The Tomb of Maket and Its Mycenaean Import

Author(s): Vronwy Hankey and Olga Tufnell

Source: The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. 68 (1973), pp. 103-111
Published by: British School at Athens
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30103271
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 THE TOMB OF MAKET AND ITS MYCENAEAN
IMPORT'

(PLATE36)

INTRODUCTION
IN 1889 Petrie discovered and cleared a tomb at Kahun in the Fayum, Egypt. It contained a
successionof burialsin coffinsand boxes which had not been disturbedafter the final interment.
Principally on the evidence of a large collection of beads, Petrie dated the use of the tomb to the
Nineteenth-Twentieth Dynasties. This was queried by von Bissing,z and after reconsidering
the finds, Petrie decided that the tomb has been used during the reign of Tuthmosis III (1504-
1450 B.C.).3 Since then the tomb has usually been referredto as approximatelyor possiblyof the
reign of Tuthmosis III,4 and in his study of the sixteen Cypriote pots from the tomb Merrillees
says there can be no doubt that all the intermentswere made during the reign of that pharaoh.s
The aim of this paper is to establish as closely as possible the period of the use of the tomb,
and to place in its context a small Mycenaean IIB squatjar, the only Aegean object found in the
tomb.
THE TOMB AND ITS CONTENTS
The following description is based on Petrie's account and contains passages from Illahun,
Kahun and Gurob, published in 1891, and from his Journal, I889-9o0, which is in the Petrie
collection, University College, London. Kahun was the town built in the Twelfth Dynasty for
the workmenwho constructedthe pyramid of SesostrisII at Lahun. The town lies immediately
east of the pyramid, and about 2 kilometreswest of the Nile in the fertile area of the Fayum.
Many houses in the town had rock-cut cellars. An unusually large one, about 4 m. below
ground level, was later adapted to make a tomb with three rectangular chambers approached
down a shaft closed by a massive trap-door. The outer and innermost chambers were rock-cut,
the middle one had been lined and roofedwith limestone blocks (FIG. I). The doorway between
the outer and middle chambers was blocked by two box coffins piled one on the other so that
it was impossible to pass. After removing them (nos. I I, 12) Petrie had to deal with a broken
roofing block in the middle chamber. It had fallen on the coffins beneath and threatened to
crush them and the excavator. Here he found two anthropoid coffins (nos. 6, Io), two boxes
with gabled lids for infants (not numbered), and five box coffins piled in twos (nos. 4, 5, 7-9).
The wood of the coffinswas fairly well preserved,and some of the coffinswere painted; but the
mummified bodies and wrappings became black powder at a touch, and in Petrie's words the
Abbreviations other than those in standard use: Petrie collection of University College, London. They also
FM =- Furumark Motif Number; MP 236 ff. wish to thank the following for help, information, and
FS = Furumark Shape Number; MP 585 ff. advice: Dr. St. Alexiou, Mrs. J. Crowfoot Payne, Dr. D.
IKG = W. M. F. Petrie, Illahun,Kahunand Gurob(1891). Dixon, Dr. G. Martin, Dr. R. Moorey, Mrs. J. Samson,
Lachishii = O. Tufnell, C. H. Inge, L. Harding, Lachishii Miss J. Townsend.
2 ZAS xxxv (1897) 94
(1940). ff.
Lachishiv = O. Tufnell and others, Lachishiv (1958). 3 W. M. F. Petrie, Hyksos and IsraeliteCities, i6; Seventy
MP - A. Furumark, The MycenaeanPottery rears in ArchaeologyI io; PM iv. 273 n. I.
(i941) . 4 AJA li (I947) 35 and n. 38; lxxiv (197o) 227; J.
I The authors are very grateful to the Keeper of the Vercoutter, L'Tgypteet le mondeigeenprihellinique399.
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, for permission to study and
s R. S. Merrillees, The CypriotBronzeAge Potteryfound in
publish material from the Tomb of Maket, and to Professor Egypt46.
H. S. Smith for permission to refer to Petrie's Journal in the

