SHM

∑n
Fspring = −kx i=1 Fi = ma x(t) = Acos (ωt + ϕ)
√
k 2π 1
ω= m ω= T f= T ω = 2πf
( ) √
2
−1 v(0)
ϕ = tan −ωx(0) A = x(0)2 + v(0)
ω2
K = 12 mv 2 Uel = 21 kx2 E = K + Uel = 21 kA2
1
θf − θi = ωit + αt2
2
√
Simple Pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ω = g
L
√
Physical Pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . ω = mgd I . . . . . . . . . . . . I = Icm + md
2
√
Torsion Pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ω = κI

θ = θmaxcos(ωt + ϕ)
2
Damped Oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . −kx − b dx d x
dt = m dt2
b
x(t) = Ae−( 2m )tcos(ωt + ϕ)
√ ( ) √ ( )
b 2 b 2
ω= k
m − 2m −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−→ω = ωo2 − 2m
Forced Oscillations (Driven). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F (t) = Fosin(ωt)
2
Fosin(ωt) − kx − b dx d x
dt = m dt2 A= √ Fo /m
2
(ω2−ωo2)2+( bω
m)

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Waves ( )
y(x, t) = Asin 2π
λ (x ± vt) or y(x, t) = Asin (kx ± ωt + ϕ)
√
2π Ts
k= λ v = λf v= µ
1 µω 2 A2 λ
Eλ = 21 µω 2A2λ . . . . . . . . . . . . P = Eλ
T = 2
T . . . . . . . . . . . . P = 12 µω 2A2v
∂ 2y 1 ∂ 2y
=
∂x2 v 2 ∂t2

Œbeat = |Œ1 Œ2 |

Standing Waves ____y = 2Asin (kx) cos (ωt)

√
1n T
Waves on a string ______f = 2L µ

The resultant wave of the same frequency wavelength and amplitude:

y = y1 + y2 = 2Acos( ϕ2 )sin(kx − ωt + ϕ2 )
∆r
Phase angle_______ ϕ = 2π
λ

( )
Doppler eect sound:_______ f = ′ v±vo
v±vs f
( )
Sound level β = 10Log IIo Io = 1.00 × 10−12 W/m2
P oweravg P oweravg P oweravg
I= A = 4πr2
I= A = 21 ρvω 2s2max
(∆Pmax )2
∆Pmax = ρvωsmax I= 2ρv

√
o Tc
Speed of sound in air at 20 c is about 343 m/s in general: v = 331 m/s 1 + 273
the density of air at around 20o c is about 1.20 kg/m3

Harmonic position function is ___ s(x, t) = smax cos(kx − ωt)

The variation in gas pressure_____∆P = ∆Pmax sin(kx − ωt)

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Electromagnetic Waves
µo = 4π × 10−7 T m/A surface area of a sphere A = 4πR2
Savg = Emax2µBomax = PArea
ower
c= Emax
Bmax = ω
k = √1
µo ϵo
y(x, t) = Asin (kx ± ωt + ϕ)
Presure = F orce
Area Presure =
Savg
c or Presure =
2Savg
c
2
Savg = Emax
2µo c ..........................................................
∂ 2B 2 ∂ 2E 2
∂x2
= µoϵo ∂∂tB2 ∂x2
= µoϵo ∂∂tE2
E = Emax cos(kx − ωt) B = Bmax cos(kx − ωt)

Diraction and refraction

c λ
n1sin(θ1) = n2sin(θ2) n= v λn = n
v = λf c = 3.00 × 108 m/s y(x, t) = Asin (kx ± ωt + ϕ)
( )
Single slit asin(θdark ) = mλ asin(θbright) = m + 1
2 λ
( )
Double slit dsin(θbright) = mλ dsin(θdark ) = m + 1
2 λ
diraction grating dsin(θbright) = mλ
Thin lms:
( )
1
2nt = mλ 2nt = m + 2 λ
Brewster's angle (polarized light) tan(α) = nn21
Polarized light from two polarizersI = Imaxcos2(θ)

Relativity
√
∆t = √∆tp L = Lp 1 − u2
2
1− uc2 c2

−
→ −
→
p = √m uu2
2
γ= √ 1 E= √mc
2 2
1− uc2 1− uc2 1− c2
√ u
1±
Doppler fobs = √1∓ uc fsource
c

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Transformation equations
√
vx −u vx′ +u
vx′ vy′
vy 2
= 1− uv2x = 1− uv2x 1 − uc2 vx = uv ′
c c 1+ 2x
c

kinematicsvxf = vxi + ax t xf = xi + vxi t + 21 ax t2

2
vxf 2
= vxi + 2ax (xf − xi )

√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
Quadratic solution =
2a

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