UNIVERSIDAD INDUSTRIAL DE SANTANDER

Escuela de Física
GOTS, Grupo de Óptica y Tratamiento de Señales

CONSTANTES & PRINCIPALES FÓRMULAS

a+b a−b a−b a+b
sin a + sin b =
2 sin   cos   cos a + cos b =
2 cos   cos  
 2   2   2   2 
A = Ωr 2 L =θr ω = 2π f
f =1 T T = 2π L g x ( t ) A cos (ωt + ϕ )
=
FRest = −kx FDisip = −bv E = K +U = 1
2 kA2
K= 1
2 mv 2 U= 1
2 kx 2 =x ( t ) Ae −γ t cos (ωt + ϕ )
γ = b 2m τ =1 γ ωresonancia
2
= ω02 − 2γ 2
− ampl

d d d2
v (t ) = x (t ) a (t ) = v (t ) a (t ) = x (t )
dt dt dt 2
ω02 = k m ω
= ω02 − γ 2 =x ( t ) Asen (ω f t − α )

A = F0 ω f Z ±ω0 A2 − x 2
v= α = arctan ( X R )
v0 = ω f A Pmedia − resonan = F 0
2
2R Pmedia = 1
2 Rv02

F ( t ) F0 sen (ω f t + ϕ )
F0
=Q ω=
0 δ mω0 λ = A=
(ω − ω02 ) + ( bω f m )
2 2 2
m f
 
P= F ⋅ v ξ ( x, t ) ξ 0 senk ( x − vt )
= k = 2π λ
ω = kv ξ ( x, t ) ξ 0 sen 2π ( x λ − t T )
= v=λf
1
v= T µ µ=m L dK = µω 2 A2 cos2 kx dx
2
1 1 1
K=
λ U=
λ µω 2 A2 λ Eλ = K λ + U λ = µω 2 A2 λ P= µω 2 A2 v
4 2 2
T°C
g = 9,80 [m/s2] v =α =
T° K ; v 331,3 1 + α sonido/aire = 20,05
273
ζ = F/A ε = ∂ξ/∂x ζ = Yε
v = √(Y/ρ) v = √(kL/μ) ρacero = 7,8x103 [Kg/m3]
ρagua = 1.0 [Kg/dm3] ρaire = 1.29 [Kg/m3] ρcobre = 8,9x103 [Kg/m3]
ρagua salada = 1.1 [Kg/dm3] ρaluminio = 2,7x10 [Kg/m3]
3

κ = ρ(dp/dρ) v = √(κ/ρ)
v= √(Y/ρ) v= √(B/ρ) v = √(γp/ρ)
α = √(γR/M) M = m/N R = 8.3143 [J/°K.mol]
ρ = m/V v = √(TL/m) ζ = Gε
v = √(G/ρ) I = vE v = √(gλ/2π + 2πℑ/ρλ) sí λ << Profundidad
(dE/dt)promedio = IA E = 1/2ρw2ξo2 Pol- Lineal
Po = vρωξo para ondas armónicas ß = 10 log (I/Io) Io = 10-12 [W/m2]
ξ = ξ0 sen k(u.r-vt) k = ku p - po = (P0/r) sen k(r-vt)
ξ = (ξ0/r) cos k(r-vt) 1 1
∆K = ∆m(v) 2 = ρ A∆x(ω s ) 2 sin 2 kx
K λ = ¼ ρ A(ωξ 0 ) 2 λ
max
2 2
∆E Eλ 1 Eλ = U λ + K λ =
1
ρ A(ωξ 0 ) 2 λ ℘
℘
= = = ρ Av(ωξ0 ) 2 I=
∆t T 2 2 A
I = ½ ρ v(ωξ 0 ) 2 P02 ℘av ℘av
I= =I =
2ρv A 4π r 2
vt v vg = v + k(dv/dk) f´ = {(v+vo)/(v-vs)}f
θ
sin= =
vst vs
f´ = (1-vos/v)f con vos = vo-vs y vo , vos << v sen α = v/vs
1 1
𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚 = ≤ 𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 2𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 cBmax = Emax c = (ε0µ0)-½=3,00x108 [m/s]
𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
 1   B2 ∈0 2 B2
=S E×B u =+
uE uB =
∈0 E 2 = u= u= E=
µ0 µ0 E B
2 2 µ0
 UNIVERSIDAD INDUSTRIAL DE SANTANDER
Escuela de Física
GOTS, Grupo de Óptica y Tratamiento de Señales

 u  U  
p = û P = û P = pV
c c
U = uV =
I =I S= S prom
= c =
u cu prom Prad= cp
= u

