POV DL Od ddd dd dd ddOGHECOd EC oEeEEEEE HEAT TREATMENT OF STEELS ‘SUITABLE HEAT TREATMENT OF THE STEEL CHANGES 115 GRAIN STRUCTURE AND CAN “PRODUCE EITHER SOFTEN. NG OR HARDENING. -ANNEALING: HEATING “THE STEEL 1D BETWEEN Kor AND 815°C AND MAINTAINING TT AT We TEMPERKTURE FOR SEVERAL HOURS, DETENDING ON THE THICKNESS 5 IT15 THEN AUDWED TD CoOL 410. UCN THE FORMANCE, A COPTER MORE DOCTLE METAL \6 TRODIED. NORMALIZING ; THE STEEL 1S HEATED TO THE SAME TEMPERATURE AS FOR ANNEALING ITS AMILDER FORM OF ANNEALING. THE PROCES REMOVE $ INTERNAL STRESSES SET Ur BY WELDING OK FORSING, HARDENING : STEEL 16 HARDEN BY FIRST HEKTING TT TD TWH AEOVE OH NID LCOUNG TU -EAPDAY BY TLUNGING UT OUIEMY IN WATER, BRINE, oR ou CIEMPERING : THY REMOVES BRITLENESS AND INTER: NAL STREGES CASED BY HARDENING, AS CONDSTS OR TENENING THE HARDENED STEEL To TEMPERATURES IN THE FEGWN 150° TO 482°C & RAOWING IT TO GOL ONDE MORE METHODS OF PREVENTING THE CORROSION OF STEEL CORRGION DCOURS BECAUSE THE COMBINED ACTION OF AIR MND MOISTURE FORMS A FILA OF (RON OLE LANE NES CONSTRUCTION MATEBIALS-S7ARC4430 INTRO. TO STEEL STRUCTORES PRIYANKA TORE 174R@570 ee eee “RUST PROTECTION FOR NON- STRUCTURAL STEELS - MMTREOUS ENAWELING £ SILA AND EORAX COMPO. UNDS ARE GRAYED ON TO TH CWE SURFACE , AND THE ARTICLE TRANSFERRED TO AN OVEN AT ACTEMPERSTURE OF ABOUT 615% THE COMPOUND FORM A HARD, SMOOIM, GLOZSY SORFACE SAPANNINE £ SURE ARE COATED WAITH LAZQUER TANT AND THEN THE WHOLE PACED IN AN OVEN AT KBOUT 260°C WHEN A HARD BAKED 4KIN 6 FORMED. EVECTENTIATING ¢ ELECTRIC CURRENT 16 CARRIEDIN 1 SUITABLE s0\UTICN EENWEEN THE YOATIVE ELECTRODE ) AND THE NEGATE ELECTRODE WHICH THE METAL To BE TATED. GALYANIZING £ THE ARTULE 15 WASHED IN GUST OVA CERNE TT TO GENE ,ITIS THEN FRINGED AND “PICKLED IN HOT, DILUTE SULT WORK NAP, TO REMOVE SCALE AND RUST, AND WASHED UN. CLEAN WATER. APTER IMMERSION INA, FLUXING BATH OF ZINC AMMONIUM CHLORIDE SOLD- THON, THE ACWAL GALVANGING DONE INABA OF MOLTEN Zinc TO GIVE A CONTINY OF BETWEEN, 0-6 AND 0-5 Ko/M*. FINALY A DIPPING IN A TANK OF TALUTE ZODIUM TACHROMATE 16 GIVEN To RETARD OXIDATION “TO "THE SURFACE. (SMERADIZING : THE TART TO BE COYERED 6 CLEANED AMD THEN PLACED IN A ROTATING DR- UM CONTAINING TONTERED ZING, AND SUBJECTED To ACTEMTERATURE OF 400°C PUR 2-3 HOURS. TT 16 MORE APPLICABLE “Tb THE TREATMENT OF SMALL FARTS SUCH he NUTS, SCREWS AND BOLTS. ZING SERANING AAD STONING $A STECIAL GUN 16 LeED To SPRAY A STREAM OF MOLTEN ZINC ON TD THE ART- GLE “TT THEN “TAKENN TD A PAINT DIPPER WHERE IT IMMERSED (NA RED OXIDE PRIMER , WHICH IS STOVED.ON IN AN OVEN. CHROMIZINNG ¢ CHROMIUM AND ALUMINIUM PONDER Bete USED INT EAD OF ZINC) AND A TEPERATIRE OF MeouT BAS*C HB REQUIRED FOR THE DRM. PHOSPHATE i Ly DEGREACE , RNGE AND IMMERSION IN A THOSPHATING SOLUTION « AFTER ANOTHER WATER BINGE AND ONE Ii OAROMIC REID, THE MITECLE 1S DRIED AND TAINTED - STRUCTUKAL STEELW- ORK STEEL FRAMEWORK MAY BE CoMPOsED OF BEAMS, CHANINEL , ANGLES ETC THE FASTE NING BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT TARTS OF A FRAMEWORK 16 BY THE MEANE OF Bows, BNE AND WADMe. “BOLTS 2 BOLTS ARE OF TWO TYPE: ORDINAY RY MILD STEEL BOLTS , AZO CALLED BUCK BOLTS; AND HIGH STRENGTH FRICT- AON GRR BOTS( HEFG)- BUCK BUYS AKE USED FOR “BEARING THE SHEAR FORCES IN A SOUST. WEFG BELTS AND NUTS MAC BE USED TO MAKE THE JOINT COMPLETELY RIGID AG UF IT WERE MADE EX WELDING. “WIS COMPRWES AN ALAS Scanned with CamScanneree 6 ~ ~~ ° 2 2 ~ ~. 2 : 2 ° 2 2 2 2 2 2 . > -s ~~ ~ le 2 2 2 Lo, 2 lo = HSEG “BeLTS AND NUTS ¢ Mapas — THREE “RADIAL LINES ON THE HEXD, MARKINGS OF MANUFACTURER , AND “THE LETTERS 10H NUIS ARE MARKED WITH THREE SEMI-CIRCULAR Ze WASHERS HAVE THREE RIBS ON THE TERIAETER, AND THE LETTER M 1 INCLUDED ON THE FICE. GME — HARDENED STEEL WASHER MUST BE PLACED UNDER THE TUT OR-EOT HEAD, WHICH: EVER 6 BEING TeHTENED. FOR MsEMBLY, THE ‘PLT 1S FIR TNOHTENED TD “BRINE THE TARTS IN CLOSE CONTACT. MARKS ARE PLACED ON THE NUT 4, PROTRIPING HEAD OF THE BOLT TD REC TER TRRELIMINARY POTIONS. THEN EMH NUT 1 TEHTEN- ED BY A POWER: OPERATED WRENCH 40 THAT IT TWREES BY A TREDETERMINED AMOUNT), TD. STANDARDS. ALTERNATIVELY, A CALBERATED TOIQUE WRENCHIS USED “TO ATRLY A PREDETERMINED TENGEN IN “HE Gout. eer WELDING : IN A WELDING STRUCTURE - — LES STEEL 16 USED, REDUCING DEAD WEIGHT. — ABETTER AESTHETIC KPTEARAIE 1) OBTANED = MAINTANANEE 6 EMSIER, AS RIVETS AND woLrs ARE NOT PRESENT, WHICH ARE USUALLY THE FIRST TO CORRODE. SH FRBRICATION TIME 16 REDUCED. STWERE LE WISTKCE OF MATERAL- WELDING 1g (DEAL FOR TUBULAR WORK-RR LARGE MEMBERS , SPECIAL CAKE MYST BE TAKEN TO AV DITERTICN: UN WELDING THE INTERFACE OF THE STEEL MEMB- ERS TO BE JOMED 16 WELTED AND A WELD MET ALAND THE MEMBERS BECOME JOINED. AFTER WELDING, A SLAG TS FORMED AT THE “low WHE CAN BE REMOVED AFTER THE SOMT HG COOLED DOWN. XECTRIC ARC WELDING AND OXYACTYLENE WELD WE KEEL THE TWO MOST COMMONLY ED WELDING METHODS. PROPERTIES OF METALS DUCTITY : A DUCTILE METAL 1% ONE CAPABLE OF DRAWN OR STRETCHED MTD WIRES AEE METAL We ONE WHICH WIL RETUIN TO 1 CREUNAL SHATE AFTER REMOVAL OF A FORCE TENDING TD CHANGE THAT AME. Ws TROERTY 6 OU APTLEABLE WTTHIN A, CERTAIN LMT. MAWEABUATY: THe PRITERTY ENABLES A METAL Wo BE TOUED OF BEATEN WATHOT CRACKING TOUGHNESS: We IMPLIES THAT THE METAL Cant OFFER STRONG PEGE TANCE To RET EATED BENDING , COMPRESSION, AND OTHER STR: ESSES WITHOUT FRACTURE.IS PRESENCE ENeu RES TART THE METAL Tors NUT SUFFER “FATIOUE". WELDABINTY : A WELDABLE METAL 16 ONE WH: TOA & EMALY SowereD BY WELDING. STRUCTUBAL STEEL THE “KEINFORED STEEL 16 USUALLY ANAILABLE IN 3 FORME? A+ MUD STEEL TLAIN ROUNDED BARS OF TARFERENT GRADES : Fe2> GRADES AVB aoe. 2+ HIGH STRENGTH DEFORMED BARS OF ‘DIFFERENT GRADES AND TYPES! Fra FeaisD, Fe stoD, Fe 550 GRADE. THESE ABE DUCTILE STEELS AND ARE THERMAL AND MECHANICALLY TREATED (TMT). B- CORROSION RESTANCE STEEL (CCRS- TATA STEEL) - CONSTRUCTION € MATERTALS-"-ARC4430 INTE. TO STEEL. SPRUCTURES TBIYANKA JOSHT (ARBS7O Scanned with CamScanner