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I04 VRONWY HANKEY AND OLGA TUFNELL

work was hardly cleaner than a chimney sweep's. The innermost chamber contained three box
coffins (nos. 1-3). The figure coffins each contained one body, and the boxes held up to six,
piled on each other. The boxes were about 0-50 X I*50 m., and although the exact depth is not
recorded, they seem to have been more like portable shaft graves than conventional box coffins.
A second exampleof treating a box coffin as if it were a shaft grave was found at Kahun in 1920,6

(U3
LI
~2
pottery -

- chair

U9 pottery
16/ L5
shaft
' U 10
L7
L47 12 LII

pottery etc.-

FIG. I. PLAN OFTHETOMBOFMAKETAFTERIKG PL. 14. (Scale I: 50). L = Lower coffin, U = Upper coffin

but the system does not appear to have been recorded anywhere else in Egypt. Petrie estimated
a total of between forty and fifty mummified bodies for the whole tomb.
The burials had been successive, and Petrie thought the tomb had been used by one family
for perhaps a century. He numbered the coffins I to 12 in what seemed to him to be chrono-
logical order. The contents of the coffins are listed and illustrated in IKG 21-4 pls. 26-7,
together with objectswhich had been swept off coffinsto make room for more burials. Except for
nos. 9, 22-4, and 40 the finds, and one skull from coffin 7, are all in the Ashmolean Museum,
Oxford.7The following list is given to make clear the order of coffins and objects of particular
interest to this paper.
INNERMOSTCHAMBER.About I'90 x I'2O m., height not Coffin2, in front of I. Bodies.
recorded. On the lid of cofin 2. Basket, calcite jar, bowl and model
horn in faience, wooden kohl-pot, glass bead.
CoffinI. Bodies, three scarabs, a bird- and a frog-backed
seal, clay figurine, beads. Cofin3, on i. Bodies.

6 W. M. F. Petrie, G. Brunton, and M. Murray, Lahun ii. 35; Petrie and Brunton, Sedmentii. 23. The tomb is called
'K 1-5'. 7 W. M. F. Petrie, Seventyrears in ArchaeologyIIo ff.

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 THE TOMB OF MAKET
South-westcorner.Broken chair.
Along southside and in north-westcorner.Egyptian pottery.
MIDDLECHAMBER.About 270oX -60 m., height not re-
corded.
Coffin4. Roughly painted with figures of Isis and Nebet-
Het at the head and foot. Serpentine vase, steatite kohl-pot
in a basket.
Coffin5. Five or six bodies, walking-stick, throw-stick,
head-rest, two pots and a calcite jar in a basket, limestone
kohl-pot, gold ear-rings.
Coffin6. Roughly cut to anthropoid form with a face
carved on it, unpainted. One body.
BehindCoffin6. Small wooden (?) box, with slips of ivory
(or bone?) inlay. In front of coffin 6 were two boxes with
gabled lids containing infants. Not numbered.
AND ITS MYCENAEAN IMPORT 105
kohl-stick in a basket, basket of fruit, two Base-Ring I
juglets.
Coffin9, on 5. Six bodies, faience beads and seal in a
basket, Mycenaean IIB squat jar, basket with wooden kohl-
pot and stick, two dtm nuts, five scarabs.
Cofin io, on 7. Anthropoid, no details. Body, scarab.
South-westcorner,objects apparently swept off the lower
coffins when the upper layer was added: Eleven scarabs
(three in a wooden box),jasper engraved prism, glass beads,
faience beads, lion's head terminals for a necklace and
a vase, calcite and serpentine vases, calcite lentoid flask,
bronze knife, two whetstones, two pieces of pumice,9
Egyptian pottery and two Red Lustrous spindle bottles,
one bottle, one double juglet, one juglet, one flask, all in
Base-Ring I.
IN DOORWAY BETWEEN MIDDLE AND OUTER CHAMBER

