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Contents
Abstract (R.C.)........................................................................................................................................1
Table of Figures.....................................................................................................................................3
List of Tables..........................................................................................................................................3
Introduction (R.C.).................................................................................................................................4
A. Project Introduction...................................................................................................................4
B. Theoretical Introduction (E.T , R.C)............................................................................................5
Routing...............................................................................................................................5
Conductor and Circuit Choice............................................................................................5
Tower and Spacing Choice.................................................................................................5
Conductor Sag....................................................................................................................5
Line Inductance and Capacitance......................................................................................6
Medium Transmission Line Model.....................................................................................6
Voltage Regulation and Efficiency......................................................................................6
PSSE Model.........................................................................................................................6
Insulator Type.....................................................................................................................6
Research (S.K)........................................................................................................................................7
Australian Grid...................................................................................................................................7
Electrical Theory................................................................................................................................7
Circuit Conductors.............................................................................................................................8
Ground Wire Selection......................................................................................................................9
Design Clearances..............................................................................................................................9
Design Calculations..........................................................................................................................10
A. Design Parameter – Insulator Type (R.C).................................................................................11
Design Calculations (S.K, E.T, R.C)........................................................................................................13
Routing (E.T)....................................................................................................................................14
14
Conductor and Circuit Choice (E.T, R.C.)..........................................................................................14
Tower and Spacing Choice (E.T).......................................................................................................16
Conductor Sag and Line Length (S.K)...............................................................................................16
Line Inductance and Capacitance (E.T, R.C).....................................................................................17
Reactance (E.T, R.C).........................................................................................................................18
Medium Transmission Line Model (E.T)..........................................................................................18
Voltage Regulation and Efficiency (E.T)...........................................................................................19
PSSE Model (E.T)..............................................................................................................................19

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 Insulator Selection (R.C.).................................................................................................................20
Discussion (E.T)....................................................................................................................................20
Timeline (S.K).......................................................................................................................................21
Conclusion (E.T)...................................................................................................................................21
References (R.C)..................................................................................................................................22
Appendix.............................................................................................................................................23
MS-Excel..........................................................................................................................................24
M file...............................................................................................................................................25
Bus Report.......................................................................................................................................27

Table of Figures
Figure 1: Design specs. for this design.......................................................................................4
Figure 2: Desirable properties of insulators [2].........................................................................6
Figure 3: Double circuit 3 phase Transmission line....................................................................8
Figure 4: Basic Design overview...............................................................................................10
Figure 5: Strain insulator and associated properties...............................................................11
Figure 6: Suspension-Type insulator and associated properties.............................................12
Figure 7: Shackle insulator and associated properties............................................................12
Figure 8: Justification for choosing Suspension Insulator (Some information referenced from
[3])............................................................................................................................................13
Figure 9: Routing Diagram, Top-Down and Side View.............................................................14
Figure 10: Spacing and Tower Height......................................................................................16
Figure 11: Sag Diagram............................................................................................................17
Figure 12: Medium, Pi Transmission Line Model.....................................................................18
Figure 13: PSSE Generator, Branch and Load..........................................................................19

List of Tables
Table 1: Timeline of events......................................................................................................21
Table 2: Electrical Characteristics of the ACSR/GZ Conductors...............................................23
Table 3: Physical Characteristics of the ACSR/GZ Conductors.................................................23
Table 4: Suitable Electrical Characteristics..............................................................................24

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Introduction (R.C.)
A. Project Introduction
A very common mode of electric-power transmission is the 3-phase AC
electric-power [1]. Basically, a type of a poly-phase system used mainly for powering motors
and various other devices [1]. The benefit of a 3-phase system is that it basically uses less
conductor material for transmission of electric power as compared to it’s single/double
phase equivalents, or DC systems essentially at the same voltage.
In this unit, considering the understanding of a real-life model, the team was asked to
design an overhead 3-phase transmission line between two electrical substations for
transmitting electrical power in Sale, Victoria. As simple as it may sound, the design has to
be very specific, considering the various groups of students being indulged in this project
design task.
The design task has been broken down into two parts from an engineering aspect:
 Electrical: Includes selecting the conductor for maximising efficiency, phase
conductor spacing for minimising the regulation of voltage
 Mechanical: Includes the support design specifications to support the line inclusive
of the insulators