P= 2=
cp 2u = cp cos 2 θ 2u cos 2 θ
Prad 2= Prad 2=
= cp 2u
rad 3 3
Prad cp
= = u (dE/dt)eléc = P02w4/(12πε0c3) P0 = qa
3 3
(dE/dt)mág = µ0M02w4/(12πc3) M0 = IA (dE/dt) = q2a2/(6πε0c3)
(dE/dt) = (q2c/(6πε0s2))(Ek/mc2)2 (dE/dt) = (q2/(6πε0c3r2))(p/m)4
(dE/dt) = (4q c/(6πε0r ))(Ek/mc ) si Ek << mc2
2 2 2 2
c = (εµ)-½
(dE/dt) = (q2c/(6πε0r2))(Ek/mc2)4 si Ek >> mc2 n = c/v = (εrµr)½
sen α = V/v f´ = f((1-v/c)/(1+v/c))½ f´ ≈ f(1-v/c) si v << c
V = HR H = 2.32x10-18 [Hz] m p = 1.6725 × 10−27 [ Kg ]
= 4πε 0
ke 1/= 8.9874 x 109  N m 2 C −2  =e 1.6021× 10−19 [C ] mn 1.6748 × 10−27 [ Kg ]
=
me = 9.1091x10−31 [ Kg ] = 0.511 [ MeV ] = uma 1.6605 × 10−27 [ Kg ] = 929.494  MeV / c 2 
1 u 1=
Vdipolo = pcos(θ)/4πε0r2 µ=0 4π × 10−7  m Kg / C 2  = h 6.6256 × 10−34 [ Js ]
=G 6.670 × 10−11  m 2 N / kg 2  ML = -(e/2me)L gs = 2.0024
2
MS = - gs(e/2me)S a0 = =5.292 x10−11 [ m ] r = a0 n 2 / Z
me ke e 2
v = KZe2/hn σcu = 5.81 x 107 [1/Ωm] σag = 6.14 x 107 [1/Ωm]
χm hidrógeno, 1 atm = -2.1 x 10-9 X = Lwf-1/Cwf Z2 = X2+R2
Pmed = ½V0I0 cosα En = (n+½)hf
∆λ/λ = (v/c)/(1-v2/c2)½ Ek = c(me2c2 + pe2)½ - me2c2 ≈ pe2/2me
λ´ - λ = λc (1 – cos θ ) λc, e = 2.4262x10-12 [m] λc, p = 1.3214x10-15 [m]
E = hf 1/E´ - 1/E = (1/ mec )(1 – cos θ ) p = h/λ
2

A + hf ⇒ A* + hf´ Sz = ± h/2π Ek = hf - φ
Ek, máx = hf - φ0 e∆Vs = hf - φ0 A + e(rápido) ⇒ A* + e(lento)
hc
Ek = hf - I λc = 1 [eV] = 1,602176565(35)x10-19 [J]
φ0
 W 
P = σ AeT 4 =σ 5, 670 × 10−8  2 4  λ=
max T 2,898 × 10−3 [ m °K ]
 m °K 
λ final
2π ck BT 2π hc 2
I (λ,T ) = I (λ,T ) = I= ∫ I (λ,T ) d λ
λ 4
 hc  λinicial
λ 5  e λ kBT − 1
 