Coffin7. Several bodies, one with a gold scarab, a silver Coffini , painted yellow on black background. Figures of
scarab, and a silver ring, all inscribed 'the lady of the house, the four genii of the dead on the sides. Bodies.
Maket' (and Petrie named the tomb after this lady),8 a
Coffin12, on Ir. Bodies.
scarab in a ring, faience ear-rings, bronze mirror, kohl-
stick, reed case of pipes, head-rest, Base-Ring I flask, Egyp- OUTER CHAMBER
tian jug, basket.
Eight scarabs or seals, beads, bronze fishing-spear
Coffin8, on 4. Bodies, two scarabs, a small plaque, wooden Egyptian measure, coarse pottery.

EVIDENCE FOR DATING

SCARABS AND SEALS
Petrie'sassessmentof the order of deposition of coffinsleads on to considerationof the scarabs
and seals found in them and elsewherein the tomb. Those which are helpful to our inquiry are
shown in order of length in FIG. 2. Firstly there was the heap of miscellaneous objects in the
south-west corner, which Petrie thought probably belonged to the preceding interments. The
scarabs, etc., from this heap are illustrated in IKG pl. 26.12-23. Scarab no. 22 bears the throne
name of Tuthmosis I (1525-1512 B.C.), a terminus post quemwhich is further supported by a
prism, no. 19, naming his immediate successor Tuthmosis II (1512-1504 B.C.).Io The same heap
included a scarab, no. 20, of Tuthmosis III (1504-1450 B.C.), which demonstratesthat the early
interments covered the last quarter of the sixteenth century at least.
The coffinsyielded four more scarabs,nos. 4, 26, 27, 34, also the seal shaped like a bird, no. 2
(though the head is missing), inscribed with the throne name Menkheperre (Tuthmosis III),
the great conqueror. These are shown in FIG.2 in accordance with their respective lengths.
The somewhat uniform cutting of the heads, backs, and sides of the scarab-beetles naming
Tuthmosis III suggeststhat they are contemporaryproductsof his reign. Except for the smallest
scarab, no. 4, the heads are lunate and the division between the elytra (outer wing-cases) is
marked by one or two lines. The shouldersof the beetle are marked by V-shaped nicks. Even
more characteristicof the New Kingdom period is the deep undercutting of the head and legs,
which are not notched (see FIG.3).I1It is perhapssignificantthat the scarab naming Tuthmosis I
8 W. Ranke, Personennamen i. 166 nos. 17 ff., from CAH 2nd edn., fasc. 4 (1964) 17ff. For further dis-
DieAgyptischen
gives examples of the name from the Middle and New cussion see H. L. Thomas, Near Eastern, Mediterraneanand
Kingdoms. Maket-Aten was the name of one of the EuropeanChronology84 f.; AJA lxxiv (1970) 226 ff.; lxxvi
daughters of Akhnaten. (1972) 281 ff.
9 The Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum and the I" The scarabs and seals from the Tomb of Maket will be
Director of the Institute of Geological Sciences kindly republished in full in O. Tufnell and W. Ward, Studieson
agreed to allow an analysis of this pumice: see Appendix. Scarab-seals,2 vols. (forthcoming).
zo The chronology on which this paper is based is taken

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 4)
:
7
amms. 9 11 13 15 17 19 3

(Scale

LACHISH.

FROM

298.
NAMES

LACHISH 281,
COMPARISONS ROYAL
286,

301,
BEARING

282-5,
SCARABS
10 173,
OF

COFFIN 299,
1 GROUP
nos.

9 seals

COFFIN and
1 COMPARATIVE
A
scarabs
8 iv
WITH

Lachish
LENGTH,
34.
AND
7 27,
26,
COFFINCOFFIN 9,
MAKET 7,
FIND-SPOT
BY8,
OF 19
2,
4,
COFFIN 39,
ARRANGED
40,

TOMB 20o,
22,
MAKET
OF
OUTER 19,
(SIEVING)
CHAMBER
26,
TOMB
pl.
THE
IIG
FROM
HEAP

II BC I BC IIIBC SCARABS

AND

SEALS
SOUTH-WEST
2.
Tuthmosis
Tuthmosis1525-1512
1512-1504 1504-1450
Tuthmosis
FIG.

