Shell Energy Balance and Temperature

Distribution in Solids and Laminar Flow

 Organization
10. § Introduction of heat transfer: thermal conductivity, estimation 16-10-2019
methods for thermal conductivity
§ Shell energy balance: Temperature profiles in solid and laminar
flow
11. § Case: Temperature profiles in solid and laminar flow 23-10-2019
12. § Equation of change for non-isothermal system and the 30-10-2019
applications
§ Temperature profiles with more than 1 independent variables
13. § Introduction to mass transfer: diffusion and molecular diffusivity 06-11-2019
§ Concentration profiles in solid and laminar flow
14. § Equation of change for multicomponent systems 13-11-2019
15. § Example cases of application of equation of changes for binary 20-11-2019
system mass transfer
16. § Mass & Heat Transfer Coefficient 27-11-2019
§ Momentum, heat and mass transfer analogies
§ Closure
Today’s Learning Outcome

• To understand the concept of shell energy balance

• To be able to construct the shell energy balance,
Some examples are give:
• Electric Wire
• Nuclear Reactor
• Viscous Heat Source
• Heat Conduction with a Chemical Heat Source
• To understand about forced and natural convection
Shell Energy Balance

q The key step for solving the problem:

ü Determination of element volume
ü Construction of energy balance
 Case 1
An electric wire of circular cross section with radius R and electrical
conductivity ke ohm -1 cm -1. Through this wire there is an electric current
with current density I amp/cm2. The transmission of an electric current is
an irreversible process, and some electrical energy is converted into
heat (thermal energy). The rate of heat production per unit volume is
given by expression: 2
I
Se =
ke

The surface of the wire is maintained at temperature, To .Describe the

radial temperature distribution within the wire?
 Case 1
Solution:

I2
Se =
ke
T at R, T0
Energy Balance
æ rate of energy ö æ rate of energy ö æ rate of energy ö
çç ÷÷ - çç ÷÷ + çç ÷÷ = 0
è input ø è output ø è production ø

q r 2prL r - q r 2prL r + Dr + S e (2prDrL ) = 0

rq r - rq r
lim r + Dr r
= Ser
Dr ®0 Dr
d
(rq r ) = S e r
dr
Se C1
qr = r+ r = 0 ® q r ¹ ¥ ® C1 = 0
2 r
 Se dT S e
qr = r -k = r
2 dr 2

dT Se Se 2
=- r T = - r + C2
dr 2k 4k

Boundary condition

r = R ® T = To
Se 2 Se 2
To = - R + C 2 ® C 2 = To + R
4k 4k
 Se 2 Se 2
T = - r + To + R
4k 4k
T - To =
Se 2
4k
(R - r2 )
S e R 2 ìï æ r ö üï
2

T - To = í1 - ç ÷ ý
4k ïî è R ø ïþ

Maximum temperature rise at r = 0

Se R 2
T = To +
4k
Case 2 : Nuclear Reactor
A spherical nuclear fuel element consists of a
sphere of fissionable material with radius R (F) ,
surrounded by a spherical shell of aluminum
“cladding” with outer radius R (C) . Thermal energy
resulting from nuclear fission is produced in the
reactor (Sn, cal/cm3.s).
ìï æ r ö üï
2

S n = S o í1 + bç ( F ) ÷ ý
ïî è R ø ïþ
Sn0 is the volume rate of heat production at the
center of the sphere and b is a dimensionless
positive constant. Describe the temperature
distribution within the reactor?
Solution:

(1) Energy balances at reaction zone:

ìï æ r ö üï 2
2

4pr 2 qr - 4pr 2 qr + S o í1 + bç ( F ) ÷ ý4pr Dr = 0

r r + Dr
ïî è R ø ïþ

4pr 2 qr - 4pr 2 qr ìï æ r ö 2 üï
2
r + Dr
lim r
= S o í1 + bç ( F ) ÷ r ý
Dr ®o Dr ïî è R ø ïþ

æ 2
ö
d 2
dr
( ) æ r ö
r qr = S o ç r + bç ( F ) ÷ r ÷
ç
2

R
2
÷
è è ø ø
 æ r 3
b r 5
ö
r qr = S o çç + ÷ f
2
+ C
3 ( F )2 5 ÷ 1
è R ø
ær b r 3
ö C1
f
ç
qr = S o ç + ÷
÷ + 2
( ) 2
è3 R 5ø r
F

(2) Energy balances at “cladding” zone:

c
C1
d 2
dr
(
r qr = 0 ) qr = 2
r
Boundary condition (BC):

