.
Determine the self-inductances and Mutual inductances.

To compute the mutual inductance, we find the flux produced

by i1
___i1

The flux linkages of coil 2 resulting from the current in coil 1

are given by
_____i1

the mutual inductance is

 Module 3
A coil of 800 micro Hendry is magnetically coupled with another coil of 200 micro
Hendry. The coefficient of coupling between the two coils is 0.05. Calculate inductance is
the two coils are connected in (i) Parallel aiding, (ii) Parallel opposing.
Solution:
𝑀 =𝑘 √ 𝐿1 𝐿2=0.05 √ 800 × 10− 6 × 200 ×10− 6=20 𝜇 𝐻
(i) Parallel aiding
𝟐
𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 − 𝑴 (800 ×10 −6 ×200 × 10−6 ) −(𝟎 . 𝟎𝟓)𝟐
𝑳= =
𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳 𝟐 −𝟐 𝑴 (800 ×10 −6 +200 × 10− 6) −(𝟐 ×𝟎 . 𝟓)

𝑳=𝟏𝟔𝟔. 𝟐𝟓𝝁 𝑯
(ii) Parallel opposing
𝟐
𝑳 𝟏 𝑳𝟐 − 𝑴 (800 ×10 −6 ×200 × 10− 6) −(𝟎 . 𝟎𝟓)𝟐
𝑳= =
𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳 𝟐+𝟐 𝑴 ( 800 × 10− 6 +200 ×10 −6 ) +(𝟐 × 𝟎 .𝟓)

𝑳=𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟒𝟔 𝝁 𝑯