A detailed project report on the

“WIRELESS PULSE MONITORING

SYSTEM”
Submitted for the partial fulfillments for the requirement of paper in B.Tech. 6th Semester

“BEC 608: Design Project Phase – II”

Submitted By:
SALMAN RAEEN
Enrollment No. – U1851054
Roll No. -2033862

Under the supervision of

“DR. TANVEER J. SIDDIQUE”

Department of Electronics and Communication

University of Allahabad
Prayagraj – 211002 (INDIA)
 Declaration
This is to certify that the project work entitled “ WIRELESS PULSE MONITORING SYSTEM ” is a
bonafide work carried out by me bearing University Enrollment Number “ U1851054 ” student of
B.Tech. (ECE), 6th Semester in the Department of Electronics and Communication, University of
Allahabad, Prayagraj (INDIA), under the esteemed supervision of “ DR. TANVEER J. SIDDIQUE ”.

I, declare that the work presented here is carried out by me and has not been submitted anywhere else
for the award of any degree/certificates.

Date: 22-07-2021
Place: Prayagraj (SALMAN RAEEN)
 Abstract

In this report, the design and implementation of a low-cost, portable and wearable
pulse oximeter is presented. A pulse oximeter is a non-invasive device capable of
monitoring the blood’s oxygen saturation. It has been widely used in the medical,
fitness and clinical care worlds. A low-cost wearable oximeter can significantly expand
its applicability. The goal of this capstone design project was to design and build a low-
cost wearable pulse oximeter, by using wearable electronics. The system consists of
three main parts: 1) the optical sensor: consisting of the optical transmitter and receiver
for emitting the light and receiving it and filter; 2) the microcontroller: which receives
and processes the signal to display the heart rate and blood’s oxygen saturation on an
LCD display in real time; and 3) mobile phone app which is designed to receive data
wirelessly through Bluetooth. The app can send the data to another phone via text
message, which will make it easy for sending the heart-rate information to medical
doctors in real time, in case of emergency.

I. Introduction

Pulse oximeter is a medical instrument that can detect heart-rate and oxygen
saturation as signatures of our level of health condition. It can be implemented as a
small device, and therefore, has been used widely in different applications. The core
theory behind the pulse oximeter is the variability of the absorption coefficient of
photons going through human tissues at different wavelength. Since people are caring
about the amount of oxygen saturation in our blood, the specific wavelength region
should be settled which is the most sensitive to the oxygen in our blood. In our blood,
oxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb), which can be
used to measure human blood oxygen level, have stronger absorbers of light with
wavelength in the range of 650 nm-1000 nm (Figure 1). In this wavelength range, other
layers of human body, for instance water and fat, have a very low absorption coefficient
comparing with that of oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated hemoglobin. Also
the good news is that the light absorption of Hb and deoxy-Hb at the two different
wavelengths is different. When the light of around 650 nm wavelength is emitted to our
blood, deoxy-Hb absorbs more than oxy.
 The optical sensor is consisted of two different wavelength LEDs and a photo-detector for
receiving the light coming from the finger. In Figure 2, the probe structure has been shown.

The small amplitude analog current coming from the photo-detector needs to be amplified
by the transimpedance amplifier (TIA) and then processed by a filter. The microcontroller is
one of the most important parts in our design. We programmed it in order to do the necessary
calculations to measure the heart rate and oxygen saturation level. Also, the Bluetooth
communication and LCD display are controlled by our microcontroller. In the end, the
software engineer of the team developed a phone application which is used to manipulate the
whole system. Figure3 shows the design vision of our target system.
 CHAPTER 1

1.1 Background

Telemedicine is the use of medical information exchanged from one site to another via
electronic communications to improve patients’ health status. Telemedicine is a newest
technology which combining telecommunication and information technology for medical
purposes [1]. It gives a new way to deliver health care services when the distance between the
doctor and patient is significantly away. Rural area will get the benefit from this application.
Patient monitoring is one of the telemedicine, which always needs improvement to make it
better. It is vital to care in operating and emergency rooms, intensive care and critical care units.
It is also important for respiratory therapy, recovery rooms, out-patient care, radiology,
ambulatory, home and sleep screening applications.

The advantages of a patient monitoring system are it can reduce the risk of infection and
other complication in order to make the patients comfortable. Furthermore, implement of patient
monitoring in hospitals might reduce the costs in terms of installation and also maintenance of
wiring [2]. Since many critical patients need a high attention in intensive care unit (ICU) and
cardiac care unit (CCU), thus the bedside in the hospitals over the limit as provided to the
patients. Otherwise, this creation will help more elderly patients who need constant monitoring,
both in the hospital or home environment.