(1) r =0 ® qr
(f)
¹ infinite
(2) r=R (F )
® qr
(f)
= qr
(c)
 ær b r3 ö
(1) qr
(f)
= S o çç +
( ) 2
÷÷
è3 R 5ø
F

æ R (F ) b R ( F )3 ö
C1
(c)
( F )3 æ 1 b ö
(2) S o çç + ÷ =
(c)
® C1 = S o R ç + ÷
è 3 R ( F ) 2
5 ÷ø R ( F ) 2
è3 5ø
(c) ( F )3 æ 1 b ö 1
qr = S o R ç + ÷ 2
è3 5ø r
dT
qr = - k
dr

dT ( f ) ær b r3 ö
-kf = S o çç + ÷÷
dr ( ) 2
è3 R 5ø
F

dT ( c ) ( F )3 æ 1 b ö 1
- kc = So R ç + ÷ 2
dr è3 5ø r
Integration:

(f ) So æ r2 b r4 ö
T =- çç + ÷
÷ + C 2
(f)

kf ( ) 2
è6 R 20 ø
F

( F )3
(c ) So R æ1 bö1 (c)
T = ç + ÷ + C2
kc è3 5ø r

Boundary condition (BC):

(3) r = R ( F ) ® T ( f ) = T (c)
(4) r = R (C ) ® T ( c ) = To
BC 1:
æ
So ç R ( F )2
b R ( F )4 ö
(c )
T =- + ÷ + C2 ( f )
k f çè 6 R ( F )2 20 ÷
ø
( F )2
(f) (c ) S o .R æ1 b ö
C2 =T + ç + ÷
kf è 6 20 ø
(F ) 2
(f ) So æ r2 b r4 ö (c ) S .R æ1 b ö
T =- çç + ÷÷ + T + o
ç + ÷
kf ( ) 2
è6 R 20 ø kf è 6 20 ø
F

( F )2 ( F )2
(f ) (c ) S o .R æ r 2
b r ö S o .R
4
æ1 b ö
T -T =- çç + ÷+ ç + ÷
kf ( F )2 ( F )4 20 ÷ kf è 6 20 ø
è 6.R R ø

(f ) (c ) S o .R ( F )2 ìïé æ r ö 2 ù 3 é æ r ö 4 ù üï
T -T = íê1 - ç ( F ) ÷ ú + b ê1 - ç ( F ) ÷ ú ý
6k f ïîêë è R ø úû 10 êë è R ø úû ïþ
BC 2:

So R ( F )3 æ 1 b ö 1
T0 = ç + ÷ (C ) + C 2
(c)

kc è 3 5 ø R
So R ( F )3 æ 1 b ö 1
® C2 ( c ) = T0 - ç + ÷ (C )
kc è 3 5 ø R
( F )3 ( F )3
(c) So R æ1 bö1 So R æ1 bö 1
T = ç + ÷ + T0 - ç + ÷ (C )
kc è3 5ør kc è3 5ø R
( F )3
(c) S R æ 1 b öæ 1 1 ö
T - T0 = o
ç + ÷ç - ( C ) ÷
kc è 3 5 øè r R ø
Case 3 : A Viscous Heat Source
Bila jarak b sangat kecil maka problem dapat
disederhanakan menjadi

v=RΩ

x
Tb
vz(x)
z

2 To
dv z æ dv z ö æ xö
S v = -t xz = µç ÷ ® v z = ç ÷V
dx è dx ø èbø
2
æV ö
S v = µ çç ÷÷
èbø
 Neraca panas
2
æV ö
WLq x x - WLq x x + Dx
+ WLDxµ çç ÷÷ = 0
èbø
2 2
WLq x - WLq x æV ö d æV ö
lim x + Dx x
= µ çç ÷÷ ® (q x ) = µ çç ÷÷
Dx ®0 Dx èbø dx èbø
2
æV ö
q x = µ çç ÷÷ x + C1
èbø
 2
dT æV ö
-k = µ çç ÷÷ x + C1
dx èbø
2
µ æç V ö÷ x 2
C1
T =- ç ÷ - x + C2
kèbø 2 k
Kondisi batas (1) x = 0 à T = To ; (2) x = b à T = Tb