Given, that there are 9 groups of students undertaking this design task, each of the groups
were given different design specifications. Our group was assigned the following design
specifications in addition to the general aim of the design task (Figure.1) :

Figure 1: Design specs. for this design

While keeping these specifications in mind, the team also looked into the cost and
convenience (time, transportation, weather etc.) factors while deciding on conduction-

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selection, transmission line models, etc. , thus justifying the design specifications to the last
detail except determining the capital and running costs of HVDC, which can’t be justified to
the last detail for a 62km line length, as there is much more equipment needed, such as
SCRs, & should be reserved for 1000+ km lines.
Certain assumptions are taken whilst taking the construction of transmission lines into mind.
For example: It’s imperative to consider that the temperature of the conductor basically
stays at a stable 750 C for avoiding any kind of thermal expansion & improvement of
resistance effects. Weather conditions, environmental impact (sustainability) of the Sale
suburb is also taken into consideration for assumptions.
Thus, this report will give a detailed insight into the design task including design models,
parameters and research-discussions, given ahead in the report.

B. Theoretical Introduction (E.T , R.C)

Routing
As our route does not go directly from A to B, our team has had to consider the placement
and number of towers, analysing each subsection of the route, including the change in
elevation and direction. A bird’s eye and side view have been constructed by hand, showing
each section of the route.
Conductor and Circuit Choice
The conductor which was chosen for our application was the Pawpaw conductor, which is
the second largest ACSR/GZ from the Prysmian Company’s Conductor Catalogue. This was
chosen based on the CCC and resistance needed, although the CCC was the tighter of the
two requirements, because of the fact that there is not as much surface area in relation to
its volume, and also because of the material itself not being the most conductive. This was
chosen for its high tensile strength and corrosion resistance, which are both important when
placing it somewhat near the shoreline, with higher potential wind speeds to consider. Not
only this, but the CCC, as mentioned before, was based on its own worst conditions, which
were no wind speed, in summer, noon, and essentially, both high and low wind speeds have
to be considered.
Tower and Spacing Choice
Tower height, material and topography, Line Spacing, and Conductor Spacing are the factors
which are based highly around the conductor size and material, and the Voltage level of
132kV. Upon investigating other transmission line towers, the main standard typically used
for height at this voltage level is around 50m tall, to maintain good clearance, even when
there is a declination or inclination along the route.
Conductor Sag
After having chosen the conductor and the line spacing, the conductor sag needed to be
determined. This is for a few reasons, including reducing the tension on the line, the wind
loading, and this will have an impact on the final resistance, inductance, and capacitance of
the line, since it will need to be a longer line.

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Line Inductance and Capacitance
These parameters of the transmission line can affect the power factor of the receiving end,
and if the line has a Power factor outside what is required in the design (0.8 lagging to
unity), then Reactive Compensation will need to be used, to ensure that there is a lesser
power loss in the line, and to also be able to deliver and utilise more power in the load.
Medium Transmission Line Model
The transmission line model represents the elements in the entire transmission line.
Essentially, we have many methods of representing the line, and the elements in the line
include: Series Resistance, Series Inductance, Shunt Capacitance, and finally, Shunt
Conductance, although Shunt Conductance is neglected, even in the Long line model. The
method we have used to represent our line was the Medium Pi Model.
Voltage Regulation and Efficiency
As we have a required Voltage Regulation and Efficiency in our design brief, the line cannot
fall below 85% Voltage Regulation, or below 80% efficiency. The method that was used to
calculate the Voltage Regulation involved adding up all the elements in the Line, and
formulating the voltage drop between the receiving and sending end voltages and currents.
This has been crosschecked with the PSSE Model.
PSSE Model
To crosscheck the transmission line model, we have used the software PSSE, with the
plugged- in values of Resistance, Reactance, Voltage, and Load. To successfully use PSSE, it is
required to use per-unit values, and for the good reason of understanding the Power
System, in terms of absolute and relative capacity or impact.
Insulator Type
The overhead-line conductors have to be supported on top of the poles/towers in a way
such that the currents from the conductors don’t start flowing to the earth through the
supports, in short, line conductors should pe properly insulated from the supports [2]. This
can be achieved by securing the line conductors to the supports with insulators [2].
Insulators basically provide the necessary insulation/protection between the line conductors
& the supports, thus preventing any type of leakage current from the conductors to the
earth. The following figure would show the desirable properties of insulators, the team is
looking forward to research on:

Figure 2: Desirable properties of insulators [2]

In the research discussion, the team will be discussing about the various types of insulators
and the no. of insulators to be used per transmission line in brief..

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Research (S.K)

The first stage of the design project was to conduct some initial background research as it
was essential that every group member had a thorough understanding of the various
components that would be required to complete this project. As a group we also needed to
conduct this research to be able to make well defined and educated decisions for the
transmission line. There are several different areas that were researched which all come
together to create the transmission line. These areas included, electrical theory (voltage
current, phasing, GMD/GMR), ground wires, conductor types/ spacing, tower clearances,
and the sag and sway).

Australian Grid
The initial step was to understand the purpose of the transmission line and how it works
within the Australian Grid system. The transmission line is essentially the middle stage of the
overall power system, after electricity is generated the transformers are used to step up the
power then transmission lines are able to transport the large sums of power over very large
distances to either 132kV customers such as (large factories) or to step down transformers.
The step-down transformers convert the power to be carried across the distribution
network which is then able to carry the power into homes and offices with various pole or
other substation transformer brining the power up or down and required by the customer.

Electrical Theory
Once we understood how the transmission system operated, we were then able to research
the electrical theory, as a group we needed to ensure we knew how much current, voltage
and, power resistance the line was required to carry and how we would accommodate that
in our design. From the research we conducted we found that there were many different
ways ensuring the proper electrical specifications were met, the main factor being the
selection of the conductor and the circuit selection. We learned that there were different
two options when selecting how the line circuit would be designed to carry the power
across the given distance. Transmission lines are designed with either a double or a single
circuit. When Transmission lines require large amounts of power to be transmitted over
greater distances a double circuit will generally be used. Double circuits also offer higher
rates of reliability when it comes to faults. Double circuits are designed with 2 sets of three
phase conductors so six conductors in total. Although double circuits have a much higher
reliability and are able to carry more power they are also much more expensive to design
construct and operate in comparison to single circuits, this is the reason as to why single
circuits are selected when there is no definite requirement for greater reliability or no overly
large sums of power are being transported across the line.

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 Figure 3: Double circuit 3 phase
Transmission line

Double or single circuits can also have different configurations, they can either be bundled
with two or more conductors or be a single conductor. The benefits of a bundle conductor
include the reduced reactance of the transmission line, have a higher capacitance to neutral
(creating a better power factor), higher GMR meaning a lower inductance per phase, lower
voltage gradient and surge impedance making the transmission properties more favourable
of the line and also reduced corona loss. Corona loss occurs when the air becomes a
dielectric medium between the three phases and causes ionization, this creates a light glow
and slight hissing sound. The corona effect cases the line to lose its efficiency make it an
undesirable occurrence. In high voltage transmission lines 220kV and above bundle
conductors are generally always used but in lower voltages they are not necessary. Bundle
conductors create a higher cost for the design and if not completely necessary (lower
voltage carried) should not be always used.

