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SCIENTISTS & ENGINEERS
with Modern Physics
DOUGLAS C. GIANCOLI
• .
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Giancoli, Douglas C.
Physics for scientists and engineers with modern physics / Douglas C.
Giancoli.-4th ed.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-13-149508-9
- - -
1. Physics-Textbooks.
— I. Title.
QC21.3.GS39 2008
—
530---dc22
2006039431
President, Science: Paul Corey

Sponsoring Editor: Christian Botting
Executive Development Editor: Karen Karlin
Production Editor: Clare Romeo
Senior Managing Editor: Scott Disanno
Art Director and Interior & Cover Designer: John Christiana
Manager, Art Production: Sean Hogan
Copy Editor:Jocelyn Phillips
Proofreaders: Karen Bosch, Gina Cheselka, Traci Douglas, Nancy Stevenson,
and Susan Fisher
Senior Operations Specialist: Alan Fischer
Art Production Editor: Connie Long
Illustrators: Audrey Simonetti and Mark Landis
Photo Researchers: Mary Teresa Giancoli and Truitt & Marshall
Senior Administrative Coordinator:Trisha Tarricone
Composition: Emilcomp/Prepare Inc.;
Pearson Education/Lissette Quinones, Clara Bartunek
Photo credits appear on page A-72 which constitutes
a continuation of the copyright page.
© 2009, 2000, 1989, 1984 by Douglas C. Giancoli

Published by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
• Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, KJ 07458
A II rights reserved. No part of this book may be
reproduced, in any form or by any means,
wi1hout permission in writing from the publisher.
Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN-13: 978 - 0-13-149508 -1

ISBN-10: D-13-149508 - 9
Pearson Education LID., London

Pearson Education Australia PTY, T,imitcd, Sydney
Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd.
Pearson Education North Asia Ltd., Hong &mg
Pearson Education Canada, Ltd., Toronto
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— Tokyo
Pearson Education Malayida, Ptc. I ,td.
KINEMATICS IN Two OR
Contents 3 THREE DIMENSIONS; VECTORS 51
3-1
- Vectors and Scalars 52
3-2
- Addition of Vectors-Graphical
- Methods 52
3-3
- Subtraction of Vectors, and
Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar 54
-
3--4 Adding Vectors by Components 55
3-5
- Unit Vectors 59
-
3-6 Vector Kinematics 59
3-7
- Projectile Motion 62
3-8
- Solving Problems: Projectile Motion 64
3-9
- Relative Velocity 71
SUMMARY 74 QUESTlOKS 75
PROBLEMS 75 GEJ\"ERAL PROBLEMS 80
DYNAMICS:
4 NEWTON'S LAws OF MOTION 83
4-1
- Force 84
4-2
- Newton's First Law of Motion 84
4-3
- Mass 86
APPLICATIONS IJST xii -
4--4 Newton's Second Law of Motion 86
PRl:EA.CI:: xiv 4-5
- Newton's '!bird Law of Motion 89
To SrnoE~rs xviii 4-6
- — JbrceofGravity;the Nonna! Force 92
Weight-the
USE.OFCoLOR xix 4-7
- Solving Problems with Ne\Vton's Laws:
Free-Body
- Diagrams 95
Volume 1 4-8
- Problem Solving-A General Approach l02
SUMMARY 102 OUESTrOKS 103
INTRODUCTION, PROBLEMS 104 GEJ\ERAL PROBLEMS 109
1 MEASUREMENT, ESTIMATING 1 USING NEWroN's l.Aws: FruCTioN,