Previously, the available medical monitoring system is generally bulky and thus
uncomfortable to be carried by patients. Patient monitoring using wireless sensor network has a
greater potential in the future in order to achieve the best performance health care services and
also to avoid from cost pressure in the hospital.

1.2 Problem Statement

As we know, patient monitor is vital for monitoring patients’ condition especially in

intensive care unit (ICU). Thus, demand on patient monitor is high but a variety of problems
appeared in terms of lack of space in hospitals and also need high cost maintenance for wiring
and installation. The problems can be solve by using wireless sensor network to ensure the
patients can be monitor continuously by doctors, nurses or caregivers anywhere and anytime
even though the patients stay at home. Besides, the costs for wiring and installation might be
reducing as well.
1.3 Objectives of Project

The objectives of the project are:

1. To design and fabricate patient monitoring system for monitoring Hearth rate signal.

2. To develop wireless system of monitoring system using bluetooth module.

3. To develop data monitoring system using integration between IC and Mobile platforms.

1.4 Scopes of Project

In order to achieve the objectives of the project, there are several scopes had been
outlined. The scopes in this project include the hardware and software parts. Systems are
controlled by PIC 16F877a , which connected to the bluetooth module and need some
programming works. For the software part, Hyperterminal and microC for PIC software have
been used. Hyperterminal is functioned for connection between PIC and bluetooth module in
order to transmit and receive the data correctly.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF PATİENT MONITORING

Heart rate measurement is one of the very important parameters of the human cardiovascular
system. The heart rate of a healthy adult [1] at rest is around 72 beats per minute (bpm). Athletes
normally have lower heart rates than less active people. Babies have a much higher heart rate at
around 120 bpm, while older children have heart rates at around 90 bpm. The heart rate rises
gradually during exercises [2] and returns slowly to the rest value after exercise. The rate when
the pulse returns to normal is an indication of the fitness of the person. Lower than normal heart
rates are usually an indication of a condition known as bradycardia, while higher than normal
heart rates are known as tachycardia. Heart rate is simply and traditionally measured by placing
the thumb over the subject’s arterial pulsation, and feeling, timing and counting the pulses
usually in a 30 second period. Heart rate (bpm) of the subject is then found by multiplying the
obtained number by 2. This method although simple, is not accurate and can give errors when
the rate is high. More sophisticated methods to measure the heart rate utilize electronic
techniques. Electro-cardiogram (ECG) is [3,4] one of frequently used and accurate methods for
measuring the heart rate. ECG is an expensive device and its use for the measurement of the
heart rate only is not economical. Low-cost devices in the form of wrist watches [5,6] are also
available for the instantaneous measurement of the heart rate. Such devices can give accurate
measurements but their cost is usually in excess of several hundred dollars, making them
uneconomical. Most hospitals and clinics in the UK use integrated devices designed to measure
the heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature of the subject. Although such devices are useful,
their cost is usually high and beyond the reach of individuals. This paper describes the design of
a very low-cost device which measures the heart rate of the subject by clipping sensors on one
of the fingers and then displaying the result on a text based LCD. The device has the advantage
that it is microcontroller based and thus can be programmed to display various quantities, such
as the average, maximum and minimum rates over a period of time and so on. Another advantage
of such a design is that it can be expanded and can easily be connected to a recording device or
a PC to collect and analyse the data for over a period of time. The building cost of the proposed
device is around $20. One similar basic device from Cosy Communications [7] with no extension
capabilities costs around $100.

2.2 Releated Research

Arun et al. [3]. Every patient is connected with a temperature sensor and parameters that
are measured are interfaced with the system at the patient end as shown in Figure 2.1. The patient
end system is connected with server and doctor mobile via Bluetooth. The server stores the
central database of all the patients. If the status is normal, the parameter is transmitted to the
server and entered in the database meanwhile if the status is abnormal, then the parameter is
immediately intimated to the doctor end the data stored in the database of the server. The
weaknesses of this project are the Bluetooth has a short-range communications where the range
is limited, high current consumption and expensive compared to zigbee.
 Ili Najaa Aimi [17] did a project based on wireless to monitor ECG signal and heart rate
of patients via Labview. The complete system is illustrated in Figure 2.3. Basically, the system
architecture involves an ECG processing circuit system, a Labview to display graphical user
interface (GUI) which act as a transmitter station meanwhile the EZ430-Chronos watch is act a
receiver station. Input data acquisition (DAQ), ECG electrodes are used to acquire heart signals
from a patients and connected to the computer and processed by Labview. The process includes
the calculation of heart rate and EZ430-Chronos watch which receiver station of wireless data
transmission.