Circuit Conductors
After the circuit configuration was researched the different types of conductors used in
overhead transmission were researched. In the earlier days of Transmission lines copper
was preferred material of choice due to its high current carrying capacity and high tensile
strength. Although copper has great properties it’s cost and lack of availability make it a less
popular choice for overhead transmission lines. There are four main types of conductors
which are commonly used in transmission and distribution networks these include:

1. AAC : All Aluminium Conductor

2. AAAC : All Aluminium Alloy Conductor
3. ACSR : Aluminium Conductor, Steel Reinforced
4. ACAR : Aluminium Conductor, Alloy Reinforced

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AAC conductors are generally used in urban areas where shorter spans are required with
high conductivity levels (61%). AAC conductors are generally only used in distribution due to
its poor tensile strength. AAAC conductors are the preferred distribution conductors in
coastal areas, due to its high tensile strength, high conductivity and high corrosion
resistance. It is not a conductor that is preferred for Transmission. ACSR conductors are
preferred for transmission lines due to their range in mechanical strength, relatively high
conductivity and their ability to resist sag. ACAR conductors also are well suited to overhead
Transmission lines as they have high strength and high conductivity.

Ground Wire Selection

The ground wire is used to carry electrical current under short circuit conditions, the ground
wire mainly protects against lighting strikes. The ground wire is able to quickly intercept
before the current carrying conductors are hit. In overhead transmission lines over 110kV
ground wires are always included as they are essential in protecting the system. In
transmission towers the ground wire is a bare conductor that is placed through the top of
the tower, the wire is support through an individual support structure. As ground wires do
not carry any current they are generally made out of steel. Modern designs for transmission
towers have two wires instead of a single one as this provides greater protection. Earth
wires may also greatly reduce risks of faults by proper grounder through incorporating
deeper earthing rods. The ground wire that is selected for this design is the Quail Aluminium
steel reinforced conductor, this conductor was choose for its high tensile strength. The
ground conductor has a current of 296A for two conductors as the two-conductor design
was selected. The conductor has a weight of 186kg/km and tensile strength of 23.62kN.

Design Clearances
After the different types of conductors were researched the sag and clearances for the line
were researched. According to the AUS/NZ 7000 standard there needs to be specifics
clearances that need to be met by the design specifications. The conductors need to meet a
ground clearance and each of the phasing needs to also meet clearances between each
other. Most Transmission designs have a 1m spacing between each phase and at least a
13meter clearance from the ground when at an operating at a voltage of 132kV.

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 Figure 4: Basic Design overview

Design Calculations

Once we had researched the sag and clearance, we were able to research what calculations
were to be undertaken. From our research and given data we found that we would be
required to find the: Voltage regulation, inductance, reactance, impedance, GMD and GMR.
The Voltage regulation is known as the change in the Voltage magnitude between the
sending and the receiving end of the line. It can be described as the percentage voltage
difference of the no load and full load voltages of the transmission line. The total inductance
of the line is the reactance divided by omega, where the reactance is the root of resistance
squared+ impedance. The inductance of the line is the lines ability to oppose the changes
that occur within the alternating current. The inductive reactance of the line is the
inductance multiplied by the angular frequency. The impedance of the line is the voltage
difference divided by the current, unlike resistance the impedance is also dependant on the
frequency of the system. The GMD and GMR are vital for the determination of conductor
performance. GMD stands for geometric mean distance and represents the distances
between two strands of the transmission line while GMR stands for geometric mean radius
and the distance between the strand single composite conductor are calculated.

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 A. Design Parameter – Insulator Type (R.C)
In this, the various types of insulators used on transmission lines will be discussed
and the most favourable one will be chosen. The following figures (Fig. 5 to Fig. 8)
will show the different types of insulators:

Figure 5: Pin insulator and associated properties

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 Figure 5: Suspension-Type insulator and associated properties

Figure 6: Shackle insulator and associated properties

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 Given the group’s design specifications and as per the above descriptions and certain
research work, the team decided to go ahead with – ‘Suspension-Type Insulators’ and the
justifications are given in the figure below (Fig.9) :

Figure 7: Justification for choosing Suspension Insulator (Some information referenced from [3])

The calculation for no. of insulators per line is done in design calculations below.

