Equation of Change

(Persamaan Perubahan)
Starting transport analysis:

1.Writing “Cell Momentum Balance”

2.Start from generalized equation of

motion in a suitable coordinate
system
 Equation of Change
• Momentun balance
Unsteady state
• Energi balance more than one
• Mass balance dimension

Volume element  equation  PD  answer

General eq  simplification  PD  answer

(tabel)
• Many terms
• Constructed in several coordinate
• Rectangular
• Cylinder
• Sphere
• PD include
• Continuity equation
• Equation of motion
• Kinetic energy equation
• Shear stress equation
 Time derivative
• Partial time derivative
• Total time derivative
• Substantial time derivative

Partial time derivative, ∂C/ ∂t

Fixed position (x,y,z)
Observed the changes
of fish concentration
every time
æç ¶ C ö÷ Partial of C with respect to t
è ¶ t ø x ,y,z holding x, y, z constant
• Total time derivative
– Using motor boat and can move in any direction 
observed fish concentration
dC ¶C ¶ C dx ¶ C dy ¶ C dz
= + + +
dt ¶t ¶ x dt ¶ y dt ¶ z dt

where dx/dt, dy/dt, dz/dt are component of boat

velocity
• Substantial time derivative
– Using canoe and are not energic
(follows the river flow)
DC ¶C ¶C ¶C ¶C
= + vx + vy + v
Dt ¶t ¶x ¶y ¶z z
Where vx, vy, vz are component of local velocity
Rectangular coordinate
 Continuity Equation/Mass Balance

 Rate of 
 Rate of   Rate of   
    
  mass 
mass in  mass out   Accumulation 
 

xyz

t
  
 yz v x  x  v x  x  x  xz v y   v y 
y y  y

 
 xy v z  z  v z  z  z
Divided by x.y.z:
     
  v x  v y  v z       .v 
t  x y z 

     v x v y v z 
 vx  vy  vz       
t x y z  x y z 
          
v0 
Substantial Derivative.of

The left hand side is substantial derivative of 

(see by an observer moving with the fluid
velocity) and can be written as:
D
     v  For non compressible fluid
Dt  ρ constant
.v  0
D
   .v 
Dt

0    .v 
Vx V y Vz
  0
x y z

Vz 1 rVr 1 V

  0
z r r r 
 Example
• If a velocity componenet is known as below :
3 2
v  ir r   i 2r z
– Observe if the fluid is compressible or incompressible
 3 2
v  ir r   i 2r z
If incompressible fluid .v will equal to zero
1   1  v z
.v   rvr   v  0
r  r  r  z
Velocity on cylinder coordinate

v  ir vr  i v  iz v z
From the problem above, we can get:
vr  r 
3

v  2r 2z
vz  0
Derivative from continuity equation:

  4
r r
 
rvr   r   4r 3
 

 
v   2r 2z  2r 2 z

v z
0
z
1 3
r
  
1 2
.v  0  4r   2r z  0  0
r

4r   2rz  0  2r   z Compressible fluid
2
• If component of incompressible fluids are
known as below, find the whole velocity
components
vx  x y
3

v y  2 yx z
2
Equation of Motion
(Persamaan Gerak)
 Momentum balance

Sum of forces   Rate of 

 Rate of   Rate of     
 
  
  Acting on 
  momentum 
 momentum in   momentum out  system   Accumulation 
   

Remember: velocity is a vector variable

 x Momentum balance:
Convection:

yz v x v x  x  v x v x  x  x  xz v y v x  y  v y v x  y  y 

 xy v z v x  z  v z v x  z  z 
Molecular momentum transfer:

yz  xx x   xx x  x
 xz  yx y   yx
y  y
 xy zx z   zx z  z

Net force in x direction (Assuming only
pressure gradient and gravitational force):

 
yz p x  p x  x  xyz.g x
Combining all mechanisms:
v x    
  v x v x  v y v x  v z v x 
t  x y z 
    p
   xx   yx   zx    g x
 x y z  x

Accordingly y and z momentum balance:

v y    
  v x v y  v y v y  v z v y 
t  x y z 
    p
   xy   yx   yx    g y
 x y z  y
z component:
vz    
  vx vz  v y vz  vz vz 
t  x y z 
    P
   zx   zx   zz    g z
 x y z  z

In vector notation:
v
 .vv   P  .τ   g
t
Newtonian-Fluid
Momentum Equation/Equation of Motion:
Exercise:

r

r
Continuity Equation:

D  1 rVr 1 V Vz 

    
Dt  r r r  z 

If density is constant (non-compressible fluid:

D  1 rVr 1 V Vz 

    
Dt  r r r  z 
 1 rVr 1 V Vz 
0   
 r r r  z 
It can be seen that velocity component is only
to the z direction, therefore:
vr = v  = 0

 1 rVr 1 V Vz 

0   
 r r r  z 

Vz
0  Vz  f ( z )
z
 Momentum Equation:

From potential flow (theory) inside flow:

P P  PL  P0 
  
z Z  L 

P P   1   v z 
0   L 0     r    g z
 L   r r  r 

P P   1   dv z 
0   L 0     r 
 L   r r  dr 
 P0  PL 2  r
2
vz  R 1    
4 L   R  
Flow trough an annulus
 Prove that :

 P0  PL  C1
 rz   r 
 2L  r

Can we give C1 equal to 0 in order rz is

unlimited at r = 0 ???