2.3 PIC16F877A Microcontroller

The PIC 16F877 is an 8-bit microcontroller, which has an on-chip eight channel 10-bit
Analog-to- Digital Converter (ADC).First we detect fall down using accelerometer and fed
to the I2C ports. The amplified and conditioned Heart Rate signal is fed to input port RB0
(INT) of the microcontroller. Also, upon command, the microcontroller reads the temperature
sample stored in the RAM of the LM35 through the ADC port RA0. It is then converted and
stored in the PIC16F877 memory as two 8-bit unsigned integers.

After completion of signals acquisition, the microcontroller constructs the SMS messages
and packs the data samples in these messages to the desired length, then communicates with
the mobile phone using at-commands on its GSM modem port to send the message(s). A
complete system can therefore be built using one MCU chip and a few I/O devices such as a
 keypad, display and other interfacing circuits. Most of the pins are for input and output, and
arranged as 5 ports: PORTA (5pins), PORTB (8pins), PORTC (8pins), PORTD (8pins) and
PORTE (3 pins), total of 32 I/O pins [5], [14].

2.4 LCD Display

The Model JHD 162A Series LCD is the typical standard HD44780 type of LCD with
16characters x 2 row LCD module. Since this project the Heart Rate, temperature, adders and
contact no to display; therefore, a LCD module is necessary.

2.5 Heart Rate Sensor

Heart beat sensor is designed to give digital output of heat beat when a finger is placed on
it. When the heart beat detector is working, the beat LED flashes in unison with each heart
beat. This digital output can be connected to microcontroller directly to measure the Beats
per Minute (BPM) rate. It works on the principle of light modulation by blood flow through
Fig 3. At each pulse [13].
2.6 Temperature Sensor

We used a special rapid, low-cost, integrated-circuit temperature sensors. The LM35

sensor thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the
user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient
Centigrade scaling. The LM35 sensor does not require any external calibration or trimming
to provide typical accuracies of ±¼°C at room temperature and ±¾°C over a full -55 to
+150°C temperature range. It can be Operates from 4 to 30 volts. As it draws only 60 µA
from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 is rated to
operate over a -55° to +150°C temperature range. We interface the temperature sensor to the
PIC16F877A microcontroller using the ADC port on the microcontroller [4].

2.7 Humidity Sensor SHT-11

Introduction When it comes to precision temperature and humidity measurement,

Sensirion (www.sensirion.com) has simplified the process their SHT1x sensor series.
Through a two-wire serial interface, both temperature and humidity can be read with excellent
response time and accuracy. Parallax has simplified the use of the SHT11 by mounting it in
 a user-friendly 8-pin DIP module. The module includes a data-line pull-up and series limiter
making it possible to connect directly to the BASIC or Javelin Stamp.

2.8 MikroC

MikroC is one of the powerful and easy to use software for programming PIC micro
controllers in embedded C. mikroC is a powerful, feature rich development tool for PICmicros.
It is designed to provide the customer what the easiest possible solution for developing
applications for embedded systems, without compromising performance or control.
Applications can be developed quickly and easily using mikroC for PIC microcontrollers. It
provides a simple windows based point-and-click environment for developing applications.
PIC and C fit together well: PIC is the most popular 8-bit chip in the world, used in a wide
variety of applications, and C, prized for its efficiency, is the natural choice for developing
embedded systems. mikroC provides a successful match featuring highly advanced IDE, ANSI
complaint compiler, broad set of hardware libraries, comprehensive documentation, and plenty
of ready-to-run examples.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter describes the method which has been implemented in this project. This
project is divided into two main parts which are hardware design and software design. For the
hardware design, it is focus on the main controller hardware, Arduino Uno board which
connected to the IC circuit and temperature sensor (LM 35). Meanwhile, for the software design,
Pulse Oximeter Sensor, PIC and HyperTerminal software have been used.

3.2 Design

In this section, the hardware implementation is discussed which are consisting of IC circuit
PCB, Blutooth transmitter and receiver. Block diagram of the system is shown in Figure
 The data of Pulse signal and temperature body which obtains from the patient should be
analyzed first. In the project, the heart beat of patient obtained from the patient stimulator
meanwhile the body temperature measurement is measured from the heat of fingertips. Then,
the Circuit board read and interpreted the data which been transferred by Blutooth transmitter
to the laptop and receive the data using receiver. Flow chart of patient monitoring wireless sensor
network is shown in Figure
3.2. Flow Chart of System

3.3 Software Design

In this section, the software that involved in the project is discussed. microC PRO
software is used to program the PIC and blutooth transmitter to transfer data from the terminal
transmitter to the terminal receiver. The connection both of them should be programmed first
by using HyperTerminal software. Meanwhile, Android HyperTerminal software is used to
display the result (GUI) obtained from the project. Finally, the data will be displayed in
HyperTerminal RS232 software which can be monitored continuously by the doctors, nurses or
caregivers.
Codes;
#include <16F877A.h>
#device adc=10

