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Note # 10

April - 2005 Heat Transfer

With More Than 2 Independent Variables
Ir. Mohammad Fahrurrozi, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Laminar Forced Convection

Through Wall Heated Tube

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Vr = V = 0

 Cˆ p Vz
T
=−
1 
(r q r ) − q z
z r r z

Remember for a laminar flow:

 r 2

Vz = Vmax 1 −   
  R  

Therefore:

  r  2  T  1   T   2 T 
 C p Vmax 1 −   
ˆ = k r + 2 
  R   z  r r  r  z 

The diffusion term in z direction is sometimes

negligible compared to the forced convection:
  r  2  T 1   T 
 Cˆ p Vmax 1 −    =k r 
  R   z r r  r 

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Boundary Conditions:

at r = 0 , T = finite

T
at r = R , −k = q1
r

at z = 0 , T = T0

Non dimensionalize:

T − T0 r zk
= =  =
(q1 R / k ) R  Cˆ Vmax R 2

(1 −  )  = 1     

2

 

Boundary Conditions:

1. at  = 0 ,  = finite

2. at  = 1 , − =1


3. at  = 0 ,  =0

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Approximate solution for a large z:

 = C 0 + ( )

C0 is a constant to be determined utilizing the

boundary condition.
The proposed equation can satisfy both the PDE and
BC 1 and 2. BC number 3, however, will be satisfied
and therefore is replaced by:
2 R
− 2Rzq1 =   Cˆ (T − T )V rdrd
0 0
P 0 z

−  =   (1 −  2 )d
!

1 d   
  = C0 (1 −  2 )
 d   

2 4 
 = C 0 + C 0  −  + C1 ln ( ) + C 2
 4 16 

BC 1 C1 = 0 C 0 = −4 7
BC 2 BC 3 C2 =
24

4 7
 = −4 −  2 + +
4 24

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Short Contact Time Approximation

y
T0
d
z

Surface at a Vz(y)
Constant
temperature TS

T-T0

T=T
T0

T  2T
 C p Vz
ˆ =k 2
z y

 2y  y 2  d 2 g
V z = Vmax  −  Vmax =
 d  d   2
 

For a short contact time, we concern only small y,

therefore:
d 2 g 2 y
Vz 
2 d

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d 2 g 2 y T  2T
 Cˆ p =k 2
2  d z y

T  2T k
y = 2 =
z y  Cˆ P gd
2

Combination of variable/similarity method:

(T − T0 ) y
= =
(Ts − T0 ) 3 9z

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
1
 4  
− 3
= e d
 
 3

Exercise:
• What is the expression for heat flux at the surface ?
• Obtain expression of heat transfer coefficient using
the derived equation

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Heating Semi-Infinite Slab

At t > 0, T = T1

t  0, T(y) = T0

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T q y T  2T
 .Cp =−  .Cp =k 2
t y t y

T − T0
=
T1 − T0

At t  0 ,  = 0
 k  2
= For t > 0
t  .Cp y 2 At y = 0,  = 1
At y = ,  = 0

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It can be shown that the solution is:


2 y
e
− 2
 = 1− d =
 0 4. .t

T
qy = −k =
k
(T1 − T0 )
y =0 y y =0 t
t
Q = A q0 .dt = A.k .2
t
(T1 − T0 )
0


(T1 − T0 )( )
t2
A.k .2
Q = A q0 .dt = t 2 − t1
t1 

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Limitation of The Model

Penetration depth:
𝑧 = 4 𝛼. 𝑡
𝑘
 Is thermal diffusivity 𝜌.𝐶𝑝

• The model is applicable as long as the physical

domain is significantly greater than the penetration
depth (distance where temperature change is less
than 1 % of the maximum temperature change)

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Case: Flat bottomed metallic tank for storing cryogenic

fluid will be constructed under open air over a concrete
base. Utilizing model for infinite slab we will study effect of
time on the heat loss through the concrete base. The tank
has 20 m diameter. You may assume the bottom
temperature is –30 oC and the ground temperature is
initially at 28 oC. Show the trancient change of heat leak
through the bottom into the tank.
kconcrete = 0.0022 kal/(s.cm.K). ; Cpconcrete = 0.7 kal/(g.K); 
concrete = 2.8 g/cm3

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Heating Finite Slab

t > 0 ; T = T1

y 2b

t > 0 ; T = T1

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T q y T  2T
 .Cp =−  .Cp =k 2
t y t y

T − T0
=
T1 − T0

At t  0 ,  = 0
 k  2
= For t > 0
t  .Cp y 2 At y = 0, /y = 0
At y = b,  = 1

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Metal Bonding With Resin

Upper Platen (heater)

220 oC

Bonded
Metal

Initially
T = 25 C
Lower Platen (heater) at
220 oC

b = 0.77 cm and  = 4.2 x 10-3 cm2/sec

For curing, the resin must be heated at 110 oC for 15

minutes. What is the cycle time?

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Heating a Long Cylinder

Initial temperature is To. At t = 0, suddenly the surface

temperature is set into T1. What is temperature profile
as function of time?

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T 1 
 .Cp. = − 2 (r 2 qr )
t r 
T k    2T 
 .Cp. = 2  r 2 
t r   r 

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Boundary Layer

V
Momentum
T = T, Thermal Boundary layer
Boundary layer

y d T0
dT
x

Flat Plate

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 T T   q q 
 .Cp  vx + vy  = − x + y 
 x y   x y 

Suppose that heat conduction in x direction can be

neglected relative to the convection

 T T   2T
 .Cp  vx + vy  = k 2
 x y  y

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Thermal Boundary Layer x Momentum

Vx V  2V
T T  2T Vx + V y x =  2x
Vx + V y =  2 x y y
x y y
Where  is kinematics viscosity
at y = 0  T = T0 at y = 0  Vx = Vxs = 0
at y  dT  T = T at y  d  Vx = V
at x = 0  T = T at x = 0  Vx = V

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Thermal Boundary Layer

Thermal boundary layer and x momentum boundary layer will

mathematically equivalent provided:

dT = d and  = 

 

Pr = =   = 1
  k 
 
  .Cp 

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We may propose: y
 = 2 − 2 3 +  4 =
d (x)

 = 2T − 2 3 +  4 y
T =
dT (x)
T T

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Utilizing the Boundary Layer Equations along with

the BCs:

d 1
=  = Pr − 3 Cp
dT Pr = Prandtl number =
k

T0 − T
2 4
 y   y   y  1260  .x
= 2  − 2  +   d=
T0 − T  d   d   d  37 V

How to calculate the heat flux at the surface ???

Can you obtain an expression of Nu as a function of
Re and Pr ?

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From: MODELLING IN TRANSPORT PHENOMENA, ISMAIL TOSUN

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Kasus:
Besi panas berbentuk bola dengan diameter d yang mula-mula
memiliki suhu T0 (mendekati titik lebur besi) dikontakkan dengan tiba-
tiba dengan cairan pendingin yang suhunya dipertahankan pada Tf
pada sebuah kolam. Hitunglah suhu bola besi sebagai fungsi posisi
radial (r) dan waktu. Koefiesien perpindahan panas antara bola besi
dengan fluida adalah (h) adalah 1300 W/m2.K. Kapasitas dan
konduktivitas panas besi dapat saudara dapatkan dari pustaka

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