1-1
-
1-2
-
The Nature of Science
Models, Theories, and Laws
2
2
5 CIRCUIAR MOTION, DRAG FORCES 112
5-1 Applications of Newton's Laws
1-3
- Measurement and Uncertainty; Involving Friction 113
Significant Figures 3 5-2
- Uniform Circular Motion-Kinematici;
— 119
1-4
- Units, Standards, and the SI System 6 5-3
- Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion 122
1-5
- Converting Units 8 -
5--4 Highway Curves: Banked and Unbanked 126
1-6
- Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating 9 «5-5 Nonuniform Circular Motion 128
*l-7 Dimensioni; and Dimensional Analyi;is 12 *5-6 Velocity-Dependent
- Forces:
SUMMARY 14 QUESTIONS 14 Drag and Terminal Velocity 129
PROBLEMS 14 GENERAL PROBLEMS 16 SUMMARY 130 QUESTlOKS 131
PROBLEMS 132 GEKilRAL PROBLEMS 136
DESCRIBING MOTION:
2 KINEMATICS IN ONE DIMENSION 18
2-1
- Reference Frames and Displacement 19
2-2
- Average Velocity 20
2-3
- Instantaneous Velocity 22
2-4
- Acceleration 24
2-5
- Motion at Constant Acceleration 28
2-6
- Solving Problems 30
2-7
- Freely Falling Objects 34
*2-8 Variable Acceleration; Integral Calcului; 39
*2-9 Graphical Analysis and
Numerical Integration 40
SUMMARY 43 QUESTIONS 43
PROBLEMS 44 GENERAL PROBLEMS 48
Ill
GRAVITATION AND
6 NEWTON'S' SYNTHESIS 139 9 LINEAR MOMENTUM 214
6-1
- Newton's Law of Univeri;al Gravitation 140 9-1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force 215
-
6-2 Vector Form of Newton's Law of 9-2
- Conservation of Momentum 217
Universal Gravitation 143 9-3 Collisions and Impulse 220
6-3 Gravity Near the Earth's Surface; 9-4
- Conservation of Energy and
Geophysical Applications 143 Momentum in Collisions 222
6-4
- Satellites and "Weightlessness" 146 9-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 222
6-5 Kepler's Laws and Newton's Synthesis 149 9-6
- Jnelastic Collisioni; 225
"'6-6
- Gravitational Field 154 9-7
- Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions 227
6-7
- Types of Forces in Nature 155 9-8
- Center of Mass (C:\-1) 230
*6-8
- Principle of Equivalence; 9-9
- Center of Mass and Translational Motion 234
Curvature of Space; Black Holes 155 *9-10 Systems of Variable~; Rocket Propulsion 236
SCMMARY 157 QUESTIONS 157
SUMMARY 239 Qt;RSTIONS 239
PROBLEMS 158 OE:>IERAL PROBLEMS HiO
~i!~ ot
10 ROTATIONAL MOTION 248
10-1 Angular Quantities 249
10-2 Vector Nature of Angular Quantities 254
10-3 Constant Angular Acceleration 255
10-4 Torque 256
10-5 Rotational Dynamics;
Torque and Rotational Inertia 258
1()-6 Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics 26()
10-7 Determining Moments of Inertia 2(i3
10-8 Rotational Kinetic Energy 265
10-9 Rotational Plus Translational Motion; Rolling 267
7 WORK AND ENERGY 163 *10-10 Why Doel$ a Rolling Sphere Slow Down? 273
SUMMARY 274 Ql."ESTIONS 275
7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force 164 PROBLEMS 276 GilNERAL PROBLnMS 281
7-2
- Scalar ProdU(,1 of Two Vectors 167
ANGUlAR MOMENrnM;
7-3
-
-
7--4
Work Done by a Varying Force
Kinetic Energy and the
168
11 GENERAL ROTATION 284
Work-Energy
- Principle 172 11-1 Angular Momentum-Objects
—
SL"l,,.IMARY 176 QUESTIONS 177 Rotating About a Fixed Axis 285
PROBLEMS 177 GE:>IERAL PROBLEMS 180 11-2 Vector Cross Product;Torque as a Vector 289
11-3 Angular Momentum of a Particle 291
8 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 183 11-4 Angular Momentum and Torque for
a System of Particles; General Motion 292
8-1 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 184 11-5 Angular Momentum and
-
8-2 Potential Energy 186 Torque for a Rigid Object 294
8-3 Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation 189 11-6 Conservation of Angular Momentum 297
-
8-4 Problem Solving Using *11-7 The Spinning Top and Gyroscope 299
Conservation of Mechanical Energy 190 *11-8 Rotating Frames of Reference; Inertial Forces 300
8-5 111e Law of Conservation of Energy 196 *11-9 The Coriolis Effect 301
8-6
- Energy Conservation with
SUMMARY 302
Dissipative Forces: Solving Problems 197
OUl:iSTIO:,jS 303
8-7
- Gravitational Potential Energy and
Escape Velocity 199 PRORI.RMS 303
8-8
- Power 201 GENERAL
PROHLl:i.MS 308
*8-9 Potential Energy Diagrams;
Stable and Unstable Equilibrium 204
SD1MARY 205 QUESTIONS 205
PROillEMS 207 GE~ERAL PROBLEMS 211
iv CONTENTS
14 0SCIU.ATIONS 369
14-1 Oscillations of a Spring 370
14-2 Simple Harmonic Motion 372
14-3 Energy in the Simple
Harmonic Oscillator 377
14-4 Simple Harmonic Motion Related
to Uniform Circular Motion 379
14-5 The Simple Pendulum 379
*14-6 The Physical Pendulum and
the Torsion Pendulum 381
14-7 Damped Harmonic Motion 382
14-8 Forced Oscillations; Resonance 385
SUMMARY 387 QUEST1O1'S 388
PROBLEMS 388 GEJ\"ERAL PROBLEMS 392
STATIC EQUILIBRIUM;
12 EIASTICfIY AND FRACTIJRE 311
15 WAVE MOTION 395
15-1 ChaTacteristic:, of Wave Motion 396
12-1 The Conditions for Equilibrium 312 15-2 Types of Waves:
12-2
- Solving Statics Problems 313 Ttansven;e and Longitudinal 398
12-3 Stability and Balance 317 15-3 Energy Transported by Waves 402
12-4
- Elasticity; Stress and Strain 318 15-4 Mathematical Representation of a
12-5 Fracture 322 Traveling Wave 404
*12-6 Trusses and Bridges 324 * 15-5 The Wave Equation 406
*12-7 Arches and Domes 327 15-6 The Principle of Superposition 408
SUMMARY 329 QUESTIONS 329 15-7 Reflection and Transmission 409
PROBI.RM$ 330 GENERAL PRORI.F.MS 334 15-8 Interference 410
15-9 Standing Waves; Resonance 412
~15-10 Refraction 415
13 FLums 339 * 15-11 Diffraction
SUMMARY 417 QUESTrOl\'S 417
416
13-1 Phases of Matter 340 PROBLEMS 418 GEI\ERJ\L PROBLEMS 422
13-2
- Density and Specific Gravity 340
13-3 Pressure in Fluids 341
13-4
- Atmospheric Pressure and
Gauge Pressure
13-5 Pascal's Principle
345
346
16 SOUND 424
- Measurement of Pressure;
l 3-6 16-1 Characteristics of Sound 425
Gauges and the Barometer 346 16-2 Mathematical Representation
13-7 Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle 348 of Longitudinal Waves 426
- Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate
13-8 16-3 Intensity of Sound: Decibels 427
and the Equation of Continuity 352 16-4 Sources of Sound:
13-9
- Bernoulli's Equation 354 Vibrating Strings and Air Columns 431
13-10 Applications of Bernoulli's Principle: *16-5 Quality of Sound, and Noise;
Torricelli, Airplanes, Baseballs, TIA 356 Superposition 436
*13-11 Viscosity 358 16-6 Interference of Sound Waves; Beats 437
*13-12 Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille's 16-7 Doppler Effect 439
Equation, Blood Flow 358 "16-8 Shock Waves and the Sonic Boom 443
*13-13 Surface Tension and Capillarity 359 * 16-9 Applicati.oni;: Sonar, Ultrasound,
*13-14 Pumps, and the Heart 361 and Medical Imaging 444
SUMMARY 361 QUESTIONS 362 SUMMARY 446 QUESTlOKS 447
PROBIBMS 363 GENERAL PROBLEMS 367 PROBLEMS 448 GEJ\"ERAL PROBLEMS 451
CONTENTS v
H F ir s t L a w
19 of
eat a n d t h e
T herm od n a m ic s 496
19-1 Heat as Energy Transfer 497
19-2 Internal Energy 498
19-3 Specific Heat 499
19-4 alorimetry — Solving Problems 500
19-5 Latent Heat 502
19-6 The First Law of Thermodynamics 505
19-7 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Applied; alculating the Work 507
19-8 Molar Specific Heats for Gases,
and the Equipartition of Energy 511
19-9 Adiabatic Expansion of a Gas 514
19-10 Heat Transfer: onduction,
onvection, Radiation 515
20 S e c o n d La w o f
T h e r m o d n a m ic s 528
T e m p er tu r e, 20-1 The Second Law of
Thermodynamics— Introduction 529
't f j T h e r m l E x p n s io n ,
20 -2 Heat Engines 530
1 / a n d t h e I d e a l G as Law 454 20-3 Reversible and Irreversible
17-1 Atomic Theory of Matter 455 Processes; the arnot Engine 533
17-2 Temperature and Thermometers 456 20 -4 Refrigerators, Air onditioners, and
17-3 Thermal Equilibrium and the Heat Pumps 536
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 459 20-5 Entropy 539
17-4 Thermal Expansion 459 20 -6 Entropy and the Second Law of
*17-5 Thermal Stresses 463 Thermodynamics 541
17-6 The Gas Laws and 20-7 Order to Disorder 544
Absolute Temperature 463 20-8 Unavailability of Energy; Heat Death 545
17-7 The Ideal Gas Law 465 *20-9 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy
17-8 Problem Solving with the and the Second Law 546
Ideal Gas Law 466 *20-10 Thermodynamic Temperature;
17-9 Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules: Third Law of Thermodynamics 548
Avogadro’s Number 468 *20-11 Thermal Pollution, Global Warming,
*17-10 Ideal Gas Temperature Scale— and Energy Resources 549
a Standard 469 SUMMARY 551 QUESTIONS 552
18 K in e t ic T h e o r of G a se s 476
18-1 The Ideal Gas Law and the Molecular
Interpretation of Temperature 476
18-2 Distribution of Molecular Speeds 480
18-3 Real Gases and hanges of Phase 482
18-4 Vapor Pressure and Humidity 484
*18-5 Van der Waals Equation of State 486
*18-6 Mean Free Path 487
*18-7 Diffusion 489
vi C NTENTS
Volume 2 23 E lec tr ic P o t e n t ia l 607
23 -1 Electric Potential Energy and
/■%«
- E lectr c C harge and Potential Difference 607
Z 1 E lectr c F eld 559 23 - 2 Relation between Electric Potential
and Electric Field 610
21-1 Static Electricity; Electric 23 - 3Electric Potential Due to Point harges 612
harge and Its onservation 560
23 - 4Potential Due to Any harge Distribution 614
21-2 Electric harge in the Atom 561
23 - 5Equipotential Surfaces 616
21-3 Insulators and onductors 561
23 - 6Electric Dipole Potential 617
21-4 Induced harge; the Electroscope 562
23 - 7E Determined from V 617
21-5 oulomb’s Law 563
23 - 8Electrostatic Potential Energy; the
21-6 The Electric Field 568 Electron Volt 619
21-7 Electric Field alculations for *23 -9 athode Ray Tube: TV and omputer
ontinuous harge Distributions 572 Monitors, Oscilloscope 620
21-8 Field Lines 575 SUMMARY 622 QUESTIONS 622
21-9 Electric Fields and onductors 577 PROBLEMS 623 GENERAL PROBLEMS 626
21-10 Motion of a harged Particle in
an Electric Field
21-11 Electric Dipoles
*21-12 Electric Forces in Molecular Biology;
578
579 24 C a p a c it a n c e , D ie le c t r ic s ,
E lec tr ic E n e r g S t o r a g e 628
24 -1 apacitors 628
DNA 581 24 - 2 Determination of apacitance 630
*21-13 Photocopy Machines and omputer 24 - 3 apacitors in Series and Parallel 633
Printers Use Electrostatics 582 24 - 4 Electric Energy Storage 636
SUMMARY 584 QUESTIONS 584 24 - 5 Dielectrics 638
*24 -6 Molecular Description of Dielectrics 640
E lec tr ic C u r r e n t s
25 and R e sist a n c e 651
25 -1 The Electric Battery 652
25 - 2 Electric urrent 654
25 - 3 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors 655
25 - 4 Resistivity 658
25 - 5 Electric Power 660
25 - 6 Power in Household ircuits 662
25 - 7 Alternating urrent 664
25 - 8 Microscopic View of Electric urrent:
urrent Density and Drift Velocity 666
*25 -9 Superconductivity 668
*25 -10 Electrical onduction in the Nervous System 669
26 D C C ir c u it s 677
26 -1 EMF and Terminal Voltage 678
G auss ' s Law ___ 591 26 - 2 Resistors in Series and in Parallel 679
26 - 3 Kirchhoffs Rules 683
22-1 Electric Flux 592 26-4 Series and Parallel EMFs; Battery harging 686
22-2 Gauss’s Law 593 26 - 5 ircuits ontaining Resistor
22-3 Applications of Gauss’s Law 595 and apacitor (RC ircuits) 687
*22-4 Experimental Basis of Gauss’s and 26 - 6 Electric Hazards 692
oulomb’s Laws 600 *26-7 Ammeters and Voltmeters 695
SUMMARY 601 QUESTIONS 601 SUMMARY 698 QUESTIONS 698
PROBLEMS 601 GENERAL PROBLEMS 605 PROBLEMS 699 GENERAL PROBLEMS 704
C NTENTS vii
E lectromagnet c I n d u c t o n
and Faraday' s Law 758
29-1 Induced EMF 759
29-2 Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz’s Law 760
29-3 EMF Induced in a Moving onductor 765
29-4 Electric Generators 766
*29-5 Back EMF and ounter Torque;
Eddy urrents 768
29-6 Transformers and Transmission of Power 770
29 -7 A hanging Magnetic Flux Produces an
Electric Field 773
*29-8 Applications of Induction:
Sound Systems, omputer Memory,
Seismograph, GF I 775
Inductance , E lectromagnet c
27 M a g n e t is m 707
30-1
O sc llat ons, and AC C rcu ts 7 8 5
Mutual Inductance 786
27-1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields 707 30-2 Self-Inductance 788
27-2 Electric urrents Produce Magnetic Fields 710 30-3 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field 790
27-3 Force on an Electric urrent in a 30-4 LR ircuits 790
Magnetic Field; Definition of B 710
30-5 LC ircuits and Electromagnetic
27-4 Force on an Electric harge Moving Oscillations 793
in a Magnetic Field 714
30-6 LC Oscillations with Resistance
27-5 Torque on a urrent Loop; Magnetic (.LRC ircuit) 795
Dipole Moment 718
30-7 A ircuits with A Source 796
*27-6 Applications: Motors, Loudspeakers,
Galvanometers 720 30-8 LRC Series A ircuit 799
27-7 Discovery and Properties of the 30-9 Resonance in A ircuits 802
Electron 721 *30-10 Impedance Matching 802
27-8 The Hall Effect 723 *30-11 Three-Phase A 803
*27-9 Mass Spectrometer 724 SUMMARY 804 QUESTIONS 804
M axwell' s E quat ons and
E lectromagnet c W aves 812
S ources o f M agnet c F eld 733
31-1 hanging Electric Fields Produce
28-1 Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Wire 734 Magnetic Fields; Ampere’s Law and
28-2 Force between Two Parallel Wires 735 Displacement urrent 813
28-3 Definitions of the Ampere and the 31-2 Gauss’s Law for Magnetism 816
oulomb 736 31-3 Maxwell’s Equations 817
28-4 Ampere’s Law 737 31-4 Production of Electromagnetic Waves 817
28-5 Magnetic Field of a Solenoid and 31-5 Electromagnetic Waves, and
a Toroid 741 Their Speed, from Maxwell’s Equations 819
28-6 Biot-Savart Law 743 31-6 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave
28-7 Magnetic Materials— Ferromagnetism 746 and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 823
*28-8 Electromagnets and 31-7 Measuring the Speed of Light 825
Solenoids— Applications 747 31-8 Energy in EM Waves; the Poynting Vector 826
*28-9 Magnetic Fields in Magnetic Materials; 31-9 Radiation Pressure 828
Hysteresis 748 31-10 Radio and Television;
*28-10 Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism 749 Wireless ommunication 829
viii C NTENTS
L g h t : R eflect on
32 and R efract on 837
32-1 The Ray Model of Light 838
32-2 Reflection; Image Formation by a
Plane Mirror 838
32-3 Formation of Images by Spherical
Mirrors 842
32-4 Index of Refraction 850
32-5 Refraction: Snell’s Law 850
32-6 Visible Spectrum and Dispersion 852
32-7 Total Internal Reflection; Fiber Optics 854
*32-8 Refraction at a Spherical Surface 856
T he W ave N ature L ght ;
y j i i ' w n in H r . th e n h ( « l K- p l4 A ‘J .11 lltL> N irti

34 I nterference
of
900
rm I t u p r o d lM U a v ic tu a l im u jw . h W h 34-1 Waves Versus Particles; Huygens’
> ^ C L S m n i r i t o n n f rw irt
j f n ( . ^ m p j f j s o n u l p jT L { J J ^ ift
IMIw c j* « ictmed.
K K tly U I V f ^ a l p u ir L Principle and Diffraction 901
/viewed t ihe ne r point wirfiSL**vcn
' >™ ‘w the <*jw.i-_ 34-2 Huygens’ Principle and the Law of
object subtends t the eye is much / !k r rl(h>in Refraction 902
m gniricttliim or mttgnifying power, rr‘
ngle subtended by n object when u s i n X ^ S j f c ^ c r,JhlJ ,lf lHc 34-3 Interference — Young’s Double-Slit
un ided eye, with the object t the ne ^P^^u^itn^duMnicih.L: Experiment 903
norm l eye): »" ,h4: lN - fDr * *34-4 Intensity in the Double-Slit
Interference Pattern 906
M (»-£i 34-5 Interference in Thin Films 909
vritcjWin[LinnL»1lilt t«*l *34-6 Michelson Interferometer 914
w here 0 nd flr rs shown in Fig. 3 3 - 3 3 . ' “ /tl" (Hj(. 3? .l.lij,wliLii;
’
length by noting th t 0 = h / N (Fig, 3.1- lc*#tcwialtk>rtandflrcijiml *34-7 Luminous Intensity 915
* « .he heigh, of Ihe object and we J -3J SUMMARY 915 QUESTIONS 916
^buir suits and lungems, ff the eye is
j^t infinity and the ot>ji.>el will h> PROBLEMS 916 GENERAL PROBLEMS 918
^ / nd fl' = h / f .
D ffract on
35 and P olar zat on 921
35-1 Diffraction by a Single Slit or Disk 922
*35-2 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction
Pattern 924
*35-3 Diffraction in the Double-Slit Experiment 927
Lenses a nd O pt cal 35-4 Limits of Resolution; ircular Apertures 929
33 I nstruments 866 35-5 Resolution of Telescopes and
Microscopes; the ALimit 931
33-1 Thin Lenses; Ray Tracing 867 *35-6 Resolution of the Human Eye
33-2 The Thin Lens Equation; Magnification 870 and Useful Magnification 932
33-3 ombinations of Lenses 874 35-7 Diffraction Grating 933
*33-4 Lensmaker’s Equation 876 35-8 The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy 935
33-5 ameras: Film and Digital 878 *35-9 Peak Widths and Resolving Power for a
33-6 The Human Eye; orrective Lenses 882 Diffraction Grating 937
33-7 Magnifying Glass 885 35-10 X-Rays and X -Ray Diffraction 938
33-8 Telescopes 887 35-11 Polarization 940
*33-9 ompound Microscope 890 *35-12 Liquid rystal Displays (L D) 943
*33-10 Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors 891 *35-13 Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere 945
SUMMARY 892 QUESTIONS 893 su m m a r 945 q u e s t io n s 946
C NTENTS ix
Volume 3
36 S pec al T heory of R elat v ty 951
36-1 Galilean - Newtonian Relativity 952
*36-2 The Michelson -Morley Experiment 954
36-3 Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity 957
36-4 Simultaneity 958
36-5 Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox 960
36-6 Length ontraction 964
36-7 Four-Dimensional Space -Time 967
36-8 Galilean and Lorentz Transformations 968
36-9 Relativistic Momentum and Mass 971
36-10 The Ultimate Speed 974
36-11 E = me2; Mass and Energy 974
*36-12 Doppler Shift for Light 978
36-13 The Impact of Special Relativity 980
E arly Q uantum T heory and