Design Calculations (S.K, E.T, R.C)

In this section, many calculations needed to be made, for things such as routing, Current
Carrying Capacity, Sag, Line Inductance and Line Capacitance. An M-file was created to
analyse various formulas, to double check and re-calculate, based on the need to reiterate
our work, as this is a highly reiterative and agile project. In addition to this M-file, an Excel
Spreadsheet was constructed to show which conductors can be used in our design. Each of
these drawings, calculations, tables and the code, is shown in our Appendix, and has its own
respective section.

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Routing (E.T)

Figure 8: Routing Diagram, Top-Down and Side View

Conductor and Circuit Choice (E.T, R.C.)

The first stage of the design calculations was to calculate the current per phase. It was vital
that this was the first stage of the calculations to ensure that the correct conductor was
selected. The formula for the AC current per phase is shown below.
SApparent power
𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
√3 × VLine

As we can see in this formula the power rating of the line is divided by root of 3 (due to the
line being three phase) and then multiplied by the line voltage.
130 ∗ 10^6
𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
√3 × 132 ∗ 10^3

𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 568.6A
Once the current of the system has been calculated we can now calculate the power loss of
the system. In order to calculate the power-loss the efficiency of the system is required. The
system efficiency has been provided as part of the design specifications. The power-loss of
the system can be simplified as the difference between the power in and power out. The
formula for this can be seen below.

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 Pout SApparent power∗efficiency
⇒ =
Pin ≥ 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Pin130 ∗ 0.8
⇒ Pin ≤
0.8
⇒ Pin ≤ 130
⇒ Pout = 130MVA ∗ 0.8
⇒ Pout = 104MW
⇒ Ploss = Pin − Pout
⇒ Ploss = 26MW
The next step is to calculate the resistance present in
the system per km. The resistance for the total
transmission line length can be found by dividing the
power-loss by the current multiplied by 3. Once this is
found it has to be divided by the total length giving us
the resistance per km.

26.8
⇒ ⇒ R ≤6
R 2
≤ K
26 M
∗1
0^
6
3∗568^2

⇒ R ≤ 0.432Ω/KM

Therefore, in order to meet these requirements, the

team decided to go with the Pawpaw ACSR/GZ
Conductor, with a Single Circuit.

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Tower and Spacing Choice (E.T)

Figure 9: Spacing and Tower Height

The 50 metre lattice tower was chosen, to meet the ground clearance, as lattice towers save
on material costs, while maintaining stability[1]. The weather data in Sale, Victoria,
necessary to predict the possible temperatures and wind speeds is also crucial, especially
when it comes to choosing a vibration damper, which we will try to select towards the end
of the design stage[2]. Spacing of the lines was initially chosen, through following these
guidelines, and slightly exceeding what is required for the Voltage level[3].

Conductor Sag and Line Length (S.K)

w × d2
⇒ Sag =
8×T
Tensile Strength =178kN from the datasheet

2240kg/km × 0.32km
⇒ Sag = = 9.89 m
8 × (25kN ÷ 9.81m/s^2)

Now that we have calculated the sag present between each pole we can now calculate the
total length between the nodes including sag.

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 8 × s2
⇒L= p + ( )
3×p

2
8×9.89
⇒ L = 300 + ( )=300.869m
3×300

The total line length is now calculated by multiplying the node length by the total number of
nodes.

⇒ Total Length = 300.869 ∗ 207 = 62279.9m = 62.28 Km

Figure 10: Sag Diagram

Line Inductance and Capacitance (E.T, R.C)

3
⇒ 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =2∗𝜋 ∗ √ ) ∗ 62280
8,854 ∗ 10−12/(ln ( 2
0.01367

⇒ 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 7.659 ∗ 10−7𝐹

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 3
⇒ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 √ ) ∗ 62280
(𝐿𝑇) = 2 ∗ 10−7 ln ( 2 0.0
136
⇒ 7
R
�
e
a �
c �
t �
a
n
c =
e 0.
( 0
E
. 5
T 6
, 3
R
�
.
C �
)
�
�
�
�
�
�

=
1

𝑗
50
9

⇒
𝑗𝑋𝐶
=
−𝑗41
02Ω
(Capa
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 ve Reactance)