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 THE TOMB OF MAKET AND ITS MYCENAEAN IMPORT 107
differsslightly from those of his grandson-the profileis squarerin outline, with no undercutting
of the head, and the legs are notched.
Finally, there is a scarab, no. 40, 8 mm. long, inscribed'the good lord of Two Lands, Menkhe-
perre'. This is not now available at the Ashmolean Museum. An elongated cowroid seal, no. 39,

BEARING
FIG.3. SCARABS ROYALNAMES.(Scale 2 : I.) I, from south-west heap, Tuthmosis I; 2, from coffin 9, Tuthmosis
III; 3, from coffin io, Tuthmosis III

also from sieving, may be intended to combine the name or names of his predecessor(s)with that
of Tuthmosis III.
In short, among the scarabsand seals with royal names, there are no fewer than eight scarabs
ranging in length from 8 to 17 mm. naming the first three kings of the Tuthmosside line, who
reigned successivelyfrom 1525 to 1450 B.c. The fine prism, no. 19, is dated just before the turn
of the century and may be contemporary with the scarab no. 20onaming Tuthmosis III, and

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108 VRONWY HANKEY AND OLGA TUFNELL

found in the same heap of early offeringsin the south-west corner of the middle chamber. None
of the scarabs marks in a definite way the twenty years of the minority of Tuthmosis, when
Hatshepsut was in control of affairs.
We come now to the length of the scarabs. It has been shown elsewhere that size is one im-
portant factor among many to be consideredwhen placing them in chronological sequence.2z
FIG.2 shows that the scarabsnaming Tuthmosis III increase in length between coffins I and Io,
giving for the six scarabs and the bird seal an average length of 12 mm. At Lachish, in tombs
containing scarabs with the name of the same king, the average length for seven scarabs and
a plaque works out at 15 mm., which may indicate that the Palestinian site produced material
belonging to the latter part of the reign of Tuthmosis III.'3 The Tomb of Maket does not con-
tain any royal scarabsover 17 mm. long, in fact there are no seals of any kind above that length
in the whole deposit. The evidence of the scarabs, then, suggests that the tomb was open from
about the reign of Tuthmosis I, and that it was finally closed towardsthe end of Tuthmosis III's
long life, say from about 1525 to 1450 B.C. at the latest.