Boundary Conditions:
1. r = R  Vz =0
2. r = R  Vz =0
• Shear stress
distribution
P 
 0 L   
P  r  1  K 2 
 R  
 rz    R     
 2 L   R   2 ln(1 / K )  r 

• Velocity distribution

 P0  PL  2   r   1  K 2   r 
2
v z    R 1     ln 
 4 L    R   ln(1 / K )   R 
 p  1  
0    r rz   g z
z  r r 

  P0  PL   P0  PL  C1
r rz    r  rz   r 
r  L   2L  r
  P0  PL 
r rz    r
r  L 
 Momentum balance

d  P0  PL 
r rz    r
dr  L 
 P0  PL  C1
 rz   r  At r = λR  τrz = 0
 2L  r
 P0  PL 
R 
2
C1  
 2L 
 P0  PL   r  2  R 
 rz    R      
 2 L   R   r 
 Newtonion fluid

P0  PL
 rz  r
2L

dVz  P0  PL   r  2  R 
   R      
dr  2 L   R   r 

 P0  PL  2  r 
2
r 
Vz    R    2 ln   C2 
2

 4 L   R  R 
BC : r = KR  Vz = 0
r = R  Vz = 0
  P0  PL  2 2
0    
 R K  22 ln K  C2 ......(1)
 4 L 
 P  PL  2
0   0  R 1  C2 ......( 2)
 4 L 
From (1) and (2) we can get C2 = -1
1 K
2 
2

ln(1 / K )

P 
 0 L   
P  r  1  K 2 
 R  
 rz    R     
 2 L   R   2 ln(1 / K )  r 

 P0  PL  2   r   1  K 2   r 
2
v z    R 1     ln 
 4 L    R   ln(1 / K )   R 
 Exercise
• Derive the flow distribution of simple
Newtonian fluid flowing between two
parallel plate
y=a
y=0
y=-a
• Proof that the velocity is

a2  P  y 
vx   x  a 2  1
2   
 FLOW OF TWO ADJASENT OF
IMMICIBLE FLUIDS
Flow in rectangular pipe
x
b B
z
b A

b B
b A

b B

b A
• Shear stress distribution
 P0  PL   x  1   A   B 
 rz   b     
 L   b  2   A   B 
• Velocity distribution
 P  P   2        x  x 
2
v zA   0 L b 2  A  A
 
B 
   
 2  A L    A   B    A   B  b  b  

    2        2
P P
v zB   0 L b 2  B  A B    
x x
    
 2  B L    A   B    A   B  b  b  
 p  xz
0   g z
z x

 xz P0  PL

x L
Momentum balance
d xz P0  PL

dx L
P0  PL
 xz A
 x  C1A

L
P0  PL
 xz B
 x  C1B

L
BC: x = 0  xz   xz  C  C
A B
1
A
1
B
Newtonian fluid

dVz A
P0  PL
 A  x  C1A
dx L
dVzB
P0  PL
 B  x  C1B

dx L
Integrated to x
P0  PL 2 C A
Vz  
A
x  1
 C2
A

2 A L A
P0  PL 2 C B
V 
B
x   C2
1B

2 B L B
z
 BC :
x=0 VzA = VzB
x=-b VzA = 0
x=b VzB = 0
    2        2
P P
v zA   0 L b 2  A  A B    
x x
    
 2  A L    A   B    A   B  b  b  

    2        2
P P
v zB   0 L b 2  B  A B    
x x
    
 2  B L    A   B    A   B  b  b  
 Homework
• A polymer industry produces two types of
polymers A and B. Polymer A follows Bingham
model and Polymer B follows Ellis model.
• To reduce the energy, a double pipe heat
exchanger was used. Inner cylinder has
diameter kR and the outer cylinder has diameter
R. Fluid A flows inside the annulus.
• Derive the velocity distribution for both fluids
• Bingham fluid
through an
annulus
The use of Equation of
Change
Couette Viscometer
 Example:
• Derive the velocity distribution and shear stress
for tangential flow of incompressible fluid
between two vertical cylinders. The inner
cylinder is in stationary while the outer one is
moving with an angular velocity Ω0.
– Newtonion fluid
– Bingham fluid
Non Compressible fluid:

0  .v 
Vz 1 rVr 1 V
  0
z r r r 

Vz  Vr  0
1 V
0 V  f ( )
r 
Tabel 3.4-3 B:

1  2
0 2
r r
 
r  r  r  r  C1
2

C1    v 
 r  2    r  
r  r  r 
   v  C1
  3
r  r  r
v 2C1 Pada r = KR  vθ = 0
  2  C2 r = R  vθ = Ω0
r r
KR r
2C1 
v    C2 r v   0 R r KR
r 1
K
K
FOR SHEAR STRESS
We can use table 3.4-6 :

  KR r 
 d   0 R r  KR 
 r    r  
 dr  r 1 
 K  
  K 
 1  K 
2
 r  2  0 R  2 
2

2 
 r  1  K 
 Viskosity measurement:
   V  1 Vr 
 r    r    
 r  r  r  

   r R  
     
   V     R r  
 r 
   r      r 0 R
 r  r   r  1  
  r.    
    