𝑗𝑋𝐿 = 𝑗 ∗ 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 50 ∗
0.0563 ∗ 𝑗
⇒ 𝑗𝑋𝐿 = 𝑗17.687Ω
(Inductive Reactance)

⇒ 𝑋𝑇 = −𝑗4138.33Ω
(Total Reactance)

Medium Transmission Line Model (E.T)

Figure 11: Medium, Pi Transmission Line Model

𝑉𝑠
𝐴=𝐷= , o/c
𝑉𝑟

⇒ 𝐴 = 𝐷 = 0.000715 +
𝑗0.00214 = 1.00048∠0.122º

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 𝑉𝑠
𝐵= , s/c
𝑉𝑟

⇒ 𝐵 = 3.91 + 𝑗0.00214 = 18.114∠77.53ºΩ

𝐼𝑠
𝐶 = , o/c
𝑉𝑟

⇒ 𝐶 = 0.000242 + 𝑗2.589 ∗ 10−7 = 0.000242∠0.0613º℧

Voltage Regulation and Efficiency (E.T)

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑠
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = − 𝑉 = 0.080211∠ − 102.475º = −8.02%
𝑉𝑟
The design satisfies the Voltage Regulation requirement from the brief.

𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = |𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 |2 ∗ 𝑅
⇒ 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 1.26𝑀𝑊
𝑃𝑜 104
⇒ 𝑢𝑡 𝑀 = 0.988%
=
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐 𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑊
𝑦 = 105.3
𝑀
𝑊

PSSE Model (E.T)

The PSSE Model gives an output of 4.2% Voltage Regulation, unlike the manual calculation.

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 Figure 12: PSSE Generator, Branch and Load

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Insulator Selection (R.C.)
As explained in the research section, the team decided to choose ‘Suspension-Type Insulator’
and justified the advantages over the other types.
Given, that the operating voltage is 132 kV, and the fact that their normal voltage ratings are
around 11kV [4], the no. of discs can be adjusted depending on the relevant transmission
line voltages. Hence, for a 132 kV operating voltage, the no. of insulating discs per line
would be
132
a 𝑘𝑉 ≅ 13 discs, for safety.
11
mere:
Hence, a total of 13 insulating discs per line would be used.

Discussion (E.T)
Our electrical design is of the utmost priority, as the transmission line needs to be able to
transmit power to the load. With that said, some trade-offs must be made between cost,
conductivity and tensile strength. As the given budget is unlimited, we went with thicker and
stronger conductors, namely, Aluminium with Galvanised Steel Reinforcement.
Assumptions made, or rather, parameters that were not initially calculated, include the
following: Line Spacing, Conductor spacing, and tower height. However, it was later found
that reiterating the conductor and line spacing was a good idea, to minimise the number of
excess towers, and avoid having to make larger (wider) towers than necessary. This decision
was based around the conductor thickness and material, although the assumed tower and
conductor height is still satisfactory, as we need to avoid bushfires and line to ground faults.
Not only this, but the sag calculation had to be redone, as it was deemed too risky to have
the line operate at its maximum breaking load of 178kN, so a nominal amount of load at
25kN was used to recalculate the sag needed, making the line much less likely to break
apart, and require less maintenance, while still maintaining ground clearance standards in
the design. It was advised by Dr. Navaratnam, that we needed a safety margin, especially
since high wind speeds can and will push the kN load higher.

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Timeline (S.K)

Table 1: Timeline of events

Session Activity Task Objective Due

date
1  Assigned task  The team was allocated  Obtain an End of
by facilitator individual topics for the intensive session
project. The members understanding of 1
became familiar with the allocated task
the project during the
first session and began
initial research of
designated tasks
2-4  Each of the individual  Obtain enough End of
 Research group members information and session
continued research of resources to begin 4
their allocated tasks. writing report and
Members gathered obtain a deep
various supporting understanding of
sources for their topics entire design
in order to begin process
writing the report.
4-7  After completed  To complete the End of
 Writing
extensive research the report of the session
Report
writing of the report design project 7
could now begin. Using
the resources and
knowledge gained each
of the members wrote
the report on their
individual topics.

