Conformal Transformations

Neil Marks,
DLS/CCLRC,
Daresbury Laboratory,
Warrington WA4 4AD,
U.K.
Tel: (44) (0)1925 603191
Fax: (44) (0)1925 603192

Neil Marks; DLS/CCLRC Lecture to Cockcroft Institute 2005/6. © N.Marks MMIV

 Use of transformations
This is a mathematical technique developed to give
analytical expressions for potential and flux density
distributions for (simple) geometries.
This was the standard technique for magnet design before finite
element analysis (f.e.a.) codes were developed.
The technique is based on transforming geometries using
functions of the complex variable.
We start with a model with unknown field and potential
distributions and transform that to a geometry where distributions can
be analytically defined. The known distribution is then transformed
back to the initial model using the inverse of the first transform, giving
the required result.
Each transformation often involves an intermediate step.

Neil Marks; DLS/CCLRC Lecture to Cockcroft Institute 2005/6. © N.Marks MMIV

 The Transformations.
We start by defining two complex planes, Z and W:

y Z y W = f(Z)

x x
All conformal transformations preserve the angle of
intersection between two curves except at the origin and
at poles of the transforming function.
As the most suitable ideal pole to use for the known
distribution will be a pair of parallel poles extending to
plus and minus infinity, such a function will be
necessary.

Neil Marks; DLS/CCLRC Lecture to Cockcroft Institute 2005/6. © N.Marks MMIV

The 'Schwarz - Christoffel' Transformation:
This is one type of a conformal transform; it transforms
polygons (complete or open) in the Z plane to a
straight line on the real axis in the W plane:

a1 
Z W
 
a2 a3

a1 a2 a3

The transformation is given by:

dZ/dW = M ( W - a1)((1/ ) -1) (W - a2)((2/ ) - 1) ........
where M is an arbitrary constant to be determined.

Neil Marks; DLS/CCLRC Lecture to Cockcroft Institute 2005/6. © N.Marks MMIV

 Second transformation.
A second transformation is then used to translate from
a T plane, where the geometry is an infinite dipole,
back into the W plane:


W
T B
g/2

The two transformations are then combined to predict

the distributions in the real magnet.

Neil Marks; DLS/CCLRC Lecture to Cockcroft Institute 2005/6. © N.Marks MMIV

 Example – a dipole end.
Transformation Z to W: W = -

ig/2
W = -1,
3/2
W = 0, = 0. g/2
W=
0

dZ/dW = M (W + 1)1/2 ( W ) -1;

Z = M [ 2(W + 1)1/2+ ln { (W + 1)1/2 -1 }- ln { (W+ 1)1/2+ 1 } ]+ N
where N is another arbitrary constant;
N = 0 just sets the origin in Z plane;
for W = -1, the above expression gives Z = i M i g/2;
so M = g/2
for W > 0, Z is real.

Neil Marks; DLS/CCLRC Lecture to Cockcroft Institute 2005/6. © N.Marks MMIV

 Transformation T to W
The T plane, an infinite dipole:
W = -1 W=-
ig/2

W = 0;
=0
W=1 W=
0

dT/dW = M (W – a )(/ – 1)
for the above: a = 0;  = 0;
so dT/dW = M W -1;
T = M ln(W) + N;
again N = 0 sets the origin in the Z plane;
for W = -1, above expression gives Z = Mi = ig/2
so M = g/2giving:
T = (g/2) ln W;
W = exp(2T/g)
Neil Marks; DLS/CCLRC Lecture to Cockcroft Institute 2005/6. © N.Marks MMIV
 Resulting equation
We now substitute for W to give Z in terms of T:
Z= (g/2) [ 2 {exp (2/g) + 1} 1/2

+ ln {{exp(2T/g + 1} -1}

- ln {{exp(2T/g + 1} +1} ]
Equipotential lines are: Im (T) = const;
Flux lines are: Re (T) = const.

Expanding with Re and Im of T and then separating the real and

imaginary components of Z is long and detailed; see next slide.