37 M odels o f the A tom 987
Q uantum M echan
37-1 Blackbody Radiation;
Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis 987
39 A toms
cs o f
1044
37-2 Photon Theory; Photoelectric Effect 989 39-1 Quantum -Mechanical View of Atoms 1045
37-3 Photon Energy, Mass, and Momentum 993 39-2 Hydrogen Atom: Schrodinger Equation
37-4 ompton Effect 994 and Quantum Numbers 1045
37-5 Photon Interactions; Pair Production 996 39-3 Hydrogen Atom Wave Functions 1049
37-6 Wave-Particle Duality; the Principle of 39-4 omplex Atoms; the Exclusion Principle 1052
omplementarity 997 39-5 Periodic Table of Elements 1053
37-7 Wave Nature of Matter 997 39-6 X -Ray Spectra and Atomic Number 1054
*37-8 Electron Microscopes 1000 *39-7 Magnetic Dipole Moment;
37-9 Early Models of the Atom 1000 Total Angular Momentum 1057
37-10 Atomic Spectra: Key to Atomic Structure 1001 39-8 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence 1060
37-11 The Bohr Model 1003 39-9 Lasers 1061
37-12 deBroglie’s Hypothesis Applied to Atoms 1009 *39-10 Holography 1064
38 Q uantum M echan cs 1017

40 M olecules and S ol ds 1071
38-1 Quantum Mechanics— A New Theory 1018
38-2 The Wave Function and Its Interpretation; 40-1 Bonding in Molecules 1071
the Double-Slit Experiment 1018 40-2 Potential-Energy Diagrams
38-3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 1020 for Molecules 1074
38-4 Philosophic Implications; Probability 40-3 Weak (van der Waals) Bonds 1077
Versus Determinism 1024 40-4 Molecular Spectra 1080
38-5 The Schrodinger Equation in One 40-5 Bonding in Solids 1085
Dimension — Time-Independent Form 1025 40-6 Free -Electron Theory of Metals;
*38-6 Time -Dependent Schrodinger Equation 1027 Fermi Energy 1086
38-7 Free Particles; PlaneWaves and Wave Packets 1028 40-7 Band Theory of Solids 1090
38-8 Particle in an Infinitely Deep 40-8 Semiconductors and Doping 1093
Square Well Potential (a Rigid Box) 1030
40-9 Semiconductor Diodes 1094
38-9 Finite Potential Well 1035
38-10 Tunneling through a Barrier 1036 40-10 Transistors and Integrated ircuits ( hips) 1097
X C NTENTS
N uclear P hys
41 R ad oact v ty
cs and
1104 43 E lementary Part cles 1164
41-1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus 1105 43-1 High-Energy Particles and Accelerators 1165
41-2 Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces 1108 43-2 Beginnings of Elementary Particle
41-3 Radioactivity 1110 Physics—Particle Exchange 1171
41-4 Alpha Decay 1111 43-3 Particles and Antiparticles 1174
41-5 Beta Decay 1114 43-4 Particle Interactions and onservation Laws 1175
41-6 Gamma Decay 1116 43-5 Neutrinos—Recent Results 1177
41-7 onservation of Nucleon Number 43-6 Particle lassification 1178
and Other onservation Laws 1117 43-7 Particle Stability and Resonances 1180
41-8 Half-Life and Rate of Decay 1117 43-8 Strangeness? harm? Towards a New Model 1181
41-9 Decay Series 1121 43-9 Quarks 1182
41-10 Radioactive Dating 1122 43-10 The Standard Model: Q D and
41-11 Detection of Radiation 1124 Electroweak Theory 1184
SUMMARY 1126 QUESTIONS 1126 43-11 Grand Unified Theories 1187
43-12 Strings and Supersymmetry 1189
N uclear E nergy; E ffects
42 and U ses o f R ad at on 1131
42-1 Nuclear Reactions and the

Transmutation of Elements 1132
42-2 ross Section 1135
42-3 Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors 1136
42-4 Nuclear Fusion 1141
42-5 Passage of Radiation Through Matter;
Radiation Damage 1146 A strophys cs and C osmology 1193
42-6 Measurement of Radiation — Dosimetry 1147
*42-7 Radiation Therapy 1150 44-1 Stars and Galaxies 1194
*42-8 Tracers in Research and Medicine 1151 44-2 Stellar Evolution: Nucleosynthesis,
and the Birth and Death of Stars 1197
*42-9 Imaging by Tomography: AT Scans 44-3 Distance Measurements 1203
and Emission Tomography 1153
44-4 General Relativity: Gravity and the
*42-10 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR); urvature of Space 1205
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 1156
44-5 The Expanding Universe: Redshift and
Hubble’s Law 1209
44-6 The Big Bang and the osmic
Microwave Background 1213
44-7 The Standard osmological Model:
Early History of the Universe 1216
44-8 Inflation 1219
44-9 Dark Matter and Dark Energy 1221
44-10 Large-Scale Structure of the Universe 1224
44-11 Finally ... 1224
A ppend ces
A M athem atical F o r m u l a s A -1
B D erivatives a n d I n te g r a ls A -6
C M o r e o n D im e n s io n a l A nal sis A -8
D G ravitational F o r c e d u e t o a
S p h e r ic a l M a ss D ist r ib u t io n A -9
E D ifferential Fo r m o f M axwell's E q uations A - 1 2
F S elected I s o t o p e s A -14
A n sw e r s t o O d d - N u m b e r e d P ro bl em s A - 18
In d e x A -4 7
P h o t o C r e d it s A -7 2
C NTENTS xi
A pplic tions (s e le c te d )
Ch pter 1 Escape velocity from Earth or Moon 201 Ch pter 15