Conclusion (E.T)
Our team was able to design the overhead transmission line, but not without its difficulties.
The many aspects of the line; the Conductor size and materials, Insulator, Tower, Circuit,
Line Spacing, Conductor Spacing, and more that have not been mentioned, have been
chosen in such a specific way that meets the constraints of the design, but also the
considerations of the surrounding environment of where the line will be constructed in,
which is Sale, Victoria.

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References (R.C)

1. [1]"Three-Phase Electric Power | Electric Power Transmission", Cableorganizer.com,

2020.[Online].Available:https://www.cableorganizer.com/learning-
center/articles/three-phase-electric-power.html. [Accessed: 07- Aug- 2020].
2. [2]"Types of Insulators in Transmission Lines | Properties of
Insulators", EEEGUIDE.COM, 2020. [Online]. Available:
https://www.eeeguide.com/types-of-insulators-in-transmission-lines/. [Accessed:
11- Aug- 2020].
3. [3]"Advantages of Suspension Insulators and Pin type Insulators
Instrumentation Tools", Instrumentation Tools, 2020. [Online]. Available:
https://instrumentationtools.com/advantages-suspension-insulators-pin-type-
insulators/. [Accessed: 11- Aug- 2020].
4. [4]"Transmission Line Calculations", Expandusceramics.com, 2020. [Online].
Available: https://expandusceramics.com/qa/what-type-of-insulator-will-be-
selected-for-high-voltage-application.html. [Accessed: 11- Aug- 2020].
5. [5]"Advantages of Lattice Towers", Fabrimet.com, 2020. [Online]. Available:
https://www.fabrimet.com/en/Advantages-of-Lattice-Towers.php. [Accessed: 11-
Aug- 2020].
6. [6]"Climate statistics for Australian locations", Bom.gov.au, 2020. [Online].
Available: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_085072.shtml.
[Accessed: 11- Aug- 2020].
7. [7]"SPACING AND CLEARANCES FOR POWER TRANSMISSION
LINES", Transmission-line.net, 2020. [Online]. Available:
http://www.transmission- line.net/2011/03/spacing-and-clearances-for-
power.html#:~:text=The%20spacing%20of%20conductoRS%20is,partly%20electrical
%20and%20partly%20mechanical.&text=AS%20a%20rule%20of%20thumb,with%2 0each
%20otheR%20during%20swing. [Accessed: 11- Aug- 2020].

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23 | P a g e
Appendix

Table 2: Electrical Characteristics of the ACSR/GZ Conductors

Table 3: Physical Characteristics of the ACSR/GZ Conductors

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MS-Excel
Table 4: Suitable Electrical Characteristics

Resistance Winter night Summer noon

Product
Code DC at AC at Still air 1m/s wind
20º/km 75º/km Amps Amps Still air Amps 1m/s wind Amps
Quince 3.25 4.05 54 87 43 84
Raisin 1.59 2.02 87 152 67 130
Super
Sultana 1.1 1.43 112 192 84 163
Sultana 0.897 1.17 122 209 91 177
Walnut 0.573 0.773 165 279 120 232
Almond 0.975 1.27 111 194 85 165
Apricot 0.805 1.06 125 219 96 186
Apple 0.677 0.9 140 241 105 204
Banana 0.433 0.601 189 321 139 267
Cherry 0.271 0.403 257 428 183 350
Grape 0.196 0.24 349 568 242 456
Lemon 0.136 0.167 452 719 309 567
Lychee 0.116 0.142 492 797 344 624
Lime 0.1 0.123 563 877 380 682
Mango 0.0758 0.0967 654 1007 438 775
Orange 0.0646 0.0827 732 1117 487 853
Olive 0.0557 0.0716 813 1230 538 931
Pawpaw 0.0485 0.0628 893 1341 587 1006
Peach 0.0303 0.0408 1248 1827 803 1327
Green – Suitable for Single Circuit
Yellow – Suitable for Double Circuit, OR Bundle Conductor
Red – Only suitable for Bundle Conductor, OR Bundle Conductor and Double Circuit

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M file
%% Conductor Calculations %%
% N = Number of towers
% n = number of conductors per phase
%% Requirements of the Design:
% Ploss < 26MW
% CCC > 568.603A
% We choose Aluminium with Galvanised Steel to have good corrosion
% resistance, and tensile strength requirements, to supply reliable power,
% without high risk of a fault occurring.
clear all
F = 50; % Frequency in (Hz).