 
   V     RRr  2   2    
R
2

 r    r       0  3    0
 
 r  r         r 
1  1
 
 r 
   
 





TORQUE (MOMEN PUTAR):

  2RL  r r  R R
 K  2
  4L 0 R 2

2 
1 K 
 BINGHAM FLUID
Non Newtonion:

 2 
r
1
0 2  r r r    r  
C1
r 2
 
Torque:  at r=R

 C1  
  2LR  2   C1  
2

R  2 L

 1
 r 
2L r 2
 BINGHAM

0
0  0 
1 / 2 :  
2
   v 
v  1 / 2 :    r  
   r 

Table 3.4-8 (B)

   v 
 r   r  
   r 
  
 0   v 
 r   0  r  
 d  v     r 
r  
 dr  r 
  v 
 r   0   0 r  
  r 
Substitution to the preface equation
v    r0    0
2
r
   1      ln
r 40 r0 L   r    0 r0
2

v
 
r
for r = KR, vθ = 0 we can get the relationship Ω and 

  1  0
   1  ln K
40 R L  K
2 2
 0


1/ K 2 1
Slope 
4L 0 R 2
0
μ0, τ0 can be evaluated
Intersep 
0
 Latihan / PR
• Suatu viskosimeter Stormer terdiri dari dua buah
silinder konsentris. Silinder sebelah dalam diputar
dengan kecepatan sudut Ωi, sementara silinder
luar tetap diam. Viskositas dicari berdasarkan
pengukuran kecepatan putaran silinder dalam
pada nilai torsi yang ditentukan. Carilah distribusi
kecepatan fluida untuk aliran yang mengikuti
hukum Newton dan fungsi dari nilai torsi yang
diberikan.

• Ulangi pertanyaan diatas apabila kedua silinder

luar dan dalam diputar dengan arah yang sama
dengan kecepatan sudut masing-masing Ωo dan
Ωi.
 Exercise / homework
• A Stormer viscosimeter consist of two concentric
cylinder. conr erdiri dari dua buah silinder
konsentris. Silinder sebelah dalam diputar dengan
kecepatan sudut Ωi, sementara silinder luar tetap
diam. Viskositas dicari berdasarkan pengukuran
kecepatan putaran silinder dalam pada nilai torsi
yang ditentukan. Carilah distribusi kecepatan fluida
untuk aliran yang mengikuti hukum Newton dan
fungsi dari nilai torsi yang diberikan.

• Ulangi pertanyaan diatas apabila kedua silinder

luar dan dalam diputar dengan arah yang sama
dengan kecepatan sudut masing-masing Ωo dan
Ωi.
 Test
• Percobaan yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa di
Laboratorium Polimer menunjukkan bahwa viskositas
larutan gula yang pekat dapat diukur dengan
viskosimeter Stormer yang terdiri dari dua buah silinder
konsentris. Silinder sebelah dalam diputar dengan
kecepatan Ωi, sementara silinder luar tetap diam.
Viskositas dicari berdasarkan pengukuran kecepatan
putaran silinder dalam pada nilai torsi yang ditentukan.

• Berhubung viskosimeter Stormer digunakan untuk

mengukur larutan polimer, maka dibutuhkan suatu
kalibrasi pengukuran viskosimeter tersebut
menggunakan larutan yang sudah diketahui
viskositasnya dengan larutan yang akan diukur. Carilah
rasio kesalahan dari pengukuran viskositas larutan
tersebut.
   
2
c  4L i R 
2

2 
1  
Misalkan nilai viskositas , torsi dan angular velocity yang
sebenarnya berturut-turut a, a dan Tca dan yang terukur
adalah berturut-turut: t, t dan Tct maka rasio antara
viskositas terukur dengan yang sebenarnya adalah:
  2

4L t R 
2

2 
 a ca  1    ca  t
 
t ct 2 
2
 ct  a
4L a R  
2 
1  

 a  t  a ca  t
Kesalahan       1  1
t t t ct  a
 ct  t t ct  t 1
 1  1
ct  t   ct 
1
t

 Kesalahan pengukuran    
t

1 ct  t
Jika:    1
1  ct

Maka: t
ct 
  1  
.v   0

Persamaan tak berdimensi

• Persamaan kontinuitas
.v   0
• Persamaan gerak
Dv  p  g
   v  
2

Dt   g T  To 

v p  po
v*  ; p*  x y z
V V 2 x*, y*, z*  , ,
tV T  To D D D
t*  ; T* 
D T1  To
• Persamaan kontinuitas
 * .v *  0
• Persamaan gerakan
Dv * 1 1 g
  * v *  * p * 
2

Dt * Re Fr g c
• Persamaan energi
DT * 1 Br
 * T *
2
v *
Dt * Re Pr Re Pr