The 8000-m peaks 8 Stair climbing power 202 Echolocation by animals 400
Estimating volume of a lake 10 Power needs of car 202-3 Earthquake waves 401,403,416
Height by triangulation 11 ardiac treadmill (Prl04) 213 Ch pter 16
Radius of the Earth 11 Ch pter 9 Distance from lightning 425
Heartbeats in a lifetime 12 Tennis serve 216 Autofocus camera 426
Particulate pollution (Pr30) 15 Rocket propulsion 219,236-8 Wide range of human hearing 427-8,431
Global positioning satellites (Pr39) 16 Rifle recoil 220 Loudspeaker response 428
Lung capacity (Pr65) 17 Karate blow 221 Stringed instruments 432-3
Ch pter 2 Billiards/bowling 223,228 Wind instruments 433-6
Airport runway design 29 Nuclear collisions 225,228 Tuning with beats 439
Automobile air bags 31 Ballistic pendulum 226 Doppler blood flow meter 442,453
Braking distances 32 onveyor belt 237 Sonar: sonic boom AAA
CD error correction (PrlO) 44 Gravitational slingshot (Prl05) 246 Ultrasound medical imaging 445-6
CD playing time (Prl3) 45 rashworthiness (Prl09) 247 Motion sensor (Pr5) 448
Golfing uphill or down (Pr79) 48 Asteroids, planets (PrllO, 112,113) 247
Rapid transit (Pr83) 49 Ch pter 10 Ch pter 17
Hard drive and bit speed 253 Hot air balloon 454
Ch pter 3 Expansion joints, highways 456,460,463
Kicked football 66,69 Wrench/tire iron 256
Flywheel energy 266,281 Gas tank overflow 462
Ball sports (Problems) 77,81,82 Life under ice 462
Extreme sports (Pr41) 77 Yo-yo 271
ar braking forces 272-3 old and hot tire pressure 468
Ch pter 4 Molecules in a breath 469
Rocket acceleration 90 Bicycle odometer calibration (Ql) 275
Tightrope walker (Q ll) 275 Thermostat (Q10) 471
What force accelerates a car? 90 Scuba/snorkeling (Pr38,47,82,85) 473,475
Triceps muscle and throwing
How we walk 90 Ch pter 18
(Pr38,39) 278
Elevator and counterweight 99 hemical reactions, temperature
D speed (Pr84) 281
Mechanical advantage of pulley 100 dependence 481
Bicycle gears (Pr89) 281
Bear sling (Q24) 104 Superfluidity 483
High-speed elevators (Prl9) 105 Ch pter 11
Rotating skaters, divers 284,286,309 Evaporation cools 484,505
Mountain climbing (Pr31,82,83) 106,110 Humidity, weather 485-6
ity planning, cars on hills (Pr71) 109 Neutron star collapse 287
Auto wheel balancing 296 hromatography 490
Bicyclists (Pr72,73) 109 Pressure cooker (Pr35) 493
“Doomsday” asteroid (Pr84) 110 Top and gyroscope 299-300
oriolis effect 301-2 Ch pter 19
Ch pter 5 Hurricanes 302 Working off the calories 498
Push or pull a sled? 116 SUV possible rollover (Pr67) 308 old floors 516
entrifugation 122 Triple axel jump (Pr79) 309 Heat loss through windows 516
Not skidding on a curve 126-7 Bat’s “sweet spot” (Pr82) 310 How clothes insulate 516-7
Banked highways 127 i?-values for thermal insulation 517
Simulated gravity (Q18, Pr48) 131,134 Ch pter 12
Tragic collapse 311,323 onvective house heating 517
“Rotor-ride” (Pr82) 136 Human radiative heat loss 518
Lever’s mechanical advantage 313
Ch pter 6 antilever 315 Room comfort and metabolism 519
Oil/mineral exploration 144,420 Biceps muscle force 315 Radiation from Sun 519
Artificial Earth satellites 146 Human balance with loads 318 Medical thermography 519
Geosynchronous satellites 147 Trusses and bridges 324-6,335 Astronomy—size of a star 520
Weightlessness 148 Architecture: arches and domes 327-8 Thermos bottle (Q30) 521
Free fall in athletics 149 Forces on vertebrae (Pr87) 337 Weather, air parcel, adiabatic lapse
Planet discovery, extrasolar planets 152 Ch pter 13 rate (Pr56) 525
Black holes 156 Lifting water 345,348 Ch pter 20
Asteroids (Pr44,78) 159,162 Hydraulic lift, brakes 346 Steam engine 530
Navstar GPS (Pr58) 160 Pressure gauges 346-7 Internal combustion engine 531,535-6
Black hole, galaxy center Hydrometer 351 ar efficiency 532
(Pr61,64) 160,161 Helium balloon lift 352,368 Refrigerators, air conditioners 537-8
Tides (Pr75) 162 Blood flow 353,357,361 Heat pump 538
Ch pter 7 Airplane wings, lift 356 Biological evolution, development 545
ar stopping distance of v2 174 Sailing against the wind 357 Thermal pollution, global warming 549-51
Lever(Pr6) 177 Baseball curve 357 Energy resources 550
Spiderman (Pr54) 179 Blood to the brain, TIA 357 Diesel engine (Pr7) 553
Bicycling on hills, gears (Pr85) 181 Blood flow and heart disease 359 Ch pter 21
hild safety in car (Pr87) 181 Surface tension, capillarity 359-60 Static electricity 560,589 (Pr78)
Rock climber’s rope (Pr90) 182 Walking on water 360 Photocopiers 569,582-3
Ch pter 8 Pumps and the heart 361 Electric shielding, safety 577
Downhill ski runs 183 Reynolds number (Pr69) 366 DNA structure and replication 581-2
Rollercoaster 191,198 Ch pter 14 Biological cells: electric forces
Pole vault 192-3 ar shock absorbers 383 and kinetic theory 581-2,617
Toy dart gun 193 Resonance damage 386 Laser & inkjet printers 583
x ii APPLICATI NS
Ch pter 23 Ground fault circuit interrupter Ch pter 36
Breakdown voltage 612 (GF I) 776 Space travel 963
Lightning rods, corona 612 Betatron (Pr55) 782 Global positioning system (GPS) 964
RT, oscilloscopes, Search coil (Pr68) 783 Ch pter 37
TV monitors 620-1,723 Inductive battery charger (Pr81) 784 Photocells 992
Photocell (Pr75) 626 Ch pter 30 Photodiodes 992
Geiger counter (Pr83) 627 Spark plug 785 Photosynthesis 993
Van de Graaff (Pr84) 627,607 Pacemaker 787 Measuring bone density 995
Ch pter 24 Surge protector 792 Electron microscopes 1000
apacitor uses 628,631 LC oscillators, resonance 794,802 Ch pter 38
Very high capacitance 631 apacitors as filters 799 Tunneling through a QM barrier 1038
omputer key 631 Loudspeaker cross-over 799 Scanning tunneling electron
amera flash 636 Impedance matching 802-3 microscope 1038-9
Heart defibrillator 638 Three-phase A 803
DRAM (PrlO, 57) 644,647 0 -value (Pr86,87) 810 Ch pter 39
Electrostatic air cleaner (Pr20) 645 Fluorescence analysis 1060
Ch pter 31 Fluorescent bulbs 1060
MOS circuits (Pr53) 647 Antennas 824,831
Ch pter 25 Phosphorescence, watch dials 1061
Phone call lag time 825 Lasers 1061-5
Light bulb 651,653,660 Solar sail 829
Battery construction 653 DVD and D players 1063
Optical tweezers 829
Loudspeaker wires 659 Barcodes 1063
Wireless: AM/FM, TV, tuning,
Resistance thermometer 660 cell phones, remotes 829-32 Laser surgery 1064
Heating elements, bulb filament 660 Holography 1064-5
Ch pter 32
Why bulbs burn out at turn on 661 Ch pter 40
Lightning bolt 662 How tall a mirror do you need 840-1 ell energy—activation energy,ATP 1075-7
lose up and wide-view
Household circuits, shorts 662-3 Weak bonds in cells, DNA 1077-8
mirrors 842,849,859
Fuses, circuit breakers 662-3,747,776 Protein synthesis 1079-80
Extension cord danger 663 Where you can see yourself in a
concave mirror 848 Transparency 1092
Nervous system, conduction 669-70 Semiconductor diodes, transistors 1094-8
Optical illusions 851,903
Strain gauge (Pr 24) 673 Rectifier circuits 1096
Apparent depth in water 852
Ch pter 26 Rainbows 853 LED displays; photodiodes 1096
ar battery charging, jump start 686,687 olors underwater 854 Integrated circuits ( hips) 1098
RC applications: flashers, wipers 691 Prism binoculars 855 Ch pter 41
Heart pacemaker 692,787 Fiber optics in Smoke detectors 1114
Electric hazards 692-4 telecommunications 855-6,865 arbon-14 dating 1122-3
Proper grounding 693-4 Medical endoscopes 856 Archeological, geological dating 1123-4
Heart fibrillation 692 Highway reflectors (Pr86) 865 Oldest Earth rocks and earliest life 1124
Meters, analog and digital 695-7
Ch pter 33 Ch pter 42
Potentiometers and bridges (Pr) 704,705
Where you can see a lens image 869 Nuclear reactors and power plants 1138^40
Ch pter 27 ameras, digital and film 878 Manhattan Project 1141
ompass and declination 709 amera adjustments 879-80 Stellar fusion 1142-3
Aurora borealis 717 Pixels and resolution 881 Fusion energy reactors 1131,1144-6
Motors, loudspeakers, galvonometers 720-1 Human eye 882-5,892 Biological radiation damage 1146-7
Mass spectrometer 724-5 orrective lenses 883-5 Radiation dosimetry 1147-9
Electromagnetic pumping (Q14) 726 ontact lenses 885 Radon 1148,1150
yclotron (Pr66) 731 Seeing under water 885 Human radiation exposure 1148-9
Beam steering (Pr67) 731 Magnifying glass 885-7 Radiation sickness 1149
Ch pter 28 Telescopes 887-9,931-2 Radiation therapy 1150-1
oaxial cable 740,789 Microscopes 890-1,931,933 Proton therapy 1151
Solenoid switches: car starters, Ch pter 34 Tracers in medicine and biology 1151-2
doorbell 747 Bubbles, reflected color 900,912-3 X-ray imaging 1153
ircuit breakers, magnetic 747,776 AT scans 1153-5
Mirages 903
Relay (Q16) 751 Emission tomography: PET
Atom trap (Pr73) 757 olors in thin soap film, details 912-3
Lens coatings 913-4 and SPET 1156
Ch pter 29 Multiple coating (Pr52) 919 NMR and MRI 1156-9
Induction stove 762 Ch pter 43
EM blood-flow meter 765 Ch pter 35
Lens and mirror resolution 929-30 Antimatter 1174-5,1188
Power plant generators 766-7
ar alternators 768 Hubble Space Telescope 930 Ch pter 44
Motor overload 769 Eye resolution, Stars and galaxies 1194-9
Airport metal detector 770 useful magnification 930,932-3 Star evolution 1200-2
Eddy current damping 770 Radiotelescopes 931 Supernovae 1201,1202,1203
Transformers and uses, power 770-3 Telescope resolution, Arule 931 Star distances 1194,1203^1
ar ignition, bulb ballast 772,773 Spectroscopy 935-6 Black holes 1202,1208-9
Microphone 775 X-ray diffraction in biology 939 urved space 1207-8
Read/write on disks and tape 775 Polarized sunglasses 942 Big Bang 1212,1213-6
Digital coding 775 L Ds—liquid crystal displays 943-4 Evolution of universe 1216-9
redit card swipe 776 Sky color 945 Dark matter and dark energy 1221-3
APPLICATI NS x iii
Preface
I was motivated from the beginning to write a textbook different from others that
present physics as a sequence of facts, like a Sears catalog: “here are the facts and
you better learn them.” Instead of that approach in which topics are begun
formally and dogmatically, I have sought to begin each topic with concrete
observations and experiences students can relate to: start with specifics and only then
go to the great generalizations and the more formal aspects of a topic, showing w y
we believe what we believe. This approach reflects how science is actually practiced.
Why Fourth Edition?

Two recent trends in physics texbooks are disturbing: (1) their revision cycles
have become short—they are being revised every 3 or 4 years; (2) the books are
getting larger, some over 1500 pages. I don’t see how either trend can be of
benefit to students. My response: (1) It has been 8 years since the previous
edition of this book. (2) This book makes use of physics education research,
although it avoids the detail a Professor may need to say in class but in a book shuts
down the reader. And this book still remains among the shortest.
This new edition introduces some important new pedagogic tools. It contains
new physics (such as in cosmology) and many new appealing applications (list on
previous page). Pages and page breaks have been carefully formatted to make the
physics easier to follow: no turning a page in the middle of a derivation or Example.
Great efforts were made to make the book attractive so students will want to read it.
Some of the new features are listed below.
Wh t's New
C apter-Opening Questions: Each hapter begins with a multiple-choice question,
whose responses include common misconceptions. Students are asked to answer
before starting the hapter, to get them involved in the material and to get any
preconceived notions out on the table. The issues reappear later in the hapter,
usually as Exercises, after the material has been covered. The hapter-Opening
Questions also show students the power and usefulness of Physics.
APPROACH paragrap in worked-out numerical Examples .A short introductory
paragraph before the Solution, outlining an approach and the steps we can take to
get started. Brief NOTES after the Solution may remark on the Solution, may give
an alternate approach, or mention an application.
Step -by -Step Examples: After many Problem Solving Strategies (more than 20 in
the book), the next Example is done step-by-step following precisely the steps just
seen.
Exercises within the text, after an Example or derivation, give students a chance to
see if they have understood enough to answer a simple question or do a simple
calculation. Many are multiple choice.
Greater clarity : No topic, no paragraph in this book was overlooked in the search
to improve the clarity and conciseness of the presentation. Phrases and sentences
that may slow down the principal argument have been eliminated: keep to the
essentials at first, give the elaborations later.
F, y, B Vector notation, arrows: The symbols for vector quantities in the text and Figures
now have a tiny arrow over them, so they are similar to what we write by hand.
Cosmological Revolution: With generous help from top experts in the field,
readers have the latest results.
xiv PREFACE
Page layout: more than in the previous edition, serious attention has been paid to
how each page is formatted. Examples and all important derivations and
arguments are on facing pages. Students then don’t have to turn back and forth.
Throughout, readers see, on two facing pages, an important slice of physics.
New Applications'. L Ds, digital cameras and electronic sensors ( D, MOS),
electric hazards, GF Is, photocopiers, inkjet and laser printers, metal detectors,
underwater vision, curve balls, airplane wings, DNA, how we actually see images.
(Turn back a page to see a longer list.)
Examples modified: more math steps are spelled out, and many new Examples
added. About 10% of all Examples are Estimation Examples.
T is Book is S orter than other complete full-service books at this level. Shorter
explanations are easier to understand and more likely to be read.
Content nd Org niz tion l Ch nges

• Rot tion l Motion: hapters 10 and 11 have been reorganized. All of angular
momentum is now in hapter 11.
• First l w of thermodyn mics, in hapter 19, has been rewritten and extended.
The full form is given: AK + AU + AEint = Q — W, where internal energy is
Ete, and U is potential energy; the form Q — W is kept so that dW = P dV.
• Kinematics and Dynamics of ircular Motion are now treated together in
hapter 5.
• Work and Energy, hapters 7 and 8, have been carefully revised.
• Work done by friction is discussed now with energy conservation (energy
terms due to friction).
• hapters on Inductance and A ircuits have been combined into one:
hapter 30.
• Graphical Analysis and Numerical Integration is a new optional Section 2 -9.
Problems requiring a computer or graphing calculator are found at the end
of most hapters.
• Length of an object is a script £ rather than normal /, which looks like 1 or I
Versions of this Book
(moment of inertia, current), as in F = IIB. apital L is for angular Complete version: 44 hapters
momentum, latent heat, inductance, dimensions of length [L\. including 9 hapters of modern
• Newton’s law of gravitation remains in hapter 6. Why? Because the 1/r2 physics.
law is too important to relegate to a late chapter that might not be covered
at all late in the semester; furthermore, it is one of the basic forces in nature. Cl ssic version: 37 hapters
including one each on relativity
In hapter 8 we can treat real gravitational potential energy and have a fine
and quantum theory.
instance of using U = - JF •di.
• New Appendices include the differential form of Maxwell’s equations and 3 Volume version: Available
more on dimensional analysis. separately or packaged together
• Problem Solving Strategies are found on pages 30, 58, 64, 96,102,125,166, (Vols. 1 & 2 or all 3 Volumes):
198,229,261,314,504,551,571, 685,716,740,763,849, 871, and 913. Volume 1: hapters 1 -20 on
mechanics, including fluids,
Org niz tion oscillations, waves, plus heat
and thermodynamics.
Some instructors may find that this book contains more material than can be
Volume 2: hapters 21-35 on
covered in their courses. The text offers great flexibility. Sections marked with a
electricity and magnetism, plus
star * are considered optional. These contain slightly more advanced physics
light and optics.
material, or material not usually covered in typical courses and/or interesting
applications; they contain no material needed in later hapters (except perhaps in Volume 3: hapters 36-44 on
later optional Sections). For a brief course, all optional material could be dropped modern physics: relativity,
as well as major parts of hapters 1, 13, 16, 26, 30, and 35, and selected parts of quantum theory, atomic physics,
hapters 9,12,19,20, 33, and the modern physics hapters. Topics not covered in condensed matter, nuclear
class can be a valuable resource for later study by students. Indeed, this text can physics, elementary particles,
serve as a useful reference for years because of its wide range of coverage. cosmology and astrophysics.
PREFACE XV
Th nks
Many physics professors provided input or direct feedback on every aspect of this
textbook. They are listed below, and I owe each a debt of gratitude.
Mario Affatigato, oe ollege Jim LaBelle, Dartmouth ollege