Neil Marks; DLS/CCLRC Lecture to Cockcroft Institute 2005/6. © N.Marks MMIV

 Solution:
For g = 1:
 1   R sin   
 
1
1
Z     2 R 2  2 R cos   1 4 cos  arctan   
 2   2  R cos   1  

 1    R sin    
 
1 1 1
    ln  R  2R cos   1 2  2  R  2R cos   1 4 cos  arctan 
2
  1  ln R 
 2    2  R cos   1   
   R sin     
 

1
2 1
  R  2 R cos   1 4  sin
 2 arctan  R cos   1    
 
1
 2 1  R sin          
 i    2 R 2  2 R cos   1 4 sin  arctan   - 2 arctan    
    R cos   1 
 
 R 2  2 R cos   1 4  cos  1 arctan  R sin    1  
1
2
  2   
     R cos   1    

where

 2  Re T    2  Im T  
R  exp   ;    
 g   g 

Neil Marks; DLS/CCLRC Lecture to Cockcroft Institute 2005/6. © N.Marks MMIV

Graphical results - lines of scalar potential
2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Neil Marks; DLS/CCLRC Lecture to Cockcroft Institute 2005/6. © N.Marks MMIV

 Graphical results - lines of flux
4

0
-2.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5

Neil Marks; DLS/CCLRC Lecture to Cockcroft Institute 2005/6. © N.Marks MMIV

 Flux density B
B = - 
put: T =  + i Flux density on x axis:
then: Bx = - /  x ; 1.2

By = -  /  y ; 1.0

Bx - j By = -  / x + i  / y ;
from Cauchy-Riemann equations: 0.8

 /  x =  /  y;
  /  y = -  / x;
0.6

so Bx - iBy 0.4

= -   /  x + i  /  x
= iT/x; 0.2

hence:
0.0
|B| =|d T/ dZ| -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

=|( dT/dW )( dW/dZ )|

Neil Marks; DLS/CCLRC Lecture to Cockcroft Institute 2005/6. © N.Marks MMIV

 Problems

• integration is only analytical for angles of 0 or multiples

of /2;
• and a limited number of right angles;
• other more complex geometries require numerical
integration;
• predicts distributions only for µ =  in the steel;
• the technique takes no account of coils ie all currents are
at infinity.

Neil Marks; DLS/CCLRC Lecture to Cockcroft Institute 2005/6. © N.Marks MMIV

 The 'Rogowski' roll-off
The classical end solution, developed originally in electrostatics
during the study of the end effect for two parallel capacitor plates.
The analysis also uses the conformal transformation method:

W = -1
W= - 
Z = id

W= 0
 W= 

Z= 0

Neil Marks; DLS/CCLRC Lecture to Cockcroft Institute 2005/6. © N.Marks MMIV

 Analysis

dZ/dW = M (W + 1)/W ;
Z = (d/)( 1 + W + ln W ) ;
T = (1/) ln W ;
so: Z = (d/)( 1 + exp T + T ) ;
if: T =  + j
then in the Z plane:
x = (d/)(1 + (exp y)(cos ) + ) ;
y = (d/)( (exp )(sin ) + ) ;

Potential is lines of const ; stream lines are const .

Neil Marks; DLS/CCLRC Lecture to Cockcroft Institute 2005/6. © N.Marks MMIV

 Graphical results
Potential lines:
5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

Y 2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Neil Marks; DLS/CCLRC Lecture to Cockcroft Institute 2005/6. © N.Marks MMIV

 Blown-up version
1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6
Y

0.4

0.2

0.0

-0.2
-0.5 0.0 0.5

The central heavy line is for  = 0.5.

Rogowski showed that this was the fastest changing line along which
the field intensity was monotonically decreasing.

Neil Marks; DLS/CCLRC Lecture to Cockcroft Institute 2005/6. © N.Marks MMIV

 Application to magnet ends
2
Conclusion: Recall that a
high µ steel surface is a
line of constant scalar
potential. Hence, a
magnet pole end using
the = 0.5 potential line
1
will see a monotonically
decreasing flux density
normal to the steel; at
some point where B is
much lower, this can
break to a vertical end
line. 0
-2 -1 0 1

Magnet half gap height = g/2 ;

Centre line of gap is y = 0;
Equation is: y = g/2 +(g/) exp ((x/g)-1)
Neil Marks; DLS/CCLRC Lecture to Cockcroft Institute 2005/6. © N.Marks MMIV