OTHER EGYPTIAN OBJECTS

Thecoffins.The coffinswere not kept. From Petrie's account it is clear that one of the anthro-
poid coffins was unpainted and crudely made, and that the two painted box coffins with
standard designs in yellow and black were of a type common in the Eighteenth Dynasty.
Stonevases.Of the ten stone vases all but two are early rather than late in the typology of the
Eighteenth Dynasty. The exceptions are a Twelfth Dynasty shape from coffin 5 and a lentoid
flask in calcite. The flask is considered below with two lentoid flasks in clay.
Faience.Two vases, a model cow's horn, ear-rings, and beads all seem to have parallels not
later than the reign of Tuthmosis III. The faience horn is in every detail a copy of a vessel made
from a cow's horn, found in a tomb of the early Eighteenth Dynasty at Qurneh.I4
Woodenobjects.Kohl-pots and sticks, two boxes, a chair, walking-stick,and a throwing-stick.
One of the kohl-pots,no. I I from coffin9, is an imitation of a stone form typical of the Eighteenth
Dynasty up to the end of the reign of Tuthmosis III.s5
Metal objects.Two gold ear-rings, a bronze mirror, bronze fishing-harpoonpoint, a measure
of length. Ear-ringsare rarelyfound in Egypt beforethe New Kingdom.'6The mirrorwith lotus
handle is a type common in the Eighteenth Dynasty.17
Pottery. Twenty-one Egyptian shapes are illustrated by Petrie (IKG pl. 27.25-31, 33-40, 42,
47, 49-51). Of these, seven are drop-shaped vessels, frequently found in early New Kingdom
contexts; but without a typological guide to the domestic pottery of the period, it is hard to be
more definite. A clay figurine (on a bed?) from coffin I resemblesthe figure on the stone kohl-
pot (IKG pl. 27.12, cf. pl. 26.48).
The bowl, pl. 26.45 painted both inside and out, is less certainly Egyptian, and may well
reflect the influence of the Tell el-'Ajjul bichrome wares.'8
12 Levantv forthcoming, (1973) 69-82. general character as those in the Tomb of Maket (W. M. F.
i3 Lachishiv pls. 34.I73, 38.281-6, 298-9, 301. Petrie, AncientGaza iii pl. 14.23; iv pl. 16.72-3).
'4 W. M. F. Petrie, Qurneh7 pl. 25; W. Culican, The 17 W. M. F. Petrie, Objectsof Daily Use 30.
First MerchantVenturers 44 ill. 40. s8See Petrie, Ancient Gaza iii pl. 43.61. Maket Tomb
's W. M. F. Petrie, Funerary FurnitureandStoneVasespl. 30. no. 45 is decorated with wavy lines between bands outside,
i6 A. Wilkinson, AncientEgyptianJewellery 121-8. A well- and a design of dots and bands inside. The fact that the
dated pair like the Maket ear-rings came from the burial bowl was found in the south-west corner of the middle
of Queen Ahhotpe, mother of Amosis, founder of the chamber suggests that it belongs to the second phase of
Eighteenth Dynasty (op. cit. 22o n. I ). The same shape Bichrome Wares, or an even later phase when decoration
occurred in graves at Tell el-'Ajjul. The first pair was found was carried out in red paint only. See C. Epstein, Bichrome
with three pots, one of them a drop-shaped vessel of the same Waresin Palestine.

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 THE TOMB OF MAKET AND ITS MYCENAEAN IMPORT Iog

Two lentoid flasksin clay and one in Egyptian calcite may be considered together (IKG pl.
27.32, 4I, and 4). The clay shape, from two wheel-made halves joined together, is usually
regarded as Palestinian, and it certainly became common in that area in Late Bronze II, after
about 14oo B.C.'9The lentoid form was known in the Canaanite area in Middle Bronze II, and
indeed was sometimesused by Middle Minoan potters.20'Pilgrim flasks'of faience and without
handles were found in Middle Bronze II burials at Tell el-Far'ah, near Nablus,2I and at
Jericho.22The earliest clay flaskso far published with two handles and decoration of concentric
circles comes from a Late Bronze I tomb at Jerusalem.23The Maket flasks, with short broad
neck, are intermediate between this single example and the Late Bronze II group identified by
Amiran. There is little visual difference in fabric between the flasksand some of the Egyptian
pottery in the tomb. The clay is coarse pink, with a shiny slip ranging erraticallyfrom red to
light grey, and the decorationis matt dark-brownto red. The lentoid flaskswere all found in the
south-west corner of the middle chamber, swept there when coffins 8 to Io were laid in place.
A discordantnote is perhapssounded by the calcite 'pilgrimflask' matched in a cave attributed
to the mid thirteenth century at Lachish, but scarabs from that group could admit an earlier
date.24If we assume that all the lentoid flaskswere made in Egypt, the calcite piece is the only
Egyptian object which might possibly post-date the mid fifteenth century B.c.