Lorraine Allen, United States oast Guard Academy M.A.K. Lodhi, Texas Tech
Zaven Altounian, McGill University Bruce Mason, University of Oklahoma
Bruce Barnett, Johns Hopkins University Dan Mazilu, Virginia Tech
Michael Barnett, Lawrence Berkeley Lab Linda McDonald, North Park ollege
Anand Batra, Howard University Bill McNairy, Duke University
ornelius Bennhold, George Washington University Raj Mohanty, Boston University
Bruce Birkett, University of alifornia Berkeley Giuseppe Molesini, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Florence
Dr. Robert Boivin, Auburn University Lisa K. Morris, Washington State University
Subir Bose, University of entral Florida Blaine Norum, University of Virginia
David Branning, Trinity ollege Alexandria Oakes, Eastern Michigan University
Meade Brooks, ollin ounty ommunity ollege Michael Ottinger, Missouri Western State University
Bruce Bunker, University of Notre Dame Lyman Page, Princeton and WMAP
Grant Bunker, Illinois Institute of Technology Bruce Partridge, Haverford ollege
Wayne arr, Stevens Institute of Technology R. Daryl Pedigo, University of Washington
harles hiu, University of Texas Austin Robert Pelcovitz, Brown University
Robert oakley, University of Southern Maine Vahe Peroomian, U LA
David urott, University of North Alabama James Rabchuk, Western Illinois University
Biman Das, SUNY Potsdam Michele Rallis, Ohio State University
Bob Davis, Taylor University Paul Richards, University of alifornia Berkeley
Kaushik De, University of Texas Arlington Peter Riley, University of Texas Austin
Michael Dennin, University of alifornia Irvine Larry Rowan, University of North arolina hapel Hill
Kathy Dimiduk, University of New Mexico indy Schwarz, Vassar ollege
John DiNardo, Drexel University Peter Sheldon, Randolph-Macon Woman’s ollege
Scott Dudley, United States Air Force Academy Natalia A. Sidorovskaia, University of Louisiana at Lafayette
John Essick, Reed ollege James Siegrist, U Berkeley, Director Physics Division LBNL
assandra Fesen, Dartmouth ollege George Smoot, University of alifornia Berkeley
Alex Filippenko, University of alifornia Berkeley Mark Sprague, East arolina University
Richard Firestone, Lawrence Berkeley Lab Michael Strauss, University of Oklahoma
Mike Fortner, Northern Illinois University Laszlo Takac, University of Maryland Baltimore o.
Tom Furtak, olorado School of Mines Franklin D.Trumpy, Des Moines Area ommunity ollege
Edward Gibson, alifornia State University Sacramento Ray Turner, lemson University
John Hardy, Texas A&M Som Tyagi, Drexel University
J. Erik Hendrickson, University of Wisconsin Eau laire John Vasut, Baylor University
Laurent Hodges, Iowa State University Robert Webb, Texas A&M
David Hogg, New York University Robert Weidman, Michigan Technological University
Mark Hollabaugh, Normandale ommunity ollege Edward A. Whittaker, Stevens Institute of Technology
Andy Hollerman, University of Louisiana at Lafayette John Wolbeck, Orange ounty ommunity ollege
William Holzapfel, University of alifornia Berkeley Stanley George Wojcicki, Stanford University
Bob Jacobsen, University of alifornia Berkeley Edward Wright, U LA
TerukiKamon, Texas A&M Todd Young, Wayne State ollege
Daryao Khatri, University of the District of olumbia William Younger, ollege of the Albemarle
Jay Kunze, Idaho State University Hsiao-Ling Zhou, Georgia State University
I owe special thanks to Prof. Bob Davis for much valuable input, and especially for
working out all the Problems and producing the Solutions Manual for all Problems, as
well as for providing the answers to odd -numbered Problems at the end of this book.
Many thanks also to J. Erik Hendrickson who collaborated with Bob Davis on the
solutions, and to the team they managed (Profs. Anand Batra, Meade Brooks, David
urrott, Blaine Norum, Michael Ottinger, Larry Rowan, Ray Turner, John Vasut,
William Younger). I am grateful to Profs. John Essick, Bruce Barnett, Robert oakley,
Biman Das, Michael Dennin, Kathy Dimiduk, John DiNardo, Scott Dudley,
David Hogg, indy Schwarz, Ray Turner, and Som Tyagi, who inspired many of
the Examples, Questions, Problems, and significant clarifications.
rucial for rooting out errors, as well as providing excellent suggestions, were
Profs. Kathy Dimiduk, Ray Turner, and Lorraine Allen. A huge thank you to them
and to Prof. Giuseppe Molesini for his suggestions and his exceptional photographs
for optics.
xvi PREFACE
For hapters 43 and 44 on Particle Physics and osmology and Astrophysics,
I was fortunate to receive generous input from some of the top experts in the field,
to whom I owe a debt of gratitude: George Smoot, Paul Richards, Alex Filippenko,
James Siegrist, and William Holzapfel (U Berkeley), Lyman Page (Princeton and
WMAP), Edward Wright (U LA and WMAP), and Michael Strauss (University
of Oklahoma).
I especially wish to thank Profs. Howard Shugart, hair Frances Heilman, and
many others at the University of alifornia, Berkeley, Physics Department for
helpful discussions, and for hospitality. Thanks also to Prof. Tito Arecchi and others
at the Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Florence, Italy.
Finally, I am grateful to the many people at Prentice Hall with whom I
worked on this project, especially Paul orey, Karen Karlin, hristian Botting,
John hristiana, and Sean Hogan.
The final responsibility for all errors lies with me. I welcome comments,
corrections, and suggestions as soon as possible to benefit students for the next reprint.
D. .G.
email: Paul. orey@Pearson.com
Post: Paul orey
One Lake Street
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
About the Author

Douglas . Giancoli obtained his BA in physics (summa cum laude) from the
University of alifornia, Berkeley, his MS in physics at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, and his PhD in elementary particle physics at the University of ali
fornia, Berkeley. He spent 2 years as a post-doctoral fellow at U Berkeley’s Virus
lab developing skills in molecular biology and biophysics. His mentors include
Nobel winners Emilio Segre and Donald Glaser.
He has taught a wide range of undergraduate courses, traditional as well as
innovative ones, and continues to update his texbooks meticulously, seeking ways to
better provide an understanding of physics for students.
Doug’s favorite spare-time activity is the outdoors, especially climbing peaks
(here on a dolomite summit, Italy). He says climbing peaks is like learning physics:
it takes effort and the rewards are great.
Online Supplements (p rti l list) Student Supplements (p rti l list)

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PREFACE xvii
To Students
HOW TO STUDY
1. Read the hapter. Learn new vocabulary and notation. Try to respond to
questions and exercises as they occur.
2. Attend all class meetings. Listen. Take notes, especially about aspects you do
not remember seeing in the book. Ask questions (everyone else wants to, but
maybe you will have the courage). You will get more out of class if you read
the hapter first.
3. Read the hapter again, paying attention to details. Follow derivations and
worked-out Examples. Absorb their logic. Answer Exercises and as many of
the end of hapter Questions as you can.
4. Solve 10 to 20 end of hapter Problems (or more), especially those assigned.
In doing Problems you find out what you learned and what you didn’t. Discuss
them with other students. Problem solving is one of the great learning tools.
Don’t just look for a formula — it won’t cut it.
NOTES ON THE FORMAT AND PROBLEM SOLVING

1. Sections marked with a star (*) are considered option l. They can be omitted
without interrupting the main flow of topics. No later material depends on
them except possibly later starred Sections. They may be fun to read, though.
2. The customary conventions are used: symbols for quantities (such as m for
mass) are italicized, whereas units (such as m for meter) are not italicized.
Symbols for vectors are shown in boldface with a small arrow above: F.
3. Few equations are valid in all situations. Where practical, the limit tions of
important equations are stated in square brackets next to the equation. The
equations that represent the great laws of physics are displayed with a tan
background, as are a few other indispensable equations.
4. At the end of each hapter is a set of Problems which are ranked as Level I, II, or
III, according to estimated difficulty. Level I Problems are easiest, Level II are
standard Problems, and Level III are “challenge problems.” These ranked
Problems are arranged by Section, but Problems for a given Section may depend
on earlier material too. There follows a group of General Problems, which are not
arranged by Section nor ranked as to difficulty. Problems that relate to optional
Sections are starred (*). Most hapters have 1 or 2 omputer/Numerical
Problems at the end, requiring a computer or graphing calculator. Answers to
odd-numbered Problems are given at the end of the book.
5. Being able to solve Problems is a crucial part of learning physics, and provides
a powerful means for understanding the concepts and principles. This book
contains many aids to problem solving: (a) worked-out Ex mples and their
solutions in the text, which should be studied as an integral part of the text;
(b)some of the worked-out Examples are Estim tion Ex mples, which show
how rough or approximate results can be obtained even if the given data are
sparse (see Section 1 -6); (c) special Problem Solving Str tegies placed
throughout the text to suggest a step-by-step approach to problem solving
for a particular topic— but remember that the basics remain the same;
most of these “Strategies” are followed by an Example that is solved by
explicitly following the suggested steps; (d) special problem-solving Sections;
(e) “Problem Solving” marginal notes which refer to hints within the text for
solving Problems; (f) Exercises within the text that you should work out imme
diately, and then check your response against the answer given at the bottom of
the last page of that hapter; (g) the Problems themselves at the end of each
hapter (point 4 above).
6. Conceptu l Ex mples pose a question which hopefully starts you to think and
come up with a response. Give yourself a little time to come up with your own
response before reading the Response given.
7. M th review, plus some additional topics, are found in Appendices. Useful data,
conversion factors, and math formulas are found inside the front and back covers.
xviii PREFACE
USE OF OLOR
Vectors
A gener l vector
result nt vector (sum) is slightly thicker
components of ny vector re d shed
Displ cement (D, ?)
Velocity (v)
Acceler tion ( )
Force (F)
Force on second or
third object in s me figure
Momentum (p ormv)
Angul r momentum (L)
Angul r velocity (to)
Torque ( f )
Electric field (E)
M gnetic field (B)
Electricity nd m gnetism Electric circuit symbols

Electric field lines Wire, with switch S
S
Equipotenti l lines Resistor -v w v -
T T
1 l
M gnetic field lines C p citor
Electric ch rge (+) + ) or • + Inductor - /n n n p -

Electric ch rge ( - ) Q or • - B ttery
Ground x
Optics Other
Light r ys — *— Energy level
Object ( tom, etc.)
1 Me surement lines h—1.0 m —H
Re l im ge 4
■ P th of moving ------------
(d shed) ■
■ object
Virtu l im ge 4 Direction of motion ------- ►

