Equation of Change

(Persamaan Perubahan)
Starting transport analysis:

1.Writing “Shell Momentum

Balance”

2.Start from generalized equation of

motion in a suitable coordinate
system
 Equation of Change

• Momentun balance
Unsteady state
• Energi balance more than one
• Mass balance dimension

Volume element  equation  PD  answer

General eq  simplification  PD  answer

(tabel)
• Many terms
• Constructed in several coordinate
• Rectangular
• Cylinder
• Sphere
• PD include
• Continuity equation
• Equation of motion
• Kinetic energy equation
• Shear stress equation
 Time derivative

• Partial time derivative

• Total time derivative
• Substantial time derivative

Partial time derivative, ∂C/ ∂t

Fixed position (x,y,z)
Observed the changes
of fish concentration
every time
  C  Partial of C with respect to t
  t  x ,y,z holding x, y, z constant
• Total time derivative
– Using motor boat and can move in any direction 
observed fish concentration
dC C  C dx  C dy  C dz
= + + +
dt t  x dt  y dt  z dt

where dx/dt, dy/dt, dz/dt are component of boat

velocity
• Substantial time derivative
– Using canoe and are not energic
(follows the river flow)
DC C C C C
= + vx + vy + v
Dt t x y z z

Where vx, vy, vz are component of local velocity

Rectangular coordinate
 Continuity Equation/Mass Balance

 Rate of 
 Rate of   Rate of   
    =
  mass 
mass in  mass out   Accumulation 
 

xyz

t
  
= yz v x  x  vx  x + x + xz v y   v y 
y y + y

 
+ xy vz  z  vz  z + z
Divided by x.y.z:
     
=  v x + v y + v z  =   .v 
t  x y z 

     vx v y vz 
+ vx + vy + vz =    + + 
t x y z  x y z 
  
v=0 
Substantia l Derivative .of

The left hand side is substantial derivative of 

(see by an observer moving with the fluid
velocity) and can be written as:
D
=     v  For non compressible fluid
.v = 0
Dt  ρ constant
D
=   .v 
Dt

0 =   .v 
Vx V y Vz
+ + =0
x y z

Vz 1 rVr 1 V

+ + =0
z r r r 
 Example
• If a velocity component is known as below :

v = ir r  + i 2r z
3 2

– Observe if the fluid is compressible or incompressible

 v = ir r  + i 2r z
3 2

If incompressible fluid .v will equal to zero

1   1  vz
.v =  rvr  + v + =0
r  r  r  z
Velocity on cylinder coordinate

v = ir vr + i v + iz vz
From the problem above, we can get:
vr = r 
3

v = 2r 2z
vz = 0
Derivative from continuity equation:

  4
r r
 
rvr  = r  = 4r 3
 

 
v  = 2r 2z = 2r 2 z

v z
=0
z
1 3
r
  
1 2
.v = 0  4r  + 2r z + 0 = 0
r

4r  + 2rz = 0  2r =  z Compressible fluid
2
• If component of incompressible fluids are
known as below, find the whole velocity
components
vx = x y
3

v y = 2 yx z
2
Equation of Motion
(Persamaan Gerak)
 Momentum balance

Sum of forces   Rate of 

 Rate of   Rate of     
 
  +
  Acting on =
  momentum 
 momentum in   momentum out  system   Accumulation 
   

Remember: velocity is a vector variable

 x Momentum balance:
Convection:

yzvx vx  x  vx vx  x + x + xz v y vx  y  v y vx  y + y 

+ xy vz vx  z  vz vx  z + z 
Molecular momentum transfer:

yz  xx x   xx x + x
 + xz  yx y   yx
y + y
+ xy zx z   zx z + z

Net force in x direction (Assuming only
pressure gradient and gravitational force):

 
yz p x  p x + x + xyz.g x
Combining all mechanisms:
v x    
=  v x v x + v y v x + v z v x 
t  x y z 
    p
   xx +  yx +  zx   + g x
 x y z  x

Accordingly y and z momentum balance:

v y    
=  v x v y + v y v y + v z v y 
t  x y z 
    p
   xy +  yx +  yx   + g y
 x y z  y
z component:
vz    
=  vx vz + v y vz + vz vz 
t  x y z 
    P
   zx +  zx +  zz   + g z
 x y z  z

In vector notation:
v
= .vv   P  .τ  + g
t
Newtonian-Fluid
Momentum Equation/Equation of Motion:
Exercise:

r

r
Continuity Equation:

D  1 rVr 1 V Vz 

=  + + 
Dt  r r r  z 

If density is constant (non-compressible fluid:

D  1 rVr 1 V Vz 

=  + + 
Dt  r r r  z 
 1 rVr 1 V Vz 
0= + + 
 r r r  z 
It can be seen that velocity component is only
to the z direction, therefore:
vr = v  = 0

 1 rVr 1 V Vz 

0= + + 
 r r r  z 

Vz
0=  Vz  f ( z )
z
 Momentum Equation:

From potential flow (theory) inside flow:

P P  PL  P0 
= = 
z Z  L 

P P   1   v z 
0 =  L 0  +   r  +  g z
 L   r r  r 

P P   1   dv z 
0 =  L 0  +   r 
 L   r r  dr 
 P0  PL 2  r
2
vz = R 1    
4L   R  
Flow trough an annulus
 Prove that :

 P0  PL  C1
 rz =  r +
 2L  r

Can we give C1 equal to 0 in order rz is

unlimited at r = 0 ???

Boundary Conditions:
1. r = R  Vz =0
2. r = R  Vz =0
• Shear stress
distribution
P 
 0 L   
P  r  1  K 2 
 R  
 rz =   R     
 2 L   R   2 ln(1 / K )  r 

• Velocity distribution

 P0  PL  2   r   1  K 2   r 
2
vz =   R 1    + ln  
 4L    R   ln(1 / K )   R 
 p  1  
0 =   r rz  + g z
z  r r 

  P0  PL   P0  PL  C1
r rz  =  r  rz =  r +
r  L   2L  r
  P0  PL 
r rz  =  r
r  L 
 Momentum balance

 P0  PL 
d
r rz  =  r
dr  L 
 P0  PL  C1
 rz =  r + At r = λR  τrz = 0
 2L  r
 P0  PL 
C1 =  R 
2

 2L 
 P0  PL   r  2  R 
 rz =   R      
 2 L   R   r 
 Newtonion fluid

P0  PL
 rz = r
2L

dVz  P0  PL   r  2  R 
=   R      
dr  2L   R   r 

 P0  PL  2  r 
2
r 
Vz =   R    2 ln   + C2 
2

 4 L   R  R 
BC : r = KR  Vz = 0
r = R  Vz = 0
 
 P0  PL  2 2
0 =  
 R K  22 ln K + C2 ......(1)
 4L 
 P  PL  2
0 =  0  R 1 + C2 ......(2)
 4L 
From (1) and (2) we can get C2 = -1
1 K
2 =
2

ln(1 / K )

P 
 0 L   
P  r  1  K 2 
 R  
 rz =   R     
 2 L   R   2 ln(1 / K )  r 

 P0  PL  2   r   1  K 2   r 
2
vz =   R 1    + ln  
 4L    R   ln(1 / K )   R 
 FLOW OF TWO ADJASENT OF
IMMICIBLE FLUIDS
Flow in rectangular pipe
x
b B
z
b A

b B
b A

b B

b A
• Shear stress distribution
 P0  PL   x  1   A   B 
 rz =  b     
 L   b  2   A +  B 

• Velocity distribution
 P  P   2       x  x 
2
vzA =  0 L b 2  A  A
 
B 
   
 2 A L    A +  B    A +  B  b  b  

    2       2
P P
vzB =  0 L b 2  B  A B    
x x
    
 2 B L    A +  B    A +  B  b  b  
 p  xz
0=  + g z
z x

 xz P0  PL
=
x L
Momentum balance
d xz P0  PL
=
dx L
P0  PL
 xz A
= x + C1A

L
P0  PL
 xz B
= x + C1B

L
BC: x = 0  xz =  xz  C = C
A B
1
A
1
B
Newtonian fluid

dVz A
P0  PL
 A = x + C1A
dx L
dVzB P0  PL
 B = x + C1B
dx L
Integrated to x
P0  PL 2 C A
V =
A
x  + C2
1 A

2 A L A
z

P0  PL 2 C B
V =
B
x  + C2
1B

2 B L B
z
 BC :
x=0 VzA = VzB
x=-b VzA = 0
x=b VzB = 0

 P  P   2       x  
x
2
A  0  2    
vz =  L
b  A
  A B
   
 2 A L    A +  B    A +  B  b  b  

    2       2
P P
vzB =  0 L b 2  B  A B    
x x
    
 2 B L    A +  B    A +  B  b  b  