IMPORTED POTTERY
Cypriote.Two Red Lustrous spindle bottles and fourteen
Base-Ring I pots have been fully studied by Merrillees.25It
is generally agreed that these types were in use in Egypt
during the reign of Tuthmosis III.
Mycenaean.Squat jar with one vertical handle, found in
coffin 9, south end. Ashmolean Museum 1890.822. FIG. 4,
PLATE36. Dimensions, all slightly uneven: H. o-o6-o-o8,
max. D. o-o98, D. of rim 0o053 m. Complete except for a
chipped area on lower body.
FS 87, 'Other specimens'. Flattened globular body with
rounded base, concave neck, flaring rim, pinched thin at
the lip. Flattened handle from shoulder to greatest diameter,
grooved and not set straight. Its weight overbalances the
jar. Fine pink to orange clay with dark and light grits and
a little mica. Deep buff shiny slip with traces of horizontal
burnishing. Red to brown shiny paint.
Decoration. Two elongated ivy leaves with blunt rather
than pointed tips, on double undulating stems, FM 12.13,
24, 25; one stem rises from a continuous rock pattern, FM
32-5, round the jar, the second stem starts from a solid
circle of paint above the rock pattern. Three broad bands
below the main pattern. Three groups of three, four, and
five loops hanging from the painted neck, perhaps a relic of
a foliate band. The neck is painted inside and out. Three
diagonal bars on the handle. The decoration is free and
casual.

The jar is one of a small group, a variation of the squat jar with three handles, i.e. the alabas-
tron FS 80-5.26 It seems to have been in use from Myc. I until Myc. IIIA I or 2. Like the
alabastron it was a funerary vessel and, so far as we know, all the published examples come
from tombs except for one from the Minoan villa at Amnisos.27The Maketjar is flatter than the
early jars in FS 87, and the decorationsuggestsa date between Myc. IIA and IIIA. The double
stem is found in ivy-leaf patternsin Myc. I and II, but the leaf becomes less plump. The Maket
jar has neither the fat leaf of the Myc. IIA stemmed cup from Lachish,28nor the long thin
pointed leaf of many Myc. IIIA I examples, given under FM 12. In shape and decoration the
Maket jar fits well into the Myc. IIB period, early rather than late. No exact parallels can be
given for shape and decoration together. The nearestis from Korakou near Corinth (FS 87: 13),
dated Myc. IIB by Furumark. Squat jars of the same shape with ivy-leaf patterns are also
known from Korakou and from Demetrias in Thessaly (FS 87: I I, 23, 24). The ivy-leaf pattern
'9 R. Amiran, AncientPotteryof the Holy Land 166 ff. 23 R. Amiran, AncientPottery of the Holy Land 166 pl.
20 MP 32 n. 2; Y. Tzedakis, BSA lxvi (i971) 363 if., 5I'.I. 24 Lachishiv pl. 26.47.
studies the later development of the flask in Crete. 5 K. S. Merrillees, T he (CyprzoteBronze Age Potteryjound in
21 RB Ivi
(1949) I1I fig. 4-5; 131 fig. 10.2. Egypt43 ff. z2 MP 42.
22 K. Kenyon, Jericho i. 296, 427, 518; figs. x8I.8, 216. 27 See Addenda to FS 87, p. I II below.

4, 224.17. 28 Lachishii. 83, 211 f.; BSA lxii

(1967) '44-

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110 VRONWY HANKEY AND OLGA TUFNELL

was widespreadamong Mycenaean and Minoan potters,and its occurrencehere is no indication

of the place of manufacture. Spectrographic analysis of the clay showed that it is not com-
parable with any ware analysed up to 1966.29

FIG. 4- MYCENAEAN IIB SQUATJAR FROMTHE TOMB OF MAKET. ASHMOLEANMUSEUM 1890.822. (Scale j: 2.)

Coffin 9 also contained a scarab with the name of Tuthmosis III (FIG. 2.2). It is 15 mm. in
length, the largest in this group and equal to the average for the slightly later group of royal
scarabs at Lachish. As we have shown above, a larger scarab may point to a late date in the
reign of Tuthmosis III. We therefore suggest that the Myc. IIB jar was made late in that
reign, and that it was deposited in the Tomb of Maket soon after its importation into Egypt,
and not later than about 1460 B.C.