(d shed nd p ler) ■
■ or current
■
PREFACE
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"Just as it is, mind. No tinkering it—just as it is—because she rested
here. But that's all one. She shall have her stone, if parson lets me put it up;
and her name shall be cut upon it."
"I'm sure he'll let you, father."
"But no cross. She's born her cross in life; the cross I put on her; the
cross she broke down and died under. I'll bear her cross now, and if men
was to come and say 'Jacob Bullstone, we be going to crucify you on your
wife's cross,' I should thank God and glory in it."
"Don't you talk wild like that. Come home. It's getting dark and offering
for rain. I'm so glad about the stone. Mother will like that; and you mustn't
think she's dead, father."
"We'll meet again—in the earth. I'll lie next to her, as close as graves are
allowed. I'll get to her, bone to her bone, ashes to her ashes, dust to her dust
some day."
She comforted him to the best of her powers and he rose and took his
hat from her and put it on. It was dark before they returned, and then he
lighted a lamp and went to his own room. There they heard him busy with
the drawers of the big wardrobe he had bought for Margery.
George Middleweek advised that he should be left alone. Auna called

him to supper and he came quietly and appeared to be more calm and
controlled. But he spoke of feeling very weary and began to talk concerning
Huntingdon. He declared his determination to leave Red House as soon as
possible and henceforth live at the warrens. His children listened and Peter
was secretly fired with great hopes that his father might keep his word.
Already he saw himself master of the dogs.
CHAPTER XI
DRIVING IN THE PONIES
For a season the soul of Jacob shrank from all life and found its only
peace in solitude. Now and again, for a day or two, the wish to be alone
would leave him; then he would go to Marydrew, or Adam Winter, and pour
out a flood of futile opinions. They bore with him and strove to restore his
peace. But he would soon seclude himself again and, on one or two
occasions, he spent the night alone at Huntingdon. He had determined to
dwell there in time to come; but those that cared for him trusted that before
spring returned he would change his mind. William, when opportunity
offered, pressed occupation on his friend and assured him that only by way
of work would serenity return; but Jacob could not work. His restlessness
drove him to be moving always. He left his business in the hands of Peter
and was impatient if either he, or George Middleweek, even desired his
advice.
He would not see a doctor. He declared that the physician who attended
upon his wife had poisoned his mind against all doctors. But he spoke
kindly of his own attendant at the Cottage Hospital. Sometimes he was
violent and blasphemed before his children. He often went to his wife's
grave, to see if the soil were sinking. Auna was glad on the days that he
chose to do this, because it made him easier. His furies seldom extended to
any at Red House, though he turned much against John Henry and Avis,
because they did not come to see him. Once or twice he set out to visit them
on horseback, yet always changed his mind and rode into the moor instead.
Auna often begged to come with him when he wandered away; but he
rarely suffered her to do so. For a time he seemed indifferent even to her—a
phase that represented the extremity of his distemper.
"You're too much like your mother," he told her once. "I doubt I'll be
able to endure you much longer. It's living with her ghost, rather than her
child."
In one of his wildest moods he had said that; but she knew he did not
mean it. He was careless of his garments and person now and looked to
Auna for a thousand attentions—indeed had long done so.
She suspected that her father wanted to die and asked old William what
should be done about it; but Mr. Marydrew advised nothing.
"Let him go his own gait," he told her. "If he dies, he dies; but more like
he'll grow easier and come back to himself presently."
Jacob brought news from the moor. His values had all changed and
sometimes a sort of peace did crown his lonely days; but it was not a sane
peace. He talked as though human beings signified nothing; he lifted the
unconscious creatures and their good and evil to first place in his speech
and showed an interest in the prosperity of the coneys, the welfare of the
fox and her cubs, the providence of the badger and his shifts to live through
the naked winter months. At no time could it be said that he spoke as one
insane; but he hovered on the brink of mental disaster and displayed a
distortion of perspective akin to craziness.
George Middleweek suspected that Bullstone was concealing himself

behind a pretence; but Adam Winter, to whom he explained his view, knew
Jacob better.
"He couldn't pretend," he said. "His brains are on the knife's edge. All
we can hope is that his bodily strength will save him, and that his mind will
right itself."
They debated whether speech or silence was the better for Jacob, and
agreed that his passion, venting itself in words, served to let the poison free.
The occasional periods of taciturnity, when Jacob would not speak, or eat,
or even move sometimes for many hours, they believed the more dangerous
signals. So they watched him and did what they might, which was little;
while Auna, grown to a woman in mind, kept as near to her father as
possible, studied his every mood and learned in time how best to meet each
wave of feeling, where to oppose, where to heap endearments, where to talk
and throw herself into the subject of the moment, where to listen and make
no answer that might fret.
There came a day when a harsh cold fell upon the moors and Robert
Elvin rode to bring in some of his ponies. Beyond Ugborough's rocky
summit, where its ramparts rose above the grey web of the forest, the waste
swept in featureless folds northerly for mile on mile. All was now sombre,
iron rusty and black. Sad-coloured garments held the hills and over them a
wind from the north-east swept, dry and bitter in the blade. It brought a
haze to lessen the austerity of the winter heath, and it made a low whimper,
which rose and fell, now brushing the sharper sound of running waters to
the ear, now deadening their murmur as it lulled, now increasing to gusts,
that woke a tinkle from the dead heather and hummed to a deeper note upon
the granite face of some great stone. Where the hills fell to each other's feet,
rillets ran winding irregular threads among the boulders; and here was the
highest light of these far-flung sobrieties; where, at fall and ripple, flashed
grey foam, or spread some still and limpid pool to reflect the ash-coloured
sky.
It seemed that winter had uttered an ultimate note, that the vitality of
earth was sunk to its lowest, that her heart beat more slowly and her sleep
sounded deeper than at any day until now. It was the dark hour before the
dawn of another year and inanimate life seemed to have receded beneath
the surface of things, while animate life had retreated to the greater comfort
of the low lands.
Robert found his ponies, a dozen of them, clustered knee-deep in dead

fern on the lee of a tor. They were dejected and showed pleasure at his
coming. He sent his dog forward and soon the little cavalcade was trotting
off the hills, down through a long and narrow coomb which opened above
Owley, two miles to the south.
Then suddenly he came upon his father-in-law sitting as still as the

stone under him. It was uplifted by the way in the eye of the harsh wind; yet
Jacob reposed indifferent, gazing over the moor, his stick beside him, his
hands clasped together. Robert stopped, dismounted and approached.
"Hullo, father! You didn't ought to be up here in this wind," he said and
extended his hand. Jacob shook it and apparently proceeded with his
thoughts aloud.
"I like to feel my marrow growing cold inside the bones. It teaches you
how it'll be at the end, when the last cold comes that no fire can heat again.
The crested plovers are all gone from the moor, Bob Elvin. You see them,
so wise and dainty are they, running about in the lew fields and round the
corn-stacks, like little pixy people. And they lift their kitten cries to keep
themselves warm. But when the weather breaks, they'll soon fly back to
their haunts again."
"So they will then. Get moving now. Drop in and have a tell with us at
Owley and a good cup of tea to warm you. I'm taking my ponies down to
the yard for shelter. Thank the Lord we're well to do for hay this year; the
cattle can spare them a bite. We've got enough for all."
"I'm troubled for the foxes, however. There's no security in nature,

Robert. All hand to mouth; and the rabbits lie so low, and there's not a
beetle or a frog moving."
Robert laughed.
"The baggering foxes have picked up one or two of my chickens of

late," he said.
"Don't be too hard on them. They're a fine, fearless people and it's cruel
work standing before hounds on an empty belly. No security. Many soft-
billed birds are dropping dead out of the trees by night—just for hunger and
cold. No mercy shown; none expected. Only a man here and there knows
the meaning of mercy. But the creatures have their bit of luck, Robert.
Terror of death cannot fret them and sense of wrong can't wound their
hearts. Great privileges you see. And how's your fine wife? A better wife
than daughter, I hope?"
"Don't say that, father. Our thoughts are often along with you. Avis and
me would be terrible glad to comfort you if we could."
"Judith Huxam, my children's grandmother, once said that I should call

upon the hills to cover me. She said right. I have. But they refuse. A very
respectable thing to worship the Lord, Bob Elvin; only take heed to stop at
that. Don't try and follow Him, or do what He tells you, else you'll be
locked up, or get into the workhouse. Worship at a distance. There may be
better bread than is made of wheat, but human nature can't digest it—can't
digest the teaching of Christ. It's no good. The lawyers and the politicians,
the traders and the soldiers, and the sailors and even the parsons—such as
are honest—they'll all tell you it won't work."
"Come on, father; don't sit here no more. Jump up on my cob and I'll
walk beside you."
"I'm going to give Owley to your wife. It was ordained from the first,
and my Margery agreed it should be so."
"You have, master. A very grand start in life you've offered us."
"Did my late wife know about it?"
"Yes, Mrs. Bullstone knew all about it."
"Good. I killed her, Bob. If I'd fired a gun into her heart, I couldn't have
killed her surer. A pretty awful thing; but have no fear I'm not going to pay
for it. When a man commits murder, they ought not to put him away: they
ought to keep him alive, as long as ever they can, and let his sin gnaw into
him, like a cancer, inch by inch. All sin's a cancer: it eats the heart, but it
leaves the core to go on throbbing, so that the sinner may suffer as long as
his flesh and bones hang together."
"Don't you say these fearful things. Come now, else Avis will wonder
what's happened to me. There's a lot of good life ahead of you, Mr.
Bullstone, and a lot of valuable work to be done—so clever as you are."
"There is—I grant that much. Much work for my fellow-creatures. But
you can't accept man till you've denied God, Robert. That's a hard saying
for your boy's ears, no doubt. Yet so it is. You can't make man your first
thought and his welfare your faith, till you've put God Almighty and all
other graven images behind your back."
"Don't you think that; you'll come back to God presently. I'm sure He's
waiting for you, father."
Jacob shook his head.
"I don't ask you to do the like," he said. "Let every man trust his God so
long as he can, and so far as he can. But be honest, and when your dark day
comes and you can't trust any more, then fear not to say so."
Bob remounted his pony, which was beginning to shiver.
"I must get on," he declared. "And I pray you'll come down and drink a
dish of tea before you start for home. Do now, father."
Jacob appeared to have forgotten him; but then he turned to him again.
"Small creatures fall light, remember. A grasshopper can drop where a

bullock would break his neck. Pity's often wasted on those that don't need it
and withheld from such as do. I fell heavy. I'm heavy in body and heavy in
mind. I'm smashed up for good and all now; but no pity for me—no pity in
Heaven above, or on the earth beneath. And I doubt—I very much doubt,
between ourselves, whether I'd take it even if 'twas offered, young fellow."
"You'll find peace—you'll find peace. I'm sure there's a lot are praying
for you," murmured Elvin. Then Jacob rose off the rock, nodded to him and
limped off northward.
The gloaming was already coming down.
Robert drove his ponies home, gave them the hospitality of the
farmyard and a shake of hay, then went in to his wife.
Tea was ready and his mother, quicker to mark the young man's moods
than Avis, asked him presently if anything were amiss.
"Don't tell me the cold have got into you, Bob," she said.
"No, mother," he answered; "but a wisht thing happened. Poor Mr.

