DYNAMICS OF UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

Definition of Uniform Circular Motion

Uniform circular motion is the motion of an object traveling at a constant (uniform) speed on a circular path.
Period (T)
- the time required to travel once around the circle, that is, to make one complete revolution
Speed(𝒗)
- distance travelled (circumference of the circle) divided by the period T
𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝒗=
𝑻
Example: The wheel of a car has a radius of 0.29 m and is being rotated at 830 revolutions per minute on a tire balancing
machine. Determine the speed in m/s at which the outer edge of the wheel is moving.

CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION
Magnitude: the centripetal acceleration of an object moving with a speed 𝑣 on a circular path of radius 𝑟 has a magnitude 𝑎𝑐
given by
𝒗𝟐
𝒂𝒄 =
𝒓
Direction: The centripetal acceleration vector always points towards the center of the circle and continually changes direction
as the object moves.

Magnitude: The centripetal force is the name given to the net force required to keep an object of mass 𝑚, moving at a speed 𝑣,
on a circular path of radius 𝑟 and has a magnitude of
𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝑭= = 𝒎𝒂𝒄
𝒓
Direction: the centripetal force always points towards the center of the circle and continually changes direction as the object
moves.
BANKED CURVES

𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝑭𝒄 = 𝑭𝑵 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 =
𝒓
𝑭𝑵 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒎𝒈
𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝑭𝑵 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
= 𝒓
𝑭𝑵 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒎𝒈

𝒗𝟐
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
𝒓𝒈
𝒗 = √𝒓𝒈 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽

The equation indicates that, for a given speed 𝒗, the centripetal force needed for a turn of radius r can be obtained from the
normal force by banking the turn at an angle θ, independent of the mass of the vehicle. Greater speeds and smaller radii require
more steeply banked curves—that is, larger values of θ. At a speed that is too small for a given θ, a car would slide down a
frictionless banked curve; at a speed that is too large, a car would slide off the top.

SATTELITES IN CIRCULAR ORBITS

Today, there are many satellites in orbit about the earth. The ones in circular orbits are examples of uniform circular
motion.
There is only one speed that a satellite can have if the satellite is to remain in an orbit with a fixed radius.
𝑮𝒎𝑴𝑬 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝑭𝒄 = =
𝒓𝟐 𝒓
𝑮𝑴𝑬
𝒗=√
𝒓
𝟔.𝟔𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 𝑵∙𝒎𝟐
Where 𝑮 = ; 𝑴𝑬 = 𝟓. 𝟗𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝒈
𝒌𝒈𝟐

WORK AND ENERGY

DEFINITION OF WORK DONE BY A CONSTANT FORCE

The work done on an object by a constant force F is
𝑾 = (𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽)𝒔
where 𝐹 the magnitude of the force is, 𝑠 is the magnitude of the displacement and 𝜃 is the angle between the force and the
displacement. The SI unit for work is newton meter or joule (𝐽).
 THE KINETIC ENERGY AND WORK – ENERGY THEOREM

DEFINITION OF KINETIC ENERGY

The kinetic energy KE of an object with mass 𝑚 and speed 𝑣 is given by
𝟏
𝑲𝑬 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
The SI unit for kinetic energy is 𝒋𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆 (𝑱).

THE WORK – ENERGY THEOREM

When a net force does work W on an object, the kinetic energy of the object changes from its initial value of KEi to a final value
of 𝐾𝐸𝑓 , the difference between the two values being equal to the work:

Example:
1. A space probe of mass 𝑚 = 5.00 𝑋 104 𝑘𝑔 is travelling at a speed of 𝑣0 =
1.10 𝑋 104 m/s through deep space. No forces act on the probe except that
generated by its own engine. The engine exerts a constant external force F of
magnitude 4.00 𝑋 105 𝑁, directed parallel to the displacement 𝑠 of magnitude 2.50 𝑋 106 m. Determine the final speed of
the probe.
2. A 58-kg skier is consisting down a 25˚ slope. A kinetic frictional force of magnitude 70 N opposes her motion. Near the top
of the slope, the skier’s speed is 𝑣0 = 3.6 𝑚/𝑠. Ignoring air resistance, determine the speed 𝑣𝑓 at a point that is displaced 57
m downhill.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

The work done by the gravitational force on the book as the book falls from yb to a height ya is equal
to mgyb － mgya.

The gravitational potential energy PE is the

energy that an object of mass 𝑚 has a virtue
of its position relative to the surface of the
earth. That position is measured by the
height ℎ of the object relative to an arbitrary
𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 level.
UPE = mgh
The SI unit for potential energy is joule ( 𝑱 ).

ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY

FIGURE: (a) An undeformed spring on a frictionless horizontal surface.

(b) A block of mass m is pushed against the spring, compressing it a
distance x. (c) When the block is released from rest, the elastic potential
energy stored in the spring is transferred to the block in the form of
kinetic energy.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

We can neither create nor destroy energy—energy is always conserved. Thus, if the total amount of energy in a system
changes, it can only be due to the fact that energy has crossed the boundary of the system by a transfer mechanism

Energy transfer mechanisms:

Work is a method of transferring energy to a system by applying a force to the system and causing a displacement of the point
of application of the force.

Mechanical waves are a means of transferring energy by allowing a disturbance to propagate through air or another medium.
This is the method by which energy (which you detect as sound) leaves your clock radio through the loudspeaker and enters
your ears to stimulate the hearing process. Other examples of mechanical waves are seismic waves and ocean waves.

Heat is a mechanism of energy transfer that is driven by a temperature difference between two regions in space.