 
R  J 
=
kB = 1, 3806504 ( 24 ) × 10−23   En = nhf A+ + e ⇒ A + hf
NA  °K 
En = − Rhc ( Z 2 n 2 ) = − ke e 2 2a0 ( Z 2 n 2 ) , n = 1, 2,3, umaC = 12.01115 umaO = 15.9994
R = 1.0973732 × 107  m −1  umaH = 1.00797 umaCl = 35.453
2 2 2 15 2 2
f = RcZ (1/n1 - 1/n2 ) = 3.2898x10 Z (1/n1 - 1/n2 ) [Hz] 2
µ = mm´/(m+m´)
I = µro2 Er = L2 / 2I Er = ((h/2π)/ 2I)l(l+1)
Ev = hf0(n+½) ∆n = ∆l = ±1 E = Er + Er + Ee
(hf0)CO = 0.268 [eV] ν = nc/2L ∆λ/λ = ∆L/L
B2 c
∆f < ½δ para funcionamiento del láser ∆f/f = - ∆λ/λ I = max
2 µ0
P E
2
Emax 2
cBmax
=
I = cu prom B= =I S= =
2 µ0 c 2 µ0
prom
A c
 UNIVERSIDAD INDUSTRIAL DE SANTANDER
Escuela de Física
GOTS, Grupo de Óptica y Tratamiento de Señales

sin θ 2 v2 c
θ r = θi = = constante n=
sin θ1 v1 v
q h′ 1 1 1 2
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2 M= − = + = =
p h p q f R
n1 n2 n2 − n1 n2 1 1 1
+ = q= − p ( n 1)  − 
=−
p q R n1 f  1
R R2

1 1 1 f
M = M1M 2 = + Número − f ≡
f f1 f 2 D
1 θ θ 25 [ cm ] θ 25 [ cm ]
I∝ m≡ mmax = = 1+ =
mmin =
( Número − f ) θ0 θ0 θ0
2
f f
L  25 [ cm ]  θ f
M = M o me = −   m= = − o δ = r2 − r1 = d sin θ
f0  fe  θo fe
λL λL
δ = r2 − r1 = d sin θ = mλ δ = r2 − r1 = d sin θ = ( m + 1 2 ) λ y= m =y (m + 12 )
d d
2π 2π
=ϕ = δ d sin θ = ϕ )  2 E0 cos ( ϕ 2 ) sin ( wt + ϕ 2 )
E R E0 sin wt + sin ( wt +=
λ λ
2  π d sin θ  2 πd 
=I I máx cos   ≈ I máx cos  y =
2nt (m + 12 ) λ
 λ   λL 
mλ 2π  sin ( β 2 ) 
2
2nt = mλ sin θ = ∆β = ∆y sin θ I = Imax
a λ  
 β 2 
 sin (π a sin θ λ )   π d sin θ   sin (π a sin θ / λ ) 
2 2

I = I max   I = I max cos 2   

 π a sin θ λ   λ   π a sin θ / λ 
d sin θ mλ d λ λ
= → = m θ min = θ min = 1, 22 d sen θbrillante = mλ , m = 0, ±1, ±2
a sin θ λ a a D
λ λ R = Nm 2d= sen θ m= λ , m 0,1, 2
R≡ =
λ2 − λ1 ∆λ
I = I max cos 2 θ
v v
n = tan θ p y = ( 2 A sin kx ) cos wt=f n n= , n 1, 2, =
3, f n n= , n 1, 3, 5,
2L 4L
  Qin     d ΦB
∫ ⋅ dl =
2L
=λn =
n
, n 1, 2, 3, ΦE= ∫ ⋅ dA= ε0
E ∫ B⋅ dA = 0 E =-
dt
  dΦ     ∂2 B ∂2 B
∫ ⋅ dl = μo I + εo μo dt E
B F = qE+ qv× B
∂x 2
= μ ε
o o
∂t 2
∂2 E ∂2 E h
= μ ε = λ= 0.00243 [nm] λ' − λo=
h
(1 − cos θ )= λC (1 − cos θ )
∂x 2 ∂t 2
o o C
mec mec
  
