PHYSICS OF LIGHT

BMDV 6131

ALHASSAN KENAAN
For: Sandra Kudla
1. Convergence: The definition of convergence is when two separate things come together and
evolve into one thing. From figure
1 we can see that three beams of
lasers are compined into one after
they go through a convergence
lense/system.

Medical use: Convergence laser

system are used in the medical
field due to there effeincy, rialblity,
cost, and effectivence. Those
sytems could be used
incardivascular and genral surgry
purposes.
Figure 1: Flicker

2. Divergence: Divergence is the opposite of convergence, which means divergence is when a

group of beam/light are split off from each other to create a wider range of
light. In figure 2, we notices that when a beam of light is going through a
divergence prism/lens it splits up into multiple arrays/light.

Medical Use: Divergence is not really used in medical field, due to the fact
that when it comes to surgeries or the use of cutting we need a very
precise and focused beam of light. So the use of divergence lens wouldn’t
be very accurate and can cause many issues during surgery.

Figure 2: Physics Tutorial

3. Reflection: Reflection happens when a light source does not get absorbed by a medium but
bounces off of it. The angle at which the light reaches the medium is called the angle of incident,
and the angle at with the light is reflected is called the angle
of reflection. Those two angles are equal to each o0thger as
demonstrated in figure 3.

Medical Use: Reflection is a very important thing to think of

when coming to lasers in the medical field. Making a laser
you always have to anticipate the angle of incidence and
refection, whether the beam would bounce off of the patient
and go somewhere lens. And you can use reflection to get a
certain type of angle inside a patient when using a laser.

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Figure 3: Olympus
4. Refraction: Refraction of light happens, when a light gets redirected/bend when passing
through a medium whether that is water, lens, etc.
… from Figure 4 when can see the light passing
through a medium that causes it to change
direction, this medium can be anything that is
transparent or anything that allows light to go
through it.

Medical use: A big use of refraction comes from

using a refractive laser for eye surgery. Use
refraction allows the laser to go through your eye
to get to your cornea to help and fix poor eye
vision.

Figure 4: Molecular Expression

5. Index of refraction: When a light passes from one medium top another, the angle that the light
passes through is referred to the index of refraction. This angle is calculated by dividing the
velocity of light (speed of light) with the velocity in
the substance (the medium the light goes
through). Figure 5 shows the angles we are talking
about.

Medical use: A very important use of refractive

index is when we are trying to measure the
concertation of a solution, this can be used in dye
lasers when we are mixing the dye with water to
put in the medium.

Figure 5: Polymer Database

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6. Collimation Of light: Collimation of light means, when a light enters a lens and then the output
of that lens is a controlled light rays that
are equally parallel to each other. In
figure 6 we can see that all the output of
the light after going through the lens are
parallel to each other and equally
distanced from each other.

Medical use: A big use of Collimation is in Figure 6: Stemmer Imaging

radiology when it comes to taking or using
X-ray, the use of collimation is when reduces
the brightness of the x-ray imagine is it can be more readable for the clinician.

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 References:
 Abramowitz, M. (2015, November 13). Refraction of Light. Retrieved March 10, 2021, from

https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/lightandcolor/refraction.html

 Boyer, C. B., & Search for more articles by this author. (1970, January 01). Aristotelian

References to the Law of Reflection. Retrieved March 10, 2021, from

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/347917?journalCode=isis

 Collimated illumination. (2016, June 1). Retrieved March 10, 2021, from

https://www.stemmer-imaging.com/en/knowledge-base/collimated-light/

 Convergence. (2020, March 8). Retrieved March 10, 2021, from https://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/convergence

 Divergence - Dictionary Definition. (2016, May 30). Retrieved March 10, 2021, from

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/divergence

 Government of Canada, C. C. (2021, March 15). (none). Retrieved March 10, 2021, from

https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/lasers.html

 Gregersen, E. (2012, June 25). Collimator. Retrieved March 10, 2021, from

https://www.britannica.com/technology/collimator

 Introduction to the Reflection of Light. (2016, September 7). Retrieved March 10, 2021,

from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-

resource/primer/lightandcolor/reflectionintro/

 Krevelen, D. V., & Nijenhuis, K. T. (2009, January 1). Polymer Properties Database.

Retrieved March 10, 2021, from https://polymerdatabase.com/polymer physics/Refractive

Index.html

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 Physics Tutorial: Refraction and the Ray Model of Light. (2020, March & april). Retrieved

March 10, 2021, from https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/Lesson-5/The-

Anatomy-of-a-Lens

 Seltman, W. (2020, December 08). Types of Refractive Laser Eye Surgery. Retrieved March

10, 2021, from https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/overview-refractive-laser-eye-surgery#1

 Thermodyum, K. J. (2013, May 5). Refractive Index and Its Applications [PDF]. Iran:

Journal of J Thermodynamics & Catalysis.

 Towert7. (2009, March 02). Converging lens. Retrieved March 10, 2021, from

https://www.flickr.com/photos/towert7/3322204698