%% Inductance per unit length (H/km)

% r=input('Radius of Conductor: ');

% stranded and AC
GMD=
GMRC = 0.01367; %GMR for Inductance is different to capacitance as same
potential and current direction allows for strong magnetic field.
GMRL = 0.7788*GMRC;
D = 1; % distance between conductors (m)
% Dmm = 3*1000; % convert to mm (mm)
% D = input('Distance between Conductors: '_)
GMD = (D*D*2*D)^(1/3);
Lpu = 3*2*(10^-7)*log(GMD/GMRL); % (H/km)

%% Capacitance per unit length (F/km)

% r = 14.6255; % (mm)
% GMRC = r;

k = 8.85*10^-12;

Cpu = 3*1000*pi*k/(GMD/GMRC);% for a transposed three phase line?? (F/km)

%% Mechanical

%% Line spacing
% Maximum space between towers
Distance = 300;
% section 1
n = ceil(12000/Distance); %12km section
% Section 2
m = ceil(500/Distance); %0.5km downhill section
% Section 3
k = ceil(19500/Distance); %19.5km section
% Section 4
x = ceil(30000/Distance); %30km section

% number of towers
T = n + m + k + x;
LSpan = Distance/1000; % (km)
% Sag calculation for even heights
g = 9.81; %(m/s2)
Nominal_Load = 25; % (kN), lower than the 178 max load, for safety margin.

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% weight pu length (kg/km), and sag calcation:
Wpu = 2240; % (kg/km)
Sag = (Wpu*LSpan^2)/(8*(Nominal_Load/g));
Length = Distance + (8*Sag^2/(3*Distance)); % (m), Length of the line,
after accounting for sag.
TLength = T * Length;
% Total Inductance and Inductive Reactance
L = Lpu*Length/1000; % gives total inductance for 300m section
XL = 1i*2*pi*F*L; % Inductive Reactance
% Total Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance
C = Cpu*Length/1000; % gives total capacitance for 300m section
XC = 1/(1i*2*pi*F*C); % Capacitive Reactance

% Resistance
Rpu = 0.0628; % AC, at 75 C
R = Rpu * Length/1000; % gives total resistance for 300m line space section

%% Total R, L and C for the Route:

CT = C*T;
LT = L*T;
RT = R*T;

% Total Reactance:
XLT = 1i*2*pi*F*LT;
XCT = 1/(-1i*2*pi*F*CT);
XT = XLT + XCT;
%%
% Wind Speed
WS = 23; % maximum mean wind speed for Sale, Victoria(km/hr)
% Wind Pressure

%% total distance

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Bus Report
PTI INTERACTIVE POWER SYSTEM SIMULATOR--PSS(R)E SUN, JUL
18, 2020 11:59

RATING %MVA FOR TRANSFORMERS

SET 1 % I FOR NON-TRANSFORMER BRANCHES

BUS 1 132.00 CKT MW MVAR MVA

% 1.0000PU 0.00 X--- LOSSES ---X X---- AREA -----X X-----ZONE
-----X 1
FROM GENERATION 107.5 15.6R 108.6
84 132.00KV MW MVAR 1 1
TO 101 132.00 1 107.5 15.6 108.6
3.44 15.56 1 1

BUS 101 132.00 CKT MW MVAR MVA

% 0.9580PU -8.24 X--- LOSSES ---X X- - - -AREA -----X X-----ZONE
-----X 101

126.46KV MW MVAR 1 1
TO LOAD-PQ 104.0 0.0 104.0
TO 1 132.00 1 -104.0 0.0 104.0
3.44 15.56 1 1

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