γ = 1 1 − (v 2 c 2 )
hc hc
= + ( γ − 1) mec 2 , p= fotón incidente pfotón esparcido + pelectrón
λ0 λ′
h
pFotón = pElectrón relativista = γ mev ∆v =∆Vmáx sen (ωt )
λ
∆v R ∆Vmáx
∆v =∆v R =∆Vmáx sen (ωt ) =
iR = sen (=ωt ) I máx sen ( ωt )
R R
I máx ∆Vmáx  π
=
I rms = 0.707 I máx P = i2 R = iL sen  ωt − 
2 ωL  2
UNIVERSIDAD INDUSTRIAL DE SANTANDER
Escuela de Física
GOTS, Grupo de Óptica y Tratamiento de Señales

di
Pprom = I rms
2
R ∆v - L =
0 X L = ωL
dt
1 ∆Vmáx
∆v =∆vC =∆Vmáx sen (ωt ) q= C ∆Vmáx sen (ωt ) XC ≡ , Imax =
ωC XC
dq  π
iC = = +  i I máx sen(ωt − ϕ )
ωC ∆Vmáx sen  ωt = Z ≡ R 2 + ( X L − XC )
2

dt  2

( ) = I máx R 2 + ( X L − XC )
2
∆Vmáx =
2
∆Vmáx = ∆VR2 + ∆VL − ∆VC I máx Z
 X L − XC  R 1
ϕ = tan −1   cos ϕ = ω0 =
 R  Z LC
( ∆Vrms )
2
Rω 2
½ I máx ∆Vmáx cosϕ =
Pprom = I rms ∆Vrms cosϕ =
I R 2
Pprom =
( )
rms 2
R 2ω 2 + L2 ω 2 − ωo2
Q= ωo / ∆ω= (ωo L) / R x′ = x − vt , y′ =y, z ′ =z, t ′ =
t
dx′ dx du ′x ∆t ′
=− v, or u ′x =ux − v = a' x = ax ∆t = = γ∆t ′
dt ′ dt dt ′ v2
1− 2
c
v
1+
1 Lp v2 c f
γ≡ =
L = Lp 1 − 2 f obs =
v 2 γ c v
source

1− 2 1−
c c
 v 
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = c 2t 2 x' = γ ( x − vt ) y ' = y z'= z t'= γ t − 2 x
 c 
 v   v 
x= γ ( x '+ vt ') y ' = y z'= z t= γ  t '+ 2 x '  ∆x '= γ ( ∆x − v∆t ) , ∆t '= γ  ∆t − 2 ∆x 
 c   c 
 
∆S 2 ≡ ( c ( t2 − t1 ) ) − ( x2 − x1 )
v
∆x = γ ( ∆x '+ v∆t ') , ∆t = γ  ∆t '+ 2 ∆x ' 
2 2

 c 

′ dx ′ ux − v dx uy uz
u= = ,=ux ; =
u 'y ; = u z' ∆S 2 =∆S ′2
dt ′  ux v   ux v 
x
ux v dt
1− 2 γ 1 − 2  γ 1 − 2 
c  c   c 
  dp d 
F  u2   
3

 mu   2

p≡ =γ mu =F = ( γ mu ) = a  1 −  , F u
u2 dt dt m  c2 
1− 2
c
x2
  x2 dp   u
udu   mc 2
W = ∫ F ⋅ dx = ∫ dx, F  x W = m∫ 3
, F  x W= K= − mc 2
dt 0  u2  2 u 2
1− 2
x1 x1
 1 − 2 
 c  c
mi c 2
E 2 p 2 c 2 + ( mc 2 )
2
E= γ mc=
2
K + mc 2 = =Ei = γ i mi c 2
2
u
1 − i2
c
 UNIVERSIDAD INDUSTRIAL DE SANTANDER
Escuela de Física
GOTS, Grupo de Óptica y Tratamiento de Señales

M 1c 2 M 2c 2 M 3c 2
Mc = 2
+ +  M − ( M 1 + M 2 + M 3 )  c 2 =
Q= ∆mc 2
2 2 2
u u u
1− 1
2
1− 2
2
1− 3
2
c c c
n mg m′g
∑ mi c 2
Mc 2 + BE =
i =1
=F G=
r2
mg g ∑F = ma
i
i