BC 1 :
2
µ æç V ö÷ 0 2
C1
T0 = - ç ÷ - 0 + C2 ® C2 = T0
kèbø 2 k
BC 1 :
2 2
µ æç V ö÷ b
C1 2
k æV ö b
Tb = - ç ÷ - b + T0 ® C1 = - (Tb - T0 ) - µ çç ÷÷
kèbø 2 k b èbø 2
Final result:
2
æ
µ æç V ö÷ x x ç k
2
2
æV ö b ö
T =- ç ÷ - - (Tb - T0 ) - µ çç ÷÷ ÷ +T
kèbø 2 kç b è bø 2 ÷ 0
è ø
2 2
µ æç V ö÷ x x2
µ æç V ö÷ x
T - T0 = - ç ÷ + (Tb - T0 ) + bç ÷
kèbø 2 b k èbø 2
x V 2 .µ 1 x æ x ö
T - T0 = (Tb - T0 ) + . . ç1 - ÷
b k 2 bè bø
T - To x 1 æ x öé xù
= + Br ç ÷ ê1 - ú
Tb - To b 2 è b øë bû
é µV 2 ù
Br = ê ú
ë k (Tb - T )
o û
Case 4 : Heat Conduction with a Chemical Heat Sources

Reaction heat:
æ T - To ö
Sc = Sc1 çç ÷÷
è T1 - To ø

Assume:
• uniform axial velocity (plug flow)
• radial distribution is neglected

Axial temperature distribution?????

Neraca energi:
(energi masuk ) - (energi keluar ) + (pembentukan energi) = 0
(pR q
2
z z - pR 2 q z
z + Dz
)+ (pR r.u.C .T
2
p z
- pR 2 r .u .C p .T
z + Dz
)+ pR .Dz.S
2
c =0
d
(qz ) + r1v1C p dT = Sc
dz dz
æ d 2T ö dT
- k çç 2 ÷÷ + r1v1C p = Sc
è dz ø dz
æ d 2T ö dT
Zone I : - k çç 2 ÷÷ + r1v1C p =0
è dz ø dz

æ d 2T ö dT æ T - To ö
ç ÷
Zone II : - k ç 2 ÷ + r1v1C p = S c çç ÷÷
è dz ø dz è T1 - To ø
æ d 2T ö dT
Zone III: - k çç 2 ÷÷ + r1v1C p =0
è dz ø dz
Kondisi batas
z = -¥ ® T = T
I

z = 0 ® T I = T II
dT I dT II
z=0 ®k =k
dz dz
z = L ®T =T
II III

dT II dT III
z=L ®k =k
dz dz
z = ¥ ® T III = finite
PD diubah dalam bentuk tak berdimensi
z T -T o r1v1C p L Sc L
Z= ; q= ; B= ; N=
L T1 - T o k r1v1C p (T1 - T o )
PD berubah
1 d 2q I dq I
- 2
+ =0
B dz. dz
1 d 2q II dq II
- + = N q II

B dz 2 dz

1d q 2
dq
III III
- 2
+ =0
B dz dz
 Penyelesaian
é m m ( e m4
- e m3
) ù ( m 3+ m 4 ) z
q = 1 + ê 2 m4
I 3 4
2 m3 ú
e
êë m4 e - m3 e úû

é m 4 e m 4 e m 3 z - m3 e m 3 e m 4 z ù
q =ê ú (m3 + m4 )
II
2 m4 2 m3
êë m4 e - m3 e úû

é m 4 2 - m3 2 ù (m3 + m4 )
q III = ê 2 m4 2 m3 ú
e
êë m4 e - m3 e úû

1 æç æ 4 N ö ö÷ 1 æç æ 4 N ö ö÷
m3 = B 1 - 1 - ç ÷÷ m4 = B 1 + 1 - ç ÷÷
2 èç è B øø 2 èç è B øø
 Konveksi paksaan
Aliran dalam pipa
é æ r ö2 ù
r
z=0 v z = v z max ê1 - ç ÷ ú
z
êë è R ø úû
q
Neraca energi
æ kecepatan ö
æ enegi ö æ energi ö ç ÷
çç ÷÷ - çç ÷÷ + ç pembentukan ÷ = 0
è masuk ø è keluar ø ç energi ÷
è ø

z=L
[2prDz.q r r - 2p (r + Dr )Dz.qr r + Dr
]+ [2pr.Dr.q z z - 2pr.Dr.q z z + Dz
]
+ rC p v z (T - To ) 2prDr - rC p v z (T - To ) 2prDr = 0
z z + Dz