Bullstone—up over—sitting like a lone hawk on a rock. He wouldn't come
for a drop of tea, though I begged him, and he's going mad terrible fast by
the look of it."
"He'll kill himself before much longer," declared Avis. "And he'll kill
Auna too: she's fretting to fiddlestrings about him. A very good thing if
poor father was to die, I reckon. For what's the use of living like him—a
scourge to himself and nuisance to everybody else?"
"He's suffered such a lot that it's shaken his mind," answered Bob. "But
no doubt, in good hands, he could be coaxed round again. He's not so old as
he looks, and he's tremendous strong, else he couldn't face the weather like
he does."
"Maybe Huntingdon will calm him. A spot surely to tame man or

beast," said the elder Mrs. Elvin; "but yet, on the other hand, it might
overthrow all. I'm very sorry for Auna—'tis far too much to put upon a
young creature."
"Her father's her life in a manner of speaking," replied Robert, "Where

he goes, she'll go. Peter says that Huntingdon would be a good thing very
likely, for Mr. Bullstone hinders more than he helps now. He's getting a bit
jealous of Peter—so Peter thinks."
"Not him," answered Avis. "That's only Peter's vanity."
"What does your grandfather say about it?" asked the mother-in-law of
Avis.
"He haven't had much time to think about my father, because

grandmother was so queer for a bit when mother died. But she's pretty right
again now, and they're soon moving into the villa, and grandfather's terrible
busy. By the same token I must go down to-morrow and help Aunt Jane.
I've promised to take the children off her hands for a few hours. A great
upheaval."
"So it is then. A very strange thought—the post-office and the shop

without Mrs. Huxam in it; but it's time they retired and the name will be
carried on."
Avis considered.
"For how long I wonder. Uncle Jeremy's got it all at his finger ends—so
he says, but John Henry vows he'll never stick to it."
Her mother-in-law brought the subject back to Jacob.
"I hope Barlow Huxam will consider about your father in a Christian
spirit," she said. "Something should be done for Mr. Bullstone, and I
wouldn't say but what you and John Henry oughtn't to try and get a doctor
to him."
"He'd never see nobody, and he's turned against us," declared Avis.
"He's fairly friendly to grandfather I believe, but not to grandmother. He
never did like her, because she saw he was not a godly man, and she kept
mother away from him when the devil tempted poor mother to try and go
back. He's the fifth wheel of a coach now—father is. A know-nought, rash
man always, and it's no unkindness to wish he was out of his sufferings I'm
sure. He's a disgrace to us all in a manner of speaking, mother."
The elder woman considered and shook her head.
"That's a hard word," she answered,
"He ended mother's days whether or no," argued Avis. "And mother was
always a thousand times more to us than father. And you can't expect us—
especially me with my honeymoon spoiled—to feel overmuch for him."
"Auna was always the one for your father," said Mrs. Elvin. "It was the
same from the beginning."
"Because she was so like mother," answered Avis. "Mother must have
been the daps of Auna, when she was young. But why Auna always clung
to father and put him before everybody, none of us ever did know.
Grandmother's done with her, because she's a liar."
"They are too different in their natures to get on very well I expect,"
said Robert. "Come out and look at the ponies afore it's dark, Avis."
They were still lovers and only happy in each other's company.
CHAPTER III
THE PILGRIM FATHERS
None could explain the malady that overtook Judith Huxam after the
death of her daughter. The termination of Margery's life did not appear to be
the cause, for Judith shed no tears on man or woman who, as she described
it, had "died in Christ." Her child was safe, and the febrile disorder that
upset Mrs. Huxam on returning home arose from other causes. All, save
Barlow himself, supposed that she was very naturally shocked into sickness
by the events reported from the Barbican. How she had taken Margery to
her brother's, that she might pass in peace; how Bullstone had discovered
the hiding-place and thrust in upon it; how he had actually arrived but a few
moments after his wife's death; and how Judith's struggle against the
violence of the men had caused her to faint in Barlow's arms—these things
were known, and none of her own circle but applauded Mrs. Huxam,
rejoiced that she had achieved her high purpose, and felt that such a victory
was more than sufficient to explain her subsequent collapse.
One, however, understood it differently, and that was Mr. Huxam. He

believed that the cause of Judith's tribulation rested with himself. Indeed, as
time passed and his wife gradually returned to physical strength and her
accustomed health of mind and body, Barlow perceived that he had done a
thing which would modify Judith's attitude to him for ever.
That at least became clear—a picture indelibly printed on the combined

surface of their lives when the storm had passed, their daughter was in her
grave and the tumultuous moments of her death a memory. Slowly Huxam
understood that henceforth his wife would not regard him as of old. That he
should have assisted Jacob to find her was, it appeared, a lapse that could
never leave future relations unmarked, and when again he saw her brother,
Lawrence Pulleyblank, who had also won Judith's displeasure, the old
fisherman doubted not that Barlow's action, together with the united
operation of the three men in breaking down the door, had for ever
darkened Judith's opinion of them both. Lawrence trusted that, with time,
his sister would see their deed was natural, in the light of her silence when
they challenged; but Barlow knew better.
The estrangement fell awkwardly, for now came the great change in the
life of the Huxams. The bustle and business consequent on leaving the post-
office for their new home offered a respite, but all was soon accomplished
and presently the husband and wife found themselves thrown together after
a fashion unfamiliar since their earliest married days. Only when their
retirement had been completed did they gradually come to perceive all that
it implied, and the dislocation of their lives, that resulted from thus
dropping the habits of half a century. The change completed Judith's cure
and restored her vitality and energy; but one aspect of the new existence
they had not paused to consider, and now it was forced upon them. Neither
had been concerned with their future occupations save vaguely; but such
plans as they had formed proved wholly unequal to filling the startling and
immense spaces of leisure now thrust into their lives. Barlow had imagined
himself gardening with Margery, and thus ordering his time and energies;
he designed, too, some weekly hours at the shop, that he might assist Jane
and his son and launch them into the details of the business. For the rest he
had not planned anything; while Judith hoped that her new existence would
offer more leisure for reading desirable books and aiding her neighbours.
They came thus into a world of new experience; and when all was done, the
house arranged in every detail to Mrs. Huxam's liking, the new garden at a
stage when nature's more leisurely processes succeeded Barlow's zeal, they
found themselves faced with a generous gift of time and some difficulty to
fill the lengthening days.
It was then that the cloud he had hoped to dispel settled into a
permanent canopy and Barlow found that his wife was changed. In no
actual relation could he declare any alteration, but the former, mental
understanding had failed. She did not trust him as of old and her outlook on
life had taken a new colour also. It was tinged with melancholy. Grey and
austere it had always been, but not downcast as now. He almost fancied
sometimes that the note of triumphant assurance had left her voice. The
change influenced him a great deal, and on an occasion when he was at the
shop with his daughter-in-law he uttered an alarm. They were good friends
and Jane was old enough to understand some of his difficulties.
"It's fear for my future that's at the bottom of all this," Barlow told his
son's wife. "People think that Mrs. Huxam is a bit under the weather,
because of the great change into our villa residence; but a thing like that is
of no account to her. She's troubling about me—that's the anxiety. When I
took Jacob Bullstone to his dying wife, I did a thing that your mother-in-law
felt to be above measure wrongful. She may be right and, if I thought she
was, I should confess as much; but I can honestly look back and feel it
wasn't a wrong thing. The sufferings of that man were real; and I was rent
myself to know that Margery was going home; and between my own grief
and his, what more natural that I should take him to say his last farewell?
He was an evil man and he'd done fearful wrong, but one thing I never will
allow—that he could by word, or touch, have cost Margery her salvation.
Far more likely a word, or touch, from her might have saved him. And so I
took the man; but the shocking upshot, Jane—the shocking upshot is that
my dear wife no longer feels sure whether I haven't doomed myself for all
eternity by that deed!"
Jane begged him to banish any such painful suspicion.
"I'm sure it's at the very foundation of things that you're saved, just as
much as she is," said his daughter-in-law. "There's some great truths we
take for granted, and that's one of 'em. If I was you, I'd have it out with her."
"A woman like my wife, who lives, you may say, with one foot in the
other world, will sometimes find the heavenly light to dazzle her, if you
catch my meaning, Jane," said Mr. Huxam. "With her standards of conduct
and her face always lifted to the divine perfection, she may well perhaps
lose the sense of proportion and forget that if we was all perfect, there
wouldn't be any need for us to be saved. She probably don't allow enough
for the power of Jesus Christ to fetch in His lost sheep."
Barlow raised the question again on the following Sunday, when Mrs.
Huxam, during the stagnation between dinner and tea, had permitted herself
an hour with a book. It was a work that Lawrence Pulleyblank had
discovered at a second-hand bookseller's shop in Plymouth. For he was a
strenuous reader himself, within limited boundaries, and this work, entitled
"The Sabbath of New England," had given him infinite satisfaction. He had
sent it to Judith as a peace-offering in some sort.
Mrs. Huxam now learned what a Sabbath might be, and had actually
once been, as ordered by the Pilgrim Fathers—they who sailed from Mr.
Pulleyblank's own Barbican in times past. She had seen the white stone
which recorded their departure, and now she pursued the book and marked
the many passages her brother's black lead pencil had underlined.
Pain and pleasure accompanied the perusal. If England chastised sin

with whips, it appeared that these New Englanders had wielded scorpions
for their ungodly. The details of their rule braced Mrs. Huxam's spirit, while
it drooped a little when she reflected that such discipline was lost to the
world for ever.
She read the Blue Laws of Connecticut and other literary survivals. She
considered the penances and penalties inflicted on those who broke the
Lord's Day, and found therein a code of perfection beyond even her own
dreams. She learned how the law drove all to worship and locked the doors
upon them until the exercise was ended; how Tabitha Morgan was fined
three shillings and sixpence for playing on the Lord's Day, and Deborah
Banks—a deeper sinner—paid five shillings for a like offence; how Jonah
and Susan Smith were seen to smile and suffered accordingly; how Lewis
and Sarah Chapman—sweethearts—were found in goodman Chapman's
garden sitting under an apple tree—branch of ill omen—and fined for their
levity; how Elizabeth Eddy was seen to hang out clothes upon the Sabbath
Day and mulcted ten shillings for her lapse.
Mrs. Huxam contemplated such a Sunday with enthusiasm and the

printed page brought a rare flush to her cheek. But worse followed and her
brother had doubly scored the fall of mariners, which too often happened.
There was Captain Kemble, of Boston, newly come off a three years'
voyage, who publicly kissed his wife, the day being Sunday; and devout
persons were compelled to witness the offence, since it took place under the
open sky on the erring man's front-door step. Another master of a Boston
vessel, caught loitering in the streets, during those later hours of Saturday
sanctified by law to "catechising and preparations for the Sabbath," was
followed by a constable and dragged to prison. But in his case divine
retribution delayed not and the little child of this sailor fell into a well on
the following day and was drowned; whereupon the contrite wretch
acknowledged the Hand of God and the justice of his punishment in open
congregation.
These were they who had fled from England to escape religious
persecution.
It was at this stage of her enquiry that Mr. Huxam joined his wife in the
parlour of their villa residence, and she took off her spectacles to utter an
aspiration.
"Oh, for the grand old days and the grand old faith!" she sighed, and he,
who had already dipped into "The Sabbath of New England," assured her
that while such as she still stood for the Light, some fine breath and after
flavour of those adamant times yet breathed its essence over the earth, to be
caught up and preserved and passed forward by the will of the Everlasting.
"While the Chosen Few remain, the work goes on," he said.
"I'm not repining," she answered. "I'm not even wishing I'd lived among
those grand people, because that would be to want what my Saviour didn't
will; but the flesh is weak, and reading of such high Christianity makes one
mourn for the present day."
"You open the road to a thought a good bit on my nerves of late—ever

since our Margery went home," he told her. "The better the day, the better
the deed, so I'll openly tell you that I'm much fearing, Judith, you don't hold
me quite so high as you were used to do."
His wife looked at him and set down her Sunday reading. She did not
answer and he continued.
"Of course I know the reason; but I'm a long way short of being
convinced that you are right. You hold it was a shameful abuse of
confidence and deliberate danger to Margery that I should have let her
husband have the chance to see her alive; and you think that action has put
me in a very doubtful position. Well, I disagree, Judy."
"I know you do, so what's the good of talking about it? I'm not your
judge, Barlow. I feel sometimes that—I feel, in fact, nobody can be
positive. You'll call that a weak word coming from me; but I've been a bit
bruised and battered by the powers of evil myself of late."
"Never!" exclaimed Mr. Huxam. "Are you sure what you are saying?"
She looked away with strained eyes, as though surveying the

