EEL 4242

POWER ELECTRONICS

DC-DC CONVERTERS

01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid 1

 Step Down Converter
Figure 5.1

t1
k  t1 f s
Ts
Vo ( average )  kVS Vo ( rms )  k VS
VS VS R
R  
I o ( average ) kVS / R k

• Constant frequency operation

•Variable frequency operation
01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid 2
 PWM Waveform Generation
Figure 5.2
Vr
vr  t
T
Vcr
k
Vr

• which is also called the modulation voltage, M

01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid 3

Step Down Operation with RL Load

Figure 5.3

01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid 4

 Step Down Operation with RL Load

Figure 5.4
01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid 5
 Modes of Operation
di1
VS  Ri1  L E
dt
For i1 (t  0)  I1
VS  E
 tR / L
i1 (t )  I1e 
R
 1  e  tR / L

i1 (t  t1  kT )  I 2
di2
0  Ri2  L E
dt
For i2 (t  0)  I 2
E
  1  e tR / L 
 tR / L
i2 (t )  I 2e
R
i2 (t  t2  (1  k )T )  I 3 I 3  I1
01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid Figure 5.4 6
 Modes of Operation
V E
At t  kT I2 Ie1
R

 kTR / L
1 e  S  kTR / L

E TR T
At t  (1  k )T I 3  I1  I 2e   1  e  (1k ) kTR / L 
 (1 k )TR / L
z 
R L 
VS  e kz  1  E VS  e  kz  1  E
I1   z  I2   z 
R  e 1  R R  e 1  R
VS 1  e  kz  e  z  e  (1 k ) z
I  I 2  I1 
R 1  e z
d (I )
 0 k  0.5
dk
VS R VS
I max  tanh 
R 4 fl 4 fL
01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid Figure 5.4 7
 Discontinuous Operation
I1  0 L  RI 2 
VS  E
t2  ln 1  
i1 (t ) 
R
 1  e  tR / L  R  E 
L  VS  E 
 
 kz
i1 (t  t1  kT )  I 2  ln 1   1  e
R  E 
VS  E
At t  kT I2 
R
 1  e  kz 

• For a continuous load current

VS  e kz  1  E
For I1  0  z   0
R  e 1  R
 e kz  1 E 
 z  0
 e  1 VS 
E e kz  1
which gives x  z
VS e  1
01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid Figure 5.4 8
 Step-Up Operation
di VS
vL  L I  t1
dt L
• The average output
voltage
I  t1 
vo  VS  L  VS 1  
t2  t2 
1
 VS
1 k

01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid Figure 5.6 9

 Step-Up Operation
di1 VS
VS  L i1 (t )  t  I1
dt L
di1
For  0 VS  0
dt
di2 VS  E
VS  L  E i2 (t )  t  I2
dt L
di2
For  0 VS  E
dt

• For controllable
power
0  VS  E
01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid
Figure 5.7 10
 Step-Up Operation
di1 VS
VS  L i1 (t )  t  I1
dt L
VS
I 2  i1 (t  kT )  kT  I1
L
di2
VS  Ri2  L E
dt
V E
i2 (t )  S
R
 1  e  tR / L   I 2 e  tR / L

VS  E
I1  i2 (t  (1  k )) 
L
 1  e  (1 k ) z   I 2 e  (1 k ) z

VS kz e (1 k ) z VS  E
I2  
R 1  e  (1 k ) z R
VS kz 1 VS  E VS
I2   (1 k ) z
 I  I 2  I1  kT
R 1 e R L

01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid

Figure 5.8 11
 Converter Classifications
• 1st Quadrant converter
• 2nd Quadrant converter
• 1st and 2nd quadrant
• 3rd and 4th quadrant
• Four-quadrant

01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid

Figure 5.10 12
 1st Quadrant Converter
• Both the voltage and the current are
positive

01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid

Figure 5.8 13
 2nd Quadrant Converter
• Both the voltage is positive and the
current is negative

01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid

Figure 5.11 14
 2 Quadrant Converter
nd
diL
0L  RiL  E
dt
E
iL (t )  I1e  tR / L   1  e  tR / L 
R
At t  t1  kT iL (t  t1  kT )  I 2

diL
VS  RiL  L E Figure 5.11
dt
VS  E
iL (t )  I 2 e  tR / L

R
 1  e  tR / L

At t  t2  (1  k )T iL (t  t 2  (1  k )T )  I1
VS 1  e  (1 k ) z E VS e  kz  e  z E
I1  z
 I2  z

R 1 e R R 1 e R
01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid 15
 1 and 2 Quadrant Converter
st nd

• S1 and D4
• S4 and D1

Figure 5.12

01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid 16

 3 and 4 Quadrant Converter
rd th

• S3 and D2
• S2 and D3

Figure 5.13
01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid 17
 Four Quadrant Converter

Figure 5.14
01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid 18
 Switching Mode Regulators

• Buck Regulator
Figure 5.15
• Boost Regulator
• Buck-Boost Regulator
•Cuk Regulator
01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid 19
 Buck Regulator

01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid Figure 5.16 20

 Buck Regulator
Va  kVS I S  kI a
VS k (1  k )
I 
fL
I VS k (1  k )
VC  
8 fC 8 f 2CL
• The critical values for a
continuous inductor current and
capacitor voltage
(1  k ) R
Lc  L 
2f
Figure 5.16
1 k
Cc  C  2
01/07/22 16 Lf EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid 21
 Boost Regulator

01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid Figure 5.17 22

 Boost Regulator
VS Ia VS k
Va  IS  I 
1 k 1 k fL
I a  Va  VS  I a k
VC  
Va fC fC
• The critical values for a
continuous inductor current and
capacitor voltage
k  1 k  R
Lc  L 
2f
k Figure 5.17
Cc  C 
2 fR
01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid 23
 Buck-Boost Regulator

01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid Figure 5.18 24

 Buck-Boost Regulator
kVS kI a VS k
Va  IS  I 
1 k 1 k fL
I a Va Ia k
VC  
(Va  VS ) fC fC
• The critical values for a
continuous inductor current and
capacitor voltage
k  1 k  R
Lc  L 
2f
k Figure 5.18
Cc  C 
2 fR
01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid 25
 Cuk Regulator

01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid Figure 5.19 26

 Cuk Regulator
kVS kI a
Va  IS 
1 k 1 k
VS k VS k
I1  I 2 
fL1 fL2
I S VS IS  1 k 
VC1  
(VS  Va ) fC1 fC1
Va (1  k ) kVS
VC 2  2

8C2 L2 f 8C2 L2 f 2

Figure 5.19
01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid 27
 Cuk Regulator
• The critical values for a
continuous inductor current and
capacitor voltage
 1 k 
2
R
Lc1  L1 
2kf

Lc 2  L2 
 1 k  R
2f
k
Cc1  C1 
2 fR
1 Figure 5.19
Cc 2  C2 
8 fR
01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid 28
 Rectified Fed Converter

Figure 5.23
01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid 29
 Input Filter

Figure 5.26

Figure 5.27 Figure 5.28

01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid 30
 Summary
• A dc-dc can convert a fixed dc voltage to a
variable dc voltage.
• A four-quadrant converter allows power flow
to and from load.
• Switching mode converter can produce output
voltage higher and lower than the input voltage.
• The rectifier fed boost converter is commonly
used for unity power factor correction (UPFC).
• What was the major idea?
• What was the muddiest idea?
01/07/22 EEL 4242 by Dr. M.H. Rashid 31