rqr r + Dr
- rqr qz z + Dz
- qz T z + Dz
-T
lim r
+ lim r z
+ rrC p v z lim z
=0
Dr ®0 Dr Dz ®0 Dz Dz ®0 Dz
¶T 1 ¶ ¶q z
rC p v z =- (rq r ) -
¶z r ¶r ¶z
é æ r ö 2 ù ¶T 1 ¶ æ æ ¶T ö ö ¶ æ ¶T ö
rC p v z max ê1 - ç ÷ ú =- çç r ç - k ÷ ÷÷ - ç - k ÷
êë è R ø úû ¶z r ¶r è è ¶r ø ø ¶z è ¶z ø
k ¶ æ ¶T ö ¶ 2T
= çr ÷+k 2
r ¶r è ¶r ø ¶z
 ¶ 2T ¶T
Umumnya <<
¶z 2
¶z
é æ r ö 2 ù ¶T 1 ¶ æ ¶T ö
rC p v z max ê1 - ç ÷ ú =k çr ÷
êë è R ø úû ¶z r ¶r è ¶r ø
r = 0 ® T = finite
¶T
r = R ® -k = q1
¶r
z = 0 ® T = To
Untuk bilangan tak berdimensi
T - To r zk
q= ; x= ; V =
q
R R rC p v z max R 2
k
 ¶q 1 ¶ æ ¶q ö
PD berubah menjadi (1 - x ) 2
= çç x ÷÷
¶V x ¶x è ¶x ø
BC: x = 0 ® q = finite
¶q
x =1® - =1
¶x
V = 0 ®q = 0
Penyelesaian PD
Dintegralkan 2 kali maka
q = CoV + f (x ) didapat:

1 7
q = -4V - x 2 + x 4 +
4 24
qR é 4 zk ærö
2
1æ r ö
4
7ù
T - To = ê- -ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ú
k êë rC p v z max R 2
èRø 4è Rø 24 úû
 Konveksi Bebas
Distribusi kecepatan akibat perubahan suhu pada fluida
T2
Tm
T1
Pendekatan-pendekatan
perpindahan panas à
gradien suhu à
perbedaan densitas à
gerakan fluida
Plat panas Plat dingin

y
PD: d 2T y = -b ® T = T2
k 2 =0
dy y = b ® T = T1

1 æ yö Di mana
T = Tm - DT ç ÷
2 èbø 1
DT = T2 - T1 ; Tm = (T1 + T2 )
Neraca momentum 2
d 2 v z dp
µ 2 = + rg r = r - r b (T - T )
dy dz

d 2 v z dp
µ 2 = + r g - r b g (T - T )
dy dz
Gradien tekanan karena berat fluida
dp d 2vz
= -rg µ 2 = - r b g (T - T )
dz dy
d 2vz é
( 1
) æ y öù
µ 2 = - r b g ê Tu - T - DT ç ÷ú
dy 2 è b øû
ë
y = -b ® v z = 0
y = b ® vz = 0

r bgb 2 DT 3
vz =
12 µ
[
h - Ah 2 - h + A]
6(T - T ) y
A= m
; h=
DT b
Latihan

• Bahan bakar nuklir dalam bentuk silinder dilapisi dengan alumunium.

Heat source yaitu:

é æ r ö
2
ù
S n = S no ê1 + bçç ÷÷ ú
êë è Rf ø úû

• Carilah distribusi suhu dalam silinder bila pelapis alumunium bagian

luar dikontakkan dengan pendingin dengan suhu T
PD dalam bahan bakar nuklir
1 d æ dT f ö é æ r ö
2
ù
-kf çç r ÷÷ = S no ê1 - bçç ÷÷ ú
r dr è dr ø êë è Rf ø úû
PD dalam pelapis alumunium
1 d æ dTc ö
- kc çr ÷=0
r dr è dr ø
BC 1: r = 0 ® T f = finite
BC 2: r = Rf ® T f = Tc
æ dT f ö dT
BC 3: r = Rf ® -k f çç ÷÷ = -k c c
è dr ø dr
dTc
BC 4: r = Rc ® - k c = k L (Tc - TL )
dr
Integrasi persamaan di atas
S o Rf éæ r bæ r ö ù
2 4
2
ö
Tf = êçç ÷÷ - çç ÷÷ ú + C1 ln r + C 2
4k f êè Rf ø 4 è Rf ø ú
ë û
Tc = C 3 ln r + C 4
Dengan memasukkan kondisi batas di dapat

S o Rf 2 ìïé æ r ö
2
ù bé æ r ö
4
ù üï S Rf 2 æ b öæ k Rc ö
T f - TL = íê1 - çç ÷÷ ú + ê1 - çç ÷÷ úý + o
ç
ç1 - ÷ç c
+ ln ÷÷
6k f ïîêë è Rf ø úû 4 êë è Rf ø úû ïþ 2k c è 2 øè Rfk L Rf ø
What we have learnt today:

• The concept of shell energy balance

• Shell energy balance for various cases
• Electric Wire
• Nuclear Reactor
• Viscous Heat Source
• Heat Conduction with a Chemical Heat Source
• Forced and natural convection