Matter transfer involves situations in which matter physically crosses the boundary of a system, carrying energy with it.
Examples include filling your automobile tank with gasoline and carrying energy to the rooms of your home by circulating warm
air from the furnace, a process called convection.

Electrical Transmission involves energy transfer by means of electric currents. This is how energy transfers into your hair
dryer, stereo system, or any other electrical device.

Electromagnetic radiation refers to electromagnetic waves such as light, microwaves, radio waves, and so on. Examples of
this method of transfer include cooking a baked potato in your microwave oven and light energy traveling from the Sun to the
Earth through space.

CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY

The total mechanical energy (E = KE + U) of an object remains constant as the total object moves, provided that the net work
done by the external non – conservative forces is zero = 0 J, where U is all the potential energies.

1 1 1 1
 mgh  kx f  mvi  mgh  kxi
2 2 2 2

2 mv f f 2 2 i 2
 EXAMPLE: Potential energy changes for a roller coaster. A 1000 kg roller coaster car moves from point 1 to point 2 then
to point 3. A) What is the gravitational potential energy at point 2 and 3 relative to point 1? That is, take y=0 at point 1. B)
What is the change in potential energy when the car goes from point 2 to point 3? C) Repeat parts a and b, but take the
reference point (y = 0) to be at point 3. Refer to the figure on the previous page.

POWER
DEFINITION OF AVERAGE POWER
The average power 𝑃̅ is the average rate at which work W is done, and is obtained by dividing W by the time required to perform
the work:
Work W
P 
time t
E
P
time

The SI unit for work is joule/s = watt (W)

Power can also be expressed as

P  Fv

𝟏 𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝟕𝟒𝟓. 𝟕 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔 1 horsepower = 745.7 watts ≈ 746 watts

In a manner similar to the way we approached the definition of velocity and acceleration, we define the instantaneous power
P as the limiting value of the average power as "t approaches zero:

In general, power is defined for any type of energy transfer. Therefore, the most general expression for power

where dE/dt is the rate at which energy is crossing the boundary of the system by a
given transfer mechanism.

A unit of power in the U.S. customary system is the horsepower (hp). A unit of energy (or work) can now be defined in terms
of the unit of power. One kilowatt-hour (kWh) is the energy transferred in 1 h at the constant rate of1 kW = 1 000 J/s. The
amount of energy represented by 1 kWh is 1 kWh = (103 W)(3 600 s) = 3.60 X 106 J

Example: An elevator car has a mass of 1 600 kg and is carrying passengers having a
combined mass of 200 kg. A constant friction force of 4 000 N retards its motion upward, as
shown in the Figure.

(A) What power delivered by the motor is required to lift the elevator car at a constant speed
of 3.00 m/s?
(B) What power must the motor deliver at the instant the speed of the elevator is v if the
motor is designed to provide the elevator car with an upward acceleration of 1.00 m/s2?

Example: A 1.10 𝑋 103 kg car from rest accelerates for 5.00 s. The magnitude of the net
acceleration is 𝑎 = 4.60 𝑚/𝑠 2 . Determine the power generated by the net force that
accelerates the vehicle.
 SIMPLE MACHINES

Work is performed by applying a force over a distance. These simple machines create a greater output force than the
input force; the ratio of these forces is the mechanical advantage of the machine. All six of the simple machines have been used
for thousands of years, and the physics behind several of them were quantified by Archimedes. These machines can be used
together to create even greater mechanical advantage, as in the case of a bicycle.

Lever: A lever is a simple machine that consists of a rigid object (often a bar of some kind) and a fulcrum (or pivot). Applying
a force to one end of the rigid object causes it to pivot about the fulcrum, causing a magnification of the force at another point
along the rigid object. There are three classes of levers, depending on where the input force, output force, and fulcrum are in
relation to each other. Baseball bats, seesaws, wheelbarrows, and crowbars are types of levers.

What is mechanical advantage?

When a machine takes a small input force and increases the magnitude of the output force, a mechanical advantage
has been produced.

Wheel & Axle: A wheel is a circular device that is attached to a rigid bar in its center. A force applied to the wheel causes the
axle to rotate, which can be used to magnify the force (by, for example, having a rope wind around the axle). Alternately, a
force applied to provide rotation on the axle translates into rotation of the wheel. It can be viewed as a type of lever that
rotates around a center fulcrum. Ferris wheels, tires, and rolling pins are examples of wheels & axles.

Inclined Plane: An inclined plane is a plane surface set at an angle to another surface. This results in doing the same amount
of work by applying the force over a longer distance. The most basic inclined plane is a ramp; it requires less force to move up
a ramp to a higher elevation than to climb to that height vertically. The wedge is often considered a specific type of inclined
plane.

Wedge: A wedge is a double-inclined plane (both sides are inclined) that moves to exert a force along the lengths of the sides.
The force is perpendicular to the inclined surfaces, so it pushes two objects (or portions of a single object) apart. Axes, knives,
and chisels are all wedges. The common "door wedge" uses the force on the surfaces to provide friction, rather than separate
things, but it's still fundamentally a wedge.

Screw: A screw is a shaft that has an inclined groove along its surface. By rotating the screw (applying a torque), the force is
applied perpendicular to the groove, thus translating a rotational force into a linear one. It is frequently used to fasten objects
together (as the hardware screw & bolt does), although Babylonians developed a "screw" that could elevate water from a low-
lying body to a higher one (which later came to be known as Archimedes' screw).

Pulley: A pulley is a wheel with a groove along its edge, where a rope or cable can be placed. It uses the principle of applying
force over a longer distance, and also the tension in the rope or cable, to reduce the magnitude of the necessary force.
Complex systems of pulleys can be used to greatly reduce the force that must be applied initially to move an object.