CONCLUSION
We hope we have shown that the Tomb of Maket was used from about 1525 to not later than
1450 B.C. The presence of a Myc. IIB pot in one of the latest burials is the first support from an
excavated site in Egypt for the generally accepted view that the Mycenaean IIB period began
at the end of the reign of Tuthmosis III, about 1450 B.C.
VRONWY JHANKEY
OLGA TUFNELL
29JEA lii (1966) 176 ff.

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 THE TOMB OF MAKET AND ITS MYCENAEAN IMPORT III

ADDENDA FS 87TO
The following are some of the squat jars found or published since 1941:
MainlandandAegean(all from tombs)
Kefalovryso, Pylos Ergon1965, 81 fig. 96. Hatched loop FM 63.6. Myc. I.
Makrysia, Olympia ADelt xxiii (1968) 284 ff. pl. 125. Six, mostly with hatched loop
FM 63.6. Myc. I.
AAA ii (1968) 127 fig. 2. Spirals. Myc. I.
Monemvasia ADelt xxiii (1968) I5' ff. pl. 69. Eight, with hatched loop. Myc.
IIA.
Mycenae, Grave Circle B Nauplia Museum i3348. Rosette in light-on-dark paint. Myc. I.
Samikon, Olympia ADelt xx (1965) 6 ff. pls. 9-12. Fifteen, plain, or hatched loop or
spirals with dot FM 46.29. Myc. I.
Vromousa, Chalkis BSA xlvii (1952) 66 pl. 23. Wavy lines FM 42.2, 48.5. Myc. II-III.
Crete
Amnisos, East Field Heraklion Museum Case 90. Hatched loop. Myc. I.
Gournia Heraklion Museum Study collection 3601. Foliate band (?). From
a tomb?
Kamilari, Phaistos Annxxxix (1961) 41 fig. 42 f. In L.M. IIIA I context?
Dodecanese
Langada, Cos Ann xliii (1965) 181 fig. 19I. In a Myc. IIIA 2 burial?
VRONWY HANKEY
APPENDIX

PETROGRAPHICAL REPORT ON A SPECIMEN OF PUMICE FOUND IN THE MAKET TOMB,

ILLAHUN, EGYPT

The pumice is white to pale buff, of low density owing to its high vesicularity. In thin section
(preparedby Mr. R. W. Sanderson)it consistsmainly of a colourless,transparentskeletal glass
framework charged with minute (to below o-oI mm. diameter) spherical bubbles containing
gas trapped from the original volcanic discharge. In places the glass forms bundles of sheaves.
Crushed fragments immersed in calibrated refractive index liquids showed a predominant
refractiveindex of I'502 +0-002, though sparseshardsgave n = Small crystalsof
to mm. in are 1.5Ioo1oo02.and occur
plagioclase feldspar (up 0-3 length) oligoclase (Ab75An25) mainly
around the coarser vesicles. Here also occur small crystals of hypersthene, clinopyroxene, and
opaque ore.
The refractiveindex of the glass falls within the range for silica-richpumice, near 70 per cent
SiO, (W. O. George, Am.J. Sci.xxxii (i924) 353-72).
The pumice specimen, therefore,does not in the main match optically with either the upper
or lower tephra glass recorded in boreholes in the east Mediterranean (D. Ninkovich and
B. C. Heezen, Natureccxiii (1967) 582-4). These have been dated at less than 5,oo000 years B.c.
and older than 25,000 years B.P. respectively. All that can be said, in the absence of other
statistical data on the optics of pumice from the Mediterranean area, is that chemically it is
related to rhyolitic pumice of unknown source. R. K. HARRISON

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Pr.ATr 36 B.S _A_ 6

(a)

(b)
THE TOMB OF MAKET AND ITS MYCENAEAN IMPORT
Myc. IIB squat jar from the Tomb of Maket. Ashmolean Museum 1890.822
(By courtesy of the Ashmolean Museum)

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