Professional Documents
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1 Prevention. Atherosclerosis
1 Prevention. Atherosclerosis
48
5 44
0
4 38
5
4
Patients (%)
0
3
5
3
0
2
5
2
15
0
1
5
1
05
0
1. Criqui MH. Vasc Med 2001; 6(suppl 1): 3–7. 2. McKenna M et al.
Atherosclerosis 1991; 87: 119–28. 3. Ries LAG et al. (eds). SEER Cancer
Statistics Review, 1973–1997. US: National Cancer Institute; 2000.
Risk of a Second Vascular Event
Increased risk vs general population (%)
*Sudden death defined as death documented within 1 hour and attributed to coronary heart disease (CHD)
†
Includes only fatal MI and other CHD death; does not include non-fatal MI
1. Adult Treatment Panel II. Circulation 1994; 89:1333–63. 2. Kannel WB. J Cardiovasc Risk 1994; 1: 333–9.
3. Wilterdink JI, Easton JD. Arch Neurol1992; 49: 857–63. 4. Criqui MH et al. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 381–6.
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) and
All-Cause Mortality
1.00
Normal Subjects
0.75
Survival
Asymptomatic LV-PAD†
0.50
Symptomatic LV-PAD†
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Year
Survival
60
Patients
Myocardial
infarction
(%)
40
Intervention
20
Amputation
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (years)
AVC ischemic
•Tari Mediteranene 145 / 51 1486/ 1264
•Tari Nordice 101 / 60 1317 /1401
Sursa : Circulation, 1998,98,1421
Epidemiology of Atherothrombotic
Manifestations in the US
Incidence Prevalence
IHD
Stroke
Acute Coronary Syndrome: Average Cost in
Different European Countries (at 6 Months)
12,000
10,000
Cost per patient (Euros)
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Germany
Spain
Italy
UK
France
Netherlands
20,000
Follow-up and rehabilitation
treatment phase
15,000
Acute
10,000
5,000
0
M Stroke Event-free PAD
I
70
60
Direct costs:
50 • Hospital/nursing home
• Physicians/other professionals
Costs (billion
40 • Drugs
• Home health care
30
US$)
Indirect costs:
• Loss of productivity due to
20 morbidity or mortality
10
CH Stroke
D
1. American Heart Association. 2002 Heart and Stroke Facts, Statistical Update.
Burden of Atherothrombosis
Summary
• Atherothrombosis is a prevalent and deadly disease
Embriogenesis
• Identic origin: angioblasti din “ blood islets “
• Different development in diff. areas
Anatomy
• Monostratified ( contact –inhibition )
Physiology
• Selective permeability
Endotelial cell (1)
• Pro/antithrombotic balance
Trombomoduline
( activator of S and C prot.)
Plasminogen activators
( tisular/urok. )
Media
Smooth muscle cells
origin :
mesodermic somites ( lower half ) Arteria elastica
proepicardic organ (coronary )
neuroectoderm ( upper half )
Contractil phenotype
Arteria muscularis
Lamina elastica externa
Adventix
•Collagen fibers
•Vasa vasorum
•Nerve terminations
•Rare cells ;
Fibroblasts
Mastocites
Pathology
AD Thrombosis
Braunwald, 1997
Ultrasonography (1)
Vascular wall
A. Carotids
Intima-media thickness (IMT)
IVUS
TOPOL E, 2002
Ultrasonography (4)
IVUS advantages
MOLECULAR IVUS OF ATHEROMA
COMPONENTS
Echogenic immunoliposome (ELIP)
CD
Magnetic resonance images of the abdominal aorta
showing progression in the high cholesterol diet
group (upper panels) and regression in the normal
chol diet (lower panels).
ATS
( large and middle sized arteries )
SMS proliferation ,
LDL adhesion
Permeability
Vasoconstriction
B.Chemokines
-- MCP-1 (ox.LDL> synthesis )
-- Interleukine-8
-- fraktalkine
-- IP-10, I-TAC , MIG
(lymphocyte selective )
I. Production of :
• Inflammatory cytokines
IL-6, COX-2 ,TNF
• Metalloprotease
elastase,colagenase
• Coagulation factors
TF
Foam cells
Oxidized LDL internalized
by Scavenger receptors :
• A- family
• CD36
• Macrosialine
Extracellular lipids
SMC activation
Migration
PDGF
Proliferation
thrombin !
1% , but nonlinear !
Apoptosis
soluble and T cell cytokines ;involved in plaque disruption
Embryonic Phenotype
Dominant embr. myosin isoform
< contractile fibres , >RER : > secretion of CF
Mecanismele initiale ale dezvoltarii placii
Dislipidemie Mecanic
Toxic (HTA)
(nicotina)
Endocrine ENDOTELIU Genetic
(diabet) homocisterina
Creste influxul de LDL
Combinare
Initierea inflamatiei de factori
Influx monocite
Raspuns inadecvat
- Proliferare celule musculare
- Depozite
Aterom
Tromboza
Different stages of atherosclerotic plaque
development
Fibrous cap stability :
Resistance mainly due to collagen fibers (CF) , IFN g
Thrombosis:
- Ruptured fibrous cap (2/3)
- Superficial erosion
WHERE will it crack :site
WHAT happens: Plaque disruption
(plaque cracking, fissuring , rupture –
thrombosis start point)
Main factors of vulnerable plaque
1. Proportion and consistency of lipidic core
- Accumulation of macrophages
E.A 2003
Characteristics of an unstable plaque
Plaque vulnerability factors
Intrinsic factors
Fibrous cap stability :
Resistance mainly due to collagen fibers
Matrix metabolism
Low CF synthesis
Increased apoptosis
determined by soluble/T-cell associated inflammatory mediators
Plaque vulnerability
Key role of macrophages
Key role of the macrophage in the
degradation of the fibrous cap
Parietal vascular inflammation
NFκB action in the inflammation process
Vulnerable plaque
Macrophage in vascular wall inflammation
Reducing the risk of plaque rupture
Thrombus formation
Macrophages release coagulation factors
Tissue factor:
the initiator of coagulation
Reducing the risk of thrombosis
Extrinsic vulnerability factors
HTN , hemodynamic factor and atheroclerosis
Plaque rupture : main releasing factors
Progresia leziunilor
A=adeventicia
C= calcification
MP = miofibroblastic proliferation
FC = fibrous cap
F = fissure