Chapter 2

1. Identify measures to reduce the risk to pedestrians and vehicles in

the workplace. (5)
 As part of the risk assessment, transport hazards must be identified and assessed
 The provision of designated safe crossing points and refuges
 Fitting vehicles with audible or visual alarms for example to give warning of are
versing operation
 The use of a Banksman to ensure safe vehicle movement in areas where pedestrians
are likely to be present
 Ensuring a good standard of visibility by the provision of mirrors, transparent doors
and CCTV
 The introduction of a speed restriction on vehicles; the use of trained and authorized
drivers particularly for forklift trucks
 The provision and use of high visibility personal protective equipment
 Provision of a good standard of lighting which avoids the possibility of glare.

2. Identify precautions that should be taken when leaving a fork-

lift truck unattended. (6)
 The first one relates to leaving the forklift truck on a firm level surface.
 Park in a designated area, to ensure that it cannot rollaway.
 The truck must not be left in a position where it could obstruct the emergency
exits, walkways or fire points, and must be parked away from other vehicles.
 The truck should be left with the mast tilted slightly forward and forks resting on
the floor to make sure that it is stable and not likely to overturn.
 The truck must not be left until the break has been applied and the power
switched off.
 Park away from other vehicles on a firm, level surface.
 Where a start key is used, the key must be removed and returned it to a responsible
person, as appropriate.

3. a) Outline why a vehicle may not be able to stop effectively (4)

b) Outline activities associated with vehicles when they are not moving that
could result in risk of injury (4)

(a).
 Lack of proper / adequate braking system
 Over speeding
 Loss of control of the vehicle.
 Incompetent driver / operator
  Lack of proper maintenance of the vehicle.
 Chance of oil spillage on the road / Slippery Surface

(b).
 Loading, eg. When doing manual handling jobs like loading crates from a truck
 Unloading e.g. When unloading crates from a truck
 Securing – When workers climb onto the vehicle in order to secure the loadcan lead to fall
hazard.
 Coupling – When vehicles are attached to other towed equipment thereis a potential of
collision and crushing.
 Maintenance Work – while doing maintenance work either on top or underneaththe vehicle
.
4. Outline the precautions that might be needed to ensure the safety of pedestrians
in vehicle maneuvering areas. (8)
 Segregated systems for vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
 Appropriate road markings.
 Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, provision of lightings etc.,)
 Audible warnings for vehicles.
 The drawing up and enforcement of site rules.
 The provision of refuges.
 The wearing of high visibility clothing.
 A good standard of housekeeping.
 Training for, and supervision of, all concerned.

5. Outline the means by which the risk of accidents from reversing vehicles within
workplace can be reduced. (8)

 Avoidance of reversing by implementing one way traffic systems.

 Segregation of pedestrians and vehicles or the provision of refuges.
 Good vehicle selection so that drivers have adequate visibility.
 Provision of audible reversing alarms and flashing beacons.
 Provision of mirrors at blind spots to see approaching pedestrians.
 Use of high visibility clothing.
 Ensuring that the area is well lit.
 Provision of banks men.
 Training for drivers and pedestrians working in the area.

6. Forklift trucks are operating in a busy workplace.

Identify suitable control measures to reduce the risk of collision with workers

 Suitable for their intended use.

 Suitable for the environment and conditions in which they are used.
 Maintained in safe working order.
  Only driven by suitably trained, qualified staff.
 Inspected routinely before use.
 Provision of audible reversing alarms and flashing beacons.
 Provision of mirrors at blind spots to see approaching pedestrians.

7. (A) Identify reasons why a vehicle may not be able to stop effectively.
 No braking system
 Over speeding
 Improper maintenance of brake system
 Loss of control

(b) Outline activities associated with vehicles when they are not moving that
could result in risk of injury.

 Loading – both manual and mechanical loading of vehicles can create risk, e.g. the
manual handling risk associated with lifting crates into the back of a lorry, or the risk of
collision when loading a flat- bed lorry using a forklift truck.
 Unloading – both manual and mechanical unloading can create risk, e.g. tipping
operations can result in the vehicle over turning or people being struck by the material
being tipped.
 Securing – when workers have to climb onto a vehicle in order to secure the load, e.g. a
driver might have to climb onto the top of a lorry to sheet over the load to prevent it
blowing out when moving at speed, or climb onto the top of a road tanker to close hatches.
Both of these operations involve work at height.
 Coupling – when vehicles are attached to trailers or other towed equipment there is
potential for collision and crushing.
 Maintenance work – when mechanics have to access various parts of the vehicle and
may have to work at height or under the vehicle.

8) Mobile tower scaffolds should be used on stable, level ground.

Outline additional factors that should be considered for the use of a mobile tower
scaffold. (8)

 Never overload the mobile tower scaffold during work.

 Ensure that outriggers are utilized at all times.
 All the mobile tower should have guard rails fitted.
 Ensure the wheels are chocked before allowing any personnel to work on board.
 Only competent and trained personnel to erect the tower.
 Do not allow anybody to work on top while we move the mobile tower scaffold.
 Never work under overhead lines.
 Climbing through outside should not be permitted.
9) A new vehicle route is to be provided into the goods delivery area of workplace.

Outline features of the vehicle route that could reduce the risk of pedestrians being
injured by vehicles. (8)

 Vehicle traffic route layout – good design of roads and routes can be used to keep vehicles
at a distance from pedestrian walkways and other vehicles. One way systems are an effective
method of reducing the risk of vehicle/vehicle collisions.
 Segregation of vehicles and pedestrians – wherever possible pedestrians should be
provided with a separate walk way. It may be necessary to barrier this route to
provide additional physical protection.
 In some situations (such as in loading bays), safe havens should be provided that pedestriansc
an retreat into during vehicle movements.
 Where barriers cannot be used segregation might be achieved by marking pedestrianwalk
ways on the floor.

 Separate site and building entrances should be provided for vehicles and pedestrians sothat
they are not forced into close proximity at these bottlenecks.

 Speed limits should be set for traffic routes and then clearly indicated by signage, and
enforced.
Traffic calming measures such as speed bumps might be usedwhere experience shows t
here is a problem with vehicles speeding.

 Banksmen may be used to ensure that vehicle manoeuvres in the vicinity ofpedestrians ar
e carried out safely.

 Crossing points may be implemented to allow pedestrians to cross traffic routes safely.

 Good visibility is essential, so that drivers have unobstructed views from their vehicles.
Blind spots should be eliminated by careful traffic route design; where this is not possible,
aids such as mirrors, CCTV and transparent doors should be provided.

 Good standards of lighting should be present on traffic routes.

 Appropriate signage should be used to alert vehicle drivers to hazards on their route(such
as lower overheads).

 Whilst barriers can protect pedestrians from vehicles, they can also be used to protect
structures which might be at risk of damage or collapse in the event of a
collision, e.g. in a warehouse racking may be protected with barriers at vulnerable
locations.

 The surface of the traffic route must be suitable for the vehicles using it, withattention pa
id to its strengths and stability, grip characteristics and drainage.