−1
4GM DLS 2L  v2 
[ rad ]
L L
θ E= θ= t first arm = + = 1 − 
c−v c+v
1
c 2 DL DS c  c2 
1
−
L 2L  v2  L 2
 gH 
tsec ond arm = + = 1 − 2  mi =
hf
f ′ f 1 + 2 
=
c2 − v2 c2 − v2 c  c  c2  c 

∆f f ′ − f gH  GM  q ( molar mass )
= = f ′ f 1 −
= 2 
m=
f f c2  RS c  ( 96.500 [C ]) ( valence )
9η v mg  v + v1′ 
D = 6π aη v a= q1 =
2ρ g E  v 
q1 v + v1′ 6π aη v  qQ 
= D= F = ke 2 r
q2 v + v2′ 1+ α ( L a) r
ke2 Z 2 e 4 NnA  n2 
2 [
∆n = = λ C=
2 2 cm ] , n 3, 4,5,
= C2 3645.6 × 10−8 [ cm ]
4 R ( 2 mα vα ) sin (φ 2 ) −
2
2 1 2 4
 n 2 

 n2   n2  1  1 1 
=λ C=   , n 4,5, =
6,  λ C=4 2 2 
, n 5, 6, 7,= R  2 − 2 
3
 n −3 
2 2
n −4  λ  
 n f ni 
n2 2
Ei − E f = hf =
me vr n=, n 1, 2,3, = rn = , n 1, 2,3,
me ke e 2
ke  1  2
13.6 1 ke e 2  1 1 
En =
− e  2 , n =
1, 2,3, En = − 2 [ eV ] , n = =
1, 2,3,   2 − 2 
2a0  n  n λ 2a0 hc  n f ni 
1 me ke2 e 4
lim [ quantum physics ] = [ classical physics ] E = − dE = ω dL
n→∞ 2 L2
ω ′ = ω dL = L m= e vr n,= n large numbers nλ = 2π r
−1
12.27  Ve  2
me vr = n = λ 1  2
+ 1  ∆ω∆t ≈ 1
V 2  2me c 
d d gλ
∆k ∆x ≈ 1 =vg ω= v p k = k + k v p vp =
= dk k k0= 0 dk k k0 2π
2
h E p 2c 2 + m2c 4  mc  c2
λ= , f= = v p λ=
= f c 1+   vg =
 k 
0 0
p h h vp
k = k0
+∞
E c2
v=
p = =f ( x) 2π ∫
=
1
a ( k ) eikx dk TF {a ( k )}
p v0 −∞
+∞ +∞
=a (k ) 2π ∫
=
1
f ( x ) e − ikx dx TF −1 { f ( x )}=V (t ) 2π ∫
=
1
g (ω ) eiωt d ω TF { g (ω )}
−∞ −∞
+∞ +∞
=g (ω ) 2π ∫
=
1
TF −1 {V ( t )}
V ( t ) e − iωt dt = f ( x, t ) 2π ∫
=
1
a ( k ) ei( kx −ωt ) dk , ω ω ( k )
−∞ −∞
UNIVERSIDAD INDUSTRIAL DE SANTANDER
Escuela de Física
GOTS, Grupo de Óptica y Tratamiento de Señales

  h sin θ 0
∆x∆px ≥ ∆E ∆t ≥ ∆px =
2
2 2 λ
λ λ h
∆=
x = sinθ min ≈ θ min = Ψ = Ψ1 + Ψ 2
NA 2sin θ 0 2 px D

py
Ψ = Ψ1 + Ψ 2 + 2 Ψ1 Ψ 2 cos φ θ min =
2 2 2

px
UNIVERSIDAD INDUSTRIAL DE SANTANDER
Escuela de Física
GOTS, Grupo de Óptica y Tratamiento de Señales

Yezid Torres M.
Profesor Titular
Grupo GOTS
Escuela de Física
Facultad de Ciencias