Formula Sheet

Motion

⃗ O A O
∆ d=⃗
∆ d 1+ ⃗
∆ d 2+ … 2 2
c =a + b
2
sin θ= cos θ= tanθ= 2 2 2
c =a + b −2 ab cos θ
H H A
a b c d Δd Δv 1 y 2− y 1
= = v= v= a= A= bh
sin A sin B sin C t Δt Δt 2 A=lw Slope= x2 −x 1
2 2
v 2−v 1 a av ( Δt ) (v 1 + v 2 )Δt aav ( Δt )
a av= Δd =v 1 Δt + Δd= v 22 =v12 +2 aav Δd Δ d =v 2 Δt −
Δt 2 2 2
v AB =v AC +v CB v XY =−v YX −b ± √ b −4 ac
2
x=
2a

Forces
∑ ⃗F μs =
F s,max Fk
∑ F⃗ x =m ⃗a x ∑ F⃗ y =m⃗a y ⃗a =
m
⃗F g =m⃗g F f =μF N FN
μk =
FN
Uniform Circular Motion

√
2
v F g=
GMm 2 πr 1 GM
⃗a c=
r ∑ F⃗ c=m⃗ac r2
v=
T a c=4 π rf
2 2 T=
f
v=
r
Energy
1
E g =mgh Ek = mv 2 Em=E p +E k F spring =−kx Eth =F k d
W =FΔd 2
1
E E = kx 2
2
Momentum
T =2 π
m
k √ f=
1 k
2π m √
Et =E E +E k

⃗ Δ⃗p
⃗
p x =⃗
px’ ⃗
p y =⃗
p y’ ⃗p x =m ⃗v x ⃗p y =m ⃗v y Σ⃗
F Δ t=Δ ⃗p Fnet = ⃗p=⃗
p' Ek =Ek '
Δt

Gravitational Fields

√ √
GM GM GM 2GM
g= v orbital=
3
r =Cs T
2
C s= v escape=
r2 r 4 π2 r

E g=
−GMm
r
∆ E g=
( −GMm
r )2
−(
−GMm
r
) F=
GMm
r 1
g 2

Electric Fields
k q1 kq ⃑ k q1 q2
ε= V= 1 q=ne ⃑ Fe E E=¿qV ∆ E E =¿q∆V Ee =
r 2
r ε= r
q
k q1 q 2 ∆V 1 1 mgr
F e= 2 ε= for parallel plates ∆ V =kq ( − ) q=
r d rB r A ∆V

Magnetic Fields
q
=
ε
m B2 r
Fm = qvBsin F M =IlBsinθ B=μ o ( 2 Iπr ) B=μ o ¿
L ( )
Special Relativity
 ∆ tm mv mc
2

√ v p=
∆ ts= Etot =

√
2

√ √ Erest =mc 2
v
2
Lm=L s 1− 2 v
2
v
2 Etotal =Erest + Ek
1− c 1− 1−
c
2
c2 c
2

Quantum Theory
hc ' 1 2
E photon=hf E photon= E xray =E ' xray + E electron hf =h f + m v E photon=W + Ek
λ 2
h h h
p photon= λ= =
λ p mv
Constants:
Acceleration due to gravity: g = 9.80 m/s2 [downwards]
Gravitational field constant: g = 9.80 N/kg

Universal gravitational constant: G = 6.67 X 10-11 Nm2 /kg2

Speed of light in a vacuum: c = 3.00 X 108 m/s

Coulombs constant: k = 9.0 X 109 Nm2 /C2

Elementary charge: e = 1.60 X 10-19 C
Electron volt: eV = 1.60 X 10-19 J
Planck's Constant: h = 6.63 X 10-34 Js
Electron mass: me = 9.11 X 10-31 kg
Proton mass: mp = 1.67 X 10-27 kg
Neutron mass: mn = 1.67 X 10-27 kg
r
Radius of the Earth: = 6.38 X 106 m
E

Mass of Earth: ME = 5.98 X 1024 kg

Kepler's constant for the Sun: Cs = Ks =3.36 X 1018 m3/s2
Permeability of free space 0 = 4  X 10-7 Tm/A

Derivations
2 2
v 2−v 1 a av ( Δt ) (v 1 + v 2 )Δt aav ( Δt )
a av= Δd =v 1 Δt + Δd= v 22 =v12 +2 aav Δd Δ d =v 2 Δt −
Δt 2 2 2

√
2
v GM
a c= v=
r 2
a c=4 π rf
2
r
T =2 π
√ m
k
f=
1 k
2π m √ E g =mgh
1
Ek = mv 2
2

Σ⃗
F Δ t=Δ ⃗p ⃗p=⃗
p'

√ ( −GMm )
GMm GM GM C = GM −GMm
F g= g= v orbital= s ∆ E g= −( )
r
2
r
2
r 4π
2
r
2 r 1

mgr 1 1 ∆V
q= ∆ V =kq ( − ) ε=
∆V rB r A d
q ε
= 2 F M =IlBsinθ
m B r

∆ tm
∆ ts=

√ 1−
v2
c2

h
p photon=
λ