#FUSES NOWDT //No Watch Dog Timer

#FUSES HS //High speed Osc (> 4mhz for PCM/PCH) (>10mhz for PCD)
#FUSES NOPUT //No Power Up Timer
#FUSES NOPROTECT //Code not protected from reading
#FUSES NODEBUG //No Debug mode for ICD
#FUSES NOBROWNOUT //No brownout reset
#FUSES NOLVP //No low voltage prgming, B3(PIC16) or B5(PIC18) used for I/O
#FUSES NOCPD //No EE protection
#FUSES WRT_50% //Lower half of Program Memory is Write Protected
#use delay(clock=4000000)
#use rs232(baud=9600,parity=N,xmit=PIN_C6,rcv=PIN_C7,bits=8)

#include <lcd.c>

int nabiz;

void main()
{

setup_adc_ports(NO_ANALOG);
setup_adc(ADC_CLOCK_INTERNAL);
setup_psp(PSP_DISABLED); setup_spi(SPI_SS_DISABLED);
setup_timer_0(RTCC_INTERNAL|RTCC_DIV_1);
setup_timer_1(T1_DISABLED);
setup_timer_2(T2_DISABLED,0,1);
setup_comparator(NC_NC_NC_NC);
setup_vref(FALSE);

// TODO: USER CODE!!

lcd_init();

while(true)

set_adc_channel(3);
delay_us(20);
nabiz=read_adc();

sht_rd (restemp, truehumid);

if((nabiz>60)&&(nabiz<120))
{
set_adc_channel(3);
delay_us(20);
nabiz=read_adc();

sht_rd (restemp, truehumid);

printf(lcd_putc,"\fNABIZ :%D ",nabiz);

delay_ms(3000); //delay 500 ms between reading to prevent self heating of sensor

}
else
{
 set_adc_channel(3);
delay_us(20);
nabiz=read_adc();

sht_rd (restemp, truehumid);

printf(lcd_putc,"\fNABIZ YOK ");

delay_ms(3000);
}
}

The platform or Operating System (OS) used to run the application software at receiving
device will influence the choice of the preferred programming language used in implementing
the software. The smart-phone we have used was the Motorola mobile phone. Capturing the
data and decoding them, and extracting the user data part . The software decodes each data and
extracts the time and date, originating mobile number, and the transmitted patients temperature
and Heart Rate samples in the payload. Figure shows a screen interface of the application
software running and displaying a list of received and decoded datas
 The software converts the data in the message from binary to ASCII and displays the
contents of the message as shown Figure . The first three digits represent body temperature
(were obtained from two bytes) with an implicit decimal point after the first two digits from the
left. Each Heart Rate sample can take a value between 0 and 255 as a maximum since we
originally used eight bit accuracy in our ADC Also, the application software has a menu button,
which allows for plotting the Heart Rate sample points and displaying the Body temperature
reading contained in the selected datae from the list. Figure shows the Samsung smart phone
displaying a Heart Rate with a body temperature reading at the top.

3.4 Conclusion

A low cost mobile patient monitoring system that utilizes designed, developed, and tested.
An Infrared temperature sensor was integrated with a three lead Heart Rate monitor (client unit)
on a cellular (mobile) phone platform, which can be considered as a real time transmission
mode. Application software is required at the receiving mobile device (consultation unit) to
decode the signal data and Show the Heart Rate and display the body temperature. The system
has a significantly reduced size and weight, which improves its versatility and mobility. Besides,
data can be the most suitable, if not the only, method of data transmission in emergency
situations in remote area where broadband data communications (like GPRS, EDGE … etc.) are
not available. Steps performed by the microcontroller to retrieve the digital representation of
Heart Rate and Temperature transmit them to the receiver using the wireless transmission
system outlined above. In future work more powerful transmitters with higher range will be used
and the flexibility to use the internet to send the data to the receiving site will be fully explored.

REFERENCES

1. S. Edwards., “Heart rate Monitor Book”, Leisure systems international, Dec. 1993.
2. M. Malik and A. J. Camm., “Heart Rate Variability”., Futura Publishing Co. Inc., sept. 1995.
3. J. R. Hampton., “The ECG In Practice”., Churchill Livingstone., Mar. 2003.
4. A. R. Houghton and D. Gray., “making sense of the ECG”., Hodder Arnold Publishing.m 2003.

5. Forerunner 201/301 User Guide, web site:

http://www.grmin.com
6. Pulsar heart rate monitors, web site: http://www.heartratemonitor.co.uk 7. Cosy
Communications web site: http://cosycommunications.com

8. Microchip web site: http://microchip.com

9. PROTON+ User Guide, web site:
http://www.crownhill.co.uk