tempestuous places of her own soul.
"Nobody so strong but they may yet fall," she said. "Another of the
devil's tricks I've found of late—they're endless, and 'tis a pity some godly
man, with the power of the pen, can't make a list of those dark wiles and set
'em down for our guidance and warning."
"He won't waste his time with you, I reckon," answered Mr. Huxam.
"The devil knows when he's down and out—none quicker."
"A cunning plot—to let a person go for years and years building up for
righteousness, until they feel strong in the Lord and in the power of His
might; and then, like a thief, to come some fine day, when least expected,
and strike with all his strength! Years he'll let you go, for he knows the
people who are proof against the common trick of his trade; years he'll pass
by, till a godly creature takes heart and believes the world, the flesh and the
devil are all left behind; but no—he's never left behind!"
"It he's struck at you, he's only had his trouble for his pains," vowed
Barlow.
"Easy to say. But I want more Light. I'm groping a bit just now. The
Lord sends fears and terrors."
"You do amaze me," he answered, "and I hope this will be a lesson to

you and me to cleave closer in heart than of late we have done. First our
dear child's death under terrible circumstances, and then this hugeous
upheaval have thrown us apart; but I'm glad you've spoke and done me the
compliment to tell me you're not so content as usual. That must be mended,
because if you were to feel a grain of doubt about things, then the linch-
pin's out of the wheel and the roof-tree of the house is broken. So I hope
you'll begin by getting quite right with yourself, for all our sakes, Judy."
"Can a human creature be too zealous for God?" asked she. "That's the
question I put to myself, and three months ago I'd have been in no doubt of
the answer."
"There is no doubt," he replied, "and if you feel a doubt, that is only to

say you're not well again yet. You want a dose of strong medicine. Not
medicine for the soul, I don't mean, but medicine for the body. I've often
known a liver pill to bring me a good step nearer God, because it's His
Almighty plan that soul and body be very close cogged together, so long as
they bide on one earth. And clean and healthy organs help the higher parts.
You see Mr. Briggs again, and then, after you've took a good dollop of his
cautcheries, I'll promise you won't feel any more doubts. Conscience
depends more on the bowels than we've any idea. None can be too zealous
for God; and none can be zealous enough for that matter. I've noticed a dull
look about your eyes ever since we come into our own, and I've seen the
same expression on my own face; and I'll tell you what it is, Judy. It's
weariness, because we ain't weary. Not to feel tired when you go to bed
argues something wrong. In a word you can't work for fifty years and then
suddenly become a lady and gentleman in a villa residence and not suffer
pretty sharp. In my case, it takes the shape of indigestion and sleeplessness;
in yours, being a soulful creature before all else, you get in the fidgets about
religion."
She considered this.
"I could greatly wish you were right," she said, exhibiting a mild and
almost pensive mood which was foreign to her. "I've had my suspicions
once and again. It's dangerous, even for a woman of my age to sit with her
hands in her lap, and know that if she rings a bell, another will come to wait
upon her."
"You've been ill and had to be waited upon; besides we figured it all
out: we knew that our new life would embrace rest and time for our
innocent happiness."
"We must be sleepless in well-doing, however, or else we may go

down."
"Our life seems to be emptied out, I grant that," he answered, "There's

not so much to it as there was, and light things—like gardening and reading
books and so on—can't fill the gap."
"No," she said. "Where there's a hole in your life, the first person ready
and willing to fill it is the devil. You talk about 'innocent happiness,' and yet
all experience goes to show that happiness is doubtfully innocent at best.
I've never felt too sure that God put the longing for happiness in us.
Security's better than happiness. In fact there's no happiness, rightly so
called, without it. And that thought is making me suffer a good deal. And
physic's no use against fear."
Mr. Huxam scratched his head.
"I don't much like what you're saying," he replied. "If I thought the villa
residence was coming between us and the work of the Holy Ghost——"
He regarded the prospect blankly and Judith made no effort to dull its
gloomy proportions.
"Come and drink tea," he said. "We know where to trust, and it's no
good getting our tails down at our age. We've faced life and its many bitters
up till now, and it would be a fantastical come-along-of-it if we failed under
the reward of well-doing. Who sent this house, tell me that?"
"God," admitted Mrs. Huxam. "And why did He send it? We don't know
yet. We pray Him not to lead us into temptation; but we well know it's a
part of His discipline so to do."
"We'll look out, never fear," replied Barlow. "But we'll look out in a
large spirit, Judy. We mustn't think this commodious home is a trap to make
us forget our heavenly home. 'Twould be to look a gift horse in the mouth,
my dear—a very ill-convenient thing against God or man."
CHAPTER IV
EVENING STAR
Only fitfully did Jacob Bullstone accept his situation. He was

occasionally resigned and spoke with rational appreciation of facts; but
often it seemed that his mind still stood at a point in time before his wife
had passed. The actual loss he appeared to forget upon days of stress. Such
moments, however, occurred less frequently than at first. Auna never
resisted his proposals now, or attempted to prevent the long days alone that
he was constantly planning. For she found that her father returned the better
and the saner from these days. Words that man was powerless to speak, he
heard from the solitudes. The hills had not covered, but they had comforted
him. As the spring waxed, he increased the number of these expeditions and
separated himself for longer intervals from his kind. He watched the
lengthened evenings sink to sunsetting and the dawns open cold and sweet
before the sun. He declared that Time was a being, and tried to explain to
Auna that Time wearied at night-fall, slept by night and woke again
invigorated with the dawn.
She humoured his imaginings and was always thankful when any
subject outside himself could arrest his thoughts. But that was seldom. He
suffered evil days and, when they came, Auna devoted herself to him and
let all lesser duties mind themselves.
There came over Bullstone a long period of fruitless rage. Having for a
season heaped contumely upon his own head and wondered why the people
did not rise up and stone him; having subsequently mourned and become
very silent through the passage of four weeks, his unsteady mind broke into
a frenzy and his self-restraint failed, so that Auna shook in fear and Peter
began to tell the people that his father was mad. But after a calenture,
during which he cursed fate, flouted heaven, and uttered many profanities,
which terrified Auna and pleased George Middleweek, Jacob grew calmer
again and was almost childish for a season. He became more mild and
humble, less envenomed against destiny.
People were sorry for Auna and Peter, but there seemed to be few to
help them. Adam Winter, however, kept in touch with them, and William
Marydrew often came to Red House on one pretext or another. He had
declared from the first that Jacob would recover, so far as his brain was
concerned. He knew Bullstone best and had the art to calm him quicklier
than any other man was able to do. For Jacob felt William to be trustworthy
and loyal. He often went to see him, and if any idea suddenly struck into the
sufferer's thoughts, he would either convey it to William, or describe it to
Auna. At this season his egotism was supreme and only at rare moments
was he able to dismiss his projects, or himself, from the substance of
speech.
A trivial thought took Jacob one day as he stood among his dogs, and he
turned his back upon them, left Red House and, following the river, soon
reached Mr. Marydrew's cottage.
"It's borne in on me that there are three sorts of men and only three,
William," he said, standing before the ancient and looking down at him,
where he sat smoking his pipe in his porch.
"A very simple earth if there was only three sorts of men on it, Jacob."
"Three sorts—those that leave the world better than they found it; those
that leave it worse; and those that go through it like shadows and make no
more mark than shadows do. And I thought, in my pride, I was the first sort
of man, and never guessed to be the second."
He sat down on the bench beside William.
"We most of us leave the world better than we found it by a few kind
actions and decent thoughts," declared Billy. "Very few go through life
without doing their fellow-creatures a good turn here and there. Certainly
you've done a lot of good in your time and many can testify to it. And to say
you've done evil also—that's only to say you're a human."
"At best the good balances the evil and leaves us only shadows, with
nothing to credit."
"Nonsense," answered Billy. "We know—even us small people—that

we're of more account than shadows."
"In my case the great evil swallowed the little good. I wish I had never
been born, because then none could point to my grave some day and say,
'There lies the man that killed his wife.' If I could have chose before I was
born, I'd have said to God, 'Either let me come into the world for well-
doing, or not at all,' and that would have been a decent, self-respecting
wish. But how can people believe in God's mercy and love, when the world
swarms with bad men He could as easily have made good ones? Take my
late wife, for you must firmly grasp now that Margery's dead—that rare
woman is dead, William. Take her and ask yourself how an all-seeing, all-
loving God could let that innocent, harmless creature love a man who
would end by killing her?"
"You waste a lot of time, Jacob," said the other, "and you ax a lot of
questions no mortal man can ever answer, because we don't know enough.
I've lived to see great changes myself, and you may say, well inside civility,
that God's like some of us old men, who were once young. When I was
young I was well thought of and held in great respect, and I counted, in my
small way, among the rest. And when God was a thought younger—for
time will go on and He can't be outside it, Jacob—when He was a thought
younger, the people held Him in greater respect than now. He ain't quite so
much in the middle of the picture as He was when I was a boy—just as I
myself ain't no more in the middle of my own picture. But God's just the
same as He always was, and just so determined as ever not to give a plain
answer to a plain question. He never have done it and He never will,
because it's contrary to His Almighty opinion of what's best for us."
"And how if it's all a mare's-nest and there's no God, William?"

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Physics for Scientists and Engineers

with Modern Physics - eBook PDF

President, Science: Paul Corey

© 2009, 2000, 1989, 1984 by Douglas C. Giancoli

• Pearson Education, Inc.

ISBN-13: 978 - 0-13-149508 -1

Pearson Education LID., London

1 MEASUREMENT, ESTIMATING 1 USING NEWroN's l.Aws: FruCTioN,

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Mario Affatigato, oe ollege Jim LaBelle, Dartmouth ollege

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Electricity nd m gnetism Electric circuit symbols

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"I'm sure he'll let you, father."

George Middleweek advised that he should be left alone. Auna called

DRIVING IN THE PONIES

George Middleweek suspected that Bullstone was concealing himself

Robert found his ponies, a dozen of them, clustered knee-deep in dead

Then suddenly he came upon his father-in-law sitting as still as the

"I'm troubled for the foxes, however. There's no security in nature,

"The baggering foxes have picked up one or two of my chickens of

"Judith Huxam, my children's grandmother, once said that I should call

"Did my late wife know about it?"

"Yes, Mrs. Bullstone knew all about it."

Bob remounted his pony, which was beginning to shiver.

"Small creatures fall light, remember. A grasshopper can drop where a

The gloaming was already coming down.

"No, mother," he answered; "but a wisht thing happened. Poor Mr.

"Maybe Huntingdon will calm him. A spot surely to tame man or

"Her father's her life in a manner of speaking," replied Robert, "Where

"Not him," answered Avis. "That's only Peter's vanity."

"He haven't had much time to think about my father, because

"So it is then. A very strange thought—the post-office and the shop

Her mother-in-law brought the subject back to Jacob.

The elder woman considered and shook her head.

"That's a hard word," she answered,

THE PILGRIM FATHERS

One, however, understood it differently, and that was Mr. Huxam. He

That at least became clear—a picture indelibly printed on the combined

Jane begged him to banish any such painful suspicion.

Pain and pleasure accompanied the perusal. If England chastised sin

Mrs. Huxam contemplated such a Sunday with enthusiasm and the

"You open the road to a thought a good bit on my nerves of late—ever

She looked away with strained eyes, as though surveying the

"You do amaze me," he answered, "and I hope this will be a lesson to

"There is no doubt," he replied, "and if you feel a doubt, that is only to

She considered this.

"We must be sleepless in well-doing, however, or else we may go

"Our life seems to be emptied out, I grant that," he answered, "There's

Mr. Huxam scratched his head.

Only fitfully did Jacob Bullstone accept his situation. He was

He sat down on the bench beside William.

"Nonsense," answered Billy. "We know—even us small people—that